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Special LIMITED EDITION ISSUE 17:3/2011 THE CRITTERS EDITION EDITION OceanMystiques WORMS! MAGICAL MAGNETISM WHERE RAINBOWS END THE PASSAGE OF THE ANCIENT MARINERS NEW where quality meets affordability the new SEACAM silver prelude – a 100% SEACAM for 40% less cost www.seacam-prelude.com O CEAN GEOGRAPHIC INTRODUCING WIN A 10 DAYS DIVE HOLIDAY CRUISE TO RAJA AMPAT (USD3500 VALUE) ON THE MSY SEAHORSE Fine diving, Fine dining and Fine Cruising premier live-aboard vessel (Indocruises.com). Simply sign up or renew your Premiere or Classic membership on page 96. *promotion end 30 August ALLIANCE OF RESORTS AND LIVE-ABOARDS Minahasa Lagoon Resort Lembeh Hills Resort Scuba Seraya Resort MV Ark Royal MV Seahorse African Watersports Minahasalagoon.com lembehhills.com ScubaSeraya.com ArkRoyal.com Indocruises.com AfricanWatersports.com Greater Benefits for members of the Ocean Geographic Society Initiated by the board of Ocean Geographic, partners of the Alliance believe in harmony and in the strength of like-mindedness for the benefit of its members and, more importantly, the well-being of our ocean. Partners in the Alliance are by invitation only, based on the superiority of their enterprise as well as by their environmental positioning. By aligning with relevant and compatible organisations and enterprises, OG desires to practise the fundamentals of conservation and preservation through constructive cohesion rather than mindless duplication and competition. The OG Alliance comprises of the Founding Supporters of Ocean Geographic and supporters of the Save Our Seas programme – partners for conservation and promoters of greater awareness of our ocean. Now as members of the Ocean Geographic Society you can enjoy great benefits from the Alliance partners. For a complete list of membership benefits, visit www.OGSociety.org or sign up at p96. By supporting the businesses of the Alliance, you can be assured of high-quality products and services, while at the same time contributing to OG Save Our Seas programmes that yield tangible and measurable results. C ONTE NTS ISSUE E S S AY S 17:3/2011 THE CRITTERS EDITION 17 Worms! Pat Hutchings PhD 28 The Image of Sharks David Doubilet & Jennifer Hayes 58 71 Magical Magnetism Ethan Daniels The Passage of the Ancient Mariners Stan Waterman O C E A N ’ S H E RO E S A N D E X P L O R E R S 54 A Hero’s Song Joe Moreira NAUTILUS’S WINDOW 43 Mystiques of the Ocean William Tan CAPTURES 10 Are you Talking to Me? Photo by Ronny Rengkung 79 Up Close and Personal – an Essential with Coral reef fishes and Invertebrates Gill MacDonald & Jane Morgan 81 Living with an Angel Photo by Lill Haugen 82 Making Baby Angels Photo by Lill Haugen 95 Ode to a Seal Text by Gillian MacDonald Photo by Jane Morgan SOJOURNS 83 O C E A N WATC H ON THE COVER: SQUIDWORM (Teuthidodrilus samae) – this worm newly discovered from the Celebes Sea swims like a squid – Michael AW (see page 17) This edition’s cover received the most votes from OG’s Associates, Editorial Board and Premiere Members. F O U N D I N G S U P P O RT E R S Where Rainbows End Michael AW O S AV E O U R S E A S F U N D 14 Where are Our Boys? OG Report 40 Tattoo for Sharks Gillian MacDonald 69 Invasion of the Antarctic Evonne Ong S U P P O R T I N G O R G A N I S AT I O N S International League of Conservation Photogapher(s) www.ILCP.com The British Society of Underwater Photographers www.bsoup.org Wyland Foundation www.wylandfoundation.org E D IT R’ S E P I S TL E nother year swims by and OG now dives into its fi fth year. To each and everyone of you, a big ‘Thank You’ for believing in our beautiful world; for without that belief, OG will cease to exist, and consequently, so will we and our beautiful planet. Yet to just congregate to pen and utter platitudes to our belief will not conserve anything. A belief not lived is a delusional potion. To pursue outcomes but be blind and ignorant to the purpose, divides rather than unite. Neville Coleman exemplifies this path of purpose; read his story inside. Even if we can’t all be like him, in our own way, we can still live this belief. Jap Loh an acclaimed tattooist in Singapore lives this belief through his free shark tattoos to support OG’s ‘1000 kids, one Message’ campaign. We need to convey the message; we need to win hearts, more than blame them; we need to live this belief, not just in seasons, but in each and every moment….and it starts with the kids and us. They are our future who will ensure that William Tan’s captures, the Rainbow’s end in Palau, the Magical Magnetism around piers penned by Ethan Daniels with all the pictures and articles in this issue, will not just live, but thrive for their children and generations to come. This cannot be a mere wish; this is a fundamental responsibility that we can’t afford to abdicate. Engagement is not an option, but a necessity, for this will catalyze shifts in behaviour and suitable inventions. OG in its dive into the future seeks this direction. On page 10 we feature Ronny Rengkung’s photograph for your views and opinions…..even if it’s from your children. It’s a baby step along with our ‘1000 kids, One Message’ campaign in Hong Kong this year. Many differing views ferment even between believers of our beautiful world, like the many religious zealots who collectively believe in goodness, yet ardently pursue the difference. We can fill this chasm that misplaced fervour and zeal often and inadvertently create. Perhaps Neville Coleman is right, for he is living proof among many like him, that pursuing the purpose decides the outcomes and not the other way around; then not only the sharks and big animals can be saved, but the JOE MOREIRA little critters too. Editor PS: Your views consummate a meaningful relationship, and keep the fi re for quality burning. We value your views. Write me at: [email protected] OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 3 OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY Charter Members Adam Read Adelene Lynch Adrienne Savage Agnieszka Malkowska Alastair Dow Aleta Pitstock Amanda Dies Andreas Jaschek Andrew Carr Andrew Aylett Anne-Maree Frost Anthony Atkinson Anthony Tan Aqua Pros Swim School Inc Armin Geltinger Barbara Hinton Bari Gowan Barry Stimpson Bernard Hart Brent Bain Brian Jones Brian Daly Brian Newbold Carl Brandes Carle Parkhill Carly Sorensen Caroline Lim Charles Bowden Chris Kowalski Coreen Lee Pooi Yee Corpus Christi H School Craig Koltasz Craig Grube Dale Ponsford Darren Pill Dave Ball Dave Sorbo David Hettich David Hughes David Kittos David Watson Dean Boyce Deborah Bowden Dennis Shepard Dennis Olivero Des Paroz Digant Desai Dorothy Schooling Ed Dixon Emily Chan Eric Matson Eric Winters Erica Lansley Ernie Brooks Faris Alsagoff Fenella Cochrane Ferdie Franklin Freda Ho Gary Wilson Gary Samer Gina Mascord Gordon Brown Graeme Thomas Graham Thompson Graham Reynolds Grant Graves Gwen Shah-Ingram Gwen Noda Halszka Antoszewska Hamish Foster Heather Sowden H Bartram & C Alleway Helke Florkowski Hellmuth Weisser Henrik Nimb Ian Sheffield-Parker Ian Barcham Ian Dewey Ignacio Esparza Inger Vandyke Ingvar Eliasson Janna Jones Janne Hultberg Jason Santospirito Jeffrey Bohn Jennifer O’Neil Jeroen Deknatel Jessica Schoonderwaldt Jim Morrison Joanne Marston Jordan Thomson Jorgen Rasmussen Jukka Nurminen Kal Attie Kathy Nikas Kellie Wood Kian Hing Soo KL Kwang Klaas Mekking Kliment Kolosov K Bilham & F Cosgrove Larissa Cheong Leesa & David Pratt Leon Ebbelaar Lex Beatty Malcolm Neo Malcolm Peisley Marcel Eckhardt Margaret Flierman Marie Goarin Mark Gerlach Mark Seielstad Mark Templeman Martin Havlicek Matt Curnock Maxi Jennifer Eckes Melanie Teloniatis Michael Holme Michal Krzysztofowicz Michelle Chua Mick Moran Mickey Pascoe Mikael Jigmo Natalie Forster Nicholas Kuhn Nick Robertson-Brown Nico Paradies Nicola Goldsmith Novianti Songtono Owen Scott Patricia Pei Voon Lee Patrick Schwarz Paul Castle Paul Double Paul Turley Paul Gagnon Paul Ryan Peter Maerz Petrina Tay Pij Olijnyk Ramadian Bachtiar Rebecca Simpson Robert Yee Robert Hughes Robert Lupo Dion Ron Currie Ruben Gamoo Sam & Jo Bartram Samuel Ong Sarah Jacob Selwyn Gregory Sng Simon Talbot Sol Foo Sonia Gentle Stacey Herman Steve Tucker Susan Howard Teresa Hemphill Terry Farr Tim Gleeson Tomos Hedges Tony Manning Tony & Phyll Bartram Travis Graham Troy Horsburgh Victor Lendzionowski Virginia Fage W D Fong Wayde Simes Wendy McIlroy Wendy Campbell Wendy Benchley Charter membership is now closed; Join now as Premier Member – see p96 www.OGSociety.org 4 TH E E D I TO R I A L B OA R D MICHAEL AW DIRECTOR & BOARD MEMBER Michael’s saturated colour imageries have earn him more than 60 international awards; his work have been featured in BBC Wildlife, National Geographic, the Smithsonian, GEO, Ocean GEOGRAPHIC, Asian Geographic, Action Asia, Nature Focus to name but a few. In 2010, he was a recipient of the WYLAND ICON award for Conservation. His most glorious achievement is a Palme D’or for “Philippines – Heart of the Ocean”, won at the World Underwater Pictures Festival, France 2009. He is also a recipient of three awards from the Natural History Museum BBC Photographer of the Year Wildlife Competition in 2000, 2010 and in 2006 he won the Best Winner award in the underwater category. Michael AW is the founder of OceanNEnvironment’s a charity organization registered with Environment Australia. In 2008 Stan Waterman conferred Michael with the Peter Benchley Shark Conservation Award by Sharks Research Institute in recognition of his highly-effective and unrelenting campaign against shark fin soup consumption in the Asia Pacific region. Michael is also the founder of Asian Geographic. CARDEN WALLACE PhD HONORARY EDITOR & & BOARD MEMBER Carden’s research has focused on biogeography and biodiversity, particularly on corals and tropical biota. Her current interests are directed towards other tropical countries, especially Indonesia. She feels strongly that scientists should