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Smithsonian Institution
National Anthropological Archives
"Distribution of the Shoshonians in the San Joaquin-Tulare Valley of California"
1905
Extracted on Dec-10-2015 01:51:03
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Shoshonean [underlined]
Current Tribal Names that are Ambiguous [underlined]
Considerable confusion and obscurity exists in regard to the proper
nomenclature of many Shoshonean tribes owing to the use of the same
terms for different tribes and both for individual tribes and larger groups.
The difficulty is caused by the fact that the great majority of tribes have
no name for themselves but call themselves simply people. Over the
greater part of the territory of this widespread family the word nüm, or
some variant such as the Ute novinch, is thus used. In Southern
California another stem appears with the same meaning but has the
same use. Such tribal names as Ute, Paiute, Monachi, Chemehuevi,
and most others, are not used by the people whom they designate but
only by other tribes in referring to them. Such other tribes, especially if of
a different linguistic stock, were frequently not discriminating in the use
of such a term but extended it to more distant and to them less known
members of the Shoshonean family. This happened the more frequently
because the political organization of the Shoshoneans was on the whole
quite loose and indefinite. White explorers, traders, and travellers
entering Shoshonean territory often extended the name of the first group
with whom they came in contact, such as Shoshoni, Ute, or Paiute, to all
the Indians of the family of whom they had knowledge.
"Distribution of the Shoshonians in the San Joaquin-Tulare Valley of
California" 1905
Transcribed and Reviewed by Digital Volunteers
Approved by Smithsonian Staff
Extracted Dec-10-2015 01:51:03
The principal tribal or group names used sometimes with a wide and
sometimes with a narrow extension, are Ute, Paiute, Shoshoni,
Bannock, and Snake.
Ute has sometimes been used to include the Paiute who adjoin them on
the west. The dialects are very similar.
Paiute is the term ordinarily used to designate all the Indians of Nevada,
except for the small tribe of non-Shoshonean Washo about Reno and
Carson and the Shoshoni in the northeastern part of the state. These
"Paiute," however, include two quite distinct branches; first, the true
Paiute of southern Nevada, closely allied in language to the Ute, and
second, those of northwestern Nevada, called by Powell Paviotso, allied
in speech to the Monachi (Mono) of the Sierra Nevada in California.
How far the term Paviotso is applicable to all this second group is not
known. The word does not appear to be popularly known.
The Shoshoni include Indians east of the Rockies on Wind river
reservation in Wyoming, and west of the Rockies on Fort Hall
reservation in Idaho and others in northwestern Nevada. The dialect of
all these is quite distinct, both from that of the Ute and Paiute and from
that of the Monachi and Paviotso, but is closely allied to the Comanche.
Vocabularies
California" 1905
attributed to tribes called Shoshoni, but which belong respectively to the
Ute and to the Mono group of dialects, have been given by Gatschet (his
No.6 in his linguistic appendix to Wheeler's Report, VII) and Hale's
"Shoshonee" described as living east of the Snake river and extending
eastward across the Rockies.
Bannock. It is probable that tribes belonging to two different dialectic
groups have been given this name. According to Mooney, 14th Annual
Report, the Bannock dialect is similar to that of the Paviotso of the
Monachi group. The Bannocks of Fort Hall reservation, Idaho, however,
speak a dialect related to Ute (vocabulary of A.L. Kroeber).
Snake is a term loosely used for practically all the northern Shoshonean
tribes and indicates practically nothing more than that the people so
called belong to the Shoshonean family.
California" 1905
The word Cahuilla has been used to designate the entire southern
Californian branch of the Shoshonean family by Gatschet (Wheeler VII),
in the form Kauvuya, and by Barrows (Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla
Indians), in the form Coahuilla. It is correctly applicable to one "tribe" or
group forming part of one of three main divisions of the Shoshoneans of
Southern California.
The name Tobikhar, used by Gatschet for the San Gabriel group of
southern California, although probably founded on an error, is used by
Powell, 7th Annual Report, for all the Shoshoneans of Southern
California.
