Fun Photographs

How did you
take the picture?
Fancy a giant strawrry!?
Go to page 6!
A person walking through
the air!?
Go to page 10!
It’s a revolving ghost
Go to page 12!
Beautiful light art
Go to page 9!
You can take them with
your pinhole experiment camera
JR. SCIENTIST
4
Use the camera, you can take special photographs
that you can't take with an ordinary camera.
Once you master its basic techniques, let's try taking fun photographs!
* You might not be successful at first when attempting
this photography.
Because you will be using film sold in stores, please discuss
this thoroughly with your family while taking photographs.
We recommend using free printing DPE (stores that will
print for you but will only charge development fees)
if there are any nearby.
Go to the next page to find out
how to take fun photographs!
Go to page 14 to find out about basic techniques!
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
Fun Photographs
5
INTERESTING PHOTOS
GIANT STRAWBERRY
WITH A PINHOLE
Idea
Rhinoceros beetle attacks building!
This photograph makes it seem as if a giant strawberry was
photographed by placing the strawberry close to the camera
with a set pinhole.
This is a photograph of a toy
rhinoceros beetle with a building
as the background. You must take
the photo by setting the toy on
Frame set
a platform so that it does not
Shutter frame
move when being photographed.
Lens retainer
Pinhole
Having lots of fun with
science photographs
Cap
Commercially available film Exposure
Bulb Photography
1~2 seconds
“Insect eye” photograph that makes it seem
like you have transformed into an insect
Mr. Satoshi Kuribayashi, an insect photographer, made a special photograph
that enables, in the manner of a pinhole photograph, everything from a small
insect to faraway scenery to be in focus. When you look at Mr. Kuribayashi’s
work, you really do feel like you have transformed into an insect!
How to take
photographs
*Screen checking can only be done
for one roll of film at the beginning.
Open the bulb shutter, open the cap,
and then close it
1~2 seconds later.
JR. SCIENTIST
With an ordinary camera…
6
If an ordinary camera is used, the strawberry
before you will only be in focus for the interior
1
Set the frame set camera in
the upper left on a platform,
and place the object you
want to make look big and
the object you want to make
look small in front of you.
2
Before putting the film into
the camera, set the screen,
cover with a black cloth, and
confirm the position of the
item to be photographed.
3
Once the positions of the
4
camera and the item are set,
put the film to the camera.
Don't forget to close the cap.
Photograph the object while
referring to page 25. For the
second and later photographs,
use the finder to confirm the
approximate positions before
taking photographs.
person and out of focus for the other. However,
if you use a pinhole camera, both the area before
you and the interior will be in focus to about the
same extent, which will result in a mysterious
photograph with an ambiguous feeling of distance.
References
“Pinhole screen experiment” Page 20, “Pinhole photograph” page 25
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
Mark the camera’s position.
7
INTERESTING PHOTOS
Light art with
“bulb photography”
Idea
Darkness heart mark
If you manually move the miniature
Taking photographs while leaving the shutter open for a long time is known
as “bulb photography”. When you perform bulb photography on a pendulum
attached to a miniature light bulb, you can capture artistic images!
bulb pendulum, you will create
a picture using light. This can also
be done with a flashlight or the like.
Frame set
Shutter frame
Lens
Cap
Miniature light bulb pendulum
Lens retainer
Having lots of fun with
science photographs
Small aperture
Commercially available film Exposure
Bulb Photography
1~3 minutes
Record the movements of the stars
Celestial body photographs
If you take pictures of the night sky using bulb photography, you can
take photographs that make the stars into stripes. This is a method used
in celestial body photography as it requires the movement of the stars.
When photographing using your bonus item camera, place it into the box
as indicated below and expose for 5~30 minutes. You’ll be impressed by
the results, even if the scope of the camera is a bit narrow!
Frame set
Shutter frame
Lens
Cap
Lens retainer
Large aperture
Commercially available film Exposure
Bulb Photography
5~30 minutes
Place it into corrugated cardboard
covered with black paper and try to
prevent streetlights and the like from
coming into the camera frame.
How to take
photographs
How to make a miniature light bulb pendulum
1
JR. SCIENTIST
8
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
2 connected batteries
Miniature light bulb
Socket
Aluminum foil
2 strings
Paper
Cellophane tape
Paper
The light bulb
should be drawn
toward the center.
String
Firmly tie
at the center.
Suspend the miniature light
bulb pendulum from the
ceiling. Set the frame and
place a camera loaded with
film directly below it.
Open the bulb shutter.
2
Have the room be pitch-black.
Swing the miniature light bulb
pendulum so that it makes a circle.
Open the bulb shutter.
Aluminum foil
Connect 2 batteries together
in a row with cellophane tape.
Attach the + terminal to the
aluminum foil and fix it into
place by firmly wrapping it
with paper.
Put the miniature light bulb
into the socket, shorten one
half of the cord only, and fix
it into place. Tie the long part
of the cord to the aluminum
foil attached to the + terminal.
As indicated in the picture,
use cellophane tape to attach
the string cut to about 15cm
to the part of the battery not
attached to the miniature light
bulb.
Tie the long string to
.
Braided strings are the best.
Twisted strings are not good
because they will not swing
around well.
3
4
Once the swinging has stabilized open Cover the lens with colored cellophane
while the cap is open. This will add a
the cap. Close it after 1~3 minutes
pretty color to the light.
have passed. Wind up the film and
take the next cut.
It should be at least 1 meter
away from the camera.
References
See “Let’s take color photographs using film” on page 24.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
Items used
9
Frame set
INTERESTING PHOTOS
Shutter frame
Walking through the air using
Lens retainer
“Multiple Exposure”
Idea
Lens
This photograph that makes it seem as if a person is floating in the air
was taken by closing the shutter 2 or more times for one unit of film
(this is called “multiple exposures”).
Small aperture
Hey feet, wait up!
Commercially available film
Shutter photography
Exposure
Determined by the shutter
1
This photograph was taken by
changing the position between
the first and second times.
This resulted in a photograph in
which the upper and lower body
are separated.
2
How to take
photographs
Ch
ite arge
m
suc using
Clo
ha
a
s a thin
yo se t
h
ur
scr
litt e sh
ew
u
le
dri
fin tter
ve
ge
usi
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r.
ng
After taking out the boy and the
chair, cover up the top half with
black paper and take another
photo without winding up the film.
Only the inside of the yellow
frame
will be photographed.
The chair does not appear on the
photograph. Be careful not to
move the box and camera while
taking the photograph!
If the lower half is concealed with black paper, only that which is in
HOW TO MAKE
CAMERA BOX
Here are the approximate size
benchmarks.
1
2
Before setting the camera in the camera
box, remove it from the hole and check
the position of the screen.
Set the camera into the box.
After closing the shutter twice,
wind up the film and take the next cut.
will be photographed.
Items used
• Cardboard box
• Black permanent marker • Cellophane tape
• Black paper (large enough to conceal about half of the box)
Easy “double exposure”
Twin boxers!?
Frame set
Shutter frame
These line extensions will be the
approximate range of the screen.