give back all they possibly can, in communicating and applying the results of their work. With her appointment in 1987 as Curator in Charge, Carden Wallace became the first woman to head the Museum of Tropical Queensland in Townsville. Among the high points in her career was the POL Prize for Environmental Research, awarded in 1992 to Carden along with four other scientists from James Cook University for their exciting discovery of mass annual spawning on the Great Barrier Reef by over a hundred species of coral. This dramatic example of sexual synchronization is unique among animals, and its discovery by the team in 1984 attracted immediate scientific and media attention around the world. Carden is a board member of OceanNEnvironment JENNIFER HAYES HONORARY EDITOR Jen is an aquatic ecologist who has collected a couple of graduate degrees in zoology, marine and fisheries biology. She came into underwater journalism (photography and writing) out of sheer necessity to enliven dull scientifi c presentations and publications. To put it simply, strong images of ancient sturgeons spawning, hatching, migrating are infinitely more captivating to an audience than bar graphs and pie charts. Photography and science lead to natural history articles and then into popular journalism. Jen formed a partnership with David Doubilet in 1999 and co-founded the stock photo company; Undersea Images Inc. Jen and David co-photograph and write for assignment features for numerous domestic and international publications, ad shoots and book projects. DAVID DOUBILET D avi d is the wo r ld’s m o s t c e le b r ate d un de r wate r photographer with over fifty stories published in National Geographic. David challenges himself is to redefine photographic boundaries each time he enters the water. His passion is the undersea majesty of light and how to capture it. Completely at home on a coral reef, a World War II wreck, a deep dark fjord or among the great giants in our sea, David has relentlessly pursued the many hidden layers of coral reefs around the globe. His cold water work has immersed him in the rich waters of New Zealand, Tasmania, Scotland, Japan, the Northwest Atlantic and Northeast Pacific. Recent photographic journeys have taken him into some of the largest freshwater systems on our planet such as the great Okavango Delta system in Botswana and the St. Lawrence River. EMORY KRISTOF HONORARY EDITOR Emory’s photography has discovered the unexplored worlds of the deep sea. In August 1998 Kristof’s pictures of the Titanic were presented in the National Geographic magazine article, “Tragedy in Three Dimensions.” The pictures, taken in 1991 employing high-intensity lighting systems, achieved unprecedented detail due to advances in 3-D computer videoediting. Born in 1942, Kristof studied journalism at the University of Maryland at College Park and received a bachelor’s degree in 1964. Kristof was a National 6 This is a production from the hearts and souls of a passionate team. We were blessed with the support of some of the most published authors and image makers of our natural world. OceanNEnvironment is privileged to introduce the editorial board of OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC the almanac of our seas. Board of Directors, OceanNEnvironment Ltd Geographic staff photographer from 1964 to 1994 and has produced 39 articles for the National Geographic magazine. Kristof’s accomplishments have earned many awards for both writing and photography, including the NOGI Award for Arts from the Underwater Society of America in 1988 and an Explorers Club Lowell Thomas Award for Underwater Exploration in 1986. That same year Kristof received the American Society of Magazine Publishers Innovation in Photography Award for their photographic coverage of the Titanic. Kristof was presented with the 1998 J. Winton Lemen Fellowship Award by the U.S. National Press Photographers Association “for being one of our profession’s most imaginative innovators with particular attention to pictures from beneath the ocean brought to the readers of National Geographic magazine.” STAN WATERMAN HONORARY EDITOR Stan has been at the forefront of scuba diving since its inception as a recreational sport both at home and throughout the world. Stan was co-director of underwater photography and the second unit in the production of The Deep, a movie based on Peter Benchley’s best-selling novel. More recent productions include documentaries for ABC’s “Spirit of Adventure” series and the “Expedition Earth” series on ESPN. Stan has received numerous honours and awards for his work in television, including five Emmies, two Gold Medals from the U.K. Underwater Film Festival, four Golden Eagles, a lifetime Achievement Award from the Miami Expo and from Boston Sea Rovers, the Cousteau Diver of the Year Award, the Richard Hopper Day Memorial Medal from the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and most recently has been inducted to the International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame. DOUG PERRINE HONORARY EDITOR Doug is widely regarded as one of the world’s foremost marine wildlife photographers. His photographs have been reproduced in virtually every major nature magazine in the world, as well as in thousands of books, calendars, greeting cards, posters, etc. His photography has won a number of awards, including the prestigious BBC/ British Gas Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition in the animal behaviour category and the Nature’s Best/Cemex competition in the Professional Marine Wildlife category. He is also the author of seven books on marine life, and numerous magazine articles. GERALD ALLEN PHD HONORARY EDITOR Gerald is an internationally renowned authority on the classification and ecology of coral reef fishes of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. He is the author of 31 books and 400 scientific publications. He has an intimate knowledge of fish life on coral reefs, having logged more than 7,000 dives. Field studies form an integral part of Dr. Allen’s research, probably more so than any other marine biologist. He received a Ph.D. in marine zoology from the University of Hawaii in 1971, having done his thesis on anemonefishes. He served as Curator of Fishes at the Western Australian Museum in Perth for 24 years before leaving to take a position with Conservation International as their Science Team Leader. He is a past President of the Australian Society for Fish Biology, an honorary foreign member of the American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology, and a recent recipient of the prestigious K. Radway Allen Award for Outstanding Contributions in Ichthyological Science. Email: [email protected] T H E E D I TO R I A L B OA R D WYLAND HONORARY EDITOR Marine life artist Wyland has developed an international reputation for his commitment to marine life conservation. Most notable, is his monumental marine life murals, the Whaling Walls. Spanning thousands of square feet, these massive works of art expose the thrilling diversity and beauty of life that exists below the surface of our ocean planet to more than one billion people each year. Today, this multi-faceted artist works in multiple mediums, from oils, water colours, acrylics, Japanese ink paintings, bronze sculptures, fine art photography, and mixed media. HOWARD AND MICHELE HALL HONORARY EDITOR Howard and Michele are perhaps best known for their underwater IMA X® films – Into the Deep 1994, Island of the Sharks 1998 respectively. In 2002 Howard was underwater sequence director and Michele was location manager for Coral Reef Adventure, a fi lm in which both he and Michele are featured on-camera. In 2005 they directed and produced Deep Sea 3D which was awarded Best Picture at the Giant Screen Cinema Association Conference and Best Large Format Film at Wildscreen 2006. In 2009 the Hall’s released Under the Sea 3D. This fi lm won best cinematography at the Giant Screen Cinema Association Conference in 2009 and Best Documentary at the International 3D Society in 2010. Howard’s career as an underwater natural history fi lm producer, cinematographer, still photographer and writer began in the early 1970’s. His photographs have been published internationally in hundreds of books and magazines including: Life, Natural History Magazine, National Geographic, GEO, Terre Sauvage, London Illustrated News, and BBC Wildlife. Howard has authored several books including Sharks, Dolphins, The Kelp Forest, Successful Underwater Photography, and Secrets of the Ocean Realm. Michele Hall is an accomplished still photographer whose images have been published by National Geographic, Fathoms, National Wildlife, Ocean Realm, and many other magazines and books. Howard and Michele have won seven Emmy Awards. DIRECTOR Michael AW EDITOR EMERITUS Christopher EDITOR AT LARGE Evonne MANAGING EDITOR Joe Lee Ong Moreira HONORARY EDITORS Emory Kristof, Wyland, Dr Carden Wallace, Dr Gerry Allen, Dr Alex Mustard, David Doubilet, Jennifer Hayes, Doug Perrine, Stan Waterman, Michelle Hall and Howard Hall SCIENCE EDITOR Alana Kirchhoff LEGAL COUNSEL Nuraliza OCEAN WATCH EDITOR Osman Emma Bastian OCEANOGRAPHER IN RESIDENCE Cabell Mathieu Meur, Stuart Ireland PHOTOGRAPHERS IN RESIDENCE Mikael Jigmo, Jorgen Rasmussen RESEARCH ASSISTANT Jannica Jigmo CONTRIBUTORS Ethan Daniel, Jane Morgan, Gillian MacDonald, Ronny Rengkung, Pat Hutching PhD, Lill Haugen, William Tan DESIGNER SW Lee PRODUCTION CO-ORDINATOR Daniel ADVERTISING & EVENTS Cassandra ACCOUNTS & CIRCULATION Alison JOE MOREIRA MANAGING EDITOR Joe is an adventurer, speaker, thinker, trainer and counselor. An early career in the military, offered opportunities to learn, develop, teach, strategise and validate new ideas in the highly specialized fields of demolitions and mine warfare. Gifted with a richly timbered voice, it has been used to speak, train and facilitate with impact and conviction to audiences ranging from heads of states and foreign armies