Where God Dwells A Child`s History of the Synagogue Dr. Steven

Where
God
Dwells
A Child’s History of the Synagogue
Dr. Steven Fine
and Leah Bierman Fine
Torah Aura Productions
B for Elisha B
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like thank the following individuals for their assistance at various stages of this project: Mr. Joseph Aviram,
Israel Exploration Society; Dr. Eyal Bor; Beth El Congregation, Baltimore; Mrs. Sylvia Axelrod Herskowitz, Yeshiva University
Museum; Mrs. Gila Horowitz, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Prof. Lee I. Levine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; The Library of
the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore; Prof. Jodi Magness, Tufts University; Prof. Susan Matheson, Yale University Art Gallery; Prof.
Eric M. Meyers, Duke University; Mrs. Metukah Benjamin, Mrs. Leah Schechter, Mrs. Helen Rogaway, Stephen S. Wise Temple
School; Ms. Rhoda Terry, Yeshiva University Museum; Mr. Craig Terkowitz, Baltimore. Mr. Eyal Bendicoff, Ms. Amy Fechter, Mr.
Ari Gladstein, Mr. Ido Preis, Beth Tfiloh Community Day School, Baltimore.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALONGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Fine, Steven.
Where God dwells : a child’s history of the synagogue / Steven Fine and Leah Bierman Fine.
p. c.m.
Summary: Explains the history and purpose of synagogues, especially three that were famous archaeological finds in
Israel and Syria.
ISBN 0-933873-06-9
1. Synagogues—History Juvenile literature. 2. Synagogues—Israel—Masade Site Juvenile literature.
3. Synagogues—Syria—Dura-Europos (Extinct city) Juvenile literature. 4. Bet Alfa Synagogue (Heftsi Bah, Israel) Juvenile
literature. [1. Synagogues.] I. Fine, Leah Bierman, 1960– . II. Title.
BM653.F562 1999
296.6’0’09—dc21
99-25334
CIP
PHOTO CREDITS
t=top, m=middle, b=bottom
Steven Fine: 7, 9, 15b, 17b, 18t, b, 37, 48b, 51t. Eric M. Meyers: 49b. Israel Government Tourist Office: 14,15. Israel Exploration Society:
18t, b, 20t, 20m, 22, 23, 24, 45. Jewish Museum of Maryland: 5,11. Jodi Magness: 19. Herbert Scher: 15t, 16b, 17t, 21. Craig Terkowitz:
16t. Yale University Art Galleries, Dura Europos Archive: 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39. Yeshiva University Museum: cover, 4,
6, 29, 37, 43t, m, 48t. Yeshiva University Museum, from the collection of Dr. David Jesselson, Zurich: 15m. idem, The Dura Europos
Synagogue and its Frescoes (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1947, Hebrew) 30, 33t, b, 34. E.L. Sukeinik, The Synagogue of Beth Alpha
(Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1932), 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50.
ISBN# 0-933873-06-9
Copyright © 1999 Dr. Steven Fine and Leah Bierman Fine
Published by Torah Aura Productions. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means graphic, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Where
God
Dwells
A Child’s History of the Synagogue
THIS BOOK IS PUBLISHED IN COMMEMORATION OF SACRED REALM: THE
EMERGENCE OF THE SYNAGOGUE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD, AN EXHIBITION
MOUNTED BY YESHIVA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, FEBRUARY-DECEMBER, 1996
SYNAGOGUE BUILDINGS TAKE MANY DIFFERENT SHAPES AND FORMS. ALL SYNAGOGUES HAVE A TORAH SCROLL AND AN ARK TO HOLD IT
WITHIN THE BUILDING.
THE ALTNEUSCHUL
ON A CZECH STAMP.
THE ALTNEUSCHUL IN PRAGUE IN CENTRAL
EUROPE DATES TO THE 13TH CENTURY. THE
JEWS OF PRAGUE STILL PRAY HERE.
ALTNEUSCHUL: MODEL AT THE YESHIVA UNIVERSITY
MUSEUM IN NEW YORK.
TOURO SYNAGOGUE.
THE TOURO SYNAGOGUE IS THE OLDEST SYNAGOGUE IN
THE UNITED STATES, BUILT IN 1763. IT IS A SEPHARDIC
SYNAGOGUE, BUILT BY JEWS WHOSE ANCESTORS CAME
FROM SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. PRESIDENT GEORGE
WASHINGTON SPOKE IN THE TOURO SYNAGOGUE IN 1790.