12cm
9cm
Lens
Small aperture
JR. SCIENTIST
9cm
10
Lens retainer
Commercially available film
Shutter photography
Exposure
Determined by the shutter
Screen range
Prepare a cardboard box similar to
the one in the above picture, put a
dot in the center of its small surface,
and then draw horizontal and vertical
lines that divide the surfaces in half.
Cut a hole for putting in the shutter
frame where the dot is. Draw diagonal
lines on the top and sides as is shown
in the picture.
Cut out a window that has its
corners correspond with the ends
of the extension lines. Cover the
interior of the box with black paper
or color it black. This will be the
camera box.
Without using the camera box, try closing the shutter
twice using a dark place as the background. This results
in a photograph that looks as if there are twins!
Fix black paper large enough to
cover about half the box in front of
the box using cellophane tape.
1st time shutter
References
2nd time shutter
after moving
See “Let’s take color photographs using film” on page 24.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
12cm
It is easier to close the shutter
if the camera is inverted.
11
Frame set
INTERESTING PHOTOS
Shutter frame
Lens retainer
Idea
Ghosts using
“Slit Photographs”
Bent body!
Lens
Small aperture
Commercially available film
Bulb photography
By photographing through a narrow, moving slit,
you can make it look as if the subject’s body is twisted!
If the model moves while the
middle third is being
photographed, the subject
Exposure
Total of 6 seconds
will look like a twisted ghost.
STOP
While counting, bring down the slit smoothly
and photograph.
Three...
Four…
Having lots of fun with
science photographs
Five... Six…
Capturing 1/100 of a second: Determining
the winners of races using photographs
One... two…
In race competitions, you determine the winner using slit photographs
when the swift motions prevent the sequence in which the contestants
reach the finish line from being determined with the naked
eye. The forms of the runners are captured in a single
photograph by a slit set up at the goal.
TURN
STOP
AROUND
Photograph the upper third at
2 second intervals between
“one… two….”.
At two second intervals
for “three… four…”,
photograph the middle
third.
*This type of photography should be done on days
when it is not windy. It will not work well if the slit
board sways in the wind.
HOW TO MAKE A
SLIT CAMERA
• Cardboard (about 90cm × 40cm) • Black paper
• Black permanent marker • String • Cellophane tape
• Stick • Camera box (see page 10 for how to make it)
Preparing the slit board
Tie to the stick
JR. SCIENTIST
Steel rod or
the like
Draw lines that
divide the screen
into 3 equal parts.
The narrower the slit,
the better the photograph.
Stack the box under
the camera box.
Square hole 5cm wide
Cut a narrow square hole 5cm wide in
the center of the cardboard. Cover the
rest of the surface with black paper as
shown in the picture.
Have the model move as shown
for 6 seconds.
Cut a narrow parallel slit in the
center of the square hole. Make
it narrow enough for the blade
of the cutter to get into it tightly.
Cover it with two sheets of black
paper using cellophane tape.
Fix the string into place using
packing tape or run it through
the cardboard and tie it. Tie the
string to the stick. The slit board
is ready for use.
Place the slit box onto a steel rod,
a drying pole from your yard,
or the like. Combine it with the
camera box you made on page 10,
and you’re done!
2
1
Pick up the slit board to remove
it from the hole and check the
picture range. After adjusting the
angle put the slit board back down.
References
Fixe the frame set camera into
place on the box using packing
tape, and then gently open the
bulb.
3
Smoothly lower the slit board for
6 seconds while counting, and then
stop when the slit reaches the lower
line.
See “Let’s take color photographs using film” on page 24.
4
After closing the bulb, wind up
the film, and then take the next
cut. Take several photographs
and pick the good cuts.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
12
How to take
photographs
Items used
The slit board should be large enough for the
range of the camera box screen to line up and
go inside.
At two second intervals for
“five… six…”, photograph
the bottom third.
13
How
How aa photographed
photographed image
image becomes
becomes visible
visible
Lens
Go To Page 18
Pinhole
Go To Page 20
Screen
Go To Page 18
Learn
Learn ways
ways to
to tie
tie images
images together
together
CAMERA AND
PHOTOGRAPH
EXPERIMENTS
Adult Supervision Required
Learn
Learn ways
ways to
to retain
retain the
the image
image
* The photographs may differ from the actual bonus item.
JR. SCIENTIST
Please be sure to read this before using the camera (and make certain that your parents read this too).
14
• Do not look at the sun through the lens or a screen with the lens attached. You might hurt your eyes.
• Do not play in a location exposed to direct sunlight. Because you are using a lens, there is a risk of
starting fires.
• Do not conduct your experiments in the street or the like. This could lead to a risk of traffic accidents.
• This item contains small parts. Please take care to avoid accidentally swallowing them. This could lead
to a risk of asphyxiation.
• Do not lick the printing paper or put it in your mouth.
Color film photographs
GO TO PAGE 22
For your safety, please follow the assembly and operating instructions in this magazine. Also, do not
use any bonus items that are damaged or deformed during the experiment. After the experiment, keep
the items away from young children.
Plastic parts used in this Guide Book
Main unit, back cover, open frame, shutter frame
main unit, unwinding knob, lens retainer, pinhole,
small aperture, large aperture, cap (black)
ABS
Lens (translucent), screen (semi translucent)
PMMA
Winding up knob, stopper, shutter frame internal parts
POM
*If any of these items are no longer needed please dispose of them in
compliance with the stipulations of your local government.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
ATTENTION
15
ASSEMBLE YOUR OWN
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
05
03
Lens
Small aperture
Large aperture
Fit in the lower part of the long side.
stopper
Line up the stopper with
the grooves and slide it
until it snaps into place.
Insert the winding up knob.
This is the basic set. Put it into the shutter frame
in sequence starting from the left.
Practice the basics of how to take photographs before
putting in the film.
Cap
Back cover
01
Cap
Small aperture
Lens
Attached the back cover while noting
the position of the film retainer coil.
Winding up knob
Lens retainer
Lens retainer
Pinhole
The parts are fragile:
Never use force as they may break.
Frame set
Shutter frame
picture range. After adjusting the
angle put the slit board back down.
Attach the parts to the main unit
02
*Do not touch the lens surface
This combination is known as a “frame set”.
Make sure you learn the names of the basic parts of
up the slit board to remove
the camera as you assemble it. Pick
it from the hole and check the
01
Put the lens or the pinhole into the frame.
The item used should be a good match for
your photography methods, the weather etc.
How to close the shutter
Push in the shutter charge lever.
02
Gently push the shutter hooks
backward and close the shutter.
03
Film retainer coil
Rotate this sign once.
Rear view of the main body
Front view of the main body
Unwinding knob
Turn the winding up knob.
Use it when winding up
commercially available film.
Viewfinder
Film rail
Film cartridge
chamber
Film chamber
Screws for use with the tripod
04
Principally used for screen
experiments and printing
paper photographs. Adjust
exposure time by opening
and closing the lens cap.
Angle lever
Assembly:
Firmly push the hooks of
the frame into the holes
on both sides of the box.
