Using Vaccinium arboreum (sparkleberry) to increase

Transcription

Using Vaccinium arboreum (sparkleberry)
to increase
soil adaptation and mechanical harvest
efficiency of blueberry
Rebecca Darnell
Horticultural Sciences Department
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL
Blueberry industry in FL
• Southern highbush blueberry
• Based on V. corymbosum
• Hybrids with wild species native to the
southeastern U.S.
• V. elliottii / V. darrowii / V. virgatum
UF breeding program
Jim Olmstead
•
•
•
•
•
Flavor
Crisp texture
Winter chilling requirement
Soil adaptation
Mechanical harvesting
Soil adaptation
Blueberry soils
• Acidic
• High organic
matter
• NH4
Mineral soils
• pH>6.0
• Low organic
matter
• Accumulate NO3
over NH4
Photos: J. Williamson/J. Olmstead
NH4
NO3
Most FL soils require amendments to be suitable for crop production
Photo: J. Williamson
Bark beds
Bark incorporated into soil
Incorporated bark with ground cloth
Pine bark increases organic matter, decreases soil pH, maintains N in NH4 form
Greatly increases establishment costs of SHB planting in Florida
Photos: J. Williamson
Q1. Are there Vaccinium species
native to higher pH (nitrate
predominant N form), low om soils,
where amendments wouldn’t be
needed?
UF breeding program
Photo: J. Williamson
Harvesting
Hand-harvested
– Expensive
– Labor intensive
– Low availability
Q2. Are there Vaccinium species that
have an architecture more adaptable to
mechanical harvesting?
Vaccinium
arboreum
“Sparkleberry”
Native to the southeastern US
Tree-like growth habit
Deep root system – drought tolerant
Tolerates low organic matter soil, pH
up to 6.5
• N primarily in NO3 form
•
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•
N uptake in sparkleberry vs blueberry
N uptake (mmol/plant/day)
0.30
sparkleberry
0.25
blueberry
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
NH4
NO3
Nitrate reduction in sparkleberry vs blueberry
NR activity (nmol/g FW/h)
600
sparkleberry
blueberry
400
200
0
NH4
NO3
NO3 uptake and assimilation in
sparkleberry is greater than in blueberry
Can we use sparkleberry to increase
adaptation of blueberry to more mineral
soils?
Sparkleberry has a tree-like architecture
And increase mechanical harvesting
potential?
Grafted vs Own-rooted
Pine bark amended vs non-amended soil
Meadowlark & Farthing grafted Summer 2010. Field planted May 2011
2-yr-old ‘Meadowlark’ SHB
Grafted
Own-rooted
Leaf nutrient concentration – Summer 2012
N*
P
K
Mg
Ca
%
%
%
%
%
B
Fe*
ppm
ppm
Cultivar
Trt
M’lark
Own/Soil
1.56
0.10 a
0.57
0.14
0.66
49.17 ab 51.00
Own/Bark
1.50
0.09 b
0.49
0.15
0.72
58.83 a
47.50
Graft/Soil
1.49
0.10 a
0.56
0.15
0.67
45.67 b
48.00
Graft/Bark
1.52
0.10 a
0.55
0.14
0.69
48.17 ab 45.17
Own/Soil
1.61
0.09
0.52
0.16
0.72
50.50 a
48.83
Own/Bark
1.57
0.09
0.52
0.16
0.73
45.17 b
48.83
Graft/Soil
1.67
0.10
0.56
0.15
0.71
48.33 ab 49.17
Graft/Bark
1.64
0.10
0.57
0.15
0.69
49.83 a
1.7-2.0
%
0.10-0.40
%
0.41-0.70
%
0.13-0.25
%
0.41-0.80
%
Farthing
Sufficiency ranges:
(Hart et al., 2006)
31-80
ppm
48.67
61-200
ppm
6
Flower buds/shoot - 2013
Flower buds/15 cm shoot
a
5
a
4
a
a
a
ab
b
b
3
2
1
0
Own/Soil Own/Bark Graft/Soil Graft/Bark
Farthing
Meadowlark
Bloom progression in ‘Farthing’ - 2013
100
90
Bloom (%)
80
70
60
50
Own/Soil
40
Own/Bark
30
Grafted/Soil
20
Grafted/Bark
10
0
Jan-13
Feb-13
Feb-13
Feb-13
Mar-13
Mar-13
Date
Bloom period averaged 7 days shorter in grafted
compared with own-rooted ‘Farthing’
Mar-13
Bloom progression in ‘Meadowlark’ - 2013
100
95
Bloom (%)
90
85
Own/Soil
80
Own/Bark
75
Grafted/Soil
70
Grafted/Bark
65
60
Jan-13
Feb-13
Feb-13
Feb-13
Mar-13
Date
…and in ‘Meadowlark’
Mar-13
Mar-13
3000
a
Total yield (g)
2500
2000
1500
b
b
b
1000
500
0
Own/Soil
Own/Bark
Grafted/Soil
Grafted/Bark
a
2500
2000
b
b
Grafted/Soil
Grafted/Bark
b
1500
1000
500
0
Own/Bark
Flower buds/shoot
Own/Soil
Canopy volume
Total yield (g)
3000
Own/Soil
Own/Bark Graft/Soil Graft/Bark
• Yields in mature plantings?
Photo: J.Spiers
• Mechanical harvest ability?
• Postharvest fruit quality?
Blueberry Trees?

Using Vaccinium arboreum (sparkleberry) to increase

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