to the ordinary man. He found synergy with the Ocean Geographic Society’s vision and goals. A longtime advocate that good leaders decide the fate of good corporate culture and governance, which must include the need to protect our environment and synergizing with nature, stayed the course in the face of many challenges to this belief. Davis PhD FIELD EDITORS/UW PHOTOGRAPHER Tay Dragon Redhead CORRESPONDENTS & EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Gillian MacDonald (UK), David Borus (USA), Lesley Rochart (South Africa), Ronny Renkung (Indonesia) MUSIC DIRECTOR Eric Bettens BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Ivan Choong (Singapore), Sidney Seok (Malaysia) CUSTOMER SERVICE [email protected] EDITORIAL ENQUIRIES [email protected] PHOTO SUBMISSIONS [email protected] ADVERTISING [email protected] FEEDBACK [email protected] CHRISTOPHER LEE EDITOR EMERITUS Christopher was the co-founder of Asian Geographic and the managing editor for six years until 2005. Chris was also behind the successful transformation of Scuba Diver Australasia, and was its managing editor until 2005. He has worked on a range of marine conservation issues including the successful Say No to Shark fins campaign. Chris has also served on the board of OceanNEnvironment. Building on his early career in economic research, he is currently a Senior Economist with the Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) in Australia. www.OGSociety.org www.OceanGeographic.org SUPPORTING ORGANISATIONS Published by OceanNEnvironment Ltd Member of Environment Australia ALEXANDER MUSTARD PhD HONORARY EDITOR Alexander Mustard worked as a marine biologist but now works as an underwater photographer. His photographs are widely published in magazines and newspapers and have also won many awards including being a multiple winner in both the BBC Wildlife Photographer of the Year and World Festival of Underwater Photography. Alex was an early adopter of digital cameras and has pioneered several of the techniques of digital underwater photography. He is the Digital Offi cer for the British Society of Underwater Photographers. CABELL DAVIS PhD OCEANOGRAPHIC IN RESIDENCE Cabell is a Senior Scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and is the Director of WHOI’s Ocean Life Institute with over 30 years’ experience in plankton ecology. He has conducted research on 50 oceanographic cruises and co-developed the Video Plankton Recorder, an underwater video microscope with automatic imaging of high-resolution fragile plankton data. He recently worked with MIT engineers to develop a small underwater digital holographic camera for imaging plankton. He is now modeling the impact of climate change on the fisheries ecosystem. OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC AUSTRALIA: PO Box 2138 Carlingford Court, NSW 2118 Australia Tel: +61 2 9686 3688 Fax: +61 2 9686 8438 OceanNEnvironment.com.au PRINTED BY: Colourscan Co (Pte) Ltd www.colourscan.com.sg DISTRIBUTOR SINGAPORE: MPH Pte Ltd NDD Distribution Pty Ltd PHONE: 61 (02) 9381 3100 Gillian McDonald Amanda Cotton PT Javabooks Indonesia PHONE: +62 21 4682 1088 DISTRIBUTOR AUSTRALIA: DISTRIBUTION UK: DISTRIBUTION USA: DISTRIBUTOR INDONESIA: MICA (P) 142/08/2010 ISSN 1834-910 ALL RIGHT RESERVED: ©OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC, OceanNEnvironment 8 Reproduction in any form, electronic, print, photocopy or extracts whole or in part is prohibited. THEMOSTEXCITING EVENTOFOUROCEAN 10TH CELEBRATE THE SEA FESTIVAL • 23-25 SEP 2011 • MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI FORUM, PRESENTATION & UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY SEMINARS THE SPECIAL OF GUESTS OF 2011 Howard Hall, Michelle Hall, Emory Kristof, Neville Coleman, Mark Erdmann PhD, Leandro Blanco, Eric Bettens, Michael AW, Mathieu Meur, William Macdonald and many more THE “MOST INFLUENTIAL UNDERWATER SHOOT OUT PHOTOGRAPHER COMPETITION” Staged at 10 supporting resorts, the shootout competition 19 -23 Sept ; competitor stand to win the coveted title for the ‘Most Influential Underwater ShootOut Photographer with cash and holiday prize of USD 5000. Join the panel of speakers & judges, to discover the splendour of underwater North Sulawesi – situated in the apex of the coral triangle. Oceanic walls, soft coral canyons, extensive coral meadows, and intriguing muck dive locations offer unparalleled photographic opportunities found nowhere else in the world. INTERNATIONAL UNDERWATER FILM FESTIVAL The current Best of the Best – award winners of documentaries and music videos from the World Underwater Pictures Festival will be screen over the weekend. CALL FOR ENTRIES – THE CTS INTERNATIONAL UNDERWATER PICTURES COMPETITION Compete in the International Underwater Pictures Competition – the most prestigious and richest underwater imagery competition in the Asia Pacific. Over $50 000 in cash and holiday prizes; Win the OUTSTANDING ACHIE VEMENT: MERIT OF EXCELLENCE: HONOR OF DISTINCTION: High Commendation for each category plus the most coveted ‘Award for Highest Achievement – Photographer of Festival 2011’ title with cash and holiday prize of USD 5000. Finalists will be displayed in special galleries for the duration of the show and with more than 10000 focus audience. Compete in 7 categories; Black and White print, Colour Print, Portfolio of Festival, Digital Trio, Slide Shows, short video and feature length documentary. CTS festival Weekend Package with Masterpass to seminars, forum, f ilm festival, award ceremony at Sintesa Peninsula Hotel available. Find out more at [email protected] : CelebratetheSea.com. Official Venue and Hotel: Sintesa Peninsula Hotel Manado. Organiser: Ocean Geographic Society – OceanNEnvironment Ltd CHILDREN ART COMPETITION The theme this year is ‘My Ocean’ finalists will be invited to compete in the final round in Manado for the Ocean Ambassador award. Register to participate now. Supporting Publications OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC associate photographer, Ronny Rengkung captured this picture with a Nikon in a SEACAM housing during a shootout in Manado. Many called this a lucky shot. In fleeting seconds, Ronny simply raised the housing and fired a couple of frames. Was he just lucky? Please write to us and tell us your opinion as well as what you think these two fish are actually doing or about to do. We wil publish five best answers and send each winner an autographed copy of the brand new Essential Guide to Coral Reef Life. (see page 79) Email your name, opinion, email address to [email protected] CAPTURE Are you Talking to Me? USEYOURPHOTOGRAPHY FORCONSERVATION COMPETE TO BE THE WORLD’S MOST INFLUENTIAL SHOOTOUT UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHER 19-22 SEP, MANADO, NORTH SULAWESI CHOOSE TO SHOOT AT ONE OF NATURE’S RICHEST SITE OR A COMBINATION OF BUNAKEN MARINE PARK, LEMBEH STRAIT, BANGKA OR BUYAT BAY 1. Entries will be contributed to schools in Manado to encourage conservation of coral reefs. 2. Winning images will be used to influence the authorities to engage in meaningful preservation of coral reefs. 3. Opportunity to be published on the front cover of Ocean Geographic. 4. Opportunity to be published in the award winning Nautilus Window Portfolio of Ocean Geographic. 5. Opportunity to win the title as the “Most Influential Underwater Shoot Out Photographer 2011”. 6. Winning entries will be used in posters, slide shows for the ‘No More Plastic’ campaign in Manado. 7. Opportunity to be inducted into the Ocean Artist Society. 8. Opportunity to be invited as Ocean Geographic contributing photographer. 9. Entries will be used for Ocean Geographic climate change index for North Sulawesi. 10. Opportunity to be invited as contributing photographer for the next Elysium Epic expedition to the Arctic (ElysiumEpic.org). Plus the chance to win the top prize of $5000 comprising of cash and dive holiday package Submit your entries for judging on Friday 23 September at the Celebrate the Sea Festival weekend at Sintesa Peninsula Hotel Manado Results will be announced during the award ceremony on 25 September. For more information: CelebratetheSea.com [email protected] TO COMPETE YOU MUST DIVE AND SHOOT WITH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING SUPPORTING RESORTS Gangga Island Resort – Ganggaisland.com : Lembeh Hills Resort – LembehHills.com : Minahasa Lagoon Resort – MinahasaLagoon.com : Tasik Ria Resort – tasikria.com : Thalassa – Santika Resort – thalassa.net : Two Fish Divers at Bunaken & Lembeh – twofishdivers.com : Critters@Lembeh & Critters@Buyat : Lembeh Resort – lembehresort.com : Siladen Island Resort – siladen.com : Eco Divers at Kima Bajo and Lembeh – eco-divers.com The resorts are offering attractive all inclusive 4 night/4 day packages but you may wish to arrive earlier to practise or simply to enjoy the splendour of North Sulawesi. Discount applicable for Ocean Geographic members With the warming climate, scientists predict that by 2070, a vast majority of Green sea turtles will be females. WHERE ARE OUR BOYS? OG REPORT O C E A N W ATC H F S AV E O U R S E A S F U N D or air breathing animals Australia, working on the northern end the peak seasons, it was hard for the that live unde r wate r, life of the Great Barrier Reef has been team to find a nest that is likely to is a constant struggle. We evaluating the various climatic threats nurture a single male heir. humans have just made it worse for sea facing the green turtles, and modelling turtles. They are facing an even greater their future. Under the worst-case A s it is imp o s sible to dete r mine challenge from climate change. In the scenario of climate change (which is the sex of a hatchling without early decades of life, sea turtles are the course we are now on), sea levels e u tha nizing it a nd lo ok ing at its pelagic fossickers, foraging the surface rise and the consequent impact on gonads, all the insights into gender of the ocean for food but soon, warming nesting