• Remove the back cover and firmly attach the screen to the film rail.
• Move the shutter frame into which the frame set was put in 05 back
and forth, and try observing how the image is projected.
Shutter frame
Use it to open/close the bulb and operate the shutter. You will mainly be using commercially
available film for your photographs. For now, just have a look at the movements.
Bulb opening/closing
Tie threads to
the holes for
convenient use.
Distance from
the item to be
photographed
Close by moving
the lever to the left.
Open by moving
the lever to the right.
Shutter operation
Measure the distance from
the item to be photographed,
and match the scale of the
box with that distance.
How to set
the angle of view
Aperture
Shutter
Film
Adjusts the amount of light entering the camera
via the size of the opening.
Measure the distance
from this position.
The shutter will close
if you push it backward.
Lens
*The above figure is made
by light that passes through
the center of the lens.
Bends the light to create an image in the camera.
Snap!
Push in the shutter
charge lever.
Camera setup
Try to determine by yourself
if the focus position is roughly
as is indicated to the left.
About 25cm, 30cm, 50cm, 1m
Photographs as seen
from above
Disassembly:
Pull while pressing down
the hooks on both sides.
Focus benchmark (Get used to it by conducting the experiment (open frame) from before on pages 18 and 19.)
The shutter charge
lever will spring out
when the shutter closes.
Jargon explanation:
Bulb: Photographing by opening up the shutter Exposure: Exposing the film to light
Put it into the box if it is 1m
or greater.
Adjusts the amount of light entering the camera via the
amount of time between opening and closing.
Set the angle of view (range to be
photographed) while looking at the
viewfinder. Look at the viewfinder
directly and not at an angle.
Captures an image inside the camera. Because the image will
not come out well if the amount of light is too much or not
enough, adjust the amount using the aperture and the shutter.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
How to attach and remove the frame
JR. SCIENTIST
Practice until you can do the whole sequence.
Attach the frame. Use an open frame or a shutter frame depending
on your goals. For now, let’s attach the shutter frame.
Open frame
16
Frame box
Strap Ring
(Tie it to the cap with
a string. You can also
attach straps or the like.)
17
LENS SCREEN
EXPERIMENTS
Lens experiment 2: Looking at things nearby and far away
You will be able to use
this as a reference when
taking photographs.
You can easily check the quality of your photographs by using the screen.
Extending the box will focus
on nearby things.
Lens experiment 1: Attaching a lens and projecting to the screen
01
02
03
Under 1 meter
Remove the cover and firmly attach
the screen to the film rail.
04
Contracting the box will focus
on things far away.
Set the open frame and the lens in
that order. Do not put in the aperture.
Over 1 meter
* Confirm the differences of the images of nearby things projected onto the screen and those visible
from the viewfinder.
Attach the lens retainer.
* Focus on nearby things
* Focus on remote things
Peer into the screen. A horizontally and
vertically reversed image will be projected.
The distance between
the screen and lens is long.
It’s amazing!
The flowers before you
are in focus.
The distance between
the screen and lens is short.
The focus is on the toy
further in.
Lens experiment 3: What happens if you try hiding half the lens?
An image can be created on
the screen even if half the lens is hidden.
The lens creates an image on the screen.
If you remove the lens, the image cannot be created.
Black paper
JR. SCIENTIST
The lens is not hidden
18
The lens is not hidden
Black paper
The image projected onto the screen will change.
When the black paper is close to the lens, the image projected onto
the screen will not be cut in half even if half the lens is hidden.
However the projected image will be a bit dark.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
Let’s try moving the camera.
19
PINHOLE
SCREEN EXPERIMENTS
Pinhole experiment 3
Let’s try expanding and contracting the box
EXTEND
CONTRACT
It will be projected large
(seeing at a distance)
It will be projected small
(wide-angle)
An image can be projected onto a screen even if a
pinhole is used in place of the lens.
Pinhole experiment 1:
Let’s look at the image created using a pinhole
01
02
03
If you change the position of the screen and the pinhole, the range projected onto
the screen will also change.
Set the pinhole to open frame.
(The indented part is the front)
The image will be projected
in this manner via the pinhole.
Put the lens on the lens retainer.
Go outside on a clear day, cover with a black cloth or dark clothing, and look at the
screen. Once your eyes become accustomed to the darkness, the image will start
to appear.
If there distance between the screen and the pinhole is long
it will be protected large.
If there distance between the screen and the pinhole is short
it will be protected small.
The light reflected by objects moves directly forward. When this light that passes through
the small hole is collected on the screen, it forms an image.
What if you combine the lens and the aperture?
If you do not put in
the aperture
Pinhole experiment 2:
Let's try replacing the pinhole with the small aperture
The image will become bright
but blurred
Because the projected light will form a large circle, the image formed from
this concentration will become blurred.
If you combine the lens and the aperture,
the range in focus will expand, and objects
that were not in focus when using the lens
only will come into focus.
Aperture
JR. SCIENTIST
If you have put in
a small aperture
20
The image will become
dark but it will be in focus.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
It will be bright but blurry.
21
Let's take color
photographs using film
Let’s try taking pinhole photographs.
01
Combine the pinhole and lens retainer with
the shutter frame and then set it on the main
unit.
02
Close the cap and open the bulb.
(Do not open the cap before
photographing.)
03
Photograph outside on a clear day.
Fix the camera into place using a tripod
or a platform.
Store-bought film can be used to take photographs with
just a little light. Keep this in mind when handling it.
Open frame
Lens retainer
Let's try taking lens photographs.
02
Items used
03
Attach the lens cap
(The string is not included with the camera.)
Pull out until the up and down holes of the film are on
the axis of the winding up knob, and firmly engage
the holes with the feed dog.
Store-bought film (ISO400)
Use sets with 12~24 frames
01
Bulb
Pinhole
Cap
Pick it up and put in the film.
04
Combine the aperture, lens, and
lens retainer with the shutter frame,
and then set it on the main unit.
Open the cap, cover the cap for 1~2 seconds,
and then close the bulb shutter. See the chart
in the lower right of page 27 for exposure
times.
05
Every time you take a photograph, wind up
until the mark has turned exactly 1 time.
Repeat from 02 when taking the following
photographs.
You must stop it at this position
Open
Feed dog
Use the small aperture on clear days
and the large aperture on cloudy days
or indoors.
04
Attach the back cover. Afterwards,
you must not open the back cover
from the time you're done taking
photographs through when you
rewind the film cartridge. Do not
remove the shutter frame either.
One - Two
Because the pulled out part has been exposed to light,
it cannot be used to take photographs.
Confirm that the bulb shutter is not pushed in.
05
Check if the winding
up knob and the film
holes are engaged by
the sound this makes
and by its resistance
to tugging.
06
Close
Set the shutter charge lever by pushing it in.
There is no need to focus when doing pinhole
photography.
Align the position
of the mark and the
stopper hooks.
When you're done photographing, rewind the film and then take it out.
Push
Hold the film on the film
retainer coil.
