Spread Spectrum - Home page of MarkGoresky

Transcription

Hedy Lamarr
• Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria)
• 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy)
Hedy Lamarr
• Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria)
• 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy)
• married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg.
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Hedy Lamarr
Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria)
1933 film Ecstasy (steamy)
married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg.
very rich
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Hedy Lamarr
very rich
hundreds of dinner parties for clients
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Hedy Lamarr
very rich
Mandl was the jealous type
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Hedy Lamarr
very rich
Hedy drugged the maid, put on her
uniform, walked away
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Hedy Lamarr
very rich
Signed with MGM, changed name
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Hedy Lamarr
very rich
Hooked up with composer George
Antheil
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Hedy Lamarr
very rich
Antheil
Piano episode, frequency hopping
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Hedy Lamarr
very rich
Antheil
Antheil suggested piano rolls
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Hedy Lamarr
very rich
Antheil
Antheil suggested piano rolls
1940 applied for patent
1942 granted
Lamarr Quotes
Lamarr Quotes
“Any girl can be glamorous. All you
have to do is stand still and look stupid.”
Lamarr Quotes
“It’s about time”,
Lamarr Quotes
“It’s about time”,
-- upon receiving the “Pioneer Award”
from the Electronic Frontier Foundation
in 1997, at the age of 86.
• Frequency hopping for anti-jam
• Reproducible hopping pattern that
appears to be random
• Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random
hopping pattern
hopping pattern
• Lamarr system was never built
hopping pattern
1950-60: Many experimental systems
(all classified) by Sperry, Sylvania,
Bureau of Ships, MIT, NSA, etc:
hopping pattern
1950-60: Many experimental systems
(all classified) by Sperry, Sylvania,
Bureau of Ships, MIT, NSA, etc:
But some people knew …
“What?” said the missile expert. “I guess I was
off base about the jamming. Suddenly it seems to
me that’s so obvious. It must have been tried and it
doesn’t work.”
“Right. It doesn’t. That’s because the frequency
and amplitude of the control pulses make like pure
noise—they’re genuinely random. So trying to jam
them is like trying to jam FM with an AM signal.
You hit it so seldom, you might as well not try.”
“What do you mean, random? You can’t control
anything with random noise.”
The captain thumbed over his shoulder at the
Luanae Galaxy. “They can. There’s a synchronous
generator in the missiles that reproduces the same
random noise, peak by pulse. Once you do that,
modulation’s no problem. I don’t know how they do
it. They just do. The Luanae can’t explain it: the
planetoid developed it.
England put his head down, almost to the table.
“The same random,” he whispered from the very
edge of sanity.
The Pod in the Barrier, by Theodore Sturgeon,
Galaxy magazine, September 1957.
1970’s:
Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) or
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Spread spectrum communication
Signature sequence: 0010111
Send 1: 0010111 Send 0: 1101000
00101110010111110100000101111101000
0010111
The correlator counts
#(agreements) - #(disagreements)
in each window
Given periodic sequences of period T
a = (a0, a1, · · · ) and b = (b0, b1, · · · )
Their cross correlation is
Ca,b(τ ) =
r−1
X
(−1)ai (−1)bi+τ
i=0
Autocorrelation Aa(τ ) = Ca,a (τ )
Idea: Each user has a different signature sequence.
These sequences have low cross-correlations. The
receiver (correlator) knows your sequence. Received signal will look like this:
Some common CDMA systems
GPS: 24 satellites
Each has its own spreading code
1.57542 GHz common carrier
1.023 MHz chiprate (C/A code)
1023 bit spreading code
1000 bits/sec information
50 bits/sec after error correction
30 sec (1500 bits) for full frame
15 watt transmitter
GPS Pcode (military only)
1.2276 GHz carrier
10.23 Mhz chiprate
Wi FI: 2.4 GHz carrier
11 MHz chiprate
1 Mb/sec information rate
CDMA cell phones:
860 MHz, 1.8 Ghz, 1.9 Ghz
1.2288 MHz chiprate
9600 bits/sec information rate
3G CDMA cell phones:
8 and 16 MHz chiprate
N
AD
MINISTRATIO N
NA
OM
TIONAL TELEC
M
UN
IC
RM
ATIO
NS & INF O
TIO
E
RC
U.S
.
ENT OF CO
MM
RTM
PA
E
DE
A
October 2003
SERVICE
EXAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
Primary
FIXED
Capital Letters
Secondary
Mobile
1st Capital with lower case letters
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION
This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the
FCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changes
made to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult the
Table to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE
WAVELENGTH
BAND
DESIGNATIONS
FREQUENCY 0
3 x 107m
ACTIVITIES
Infra-sonics
10 Hz
3 x 106m
100 Hz
1 kHz
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
Office of Spectrum Management
3 kHz
3 x 105m
30,000 m
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)
Audible Range
Sonics
10 kHz
EARTH-ES
RES.