sites will become the biggest selection are calculated according of air and water temperatures may threat for sea tur tles. The models to the temperature theory. But the wreak havoc for the remaining years predict that by 2070, sands will have temperature cues are well documented of their life. It may ultimately cause reached temperatures that would bring and tested, so the scientists are fairly the demise of their species. Shifts in about a near complete feminisation of confi dent the trends they anticipate circulation and oceanographic changes hatchlings. Though a few male enclaves are tangible. Booth has also looked might also affect them, especially in are likely to survive where conditions at the effect of higher temperatures procreation of the species. provide some respite from the heat, the on the physiolo g y of hatchling s, overall scenario is grim. a nd how it might inf lue nc e the ir However the biggest factor scarring survival. Once hatched, little turtles the future of sea turtles is the effect of There are already stern warnings of scrambling across the sand have the warming sands on the embryos of future the problem to the two species that race of their lives to reach deeper generations. Documented by science, come to Heron Island to breed. The waters. Only those in peak form have variations in the temperature of the sand islands of the Capricorn Bunker group a sporting chance. Most are destined where the eggs are laid, determines a collectively host the Green sea turtles for a short life measured in minutes hatchling’s gender and physical rigour. If (Chelonia mydas), as well as one of only or hours. the eggs are incubated in conditions that two breeding populations in eastern are too warm, the ratio swings strongly Australia for the Loggerhead turtles, First, the frantic dash to the water. In to production of females. If too hot, the the Caretta caretta. Since 1960, turtle the shallow fringing reef, all kinds of embryos die and there would be no populations in Queensland have shrunk hungry predators await. Those first hatchlings at all. All of this is determined by around 85 per cent. few hundred metres are treacherous. within a narrow thermal range. To survive, the hatchlings have only From 2006 to 2009, David Booth, a one strategy – put the head down and Currently, sand temperatures have turtle specialist from the University swim as fast as they can. They can take already reached a point where it of Queensland and his team have no evasive action. On Heron, studies strongly skews sex ratios towards introduced data loggers into nests on revealed a third of hatchlings are eaten females. It might be 30 years or so Heron Island to measure temperatures before they can reach the relative safety before the consequences become over the incubation season. Through of deeper water. apparent – when those females go looking for mates, they will find none. The warming sands spell doom for sea turtles within a generation or two. A research team directed by Mariana Fuentes of James Cook University, “Temperatures have reached the point where it strongly skews sex ratios towards females. The warming sands spell doom for sea turtles within a generation or two.” OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 15 O C E A N W ATC H S AV E O U R S E A S F U N D sex ratio is achieved and optimal to Bangladeshis (both of whom stand swimming performance occurred. In to lose much of their habitat to warming a nutshell, the warmer the nest, the climate) for example. weaker the hatchlings’ performance. If they are not good at swimming, Another reason is the understanding especially on coral cays like Heron that the fate of sea turtles is not a Island, there is little chance they can matter in which humanity can pretend survive predation. Predation rates it has no selfi sh interest. Indigenous average 30 to 40 percent but can go as communities living off the bounty of the high as 80 percent. Hence, hatchlings reefs have long recognised the value that are better swimmers would able to of the turtles in culture, local economy get across the flat reef faster and have and their diet. And just as birds, bees a higher chance of survival. and worms play their part in terrestrial ecosystems, sea turtles have a role to “Never before has a single species driven such profound changes to the habitats, composition and climate of our planet.” Scientists are now debating if we can play in the ocean, contributing to the help the species by putting shades underwater cycles on which much of over rookeries or building structures humanity drifts and feeds. to protect them from rising tides. But in the end, the turtles will have to find In late 2010, the British Royal Society a way to survive despite humanity’s tried to sound the alarm on the scale of efforts, good or bad. Sea turtles have extinctions being observed across the been around in their current form for planet through seminars and publishing millions of years. They have survived a special volume of findings, Biological huge climate changes in their time. Diversity in a Changing World. What But what has happened in the past is is occurring, the authors wrote, is a happening again, only much swifter this “mass-extinction event much quicker David Booth became curious about the time round. They have found their way than anything found in the fossil record.” mechanics of hatchlings’ swimming through the harsh cycles of geological Extinctions may be an inevitable part frenzy because it was so essential time and fought their way back from of life, but it is the sheer scale of what to their sur vival. Retrieving a few decimation. But with human-induced is now under way, caused by over- hatchlings from their shells in the changes, can they do it again this time? exploitation of natural resources, that sand, he took them back to run some needs to worry us. Never before has laborator y experiments. There he The British environment writer Fred a single species driven such profound slipped them into little Lycra swimsuits Pearce opines in his inventor y of changes to the habitats, composition that acted as a harness, and dropped dramatic climate tipping points, the and climate of the planet. It is a fact that them into swimming tanks. As the fate of turtles, possums and polar bears more harm has been done to the natural tethered hatchlings began to swim, the may be the least of our worries. However environment in the last 50 years than in scientists monitored their stroke, flipper the story of sea turtle merits telling for the previous 500. We have polluted on movements, oxygen consumption and compassionate reasons. Humans often a grand scale and reproduced on even energy levels. Booth documented seem more moved by the suffering of grander proportion and put pressure on that the optimum nest temperature animals than that of fellow humans. every natural resource on our planet. is in the 28 to 30 degrees Celsius Take the comparative public distress Soon, our sea turtles will be asking, range, where an approximate 50-50 over the fate of polar bears compared “Where are our boys?”. 16 WHERE ARE OUR BOYS? “ I am the future… I won’t eat shark fins” 1 0000KIDS’ 1 OMESSAGE On 9 July 2011, we call upon 1000 kids to convene at Cyberport Hong Kong for a very important mission. We are calling for children missi with the initiative and passion to help save sharks from extinction. Together with international and Toge local celebrities, luminaries and politicians, we shall make the polit ‘I am the Future’, I won’t eat shark pledge. fins soup s register your kids for this event To re email: 1000kids@OG Society.org emai for f the application form. Goodie fo bags and prizes limited to the first 1000 kids! If you feel you can contribute or sponsor this event contr email: emai info@OG Society.org. OceanGeographic.org Ocea 1000KidsOneMessage.org 1000 An OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY Initiative ORGANISERS & PRINCIPAL SPONSORS SUPPORTING PARTNERS Any opinions, fi ndings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material/event do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Environment and Conservation Fund and Environmental Campaign Committee. O C E A N W ATC H S AV E O U R S E A S F U N D Tatto A bold and innovative idea for raising awa r e n e s s o n t h e p l i g h t o f s h a r k s was introduced by Ocean Geographic ( OG ) at the annual ADE X Asian Dive E x p o i n S i n g a p o r e i n A p r i l 2 0 11. for Sharks! GILLIAN MACDONALD that Jap Loh has generously offered to continue doing it for the whole of 2011, with the addition of some fantastic discounts for the ‘1000 kids one message’ – shark tattoo supporting businesses as detailed below. For a much needed donation of $50 or more to the ‘1000 kids one message’ project, visitors to Donate $50 or more to the ‘1000 kids one message’ the OG stand could have the striking OG shark project and receive a free ‘OG shark ambassador’ ambassador logo, worth $100, permanently tattoo by Singapore’s premiere tattoo artist Jap tattooed onto their arm or leg. Jap Loh, acclaimed Loh of ‘Kustoms 7 Tattoos’ together with fantastic tattoo artist and widely accepted as the best in discounts off a large range of high quality dive Singapore, kindly volunteered his skills for all three equipment and exciting trips. To book your tattoo days of the show. session, contact Jap Loh at [email protected] +659002 7096 This unusual offer was a surprise hit with many people opting to display their generous and Get the OG’s Shark Ambassador tattoo now and enthusiastic suppor t of the ‘1000 kids one get up to 50% off / 1 for 1 on any of Worldwide Dive message’ (1000KidsOneMessage.org) project by and Sail live-boards. For more benefits from OG carrying the shark ambassador logo for the rest of ‘1000 kids one message’ – shark tattoo supporting their lives! In fact, the initiative was so successful businesses – www.OceanGeographic.org 40 TATTOO FOR SHARKS! ED DIXON showing his passion for sharks with