If the winding up knob starts to feel heavy, you are running out of film,
so rewind the film you have used to take pictures into the film cartridge
and take it out.
01
Turn the winding up knob 3 times to bring out
the unexposed parts of the film.
Cartridge
22
02
Turn the rewinding knob
until you feel no resistance
from it.
03
Open the back cover and
take out the film.
04
Take the film to a DPE shop.
Have them turn it into
a color print photograph.
08
The film will make
a noise as it is being
unwound.
Exposure data
Clear
Partly cloudy
Bright indoor
Night view
Lens + small aperture
Shutter
Shutter
1 second
40secs. to 10mins
Lens + large aperture
Shutter
Shutter
1 second
20secs. to 4mins
Lens + no aperture
-
Shutter
Shutter 1 second
10secs. to 2mins
Refer to page 17 and correct the image angle and focus. Then remove the cap, gently push
the shutter hooks backwards, and photograph.
Every time you take a photograph, wind up until the
mark has turned exactly 1 time. Repeat from 06 when
taking the following photographs. When taking pictures
by holding the camera in your hand, do not breathe in
the instant in which the shutter closes in order to
prevent blurring caused by shaking the camera.
Jargon explanation
Exposure (film is touched by light)
When switching between a lens and a pinhole…
If you would like to switch between a lens and a pinhole when photographing with
the same roll of film, do so after confirming that the bulb is not open. Also, when switching,
take care to avoid removing the shutter frame.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
JR. SCIENTIST
07
Remove the stopper.
*Take care to avoid exposing the film to light.
23
Why did the photograph
fail?
Film photographs (see pages 22~23)
It was exposed to
either too much or
not enough light.
The lens is dirty.
If the image failed to develop in the photograph, let's find out why
and then try again after understanding how cameras work.
Excess light was
captured by the film.
Main causes
The back cover of the camera
was opened before winding
up the film.
Main causes
The aperture was not set
to handle the weather
conditions at the time the
photograph was taken.
Film photograph commonalities
Film photograph commonalities.
Orange and other color lines are
in the picture.
The colors are weak overall.
During pinhole photography and the like, the
closing of the cap was
either too early or too
late.
The entire image is blurry.
Something strange was
photographed.
There are two images overlapping.
Something you
didn’t want in the
photograph got in
front of the lens.
You accidentally
photographed twice.
Main causes
You forgot to wind up the
film every time you take a
photo.
Main causes
Your fingers, the strap, or
the like ended up being
photographed.
(The finder and lens
positions are a bit out of
place so let's be careful
about that from now on.)
There are times when you can’t have a print made for you at the developer,
such as when nothing is captured on the film. In such cases let’s try looking
that the film negatives that are returned to you.
I couldn’t get the store to print for me…
The orientation of the camera is shifted
out of place.
Main causes
You did not directly confirm by looking through the
finder. (See “How to set image angles” on page 17.)
The camera moved during exposure.
The photograph was taken with a double
exposure.
The film is totally black
It’s brown and nothing
was photographed
The film frame is black
Different frames are
overlapping.
All of the film was
exposed.
The film was not
exposed to light.
Only 1 frame was exposed
to light.
The film was not properly
wound up.
Main causes
The back cover was opened
before you rewound into the
film cartridge.
Main causes
It is not the film you used to
photograph.
The winding up knob did not
really engage with the film and
thus did not wind it.
The cap was in place.
Main causes
The cap was out of place while
the bulb shutter was open.
The frame was out of place.
Main causes
The mark did not revolve one time
when you were winding up.
The winding up knob did not really
engage with the film and thus
did not wind it.
Main causes
You forgot to wind up.
You moved the camera after fixing it into place.
Parts of some objects are blurry or
have disappeared.
It is blurry.
JR. SCIENTIST
24
If an important photograph that you feel
absolutely must be developed is inside the
camera, leave the cameras back cover in place,
take the camera as it is to a DPE shop, and
discussed the matter with them. They might be
able to develop the image for you.
The items moved during exposure.
It is necessary to adjust exposure time when photographing on partly cloudy
days or indoors. Set the aperture and exposure times after referring to the
following chart.
Clear
Partly cloudy
Bright room interior
Night view
Pinhole wide-angle
1 second
2 seconds
over 1 minute
-
Pinhole viewing from a distance
2 seconds
4 seconds
over 2 minutes
-
The image was not in focus.
Lens + small aperture
shutter
shutter
1 second
40sec.~10 minutes
Lens + large aperture
shutter
shutter
1 second
20sec.~ 4 minutes
Main causes
Lens + no aperture
-
shutter
shutter~1 second
10sec.~ 2 minutes
The frame box position was different during lens
photography. (See “Focus benchmarks” on page 17.)
Exposure data
Film (ISO400)
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
Exposure time benchmarks
If the film was not wound up or ended
up cut off…
25
PHOTO MUSEUM
Welcome to
the Photograph Museum
The first camera was a “dark room”?!
10th century
It has been known since ancient times that light
passes through a small hole into a dark room will
project images from the outside. The camera got
its start with the Latin term camera obscura which
means “dark room”.
19th century
Alhazen, the Arabian scholar, wrote that if sunlight passes
through a small hole in a wall, its image can be projected onto
a wall in a dark room.
15th century
JR. SCIENTIST
26
17th century
European painters used the camera obscura as a tool for
precisely sketching images.
Of experiments using your bonus items. See page 20.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
The Italian genius (painter, sculptor, architect, and scientist)
Leonardo da Vinci.
He wrote that the image of an object passing through a small
hole into a dark room could be projected onto a white sheet
of paper with the same shape and color.
27
The magic that makes scenery
last forever!
The inventors of photography
The camera obscura that projected external images would later develop
into the camera, a tool for fixing images. Three men played important
roles in the history of the invention of the camera.
1827
1839
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
(1765- 1833 France)
1835
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre
(1787-1851 France)
Photography using
silver
Printing of images onto
paper using negatives
The first photograph ever taken used the property of
asphalt that made it become hard when exposed to
light. However, taking this sort of photograph required
6~8 hours, and did not result in a very clear image.
The daguerreotype camera that used a silver
plate to take pictures was invented. It was able
to capture rather clear images by using a light
gathering lens.
The technique equivalent to modern-day film
photography that makes negatives (in which light
and dark are reversed) and prints them was
perfected (1841). Using this method a single negative
could be used to print multiple photographs.
The light reflected by objects becomes visible when it enters your eye.
When the light reflected by objects enters a camera, it is captured in photographs.
When light strikes objects it is reflected back. The manner of
reflection results in a variety of colors and brightness.
Objects become visible when light enters your eyes.
Light that enters cameras create images.
A chemical that reacts to light is spread onto the surface that
will capture the photograph. This chemical is known as a
“photoreceptor”. The photoreceptor is changed to different
degrees by the lightness and darkness of the light to which it
is exposed, which results in an image. In a daguerreotype, the
silver changes to form an image.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
JR. SCIENTIST
William Henry Fox Talbot
(1800-1877 British)
The first photograph
ever taken
Comprehension column
28
Because the subjects being photographed had to hold
perfectly still for at least 15 minutes in front of the camera,
photographs were taken with heads and arms held fixed
against the backs of chairs.