INTER- SAT
EARTH-ES
30 GHz
3,000 m
LF
100 kHz
300 m
MF
AM Broadcast
Ultra-sonics
1 MHz
HF
10 MHz
FIXED
30 m
RADIORADIO
MOBILE
NAVIGATION SATELLITE NAVIGATION
SATELLITE
VHF
FM Broadcast
P
MAGNIFIED ABOVE
3m
L
100 MHz
1 GHz
30 cm
UHF
S C
MOBILE
SATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
SATELLITE
(E-S)
3 cm
SHF
X
10 GHz
0.3 cm
EHF
Radar
Radar
Bands
Microwaves
100 GHz
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
300 GHz
0.03 cm
1 THz
1013Hz
3 x 105Å
INFRARED
Sub-Millimeter
Infrared
SPACE
RESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
1014Hz
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATION
SATELLITE
3 x 104Å
MOBILE
SATELLITE
MOBILE
3 x 103Å
VISIBLE
Visible
1015Hz
SPACE RESEARCH
(Passive)
FIXED
SATELLITE
(S-E)
Radiolocation
EARTH EXPL.
SATELLITE (Passive)
FIXED
SATELLITE
(E-S)
1016Hz
3 x 102Å
3 x 10Å
ULTRAVIOLET
1017Hz
EARTH
EXPLORATION
SATELLITE
(Passive)
SPACE
RESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
ISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FOR
UNLICENSED DEVICES
1018Hz
3Å
3 x 10 -1Å
X-RAY
Ultraviolet
1019Hz
FIXED
1020Hz
FIXED
3 x 10 -2Å
1021Hz
MOBILE
SATELLITE
MOBILE
3 x 10 -3Å
GAMMA-RAY
Gamma-ray
1022Hz
3 x 10 -4Å
3 x 10 -5Å
1023Hz
FIXED
3 x 10 -6Å
1024Hz
ISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHz
3 x 10 -7Å
COSMIC-RAY
Cosmic-ray
X-ray
1025Hz
MOBILE
FIXED
SPACE
RESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
SPACE RES. (Passive)
MOBILE
SATELLITE
MOBILE
SATELLITE (E-S)
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHz
* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPECTRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT
OF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
RADIORADIONAVIGATION ASTRONOMY
SATELLITE
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
Radiolocation
3000
300
FIXED
AMATEUR
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE
AMATEUR SATELLITE
Space Research
STANDARD FREQ.
LAND MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE**
RADIO ASTRONOMY
BROADCASTING
MARITIME MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
MOBILE**
FIXED
FIXED
MOBILE**
FIXED
MOBILE**
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
MOBILE
29.7
29.8
29.89
29.91
30.0
25.01
25.07
25.21
25.33
25.55
25.67
26.1
26.175
26.48
26.95
26.96
27.23
27.41
27.54
28.0
24.89
24.99
25.005
22.855
23.0
23.2
23.35
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
FIXED SATELLITE (E-S)
2900
MOBILE**
AMATEUR
STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (25,000 kHz)
AMATEUR SATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED
Mobile*
FIXED
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY)
MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING)
MOBILE
Space Research
STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQ.
STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (2500kHz)
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (R)
MOBILE
MARITIME
RADIONAVIGATION
AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGICAL Radiolocation
AIDS
RADIONAVIGATION
2483.5
2500
2655
2690
2700
235.0
220.0
222.0
225.0
216.0
3000
2850
2502
2505
2501
2495
2170
2173.5
2190.5
2194
2107
MARITIME
RADIONAVIGATION
(RADIO BEACONS)
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
Aeronautical
Mobile
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
29.9
29.5
27.5
FIXED
MOB** B- SAT. FX FX-SAT
RADIO ASTRON. SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPL SAT
E-Expl Sat Radio Ast Space res.
BCST - SAT. MOBILE**
FX-SAT (S - E)
2417
2450
2385
2390
2400
2360
Amateur
MARITIME
MOBILE
2065
2000
Aeronautical
Radionavigation
(Radio Beacons)
Maritime
Radionavigation
(Radio Beacons)
Aeronautical
Mobile
FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S)
FIXED
SAT (E-S)
INTERSATELLITE
25.25
25.5
27.0
Radiolocation
Amateur
MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E)
MOBILE
RADIODETERMINATION SAT. (S-E)
FIXED
Radiolocation
AMATEUR
AMATEUR
FIXED
Fixed
2345
MOBILE
Radiolocation
Radiolocation
FIXED
LAND
MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIME
MOBILE
1900
3 kHz
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
25.05
24.75
MOBILE
RADIOLOCATION
R- LOC. B-SAT
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
FIXED
Earth Exploration
Satellite (S-S)
Earth
std Exploration
freq e-e-sat
Satellite
(S-S) (s-s)
& time e-e-sat
RADIOLOCATION
INTER-SATELLITE F I X
E D (E-S)
SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
SATELLITE
Earth
Standard
(E-S)
Exploration Frequency and
MOBILE
FIXED
Satellite
Time Signal
F
I
X
ED
(S-S) F I X ESatellite
(E-S)
D
SATELLITE
(E-S)
INTER-SAT. MOBILE
INTER-SAT. MOBILE
MOBILE
RADIOLOCATION
MOBILE
MOB
FX
FIXED
Radiolocation
ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz
300.0
275.0
265.0
252.0
Earth
Expl.