his brand new tattoo. (left) THE JAP LOH TEAM supporting the 1000Kids project – Melanie, Jappy, Michael AW and Trees (L-R). (right) t MSY Seahorse Indonesia’s Fine Diving Specialist Alor: Ambon: Komodo: Raja Ampat Triton Bay Fine Diving : Fine Cruising Fine Dining [email protected] Scuba Ser aya Bali’s premier boutique dive resort Indulgence Personi fi ed Literally right on our door step is ‘Seraya Secret’ where the bounty of our ocean’s most incre dible and fa scinating creatures reside; your own private guides ensure that you have an intimate sighting and extraordinary encounters with mimic octopus, harlequin shrimps, Tiger shrimps, frogfishes, animated clownfishes in azure water. Venture 10 minutes away in the comfort of our modified zodiacs, you can snorkel or dive among a million fishes at the most famous wreck of South East Asia – the SS. Liber ty, a world war II wreck. When you are done with your sojourn in nature’s richest realm come home to one of our 12 luxurious maisonette or villa set on the beach front with the majestic backdrop of Mount Agung. Be pampered in the spa, gourmet restaurant, and a million dollar view of the ocean beneath swaying palm and lavishness of your home by the sea. www.scubaseraya.com Email: [email protected] An Ocean Geographic Alliance Resort N AU T I LU S ’ S W I N D OW MYSTIQUES OCEAN OF THE “During this voyage the sea displayed her marvels with a prodigal hand and with infinite variety. She changed her decorations and mise- en- scène at our will apparently, and we were permitted to observe, not only the works of the Creator in mid-ocean, but even to penetrate the most hidden mysteries of the sea.” Jules Verne, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 1850 N A U T I L U S ’ S W I N D OW Mystiques of the Ocean WILLIAM TAN Member Ocean Artists Society Since childhood, William has been fascinated with the creatures of the sea. While studying at the Johns Hopkins University (USA), much of his spare time was spent gazing at the extensive marine collection of the National Aquarium in Baltimore. A violinist with the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, William learned to dive in 1994. Soon thereafter, he began travelling extensively between concert seasons (without his prized antique Italian violin of course), throughout the Pacific region, photographing marine life for tourism organizations, scientific research groups, dive magazines, camera manufacturers, and resorts. In 2006, William and his dive guide Noldy Rumengan, assisted in the discovery and naming of a new species and genus of pipehorse, Kyonemichthys rumengani. In addition to having two published books, William’s most recent engagements include the Singapore Symphony Orchestra’s gala concert, where a collection of his underwater images served as the backdrop for Debussy’s live performance of La Mer. Porcelain Crabs Black Rock, Manado “I want to be Ultraman when I grow up.” Lionfish Olele, Gorontalo Even with a Manta Ray hovering not too far away, I could not resist devoting an entire dive shooting this elegant Lionfish gliding against the morning sun. (front page) 44 MYSTIQUES OF THE OCEAN OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 45 N A U T I L U S ’ S W I N D OW Sargassum Frogfish surface reflection La Rascasse House Reef, Manado On a calm day, the fl at water surface serves as a great refl ecting mirror. Tayler’s Garden Eels Buloh, Manado It was most amusing to witness Garden Eels, with their signature sad look, feeding eagerly on the zooplankton brought in by the current. (opposite page) 46 MYSTIQUES OF THE OCEAN N A U T I L U S ’ S W I N D OW 48 MYSTIQUES OF THE OCEAN Coconut Octopus and Crab Sand Castle, Gorontalo “Mummy told me not to play with my food but I can’t help it!” Female Ribbon Eel and Cleaner Shrimp Little Barrier Reef, Gorontalo This was a rare fi nd as ribbon eels are covered with a layer of slime and need no cleaning. This cleaner shrimp accidentally went onto a female eel only to be shaken off violently. It took 6 days of patient waiting before the shrimp repeated this same mistake. (left) OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 49 N A U T I L U S ’ S W I N D OW Black Ray Goby Batas Kota, Manado This otherwise skittish Black Ray Goby was simply too busy eating to bother about me getting too close. Male Jawfish in bout Black Rock, Manado Watching the territorial war between two male jawfi sh was as thrilling as watching a kungfu competition ‘live’. (right) 50 MYSTIQUES OF THE OCEAN OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 51 N A U T I L U S ’ S W I N D OW Squids laying eggs La Rascasse House Reef, Manado Despite my presence, the nature’s urge was too strong to resist, allowing me to get this shot as the squids continued to approach the egg mass to deposit new egg capsules. (top left) Xenia Coral Cardinal with eggs Reef behind Sweet Basil Restaurant, Manado I spent an afternoon photographing this secretive Cardinal in Xenia Corals. When I returned the next day to get more shots, the fi sh had already released all its eggs. (top right) False Clowns, each with a parasite in mouth Malalayang, Manado When fi shes and parasites do the ‘French Kiss’: The parasites enter their host through the gills, settle on its tongue and survive by sucking blood. (opposite page) 52 MYSTIQUES OF THE OCEAN Ocean Geographic Essential Underwater Photography Workshop @ Scuba Seraya Resort Bali 5-11 December 2011 ‘Absolute Essentials for Successful Pictures Beyond Basic Techniques : Macro / Wide Angle Techniques : Elements to Successful Composition : How to Get the Most Out of your camera : How to Shoot for Competition : How to shoot with Models : How to get published Essential & Advanced lighting Techniques : Post Processing – Photoshop & Printing Techniques : Audio Visual Presentation, Conservation photography & much more. Awards and dive holiday prizes for Best & Most improved Candidates Learn from Professionals with a Proven Track Record Michael AW Author Essential & Advanced Guide to Digital Underwater Photography, 3 times winner BBC Natural History Museum Wildlife Photographer, 10 times winner at World Festival of Underwater Pictures, 3 times winner Nikon International Photographic competition. www.michaelaw.com Mathieu Meur Author Essential & Advanced Guide to Digital Underwater. Photography, jury member CMAS World Championship of Underwater Photography. www.mathieuMeur.com Package 6 boat dives, 6 guided shore dives, unlimited shore dives, Workshop & Critique sessions, 12 contact hours. 7 day/6 night twin share, full board; transfers, welcome & farewell BBQ. Plus Event T-shirt, Essential Digital Underwater photography guide, course notes, Ocean Geographic Academy certificate and Society membership with one year E subscription to Ocean Geographic; current OG member, USD150 off package. From USD1685pp; Scuba Seraya is an offocial Ocean Geographic Photographic Centre with excellent dives right at the door step; the Tulamben wreck is just 10 mins by boat and the critters at Seraya Secrets rival those of Lembeh Strait. With average water visibility of 15m, and tons of subject, it is like shooting in a studio. To participate: [email protected] www.OceanGeographic.org Raves for OG Workshopsaves for OG Essential Workshops “As a new photographer this course took me to my dream of publishing underwater photos in a magazine. Looking at the rest of the participants I was watching them produce photos that could be on the dive magazine covers.” Ian Wallace, Australia “My involvement in the Essential Photography Workshop at Scuba Seraya Resort was a turning point for my Underwater Photography. For some years I have fumbled on my own. Your guidance and expertise has allowed me to shoot a nice shot, not just by mistake or because the conditions were good.” Dr Rod Willet “The digital workshops are absolute success; it has skyrocketed my knowledge of underwater photography and has shown me how to use light in different ways and be creative with exposures. Michael and Mathieu’s help with composition has been invaluable, as well as being an inspiration and someone to aspire to. Tony Atkinson O C E A N W ATC H S AV E O U R S E A S F U N D Invasion of the ANTARCTIC EVONNE ONG It was like a scene out of a George Lucas’s Star Wars movie… hundreds, if not thousands of armoured red by one degree over the same period. This slight change in water temperature is enough to remove the physiological barrier that has prevented these King crabs from inhabiting crabs marching through icy deep-sea waters, up the colder waters. As a result, these crabs are now moving from Antarctic slope. the deep ocean, up the continental slope to the shallower shelf areas. Where previous research cruises spotted only a few crabs, entire populations are now seen marching T housands of bright red deep-water King crabs up across the seafloor. “They are emerging from the deep, from to 30cm long have invaded the shallow waters of somewhere between 2,000 to 3,000 metres down,” said Antarctica. King crabs normally inhabit the deep James McClintock, Birmingham Endowed Professor of Polar waters off Alaska, Russia, New Zealand, Chile and Argentina. and Marine Biology at the University of Alabama. Unlike most areas of the world, the shallower waters on the Antarctic continental shelf are slightly colder than the In 2007, Sven Thatje, an evolutionary biologist at the deeper waters of the Southern Ocean due to the Antarctic University of Southampton in England, predicted this invasion circumpolar current. When the water is too cold, King crabs of King crabs into shallow Antarctic waters. He is part of a cannot remove magnesium (a common mineral in seawater) U.S-Swedish team of marine researchers who have been from their blood. Magnesium has a narcotic effect on these trying to figure out where, when and how fast this invasion crabs, making them too sluggish to survive. is occurring. Shell-crushing crabs have not been in Antarctic for thousands, if not millions, of