29
All you need for a camera is
light to enter a dark box!
The cargo area of a truck becomes pitch black when the door is shut. If a small hole to bring in light
is opened into this area, the truck is quickly transformed into a giant camera.
The light that comes in through the pinhole projection image
onto the printing paper as is shown in the picture with
up/down and left/right reversed.
Let's try an experiment with your
bonus items. See page 25.
Printing
paper
Pinhole
Developing solution
Fixing solution
Photograph with an inverted negative
30
A special kind of large printing paper 90cm
wide and 1m 50cm long is set inside the truck.
A copper plate with a hole 3mm in diameter
is set up. Light can travel through this point
only.
The photographing time is 3 minutes. The
subject should stand completely still in
front of the hole.
If developing solution is applied to the
printing paper that was exposed to light an
image will appear. A negative will be
created after conducting fixing and
cleansing in the truck. This time an
experiment was conducted using
monochrome printing paper.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
JR. SCIENTIST
The created negative
31
Color photographs with
just 3 colors!
Color film has a multilayered composition
Film is divided into multiple thin layers that react to red, green,
and blue light. The overlapping of images captured onto those
various layers results in the reproduction of images.
Protective layer
Various colors can be displayed just by combining red, green, and blue with
lights. Color film records red, green, and blue in separate layers! This was
introduced in 1939.
The parts that react to blue
light turn yellow
Filter
The parts that react to green
light turn red
Middle layer
The parts that react to red light
turn green
Middle layer
Layer for preventing the
reflecting back of light
(halation prevention filter)
Film base
How the coloring of color film works
Coupler
When the silver halide that is spread onto the film is exposed to light,
pigmentation is produced. This occurs in the various layers on the film.
Light
Colors
Let's experiment
Let's look at the three primary
colors of the TV screen
1
The film is covered with the chemicals
that produce colors: silver halide and
coupler.
Silver
The silver halide is
affected by the light
Silver halide
2
The silver halide is affected by the light
that it is exposed to. This takes place
inside the camera.
3
Film prior to development
Development turns the silver halide
into silver. At this time, reactions with
the coupler produce colors.
Prepared items: •Television
•Magnifying glass
If you look at a television screen using a magnifying glass,
you can see how it is divided into three colors in the same
manner as a film. Do you understand how all colors are
displayed using the three colors red, green, and blue?
JR. SCIENTIST
Layer that reacts to
green light
Layer that reacts to
red light
The silver is turned
back into silver halide
4
The silver is turned back into silver
halide. The pigmentation remains.
5
When the “fixing solution” chemical is
applied, all the silver halide is removed.
6
Only the pigmentation remains,
resulting in a visible image.
* Be careful to avoid hurting our eyes by looking at the screen too long.
Illustrations: Minoru Yoshida
32
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
Layer that reacts to
blue light
In cooperation with: Fuji Photographic Film
33
Its skin works like a film!? Is a
chameleon a “camera-on”?
The chromatophore expands
and contracts
The chameleon is a reptile that lives in Africa and other places. When it is
exposed to light, the color of its skin quickly changes! Just like a film!
The skin of the chameleon is green, but the cells of the skin contain white,
red, yellow, black, and other particles known as “chromatophores”. The sizes
of these chromatophores change automatically when exposed to light. These
changes combine to produce a variety of colors.
By changing the color of its body, the chameleon blends in with its surroundings
and becomes hard to see. This makes it easier to capture its prey and to escape
its predators.
Light
Supervisor: Tadaaki Imaizumi, Director of the Japan Zoology Research Institute
Let's experiment
Which colors fade
the most easily?
Prepared items: •Color image paper
•Cardboard
•Double-sided tape
How to do it
1. Slide the color image papers on top
of one another and fix them into place
with double-sided tape. Put it in a
place where it will be exposed to light.
The back of the paper is securely attached.
2. Several days later, take a look and
see which colors have faded.
I did not intend to
change the colors!
Prepare some paper with a hole in it.
Cardboard used to block light.
The pink parts are the areas that have and have
not been exposed to light, and the differences
in colors are clearly visible.
At first they
were the same
red coloring.
JR. SCIENTIST
Here you can easily see that the red coloring
has changed dramatically.
34
Black and blue
have not
changed very
much.
Expose to light
After a while, it will return to its original state
At first they
had the same
marking.
In cooperation with
Dai Nippon Printing Company Ltd.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
Photograph to the right is of a book that has
only had its back cover exposed to light.
35
The secrets of the digital cameras
that turn scenery into code
Digital cameras record images by changing light into signals. It is a
completely different method from developing on film covered with
chemicals.
How they record
images
It reacts with red, green,
and blue light
The CCD takes up light
Reacts only with blue light
CCD
Color filter
Reacts only with green light
By passing through the filter,
those various pixels can take
up information about the
strength of the light into one
color each.
CCD
Lens
Color filter
When the pixels take up light, they emit
electrons (electric particles) in reaction to
the strength of the light.
Light that comes in by passing through
the lens goes through a color filter and
reaches the CCD.
Images are recorded as
numerical value data for
each color
Reacts to red light only
Measure electron quantities using LSI and the like
The electron quantities are transformed into
numerical value data that expresses the strength
of the various colors.
Memory
LSI for use with
image processing
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 ...
Pixels
CCD captures light instead of film.
JR. SCIENTIST
When enlarging, you can see that an array of
tiny pixels create the image.
36
Digital images are easy to
save and alter
This calculates electronic signals from
the CCD and converts them to digital
data. It is not visible in this diagram.
Colors, sizes, shapes,
and the like can be
changed by changing
the numerical values.
Putting them into computers
makes this easy.
They can be put onto electronic
waves and sent to faraway places.
EXPERIMENTAL CAMERA
CCD takes the place of film
LSI used for image
processing
100101001010010...
37
Invent.
Discover.
I saw it in the distance
a while ago…
The real story of SCIENTISTS:
THE KING OF INVENTOR
THOMAS
ALVA
EDISON
I don't really know
about that kind of
things.what you talking
about.
How come
you don’t
know?
Oh shut up! You're getting
in my way, so get out of
here!
You were hitting a nail
with a metal hammer,
but I couldn't hear the
sound until a moment
later. Why is that?
......
You can’t only disappoint your mother!
The king of inventors, with over 1300
discoveries including the gramophone
and the incandescent light bulb.
Shipyard
Supervision: Akira Sasabe
(Professor at Ritsumeikan University)
Manga : YOSHIHIRO AOKI
It has fallen, but what
has it become?
What's
this?
!
h
A
What's that? If I
drink it can I really
fly through the
sky?
Why do stones
sink even though
wood and leaves
float?
Of course you can!
Birds eat it every
day!this is what
birds eat every day.
Plonk!
Hmm, I’m not sure
about that.
AH~!
Why is it sticky?
At a shipyard on Lake
Erie (USA) in 1850…
Earthworm
pulverizer
38
Why does wood float on
water even though it's
heavy?
