Weed Management Handbook

Transcription

Go to Introduction >
Cover Photo: Roemeria poppy (Roemeria refracta) invading northern Utah wheat/fallow
cropland.
Montana State University, Utah State University and the University of Wyoming are affirmative action/equal opportunity employers and educational organizations. We offer our programs to persons regardless of race, color, national
origin, gender, religion, age, or disability. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and
June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Montana, Utah and Wyoming Cooperative
Extension Services at Bozeman, MT; Logan, UT; and Laramie, WY.
Trade or brand names used in this publication are used only for the purpose of educational information. The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement information
of products by the Agricultural Research Service, Federal Extension Service, or State Cooperative Extension Service is
implied. Nor does it imply approval of products to the exclusion of others which may also be suitable.
WEED
MANAGEMENT
HANDBOOK
2006-2007
Montana • Utah • Wyoming
Contents
AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. i
HERBICIDES AND THEIR PROPERTIES ........................................................................................... 1
Section I - Herbicide-Resistant Weeds .............................................................................................. 1
Section II - Sprayer Calibration ........................................................................................................ 8
Section III - Approximate Retail Prices of Selcted Herbicides .......................................................... 16
Section IV - Conversion Tables ...................................................................................................... 17
Section V - Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides ................................................. 19
Section VI - Web Resources for Weed Science .............................................................................. 27
AGRONOMIC WEED CONTROL
Alfalfa ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Canola ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Corn and Sorghum ......................................................................................................................... 48
Dry Beans ...................................................................................................................................... 72
Peas and Lentils .............................................................................................................................. 79
Grasses for Seed ............................................................................................................................ 89
Potatoes ....................................................................................................................................... 102
Proso Millet .................................................................................................................................. 114
Safflower ...................................................................................................................................... 118
Small Grain Crops - Wheat, Barley, Oats, Fallow .......................................................................... 124
Sugarbeets ................................................................................................................................... 166
Sunflowers ................................................................................................................................... 176
AQUATIC AND DITCHBANK WEED CONTROL ........................................................................ 181
PASTURE AND RANGELAND WEED MANAGEMENT .............................................................. 192
NONCROP SITES/RIGHTS-OF-WAY ............................................................................................ 205
CONTROL OF PROBLEM WEEDS AND POISONOUS PLANTS ............................................... 227
INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 248
GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................................... G-1
Weed
Management
Handbook
2001-2002
Montana • Utah • Wyoming
Editors/Authors
Steven A. Dewey
Utah State University
Extension Weed Specialist
(435) 797-2256
Stephen D. Miller
University of Wyoming
Assoc. Dir., Ag. Exp. Station
(307) 766-3667
Stephen F. Enloe
(307) 766-3113
Ralph E. Whitesides
(435) 797-8252
Fabian D. Menalled
Montana State University
(406) 994-4783
Lori Johnson
Extension Staff Assistant
(435) 797-2255
Cont
utingAutho
ntrrib
ibu
thorrs
William E. Dyer
-
Montana State University, Professor of Weed Science
Mark A. Ferrell
-
University of Wyoming, Pesticide Specialist
Ruth Richards
-
Utah State University, Research Assistant
INTRODUCTION
Purpose: This handbook is designed as a quick and ready reference of weed control practices used in various
cropping systems or sites/situations in Utah, Montana and Wyoming. Because chemical regulation of plant
growth is complex and requires considerable knowledge, a large portion of the handbook is devoted to
registered uses of herbicides, crop desiccants, and some plant growth regulators. In all cases, authors have
made every effort to list only registered herbicides and to ensure that the information conforms with product
labels and company recommendations.
Intended Users: The handbook may be useful to producers, company field representatives, commercial
spray applicators, consultants, and herbicide dealers. The editor of each section is listed. Feel free to call them
or your state weed Extension specialist, if you have questions.
Revision and Availability: The handbook is revised every 2 years and is available from the Bulletin rooms at
Montana State University (406-994-3273), Utah State University (435-797-2251) and the University of
Wyoming (307-766-2115).
Caution!
The information provided in this handbook is not intended to be a
complete guide to herbicide use.
Before using any chemical, you should thoroughly read the label. The recommendation on the manufacturers
label, when followed, can prevent many problems arising from incorrect use of a chemical.
This information is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is
implied by the University Cooperative Extension Service. Trade names (brand names) are used in this handbook.
The authors have assembled the most reliable information available to them at time of publication. Due to
constantly changing laws and regulations, the authors assume no liability for the recommendations. Any use of
a pesticide contrary to instructions on the label is not legal or recommended.
Weed Management Suggestions
•
Weed Prevention
Weed prevention means a land manager prevents the introduction of weed seed or vegetative propagules onto
the land. This requires vigilance and the ability to identify weed seeds, seedlings, and mature plants. After a
weed is introduced to a piece of land WEED ERADICATION is nearly impossible, and the endless process
of WEED MANAGEMENT begins.
One of the most important aspects of weed management is the development of a multi-tactic program to
control weeds. This approach, known as Integrated Weed Management (IWM), reduces the chances of
a weed to adapt to any particular control technique. For example, the increased reliance in herbicides with the
same mode of action has resulted in weeds that are resistant to those herbicides (see Section IV. Herbicide
Resistant Weeds). Also, the continuous production of certain crops provides weeds a chance to adapt to the
particular environment associated with that crop. IWM takes advantage of cultural, mechanical and chemical
i
weed control strategies in the best possible way with the goal of maintaining weed densities at manageable
levels while preventing shifts in weed populations to more difficult-to-control weeds.
Combining as many of the following practices as possible will allow you to design an IWM program:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Avoid weed establishment; eliminate individual survivors.
Establish competitive crops that will “choke out” weeds.
Identify and map weed infestations.
Keep records over years.
Recognize and eliminate new weeds before they multiply and establish.
Control vegetation and seed sources around the field or site.
Comply with or become involved in establishing county/state weed laws and noxious weed control
programs.
Employ sanitary procedures; prevent weed spread:
• Clean equipment between sites or infestations.
• Examine nursery plants, seed, and imported soil or media.
• Use Certified Seed.
• Screen irrigation water that comes from surface storage through canals.
Cultural Practices of an IWM Program
Crop Rotation, defined as the alternation of different crops in a systematic sequence on the same land, is one
of the most important components of an IWM program. Weeds thrive in crops having similar environmental
requirements as their own. Moreover, management practices designed to benefits certain crops may also
benefit the growth of specific weeds. For example, winter annual weeds such as downy brome or jointed
goatgrass are commonly found in winter wheat fields as they share similar environmental requirements. Crop
rotation helps managing weeds because the different environmental conditions created by different crops within
a rotation disrupt weed germination and growth cycles. Also, the wide variety of management options associated
with each crop (tillage, planting dates, herbicide rotation, etc.) creates multiple stresses on weeds.
Know the weed spectrum in a field then select the crops according to their ability to compete with those
weeds. Rotate crops to disrupt weed life cycles or suppress weeds in a competitive crop before planting a less
competitive crop.
Plant competitive crops instead of fallowing to improve soils and weed management. Research with Indianhead
lentils and other annual legumes appears to be promising fallow substitutes. Also, alfalfa reduces the ability of
annual weeds to grow, however it favors growth of perennial weeds. Sudangrass, perennial grasses and tame
buckwheat, grown in dense stands, provide intense competition against weeds.
•
•
•
Consider legumes to supplement soil nitrogen requirements.
Consider specific varieties of cereals with natural plant toxins (allelopathy); vegetation must remain
uniform on the soil surface; either perennial or large-seeded crops can be planted through undisturbed
mulch.
Consider crops such as oats or spring barley that winter kill after vigorous fall growth. This avoids or
reduces the need for controls the following spring.
Alter planting dates to encourage maximum early crop growth or delay planting until the first flush of weeds
is controlled.
ii
Modify placement and time of application of fertilizer, especially nitrogen.
•
•
Band or spot fertilizer below crop seed to reduce its availability to surface-germinating weeds.
Time the application of fertilizer using side-dressing for maximum crop growth or to minimize weed
development.
Develop crop canopy to shade weeds and suppress weed germination.
•
•
•
Select crops or varieties that form a canopy quickly.
Space plants in equidistant (triangular) arrangements and vary density depending on crop management
constraints or harvest requirements.
Interplant crops in space and time (consider mechanical limitations in commercial plantings).
Manage an appropriate living mulch (grass or legume) between perennial crop rows.
Improve pasture management by reseeding and/or fertilizing to reduce weed infestation (weeds are
usually a symptom of poor management).
Apply Mulch
•
•
•
•
•
Organic mulches such as straw may reduce available N when decomposing, but it could be infested
with weed seed.
Sawdust can be used but you must avoid vertebrate pests by maintaining a mulch-free circle around
trees. Also, perennial weeds can become a serious problem under mulch.
Use bark mulch, black plastic or landscaping fabric which excludes light and therefore controls most
annual weeds.
Avoid clear plastic mulch because it acts like a greenhouse and produces poor weed control.
There are wavelength-selective plastics that can help in weed and pest management.
Mechanical Weed Control
Mechanical weed control involves the physical destruction of a weed. Techniques involve HAND PULLING
or HAND HOEING which are practical for small infestations. MOWING is often used; but by far, the most
common practice of mechanical control includes TILLAGE. Advantages of tillage include:
•
•
•
•
Elimination of weed debris
Controll of annual weeds
Suppression of perennial weeds
Tillage methods include plowing, rototilling, disking, and harrowing. Weed control implements include
sweeps, rolling cultivators, finger weeders, push hoes, rotary hoes, etc.
Other Cultural Methods of Weed Control
Flaming is a technique that can be useful but it requires a physical difference or separation between crops and
weeds, or crop protection with a hooded row cover or protein foaming agents.
Proper water management, such as the use of drip irrigation or uniform irrigation, can eliminate certain
weeds.
iii
Stale seedbeds involve a delay in planting after seedbed preparation to control the first flush of weeds before
seeding.
Biological Weed Control
Biological control involves the use of natural enemies, such as predators, parasitoids, competitors, or pathogens
to control pest insects, weeds, or diseases to levels lower than they would otherwise be. There are three main
methods of biological control: conservation, introduction, or augmentation. Human activities can greatly influence
the extent to which natural enemies are able to suppress pests. Conservation Biological Control is defined
as any biological control practice designed to protect and maintain populations of existing natural enemies.
This approach is particularly useful in agroecosystems where management practices such as cultivation, pesticide
applications, and harvest disrupt the life cycle of the beneficial organisms. Introduction or Classical Biological
Control refers to the importation of foreign natural enemies to control previously introduced, or native, pests.
Finally, Augmentation Biological Control involves control practices intended to increase the number or
effectiveness of existing natural enemies. This approach is commonly used in cases where natural enemies are
missing (greenhouses) or late to arrive at new plantings (some row crops), or simply too scarce to provide
control.
Many of our worst weeds originated in foreign countries and biological control practices can help us to maintain
them below threshold levels. These newly introduced plants, free from the natural enemies found in their
homelands, gained a competitive advantage over native plants. Once they are out of control, other methods of
weed management are usually not economical or physically possible. The need for a method of weed reduction
that was economical, self-sustaining, and environmentally safe provides opportunities for biological control.
There are several well-documented successes of biological control: St. Johnswort (Klamathweed in California),
tansy ragwort in Oregon, and rush skeletonweed in the Pacific Northwest.
Biological control is a slow process, and its efficacy is highly variable. It usually takes several years for a
biological control agent to become established and control a weed. Biological control agents impact weeds in
two ways: directly and indirectly. Direct impact destroys vital plant tissues and functions. Indirect impact
increases stress on the weeds, which may reduce their ability to compete with desirable plants. Thus, it is very
useful to integrate biological control with other weed management practices. For example, once weeds are
weakened by Biological Control Agents, competitive plantings may be used to outcompete the weeds.
The goal of a biological control program is not to eradicate a pest, but to maintain it below an acceptable
threshold level. When using BCAs, a residual level of the weed populations must be expected since the
survival of the agents is dependent on the density of their host weeds. After populations of the host weeds
decrease, populations of BCAs will correspondingly decrease. This is a natural cycle and should be expected.
The BCAs released in the U.S. have been thoroughly tested to ensure they are host-specific. This is an
expensive and time-consuming task that must be done before the agents are allowed to be introduced. An
extensive assessment of BCAs prior to their release secures they will not switch to crops, native flora, and
endangered plant species.
Biological control of certain weeds may not work in your area, even though an insect may be very effective in
another area. Climate variations such as cold winters, and plant biotype differences may account for some of
the failures that have occurred in the past. To ensure maximum success, trained personnel must supervise
biological control programs. Biological control agents are living entities and require specific conditions to
survive.
iv
As with any other weed management method, biological control has benefits and disadvantages. The benefits
include: reduction of herbicide residues in the environment, host specificity on target weeds, long-term selfperpetuating control, low cost per acre, searching ability to locate hosts, synchronization of agents to life cycles
of hosts, and unlikelihood that hosts will develop resistance to agents. Some of the disadvantages of biological
control include: the limited availability of agents from their native homelands, the dependence of control on
plant density, the slow rate at which control occurs, biotype matching, and host specificity when host populations
are low.
v
Table 1.