years, McClintock said. Over the last few years however, due to global climate change, Having evolved in isolation, the Antarctic shelf communities the waters around Antarctica have begun to get warmer. Air are unique. Since there have been no crabs, sharks, rays or temperatures have soared almost 5 degrees Celsius since fishes with bony jaws, Antarctic clams, snails and brittle stars the 1950s and average ocean temperatures have increased have not developed any defences and possess soft shells. OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 69 O C E A N W ATC H S AV E O U R S E A S F U N D “They are emerging from the deep, from somewhere between 2,000 to 3,000 metres deep… the war of the worlds has begun.” existing community or simply alter it? Richard Aronson, biology professor at the Florida Institute of Technology and co-investigator of the project believes the invasion of these crabs will destroy the existing ecosystem. However David Barnes, a marine ecologist at the British Antarctic Survey, who studies colonial animals in Antarctica and how they fit In fact, shells of Antarctic clams are so soft, one can easily into the ecosystem, thinks otherwise. He says not enough is crush them with our bare hands. McClintock thinks these known about existing crab populations (where they live and clams could be the main prey for the king crabs. how long they have been there) to declare that climate change is causing an invasion. Loss of these unique molluscs could jeopardize research currently being done on bottom-dwelling organisms that Nevertheless, Barnes concurred with the Swedish and U.S. could be a new source of disease-fi ghting compounds. researchers that rapid changes are underway in Antarctica, Sea squirts, for example, produce an agent that fights skin especially on the Western Antarctic peninsula, a long stretch of cancer. If the crabs eat them, it could bring research to a land that protrudes northward towards the bottom end of South halt. McClintock’s chemical ecology program has published America. Diminishing sea ice around the entire peninsula is more than 100 papers on potential drugs researchers have creating havoc for the Gentoo, Chinstrap and Adelie penguins discovered, including the compound that combats skin as well as seals that depend on sea ice for shelter and food. cancer and another to treat the flu; both are currently being “The whole ecosystem could change,” said McClintock. “And explored by drug companies. “I am very concerned that this is just one example of a species expanding its range into species could disappear, and we could lose a cure to a a new territory. There will certainly be more as the climate disease,” he said warms.” For now, the war of the worlds has begun. What marine scientists are attempting to find out now is, whether the crabs are preying on these creatures. Will they invade and then leave, or permanently colonize these shallow areas? Will their presence wreak havoc on the 70 INVASION OF THE ANTARCTIC Source University of Alabama at Birmingham (2011, April 26). King crabs invade Antarctica. Science Daily. Retrieved May 29, 2011 Save Our Seas Foundation is the conservation unit of OceanNEnvironment, a NGO with charity status registered with Environment Australia. CURRENT PROJECTS • Asia-Pacific Ocean Health Report – Ongoing Assessment & Conservation Initiatives of Marine Protected Areas • Sharks Conservation: Say No to Shark Fins Campaign in East Asia from 2001 – ongoing project • Coral Reefs: supporting initiatives led by some of the world’s leading conservation scientists. SOS contributes to projects that monitor marine protected areas, status of endangered and threatened species in the Asia Pacific. • Visual Index: database of species, habitats, climate change images for education and research assessment. • Ocean Watch: updates and reports by associates and correspondents SOS OCEAN WATCH PARTNERS TO SUPPORT SOS AS PARTNERS OR DONORS, EMAIL: [email protected] Embark on a journey of discoveries & explorations. Immerse into provoking issues that inform, inspire and invigorate. Join the Ocean Geographic Society to support the education of the younger generation and promote greater awareness of the beauty of our oceans. Ocean Geographic Society is in alliance with OceanNEnvironment, Seacology, the Ocean Artists Society, and Sharks Alliance where the primary focus is preservation of our ocean. Sign Up to be part of our Global Community to enjoy and contribute to preservation. 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Online at Fax coupon to Mail coupon to www.OGSociety.org 61 2 9686 8438 OG Membership, PO Box 2138, Carlingford Court, NSW 2118, Australia YOUR DETAILS NAME: THIS IS A GIFT MEMBERSHIP FOR: ADDRESS POST CODE COUNTRY EMAIL: CONTACT NO: DATE OF BIRTH: CREDIT CARD TYPE: EXPIRY DATE: AMEX VISA MASTERCARD NO: 3/4 DIGIT SECURITY NO: TICK ONE: ORDINARY MEMBERSHIP with E-Edition – A$20 per annum CLASSIC MEMBERSHIP Residents of Australia A$50, Singapore and Malaysia S$50: International: USD 68 pa PREMIER MEMBERSHIP Residents of Australia A$80, Singapore and Malaysia S$80: International: USD 108 pa And when the play has been played and the cup had been drained, sit down with a goodly store of memories for company” THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS ANCIENT MARINERS THE PASSAGE OF THE STAN WATERMAN OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 71 I am pretty old, but a while before I was born (like four hundred million years before the first dinosaurs), an animal that is still alive and well today, enjoyed life in the oceans of our evolving planet. Our ancestors climbed down out of the trees and eventually stood erect. This survivor, just 30 years ago, held two of those live ancient marine animals in his hands. That reaching back through the eons of time to make the acquaintance of a living fossil was one of the The nautilus is a Cephalopod, related to the squid and the octopus, not to mention Archituthis, the giant squid of Peter Benchley’s monster fame.” most exciting and moving experiences in my many years of diving. Let me tell you about it. My new friends were chambered nautiluses (Nautilius Pomplius). I like to call them “Ancient Mariners”. The year was 1990. I was with Bob animals fl oated in to the beaches and shallow and Dinah Halstead on the handsome, small live- waters of the surrounding reefs. With the arrival of aboard, Telita. The location was Milne Bay at the diving visitors in the Milne Bay area the villagers eastern most end of Papua New Guinea, still one of quickly perceived that they had a marketable, the premium dive locations in the world for marine natural resource and a seller’s market. macro photography. Bob initiated the term, “Muck Diving” and so gained immortality with verbal Further questions about the natural history of terminology. The term is popularly used for what these animals were answered in one of our used to be considered unlikely, shallow bottom morning briefings. We learned that the nautilus is areas for photography. Dumps full of debris in a Cephalopod, related to our old friends the squid front of villages and around piers were examples. and the octopus, not to mention Archituthis, the Bob discovered such unappealing terrains were a giant squid of Peter Benchley’s monster fame. bonanza for exotic macro life. They are bottom dwellers in the stygian darkness and abyssal depths of the world’s deep oceans. Telita is often anchored near villages. Flotillas of canoes full of cheerful villagers would surround As we basked on the after deck in the warm early us – mostly women and children – offering fresh morning sun, he continued with a detailed lecture produce, shell ornaments, wood carvings and on the anatomical structure of the animal and the exquisite shells of the chambered nautilus. it’s biology. We may have dozed a little but fully To us, those shells were irresistible, inexpensive awakened when he announced, “We are now treasures to take home, objects we had only seen anchored in 15 metres on the shallow bottom that in museums or pictures or the homes of widely- borders the island.” and pointed astern. travelled acquaintances. We snapped them up 72 until we had more than we could carry home. We “Within a stone’s throw of these shallows, note the further discovered that every new village always darkening blue of the water. The bottom gradually had plenty to offer. Where did they come from? drops off to three hundred metres. This evening, How did the villagers come by them? We learned while we are at dinner, the crew will lower a trap from Bob that the empty shells from the dead to the bottom. It will be baited with fish heads and THE PASSAGE OF THE ANCIENT MARINERS LIKE MOST CEPHALOPODS, Nautilus moves using jet propulsion; a small tube near the animal’s tentacles, known as a siphon, expels water under pressure. OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 73 Found throughout the Pacific and Indian oceans, Nautilus spend daylight hours at depths of about 600 meters. At night they migrate to feed in shallower waters.” other fish debris, the sort intense. It seemed like an eternity. Only the power of carrion that will provide strain on the winch broke the silence. And then, a gourmet banquet for our the lift was accomplished, the davit swung the top deep-sea friends.” Now he of the cage around to the duckboard. Excitement had our full attention. was at peak intensity, a level only compared to having aliens arrive in our backyards from outer “ We w ill l e ave th e tr a p space. We jostled one another for a first glimpse overnight and pull it up right of the prize. after breakfast.” I remember a babble of excitement as Bob’s announcement at last had a measure of his he added ( and that was own excitement, “We’ve got a winner! There will so like Bob), “No one will be at least one or two for each diver.” I counted want to sleep late”. I, for eight of the beautiful creatures in the trap as one one, can tell you that I have of