Vanyume is the name applied by the Mohave to the Shoshonean tribes
living on the upper Mojave river on the north slope of the San
Bernardino mountains in southern California. These Indians are part of
the southern Californian group known as Serranos. The explorer
Garcés, who came to these people from the Mohave, used this name, in
the form Beñeme, for them and subsequently for all Shoshoneans
speaking a Serrano dialect. The name is undoubtedly the same as the
more familiar Panamint now applied to the Indians in the vicinity of the
mountains of the same name, considerably to the north of the Serrano,
near Death Valley in central eastern California. It is however very
doubtful whether these Panamint Indians belong to the same group as
the Vanyume-Serrano. Their location makes it very probable that they
speak either a Monachi or a Ute-Paiute dialect.
California" 1905
Subdivisions on Linguistic Basis [underlined]
The Indians of Shoshonean family are divided on the basis of speech
into four great branches, sub-divided into eight groups.
The Moki or Hopi Pueblo Indians of northern Arizona constitute one
branch (Pueblo). This is more divergent from any of the others than
these are from one another, but still is clearly Shoshonean.
The second branch (Plateau) includes all the Shoshoneans of the great
plateau region and is by far the largest division territorially. It is divided
into three principal groups.
A, the Ute-Chemehuevi group, including the Ute of Utah and Colorado,
the Paiute of southern Nevada (not those of northwestern Nevada), the
Chemehuevi, at least one tribe in the Tehachapi mountains in California,
and certain of the Indians called Bannock.
B, the Shoshoni-Comanche, including the Shoshoni of Wyoming, of
southern Idaho, northernmost Utah, and northeastern Nevada; also the
Comanche.
C, the Mono-Paviotso, including all the Shoshoneans of the Sierra
Nevada north of Kern river, most of whom are generally known as
Monachi or Mono; the so-called Monachi or Paiute of Owens Valley,
east of the Sierra in California; the so-called Paiute or Paviotso of
Walker river and northwestern Nevada; the Shoshoneans of eastern
Oregon (Hale's Wihimasht and his Shoshonie); and probably certain of
the tribes in Idaho. The affliations of the Panamint Indians
California" 1905
are unknown, but they belong probably with this group or with the UteChemehuevi group.
The third branch (Kern River) consists of a single group, and in fact
virtually a single small tribe, on Kern river at the southern end of the
Sierra Nevada in California, (with the Bankalachi of Deer Creek) - the
Tübatulabal. Their speech is very distinct from that of all the other tribes
and differs equally from that of the Ute, Shoshoni, and Mono on one
hand, and the dialects of southern California on the other.
The fourth branch (Southern California [underlined]) comprises the
Indians of southern California, (with the exception of the Chemehuevi of
the Colorado River, who are of the Plateau branch). The southern
California branch is also divided into three groups.
A, the Serrano. This Spanish word meaning simply "mountaineers" is
applied to the Indians of the San Bernardino mountains. Their range,
however, was greater than this, as they inhabited the Mohave desert,
and at least one of their branches, calling themselves Gikidanum, were
on the north side of the Tehachapi mountains, that is to say, within the
Tulare basin drainage.
B, the Gabrieliños, so called by the Spaniards from having been
gathered at Mission San Gabriel. The Indians of San Fernando Mission
also
California" 1905
belong to this group. It is these Indians who have been called
"Tobikhar".
C, the Luiseño-Cahuilla. This group included the Luiseños of the vicinity
of Mission San Luis Rey and north to San Jacinto; the Juaneños of
Mission San Juan Capistrano; the Cahuillas on the eastern side of the
San Jacinto range, and in one place, - the present Cahuilla reservation,
- west of it; and a small tribe, known as Agua Caliente, at the head
waters of San Luis Rey river. The Cahuilla dialect is quite different from
the Luiseño, though the two are near enough together to be included in
the same group. The Agua Caliente dialect is different from both but
somewhat intermediate to them.