What's this!
Ah!
Ah!
It’s turpentine.
Also, he just had to
experiment with something as soon as he
thought it up, and many
times he would try
things that resulted in
him getting beaten by
his father!
I don't really know.
Edison is said to have been asking questions at a shipyard since he was able to speak only baby talk.
Edison had become interested in fire. He set fire
to a shed at his home. When he was discovered
observing the flames burning up, he received a
good scolding.
Ouch
Ouch
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
JR. SCIENTIST
Mister, what’s
this?
39
Thomas Alva Edison was called “Al” ever
since he was little.
During math class
It's not a bad thing. If
you act like you know
about something without
asking questions or
experimenting, you will
never really learn
anything.
Al...
Is he
already
done…?
His mother Nancy
worked as a primary
school teacher, so she
could understand his
inquisitive nature
very well.
Mom, I am sorry about the
earthworms. But is it bad
for me to experiment and
ask questions?
What’s this?!
Bring it here when
you’re done.
So that’s a
good thing!
Everyone seems to get
mad when I do.
It’s a steamship. Sir,
do you know how
steamships run?
Primary school
English class
Write A, B, C, and D
two times each.
Edison, what
are you doing?
Edison, you are
a dunce!
Teacher,
why does
1 + 1 = 2?
What a
pointless
question!
It just adds up
to 2!
Mom, I don't want to go
to school anymore!
JR. SCIENTIST
40
…they
are 1,
not 2.
So 1 + 1 = 1!
He is right!
If you do
this…
Edison's father was uneducated and could not even
write his own name.
We’re studying
English right
now!
I will teach Edison
starting tomorrow!
Hurry up
and write!
Al, what
happened?
You are such a
bright child!
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
But these are
1 and 1.
What did you tell
him? You have no
qualifications to
teach children!
Edison was variously given books such as
history, literature, and the science, etc. by his
mother. Her monther allows him to study what
he was interested in. Amount those, he was
attracted by a book called "Nature and
experiment philosophy outline" that
particularly a lot of experiments had shown.
41
Edison's father was uneducated and could not even write his own name.
Edison had a laboratory
made in the basement.
This is it! People can also
float through the air if they
use the power of these
bubbles! Power of this
bubble works.
Impossible!
This is a science
experiment!scientific
experiment...
Several years later, a railroad line was laid
near his home and a station was constructed. At age 12, Edison began working
as a sales boy in the trains.
Al, please promise me!
You should
NEVER use
people in your
experiments!
Since I am the one doing
the experiment I can't
swallow it myself. Do you
understand, Mike? This is
all for science!!
Also, you must not
bring anyone else
here!
He would take up a variety of goods
in his arms and get on the train
every morning at 7 AM.
No way. You
swallow it!
Would you like a
newspaper?
You are so enthusiastic, aren't you?
Give me one.
Al, look, see how painful
it seems!
It will be terrible if a
discovery is made too
late!
Hahaha, I already
made five dollars
today!
Edison made his
friend Mike swallow
an effervescent
powder medicine.
I also have fruit
and candy.
Now I'll be able to
buy chemicals for
my experiments.
Thank you!
JR. SCIENTIST
42
Throw all these things
away!time...
Dear,
don’t do
that!
I am very happy. I
think I'll take the
liberty of building
a laboratory in the
train.
Ouch!
Edison also sold a weekly newspaper that he made himself. He would write the articles and print it on his own.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
I can’t allow
this anymore!
43
At Mount Clemens
Station when Edison was
15 years old….
Hm? It smells like
something is burning…
Thank you so much for
saving my son!
All I can do to thank you
is to teach you about
telegraph technology.
WATCH
OUT!
You idiot!!
Please do!
This technician
seems to be quite
skillful.
That’s Edison.
Shall I introduce
you to him?
Uh oh, what
can we do?!
Get out of
here!
It’s said that Edison
suffered hearing
loss after being
struck hard on the
ear. he was not able
to hear well.
Al, on the other
side of the lake…
The era of electricity is
beginning! I want to try
inventing convenient
things that use
electricity!
Cockroach
extermination
machine
JR. SCIENTIST
Do you really think
you are a bad kid?
You need to believe
in yourself.
During his spare
moments at work, Edison
continued his studies and
experiments and made
various machines.
Vote recording
machine.
(His first patent)
I got a patent for
it, but I can’t get
anyone to use it…
I’ll make something
more useful!
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
It works!
If I keep trying
different things
I can make a
variety of items.
There’s finally
something that
I’m good at.
Edison won first
prize in a nationwide
telegraphy speed
and accuracy
competition.
Hahaha.
…there is a bigger
world.
44
In this era in which there
were still no telephones,
many people looked up
to the telegraph operators who enable conversations via signals
to people far
away.
Really?!
AAAHH!
Maybe I am no good
after all.
Because he rescued the son
of the station manager who
was in danger of being
struck by a train, he was
able to acquire telegraph
operator credentials.
Telegraphs at this time communicated using a combination of short signals called
“dots” ( . ) and long signals called “dashes” ( - )
My god!
What have
I done!!!
Edison would suffer from impaired hearing. This was
due to both a congenital defect and to the conductor
grabbing him by the ears and picking him up when he
would be late for boarding the train.
45
Later on, Edison said that he was made into who he was by his mother,
and that if his strong and kind mother had not been there for him, he
would have definitely gone astray.
This is really wonderful. Won’t you
sell this stock ticker
to me for 40,000
dollars?
What!? Yes
indeed, with
pleasure!
He made an invention
research center in New
York in 1871.
President
Edison, are
you all
right?
Don’t ruin your
health…
I was just
taking a
little nap. I
need to
keep trying
harder!
I can’t believe it.
Every day he lays there on his
side and takes a little nap.
Working all night without
sleep doesn’t even bother
him.
Hello is a word that Edison, who was hard of hearing,
used as an easy-to-hear word when using the phone.
Two years later, Edison
married Mary, a worker at
his research center.
He is
Where is the over
bridegroom? there.
President,
it's okay if
you don't
work today.
Wait, I’ll be
ready in a
moment.
I wonder if
he is even
really human?
When Edison moved to a new
research institute at Menlo Park
when he was 29 years old, Alexander Graham Bell acquired the
patent for the telephone.
Mother, I’m
sorry my report
is late…
M
te
i
em also crea teleg mpro legra y pri
n
rap
ve
ph
e a ploy inc ted
tha ting
loo
ees reas an in h is d on
t
s
ka
t
.
t it Plea ed my venti elling he
!
se
o
,
com num n fac and
I
to
e a ber
nd
of ry. I
tak
His mother
died at the age
of 62.
Mother!
No, no, no…
My mother
believed in me.
I’m where I am
today thanks to
my mother.
President, here
is a telegram
for you.
How is it? Can
you hear well?
This is the telephone
made by Bell,
but you can't really hear very
well through it, can you.
Hey boss, wasn’t it a
waste for it to have
been bought by the
Bell company?
JR. SCIENTIST
“Hello!”