Weed
Brown knapweed
Bull thistle
Canada thistle
The current status of biological weed control agents released in either
Montana, Utah, and/or Wyoming
Agent
Urophora quadrifasciata
Urophora stylata
Ceutorhynchus litura
Orellia ruficauda
Rhinocyllus conicus
Urophora cardui
Dalmatian toadflax
Calophasia lunula
Diffuse knapweed
Bangasternus fausti
Larinus minutus
Pterolonche inspersa
Sphenoptera jugoslavica
Urophora affinis
Agapeta zoegana
Gorse
Agonopterix nervosa
Exapion ulicis
Italian thistle
Cheilosia corydon
Rhinocyllus conicus
Leafy spurge
Aphthona cyparissiae
Aphthona czwalinae
Aphthona flava
Aphthona lacertosa
Aphthona nigriscutis
Spurgia esulea
Meadow knapweed Urophora quadrifasciata
Mediterranean sage Phrydiuchus tau
Milk thistle
Rhinocyllus conicus
Musk thistle
Cheilosia corydon
Rhinocyllus conicus
Trichosirocalus horridus
Plumeless thistle
Rhinocyllus conicus
Poison hemlock
Agonopterix alstroemeriana
Puncturevine
Microlarinus lareynii
Microlarinus lypriformis
Purple loosestrife
Galerucella calmariensis
Galerucella pusilla
Hylobius transversovittatus
Rush skeletonweed Cystiphora schmidti
Eriophyes chondrillae
Puccinia chondrillina
Russian knapweed Subanguina picridis
St. Johnswort
Agrilus hyperici
Aplocera plagiata
Chrysolina hyperici
Chrysolina quadrigemina
Zeuxidiplosis giardi
Scotch broom
Agonopterix nervosa
Apion fuscirostre
Leucoptera spartifoliella
Slenderflower thistle Rhinocyllus conicus
Distribution
MT UT WY
U
L
L L
W
W W
L
F L
W
U
L
L
U L
L
L
U U
W
L L
W
L L
U
L U
L
L L
L
U L
W
L L
U L
W
L W
L
U L
L
W
W W
L
U W
U
L F
L F
L
U L
U U
L
L L
L
L
W
W
L
U
-
vi
Infestation
MT UT WY
U
L
L
M
L
L
L
S
S
L
U
U
U
U
L
U
U
U
U
M L
M
M M M
U
S
U
L
S
L
L
U
L
M S
L
U
L
M S
H
L
U
M
U
H
H
H
S
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
L
S
S
M U
M M M
-
Control
MT UT WY
U
U
U F
P
F U
U
U
F
U
U
U
U U
U
U
U U
G
U U
G
U U
U
U U
U
U U
U
U U
G
U U
U U
E
U U
U
U U
P
G
G G
U
U G
U
U U U
U U
U U
U
U U
G
U
G
G
U
-
Availability
MT UT WY
- - O
L
O L
- M L L
L
- O
L
- O
O
- O
O O
O
- L
O O
M O O
M O O
O
O O
- - - - L
O O
L
O O
L
O O
O O
M O M
L
O O
- - - O
- M M M
L
O L
- - O
- O O O
O O
O O
- - - - O
O O
L
- O
- L
- L
- O
- - - - - -
Table 1.
The current status of biological weed control agents released in either
Montana, Utah, and/or Wyoming - continued
Weed
Spotted knapweed
Agent
Agapeta zoegana
Bangasternus fausti
Chaetorellia acrolophi
Cyphocleonus achates
Larinus minutus
Larinus obtusus
Metzneria paucipunctella
Terellia virens
Urophora affinis
Squarrose knapweed Urophora affinis
Agapeta zoegana
Bangasternus fausti
Sphenopter jugoslavica
Tansy ragwort
Longitarsus jacobaeae
Pegohylemyia seneciella
Tyria jacobaeae
Yellow starthistle
Bangasternus orientalis
Chaetorellia australis
Eustenopus villosus
Larinus curtus
Urophora sirunaseva
Yellow toadflax
Brachypterolus pulicarius
Calophasia lunula
Gymaetron antirrhini
Distribution
MT UT WY
W
U
L
L
L
L
W
U
U
U
L
U
L
L
L
W
U
L
W
S
L
L
L
U
U
U
U
L
U
U
U
U
W
W
U
Infestation
MT UT WY
M
U
U
U
U
U
M
U
U
U
U
U
S
U
U
H
U
M
H
S
M
S
L
U
U
U
U
S
U
U
U
U
L
M
U
Control
MT UT WY
G
U
U
U
U
U
G
U
U
U
U
I
P
U
U
G
U
U
G
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
F
U
U
Availability
MT UT WY
L
O
O
O
O
O
L
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
M
O
O
M
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
L
L
O
Distribution within host range: W = widespread, L = limited sites, F = failed to establish, U = unknown status, - not yet released
Infestation of hosts: H = heavy (>70%), M = medium (>30%), L = light (> 10%), S - slight (. 1%), O = none detected, U = unkown status
Ability to control seed production and/or plant density: E = excellent, G = good, F = fair, P = poor, U = undertermined
Availability for redistribution: M = mass collection, *L = limited, O = not collectable at present
*
Limited availability indicates agent populations are slow in building or recently introduced. Information concerning these species can be
obtained through biological control specialists at the state department of agriculture or state university in your state. Collection and/or
transportation of biological control agents may require special permits and procedures.
vii
Table 2.
The biological weed control agents released, the general role of each
agent, and the type of introduction (C = classical and A = accidental).
Spe cie s
Role
Spe cie s
Role
Agapet a zoegana
root boring moth C
Gymnaet ron ant irrhini
seed head weevil A
Agonopt erix
alst roemeriana
defoliating moth A
Hylobius t ransv ersov it t at us
root boring weevil C
Agonot opt erix nerv osa
shoot tip moth A
Larinus curt us
seed head weevil C
Agrilus hyperici
root boring beetle C
Larinus minut us
seed head weevil C
Aplocera plagiat a
defoliating moth C
Larinus obt usus
seed head weevil C
Apht hona cyparissiae
root/defoliating flea beetle C
Leucopt era spart if oliella
twig mining moth A
Apht hona czwalinae
root/defoliating flea beelte C
Longnit arsus j acobaeae
Apht hona f lav a
Met zneria paucipunct ella
seed head moth C
Apht hona lacert osa
Microlarinus lareynii
seed weevil C
Apht hona nigriscut is
Microlarinus lyprif ormis
stem boring weevil C
Apion f uscirost re
seed weevil C
Orellia ruf icauda
seed head fly A
Bangast ernus f aust i
seed head weevil C
Pegohylemyis seneciella
seed head fly C
Bangast ernus orient alis
seed head weevil C
Phrydiuchus t au
crown/root weevil C
Brachypt erolus pulicarius
flower beetle A
Pt erolonche inspersa
root boring moth C
Calophasia lunula
defoliating moth C
Puccinia chondrillina
rust fungus C
Ceut orhynchus lit ura
crown/root weevil C
Rhinocyllus conicus
seed head weevil C
Chaet orellia acrolophi
seed head fly C
Sphenopt era j ugoslav ica
root boring/gall beetle C
Chaet orellia aust ralis
seed head fly C
Spurgia esulae
shoot tip gall midge C
Cheilosia corydon
crown/root fly C
Subanguina picridis
stem/leaf gall nematode C
Chysolina hyperici
defoliating beetle C
Terellia v irens
seed head lly C
Chrysolina quadrigemina
defoliating beetle C
root/crown weevil C
Cyphocleonus achat es
root boring/gall weevil C
Tyria j acobaeae
defoliating moth C
Cyt isphora schmidt i
stem/leaf gall midge C
Urophora af f inis
seed head gall fly C
Eriophyes chondrillae
bud gall mite C
Urophora cardui
stem gall fly C
Eust enopus v illosus
seed head weevil C
Urophora quadrif asciat a
seed head gall fly A
Ex apion ulicis
seed weevil C
Urophora sirunasev a
Galerucella calmariensis
leaf beetle C
Urophora st ylat a
Galerucella pusilla
leaf beetle C
Zeux idiplosis giardi
leaf fall midge
viii
Year-Round Weed Management Strategies: A Summary
Weed Prevention
Employ sanitary practices. Prevent new weed infestations. Prevent weed shifts resulting from repeated:
• Cultivation (enhances perennial weeds).
• Mowing (enhances prostrate weeds).
• Herbicides (enhances tolerant weeds, new weed biotypes, new microorganisms that render herbicides
inactive).
Identify and Map Your Weeds
•
•
•
Recognize weeds with identification books (annuals, biennials, perennials).
Map and record infestations (weed abundance).
Keep yearly records.
Prioritize Your Weeds by Developing Priorities
•
•
•
Highly competitive weeds (control them).
Moderately competitive weeds (suppress them).
Noncompetitive weeds (don’t worry about them).
List the Control Methods Gained from:
•
•
•
•
Your experience.
Local experts.
Published information.
Learn the strengths and weaknesses of each control method.
Design a Weed Management Program
Select a field or area with manageable weed problems.
• Consider the environmental aspects.
• Consider the erosion potential.
• Consider surrounding water, high-value vegetation, or urban and/or recreational areas.
• Consider costs, equipment, management skills, precision timing, and other factors needed to achieve
results.
• Develop year-round weed management strategies involving combinations of weed control practices.
Evaluate Your Results
•
•
•
Evaluate weed management programs.
Continue mapping weeds for future reference.
Modify practices as weed shifts occur because of repeated practices.
ix
SECTION I - HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEEDS
Herbicide resistance is defined as the innate ability of a species to survive and reproduce after treatment
with a dose of herbicide that would normally be lethal. It is important to differentiate herbicide resistance from herbicide tolerance, defined as the ability of a plant to compensate for the damaging effects
of the herbicide with no physiological mechanisms involved. Resistant plants may be resistant to one
class of herbicides within a group or to several herbicide classes within one group. For example, a
biotype of wild oats (Avena fatua) that is resistant to fenoxaprop (an ACCase inhibitor) may be resistant to
several other ACCase inhibitors. This is known as cross-resistance. Multiple resistance is defined as a
biotype that is resistant to several groups of herbicides with different biochemical targets, such as triazines and
ALS inhibitors. To control weeds with multiple resistance, it is necessary to use herbicides that are not in either
of these groups, or some other alternative control strategy.
In recent years, herbicide-resistant weeds have developed from academic curiosities into serious management
problems. Herbicide resistance in at least one weed species has occurred in almost every county in the tri-state
area. Resistance seems to evolve fastest in continuous monoculture cropping situations, and if weeds like
kochia and Russian thistle are involved, it can rapidly spread to adjacent cropland and rangeland, since seeds
and pollen are widely disseminated. Herbicide-resistant weeds will continue to pose significant challenges in
overall weed management schemes for the foreseeable future.
WHERE DO RESISTANT WEEDS COME FROM?
Herbicide-resistant weed biotypes are thought to develop from only one or a few plants already present
within a population, usually at a very low frequency (maybe one in several million). Weeds, like every
other organism, have inherent genetic variability that allows a few scattered individuals to survive
herbicide treatment. These resistant individuals are not usually noticed during the first few years a
herbicide is used. By repeatedly using the same herbicide over time, the applicator removes all the
susceptible weeds and selects for the resistant plants. Then, depending on the selection intensity and
life history of the weed species (see below), the resistant weed population will continue to grow and
expand. Weed scientists and company representatives say that most growers won’t complain until about
25% of the weeds in a given field become resistant.
The four most important factors controlling the appearance of resistant weeds are:
1) Selection Intensity. This term refers to how effective the herbicide is at killing weeds and how
often the weed population is exposed to the herbicide. If the herbicide is highly effective, applied
often, has long soil residual activity, and is the only practice for controlling a particular weed, then
the selection intensity for resistance is very high. Under these conditions, selection of resistant
weeds can occur within a few years (e.g., ALS resistance in kochia, ACCase resistance in grasses). In
contrast, if a herbicide is only marginally effective on a certain species, is only applied sporadically, and/or
has no soil residual activity, then the selection of resistant weeds will be slower.
2) Weed Biology. Some weed species have high levels of genetic variability, meaning that a single species
consists of many different varieties or biotypes. Generally, weeds like kochia that are cross-pollinated
(pollen is spread from one plant to another by insects or wind) have more diversity than those that are selfpollinated like wild oats. Weeds with more genetic variability generally develop resistance to herbicides
sooner, since the initial frequency of resistant individuals before spraying is probably higher.
1
3) Herbicide Mode of Action. Many herbicides have similar modes of action and kill weeds by targeting the
same enzyme. For example, sulfonylurea (Ally and Harmony GT) and imidazolinone (Pursuit and Assert)
herbicides target the same plant enzyme, called ALS. As a result, continuous use of one herbicide (i.e.,
Glean) led to the evolution of weed biotypes that are resistant to most or all herbicides that target ALS.
Rotating between herbicides (such as Harmony Extra and Upbeet, or Raptor and Express) that target the
same site of action does not slow down the selection for resistant weeds.
4) Genetics of Resistance. Some sites of action will be selected for resistance to a herbicide quicker than
others based on the amount of genetic variability for the enzyme within the weed population. For example,
there may be more genetic variability for ALS or ACCase within weed populations prior to any herbicide
application. As a result, the initial frequency of resistant individuals was higher and weed populations
developed resistance quickly (within 3 to 4 years). In contrast, the genetics for some enzymes (i.e., EPSP
synthase) are highly conserved. As a result, the frequency of resistant individuals prior to herbicide application is lower and resistance (i.e., to glyphosate) does not occur for many years.
PREVENTING HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEEDS
The most important way to prevent the appearance of herbicide-resistant weeds is to rotate: rotate herbicides,
rotate crops, and rotate management strategies. It is especially critical to rotate herbicides with different sites of
action (Table 4.1). By using herbicides that have different enzyme targets each year, the chances of selecting
for resistant weeds become much lower. For herbicides with residual soil activity, it is important to remember
that they are still imposing selection pressure for resistant weeds as long as they are active in the soil. If
available, a herbicide with a different mode of action should be rotated, or if not possible, other means of weed
control should be substituted in non-application years. Crop rotations are a very useful strategy for avoiding
resistance, providing that the herbicides used in different crops target different sites of action.
2
Table 4.1 List of herbicides grouped by site of action and herbicide families (chemically related).
Examples of resistant weeds within Montana, Utah and Wyoming are also presented.