TOURO SYNAGOGUE: MODEL AT YESHIVA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM
4
J
ews build synagogues wherever they live. In Kiev or Baltimore, Buenos
Aires or Singapore, you will find synagogues. Some synagogues are
large and beautiful buildings serving thousands of people, others are
small places where ten or twelve Jews gather for services. For over
2,000 years the synagogue has been the place where Jews have come
together to listen to Torah, to learn with rabbis and teachers, to celebrate
Jewish holidays, to pray, to help one another and to meet with friends. It
is understandable, then, that the word for synagogue in Hebrew, beit haknesset, means “house of meeting.”
MORNING SERVICES
B’NAI ISRAEL SYNAGOGUE IN
BALTIMORE, MD.
CONGREGATION B’NAI ISRAEL IS
TYPICAL OF MANY SYNAGOGUES
IN
AMERICA TODAY.
5
A
SARDIS SYNAGOGUE IN MODERN TURKEY AS IT MIGHT HAVE APPEARED IN ANCIENT TIMES.
ncient Jewish communities also built synagogues wherever they lived. Some
ancient synagogues were very large buildings, while others were as small as
your living room. The synagogue of Sardis, in what is now Turkey, is the largest
synagogue ever discovered. The synagogue was almost as long as a football
field, and right next to the “city hall” and the gymnasium. A visitor couldn’t miss
it while strolling down the streets of Sardis. Next to the synagogue was a row of
shops, including a restaurant. Perhaps our visitor mingled with the Jewish and
non-Jewish patrons as he ordered breakfast. Later in the day he might have
stopped in the courtyard of the synagogue for a drink of water. There he would
meet fellow Jews, as well as people of other faiths, all drawing water from the
fountain in large jugs.
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THE
SYNAGOGUE
OF SARDIS IN
MODERN
TURKEY WAS
THE SIZE OF A
FOOTBALL
FIELD.
IN THE
DISTANCE
YOU CAN SEE
ITS TWO
TORAH ARKS.
LEAH BIERMAN
FINE STANDS
NEXT TO A
LARGE TABLE
WHERE THE
TORAH MAY
HAVE BEEN
READ IN THE
SARDIS
SYNAGOGUE.
7
O
THERE WERE OVER 100 SYNAGOGUES IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL AND 150 IN OTHER PARTS OF THE ANCIENT
WORLD. THIS MAP SHOWS PLACES WHERE SYNAGOGUES EXISTED IN ANCIENT TIMES.
ver 100 synagogues have been excavated by archaeologists in Israel
and over 150 existed in other parts of the Roman world! Remains of
synagogues have been discovered in Israel, Jordan, Syria, Yemen,
Egypt, Tunisia, Spain, Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, the Ukraine
and Bulgaria. Wherever Jews lived, they built synagogues.
Archaeologists find remains of another ancient synagogue almost
every year!
8
Sometimes archaeologists are lucky enough to discover a whole synagogue building
complete with benches, a Torah ark, perhaps a mosaic floor, wall paintings, menorahs
or even plaques with the names of donors. Discoveries of entire buildings are very
rare. Usually only a small portion of the synagogue building is discovered.
Archaeologists might find only a single rock with a menorah or an inscription carved
on a piece of marble that tells them that a synagogue once existed. Some synagogues
are known only from ancient writings like the Mishnah and the Talmud.
KIND DAVID APPEARS ON THIS
SYNAGOGUE FLOOR FROM THE
LAND OF ISRAEL.
CAN YOU READ HIS NAME,
ãéå‹ãŸ? THIS BEAUTIFUL MOSAIC
WAS CELEBRATED ON A MODERN
ISRAELI STAMP.
THE SYNAGOGUE OF OSTIA,
THE ANCIENT PORT OF
ROME, WAS DISCOVERED IN
1961.
9
The Talmud describes a fabulous synagogue in Alexandria, Egypt. It was
destroyed in 117 C.E. No remains of the Alexandrian synagogue have
been found, so the description of this building in the Talmud is our only
evidence for this synagogue’s existence:
Rabbi Judah said: Whoever has never seen the synagogue of Alexandria of Egypt has never seen the
great glory of the Jewish people in his entire life....
The synagogue leader stands upon a wooden bimah
(stage) with flags in his hand.
When one Torah reader begins to read, the synagogue leader would wave flags so the people would
answer “amen” after the Torah reader recites each
Torah blessing....