INTER-SATELLITE
Satellite (Active)
location
Radiolocation Mobile Fixed
Mobile
LAND MOBILE
AMATEUR
Fixed
MOBILE
FIXED
250.0
24.65
24.25
24.45
24.05
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2200
21.45
21.85
21.924
22.0
21.0
MOBILE
AMATEUR
Radiolocation
INTER-SATELLITE
Amateur
FIXED
MOBILE**
Amateur
Amateur RADIOLOCATION MOBILE** FIXED
Radiolocation Mobile Fixed MOB FX R- LOC. B-SAT
RadioBCST-SATELLITE
Mobile
Fixed
SPACE RES..(S-E)
MOBILE
(LOS)
SPACE
EARTH
OPERATION EXPLORATION
(s-E)(s-s) SAT. (s-E)(s-s)
BROADCASTING
FIXED
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)
AMATEUR SATELLITE
AMATEUR
LAND MOBILE
EARTH EXPLORATION
SATELLITE (Passive)
248.0
FIXED
RADIOLOCATION
RADIONAVIGATION
Earth Expl.
Satellite
(Active)
AMATEUR SATELLITE
24.0
23.6
SPACE
RESEARCH
(s-E)(s-s)
MOBILE
2160
2180
2155
Mobile
FIXED
MARITIME
MOBILE
AMATEUR SATELLITE
Amateur
241.0
238.0
235.0
ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz
Amateur Satellite
Radiolocation
EARTH EXPL.
SAT. (Passive)
Radiolocation
AMATEUR
EARTH EXPL.
SAT. (Passive)
ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
MOBILE
FIXED
SATELLITE (S-E)
FIXED
SPACE RES.
SATELLITE(S-E) (Passive)
FIXED
SATELLITE (S-E)
EARTH
EXPLORATION
SATELLITE
(Passive)
MOBILE
231.0
SPACE RES.
(Passive)
FIXED
(LOS)
FIXED
S)
2110
BROADCASTING
(TV CHANNELS 7-13)
RADIO ASTRONOMY
23.55
FIXED
MOBILE
MOB. FX.
RADIOLOCATION
AMATEUR
1800
1705
1605
1615
FIXED
RADIOLOCATION
MOBILE
MOBILE
INTER-SATELLITE
22.55
FIXED
SPACE OP.
(E-S)(s-s)
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTING
MARITIME
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED
SATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED
SPACE RES. EARTH EXPL.
(E-S)(s-s)
SAT. (E-S)(s-s)
RADIOLOCATION
FIXED
MOBILE
2025
2020
19.68
19.80
19.990
19.995
20.005
20.010
MOBILE
FIXED
217.0
202.0
RES.
MOBILE
173.2
173.4
174.0
17.9
17.97
18.03
18.068
18.168
18.78
18.9
19.02
17.41
17.48
17.55
16.36
15.6
15.8
MARITIME
MOBILE
MARITIME
MOBILE
MOBILE
EARTH
EXPLORATION SAT.
(Passive)
FIXED
2000
1850
FIXED
Land Mobile
MOBILE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTING
FIXED
MARITIME
MOBILE
BROADCASTING
FIXED
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
Mobile
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
BROADCASTING
FIXED
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
STAND. FREQ. & TIME SIG.
Space Research
STANDARD FREQUENCY & TIME SIGNAL (20,000 KHZ)
Space Research
STANDARD FREQ.
FIXED
FIXED
BROADCASTING
RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation
FIXED
FIXED
RADIONAVIGATION
SATELLITE
SPACE RES.
(Passive)
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED
1755
1710
FIXED
156.2475
157.0375
157.1875
157.45
161.575
161.625
161.775
162.0125
154.0
150.8
152.855
14.990
15.005
15.010
15.10
STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (60 kHz)
FIXED
FIXED
MOBILE
SATELLITE
MOBILE
21.4
22.0
22.21
22.5
20.1
20.2
21.2
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
1700
1675
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
Mobile*
Space Research
STANDARD FREQ.
FIXED
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTING
Mobile*
FIXED
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
AMATEUR
FIXED
MOBILE
200.0
190.0
FIXED
METEOROLOGICAL
AIDS (Radiosonde)
1670
1660
1660.5
1668.4
FIXED
FIXED
144.0
146.0
148.0
149.9
150.05
137.0
137.025
137.175
137.825
138.0
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
INTERSATELLITE
19.3
19.7
METEOROLOGICAL
SATELLITE (s-E)
MOBILE**
RADIO ASTRONOMY
MET. SAT.
(s-E)
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE (S-E)
MOBILE SAT. (S-E)
FX SAT (S-E)
FXFIXED
SAT (S-E) MOBILE SAT (S-E)
STD FREQ. & TIME
SPACE RES.