California" 1905
Southern California Branch [underlined]
A. GABRIELINO. [underlined]
True tribes being wanting among the Shoshoneans, as among most of
the Indians of California, names can be given only to the villages or
rancherias, and in some cases to such groups of these as speak the
same dialect. The word Gabrieliño, meaning the people of San Gabriel,
the Franciscan Mission near Los Angeles, has generally been applied
by the Spanish speaking people of California to the majority of the
Indians of this Southern California group, and in the lack of a term used
by them for themselves is as convenient as any. The term Tobikhar
cannot be identified. It the word for neither man nor person in this
dialect. Gatschet's interpretation of "settlers" seems to be only a
surmise. It is probable that, as pointed out by Barrows, the word is the
name of the mythological "first man."
The Gabrieliño territory comprised all of the present Los Angeles county
south of the San Bernardino mountains, except probably the narrow
coast strip west of Santa Monica. It covered also the greater part of
what is now Orange county, extending as far as Alisos creek north of
San Juan Capistrano. To the east it extended a short distance beyond
the limits of Los Angeles county, but without reaching San Bernardino or
Riverside. It will be seen that the Mission San Fernando was included in
this territory.
California" 1905
The Gabrieliño [underlined] group is called:
Tobikhar by Gatschet, probably by error from Tobohar, the mythical first
man; the language, after Buschmann, Kizh.
Tumangamalum (Notherners) by the Luiseños; the language
Tumangangakh.
The list of place names in their territory given by Reid (Cal. Farmer, XIV,
146) is in their own language and apparently reliable.
The following are the names of places in Gabrieliño territory, as called
by the Luiseños:
San Pedro
Masaugna
Palos Verde unaungna
Redondo
engva (salt)
Ballona
saan
San Gabriel tuvasak
San Fernando pashingmu
Los Angeles iyakha, the name of a plant growing abundantly there.
Santa Ana
hutuk
Santa Catalina pipimar
Island
Some of these Luiseño names differ only dialectically from the
Gabrieliño ones given by Reid.
California" 1905
B. SERRANO. [underlined]
The chief home of the Indians called Serranos, forming one of the
principal groups of the southern Californian branch of the Shoshonean
family, was the San Bernardino range of mountains. In addition to this
they lived along the Mojave river, both where this flows from the San
Bernardino mountains and far out in the Mohave desert about Barstow
and Daggett and below. They probably occupied also the part of Los
Angeles county north of the San Bernardino range. Where on Santa
Clara river they joined the Chumash Indians of the west is not certain. It
was probably very near the boundary between Ventura and Los Angeles
counties. North of the Tehachapi range a Serrano tribe calling
themselves the Gikidanum, and known by their Yokuts neighbors as
Mayaintalap, lived on Tejon creek and the neighboring streams in the
Tulare-San Joaquin drainage, though without reaching either Tulare or
Kern lake. The Serrano extension eastward is not known, but they did
not reach across the state, as before the Colorado river is reached the
Chemehuevi are encountered in the mountains west of this stream. San
Bernardino valley has generally been attributed to the Serranos. The
Indians now living there are mainly Serranos, and the statements of
Indians at other places in the adjoining regions also
California" 1905
give this fruitful valley land as part of the original Serrano habitat.
Gatschet has placed the Serranos, whom he calls "Takhtam", at San
Bernardino, Colton, and Riverside (Wheeler Survey, VII, p. 410). On the
other hand in the Magazine of American History for 1877 he places the
Cahuilla "in and around the San Bernardino valley". The Rev. Father
Juan Caballeria, in his History of San Bernardino Valley, gives the
aboriginal name of a spot near San Bernardino as Guachama and has a
vocabulary of the Guachama language, which is Cahuilla. The Indians
from whom this vocabulary was obtained have now, however, left the
region, being said to have gone south. Barrows in his "Ethno-Botany of
the Coahuilla Indians" says that the last villages of the Cahuilla "in the
San Bernardino and San Jose valleys were broken up thirty years or so
ago" and adds that "they were driven from the San Timoteo cañon in the
forties by the ravages of smallpox, and the first reservation to be met
now as one rides eastward through the pass where they once held
sway, is below Banning". Even here the Cahuillas and Serranos are
intermarried. As the statements placing the Cahuillas in San Bernardino
valley and San Gorgonio pass are recent in origin but refer to the past,
and these places are actually occupied, so far as there are Indians at
them at all, by Serranos, it seems more probable that they were
originally held by the Serrano. This
California" 1905
seems the more likely from the fact that the reservation on the site of
which Banning is situated was called Maronge, which is a form of the
name (Maringayam, etc.) by which the Serranos are known by their
southern and other neighbors.