46
Please take a good look at me
from heaven. I won't disappoint
you mother. I'm going to keep on
working even harder.
The Bell
company
bought Edison's
invention, which
would be the
basis for the
modern telephone.
Nah, it’s
okay.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
Hey, I guess we
will build
a better telephone!
Edison used carbon as a material for the
transmitter that would convert voice into
electric currents to complete his superior
telephone.
47
The Menlo Park research Institute had as its motto “make a minor invention every 10 days and a major
invention every six months”. Those who work there were described as a group that never slept.
Will you make this
for me as is shown
in these plans?
Inside the Menlo Park
research institute
Organ
Here it
goes!
le lamb...
Can you make it for 18
dollars or less? If you
can make it I will give
the leftover money to
you.
h
You’re joking,
right?
Table for experiments
Battery table
Talking?
a
Ma ry
ry
tt
a li little lamb...
ad ad a a little lamb...
h ad
It’s a talking
machine.
Why is there a
number 18 here?
Ma
r
M yh
Okay, here
we go.
Edison is
said to have
frequently
taken naps
in this room
under the
stairs.
WOW!
Edison's table
Yes… but, what can
it do?
Amazing!
I can’t believe it!
This is a great
invention!
3 days later
Boss, how
did you do
this?!
As is the case with telegraphs
and telephones, the sounds are
transformed into electric
signals. It occurred to me that
because of this they could be
recorded.
Hey, thank you.
Now this
machine will
begin to talk.
Ha ha
that's silly.
Mary had a little lamb,
little lamb, little lamb......
Boss you are
amazing!
JR. SCIENTIST
Of course it should be something that would be useful to
people, perhaps a light bulb.
:
ion
t
What?!
..
...
b.
m
la
e
b, ittl
m l
..
la b,
....
le am
t
t
l
mb
li le
a
l
a tt
b, tle
li
am lit
e l mb,
l
t
it a
a l tle l
lit
I wonder if the
boss hasn’t
driven himself
crazy by working
too hard…?
n
nve
i
t
rea e!
’s g phon
n
o
o
is
Ed gram
e
th
!
Hooray
for the
boss!
ark
oP
enl
rd
iza
ew
Th
of M
I can do it if I have 6
weeks to work on it.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
48
Mr. Edison, what will your
next invention be?
en
inv
n
o
e
is
Ed chin
a
m
If that thing can
talk, then my
baby back home
can talk, too!
Just watch.
g
kin
al
ts t
49
Households at the time used gas lamps, lanterns or candles.
However, the invention of
the light bulb was not a
simple matter.
I made a vacuum
light bulb.
Even if you have the
interior be a vacuum?
No matter what you use
as the filament in a light
bulb, it quickly burns out.
However, I tried gold,
silver, steel, copper,
and just about every
other type of metal…
Hey, making mistakes
is how you learn.
Mr. MacKenzie, the station manager who taught him about telegraphy, began working at Edison’s laboratory.
It gets crumbly no
matter how much
you knead it.
Several hours later
Then do it for 3
more hours.
Knead it as much
as possible.
How long have
you kneaded it?
I did it. It’s
now a thread.
What~!
I can’t give up until I
am successful!
But unfortunately…
It’s no good.
Not even this.
It has
been 3
hours
already.
Not even metal
is any good.
No matter how much I
change the size or length,
it still burns out.
This and this
also burn out.
1 year later
2 months later
Edison said he could do
it quickly.
Damn!
Is he going to keep us
waiting forever?
Even if you add heat…
Metal just doesn’t
seem to work.
If you stretch out tar it
becomes like a thread.
It’s no good. It
won’t work as
a filament.
What would happen if I
used something that was
already completely
burned up?
Amazing! It shines
for 40 hours.
JR. SCIENTIST
If I used this cotton
thread that had been
burned up…
I’m going to gather
plant fibers from all
around the world.
It works!
At this time inventors around the world were trying to invent the light bulb.
Well, it’s still no good. If
it’s only 40 hours it won’t
be useful.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
50
There has to be something.
Something I’m overlooking…
Let’s try pulverizing and hardening a bunch of different
things. Tree bark, plant stems,
anything is fine.
51
At 10 pm the evening Edison died, it is
said that all the houses in American
turned off their lights for one minute.
Hey, it doesn’t go out!
Another half year later
How many hours does
it last?
This is what I had
been hoping for!
More than
40 hours.
Let’s take turns
monitoring it so
that we can see
how long it lasts.
Afterwards Edison continued to
make wonderful inventions
including electric rail cars, movie
cameras, and the like.
His laboratory was moved to
West Orange, which has better
facilities.
Hey! This is President
Edison! Apologize at
once!
Go back! People like
you can’t come in here.
This is Edison’s great
laboratory.
…so I haven’t been able
to take baths.
Ah!
80 hours
120 hours
160 hours
This is
amazing!
All right, it’s
settled. We will
use bamboo!
It’s all right.
Hahaha, I’ve been busy
this last half month…
Oh, I’m sorry! I
didn't know it
was you!
I was also encouraged
very much by my mother.
You’re a conscientious young man who
is very focused on his
work, aren’t you.
Failure is the mother of
success. Keep working
hard and doing your best.
Zzzz...
52
Hooray! We
finally did it!
Later, after researching bamboo from
around the world, Edison selected Japanese
bamboo. For about 10 years afterward he
imported bamboo from Kyoto.
Without resting, Edison invented power
generators, electric wire, electric poles, and
light bulbs all in succession.
Edison invented more than
1300 devices in his life.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON
JR. SCIENTIST
It still
hasn’t
gone out.
Oh, thank you
very much!
It’s still
going after
200 hours.
53
Editorial Supervisor:
Yoshiki Takashita, Professor at Hiroshima University
Manga: TAKAHARU OGATA（TAKAMARU-DO）
G
O
TA
AGO D
M
How big is
the universe?
I feel uneasy
about that…
They thought that there was a
goddess living in the sky, and in
everyday she spat out and then
swallowed the sun and the moon.
Is this the universe as
envisioned by people in
the past?
The earth
Well, it has the earth and
the sun, so it must be huge!
Galaxies are around
100,000 light years in size.
That galaxy is so big
that a huge number of
things could fit into it…
Their idea was that the earth is
supported by large animals.
This shows that they knew
absolutely nothing about
science. Woof!
You mean Tamami Tamayama
and Tamao Tamayama who
looked into the Science Egg?
It’s time for Tamaichiro, the …
TAMAGO Dog who can teach
you with one press of the
switch, to appear! Woof!
That’s right.
Here, look at
this!!
Oh
So what about those
children?
se stupid ol
tho
d
m
!
en
However, it is not the case
that modern day people of
earth are knowledgeable
about science.
I can’t even imagine how huge it is!
We must work hard to
further spread science.
JR. SCIENTIST
54
Teach us,
TAMAGO DOG.
A galaxy is an enormous collection of stars. It is said
that there are about 100 million galaxies in the universe.
W
aa
a!
INTRODUCTION TO “BIG BANG”
I’m in charge of
that. Leave it to me!