Group and
Mode of Action1
Chemical Family
Common Name
(1) ACCase Inhibitors - prevents formation of fatty acids
aryloxyphenoxy
clodinafop
propanoates
diclofop
fenoxaprop
cyclohex-anediones
(2) ALS inhibitors - blocks protein synthesis
imidazolinones
sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones
sulfonylureas
fluazifop
quizalofop
clethodim
sethoxydim
tralkoxydim
Discover, Horizon
Hoelon
Puma, Tiller, Acclaim,
Cheyenne, Dakota
Fusilade DX
Assure II
Prism, Select
Poast
Achieve
imazamethabenz
imazamox
imazapic
imazapyr
imazaquin
imazethapyr
Assert
Raptor, Motive
Plateau
Arsenal
Scepter
Pursuit, Lightning
flucarbazone-sodium
MKH 6561
chlorsulfuron
ethametsulfuron
halosulfuron
metsulfuron
Everest
Olympus
Glean, Telar, Finesse
Muster
Permit
Ally, Escort, Canvas,
Finesse, Cimarron
Accent, Accent Gold,
Basis, Basis Gold,
Celebrity Plus
Beacon, Exceed
Peak, Exceed
Matrix, Accent Gold,
Basis Gold
Oust
Harmony GT,
Pinnacle, Basis,
Canvas, Cheyenne,
Harmony Extra,
Reliance, others
Amber, Rave
Express, Canvas,
Cheyenne,
Harmony Extra
UpBeet
FirstRate
StrongArm
Python (Broadstrike)
nicosulfuron
primsulfuron
prosulfuron
rimsulfuron
sulfometuron
thifensulfuron
triasulfuron
tribenuron
triazolopyrimides
Trade names(s)2
triflusulfuron
chloransulam
diclosulam
flumetsulam
3
Resistant weeds found
in MT, UT and WY
Wild oat, Persian
darnel, Italian
ryegrass
Kochia, Russian
thistle, Wild oat,
Italian ryegrass
Table 4.1 continued
Group and
Mode of Action1
Chemical Family
Common Name
(3) Mitosis inhibitors - interferes with new plant growth
dinitroanalines
benefin
ethalfluralin
oryzalin
pendimethalin
trifluralin
(4) Synthetic auxins - growth regulators
phenoxy acetic acids
2,4-D
2,4-DB
MCPA
benzoic acid
dicamba
pyridines
clopyralid
fluroxypyr
picloram
quinolines
quinclorac
(5) Photosystem II inhibitors - blocks food producing pathway
triazines
atrazine
cyanazine
simazine
triazones
hexazinone
metribuzin
uracils
bromacil
terbacil
(6) Photosystem II inhibitors
(different binding behavior than groups 5 and 7 but same site)
- blocks food producing pathway
benzothiadiazoles
bentazon
nitriles
bromoxynil
phenyl-pyradazine
pyridate
(7) Photosystem II inhibitors
(different binding behavior than groups 5 and 6 but same site)
- blocks food producing pathway
amide
propanil
ureas
diuron
linuron
tebuthiuron
4
Trade names(s)2
in MT, UT and WY
Balan, Team
Sonalan
Surflan, Rout
Prowl, Pendimax,
Squadron, others
Treflan, others
2,4-D, Campaign,
Crossbow, Curtail,
Landmaster BW,
Scorpion III, Shotgun,
Starane Salvo, Tiller,
Weedmaster, others
Butyrac
MCPA, others
Banvel, Clarity
Stinger, Reclaim
Starane
Tordon 22K
Paramount, Drive
Kochia
Aatrex, others
Bladex
Princep, Derby
Velpar
Lexone, Sencor
Hyvar
Sinbar
Kochia
Basagran, Galaxy
Storm, Laddok
Buctril, Moxy,
Broclean, Bronate,
others
Tough
Stampede
Diuron, Direx, Karmex
Lorox, Linex, Linuron
Spike
Table 4.1 continued
Group and
Mode of Action1
Chemical Family
Common Name
(8) Lipid synthesis inhibitors, but not ACCase inhibitors
thiocarbamates
cycloate
EPTC
EPTC + safener
triallate
Unknown site of action
no family name
difenzoquat
(9) EPSP synthase inhibitors - blocks protein synthesis
glyphosate
glyphosate-ipa
sulfosate
(10) Glutamine synthetase inhibitors - ammonia assimilation inhibitor
phosphorylated
amino acid
glufosinate
(14) PPO inhibitors - cell membrane disruptor
diphenylether
fomesafen
N-phenylthalimides
flumiclorac
triazolinones
carfentrazone
sulfentrazone
(15) Unknown site of action
chloroacetamides
acetochlor
alachlor
dimethenamid
metalochor
propachlor
(22) Photosystem I electron diverters - cell membrane disruptor
bipyridiliums
diquat
paraquat
1
Trade names(s)2
Ro-Neet
Eptam,
Eradicane
Far-Go
Avenge
in MT, UT and WY
Wild oat
Wild oat
Roundup, Rodeo,
Glyphomax,
Backdraft, Bronco,
Campaign, Extreme,
FieldMaster,
Landmaster BW,
FallowMaster,
ReadyMaster ATZ
Touchdown
Liberty, Finale, Rely
Flexstar, Reflex
Resource, Stellar
Aim, Affinity
Authority, Spartan,
Canopy XL
Harness, Surpass,
TopNotch
Lasso
Frontier
Dual, Dual II, Magnum
Ramrod
Diquat
Gramoxone Extra,
Starfire
Herbicide classification according to primary site of action and as organized by the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA).
The use of trade names is provided for readers’ information and inclusion of a trade name does not imply endorsement nor
does exclusion imply disapproval.
3
kochia, Kochia scoparia L.; Persian darnel, Lolium persicum L.; Russian thistle, Salsola kali L.; wild oat, Avena fatua L.
2
5
CASE HISTORIES OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
Kochia resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides (Ally, Amber, Canvas, Express, Finesse, Glean, Harmony
GT, Harmony Xtra, Peak, Pursuit, and Raptor) was found in 1988 and is present throughout nearly all small
grain production areas of Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. The proportion of kochia populations resistant to
ALS herbicides is greater than 50% in many parts of the Golden Triangle, Yellowstone River Valley, and
Northeast Montana. As a result, herbicides such as Banvel, Bronate, Starane, should be mixed with ALS
inhibiting herbicides to effectively manage kochia.
Because of the widespread occurrence of Glean-resistant kochia, most producers now use two- and threeway tank mixes of herbicides (2,4-D, Banvel, and a sulfonylurea or imidazolinone herbicide) for small grain
weed control. However, 2,4-D has never been particularly effective on kochia, leaving only Banvel (dicamba)
to control this troublesome species. In 1995, Banvel-resistant kochia plants were verified in several areas of
Montana and Nebraska. Dicamba resistance is quite different than resistance to ALS inhibitors so management and prevention is different. There is concern and evidence to suggest dicamba resistant kochia may be
tolerant/resistant to Starane. The Banvel- and Starane-resistant kochia populations don’t seem to be spreading as fast as the Glean-resistant kochia. The continued appearance and spread of these and other resistant
weeds points out the critical need for effective resistance management strategies. Producers have recently
added Spartan (sulfentrazone) to their weed management toolbox as a way to manage problematic weeds
including kochia, Russian thistle, buckwheat, common lambsquarters and pigweed spp. One of the most
important features of Spartan is that it has a completely different biochemical target than other herbicides used
in small grains. Therefore, it has good potential to control resistant kochia. Producers should be aware that
Spartan is a residual herbicide and therefore has potential for crop injury.
After 15 to 20 years of continuous use of the herbicide FarGo, resistant wild oats began to appear at several
locations in Montana and Canada. Unfortunately, these plants are also cross-resistant to Avenge, an unrelated
wild oat herbicide. Many affected producers switched to Assert as an alternative herbicide with a different
mode of action, and this strategy was effective for 5 years or so. However, Assert-resistant wild oats have now
been identified in the state. In addition, some populations are cross-resistant to FarGo, Avenge, and Hoelon.
These findings clearly demonstrate the possibility that producers may soon be trying to manage wild oat plants
that are resistant to all available wild oat herbicides.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR
AVOIDING AND MANAGING
HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEEDS
1) Use herbicides only when necessary.
2) Rotate herbicides by mode of action. Do not make more than two consecutive applications of herbicides with the same site of action in the same field unless other effective control practices are also
included in the management system.
3) Apply herbicides in tank-mixed, prepackaged, or sequential mixture. Combine herbicides which
have different modes of action. It is important, however, that each herbicide used in a mixture has
significant activity against potentially resistant weeds for this strategy to be effective. It is important to remember that, in many cases, the resistant species that developed were not the primary target
weeds in those fields.
6
4) Rotate crops, particularly those with different life cycles to break up weed life cycles. For example, a
rotation that includes winter wheat, alfalfa, and summer crops such as spring wheat, barley, corn, or dry
beans is effective. DO NOT USE herbicides with the same mode of action in these different crops against
the same weed unless other effective control practices are also used.
5) Use mechanical weed control practices wherever possible and identify the weeds that are present.
Respond quickly to changes in weed populations so that you can restrict the spread of weeds that
may have been selected for resistance.
6) Make postharvest weed control part of your regular field practices. Many weeds can exist unnoticed under a crop canopy, but have enough time to set viable seed once the crop is removed. This is
a good way to reduce the overall number of weed seeds in the soil.
Reviewed by:
Dr. Fabian D. Menalled
Dept. of Land Resources
and Environmental Sciences
and
Dr. William E. Dyer
Dept. of Plant Sciences
7
SECTION II - SPRAYER CALIBRATION
Proper sprayer calibration is an extremely important step in the application of herbicides. Often, sprayers are
not calibrated properly, which results in poor weed control from under application, or crop damage from overapplication. To know how much chemical to add to the sprayer tank, you need to know the capacity of the
spray tank whether it is one gallon or 500 gallons. With this information you will know how many acres the
pesticide mix in your tank will spray. You also need to be familiar with nozzles, boom width, pressure setting,
pumping arrangement, and operating speed. These are all part of proper sprayer calibration.
There are several methods of sprayer calibration: the refill or field trial methods are probably the best known.
However, the 1/128th method is probably one of the simplest. Numerous other methods not discussed here
may be just as accurate or easy. However, it is important to pick a method you understand and use it for your
sprayer calibration.
PRE-CALIBRATION PREPARATION
Before you go to the field, service the entire sprayer and determine exactly how much liquid the sprayer
tank holds. Clean all lines and strainers, and make sure all strainers are the correct size and properly
placed. Check pressure gauges against one known to be accurate. Check nozzles to be sure they are the
same. Flat fan nozzles should be used for broadcast applications and even fan nozzles should be used
for band applications. Check the flow from each nozzle. To check nozzle flow, collect the flow from
each nozzle for 30 seconds into a calibrated container such as a measuring cup marked in ounces. Or
use a tip tester; it quickly helps identify worn spray tips. Tip testers are available from Spraying Systems Company or other agricultural outlets that carry pesticide application equipment. Clean or replace nozzles when the flow varies ±5 percent from the flow from a new nozzle. Nozzles should only
be cleaned with a soft-bristled brush such as a toothbrush, never with a metal object. Even a toothpick
can damage plastic nozzles.
REFILL METHOD
The refill method of calibration is simple and easy to understand. This should always be done in the
field on terrain similar to where you plan to make the chemical application. Field surface conditions
can seriously affect sprayer speed, which in turn affects spray rate. The basic steps for the refill method
are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Fill the spray tank with water.
Adjust for pressure within the recommended range for nozzles used.
Select an easily maintained speed that fits field conditions.
Spray a measured area.
Return to the filling point.
Measure the amount of water required to refill the tank.
Calculate the spray rate.
Calibration of a Boom Sprayer
Calibration of a boom sprayer by the refill method follows the steps outlined above.
1.
Park the sprayer on level ground, then fill the spray tank with water to an easily determined point. It may
be a mark on the spray tank, the top of the tank fill hole, or some other point.
8
2.
Adjust the pressure to the recommended level. Most nozzles used on field sprayers work best
between 20 and 40 pounds per square inch pressure (psi). When spraying below 20 psi the spray
pattern may be distorted, while pressures above 40 psi tend to increase spray drift. The manufacturer’s
handbook gives recommended pressures for each nozzle tip.
Slight increases or decreases in spray rate can be made by changing the pressure within the recommended range. Nozzle discharge varies with the square root of pressure. For example, doubling
the pressure will only increase the nozzle delivery by 1.4 times, not twice. Large delivery rate
changes should be made by changing the nozzles or adjusting the speed, not by increasing or
decreasing the pressure outside recommended limits.
3.
Select an easily maintained speed that fits field conditions. Field conditions can have a considerable effect on speed and may seriously affect spray delivery. A sprayer calibrated at 4 mph but
driven at only 3 mph will over-spray by 33 percent, enough of an error to cause significant crop
injury.
4.
Spray a measured area. First you must determine the area to be sprayed. This can be done by
measuring the swath width. This is the width of the spray pattern on the ground. Use a long tape
measure or multiply the nozzle spacing on the boom by the number of nozzles (divide by 12 to get
the answer in feet if nozzle spacing was measured in inches). For example, if your boom has 18
nozzles spaced 20 inches apart, the swath width is: 20 inches x 18 nozzles ÷ 12 inches per foot =
30 feet. To determine the area to be sprayed for calibration, divide 43,560 square feet (the number
of square feet in one acre) by the swath width. This will equal the number of feet that must be
traveled in the field in order to spray one acre. If the distance is too long for convenience, any
known distance can be used and the spray rate calculated. For example, 43,560 square feet = 30
feet by 1,452 feet. In other words, 1,452 feet must be traveled by a spray rig, with a 30-foot swath
width, to spray one acre. If you travel 145.2 feet, you spray 0.1 acre.
5.
Return to the filling point. Return to the same point that you filled the sprayer.
6.
Measure the amount of water required to refill the tank. Use a calibrated pail to measure the
amount of water required to refill the spray tank to the original level. The measured area should be
sprayed two or three times to check the consistency of the sprayer output.
7.
Calculate the spray rate. The final step is to determine the spray rate; in this case it will be in
gallons per acre (gpa). Use one of the following formulas:
gpa = gallons sprayed x 43,560 sq ft/acre
swath width (ft) x swath length (ft)
or,
acres sprayed = swath width (ft) x swath length (ft)
43,560 ft/acre
therefore,
gpa = gallons sprayed
acres sprayed
9
These formulas can be used to calibrate any type of spray or granular application equipment, including
aerial, where the amount of material applied on the calibration course is measured.
EXAMPLE: A field sprayer with a 30-foot swath width is operated for a distance of 1/4 mile (1,320
feet). Twenty (20) gallons of water are needed to refill the tank. What is the spray rate in gal/A? Answer: 22 gpa.
gpa = 20 x 43,560
30 x 1,320
gpa = 22
Boom Height
Boom height is dependent on the type of nozzle you are using. For proper boom height the spray
catalog should be consulted. However, if you are using flat fan spray nozzles with an 80-degree spray
angle, the minimum boom height should be whatever the nozzle spacing is. For example, if your nozzles
are set at 20-inch spacing, your nozzle tips should be set at a minimum of 20 inches apart above your
target. The target is whatever you are spraying. It may be the bare ground or the top of the weed canopy.
For example, when spraying weeds set your nozzle tips 20 inches above the top of the tallest weeds to
ensure adequate coverage. If the tallest weeds are 18 inches high, then set the nozzle tips 38 inches
above the ground (18 + 20 = 38 inches).