California" 1905
The Serranos [underlined] are called
by the Mohave, Hanyuveche and Vanyume
by certain other Yuman tribes, Hanakwiche (cf. Garces)
by the Shoshonean Chemehuevi, Panumits or Panumints (those
north of the San Bernardino range toward the Tehachipi mountains);
Pitanta, (north of the San Bernardino range in the Mohave desert); and
Maringints (south of the San Bernardino range).
by the Luiseño, Marayam, and their language Marangakh
by the Shoshonean Agua Caliente tribe of San Diego county,
Tamankamyam (Northerners) (Boas, Proc. A.A.A.S., 44, 261, 1895)
by Gatschet, Takhtam (persons)
by Garcés, Beñeme
by themselves, according to Barrows (Ethno-Botany Coahuilla, 19)
Cow-ang-a-chem; according to Boas (Proc. A.A.A.S., 44, 261, 1895),
Maringayam
The Serrano on the Mohave river above Daggett,
call themselves Möhineyam
are called by the Chemehuevi, Pitanta
are called by the Mohave, Vanyume or perhaps Hanyuveche
The Serrano in the Tulare-San Joaquin drainage north of the Tehachapi
divide on and about Tejon creek,in whose territory Tejon reservation
was constituted,
call themselves, Gikidanum
are called by the southern Yokuts, Mayaintalap
by the Shoshonean Tübatulabal, Witanghatal
by the Mohave, Kubahaivima (not to be confused with Kubakhye)
by Garcés (who came with Mohaves), Cuabajay
by the Chemehuevi, Panumits (applied to their southern or eastern
neighbors and perhaps to them also).
California" 1905
Serrano place names:
Wachbit San Bernardino valley
Nilengli San Bernardino mountains
Hisakupa Western San Bernardino mountains
Yamiwu San Jacinto mountains
Puwipui Part of the San Jacinto range.
Place names about San Bernardino given by Rev. Fath. J. Caballeria,
Hist. S. Bern. Valley, no d., no publ., (his accompanying "Guachama"
vocabulary is Cahuilla):
Wachama (Guachama) ="eat plenty", "abundance to eat", all San
Bernardino valley; especially the name of a rancheria near Bunker Hill,
between Urbita and Colton.
Cucamungabit = Cucamonga
Jurumpa
= Riverside
Tolocabi = San Timoteo (Redlands)
Homhoabit = Homoa
Yucaipa
= Yucaipa^e
Muscupiabit = Muscupiabe
California" 1905
C. Luiseño-Cahuilla [underlined]
LUISEÑO. [underlined]
The Luiseño form one of the two principal divisions of the LuisenoCahuilla group of the southern California branch of the Shoshonean
family. They have been called Kechi. They seem sometimes to call
themselves Ghecham or Khecham, Ghech being the name of San Luis
Rey Mission. With this should be compared the Luiseño name
Khechmai for San Onofre in the territory of the closely related San Juan
Capistrano Indians, and the name Gaitchim, which is given as the name
of the Indians of this mission. How far these are true tribal names is not
certain. Kicha, objective kish, stem ki-, plural kicham, means house in
Luiseño. These Indians have no name for their language other than
chamtela, "our speech", which is a description rather than a name.
Compare with this the "Netela" language of San Juan Capistrano,
correctly conjectured by Buschmann (?) to mean "my language".