F I X E D MOBILE EARTH EXPL. SAT.
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBILE**
FIXED
S P A C E R A D . A S T MOBILE** F I X E D EARTH EXPL. SAT.
FIXED SATELLITE (E-S)
17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
METEOROLOGICAL
AIDS (RADIOSONDE)
SPACE RESEARCH (Passive)
MOBILE SAT. (E-S)
MOBILE
MET. SAT. (S-E)
MET. SAT. (S-E)
MET. SAT. (S-E)
MET. SAT. (S-E)
AMATEUR SATELLITE
AMATEUR
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIONAV-SATELLITE
FIXED
MOBILE
AMATEUR
FIXED
SPACE OPN. (S-E)
SPACE OPN. (S-E)
SPACE OPN. (S-E)
SPACE OPN. (S-E)
Mobile*
13.2
13.26
13.36
13.41
13.57
13.6
13.8
13.87
14.0
14.25
14.35
FIXED
MOBILE
Radioloc.
Radiolocation
17.1
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIO ASTRONOMY
Fixed
185.0
182.0
FX SAT (E-S)
RADIOLOC.
FIXED
FIXED
FX SAT (S-E) EARTH EXPL. SAT.
SPACE RES.
BCST SAT.
Space Res.
Radiolocation
Radiolocation
Radiolocation
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAV. SATELLITE (Space to Earth)
AERO. RADIONAVIGATION RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) M O B I L E S A T ( E - S )
AERO. RADIONAV. RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S) RADIO ASTRONOMY
Mobile Sat. (S-E)
AERO. RADIONAV. RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S)
1558.5
1559
1610
1610.6
1613.8
1626.5
1549.5
1545
1544
SPACE RES. (S-E)
SPACE RES. (S-E)
SPACE RES. (S-E)
SPACE RES. (S-E)
136.0
132.0125
RADIOASTRONOMY
FIXED
BROADCASTING
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
EARTH
SPACE RESEARCH
EXPLORATION
(Passive)
SATELLITE (Passive)
INTERSATELLITE
MOBILE
176.5
174.5
Earth Expl Sat
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION Space Res.(act.)
RADIOLOCATION
15.63
15.7
16.6
MOBILE SATELLITE
(Space to Earth)
Mobile Satellite (S- E)
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (space to Earth)
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R)
(space to Earth)
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R)
(space to Earth)
1535
1530
MOB. SAT. (S-E)
Mob. Sat. (S-E)
MOB. SAT. (S-E)
Mob. Sat. (S-E)
FIXED
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
EARTH
INTERSATELLITE EXPLORATION
SAT. (Passive)
SPACE
RESEARCH
(Passive)
170.0
168.0
FIXED SAT (E-S)
AERO RADIONAV
15.4
15.43
15.35
15.1365
14.47
14.5
14.7145
14.4
MOBILE SAT.
(Space to Earth)
Mobile
(Aero. TLM)
MOBILE SAT.
MARITIME MOBILE SAT.
(Space to Earth)
(Space to Earth)
MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITE
(space to Earth)
Mobile **
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE
INTERSATELLITE
MOBILE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
Space Research
EARTH EXPL. SAT.
(Passive)
Mobile
SPACE RESEARCH
(Passive)
Fixed
Fixed
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
Land Mobile
Mobile
SAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S)
FX SAT.(E-S) L M Sat(E-S)
Mobile
Space Research
Mobile
Space Research
Fixed
LAND MOBILE (TLM)
MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (R)
128.8125
12.23
12.10
12.05
BROADCASTING
(AM RADIO)
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED
SATELLITE
(S-E)
SPACE RES.
(Passive)
164.0
151.0
150.0
149.0
FIXED (TLM)
1430
1432
1435
1525
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (R)
FIXED
FIXED
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
EARTH
EXPL. SAT. SPACE RES.
(Passive)
(Passive)
FIXED
SATELLITE (S-E)
Amateur Satellite
(S-E)
FIXED**
MOBILE (AERONAUTICAL TELEMETERING)
FIXED-SAT
FIXED (TLM)
Fixed (TLM)
SPA CE RESEARCH ( Passive)
MARITIME
MOBILE
FIXED
BROADCASTING
11.175
11.275
11.4
11.6
11.65
Radiolocation
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBILE
MOBILE
Amateur
Land Mobile
Satellite (E-S)
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
EARTH EXPL SAT (Passive)
LAND MOBILE
121.9375
123.0875
123.5875
FIXED
BROADCASTING
FIXED
BROADCASTING
FIXED
9.9
9.995
10.003
10.005
10.1
10.15
300 kHz
EARTH
EXPLORATION
SATELLITE (Passive)
RADIONAVIGATION
Mobile**
14.2
ASTRONOMY
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE (TLM)
RADIO
(E-S)
FIXED-SAT
FIXED
MOBILE **
1390
1392
1395
1400
1427
1429.5
117.975
FIXED
Space Research
STANDARD FREQ.