the crew held the cage at the surface, keeping seldom anticipated an event the animals in the water. “Suit up, get ready for with more excitement. That evening at dusk, we your dive and I will tell you how to handle them watched the skiff depart, loaded with about one- for your camera takes and how to play with them”, hundred and forty fathoms of line and a large wire Bob announced. trap two metres long, one metre wide and high, almost as big as the skiff. We could smell the We gathered around him, ready for our dive. bait. Our appetites for dinner were NOT improved. “Here’s the deal”, he said (his favourite expression). About fifty yards astern, well over the darkening “Handle your visitor by the back of the shell and blue, the trap was lowered, hand-over-hand. It take him down with you about six metres. Release was dark before the men finished and secured your hold. He won’t try to escape but will float the end to a buoy. motionless at your level. Remember what I told you about the gas-filled chambers in the spiral of Next morning, no one lingered over breakfast. his shell. He can adjust to any level and pressure, We found the Telita had already taken position like a submarine shifting ballast. Dive as long as by the buoy. The up hauling had commenced. you like. When you’re ready to come up, release A formidable pile of carefully coiled wet line had your captives. They will hang motionless for a already appeared on the deck. The line was paying few moments, then shift their ballast and begin slowly through a large block, then looped around to gently start their long return journey. You may an electric winch and gradually added to the coil want to wave goodbye”. on deck. We crowded to the side, staring at the taut line that vanished straight down into the blue. With that, we were over the side, each gingerly handed one or two nautiluses by a crewman at the 74 “You might as well bring your coffee”, Bob called duckboard. I was handed two and accompanied to us. “Our prize won’t come into view for another by one of the crew handling my Arriflex camera. half hour.” If you have ever fished for big game, you The passage of time cannot dull my feelings of will know the intense excitement that accompanies total pleasure from the memory of that experience. watching for the first sign of the catch emerging. I carried my two guests down to about six If the object is being raised from that forbidding metres. We became acquainted. The first delight world of the deep sea, the excitement is particularly was discovering that the animals were indeed THE PASSAGE OF THE ANCIENT MARINERS RETURNING TO THE ABYSS, we guided this pair to 60m, they rested briefly next to a ginormous gorgonian fan before vanishing into the blue yonder. OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 75 About the Chambered Nautilus THOUGH A COUSIN TO THE OCTOPUS, squid and cuttlefish, the Chambered Nautilus it is considered by many to be a living fossil. Their shell, when removed reveals a lining of lustrous nacre and displays a nearly perfect equiangular spiral. The shell unveils countershading, being light on the bottom and dark on top. This is to help to deter predators as when viewed from above, it blends in with the darkness of the depth, and when seen from below, it blends in with the light coming from the surface. The shell of the nautilus is comprised of many individual chambers. Each chamber is individually sealed and contains an amount of gas. This provides the animal with buoyancy in water. The animal then regulates its density by injecting or removing water into these chambers through a system of tubes. This strong shell also provides protection for the animal’s soft body. Nautilus pompilius is the largest and most common species of nautilus. Like the ancient fish, the Coelacanth; it has remained unchanged for over 400 million years. During prehistoric times, there were about 10,000 different species of nautilus, but only six species are known to survive today. Like most cephalopods, it moves using jet propulsion; a small tube near the animal’s tentacles, known as a siphon, expels water under pressure. This propels the nautilus through water in the opposite direction, at speeds of up to two knots. The chambered nautilus has more primitive eyes than some other cephalopods; the eye has no lens and is comparable to a pinhole camera. Nautiluses are active predators; they possess a pair of rhinopores which detect chemicals, enabling them to sense their prey through olfaction and move towards them via chemotaxis. The species has about 90 tentacles with no suckers, which is also different from other cephalopods. Their tentacles are arranged into two circles, and unlike those of other cephalopods, they have no suction cups. These tentacles are used to catch shrimp, fish and small crustaceans, which the animal crushes with its powerful beak. Though dynamic predators, their jet propulsion system uses very little energy so they need only to eat about once a month. Nautilus grows to about 20 centimeters with an average life span of 20 years, which is unusually long for a member of the cephalopod family. Found throughout the Pacific and Indian oceans, they spend daylight hours at depths of about 600 meters. At night they migrate to feed in shallower waters. However the life and habits of the nautilus remains largely a mystery, since it spends most of its time in deep waters. Sadly, nautilus populations are on the decline as they are being harvested for their shells. You can help preserve these amazing animals by refusing to buy nautilus shells. 76 THE PASSAGE OF THE ANCIENT MARINERS MEETING THE PRIMITIVE EYES OF A CHAMBERED NAUTILUS; their eyes have no lens and thus is comparable to a pinhole camera. OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 77 IN THE CLEAR, shallow water Stan Waterman minutely study every inch of the shell with it’s wavering, parallel, dark-brown lines that followed the curve of the shell’s major body. In the clear, shallow water that sunny morning I could minutely study every inch of the shell with its wavy, parallel, dark-brown lines that followed the curve of the shell’s major body. Before the curve reached the speckled visor, the decorative lines changed direction ninetydegrees and ran across the curve of the shell. The lines were a reddish brown. This small section appeared to snugly fit into the larger shell and was attached to the visor. I believe it could draw back into the big shell, lift the visor and emerge from its armour, much like the body of a conch emerging to feed. However, that did not happen and I had no way of knowing how to tickle the body into exposure. My new friend was too shy. Even when I released him and he floated freely in front of me his tentacles, his body did not bulge any further from under the lid. With that close inspection, I thought I was viewing the most beautiful – and most curious – animal I had ever seen. And all through that strange, kinetic encounter was the pervading sense of reaching back into prehistoric time, connecting with a survivor from a time of the world’s primordial beginnings. weightless in my hands. They were perfectly 78 adjusted to the depth and remained suspended I got busy with my camera and filmed my dive when I released them. I handed one to my buddy buddy playing with the two animals. Around me, and holding the other, we began a close animal- in the space to the side of the boat and at the to-face scrutiny. The tips of a dense cluster of same depth, other divers consorted with their tentacles were visible, pushing out from under captives, like children playing with balloons. a visor-like lid. Bob had told us that this species It was an enchanting sight. As shallow as we of Cephalopod had about ninety tentacles. Each were, no one sur faced before minimum air was snow white with a streak of reddish brown supply warning brought the curtain down. One as it thickened at its base. On either side of the after another we released our accommodating speckled visor, and at the base of the tentacles, friends. They would briefl y remain suspended; a black dot, hardly larger than a pinhead, proved then – surely sensing that the restraints were to be an eye. Was he examining this brutish gone – they slowly commenced their descents. alien? Only once before, looking into the eye of Every diver waved goodbye. All felt a poignant, a humpback whale just inches away, did I have a truly emotional sense of the moment and the that strange, eerie sense of equal scrutiny across end of that meeting with creatures from another worlds apart. world and another time. THE PASSAGE OF THE ANCIENT MARINERS CAPTURE LILL HAUGEN www.lillhaugen.com Camera: Nikon D300, 60mm lens with 1.4 converter 1/160 shutter, F-14, iso 200 THE MAGNIFICENT ARCTIC PLANKTON, also known as “Sea angels” ( Clione limacina), are beginning to look worn after a long winter. No wonder, as this angel was carrying fat, annoying “passengers”: Cheeky travelling amphipods (Hyperia galba), demanding a free flight and a free meal, nibbling tiny pieces from the sea angel’s flesh. With both devil-horns and angel-wings, this two centimeter long cold-water plankton (Clione limacina) manages to look both angelic and evil at the same time. But make no mistake, they can change their angel-like per sonalit y instantly, capturing and devouring prey using its six reversible hidden tentacles. This picture was captured in Norway, in cold and murky Oslo-fjord, where the free swimming Clione limacine are abundant during winter – thriving in sea temperatures as low as minus 3 degrees Celsius, in shallow waters just below the sea ice. Though they don’t ‘fly’ too fast in water, they pirouette and constantly flap their wings in flight, reminiscent of the ballerinas in Swan Lake. To successfully catch sea angels, you need a powerful focus light, loads of patience and stealth. Angel Living with an OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 81 CAPTURE THE LOVE AFFAIRS OF SEA ANGELS are one