The territory of the Luisenos included all the drainage of the San Luis
Rey river except the very head waters, which were held by the Agua
Caliente Indians and by Diegueños of Yuman stock. The statement of
Powell, 7th Annual Report, that the mission of San Luis Rey, which is
near the mouth of this river, was at the time of its foundation in Yuman
territory
California" 1905
is incorrect. Luiseño territory extended south to include Agua Hedionda,
San Marcos, Escondido, and Valley Center. South of these places
Batiquitos, Encinitas, San Dieguito, San Bernardo, San Pascual,
Guejito, and Mesa Grande were held by Diegueños. Up San Luis Rey
river the Luiseños extended to Puerta Noria (or Yqnoria) and Puerta de
la Cruz. Above these places San Jose was held by Diegueños. On the
coast northward the Luiseños extended to between Las Flores and San
Onofre, the former belonging to them, the latter to the closely related
Juaneños of Capistrano. Northward in the interior Temecula, Santa
Rosa, Aguanga, Paula, Elsinore lake, and San Jacinto were Luiseño,
although the latter with some change of dialect. The principal village (or
"tribe") at San Jacinto is Saboba, called by the Luiseños Sovovo and the
people Sovovoyam. Temescal creek, flowing out of Elsinore lake, was
partly Luiseño and partly Gabrieliño. The Luiseños apparently nowhere
reached the crest of the San Jacinto divide, the upper waters of San
Luis Rey river being held as stated by the Diegueños and the Agua
Caliente people, the head waters of Santa Margarita river by Cahuillas,
on the site of the present Cahuilla reservation, and farther north the San
Gorgonio mountains being occupied by Serranos or Cahuillas or both.
California" 1905
Indians of San Juan Capistrano. [underlined]
The San Juan Capistrano Indians are regarded by the Luiseños as
closely related to themselves and the two dialects are similar. These
Indians have been called Gaichim, and their language Netela, which last
means only "my speech". The name San Onofre is given by the
Luiseños as Khechmai, of San Juan as Aghashmai or Akhachmai. The
San Juan Capistrano Indians extended along the coast in southernmost
Orange and northwesternmost San Diego counties, from between San
Onofre and Las Flores creeks on the south to Alisos creek on the north,
their territory thus being enclosed by that of the Gabrieliños, the
Luiseños, and the ocean.
California" 1905
Agua Caliente
The small Agua Caliente "tribe" of the Luiseno-Cahuilla group of the
Southern California branch, inhabited two villages in the region of the
head waters of San Luis Rey river, (Warner's Ranch):
Gupa, Agua Caliente
Wilakal, San Ysidro (call Wolak by the Luiseno)
They call their language Panakhil
Those of Agua Caliente call themselves Gupa-nga-git-om, Gupa-people.
They are called Hekwach by the Diegueños (of San Felipe), (Khaguach,
Boas, Proc. A.A.A.S., 44,261,1895, by the Diegueños of Tekumak =
Mesa Grande). Cf. Mohave Hakwiche, name of the Cahuilla.
A second Agua Caliente reserve in the Mission-Tule Agency is in
Cahuilla territory in the north, on the main line of the Southern Pacific
Railroad.
California" 1905
CAHUILLA. [underlined]
The Cahuillas constitute one of the two main branches of the LuiseñoCahuilla group of the southern California branch of the Shoshonean
family. Roughly speaking their habitat was the eastern or desert side of
the San Jacinto range, north of the Dieguenos. The northern part of the
low-lying Colorado desert, which extends between this range and the
San Bernardino range, belonged to them, at least as far south as Salton.
West of the mountains they penetrated to Pacific ocean drainage in at
least one point, the head waters of Santa Margarita river, where the
present Cahuilla Indian reserve was named after them and is still
inhabited by them. The northwestern limits of the Cahuillas are
indefinite. San Gorgonio or Timoteo pass and San Bernardino valley
have been attributed both to them and to the Serrano. At present, and
perhaps at the time of discovery the territory of the Cahuilla begins east
of Banning. A list of Cahuilla villages, accompanied in most cases by
native names, is given by Barrows in his Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla
Indians.