Oh, #T16? Leaving it
to you…
Press the
button if you
have a
question!
55
Do you want to ask how
big the universe is?
Since it’s expanding…
does that mean it was
a lot smaller a long
time ago?
I could even see you when
you were taking a bath
Tamami. Woof!
So it means that a long long
time ago, the whole universe
was a lot smaller!
Was it smaller when
you were born?
Was it even smaller
when the dinosaurs
were alive?
WHAT?!
Hey, you heard us
from inside the egg.
Go back into
your egg!
That’s a lie!
That’s right.
Teach us and
then go back in!
The size of the
universe is not
established.
If you go back 15
billion years in the
past, the universe
was extremely small.
Woof!
Don't you want to
know how big the
universe is?
Now, I'm going back.
OK, I will start with
the conclusion!
What should you
say when you are
making a request
of a person?
JR. SCIENTIST
56
Wait, waaait~!
Teach us why it
has not been
established!
Actually, even now the
universe continues to expand
at an incredible speed!
Because of this, its
size is not established!
Small? You mean
like the size of
Tamami’s brain?
The
s
ize
Even much
smaller than
that!
Huh~?
of t
he u
nive
rse
I can’t see it~.
whe
n it
beg
an
One 100 millionth of one 100
millionth of one 100 millionth of
a centimeter!
Then that “fireball” suddenly…!
However, it was incredibly
hot, densely packed
together, and was just like
a fireball.
The temperature of the universe when it began
Please teach us,
TAMAGO DOG!
HEY!!!
It was that small?!
INTRODUCTION TO “BIG BANG”
e not
You’r n….
so
r
e
ap
Huh?
Good thinking!
That’s right!
57
Blew up in a massive explo
sion!
Okay then, try
affixing star
stickers onto my
body. Woof!
So what if my body
is the universe?
Then move my tail
up and down.
Ah, the starts are
moving further and
further apart!
Whoa, you’re
expanding!
This is called the
“Big Bang”
.
I see! So the universe
is expanding like that.
Does that mean that
the sun and the
moon are moving
away from the earth?
That’s right. However, they are
continuing to spread apart at the
same speed as stars very far away.
It spread as far away as distant stars are now.
The unbelievable energy of the
Big Bang that occurred 15
billion years ago continues to
expand the universe even now!
Hmmmm~…
How do you know
this?
The expansion of the
universe increases the
distances between stars.
Woof!
By observing many stars
from the other, it became
clear that they all were very
far away.
58
There were no stars, but the
elements that would make up
the stars’ materials did exist.
Those materials are called
elementary particles!
ele G
m
The Big Bang was the
original cause of this
expansion of the universe.
Woof!
But I can’t really picture
in my head how the stars
are moving apart.
Have those stars existed since
the time of the Big Bang?
world of
the
y par ticles!
to
o ntar
e
JR. SCIENTIST
Read page 64 later on.
I understand that
the stars are moving
apart, but…
It is not the case that every place
is spreading away at the same
speed.
INTRODUCTION TO “BIG BANG”
From observation
of stars.
Because the moon and the sun are
closer to the Earth than distant galaxies,
the speed they are moving away from
one another is slow! Woof!
59
Various substances were created as the universe cooled
Elementary particles
are the original form of
everything in this world.
Our bodies and the rest of the universe are made from these elementary particles!
The transformation of this turbid galaxy to
its translucent state is known as the “clearing
of the universe”.
In addition to the nuclei, electrically
charged electrons as well as photons
were floating about in the soup.
After another 300,000 years
past, the temperature dropped to
3000°! Now the electrons were
drawn to the nuclei, and atoms
were formed!
Light
Zoom!
Light
Protons and Neutrons
Atoms
Light
Proton
Nuclei
Light
Light
Electron
Nuclei
Elementary particles
… Us!
Nuclei
Light
What happened to
the turbid universe?
Light
These were extremely tiny
particles! The tiny particles
stuck together, combined, and
made all substances. Woof!
This universe was boiling hot
when it formed, and was like
a sloppy soup.
When three elementary particles stick together, protons and
neutrons are formed. When protons and neutrons state
together, nuclei are formed. When nuclei combine with electrons, atoms are formed. And then various substances are
formed by the combination of atoms. Our bodies and the rest of
the universe are made from these elementary particles.
Light
The photons were pulled in by the
electrons and did not fly outside
the soup. The universe was not
clear, and was as if it were covered with a thick mist. Woof!
Light
Before the Big Bang?
Because of this, if there had
been no Big Bang, neither
time nor this world would
have been created!
What was the area
around universe like
when it was tiny?
JR. SCIENTIST
Then, 3 minutes after the Big
Bang, when the temperature
lowered to 1,000,000,000°, the
elementary particles stuck
together even more. This
formed the nuclei.
They stuck
together as they
cooled!
EMPTY
SPACE
Actually, space and time
were also created at the
same time the Big Bang
occurred. Woof!
The Big Bang did not only
create substances, but also
the void of space and time!
Woof!
INTRODUCTION TO “BIG BANG”
60
That’s the way it was
before the Big Bang.
Superhot
The view was then
much better.
Light
What was the universe
like before those
particles existed?
The elementary
particles were the
ingredients of this
soup!
Light
Proton
As the universe expands,
the temperature drops.
Then 0.00001 seconds after the Big Bang, the
temperature of the universe lowered to
1,000,000,000,000°, and the
elementary particles began
clustering together in groups of
three.
The things getting in the way
of the photons were no longer
there, and the universe
became translucent.
61
Is the Big Bang
something that would
only happen once?
Or could it happen
again?
Therefore I want you to
become scientists in the
future and found out the
answer.
Actually, that can't really be
explained at this time.
All right, leave
it to us!
Why did the Big
Bang happen?
There was a genie like
this who created it!
How about that?
Are you people from
the ancient past?
IThe fact that the universe is expanding was discovered via the light emitted by stars.
JR. SCIENTIST
The Doppler effect
Sounds closer to
you are louder.
Sounds further
away from you
become less loud.
Have you ever heard the
siren of an ambulance? The
closer to the ambulance gets
to you, the louder the siren
sounds, and the further away
it gets, the softer the siren
sounds.
This is because sound is
“waves”. When an
ambulance gets close to you,
the waves are packed
together, and their breadths
are narrow. This makes them
sound louder.
Conversely, the further away
they are, they are extended
and their breadths are
broader. This makes them
less loud. This is known as
the “Doppler effect”.
The Doppler effect of light
Closer light
becomes
bluer.
In the same manner as
sounds, light also consists of
“waves”. So it also has a
Doppler effects like sound. In
this case, the different
breadths of the waves result
in changes of color. The
closer it gets, the more blue
it becomes. The further apart
it gets, the more red it
becomes.
Hubble, the American
astronomer, discovered while
observing stars that stars
look redder the further away
they are (1929). Thus it was
learned that the universe is
expanding.
Light further
away becomes
redder.
Sound is transmitted through vibrations in the air. It is conveyed through dense parts and sparse parts through the air.
62
NOTES