AMATEUR
9.5
9.4
8.965
9.040
MARITIME
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIONAVIGATION
SATELLITE
FIXED
SATELLITE
(S-E)
RADIOLOCATION
Radiolocation
FIXED
INTERSATELLITE
Space
Research
AMATEUR
13.25
12.75
12.7
MOBILE **
RADIOLOCATION
MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (R)
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTING
FIXED
FIXED
8.815
8.1
8.195
STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (20 kHz)
FIXED
RADIOLOCATION
FIXED
FIXED
Space Research (E-S)
AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV.
13.4
RADIOStandard
RadioLOCATION
Freq. and
location
Time Signal
13.75
FIXED
RADIORadioSatellite (E-S)
SAT.(E-S) location
LOCATION
14.0
RADIO
Land Mobile
FIXED
Space
NAVIGATION
SAT. (E-S) Satellite (E-S)
Research
FIXED
SATELLITE MOBILE
(E-S)
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
1350
1300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz
SPACE
RESEARCH (S-E)
(Deep Space)
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
12.2
Radiolocation
Amateur
1240
108.0
MARITIME
MARITIMEMOBILE
MOBILE
7.3
7.35
535
525
MARITIME MOBILE
142.0
AMATEUR SATELLITE
144.0
134.0
126.0
Mobile **
FIXED
FIXED
BROADCASTING
SATELLITE
FIXED
SATELLITE
(S-E)
FIXED
119.98
FIXED
SATELLITE
(S-E)
SPACE EARTH
Amatuer
RES. EXPL .SAT
120.02
EARTH
SPACE
INTEREXPL
SAT.
MOBILE SATELLITE RESEARCH
(Passive)
(Passive)
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION
1215
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
INTERSAT.
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATION
SATELLITE (S-E)
BROADCASTING
(FM RADIO)
MOBILE
11.7
10.7
10.68
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTING
Mobile*
EARTH
EARTH EXPL.
SATELLITE (Passive)
10.5
10.55
10.6
10.45
10.0
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
88.0
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
SPACE
SPACE
RESEARCH (Passive)
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
FIXED
EARTH EXPL.
SAT. (Passive)
FIXED
Amateur
Satellite
Amateur
RADIOLOCATION
Amateur
Radiolocation
Radiolocation
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
Mobile
Mobile
7.1
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
(RADIO BEACONS)
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
(RADIO BEACONS)
505
510
495
FIXED
INTERF I X E D MOBILE SATELLITE
RESEARCH EXPL SAT.
(Passive)
(Passive)
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
SPACE RESEARCH
(Passive)
Radiolocation
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION
9.5
LAND MOBILE
MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
Amateur
FIXED
FIXED
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
73.0
72.0
AMATEUR
7.0
6.685
6.765
6.525
6.2
5.95
MOBILE
MARITIME
MOBILE
(SHIPS ONLY)
MARITIME MOBILE
MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING)
435
415
405
MARITIME MOBILE
116.0
105.0
102.0
100.0
95.0
Radiolocation
9.3
RADIOLOCATION
MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
901901
902
806
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED
MOBILE
BROADCASTING
(TV CHANNELS 5-6)
FIXED
RADIOLOCATION
EARTH
EXPLORATION
SATELLITE
(Passive)
MOBILE
RADIONAVIGATION
Meteorological
Aids
Radiolocation
9.2
9.0
8.5
8.45
8.4
8.215
8.175
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
794
MOBILE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
FIXED
FIXED
AMATEUR SATELLITE
MARITIME
MOBILE
FIXED
92.0
Radiolocation
RADIOLOCATION
Radiolocation
FIXED
SPACE RESEARCH (S-E)
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
MARITIME
RADIONAVIGATION
SPACE RESEARCH (S-E)
(deep space only)
FIXED
EARTH EXPL.
SAT. (S-E)
8.025
300 MHz
FIXED
Mobile
Satellite (E-S)
Fixed
7.90
MOBILE
BROADCAST
776
764
AMATEUR
Mobile
Mobile
FIXED
Mobile
MET.
SATELLITE
FIXED SATELLITE Satellite (E-S)
(E-S)
(E-S)
(no airborne)
FIXED
Mobile Satellite
EARTH EXPL.
SATELLITE
FIXED
SATELLITE (S-E)
(E-S)(no airborne)
(E-S)
FIXED
MOBILE
SATELLITE (E-S)
SATELLITE (E-S)
FIXED
EARTH EXPL.
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE(S-E)
FIXED
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBILE
BROADCAST
MOBILE
746
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
AMATEUR SATELLITE
76.0
Amateur
77.0
Amateur
Amateur Sat. 77.5
AMATEUR AMATEUR SAT 78.0
Amateur
Amateur
Satellite
81.0
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBILE
SATELLITE SATELLITE
(S-E)
(S-E)
84.0
BROADBROADMOBILE
CASTING CASTING
SATELLITE
86.0
AMATEUR
FIXED
RADIOLOC.