The Cahuilla are generally known by this name by both whites and
Indians, but the origin of the name is not clear. It is always pronounced
Kawia. the orthography Coahuilla, and still more that of Coahuila, are
California" 1905
therefore unorthographical. The Mohave call them Hakwiche, which is
perhaps their usual name among the Yuman tribes except among the
adjacent Dieguenos, who use this name for the Agua Caliente Indians,
also of Shoshonean stock, and call the Cahuilla by the name used for
them by the whites. A name identical with Cahuilla occurs also in the
San Joaquin Valley in northern California as the name of a Yokuts tribe,
Kawia, and at the present day of a river, Kaweah, and two small
settlements of the same name. The pronunciation of the northern and
southern terms is identical but there is nothing to show that this is
anything but a coincidence.
California" 1905
SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. [underlined]
The six Santa Barbara Islands off the coast of southern California were
equally divided between Indians of the Chumash and Shoshonean
stocks. The three northern islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa
Cruz, adjoining the coast of Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, were
occupied like this coast strip by Chumash. The three southern islands,
Santa Catalina, San Clemente, and the outlying San Nicolas were held
by Shoshoneans. Santa Catalina was occupied by Gabrieliños. Its
name was Pimu. (Reid, California Farmer, XIV, 146, gives Pineugna,
probably an error for Pimugna; gna is the locative ending.) The
Luiseños called the island Pipimar. The affiliations of the inhabitants of
San Clemente are not certain. Reid in the California Farmer, XIV, 146,
includes Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, in his list of the principal
rancherias of the (Gabrieliño) Indians of Los Angeles county. The
present Luiseño Indians call the island Khesh and state that it was
inhabited by people speaking the Luiseño language, who, after being
brought to the mainland, settled at a place given the same name three
miles below San Luis Rey Mission. That San Nicolas Island was
inhabited by Shoshoneans is evident from the four words preserved of
the language of the last survivor of the inhabit-
California" 1905
ants, a woman who was alone on the island for eighteen years and died
soon after being taken to the mainland half a century ago. The place of
the San Nicolas Island dialect in the general classification of
Shoshonean languages cannot, however, be determined from this
scanty material. (See history of Santa Barbara County, published by
Thompson and West, Oakland, 1883).
California" 1905
Northern and Central California [underlined]
Plateau Branch [underlined]
MONACHI. [underlined]
Monachi or Mono are the names applied generally to the Shoshonean
Indians of the higher Sierra on both sides of the range. The origin of the
name is unknown. Its identity with the Spanish mono, monkey, and its
similarity to the Yokuts word, at least in certain dialects, for fly, monai,
etc., are probably only coincidences.
Some of the Indians comprised under this term have tribal names for
their smaller divisions, at any rate among their neighbors; others have
not. Certain Indians, such as those about Owens Lake, are sometimes
called Monachi and sometimes Paiute. The exact extent of the
applicability of the term is therefore doubtful. However, all the
Shoshonean tribes living in the Sierra Nevada north of Kern river,
together with those of Mono county and parts or all of Inyo county,
California, speak a dialect which is related to that of the so-called Paiute
or Paviotso of northwestern Nevada and of the Snakes of eastern
Oregon and probably western Nevada; and to this general group, many
of the members of which are entirely unaware of the existence of others,
the term Mono-Paviotso has been here applied as the name of a
linguistic division.
Under the Monachi are to be included the five "Piaute tribes" men-
California" 1905
tioned by C. Hart Merriam in SCIENCE for 1904, p.912, extending on
the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, above the Yokuts of the valley
and lower foothills, from north of the San Joaquin to the Kaweah river,
the nim or Pazods or Kashawooshah, the Holkomah or Towincheba, the
Kokoheba, the Entimbitch, and the Wuksache.
California" 1905
North of the Fresno river the Moquelumnan stock replaces the Yokuts in
the San Joaquin valley, but extends much higher into the mountains
than the latter, so that the Shoshoneans in this part of the Sierra Nevada
are entirely or chiefly on the eastern slope, where Mono lake is named
after them.