of the marvels of our ocean. These cold-water loving Pteropods, Clione limacine, are in fact hermaphrodites. Born male, they transform into fully functional females later in life when their bodyclock ticks over. Self-love would be too boring for these free-spirited angels; it is in their nature to seek out young males as lovers to produce baby angels. Assuming the vertical position, a mating pair fornicates by holding on tightly to each other, dancing through the frigid water for long periods. When angels climax, a string of 30-40 eggs ooze out as gelatinous strips. According to Japanese folklore, when two people are in love, they are like fornicating sea angels; resembling two hearts intertwined, signifying romance and a lifelong union. Lill Haugen captured this lovely picture, in chilly 2C° waters off Oslo in Mars, Norway. Angels Making Baby 82 MAKING BABY ANGELS SOJOURNS Rainbows Where MICHAEL AW End SOJOURNS 84 WHERE RAINBOWS END T “ he blue beneath me is of vibrant sapphire; a huge Napoleon wrasse swam blithesomely indicative of a healthy reef. Rays of light converge towards a point of dark infinity. Above me, I see the colours of the rainforest through an azure spectrum to a canopy of lush shimmering green trees against a cerulean blue sky. In the words of travel brochures, I was supposedly looking into a pot of gold... Palau where the rainbow end.” OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 85 SOJOURNS ppearing like nebulous emeralds adrift over an expanse of deep blue ocean, Palau is richly endowed with some of the world’s most stunning and unique terrain both above and below the ocean. Geologically, the islands are pinnacles of an undersea ridge of volcanic mountains, part of the “Pacific Ring of Fire” known for its violent subterranean activity. Its vast lagoon is sheltered by a 105-km-long barrier reef, which extends down the west from Kossol to Peleliu sheltering over 200 mushroom shaped islets – these are the Rock Islands, the crown jewels, significant of Palau’s natural wonder. The bases of these rounded limestone isles have been undercut by eons of water and biological processes, creating an optical illusion of them afloat on the turquoise lagoon. Among the labyrinth of twisting channels, white sand beaches, under-water caves and secluded marine lakes are nurseries for juvenile marine animals. Situated at the edge of the Coral Triangle, the coral reefs of Palau profuse with wealth of over 86 WHERE RAINBOWS END MV OCEAN HUNTER: the best way to explore Palau; geared to cater to the more discerning underwater explorers and rated among the best in the world. PALAU – endowed with some of the world’s most stunning and unique terrain both above and below the ocean. (right) A sea of rounded limestone isles have been undercut by eons of water and biological processes, creating an optical illusion of them afloat on the turquoise lagoon. OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 87 SOJOURNS 1,500 species of fishes and equally astounding in coral diversity. Reef flats plummet quickly to depths beyond 2000m. Blue holes, huge caverns and immense growths of sessile life are easily accessible in clear water with visibility averaging FOR THE BENEFITS OF PHOTOGRAPHERS, baits are employed to lure Nautilus to the surface – they are found in abundance. (top) 30m. Vast numbers of sharks, mantas, eagle rays, turtles, dolphins and migratory pelagic convene at a unique crossroad of the world’s three major ocean currents. Because the best sites for pictures of what lies beneath the rainbow are found mainly outside the lagoon, for my assignment, I asked long-time friends Tova and Navot Bornovski to let me on board their MV Ocean Hunter III for a liveaboard cruise reputed to explore the best sites at the best optimum times without the cacophony of maddening crowds and long boat rides from other land-based operations. While there are fifty odd locations, the three ‘must explore sites’ that are distinctive are the Blue Corner, Chandelier Cave and the enchanting jellyfish lake. Situated off edge of Ngemelis Island, Blue Corner is the epitome of adrenaline underwater sojourn, a sensory overload in local 88 WHERE RAINBOWS END P alau has taken the lead in shark research and conservation. Initiated by the Micronesian Shark Foundation, this move is already reaping results. There are many more sharks documented in the dive sites now than ever before! OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 89 SOJOURNS language. Delivering a promise of nonstop fast and furious actions, I careened through large schools of Moorish Idols, boisterous Napoleon wrasses, groupers, barracudas, turtles, moray eels, jacks, mantas, huge marble rays and a significantly healthy population of Grey reef and White-tip sharks. When the current is running, the action seems endless and electrifying. The reef starts at about 12m, jutting out sharply into the sea before dropping abruptly into the deep abyss. Gorgonian fans and large plate corals are also prolific. Over my seven-day trip on the Ocean Hunter III, the Blue Corner and many other signature sites of Palau were explored several times and always at the optimum time. If you have ever been curious about cave diving, Chandelier Cave is the perfect cave to start. It is safe and one of the most unique marine caves easily accessible to open water divers through a large entrance into the four inter-connecting relatively large chambers lying beneath a rock Island. The cave was once an air-filled cavern, possibly millions of years ago when the sea was 90 WHERE RAINBOWS END LAND-LOCKED MARINE LAKES home to millions of stingless jellyfish is simply a short hike up the plush tropical rainforest. (top) E ven with dive lights, senses are easily tricked, until you break the surface to find air-filled chambers dripping with twinkling stone formation of yesteryear. OCEAN GEOGRAPHIC 17:3/2011 91 SOJOURNS much shallower. The entrance is at 8m below the surface and the short tunnel opens up to a huge chamber with a ceiling of stately stalactites and clear water creating an illusion of endless visibility. Farther back in the deeper recesses, the chambers are filled with a sparkling field of stalactites, delicate calcite crystal mirrored upon the lens of still, clear water evoke an unsettling yet surreal feeling of being neither up nor down. Even with dive lights, your senses are easily tricked, until you break the surface to find air-filled chambers dripping with twinkling stone formation of yesteryear. The Chandelier Cave is world renowned and has been featured in National Geographic, Conte Nest Traveller and other lifestyle publications. Land-locked marine lakes, once linked to the sea are breeding ground for endemic species of jellyfishes and rare critters. A short hike up a plush tropical rainforest and one easily reaches an uplifted lake that is home to millions of stingless jellyfish. The lake is a surrealistic milieu and hauntingly beautiful. While Palau is known for its fast fish action, there are many small critters like squat lobsters, gobies, worms, and nudibranch to amuse the macro enthusiast as well. At several sites, the whimsical mandarinfish predictably appear each evening, showing off their courting and mating antics, much to the delight of keen photographers. Hanging out with the sharks and jacks at Blue Corner, venturing deep into the inner recesses of Chandelier Cave and swimming in the half-light environment of the jellyfish lake fringed by lush rain forest, are all part of the marvellous underwater sojourns. Palau – not just a pot of gold but a sea of jewels. Author Note In my opinion, the best way to explore Palau is with the MV Ocean Hunter I and III; both vessels are rated among the best in the world and are geared to cater to the more discerning underwater explorer. Contact – www.OceanHunter.com 92 WHERE RAINBOWS END Embark on a journey of discoveries & explorations. Immerse into provoking issues that inform, inspire and invigorate. Join the Ocean Geographic Society to support the education of the younger generation and promote greater awareness of the beauty of our oceans. Ocean Geographic Society is in alliance with OceanNEnvironment, Seacology, the Ocean Artists Society, and Sharks Alliance where the primary focus is preservation of our ocean. Sign Up to be part of our Global Community to enjoy and contribute to preservation. 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Ocean Geographic Society is in alliance with OceanNEnvironment, Seacology, the Ocean Artists Society, and Sharks Alliance where the primary focus is preservation of our ocean. Sign Up to be part of our Global Community to enjoy and contribute to preservation. ORDINARY MEMBERSHIP Free to Join – simply log in at www.OGSociety.org • • • Access to Ocean Geographic - ‘O’ Edition free $50 Discount Vouchers for OG Alliance Resorts & Live-aboards Updates and invitation to Ocean Geographic Expeditions ORDINARY MEMBERSHIP WITH E-EDITION • • • Ocean Geographic – Access to complete E-edition $50 Discount Vouchers for OG Alliance Resorts & Live-aboards Updates and invitation to Ocean Geographic Expeditions CLASSIC MEMBERSHIP • • • • Ocean Geographic – hard copies by air mail $100 Discount Vouchers for OG Alliance Resorts & Live-aboards 50% discount to all Ocean Geographic organised events News Updates and prioritized invitation to Ocean Geographic Expeditions with 5% discount CHARTER & PREMIERE MEMBERSHIP • • • • • • • • Ocean Geographic – hard copies by air mail Ocean Geographic – advanced access to complete E-edition $200 Discount Vouchers for OG Alliance Resorts & Live-aboards Free entry to all Ocean Geographic organised events News Updates and prioritized invitation to Ocean Geographic Expeditions with 10% discount The ‘O’ Insignia – sterling silver with orange enamel – first time members only Voting privileges Residents of Australia A$80, Singapore and Malaysia S$80: International: USD 108 JOIN NOW! 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