RADIOLOC.
RADIOLOC.
RADIOLOCATION
MOBILE
7.75
FIXED
FIXED
BROADCAST
MOBILE
FIXED
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTING
FIXED
5.68
5.73
5.90
5.45
MARITIME
MOBILE
RADIONAVIGATION
MARITIME MOBILE
7.55
7.45
7.30
FIXED
FIXED
698
608.0
614.0
MOBILE*
MOBILE*
FIXED
4.995
5.003
5.005
5.060
4.85
4.75
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
Aeronautical Mobile
335
325
FIXED
75.5
74.0
Mobile
Satellite (S-E)
Mobile
Satellite (S-E)
FIXED
7.19
7.235
7.25
7.125
7.025
7.075
6.70
6.875
6.525
RADIO ASTRONOMY
BROADCASTING
(TV CHANNELS 2-4)
FIXED
MET.
FIXED
SATELLITE (S-E) SATELLITE (S-E)
FIXED
FIXED
SATELLITE (S-E)
Fixed
Mobile Satellite (S-E)
MOBILE
SATELLITE (S-E)
SPACE RESEARCH (E-S)
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED SAT (E-S)
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE (S-E)(E-S)
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
6.425
LAND MOBILE
TV BROADCASTING
MOBILE
71.0
66.0
65.0
64.0
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
5.85
5.925
5.83
54.0
50.0
49.6
3 MHz
FIXED
INTERSATELLITE
INTERSATELLITE
INTERSATELLITE
INTERSATELLITE
FIXED
RADIOAmateur- sat (s-e) Amateur
LOCATION
FIXED
SAT(E-S)
Amateur
MOBILE
Amateur
MOBILE
STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (5000 KHZ)
Space Research
STANDARD FREQ.
MOBILE
FIXED
4.65
4.7
4.438
4.063
4.0
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
(RADIO BEACONS)
RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
MOBILE
EARTH
SPACE
EXPLORATION RESEARCH F I X E D M O B I L E * *
SATELLITE
MOBILE**
RADIOLOCATION
59.3
3 GHz
RADIOLOCATION
5.65
5.6
5.46
5.47
5.35
BROADCASTING
(TV CHANNELS 21-36)
MOBILE
INTER
- SAT
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAV.
5.15
5.25
FIXED
AMATEUR
FIXED
SPACE
RES.
EARTH
MOBILE FIXED
EXPLORATION
SAT. (Passive)
58.2
SPACE
EARTH
MOBILE FIXED
RESEARCH
EXPLORATION
(Passive)
SAT. (Passive)
59.0
EARTH
RADIOEXPLORATION F I X E D M O B I L E SPACE LOC. INTERRES..
SAT
SAT. (Passive)
RES.
SPACE
MOBILE
SPACE
INTER- SAT EARTH EXPL-SAT (Passive)
INTER- SAT
RES.
FIXED SAT (S-E)
Radiolocation
RADIORadioLOCATION
location
Radiolocation
RADIONAVIGATION
MARITIME
Radiolocation
RADIONAVIGATION
MARITIME
METEOROLOGICAL
Radiolocation
RADIONAVIGATION
AIDS
AERO. RADIONAV.
RADIOLOCATION
512.0
FIXED
MOBILE*
MOBILE**
MOBILE
54.25
55.78
56.9
57.0
52.6
51.4
5.0
4.99
BROADCASTING
(TV CHANNELS 14 - 20)
46.6
47.0
FIXED
MOBILE*
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
SPACE
SPACE
RESEARCH
(Passive)
MOBILE
50.4
RADIO ASTRONOMY Space Research (Passive)
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
4.94
FIXED
MOBILE
43.69
FIXED
Aeronautical
Mobile
300
NOT ALLOCATED
FIXED
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED
EARTH
EXPLORATION
SATELLITE
FI XED
MOBILE
SATELLITE (E-S) SATELLITE (E-S)
MOBILE**
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
LAND
MOBILE
LAND
MOBILE
EARTH
EXPLORATION
SATELLITE
(Passive)
FIXED
SPACE RESEARCH
50.2
FIXED
SATELLITE (S-E)
MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
FX
SAT(E-S)
48.2
4.8
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE FIXED
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE FIXED
LAND MOBILE
LAND
MOBILE
42.0
40.0
39.0
MARITIME
MOBILE
MOBILE
FX
SAT(E-S)
47.2
4.5
460.0
462.5375
462.7375
467.5375
467.7375
470.0
FIXED
MOBILE
MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
3.5
3.4
Maritime
Radionavigation
(Radio Beacons)
Aeronautical
Radionavigation
FIXED
MOBILE
AMATEUR SATELLITE
47.0
46.9
45.5
MOBILE
Meteorological
Satellite (S-E)
FIXED
AMATEUR
RADIONAV.SAT.
MOBILE
MOBILE
SAT (E-S).