Band Applications
Unless otherwise stated, label rates are for broadcast application. For band application, specified rates
will be applied only to a portion of the area that would be covered in a broadcast application. For
example, if you have a boom with 6 nozzles spaced 40 inches apart, with each nozzle spraying a 10inch band, the area sprayed = 6 nozzles x 10 inches, or 60 inches.
Band spraying can be performed the same as broadcast. However, remember that only a portion of the
area is treated. The desired band width can be attained by adjusting the height of the nozzles above the
target. It is important to distribute the spray evenly across the band. This can be achieved by using
“even” fan spray nozzles.
The following formula can be used to calculate the spray rate for band application:
gpa =
gallons sprayed x 43,560 sq ft/A
total treated band width (ft) x length (ft)
EXAMPLE: A six-row planter is equipped to spray 10-inch bands centered over 40-inch rows. The
planter is run 1,320 feet through a field and uses 5 gallons of water. What is the application rate?
Answer: 33 gpa on the bands.
There are 6 rows x 10-inch bands = 60 inches, divided by 12 inches per foot = 5 feet of total treated band
width. The gallons sprayed = 5. The length = 1,320 feet. Entering these values into the formula gives:
33 gpa =
5 gal sprayed x 43,560 sq ft/A
5 ft total treated band width x 1,320 ft
10
Therefore, you need to add enough chemical to spray an acre to each 33 gallons of water in the tank. A
150-gallon tank can treat 4.6 acres of bands (150 ÷ 33 = 4.55). Note that the total field acreage covered
by the planter in this example would be 4.6 x 4 = 18.4 acres. The rows are on 40-inch spacing. However, only 1/4 of the area is being treated (10 inches ÷ 40 inches = 1/4). Therefore, the actual area
covered is four times the area treated, or 18.4 acres.
1/128 METHOD OF CALIBRATION
Calibrating Hand Sprayers and High Pressure Hand Guns
This is an easy method of calibration that involves very little math or formulas. It is based on the
following principle:
Because a gallon = 128 ounces and the test area to be sprayed is 1/128th of an acre, ounces collected =
gallons per acre.
STEP 1. Measure out an area equal to 1/128th of an acre. Approximately 340 ft2 or an area 18.5
ft by 18.5 ft.
STEP 2. Measure the time it takes to spray the measured area. Repeat several times and take
the average time.
STEP 3. Spray into a container for the same amount of time it took to spray the measured area.
Measure the water collected in ounces. The amount collected in ounces equals gallons per acre.
EXAMPLE: Hand sprayer
STEP 1. Measure area. 18.5 by 18.5 ft = 340 ft2
STEP 2. Time to spray area = 51 seconds
STEP 3. Amount collected = 40 ounces. Therefore; 40 ounces = 40 gallons per acre
DETERMINING HOW MUCH PESTICIDE TO ADD TO THE SPRAY MIXTURE
Recommendation is to apply 1 quart of 2,4-D per acre.
The sprayer is applying 40 gallons per acre. Therefore, you will need to add 1 quart of 2,4-D to each 40
gallons of water (this does not mean 40 gallons of water plus 1 qt of 2,4-D, it means each 40 gallons
of water will contain 1 qt of 2,4-D).
Your sprayer only holds 1 gallon of spray mixture. So how much pesticide will you need to add to the
gallon of water?
1 quart (32 ounces) divided by 40 gallons = 0.8 ounces
11
1 fluid ounce = 2 tablespoons. Therefore; you will need approximately 2 tablespoon of 2,4-D per
gallon of water.
1 fluid ounce also = 29.57 milliliters (ml). Therefore, if measuring in ml; you would need 0.8 ounces
times 29.57 ml per ounce = 24 ml per gallon of water.
How much area will 1 gallon spray? There are 43,560 ft2 per acre. If 40 gallons will spray 1 acre then
1 gallon will spray an area 1/40 that size or 43,560 ft2 divided by 40 = 1089 ft2.
1/128 METHOD OF CALIBRATION
Calibrating Multiple Nozzle Boom-Type Sprayers
This method is for calibrating sprayers with booms that have many nozzles. However, it is still based
on the same principles as the 1/128 method for hand held sprayers listed above.
Because a gallon = 128 ounces and the test area to be sprayed is 1/128th of an acre, ounces collected =
gallons per acre.
This method of sprayer calibration gives sprayer output in gallons per acre when nozzle discharge is measured
in ounces over a course length (D) determined from Table 1.
STEP 1. Adjust the sprayer pressure (30-40 psi for most sprayers) and check for uniformity. Operate
sprayer for 1 minute and measure spray from each nozzle. Clean or replace any nozzle tip that
delivers 5 percent more or less than the output required for a new nozzle in good working
condition.
STEP 2. Measure the spray band width or nozzle spacing (W) in inches on the boom to determine the
course length (D) in feet as shown in column 2 of Table 1. The area to be sprayed must equal
1/128th of an acre. An acre = 43,560 ft2. Therefore, 1/128th of an acre would equal 43,560
divided by 128 = 340 ft2. If the nozzle spacing = 20 inches then the distance to travel to equal
1/128th of an acre would be 204 ft. This can be determined by the following formula:
4084 divided by W (nozzle spacing in inches) = D (distance in feet)
or
4084 divided by 20 inches = 204 feet
Or from Table 1. W = 20 inches and D = 204 feet.
STEP 3. Catch the spray from one nozzle while operating the sprayer under field conditions or for the time
required to travel the needed distance at a desired speed. Time required to travel distance (D) at
selected speeds is shown in Table 1. Time required for other speeds may be calculated with the
following formula:
time (seconds) = 0.682 x distance (feet) divided by speed (miles per hour)
12
Table 1. Distance (D) to travel and seconds required for selected speeds when nozzle coverage is
(W) inches so that discharge from one nozzle measured in ounces equals gallons per
acre.
Seconds to travel (D) feet at a speed of:
W (in)
D (ft)
2 mph
3 mph
4 mph
5 mph
5
817
279
186
139
111
6
681
232
155
116
93
7
583
199
133
99
80
8
510
174
116
87
70
9
454
155
103
77
62
10
408
139
93
70
56
11
371
127
84
63
51
12
340
116
77
58
46
14
292
100
66
50
40
16
255
87
58
43
35
18
227
77
52
39
31
20
204
70
46
35
28
22
186
63
42
32
25
24
170
58
39
29
23
26
157
54
36
27
21
28
146
50
33
25
20
30
136
46
31
23
19
32
128
44
29
22
17
34
120
41
27
20
16
36
113
39
26
19
15
38
107
36
24
18
15
40
102
35
23
17
14
STEP 4. Measure the spray collected in ounces. The number of ounces collected is the same as the number
of gallons per acre.
EXAMPLE:
You have a sprayer that has 15 nozzles on 30 inch spacing. How would you calibrate it using the 1/128th
method?
Using the formula from STEP 2 above:
4084 divided by 30 inches = 136 feet
Or from Table 1. W = 30 inches and D = 136 feet.
Therefore, you would need to time how long it takes for your sprayer to travel 136 feet. Travel this distance
several times in the field and get an average time. Perhaps it takes an average of 31 seconds to cover 136
feet.
13
You would then collect the spray from one nozzle in a container for 31 seconds. Measure the water
collected in ounces. The amount collected in ounces equals gallons per acre. If in 31 seconds you
collected 20 ounces your sprayer output would be 20 gallons per acre.
DETERMINING HOW MUCH PESTICIDE TO ADD TO THE SPRAY MIXTURE
The recommendation from the label is to apply 1 quart of 2,4-D per acre.
The sprayer is applying 20 gallons per acre. Therefore, you will need to add 1 quart of 2,4-D to each
20 gallons of water.
Your sprayer holds 200 gallons. So how much pesticide will you need to add to the 200 gallon spray
tank?
200 gallons divided by 20 gallons = 10 quarts of 2,4-D
How large an area can be sprayed by your 200 gallon tank?
200 gallons divided by 20 gallons per acre = 10 acres
COMPUTING CHEMICAL MIXES
The active ingredient statement on a pesticide label lists the amount of active ingredient (ai) or acid equivalent (ae) contained in the formulation. The actual amount is stated in terms of percentage of active ingredient
by weight or pounds of active ingredient per gallon. Herbicide rate recommendations are usually in terms of
“volume of formulation per acre.” For example, the recommendation may read, “apply as a broadcast spray
on hard-to-control weeds at a rate of 2 quarts per acre.”
To determine the amount of chemical to add to a spray tank, you need to know (1) the spray tank
capacity, (2) the sprayer application rate, and (3) the recommended herbicide rate. The spray tank
capacity can easily be determined by filling the spray tank with a measured amount of water. Calibration of sprayers determines the sprayer application rate, and the label will give the recommended
herbicide rate. Once these variables are known it is a simple matter to determine the amount of chemical to
add to the spray tank by following these steps.
1.
First determine the number of acres a full tank will spray using the following formula:
Number of acres a full tank will spray = sprayer tank capacity (gallons) / sprayer application rate
(gal/A)
2.
Then figure the amount of herbicide required to add to the spray tank with the following formula:
Herbicide required per spray tank = acres sprayed by a full spray tank x recommended herbicide rate on the
label
If the recommendation is in lb ai/A rather than volume per acre, use this formula:
Herbicide required per spray tank = acres sprayed by a full spray tank x rate (lb ai/A) divided by chemical
concentration (lb, % ai/unit)
14
EXAMPLE A:
A sprayer has a 100 gallon tank and is calibrated to apply 20 gallons per acre. How much 2,4-D concentrate containing 4 lb ai/gallon should be added to each tank if the recommended rate is 2 quarts per acre?
Answer: 2.5 gallons of concentrate per tank.
100 gal tank divided by 20 gal/A = 5 acres can be sprayed per tank
therefore,
5 acres per tank x 2 quarts per acre = 10 quarts (2.5 gal) of spray concentrate per tank
EXAMPLE B:
A sprayer has a 100-gallon tank and is calibrated to apply 20 gallons per acre. How much 2,4-D concentrate containing 4 lb ai/gallon should be added to each tank, if the recommended rate is 1 lb ai/A?
Answer: 1.25 gallons of concentrate per tank.
100-gal tank divided by 20 gal/A = 5 acres can be sprayed per tank
therefore,
5 acres per tank x 1 lb ai/A divided by 4 lb ai/gallon = 1.25 gal of spray concentrate per tank
EXAMPLE C:
You are using the same sprayer but the recommended rate is 2 lb ai/A of an 80 percent wettable powder.
How much concentrate should be added to the spray tank?
Answer: 12.5 lb of 80 percent concentrate per tank.
5A/tank x 2 lb ai/A divided by 0.80 ai/lb concentrate = 12.5 lb of 80% spray concentrate per tank
Read the label so that you know what the recommended rate is. As you spray your field, you should also
recheck the calibration after the herbicide has been added to the tank. It may be slightly different than it
was with plain water. This is especially true when mixing pesticides with liquid fertilizers. If the calibration varies from original figures, a slight adjustment in sprayer speed or pressure may be needed to apply
the proper amount of chemical.
If the acreage you plan to treat requires less than a full tank of spray material, add only enough water and
chemical to treat the required acreage to reduce the amount of unused chemical mixture. Dispose of any
unused chemical mix in a way that will not harm the environment, such as spraying non-cropland areas at
recommended field application rates.
15
SECTION III - APPROXIMATE RETAIL PRICES OF
SELECTED HERBICIDES
Product
2,4-D amine - 4L
2,4-D ester - 4 EC
Aatrex 4L
Aatrex 80W
Aatrex DF
Accent
Acclaim Extra
Achieve
Admiral
Aim
Ally
Amber
Ammonium Sulfate
Aquathol 1.6E
Aquathol
Arsenal
Assure II
Authority
Avenge
Axiom
Balan
Balance
Basagran
Basis
Beacon
Betamix
Beyond
Bicep
Bronate
Buctril
Bullet
Butyrac
Campaign
Casoron 4G
Casoron 50W
Cimarron Max
Clarity
Classic
Command 3ME
Command 4EC
Crop Oil Conc.
Crossbow
Curtail
Cutrine Plus
Dimension
Discover
Distinct
Diquat
Drive
Dual
Eptam 7E
Price ($)
13.00/gal
14.79/gal
14.85/gal
2.50/lb
2.50/lb
35.63.oz
495.00/gal
490.00/case
22.50/gal
640.00/gal
23.89/oz
8.00/oz
0.20/lb
49.70/gal
13.35/lb
278/gal
145.00/gal
27.80/lb
42.00/gal
18.84/lb
10.60/lb
6.50/oz
84.45/gal
18.11/ox
27.96/oz
100.00/gal
585.00/gal
41.00/gal
56.00/gal
62.93/gal
18.55/gal
34.95/gal
18.80/gal
2.25/lb
15.60/lb
58.00/gal
97.93/gal
13.28/oz
75.00/gal
84.00/gal
4.60/gal
55.26/gal
40.25/gal
23.00/gal
124.00/gal
533.60/gal
43.06/lb
85.28/gal
80.36/lb
66.15/gal
32.63/gal
Product
Escort
Everest
Exceed
Express
Fallow Master
Finale
Finesse
Frontier
Fusilade
Fusion
Gallery
Garlon 3A
Garlon 4
Glean
Goal 1.6E
Gramoxone
Grazon P+D
Guardsman
Habitat
Harmony Extra
Harness
Harness Extra
Hoelon
Hornet
Hyvar XL
Journey
Karmex 80W
Kerb
Krenite
Krovar I
Laddok
Landmark MP
Landmaster
Lariat
Lasso
Lorox DF
Marksman
Matrix
Maverick
MCPA
Micro-Tech
Nortron SC
Oust
Outlook
Overdrive
Paramount
Peak
Pendulum 3.3EC
Plateau
Poast
* Based on prices obtained in 2005 from area retail distributors.
