Durian production

Production, Marketing and
Diversity of Durian in Indonesia
Roedhy Poerwanto* and Panca Jarot Santoso**
* Bogor Agricultural University
** Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute
INDONESIA
DURIAN
DURIAN  duri = thorn
Durian in Borobudur Temple Relief (824M)
Fruits export & import 2013
No.
Commodity
1
Pineaple
2
3
Export
Volume (tons) Value (US$)
Import
Volume (tons) Value (US$)
174,096
157.443.765
260
323
Manggosten
Banana
7,647
5,680
5.734.094
2.973.647
337
284
4
Citrus
1,561
1.145.601
111,752
140.859.177
5
6
Manggoes
Salaca Fruits
1,089
1,025
1.412.772
1.704.152
119
-
334
-
7
Grape
596
14.144.472
41,569
103.232.220
8
9
Melon & Watermelon
Rambutan
503
398
669
412
3
-
36
-
10
Apel
81
78
131,665
174.357.338
11
Pear
72
83
128,000
110.723.090
53
26
14
0.002
5,026
14
34
8
110
7.138.089
56,476
11,073
4,881
49,302
66.542.537
10.902.531
7.252.069
74.924.667
197,886
193.026.591
535,461
689.771.448
12 Longan
13 Pepaya
14 Dragon Fruits
15 Durian
16 Others
Total
Durian Production 2009-2013
Harvest Area
(Ha)
Production
(Tons)
Productivity
(Kg/tree)
2009
61,849
797,798
128.99
2010
46,290
492,139
106.32
2011
69,045
883,969
128.03
2012
63,189
888,127
140.55
2013
61,246
759,055
123.94
Production and Productivity of Durian in
Several Provinces in Indonesia 2013
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Province
East Java
North Sumatera
Central Java
West Sumatera
South Sulawesi
West Java
Banten
Lampung
West Kalimantan
South Sumatera
Aceh
East Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
Jambi
Bengkulu
B a l i
INDONESIA
Number of
Production
Productivity
Trees
(tons)
(kg/tree)
1,077,487
180,067
167.12
361,233
79,994
221.45
825,314
69,542
84.26
296,478
54,958
185.37
535,899
52,393
97.77
469,040
48,821
104.09
334,532
40,822
122.03
179,188
27,994
156.22
206,037
24,110
117.02
205,839
23,737
115.32
156,659
15,785
100.76
115,879
14,554
125.59
119,729
12,835
107.20
151,033
12,591
83.37
102,716
12,147
118.25
96,067
11,039
114.91
100,467
83,41
83.03
6,047,583
743,816
122.99
Indonesia Durian Production, Export and
Import (tons)
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014*
Production 594.842
682.323
797.798
492.139
883.969
888.127
759.055
855.554
Export
0
0.03
0.02
0.02
0
0
0
0
Import
23,15
24,68
28,94
24,37
27,15
20.813
7.272
7.496
Problem in Durian Production
• Durian existing plants are old and even very old;
• Replanting efforts are rarely done because it took that
long time to re-produce, the growers reluctance to do it.
• The development of new area constrained by a narrow
land ownership so that farmers are not interested in
planting long juvenile phase tree like a durian;
• Grower have not yet to implement GAP, particularly
balanced fertilization, so the quality of the fruit continued
to decline, the plants wither, attack by diseases, and
death.
• Mainly cultivated varieties are introduced varieties like
Monthong (Thailand) and now start planting Musang King
(Malaysia), which are both susceptible to disease.
• The main diseases that attack the durian in Indonesia:
Pythium cucurbitacearum, Phytopythium vexans (Pythium
vexans), Phytophthora palmivora.
• The pests: fruit borer and stem borer.
THE PARENT TREE OF DURIAN AMBAN- WEST PAPUA
THE PARENT TREE OF DURIAN PELANGI
THE PARENT TREE OF
DURIAN PENYENGAT
THE PARENT TREE OF
DURIAN SOTOK MAS
THE PARENT TREE OF DURIAN BALENING
THE PARENT TREE OF DURIAN SEMUT
THE PARENT TREE OF DURIAN HAKIM
Durian Center of Origin
• Indonesia is the center of origin of durian in the
world. As centers of origin, durian diversity in
this country is very high.