California" 1905
Ute-Chemehuevi Iunp [underlined]
Kawaiisu. [underlined]
This name, applied to them also in the form Kaweisa by their Yokuts
neighbors, is used in default of any other for a small group of
Shoshoneans of Ute-Chemhuevi affinities in the Tehachapi mountains
separating southern from central California. Merriam, SCIENCE, 1904,
912, calls them Newooah, which is a word meaning people,
corresponding to the usual Shoshonean nüm or novinch. (According to
Merriam the southern Yokuts and their Shoshonean neighbors, the
Tübatulabal of Kern river, called them Kowasah or Kahwissah.) The
Tübatulabal name for them is Kawishm. The Mohave call them
Kubakhye and know that they speak a dialect related to that of the
Chemehuevi and southern Paiute. This name appears in the form
Cubaje (see letter) in the narrative of the explorer Garcés, who was
accompanied by Mohave guides.
The Kawaiisu apparently held both slopes of the mountains, but seem to
have lived mainly on the more favored northwestern side, draining into
the San Joaquin valley. Paiute Mountain, Walker Basin creek, Caliente,
Kelso creeks, and Tehachapi or the country nearby to Tehachapi, are
known to have belonged to them.
California" 1905
Kern River Branch [underlined]
TÜBATULABAL. [underlined]
The name of a small tribe on Kern river, California, constituting one of
the four most distinct branches into which the Shoshonean family is
divided. The language of these people is quite different from the dialects
of all the plateau Shoshoneans and from all those of southern California.
The great specialization of the dialect seems to indicate its separation
from the remainder of the stock for a considerable period of time and to
make for the probability that the people speaking it have long been
inhabitants of California. The divergence of the dialect is the more
remarkable in that it is adjacent to dialects of two groups of the plateau
branch of Shoshoneans and only a short distance from the nearest
Indians of the Serrano group of the southern California branch.
The territory of the Tübatulabal centered about the junction of the main
fork and south fork of Kern river. They extended up both these streams
at least some distance and perhaps to the head waters; at least no other
occupants of the upper parts of these streams are known. Below the
junction the Tübatulabal held Kern river to a point within some miles
above Kern falls. From this point down, Kern river did not form part of
their territory and the statements made as to their descending into the
California" 1905
plains about Tulare lake, conquering these from the Yokuts, and finally
retreating on account of the ravages of malaria to their present location,
have no foundation except imagination, based perhaps on occasional
visits of the tribe into the territory of its Yokuts neighbors.
Tübatulabal is the name that these people apply to themselves.
According to Merriam, SCIENCE, 1904, 912, who gives it in the form
Tebotelobelay, it means "pine-nut eaters" and corresponds to the
southern Yokuts wahliknasse (wateknasi) of the same meaning. The
Tübatulabal have another name for themselves, which appears to be
Bakhkanapül, and is said to mean or to refer to all those who speak their
language. This is the name give by Merriam as Pakanepul, (and
possibly is Powers' Palligwonap). The usual name of the Yokuts for the
Tübatulabal was Pitanisha, formed from pitnani, the name of a place
near the junction of the two forks of Kern river.
California" 1905
The Bankalachi of upper Deer creek, east of upper Kern river and
draining directly into Tulare lake, are the only tribe known who are
nearly related in speech to the Tübatulabal. On the streams north and
south of them, as well as farther down on Deer creek, were Yokuts
tribes. Bankalachi is their Yokuts name and the term they applied to
themselves is not known.
California" 1905
This material has all been extracted for the Dictionary of Tribes by Dr
Swanton. Jwss.
Distribution of the [underlined]
SHOSHONEANS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN-TULARE VALLEY OF
CALIFORNIA.
By A. L. Kroeber.
On the authority of Stephen Powers it has been stated many times that
Shoshonean tribes related to the (so called) Paiuti had in comparatively
recent times passed over the Sierras and invaded the territory of the
Yokuts in the Tulare basin, possessing themselves of all the plains
south and east of Tulare lake as far north as Deer creek or Tule river.