16
Price ($)
19.30/oz
316.00/12oz
11.45/oz
210.00/10oz
22.00/gal
65.20/gal
13.50/oz
86.00/gal
143.77/gal
156.09/gal
125.00/lb
79.20/gal
116.80/gal
15.00/oz
90.00/gal
42.60/gal
28.00/gal
40.00/gal
275.00/gal
13.19/oz
81.66/gal
50.85/gal
62.66/gal
3.05/oz
65.00/gal
125.00/gal
4.00/lb
34.23/lb
53.00/gal
12.00/lb
45.38/gal
10.75/oz
16.00/gal
20.51/gal
23.00/gal
15.19/lb
32.20/gal
12.50/oz
14.00/oz
16.50/gal
24.75/gal
172.64/gal
242.00/lb
160.00/gal
55.00/lb
50.00/lb
11.66/oz
44.00/gal
326.00/gal
65.00/gal
Product
Poast Plus
Pramitol 25E
Princep 4L
Princep 80W
Prism
Prowl
Puma
Pursuit
Pyramin
Raptor
Rave
Redeem R&P
Reglone
Resource
Reward
Ro-Neet
Rodeo
Ronstar G
Roundup Orignial
Roundup Ultra
Roundup Ultra RT
Sahara
Scythe
Select
Sencor DF
Sencor 4L
Sinbar
Snapshot 2.5 TG‘
Solicam
Sonalan
Spartan
Spike 5G
Spike 20P
Starane
Stinger
Surpass
Telar
Thistrol
Topnotch
Tordon 22K
Touchdown
Transline
Triflurex
UAN
Upbeet
Velpar
Vista
Weedmaster
X-77
XL
Price ($)
53.27/gal
30.00/gal
18.00/gal
4.05/lb
91.00/gal
22.46/gal
200.00/gal
500.00/gal
16.50/lb
591.00/gal
124.00/80oz
101.00/gal
97.60/gal
173.40/gal
117.97/gal
65.00/gal
80.00/gal
1.88/lb
39.00/gal
41.00/gal
50.00/gal
10.50/lb
36.80/gal
202.29/gal
21.25/lb
141.84/gal
32.00/lb
1.88/lb
15.50/lb
28.00/gal
47.10/lb
3.12/lb
12.00/lb
85.00/gal
518.76/gal
76.34/gal
22.00/oz
41.20/gal
38.49/gal
86.00/gal
55.00/gal
457.20/gal
28.15/gal
3.50/gal
46.00/gal
60.00/gal
100.00/gal
29.60/gal
20.00/gal
1.00/lb
SECTION IV – CONVERSION TABLES
The following tables can be used to determine the amount of pesticide, liquid or dry formulation,
needed per unit area to give the rate recommended for effective control.
Common abbreviations you will find in this book
gal = gallon
fl oz = fluid oz
qt = quart
pt = pint
t = teaspoon
T = tablespoon
ml = milliliter
L = liter
oz = ounces in weight
lb = pound
cu ft = cubic feet
cc = cubic centimeter
A = acre
ha = hectare
GPM = gallons per minute
GPA = gallons per acre
GPH = gallons per hour
FPM = feet per minute
psi = pounds per square inch
mph = miles per hour
RPM = revolutions per minute
Liquid conversions
1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 128 fl oz = 3,785 ml
1 quart = 2 pints = 4 cups = 32 fl oz = 946 ml
1 pint = 2 cups = 16 fl oz = 473 ml
1 cup = 16 tablespoons = 8 fl oz = 236.5 ml
1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons = 0.5 fl oz = 15 ml
Dry Weight Conversions
1 pound = 16 oz = 454 g
1 oz = 28.4 g
Length Conversions
1 mile = 5,280 feet = 1.61 km = 320 rods
1 rod = 16.5 feet
1 yard = 3 feet
1 meter = 3.28 feet
Area Conversions
1 Section (1 mile x 1 mile) = 640 acres = 259 hectare
17
1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 160 square rods
1 acre = 0.405 hectare
1 hectare = 2.471 acres
Symbol
lb
pt
qt
oz
A
ha
When you know
Pounds
Pints
Quarts
Ounces
Acres
Hectares
Metric Conversions
Multiply by
0.45
0.47
0.95
30
0.4
2.47
18
To find
Kilograms
Liters
Liters
Milliliters
Hectares
Acres
Symbol
kg
l
l
ml
ha
A
SECTION V - WORKER PROTECTION
STANDARD FOR AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES
This section will help you determine whether you are covered by or exempt from the Worker Protection
Standard and provides information on how to comply. It includes the following sections.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Key terms
Who are the affected employers?
Agricultural owner exemptions
Requirements of agricultural owners and their families
Duties for employers of pesticide handlers and ag workers
Employer/commercial applicator information exchange
Additional duties for worker employers
Additional duties for handler employers
Reference
An EPA manual entitled The Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides - How to Comply
provides detailed information on the WPS. Employers will find this manual to be a valuable resource
for compliance. For a copy of this manual contact your local County Extension office.
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) governing the protection of employees on farms, forests, nurseries and greenhouses from exposure to
agricultural pesticides (general or restricted use). The standard covers workers in areas treated with
pesticides and employees who handle pesticides for use in the production of agricultural plants or
commodities. WPS requires employers to protect two types of agricultural employees: agricultural
workers and pesticide handlers (see definitions). The standard is enforceable when a WPS-labeled
agricultural pesticide is in use.
Understanding key terms used in the WPS are important for proper implementation. Here are definitions for some of them:
Key Terms
Agricultural establishment - any farm, forest, nursery or greenhouse.
Agricultural owner - any person who possesses or has interest (fee, leasehold, rental or other) in an
agricultural establishment. Anyone who has leased an agricultural establishment to someone else and
who has granted that person full authority to manage the use of that establishment is not an agricultural
owner under the Standard.
Agricultural plants - Crops or plants grown or maintained for commercial or research purposes. Examples: food, feed or fiber plants, trees, turf grass, flowers, shrubs, ornamentals and seedlings.
Agricultural workers - those who perform tasks related to the cultivation and harvesting of plants or
crops on agricultural establishments.
19
Immediate family - includes spouse, children, stepchildren, foster children, parents, stepparents, foster parents, brothers and sisters. It does not include nieces and nephews.
Pesticide handlers - those who mix, load, and apply agricultural pesticides or clean or repair pesticide
application equipment, or act as flaggers, etc.
Who are the affected employers?
•
Managers or owners of an agricultural establishment.
•
Labor contractors for an agricultural establishment.
•
Custom pesticide applicators or independent crop consultants hired by the owner or manager or an
agricultural establishment.
Most WPS provisions are protections that employers must provide to their employees and, in some
instances, to themselves. The task being performed will determine whether or not an employee is a
worker or a handler; their task will determine the amount of protection the employer must provide.
Owners of agricultural establishments and their immediate families are exempt from many of the WPS
requirements (Refer to the How to Comply manual for details). While owners are not required to provide certain protections to themselves or their immediate families, they are required to follow the label
and are strongly encouraged to protect themselves from needless exposure to pesticides. They must
also wear personal protective equipment and follow reentry intervals into treated areas whenever listed
on the pesticide label.
Incorporated agricultural establishments: If your establishment is incorporated, all stockholders of
the corporation must be members of your immediate family to qualify for agricultural owner exemptions. If any stockholders are not members of your immediate family, then the corporation is the “owner”
for the purposes of the WPS and you may not take advantage of the agricultural owner exemptions.
The following pesticide applications are exempt from the WPS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pastures, range land or livestock.
The harvested portions of plants or on harvested timber.
Control of vertebrate pests, such as rodents.
Plants grown in home gardens and home greenhouses.
Plants that are in golf courses (except those areas set-aside for plant production), or right-of-way areas.
Public or private lawns (sod farms are covered by the WPS).
Plants intended only for decorative or ornamental use (trees and shrubs in lawns).
Mosquito abatement, or similar wide-area public pest control programs.
Structural pest control, such as termite control.
Research uses of unregistered pesticides.
Agricultural Owner Exemptions
Owners of agricultural establishments and members of their immediate family are exempt from some
of the WPS requirements while performing tasks related to the production of agricultural plants on
their own establishment. The following WPS requirements do not need to be provided to owners or
members of their immediate family but must be provided to any worker or handler they may hire:
20
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pesticide information at a central location.
Pesticide safety training.
Decontamination sites.
Emergency assistance.
Notice about pesticide applications.
Monitoring of handler’s actions and health.
Specific handling instructions.
Duties related to early entry:
-Training and instructions
-Decontamination sites
•
All the specific duties related to the need, use, management and inspection of personal protective equipment.
Requirements of Agricultural Owners and Their Families
The following requirements do apply to agricultural owners and to their immediate families:
1. Wear Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
The PPE and other work attire required for each pesticide are listed on the pesticide label for the tasks
being performed. The required PPE for a specific compound is listed under the Hazards to Humans
section on the label. PPE requirements may be different for applicators and mixer/handlers. If you’re
using a closed system or if you’re working in an enclosed cab, some PPE exceptions are allowed unless
expressly prohibited by the product labeling. Required PPE must be within the cab, however, to protect
the person if the rig were to break down. If in doubt, use the PPE recommended on the label (refer to the
How to Comply manual for details on exceptions).
2. Restrictions during applications
When applying pesticides make sure that:
•
•
•
They are applied so that they do not contact anyone either directly or through drift.
Everyone is kept out of areas being treated.
You check and follow the label requirement for each pesticide.
In most cases, handlers who have been trained and are equipped with the appropriate PPE are allowed
to be in treated areas. Those handlers who are certified applicators of restricted-use pesticides or who
have completed an approved training course meet the WPS training requirements.
3. Restrictions during restricted entry intervals (REls)
The standard has established more specific restricted reentry intervals for all pesticides covered by the
standard. The REI is the time immediately following a pesticide application when entry into a treated
area is restricted. The amount of time required is based on the toxicity of the compound and the tasks
involved during the product’s use. In most cases, REIs are in 4, 12, 24, 48 or 72 hour intervals. During
the REI, do not enter or allow any members of your family to enter a treated area or contact anything
treated with the pesticides to which the interval applies.
21
When the pesticide formulation or application is a “mixture” of active ingredients, the REIs are based on the
active ingredient that requires the longest restricted reentry period.
Exceptions to REIs: In general, you and your family members must stay out of a treated area during
the restricted-entry interval. This restriction has two exceptions:
•
•
Early entry with no pesticide contact.
Early entry with contact for short-term, emergency, or specially exempted tasks.
No-contact early entry means just that: no contact! You or your family members may enter a treated
area during an REI if you do not touch or are not touched by any pesticide residues, and if you are
wearing the early entry PPE. Wearing PPE does not mean “contact” can be resumed.
Early entry with contact allows you or members of your family to enter a treated area during a restricted-entry interval in only three work situations:
1.
2.
3.
Short-term tasks that last less than 1 hour per 24-hour period and do not involve hand labor.
Emergency tasks that take place because of an agricultural emergency.
Specific tasks approved by EPA through a formal exception process.
For early entry short term tasks with no hand labor, one must:
•
Wait at least 4 hours after the pesticide application is completed before entering.
•
Enter and work for only 1 hour during a 24 hour period.
•
Wear the PPE specified on the pesticide label for early entry tasks.
•
Follow any other restrictions specified on the pesticide label or in any special exception under which the
early entry takes place.
Nurseries and greenhouses: There are many special requirements for greenhouse and nursery owners
or operators. These include special application restrictions, ventilation criteria, early entry restrictions
and additional handler protection. Consult the WPS, How to Comply manual and the pesticide label for
specifics.
4. WPS labeling
All pesticide products affected by the WPS will carry a statement in the new Agricultural Use Requirements section on the label. This statement will inform users that they must comply with all provisions
of the WPS. If you are using a pesticide product with WPS labeling, the WPS requirements must be
followed.
Duties for employers of pesticide handlers and agricultural workers:
Some of the WPS requirements for employers are the same whether the employees are workers or
handlers. The following are descriptions of some requirements:
Information at a central location: Employers must provide current and specific information about
the pesticides being applied for the benefit of their employees (handlers and workers). The following
information must be displayed and made accessible at a central location on the agricultural establishment where it can be easily seen and read:
22
•
•
•
WPS Safety Poster.
Name, address and telephone number of the nearest emergency medical facility.
Facts about each pesticide application, including:
-Product name.
-EPA registration number and active ingredients.
-Location and description of the treated areas.
-Time and date of the application.
-Restricted-entry interval (REI) for the pesticide.
Pesticide safety training: Certified pesticide applicators do not need WPS safety training. Uncertified
workers and handlers must have periodic pesticide safety training. Handlers and early entry workers
must be trained before they begin work and at least once every 5 years after that. Training may be
conducted by a certified pesticide applicator or by someone who has completed a train-the-trainer
program. The training must be conducted in a manner and language that the employees can understand
using EPA approved WPS training materials or the equivalent. The trainer must also be on hand and
able to answer questions following completion of training.
Decontamination site: Employers must provide a site where workers and handlers can wash pesticide
residue from their hands and body. A decontamination site should supply:
•
•
•
Enough water for routine and emergency whole-body washing and for eye flushing.
Plenty of soap and single-use towels.
A clean change of coveralls for use by each handler (this is not required for workers).
Water for emergency eye flushes must be immediately available if the pesticide label calls for protective eye wear. Employers also must provide water that is safe and cool enough for washing, eye flushing and drinking. Employers may not use tank-stored water that also is used for mixing or diluting
pesticides.
A decontamination site must be within 1/4 mile of the employees’ work site. If the work site is more than 1/4
mile from the nearest point of vehicular access, the decontamination site may be located at the nearest access
point. Clean water from springs, streams, lakes or other sources may be used for decontamination if such
water is more readily available than the water at the decontamination site.
Employers must provide handlers with the previously mentioned supplies at each mixing site and at the
place where PPE is removed at the end of a task. Worker decontamination sites may not be in areas
being treated or under an REI. Handler decontamination sites may be in the treated area in which the
handler is working, as long as the materials are stored in enclosed containers.
Employer/commercial applicator information exchange
A commercial applicator must inform an agricultural owner/operator when a pesticide is applied on
their agricultural establishment. The commercial applicator must provide the owner/operator with the
following information:
•
•
•
Location and description of area to be treated.
Time and date of application.
Product name, EPA registration number, active ingredients and REI.
23
•
•
Whether oral warnings and/or treated area posting are required.
Entry restrictions and other safety requirements for treated areas.
Agricultural owner/operators must provide information to the commercial applicator employers that
they hire. The ag owner/operator must inform the commercial applicator employer of any treated areas
under an REI, if the commercial applicator will be present or walk within 1/4 mile of that area. The
agricultural owner/operator is responsible for providing all WPS protections to their employees.
Emergency medical assistance: When there is a possibility that a handler or worker has been poisoned or injured by a pesticide, an employer must promptly make transportation available to an appropriate medical facility. Additionally, the employer must provide to the victim and medical personnel the
following information:
•
•
•
•
The product name, EPA number and active ingredients.
All first aid and medical information from the label.
A description of how the pesticide was used.
Information about the victim’s exposure.