MOB. SAT(E-S) MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
4.4
450.0
454.0
455.0
456.0
FIXED
RADIO ASTRONOMY
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.25
36.0
35.0
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (R)
MARITIME
MOBILE
RADIONAV.
SATELLITE
MOBILE
SATELLITE (E-S)
43.5
42.5
FIXED
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
FIXED
SATELLITE (E-S)
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
Amateur
30 MHz
RADIOLOCATION
420.0
MOBILE
LAND
MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
Radio Astronomy
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
MOBILE**
403.0
402.0
401.0
METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE)
406.0
406.1
RADIO
FIXED
MOBILE
ASTRONOMY
410.0
SPACE RESEARCH
FIXED
MOBILE
(S-S)
Met-Satellite Earth Expl Sat
(E-S)
(E-S)
MET-SAT. EARTH EXPL
SAT. (E-S)
(E-S)
MET. SAT.
(S-E)
MET. AIDS
(Radiosonde)
Space Opn.
(S-E)
Earth
Expl.
Met-Satellite
Earth Expl Sat
(E-S)Satellite(E-S)
(E-S)
(S-E)
SPACE RES.
MET-SAT. EARTH EXPL
(E-S) SAT. (E-S)
MOBILE.
SAT. (S-E)
MET. AIDS SPACE OPN.
(Radio(S-E)
sonde)
MET. AIDS
(Radiosonde)
400.05
400.15
399.9
MOBILE
FIXED
STD. FREQ. & TIME SIGNAL SAT. (400.1 MHz)
RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE
MOBILE
34.0
3.230
3.155
Aeronautical
Mobile
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
FIXED
SATELLITE
(S-E)
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
4.2
3.7
3.65
3.6
FIXED
LAND
MOBILE
FIXED
3.0
3.025
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
(RADIO BEACONS)
40.0
Earth
EARTH
SPACE
F I X E D MOBILE
Expl.
EXPL
SAT
SAT.
RES. (E-S) Sat (s - e) SAT (E-S)
40.5
BROAD- FX-SAT Fixed Mobile
BCST
CASTING (S-E)
SAT.
41.0
BROADBCST
MOBILE
FIXED
CASTING
SAT.
39.5
38.6
FIXED
Radiolocation
3.5
FIXED
33.0
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE (OR)
MOBILE*
Radiolocation
MOBILE
MOBILE
38.0
37.6
FIXED SAT.
(S-E)
FIXED SAT.
(S-E)
Radiolocation
335.4
MOBILE
32.0
30.56
30.0
AMATEUR
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
SAT. (S-E)
FIXED
SATELLITE (S-E)
RADIOLOCATION
MOBILE**
AERO. RADIONAV.(Ground)
RADIOLOCATION
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXED
F I X E D MOBILE
SATELLITE SAT.
FIXED-SATELLITE
FIXED
SPACE
RES.
SPACE RESEARCH
(space-to-Earth)
RADIOLOCATION
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
(Ground)
3.3
328.6
322.0
FIXED
RADIO ASTRONOMY
MOBILE
NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
RADIOLOCATION
F I X E D MOBILE
GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHARED
Radiolocation
MOBILE
STANDARD FREQUENCY
AND TIME SIGNAL
Amateur
FIXED
MOBILE
Radiolocation
37.0
FIXED
FIXED
MOBILE
SPACE RESEARCH
MOBILE
SATELLITE
FIXED
METEOROLOGICAL
SATELLITE
MOBILE
SPACE RE. EARTH EXPL.
.(Passive) SAT. (Passive)
EARTH EXPLORATION
SATELLITE
36.0
SPACE OPERATION
Radiolocation
METEOROLOGICAL
AIDS
RADIOLOCATION
BROADCASTING
SATELLITE
33.0
33.4
STANDARD FREQUENCY
AND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
MOBILE**
RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED
32.0
RADIONAVIGATION
SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION 32.3
INTER-SATELLITE
MARITIME
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATION
GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
MARITIME
RADIONAVIGATION
(RADIO BEACONS)
INTER- SAT
MOBILE SATELLITE
Aeronautical
Radionavigation
(Radio Beacons)
SPACE RES.
BROADCASTING
RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED SATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE
SPACE
RESEARCH (deep space)
MOBILE
SATELLITE
FIXED
RADIONAVIGATION
31.8
MARITIME MOBILE
SATELLITE
EARTH
EXPLORATION
SAT. (Passive)
AMATEUR SATELLITE
SPACE
RESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIO
ASTRONOMY
MARITIME MOBILE
31.3
AMATEUR
MOBILE
RADIOLOCATION
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
SATELLITE
LAND
MOBILE
AERONAUTICAL
RADIONAVIGATION
3.1
RADIODETERMINATION
SATELLITE
FIXED
LAND MOBILE
Radiolocation
300.0
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE SATELLITE
31.0
3.0
INTER-SATELLITE
MARITIME
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
Stand. Frequency
and Time Signal
Satellite (S-E)
ACTIVITY CODE
30.0
AERONAUTICAL
MOBILE
MOBILE
SATELLITE
(E-S)
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
FIXED
SATELLITE
(E-S)
FREQUENCY
ALLOCATIONS
Standard
Frequency and
Time Signal
Satellite (S-E)
UNITED
STATES
Fixed
300 kHz
MARITIME
MOBILE
LAND MOBILE
FIXED
3 MHz
ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
30 MHz
MOBILE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE
(E-S)
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXED
300 GHz
300
285
275
200
190
160
130
110
90
70
61
59
30
30
20.05
19.95
14
9
3
Why do they call it spread spectrum?