• Indonesia has 93 superior cultivated varieties
of durian which have been registered and
many more unregistered cultivar candidate.
• Our cultivars are locally distributed, we don’t
have National Superior Quality, our growers
planted Mon Thong and recently Musang King
• Kalimantan is the center of origin D U R I A N
Kalimantan-Indonesia is the Durian Center of Origin
A. PENDAHULUAN
Indonesian
Durian
Diversity
Dendrogram of
Indonesian Durian
(* 90 varietas of
homolog durian;
100% identic at ITSDNA squence)
Diversity of Indonesia Durian
- Based on Microsatelit DNA
Principal Coordinates (1 vs 2)
Principal Coordinates (PCoA)
Coord. 2
Bali Nusra
Lai Mas
Perwira
Coord. 1
Kalimantan
Axis 2
Dahlan
Lalong
LigitMawar
Teluk
Ginting
Gola-golae
Asoekaya
Sihijau
Tembaga
Phagajah Aji
Semenguk
Sawerigading
Kuning Sun
Salsa
Bantal
Mas Ripto
SalsaUJ
Gapu
Parak Kopi
Salisun Jambi
Otong
Palopo
Mahakam
Matahari
Siradio
Selat
Merah
Amban
Kajang
Bakul ME
Hepi (Hepe)
Lameuru
Senggon
Dugol
Aspar
Kelud
Mentega (SW)
Kepala
Gajah
Namlung PtlgKuning
Bentara
Lg.
Kamang
Mas
Rinbud
Sikapal
Sipayuk
Kutai
Sedapir
Monthong
Rancamaya
Lameuru
Putih
Sipakem
Sibening
Kucing Biji
Titun
Gantar
Bumi Kemiren
Putri Dewa
Bustawang
Sopian
Dosai
Batuah
D24
Gelapir
Menoreh
Kemiren
Buleleng
Sitokong
Denpasar Sigundul
Niden 2Kuning
Tong Medaye
Pelangi Ajimah
Bokor
Mentega Super
Siriwig
Bibir Merah Musang King
Kaimana
Sidodol
Bintana
Tembaga
NTT
Sukun
Menoreh
Siseupah
Sijapang
Gundul Sunan
Tj
Prafi SP4
Jambon Salapesi D13
Wangi
Petruk
(Sunarto)
Chanee
Kunyik UJ
Katiman
Sumatera
Papua
Sulawesi
Introduksi
Jawa
Axis 1
Diversity of Indonesia Durian
19
Salisun-Kaltara
Nanga- Kaltara
Ubunyu-Kalteng
Penyengat
Tiger Borneo-88
KALIMANTAN
Balening
Parong
Balkar-11
Balkar-22
KALIMANTAN
Balkar-39
Salisun
• Salisun is one of the Kalimantan origin
varieties of durian that most famous.
• The quality of fruit is equivalent to Kan
Nyao of Thailand.
• Weight of the fruit reaches 2-3 kg / fruit
• Productivity of trees is high.
• Fruit flesh: yellow flesh color, soft sweet
melted, legit.
• Edible portion 32%.
• Developed in Nunukan district of North
Kalimantan
• Until th 2014 has been planted around
5000 trees
• 2015 will be planted to 10,000 trees
Super Tembaga
Hakim
Jebu
Namlung Petaling
SUMATERA
Bangka-52
Bangka-59
Bangka-63
Bangka 98
SUMATERA
Matahari
Merah Banyuwangi
Sunan
Ripto
Lai Durian Mas
Kromo Banyumas
Menoreh Kuning Sibintang
JAVA
Golden King
Matahari
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Most widely spread in Indonesia
Origin: Bogor,
Fruit weight: 2-4 kg,
Flesh: bright yellow flesh color, thick
Taste: sweet-savory taste, without
bitter, solid, fluffier, little fiber, with
less aromatic
Seed: medium seed size,
Edible portion: 36%
Shelf life: up to 5 days after the fall.