Additional duties for worker employers
Restrictions during application: Employers must prohibit worker entry into treated areas and only
allow entry by appropriately trained and equipped handlers. Some REIs may be extended if annual
rainfall is less than 25 inches.
Notice about applications: Employers must notify workers about pesticide applications on the establishment if they will be on or within 1/4 mile of the treated area. In most cases, employers may choose
between oral warnings or posted warning signs, but they must tell workers which warning method is in
effect. Some pesticide labels may require both oral and posted sign warnings. Pesticides requiring both
oral and posted warnings will state this on the label. Warning signs must be:
•
Posted 24 hours or less before application and removed within three days after the end of the REI.
•
Posted so they can be seen at all normal entrances to treated areas, including borders adjacent to labor
camps.
If no employees were involved with treatment, or the employees do not come within the 1/4 mile, no
posting is required.
Oral warnings must be delivered in a manner understood by workers, using an interpreter if necessary.
Oral warnings must contain the following information:
•
•
•
Location and description of the treated area.
The length of the REI.
Specific directions not to enter during the REI.
24
Additional duties for handler employers
Application restrictions and monitoring: Employers must not allow handlers to apply a pesticide so that it
contacts anyone, directly or through drift, other than trained and properly equipped handlers. Employers also
must make visual or voice contact at least every 2 hours with anyone handling pesticides labeled with a skull
and crossbones.
Specific instructions for handlers: Employers must inform handlers of all pesticide labeling instructions for safe use before they perform any handling tasks. In addition, employers must keep pesticide
labels accessible to each handler during the entire handling task and inform handlers of how to use any
assigned handling equipment safely before they use it.
Equipment safety: Employers of handlers must make sure that equipment used for mixing, loading,
transferring or applying pesticides is inspected and repaired or replaced as needed. Only appropriately
trained and equipped handlers may repair, clean or adjust pesticide handling equipment that contains
pesticides or pesticide residues.
Personal protective equipment (PPE): Employers must provide handlers with the PPE as required by
the pesticide labeling. Employers must provide handlers with a pesticide-free work area for storing
personal clothing not in use, to put on and remove PPE for each task. They must not allow any handler
to wear or take home any used PPE.
PPE cleaning and maintenance: The employer must make sure that:
•
•
•
PPE to be reused is cleaned, inspected and repaired before each use.
PPE that is non-reusable or cannot be cleaned is disposed of properly.
PPE should be washed and stored separately from personal clothing.
Maintenance of respirators: Dust/mist filters must be replaced when breathing becomes difficult, if
the filter is damaged or torn, when the respirator label or pesticide label requires it, or at the end of each
day’s work period in the absence of any other instructions. Vapor-removing cartridges or canisters must
be replaced when odor, taste or irritation is noticed, when respirator label or pesticide label requires it,
or at the end of each day’s work period in the absence of any other instructions.
Disposal of PPE: Coveralls and other clothing that are heavily contaminated with an undiluted pesticide having a DANGER or WARNING signal word must be discarded. Federal, state and local laws
must be adhered to when disposing of PPE that cannot be cleaned correctly.
Instructions for people who clean PPE: Employers must inform people who clean or launder PPE
that it may be contaminated with pesticides. They must inform them of the potentially harmful effects
of exposure to pesticides, show them how to protect themselves and how to clean PPE correctly. Further information is available in the How to Comply manual.
25
Reference
EPA The Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides-How to Comply, What
Employers need to know. July 1993. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (H7506C). EPA 735-B-93-001.
WPS and the law: The Worker Protection Standard is considered part of the pesticide label and
labeling. The Standard has substantial fines and penalties for violations. Any violation of the
Worker Protection Standard is considered the same as the penalty for using a pesticide in a
manner inconsistent with its labeling.
26
SECTION VI - WEB RESOURCES FOR WEED SCIENCE
Education and On-Line Lessons
•
•
Crop Adviser Institute: http://www.cai.iastate.edu/
On-Line Crop Technology Lessons: http://croptechnology.unl.edu/index.shtml
Herbicide Resistance
· International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds: http://www.weedscience.org
· Herbicide Resistance Action Committee: http://www.plantprotection.org/HRAC/
National and Regional Organizations
· American Society of Agronomy (ASA): http://www.agronomy.org/
· Weed Science Society of America (WSSA): http://www.wssa.net/
· Western Society of Weed Science (WSWS): http://www.wsweedscience.org/
· Western Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (WSARE): http://wsare.usu.edu
University Weed Science Websites
·
·
·
Montana State University. Weed Science Program: http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/CropWeeds/
index.htm
University of Wyoming Weed Science Program: http://www.uwyo.edu/plants/weeds/
Utah State University. Department of Plant, Soil and Biometeorology: http://www.psb.usu.edu/
Weed ID Resources and Weed Photos
·
·
·
·
·
·
Montana Weed Pictures: http://montana.plant-life.org/
PNW Weed Management Weed ID collection: http://pnwpest.org/pnw/weeds?weeds/id/index.html
Range Plants of Utah: http://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/index.htm
Rutgers Cooperative Extension Weed Gallery: http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/weeds/
UC IPM Weed Photo Gallery: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/weeds_common.html
WSSA Weed Photo Album: http://www.wssa.net/photos.html
Herbicide Labels
·
·
CDMS: http://www.cdms.net
Green Book: http://www.greenbook.net/
Compiled by:
Dr. Fabián D. Menalled
Dept. of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences
Bozeman, MT 59717
406-994-4783
27
WEED CONTROL IN ALFALFA
INTRODUCTION
Weeds compete with alfalfa for water, nutrients, and sunlight, reducing crop yields and shortening stand life. A
stand severely thinned by weed competition in its first growing season may never achieve its full yield potential.
Hay quality, price, and marketability are also influenced by weeds. Nutritive value of alfalfa hay can be diminished by most weeds, and toxic weeds pose a serious threat to livestock.
Alfalfa weed control should be viewed as a three-phase program. Each control phase represents a unique
opportunity to address specific weed problems. Attention to all three phases is the key to successful weed
management in alfalfa.
Phase 1: Pre-Crop
Perennial weeds are usually more difficult to manage in a perennial broadleaf crop. Therefore, every
effort should be made to reduce or eliminate perennial weeds prior to planting alfalfa. Never plant a field to
alfalfa before a perennial weed problem has been made manageable. Choose rotation crops preceding alfalfa
which allow use of effective cultural and/or chemical weed control techniques. For example, small grains are
compatible with numerous selective herbicides which are effective against perennial broadleaf weeds, but
which are not tolerated by alfalfa (see small grains section). The nonselective herbicides Roundup or Landmaster
can be very effective against both perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds when applied in the early fall after
harvest of any annual crop. Be mindful of time intervals required between the application of some herbicides
and planting of alfalfa.
Phase 2: Seedling Year
Alfalfa seedlings, freed from weed competition during their first few weeks of growth, will produce higheryielding and longer-lived stands. There is no more critical time to control weeds in alfalfa. Both preemergence
and postemergence herbicides exist which effectively eliminate weed competition without harming young alfalfa seedlings. Examples include Buctril, Butyrac, Eptam, Kerb, Poast, Pursuit, Select and Raptor. Clipping
young stands of alfalfa also can reduce competition and shading from certain annual weeds.
All management practices during the first season should focus on optimizing alfalfa establishment and survival.
Select varieties resistant to disease and capable of high forage production under local growing conditions.
Always plant weed-free seed of the highest possible quality. Consult with local agronomists to confirm the ideal
planting rate, seeding depth, fertilizer rate, and irrigation program for your situation. The goal is to eliminate as
much stress on young alfalfa seedlings as possible, so they can develop into a thick and vigorous stand of
established alfalfa. Once established, a healthy, dense stand of alfalfa is very effective by itself in keeping out
many weeds.
Planting small grains with alfalfa as a companion or nurse crop is discouraged, except in cases where severe
soil crusting or wind/water erosion can make alfalfa establishment nearly impossible. Oats, barley, or wheat
seedlings can compete with alfalfa for moisture, sunlight, and nutrients, much the same as grass weeds.
Phase 3: Established Stand
Waiting until a stand is several years old and full of weeds is not the time to start a weed control
program in alfalfa. Weed control operations in this phase should be preemptive in nature, intended to preserve
or improve the level of control achieved in phases 1 and 2. Begin well before a weed problem becomes
serious. Any of several selective soil-residual herbicides can be applied in the late fall or very early spring to
28
dormant established alfalfa for control of annual grasses and/or broadleaf weeds. Examples include Karmex,
Kerb, Prowl, Sencor, Treflan, Velpar and Zorial. Some can be helpful in managing certain perennial weeds.
Cultural practices in established alfalfa can influence weed populations. For example, research has shown that
cutting frequency and irrigation timing can affect yellow foxtail densities. Shorter cutting cycles favor this grass,
as does irrigation immediately after harvest. The same may be true for some other annual weeds.
Herbicide application accuracy and proper timing are always essential. Make sure spray equipment is correctly calibrated and maintained. Read and follow all label instructions.
Edited by:
Dr. Ralph Whitesides
Plants, Soils, Biometeorology Dept.
Logan, UT 84322
435-797-8252
29
WEEDS LISTED ON ALFALFA HERBICIDE LABELS
Preplant/
Preemergence
Gramoxone
Roundup
Buctril
Butyrac
Fusilade
Poast
Pursuit W
Raptor
Select/Prism/Arrow
Kerb
Prowl
Sencor
Sinbar
Treflan/Triflurex
Velpar
Annuals
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
brome, Japanese
crabgrass
foxtail, green
foxtail, yellow
goatgrass, jointed
goosegrass
grain, volunteer
oats, wild
rye, cereal
ryegrass, annual
sandbur
stinkgrass
witchgrass
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
P
X
X
P
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
-
P
X
X
P
P
P
X
-
Perennials
barley, foxtail
bentgrass
bermudagrass
bluegrass, bulbous
bluegrass, perennial
brome, smooth
canarygrass
fescue, tall
johnsongrass
orchardgrass
phragmites
quackgrass
ryegrass, perennial
timothy
wheatgrass
X
X
X
-
X
S
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
-
X
S
X
S
P
X
-
S
-
S
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
S
X
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
S
-
X
X
-
X
P
P
P
-
S
-
S
P
P
P
P
P
P
-
Karmex
Grass Weeds
Eptek
Dormant Established Alfalfa
Assure II
Postemergence
X = Listed on the label as “controlled.” S = Control of seedling stage only. P = “partially controlled” or “suppressed.” “-” =
Weed is not listed on label.
30
Preplant/
Preemergence
Broadleaf Weeds
Gramoxone
Roundup
Buctril
Butyrac
Fusilade
Poast
Pursuit
Raptor
Karmex
Kerb
Prowl
Sencor
Sinbar
Treflan/Triflurex
Velpar
Eptek
Postemergence
Annuals
bedstraw, common
buckwheat, wild
buffalobur
chickweed, common
cockle, cow
cockle, white
cocklebur
dodder
dog fennel
falseflax, small seeded
fiddleneck
filaree, red stemmed
fleabane
flixweed
groundsel, common
henbit
jimsonweed
knotweed, common
kochia
lambsquarters, common
lettuce, prickly
mallow, common
mallow, Venice
mustard, blue
mustard, Jim Hill
mustard, tansy
mustard, wild
nightshade, black
nightshade, hairy
pennycress, field
pigweed, redroot
pineappleweed
puncturevine
purslane, common
ragweed, common
shepherdspurse
smartweed
sowthistle, annual
spurge, prostrate
sunflower, wild
thistle, Russian
velvetleaf
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
X = Listed on the label as “controlled.” S = Control of seedling stage only. P = “partially controlled” or “suppressed.” “” = Weed is not listed on label.
31
Preplant/
Preemergence
Butyrac
Fusilade
Poast
Pursuit
Raptor
Karmex
Kerb
Prowl
Sinbar
Treflan/Triflurex
Velpar
-
-
-
-
S
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
Perennials
alfalfa (dessication)
bindweed, field
chickweed, mouse-ear
dandelion, common
dock, curly
knapweed, Russian
milkweed, common
nightshade, silverleaf
thistle, Canada
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
P
S
-
-
-
-
P
P
-
-
-
X
X
P
-
S
-
-
P
-
Eptek
Sencor
Buctril
Biennials
mallow, common
salsify, meadow
Gramoxone
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Roundup
Assure II
Postemergence
X = Listed on the label as “controlled.. S = Control of seedling stage only. P = “partially controlled” or “suppressed.” “-”
= Weed is not listed on label.
Level of control considered “acceptable” for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary between herbicide manufacturers. Absence of a weed from a label does not necessarily mean complete lack of control.
High label rates may be necessary to achieve level of control claimed for some weeds.
32
ALFALFA
Herbicide
Application and Remarks
PREPLANT/PREEMERGENCE
Eptam 7-E
Eptek 7 EC
EPTC
Gramoxone Max
Gramoxone Super Tres
Gramoxone Inteon
paraquat
Rate:
2.25 to 4.5 pts E, (preplant incorporated)
2.25 to 3.5 pts E product/A (established stands).
Time:
Apply and incorporate just before planting alfalfa, or apply to established stands (metered into the irrigation water) prior to weed emergence. Use lower rates on very coarse textured soils.
Remarks:
Forage or seed alfalfa. Primarily for controlling weeds when establishing new alfalfa seeding. Also approved for preplant applications
in clovers (except white Dutch), lespedeza, and birdsfoot trefoil; and
in established stands of ladino clover. Controls many annual grasses
and some annual broadleaf weeds. Use the high rate to control
quackgrass and yellow nutsedge. Preplant treatments must be incorporated 2 to 3 inches deep immediately after application. See label for
specific incorporation equipment and techniques. Use low rate on
sandy soils; higher rate on silty and clay soils. EPTC may be applied
to established alfalfa through sprinkler systems. Such applications
should be timed to precede germination of weeds.
Caution:
Temporary crop stunting and sealing of first leaves of alfalfa seedlings may occur. Do not use on white Dutch clover. Do not apply
within 14 days of harvesting or grazing alfalfa. Do not use if a grass or
grain companion crop is to be planted with alfalfa. Label recommendations differ slightly between southeastern and northwestern Wyoming.
Rate:
1.7 to 2.7 pts product/A (preplant or preemergence)
1.3 to 2.0 pts product/A (dormant applications to established alfalfa)
0.7 to 1.3 pts/A (fall-seeded newly established)
Time:
Apply prior to, during, or after planting, but before alfalfa emerges, or
apply to established dormant alfalfa after the last fall cutting, but
before spring regrowth on alfalfa is more than 2 inches. Do not apply
in fall if regrowth from last cutting is greater than 6 inches. May be
applied at low rates to fall-seeded newly established stands less than
1 year old.