Actually the plains in this basin were nowhere in the possession of the
Shoshoneans, who only held the mountains, and in some parts the
foothills, to the south and west of it. There is no evidence of any
invasion of the valley by Shoshoneans, which must be regarded as
entirely hypothetical, and the distribution of the Shoshonean tribes at the
southern end of this basin, where members of three of the four main
branches of the stock and of four entirely distinct dialectic groups [see
below] are assembled within a range of a hundred miles, makes it
probable that in part at least the Shoshoneans are not new-comers in
this region of California. [White River, Piso Creek, and Kern Lake stated
by Powers to have been occupied by Shoshoneans, were all held by
Yokuts; so was Kern River to above the falls. See below.]
In the northern part of the San Joaquin valley the Shoshoneans
apparently did not live west of the main divide of the Sierras. In the
southern part of the valley, where their neighbors are the Yokuts, they
everywhere hold the higher portions of the western slope of the
mountains,
California" 1905
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
AFFILIATED COLLEGES, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
April 27, 1905
My dear Mr. Hodge:
On looking the matter up I find that what the Washo call the "Paiute", i.e.
the Paviotso, is Paleu.
I did not have Coves' Sarres at hand when I wrote the notes I sent a few
days ago. His (Chemegué) Cuajála (and Yebepai Cajuala) are the
Mohaves' Chemehuevi-Kohoaldje, not the Kokhuene as I stated as a
possible identification on one of the cards. The Kokhuene or Kakhuana
are his Cajuenche, Bartlett's Cawina (?)
(Garces calls the Kawaiisu-Newooah-Kubakhye Cobaji, not Cubaje as I
stated.)
Sincerely yours,
A. L. Kroeber
California" 1905
the Yokuts being confined to the plains and lower foothills. From the
San Joaquin to the Kaweah river the upper waters of the streams are in
possession of a number of groups bearing different local names, but all
comprised under the Monachi or Mono and popularly known as such.
Tule river is entirely held by Yokuts, but is separated by a secondary
range from Kern river farther east, which flows southward to emerge into
the valley at a considerable distance beyond, and which in its upper
course is Shoshonean, being held by the Tübatulabal. Deer creek, the
next stream south of Tule river, was Shoshonean in its upper part, the
Bankalachi, related to the Tübatulabal, living across the secondary
divide from them. The streams to the south of this, White river and Poso
creek, were again Yokuts to the head waters. At Kern River the Yokuts
extended to above Kern Falls, where they met the Tübatulabal. In the
mountains south of Kern river, stretching to Tehachapi pass, were the
Shoshonean Kawaiisu, belonging to the far distant Ute-Chemehuevi
dialectic group, and quite isolated in speech from their nearest
Shoshonean neighbors. Continuing still farther south and west along
the mountains, on Tejon creek and the neighboring streams, there were
the Gikidanum, who formed part of the Serrano group of the southern
California branch, whose territory, except in this one instance, was south
of the Tehachapi divide. While it thus appears that four
California" 1905
Shoshonean dialectic groups, one peculiar to the region and three
extending over larger areas to the east and south, had spilled, as it
were, over the crest of the Sierras into the San Joaquin valley, yet it was
only the higher and more mountainous regions which they held, the
valley itself being everywhere in the possession of the Californian
Yokuts; and actual evidence as to any movement of the Shoshoneans
over the mountains into the drainage of the great valley is totally
wanting.
Resumé:
Shoshoneans in the San Joaquin-Tulare drainage:
1. Mono or Monachi (including Nim, Halkoma, Intimpich, etc.) south to
Kaweah river; Mono-Paviotso group of the Plateau branch.
2. Tübatulabal on Kern river and Bankalachi on Deer Creek; Tübatulabal
group and branch.
3. Kawaiisu (Kaweisa, Newooah), Northern part of Tehachapi range,
Ute-Chemehuevi group of the Plateau branch.
4. Gikidanum (Mayaintalap, Tejon Indians), Tejon Creek, etc.; Serrano
group of the Southern California branch.
California" 1905
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