Productivity: 50-200 fruits/tree at 20
years old
Resistant to Fusarium sp root rot
disease
Resistant to Tirathaba ruptilinea fruit
borer
Durian Sunan
• Origin Boyolali
• In the old times this durian
specifically dedicated to the Majesty
Sunan Surakarta
• Fruit weight: 1-2 kg,
• Flesh: cream color, thick, texture
very tender
• Taste: sweet-bitter taste (alcoholic),
dry, fatty, with strong aroma
• Seed: 1-2 seeds/fruits, very small
seeds.
• Productivity: 200-800 fruits/tree at
200 years old
• Resistant to Fusarium sp root rot
disease
• Resistant to Tirathaba ruptilinea
fruit borer
Lai Durian Mas
• Origin: Bogor,
• Supposedly natural hybrid between
Durio zibethinus with Durio ketejensis.
• Fruit weight 1-2 kg,
• Flesh: color golden yellow flesh,
slightly sweet flavor savory, dry,
medium thickness,
• Seed: medium seed size.
Kromo Banyumas (
not yet released
)
- Size, weight and appearance of the fruit
class Monthong
- Substitute Monthong
- Orange flesh color
- Tolerant disease
Durian Merah Banyuwangi
• Origin: Banyuwangi-East Java
• Fruit size: small
• Flesh: red colour, thick,
• Taste: sweet, without alcohol,
strong aroma
• Seed: small
• Altitude: 800 asl
Tong Medaye
Rimba-Papua
Sigadung
EW-Papua
Pelangi
Gajah
Mentega
Amban
Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Papua
Susu-Papua
Pelangi Manokwari
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fruit weight 1,6-2,5 kg
Productivity: high
Flesh: unique color ( red & white), thick
Taste: Sweet taste, sticky, fluffier
Seed: small,
Edible portion: 33-37%
Pelangi Manokwari
- 2000-3000 seedling have been planted
- Altitude 5 – 800 asl
- Vegetative growth is vigor
Potential of durian relatives
Lai/pampaken
(D. kutejensis):
• Lai Mahakam
(Orange color)
• Lai Mas (Golden
Color)
Potential of durian relatives
Lai Mahakam
•
•
•
•
•
Flesh color: orange to red
Taste: similar to durian
Fruit Weigh:1,5 kg
Early mature: 3-4 years old for fruiting
Up to 2013 was planted 84.771 trees at
East Kalimantan
Potential of durian relatives
# Mandong/Mantuala
(Durio sp.)
-Lai mas
The most recommended place to eat durian
in Indonesia
Address:
Jalan Iskandar Muda Babura Medan Baru, Kota Medan
Lempok Durian (Durian Cake)
Durian Processed
Durian processed
Ice Cream & Pizza Durian
Pancake Durian & Durian Crunch
Durian bra
Durian Festival
Durian Farm Agroturism
Precipitation type in Indonesia
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tipe Lokal
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tipe
Equatorial
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tipe
Monsoon
14/10/2015
Kuliah 6. Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian
46
Potential Harvest Throughout the Year
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Month
The number of provinces which produce durian
every month in 2012
49
Position ITCZ on January and July
January  Indonesia rain, Thailand dry
July  Indonesia dry, Thailand rain
14/10/2015
Durian season in durian-growing areas in South East Asia
including northern Australia
Source:
Durian Information - A Durian Blog Devoted To "The King of Fruits"
4 Pillars of the ASEAN Economic Community
(AEC)
1. Free movement of goods
2. Freedom of movement for workers
3. Freedom of estabhlisment and provision
services and mutual recognition of diplomas
4. Free movement of capital
THE ABUNDANCE RATIO OF DURIAN
Indonesia: Malaysia: Thailand =
1: 10.1: 7.8
Indonesia (2011)
• Population: 240 million;
• Durian plantation: 69,000 ha;
• Durian production: 800,000 tons
• Population : durian ratio = 1: 3.3 (1 person = 3.3 kg durian)
Malaysia (2009
• Population: 32 million;
• Durian plantation: 107,000 ha;
• Durian production = 1.07 million tones)
• Population : durian ratio = 1: 33.4 (1 person = 33.4 kg durian)
Thailand (2008)
• Population: 60 million,
• Durian plantation: 153 600 ha;
• Durian production = 1.536 million tones
• Population : durian ratio= 1: 25.6 (1 person = 25.6 kg durian)
Thank you for your attention