Remarks:
Forage or seed alfalfa. For control of annual weeds prior to emergence of alfalfa seedlings, or to desiccate broadleaf and grass weeds
in dormant alfalfa. Weeds controlled include ryegrass, bluegrass,
cheatgrass, dog fennel, chickweed, and tansy mustard. Use the high
rate to control cheatgrass. Gramoxone Max is most effective on weeds
less than 6 inches tall. Weeds emerging after application will not be
controlled.
When applying before alfalfa planting, seedbed preparation should
be completed as far ahead as possible to permit maximum weed emergence. Planting should be done with a minimum of soil disturbance.
Always add 16 to 32 fl. oz. nonionic surfactant per 100 gallons spray
mix. Gramoxone Max applied to established dormant alfalfa may be
tank mixed with Velpar or Sencor. Gramoxone Max tank mixed with
Diquat is approved for dessication of alfalfa grown for seed.
33
ALFALFA - continued
Herbicide
Roundup
and many related compounds
and formulations
glyphosate
Caution:
A RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE WITH “Danger - Poison” label
designation. See label for safety precautions. Do not graze, cut, or
harvest within 42 days after application. Do not apply more than once
per season. Do not apply as tankmix with metribuzin or Velpar on
newly established alfalfa less than 1 year old. Always consult the
tank mix pesticide label for other precautions and restrictions.
Rate:
12 fl oz to 5 qts/A
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds before planting alfalfa, or any time
prior to emergence of crop.
Remarks:
Forage alfalfa. To control annual and perennial weeds (including
quackgrass) in preparation for a new seeding of alfalfa. For annual
weeds, allow at least 1 day after application before tillage. For perennials, allow 7 or more days. Refer to label for special instructions
regarding low spray volume applications.
Glyphosate can be applied in established alfalfa by using selective
equipment such as a wiper applicator. It may also be applied as a
nonselective “spot treatment” in established alfalfa. In either case,
not more than one-tenth of any acre may be treated at one time.
Further applications may be made in the same area at 30-day intervals.
Any alfalfa contacted by glyphosate may be killed.
This product (maximum single rate of 2 qt/A) may be used in declining
alfalfa stands or in any alfalfa field where crop destruction is acceptable. This product will control labeled annual and perennial weeds,
including quackgrass, when applied prior to harvest of the alfalfa.
The treated crop and weeds can be harvested and fed to livestock.
Allow a minimum of 36 hours between application and harvest. Make
only one application to an existing stand of alfalfa per year. Treatment
must be followed by deep tillage for complete alfalfa control.
Caution:
Do not use on alfalfa grown for seed. Other formulations of Roundup,
as well as numerous other brands of glyphosate are labeled for use in
alfalfa. Examples include Credit Duo, Credit Duo Extra, Credit Systemic, Credit Systemic Extra, Durango, Extra Credit 5, Glyphos, Glyphos
X-TRA, Glyphomax, Glyphomax Plus, Glyphomax XRT, Glyphosate,
Honcho, Honcho Plus, Rattler, Roundup Original II, Roundup Original Max, Roundup Original RT, Roundup Ultra Dry, Roundup Ultra
Max, Roundup Ultra Max II, Roundup Ultra Max RT, Roundup Weather
Max, Touchdown, Touchdown HiTech, and Touchdown Total. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may
differ from those stated above.
Rate:
5 to 12 oz product/A
Time:
Apply when grasses are small (generally between 2 and 8 inches tall,
depending on species).
POSTEMERGENCE
Assure II (.88 lb ai/gal)
quizalofop
34
ALFALFA - continued
Herbicide
Buctril (2EC 4EC)
Connect 20 WSP
bromoxynil
Butyrac 200 (2L)
2,4-DB
Remarks:
Seed alfalfa only. A selective postemergence herbicide that controls
annual grasses, volunteer cereals and some perennial grasses in alfalfa grown for seed. Does not control sedges or broadleaf weeds.
Always include a spray adjuvant according to label instructions.
Caution:
Do not rotate to crops other than canola, beans (snap or dry) lentils,
mint, peas (succulent or dry), soybeans or sugarbeets within 120 days
after application. Do not graze livestock in treated areas. Do not feed
forage, hay or straw from treated areas to livestock.
Rate:
1.0 to 1.5 pts Buctril 2EC/A or 0.5 to 0.75 pt Buctril 4EC/A
1.25 to 1.875 lbs/A
Time:
Apply in the fall or spring to seedling alfalfa. Weeds should not exceed the 4-leaf stage or 2 inches in height, whichever comes first.
Alfalfa seedlings should be in at least the 2 trifoliate leaf stage.
Remarks:
Forage alfalfa. Controls many emerged annual broadleaf weed seedlings. Does not control grasses. For improved control of kochia, tansy
mustard, and pigweed, 1 pint of Buctril may be tank mixed with 1
quart/A of 2,4-DB (2L formulation). Buctril + 2,4-DB will not adequately
control over-wintered pennycress, henbit, or mustards. Buctril may
be tank mixed with Pursuit plus non-ionic surfactant. Buctril may be
applied through automated sprinkler systems at 2 pints product/A
after seedling alfalfa has a minimum of 2 trifoliate leaves.
Caution:
Crop leaf burn may occur following application. Warm, humid conditions and/or tank mixtures with 2,4-DB may enhance leaf burn. Do not
treat when temperatures are expected to exceed 70º F during the 3
days following application (85º F for chemigation and 80º F for Connect 20 WSP). Do not apply when alfalfa is under stress. Do not add
surfactant or crop oil (use 1% COC with Connect 20 WSP). Do not
feed or graze within 30 days following spring treatment or 60 days
following fall treatment. Use of Eptam preemergence may enhance
leaf burn from a postemergence Buctril application.
Rate:
1 to 3 qts product/A
Time:
Apply postemergence to small weed seedlings less than 3 inches tall,
when alfalfa seedlings have at least 2 to 4 trifoliate leaves, or apply to
established alfalfa in the fall or spring.
Remarks:
Forage and seed alfalfa. To control common annual broadleaf weeds
shortly after alfalfa seedlings emerge. Also approved for use in seedling birdsfoot trefoil, alsike, ladino, and red clover. Application to
weeds more mature than specified above will result in unsatisfactory
control. 2,4-DB will temporarily suppress or kill top growth of certain
perennial broadleaf weeds such as field bindweed. Does not control
grasses. Rates depend on weed species, weed size, and alfalfa stage
of growth. Control is difficult under cold or drought conditions. Rainfall or irrigation within 7 to 10 days after treatment can cause crop
injury. In established alfalfa, there may be some twisting of stems and
malformation of leaves. This condition is usually outgrown. May be
35
ALFALFA - continued
Herbicide
tank mixed with Poast on both seedling and established alfalfa, or
with Buctril on seedling alfalfa.
Fusilade DX (2EC)
fluazifop
Poast (1.5EC)
Poast Plus (1EC)
sethoxydim
Caution:
Do not apply when the crop is stressed for moisture. Do not spray
when daytime temperatures are expected to exceed 90º F within the
next 2 to 3 days, or are likely to fall below 40º F during or shortly after
treatment. Do not graze or feed seedling alfalfa within 60 days or
established alfalfa within 30 days after application. See label for tank
mix restrictions and other precautions.
Rate:
Two applications are necessary, 12 fl oz and 8 fl oz product/A
Time:
Make first application when quackgrass is 6 to 10 inches tall, and
second application 2 to 3 weeks later before quackgrass exceeds 10
inches in height.
Remarks:
For seed production only in the state of Wyoming for the control of
quackgrass. (SLN No. WY-940001) Always add crop oil concentrate
1% v/v (24c WY 03-0006).
Caution:
Not for use on fields producing alfalfa for livestock feed. No portion
of the treated field, including seed, screenings, hay, forage, or stubble,
may be used for human or animal feed. Alfalfa seed from treated fields
is to be tagged “Not for Human or Animal Consumption.”
Rate:
East of Continental Divide (MT, WY):
0.5 to 2.5 pts/A Poast, or 12 to 60 fl oz/A Poast Plus
West of Continental Divide (MT, WY, UT):
1.0 to 2.5 pts/A Poast, or 24 to 60 fl oz/A Poast Plus
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing grass at growth stages
listed on the label. Apply to winter annual grasses in the fall and to
summer annual grasses in the spring or summer. Repeated applications are recommended to control perennial grasses.
Remarks:
Forage and seed alfalfa. Poast is also approved for birdsfoot trefoil
and sainfoin. Controls many annual grasses and volunteer cereals in
new or established alfalfa. Application rates and maximum growth
stages vary by grass species. Thorough spray coverage of grass
foliage is essential. Additional applications may be necessary to control subsequent flushes of annual grasses. Alfalfa at all stages is
tolerant to Poast. Repeated treatments may provide partial control or
suppression of bermudagrass, johnsongrass, quackgrass, and other
perennial grasses. Perennial grasses are controlled best in the year of
alfalfa establishment, before grass rhizomes become large. The field
should be thoroughly disked before seeding to cut rhizomes and
stolons as small as possible. Does not control sedges or broadleaf
weeds. Always add 1 quart/A of nonphytotoxic oil concentrate or 1 to
2 pt/A of methylated seed oil (MSO). When using Poast, the addition
of 0.5 to 1 gallon UAN or 2.5 lbs AMS is recommended for control of
quackgrass, volunteer cereals, or wild oats east of the Continental
Divide. UAN or AMS may be added to Poast Plus in both regions.
Poast and Poast Plus may be tank mixed with 2,4-DB.
36
ALFALFA - continued
Herbicide
Pursuit (W, 2AS, 70DG, 70W DG)
imazethapyr
Raptor (1AS)
imazamox
Caution:
Some application guidelines differ significantly for regions east and
west of the Continental Divide. Refer to appropriate label sections for
your region. Do not apply to grasses under stress. Do not apply
within 7 days before grazing or cutting for nondried forage (green
chop or silage) or within 14 days before cutting for dry hay. Do not
tank mix with 2,4-DB unless the 60-day feeding / grazing / harvesting
restrictions on the 2,4-DB label can be observed. Do not add UAN or
ammonium sulfate to Poast when tank mixing with 2,4-DB.
Rate:
3 to 6 fl oz of 2AS product/A, 1.08 to 2.16 oz of 70DG/A.
Time:
Apply Pursuit to either seedling or established alfalfa. When applying to seedling alfalfa apply after it has reached the (2nd) trifoliate
stage or larger but before weeds reach 1 to 3 inches in height or size.
Pursuit can be applied in the fall or spring to established dormant or
semidormant alfalfa or between cuttings. Apply before new growth
reaches 3 inches. Do not replant alfalfa for 4 months following a
Pursuit application.
Remarks:
Forage alfalfa. Controls barnyardgrass, green foxtail, yellow foxtail,
and many annual broad-leaf weeds including filaree, kochia,
shepherdspurse, pigweed, nightshade, and lambsquarters. The addition of a surfactant or a crop oil concentrate is required. The addition
of a fertilizer solution may enhance postemergent weed control. For
control of nonemerged weeds, rain or overhead irrigation is required
to move the herbicide into the soil. Stunting and/or temporary yellowing of alfalfa may occur, especially under stressful growing conditions. May be tank mixed with Buctril, 2,4-DB, Poast, or Poast Plus.
May be applied by air.
Caution:
Use a nonionic surfactant containing at least 80% active ingredient at
1 qt/100 gallons of spray mixture. If Sun-It or methylated seed oils are
used rather than a surfactant they should be applied in the spray
mixture at 1.5 to 2 pts /A. Crop oil concentrates can also be used in
place of a surfactant at 2 pts/A. Do not feed or harvest alfalfa for 30
days after applying Pursuit. Crop rotation restrictions range from 4 to
40 months, depending on crop.
Rate:
5 oz product/A
Time:
Apply to seedling alfalfa after 2 trifoliate leaves have expanded, but
before weeds are 3 inches high. Apply to established alfalfa prior to 3
inches of growth.
Remarks
Forage and Seed Alfalfa. Controls many annual broadleaf and grass
weeds. The addition of an adjuvant and fertilizer solution is required.
Rainfall or irrigation is required after application for residual control.
Stunting and/or temporary yellowing of alfalfa may occur, especially
under stressful conditions. May be applied by air.
Caution:
There must be at least 20 days between application of Raptor and
cutting or feeding alfalfa forage or hay. There must be an interval of 70
days between application and alfalfa seed used for food or feed. Refer
to label for crop rotation restrictions.
37
ALFALFA - continued
Herbicide
Select or Arrow (2EC)
Prism (1EC)
clethodim
Rate:
13 to 34 oz of Prism or 6 to 16 oz of Select or Arrow/A.
Time:
May be applied to seedling or established alfalfa. Apply postemergence to weeds that are actively growing and at the appropriate growth
stage (height) listed on the label.
Remarks:
Forage and seed alfalfa. A selective postemergence herbicide for control of annual and prennial grasses in alfalfa, sainfoin, birdsfood trefoil, and holy clover. Does not control sedges or broadleaf weeds.
Include a crop oil concentrate (containing at least 15% emulsifier) at
1% v/v in the finished spray. May be tank mixed with 2,4-DB, Buctril,
or Pursuit.
Caution:
Do not apply within 15 days of grazing, feeding, or harvesting for
forage or hay. Do not plant to rotational crops until at least 30 days
after application. Do not apply as a tank mix with 2,4-DB unless 60day feeding restriction on the 2,4-DB label can be observed.
DORMANT, ESTABLISHEDALFALFA
Roundup
glyphosate
Karmex
diuron
Rate:
8 to 12 oz product/A (based on a 4lb/gal ai product)
Time:
Apply in the spring to established alfalfa that is dormant, after resumption of weed growth, but prior to initiation of trifoliate leaf expansion of the alfalfa. Applications made after expansion of the first
trifoliate leaf of the alfalfa will cause growth reduction and reduce
crop yield.
Remarks:
Forage alfalfa. For control or suppression of many weeds, including
quackgrass and downy brome (cheatgrass) in dormant alfalfa. Application is limited to persons who have attended a Monsanto-approved
training program. Glyphosate is available in many formulations and
under many trade names. This is a unique use for glyphosate and
may not appear on all products containing this active ingredient.