Now what about all those errors?
6-Channel, 10-Model Memory
DSM Parkﬂyer and
Micro Helicopter System
DX6 System
DX6 System
• 2.4 Gz band
DX6 System
• 2.4 Gz band
• 80 channels, 1 Mhz spacing
DX6 System
• 2.4 Gz band
• 80 channels, 1 Mhz spacing
• 32 bit spreading code
DX6 System
•
•
•
•
2.4 Gz band
80 channels, 1 Mhz spacing
Tx also receives (future telemetry)
DX6 System
•
•
•
•
•
2.4 Gz band
Does not begin transmitting until it
finds 2 free channels
DX6 System
•
•
•
•
•
2.4 Gz band
• Rx is bound to Tx at factory
DX6 System
•
•
•
•
•
2.4 Gz band
• Rx searches for the 2 signals (5 sec)
DX6 System
•
•
•
•
•
2.4 Gz band
• Rx searches for the 2 signals (5 sec)
• Cypress Wireless USB chips (off the
shelf) www.cypress.com
By the Numbers
By the Numbers
• 1 Mhz chiprate
By the Numbers
• 1 Mhz chiprate
• 32 bit spreading code x 2
By the Numbers
• 1 Mhz chiprate
• 32 bit spreading code x 2
• 15,625 info. bits/sec
By the Numbers
•
•
•
•
1 Mhz chiprate
32 bit spreading code x 2
15,625 info. bits/sec
6 servo channels
By the Numbers
•
•
•
•
•
1 Mhz chiprate
6 servo channels
2600 info bits per channel each sec
By the Numbers
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 Mhz chiprate
6 servo channels
stick resolution = 4096 positions (12
bits per channel)
By the Numbers
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 Mhz chiprate
6 servo channels
bits per channel)
• so 2600/12 = 180 frames/sec
By the Numbers
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 Mhz chiprate
6 servo channels
bits per channel)
• so 2600/12 = 180 frames/sec
• or 5.6 ms per frame
By the Numbers
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 Mhz chiprate
6 servo channels
bits per channel)
• so 2600/12 = 180 frames/sec
• or 5.6 ms per frame
• compare PPM: 18 ms per frame
By the Numbers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 Mhz chiprate
6 servo channels
bits per channel)
so 2600/12 = 180 frames/sec
or 5.6 ms per frame
compare PPM: 18 ms per frame
faster response, higher resolution
Why 2 receivers?
Why 2 receivers?
• 2.4 Ghz is highly directional
Why 2 receivers?
• 5 seconds to re-acquire signal
Why 2 receivers?
Who else uses 2.4 GHz?
Why 2 receivers?
• Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)
Why 2 receivers?
• Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)
• Bluetooth (frequency hopping)
Why 2 receivers?
• Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)
• Cordless Phones
Why 2 receivers?
•
•
•
•
Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)
Bluetooth (frequency hopping)
Cordless Phones
Microwave Ovens
Why 2 receivers?
•
•
•
•
•
Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)
Bluetooth (frequency hopping)
Cordless Phones
Microwave Ovens
Trees
Why 2 receivers?
• Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)
• Cordless Phones
• Microwave Ovens
• Trees
(Higher frequencies do not penetrate
wood very well.)
Advantages
• No frequency control pins
Advantages
• No interference from motors
Advantages
• No interference from motors
• Smaller antennas
•
•
•
•
Advantages
No frequency control pins
No interference from motors
Smaller antennas
Lightweight, economical
•
•
•
•
•
Advantages
Smaller antennas
Fast response time (5.6 ms)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Advantages
Smaller antennas
High resolution (4096 steps)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Advantages
Smaller antennas
Latest sexy thing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Advantages
Smaller antennas
Latest sexy thing
Disadvantages
• Reduced range (3000 ft)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Advantages
Smaller antennas
Latest sexy thing
Disadvantages
• Must resynchronize after signal loss
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Advantages
Smaller antennas
Latest sexy thing
Disadvantages
• Must resynchronize after signal loss
• Very directional signal: install
receiver very carefully
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Advantages
Smaller antennas
Latest sexy thing
Disadvantages
Reduced range (3000 ft)
Must resynchronize after signal loss
Very directional signal: install
receiver very carefully
Latest sexy thing
Yes, spread spectrum is great! But
there is one problem it can’t solve.
Pilot Error
The End
The End

Spread Spectrum - Home page of MarkGoresky

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