The members of the synagogue sat with people who
had the same profession. The goldsmiths sat with
other goldsmiths, the silversmiths with other silversmiths, the common weavers with other common
weavers, the fancy weavers with other fancy
weavers, and the blacksmiths with other blacksmiths…
Why did the people sit according to their professions?
So that if someone new came to town he would sit
with the members of his profession and they would
find him a job.
Even though the synagogue of Alexandria was huge, no one was lost in
the crowd. Seated according to their professions, the synagogue members would help newcomers get settled in their new city. Helping other
Jews to help themselves was important to the Jews in this ancient
Alexandrian synagogue, as it is for modern Jews in our synagogues.
10
S
WRAPPING A TORAH SCROLL IN A CONTEMPORARY SYNAGOGUE.
ynagogues, ancient and modern, are the center of every Jewish community. In this book you will learn about three ancient synagogues.
You will learn how archaeologists discovered them, and what these
synagogues meant to their communities. Ancient synagogues, like
modern synagogues, were places where Jewish communities came
together to pray, to read the Torah, to study, to meet with fellow Jews
and to help one another.
11
NEW DISCOVERIES OF ANCIENT SYNAGOGUES
ARE MADE ALMOST EVERY YEAR.
THE SYNAGOGUE OF
BAR’AM IN NORTHERN
ISRAEL AS IT LOOKED OVER
100 YEARS AGO.
CAN YOU FIND BAR’AM
ON THE MAP?
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DATES TO REMEMBER
164 B.C.E.
Judah Maccabee captures Jerusalem and
rededicates the Temple
20/19 B.C.E.
Herod the Great, King of Judea,
begins to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem
66 C.E.
Jewish Revolt against Rome begins.
70 C.E.
Temple of Jerusalem destroyed
74 C.E.
Fall of Masada, end of the Jewish Revolt.
132-135 C.E.
Bar Kokhba Revolt Against Rome
200 C.E.
Mishnah compiled by Rabbi Judah the Prince
212 C.E.
Jews become citizens of the Roman Empire
245 C.E.
Dura Europos Synagogue completed.
400 C.E.
Talmud of the Land of Israel completed.
500 C.E.
Babylonian Talmud completed
550-600 C.E.
Beth Alpha Synagogue built.
13
YOU CAN CLIMB OR RIDE THE CABLE CAR TO THE TOP OF MASADA.
14
T
The Synagogue of Masada, 66-74 C.E.
he war against
Rome had turned
into a national
catastrophe.
Word had just
reached Masada
that the holy
Temple of
Jerusalem had
been burned to
the ground by the
Roman army, its
walls smashed.
The Temple had
been central to
the religious lives of ancient Jews. Three times a
year many thousands of Jews came to visit the
holy Temple: on Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot.
Even those who lived far away sent presents to
the Temple, to the house of God. The Jews of
Masada, like all Jews, were in shock and mourning when they learned of the Temple’s destruction.
THE HOLY TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM,
AS IT MAY HAVE LOOKED.
THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE ON AN ANCIENT
JEWISH COIN.
THE WESTERN WALL. FOR ALMOST TWO
THOUSAND YEARS THIS WAS THE ONLY REMNANT
TEMPLE THAT COULD STILL BE SEEN.
TODAY ITS PLAZA SERVES AS A HUGE SYNAGOGUE.
JEWS COME FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD TO PRAY
AT THE WESTERN WALL.
OF THE HOLY
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During the war, women, children and
men had fled to this mountain top to
escape the Roman army. The Jews converted the beautiful halls that King Herod
the Great had built on Masada a century
earlier into living quarters. They ate
foods like fig cakes and olives and were
careful not to waste water.
A MEDAL MINTED BY THE MODERN STATE OF ISRAEL TO
MASADA.
COMMEMORATE THE JEWS OF
THIS IS A ROMAN
COIN CELEBRATING
THE
ROMAN
VICTORY OVER THE
JEWS.
THE ARCH OF TITUS. A GREAT PARADE WAS HELD IN ROME TO HONOR TITUS, THE
GENERAL WHO WON THE JEWISH WAR AND DESTROYED THE TEMPLE. THE VICTORY
WAS COMMEMORATED WITH THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ARCH OF TITUS IN THE
ROMAN FORUM. ANCIENT JEWS CALLED HIM “TITUS, THE EVIL ONE.”
16