Check the label and all supplemental labels before using.
Caution:
Do not use this product where a slight yield reduction in the first
cutting of alfalfa cannot be tolerated. Do not make more than 1 application per year. Allow 36 hours after application before grazing livestock or harvesting.
Rate:
1.5 to 3.0 lbs product/A
Time:
Apply to dormant alfalfa in March or early April, but before spring
growth begins.
Remarks:
Forage and seed alfalfa. Only treat stands established for 1 year or
more. Controls certain annual weeds including kochia, shepherds
purse, and tansy mustard. Is not normally effective on downy brome
or volunteer cereal grains.
Best control is obtained if herbicide is applied before weeds exceed 2
inches in height. Moist soil at time of application is desirable. Precipitation or irrigation after application is required.
38
ALFALFA - continued
Herbicide
Caution:
Do not apply to seedling alfalfa nor to alfalfa-grass mixtures. Do not
apply to alfalfa under stress; nor on sand, gravelly soils, exposed
subsoils, alkali spots, flooded fields, or soils where organic matter is
less than 1%. Do not apply to frozen or snow-covered ground. Do not
rotate to any other crop for 2 years following application.
Other formulations and brand names of diuron are available. Some examples include
Direx 41, Direx 80 DF, Diuron 4 L, Diuron 80 DF, and Karmex DF.
Kerb (50W)
pronamide
Rate:
1 to 4 lbs product/A
Time:
Apply in the fall to new fall- or spring-planted forage legume seedlings after they have reached at least the trifoliate leaf stage, or, apply
to established forage legumes in the late fall or early winter after soil
temperatures fall below 55º F, but before winter freeze-up.
Remarks:
Forage and seed alfalfa. Controls many weedy grasses, volunteer
grain, and some annual broadleaf weeds in new plantings or established stands of alfalfa. Also approved for use in clover, birdsfoot
trefoil, crown vetch, and sainfoin. Use the high rate for quackgrass
control. For best results, apply pronamide to a trash-free soil prior to
emergence of grasses. Irrigation or winter precipitation to move the
herbicide into the weed root zone is essential for successful grass
control. Cool soil temperatures after application are needed to prevent premature breakdown of the herbicide by soil microbes. See label
for harvest and grazing interval restrictions (25 to 45 days), crop rotation, and other precautions.
May be used to help control dodder in established seed alfalfa (Utah
only). Application (3 to 4 lbs product/A) must be made in the spring
before dodder germinates, and must be incorporated mechanically or
by irrigation within 1 to 3 days after application. Incorporation technique and timing depend on irrigation method. Dodder control is seldom 100%.
Prowl (3.3EC)
pendimethalin
Caution:
Do not apply to frozen soil. Do not use as a preplant or preemergence
treatment, or before alfalfa seedlings reach the trifoliate stage.
Rate:
1.2 to 4.8 qts product/A
Time:
Apply to established seed alfalfa before alfalfa exceeds 12 inches in
height, but prior to emergence of dodder or other weeds.
Remarks:
Seed alfalfa only. Controls most annual grasses and certain annual
broadleaf weeds as they germinate, but will not control established
weeds. Rates of 2.4 to 4.8 qts product/A also control dodder. Uniformly apply in 10 or more gallons of water per acre with ground
equipment. Most effective when mechanically incorporated, or by
rainfall or irrigation within 7 days after application. (SLN-UT-96004).
(Similar registrations in MT and WY).
39
ALFALFA - continued
Herbicide
Sencor (75DF, 4L)
metribuzin
Caution:
Do not apply to seedling alfalfa. Do not apply after May 15. Do not feed
or graze alfalfa following Prowl application. Do not cut treated alfalfa for
hay or forage. Do not use harvested seed for sprouting. Processed seed
must be labeled “Not for human or animal consumption.” Unusually
cold, excessively wet, or hot and dry conditions that delay or extend
weed germination over a long period of time may reduce weed control.
Some stunting of the alfalfa stand may occur. Do not apply to actively
growing alfalfa. Do not exceed 4.8 qts product/A in any one crop season. Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation system.
Do not plant winter wheat or winter barley in the fall following applications above 3.6 qts product/A.
Rate:
0.33 to 1.33 lbs DF, or 0.5 to 2.0 pts FL product/A
Time:
Apply in fall or spring when alfalfa is dormant.
Remarks:
Forage or seed alfalfa. Also approved for use on sainfoin. Controls
many annual grass and broadleaf weeds including downy brome,
shepherdspurse, tansy mustard, kochia, and prickly lettuce. A high
rate may give partial control of dandelion and curly dock. Use only on
dormant stands established for at least 12 months. For best control,
apply when weeds are less than 2 inches tall. Use the lower rate on
sandy loam or loamy sand soils, and do not use on sand or gravelly
soils. Low rates may be used on mixed stands of alfalfa and grasses.
Expect a partial reduction of forage grass stands if rates above 0.5 lb
DF product/A are used. Rates above 1.0 lb DF product/A may severely reduce forage grasses in mixed alfalfa/grass stands.
On dormant pure stands of alfalfa Sencor may be tank mixed with
Gramoxone and applied in the spring before alfalfa regrowth exceeds
2 inches. The tank mix requires 1 to 2 pints nonionic surfactant per 100
gallons spray solution. Crop must not be harvested until 42 days after
application. Refer to Gramoxone label for additional instructions and
restrictions.
Sinbar (80W)
terbacil
Caution:
In areas west of the Rockies avoid the use of Sencor on soils with a
calcareous surface, high levels of lime or sodium, or a pH greater than
8.2. Do not use on sand soils nor soils with less than 0.5% organic
matter. Do not apply on snow-covered or frozen ground. Do not graze
or harvest within 28 days after application.
Rate:
0.5 to 1.5 lbs product/A
Time:
Apply in the fall after alfalfa becomes dormant or in the spring before
new growth starts. Apply before or after weeds emerge, but before they
are 2 inches tall.
Remarks:
Forage or seed alfalfa. Only for use on dormant alfalfa established for
1 year or more. Controls many annual grass and broadleaf weeds,
including tansy mustard, shepherdspurse, prickly lettuce, downy
brome, and foxtails.
40
ALF
ALF
A - cco
ont
in
ue
d
ALFALF
ALFA
ntin
inue
ued
Herbicide
Treflan (4EC)
Treflan TR-10 (10G)
trifluralin
Caution:
Do not use on seedling alfalfa nor on alfalfa-grass mixtures. Do not
use on sand, loamy sand, or gravelly soils, nor on soils with less than
1% organic matter. Do not apply to frozen or snow-covered ground.
Do not replant treated areas to any crop for 2 years after last application.
Rate:
1.5 to 2 pts EC, or 20 lbs 10G product/A
Time:
Apply liquid or TR-10 formulations to established alfalfa during dormancy or semidormancy in the fall or spring before weeds emerge, or
apply liquid formulations during the growing season immediately after a cutting.
Remarks:
Forage or seed alfalfa. Controls certain annual weeds in established
alfalfa if applied and incorporated before weeds emerge. Herbicide
should be incorporated within 48 hours after application. Incorporation can be accomplished mechanically using a tillage implement that
will cause minimal damage to the established alfalfa or a single rainfall,
flood irrigation, or overhead sprinkler irrigation of 0.5 inch or more.
Treflan EC can be applied by chemigation and does not need additional incorporation if applied by that method.
Treflan TR-10 may be applied for control of dodder in established
seed alfalfa (Utah only). Apply at 30 to 40 lbs product/A in late winter
or early spring before dodder germinates (SLN UT-90-0001).
Caution:
Do not apply to seedling alfalfa (up to 6 true leaf stage). Do not graze
or cut alfalfa for hay or forage within 21 days after application. In the
season following treatment, where established alfalfa is to be rotated
to another crop, plant only those crops for which trifluralin can be
applied as a preplant treatment. Do not exceed 20 lbs/A of granular
product and apply only once per crop season.
Other brands of trifluralin are labeled for use in alfalfa. Some examples include Bayonet
10% G, Treflan HFP, Triflurex HFP, and Trifluralin 4 E.C.
Velpar (2L)
Velpar DF (75DF)
hexazinone
Rate:
1 to 3 qts of 2L product/A (Utah)
1 to 2 qts of 2Lproduct/A (Montana, Wyoming)
2/3 to 2 lbs DF product/A.
Time:
Apply in the fall after alfalfa becomes dormant or in the spring before
alfalfa growth begins.
Remarks:
Forage alfalfa (2L or DF) only. Do not use on alfalfa grown for seed.
Controls many annual grasses and broadleaf weeds including tansy
mustard, downy brome, shepherdspurse, and purple mustard. Best
results are obtained when weeds are less than 2 inches tall, when soil
is moist, and when 0.5 to 1 inch of rainfall or sprinkler irrigation occurs
within 2 weeks after application. The higher rates will give partial
control of dandelion (spring applied), prickly lettuce, and quackgrass.
Treat only stands established for one year, or one growing season or
more, provided the alfalfa root system is well established and the crop
is healthy and not stressed. At elevations above 4000 feet, do not use
41
ALFALFA - continued
Herbicide
on alfalfa that has been established with a cover or nurse crop until
the alfalfa has gone through two summer growing seasons. Can be
tank mixed with Gramoxone. Can be applied via chemigation.
Caution:
Do not use on seedling alfalfa or on alfalfa-grass mixtures. Do not use
on gravelly or rocky soils, exposed subsoils, hardpan, sand, poorly
drained, or alkali soils. Do not apply to actively growing alfalfa or to
stubble between cuttings. Do not graze or feed treated forage or hay
within 30 days after application. See label for recropping restrictions.
Rate:
1 to 2 pts product/A
Time:
Apply 3 to 10 days prior to seed harvest
Remarks:
Seed alfalfa and seed clover only. A treatment for preharvest desiccation of foliage in order to facilitate mechanical harvesting of seed
crop. Desiccation is normally complete in 3 to 10 days. May be applied by ground or air. Always add a nonionic surfactant.
Caution:
Do not graze or feed treated forage to livestock. Do not use seed from
treated plants for food or feed purposes. Keep all unprotected persons, children, pets, and livestock away from treated area.
Rate:
1.7 to 2.7 pts/A
1.3 to 1.7 pts/A Gramoxone Max + 2 pts/A Reglone
Time:
Apply at least 4 days prior to seed harvest.
Remarks:
Seed alfalfa only. For the dessication of alfalfa to facilitate harvest of
alfalfa seed, add a nonionic surfactant. May be applied by ground or
by air.
Caution:
A restricted use herbicide. Not for use of fields producing alfalfa for
livestock feed. Seed must be labeled “Not for Human Consumption.”
Do not enter fields within 24 hours after application. Do not apply
through any irrigation system.
DESSICATION
Reglone (2L)
diquat
Gramoxone Max (3L)
paraquat
+
Gramoxone Extra (3L)
+
Reglone (2L)
diquat
42
CANOLA
INTRODUCTION
Canola is a cool season oilseed crop adapted to intermountain areas of the Northern Rocky Mountain States
and irrigated production in the plains area. Like many crops, the growth stage is when canola is most vulnerable
to damage from weed competition. Once the canola plant establishes a root system and a large rosette, it
becomes very competitive and will virtually out-compete weeds. An array of weeds can be troublesome to
canola production. Wild oats, wild buckwheat, lambsquarters, weedy mustard species and volunteer grain are
some of the most common problem weeds.
Canola is susceptible to significant yield reductions due to excessive water evaporation demands during flowering
and seed fill. Sufficient plant available water can reduce the risk of flower abortion due to excessive heat. Early
seeding is encouraged in dryland areas to minimize the effects of hot dry conditions during flowering and seed
fill. Early seeding can affect weed control strategies. Soil incorporated herbicides labeled for canola tend to
perform better if the final soil incorporation operation is done after soil temperatures reach 50°F. Optimum
germination occurs for many crops and weed seeds at 50° F as well. The Roundup Ready technology provides
for a canola seeding date window from fall dormant seeding through traditional spring seeding date because the
crop is treated after it has established.
No-till canola production is gaining popularity. Under no-till systems weed seeds accumulate and germinate near
the soil surface. Roundup Ready canola fits well with no-till production systems (remember Roundup Ready
technology requires a canola variety with Roundup tolerant genes). Because seed are near the soil surface, less
incorporation is needed to have good results with Treflan. Whether this can be classified as a no-till process is
debated. However, the important concept is not to roll the soil over in a manner that causes deeper weed seed burial.
It is critical that weedy mustard species and other weeds with herbicide tolerances similar to canola be controlled.
In addition to reducing canola yield through competition, seed from weedy mustard species can diminish canola
oil quality with erucic acid. The wild mustard seed can also diminish canola seed meal quality with glucosinolate
contamination. The Roundup Ready technology provides a means to control most weedy mustard species.
There are rotational restrictions following the use of trifluralin (Treflan). Consult product label for specific
information. Pay particular attention to references to precipitation, soil organic matter and soil texture effects on
the length of rotation restrictions. When in doubt, run a bioassay.
Bio-Assay - One type of bioassay is to attempt to grow seedlings of potential rotational crops in soils that are
suspected of having a herbicide residue. Sample all soil types present in the field when running a bioassay. Be
sure to sample areas with uneven topography that may be susceptible to having variable levels of herbicide
residues. Try to mimic the field situation when running a bioassay. If the field is to be seeded no-till, try to keep
the soil cores intact and upright. If the field will be tilled prior to seeding, then mix the soil prior to planting the
crop seed.
The herbicide information presented here is to serve only as a preliminary guide. Consult the current product
labels for complete information on methods of use, crop rotation precautions, and safe handling procedures.
Read and follow all label instructions.
Edited by:
Bozeman, MT 59717
406-994-4783
43
WEEDS LISTED ON CANOLA HERBICIDE LABELS
Grass Weeds
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
cheat
crabgrass
cupgrass, woolly
fescue, tall
foxtail, giant
foxtail, green
foxtail, millet
foxtail, yellow
goatgrass, jointed
goosegrass
itchgrass
junglerice
lovegrass (stinkgrass)
orchardgrass
panicum, browntop
panicum, fall
panicum, Texas
quackgrass
red rice
ryegrass, Italian
sandbur, field
shattercane
signalgrass
soft chess
sprangletop
volunteer grains
wild oats
wild proso millet
wirestem muhly
witchgrass
Assure II
Poast
Roundup Ultra
Treflan
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X = Listed on the label as “controlled.”
P = Listed on the label as “partially controlled” or “suppressed.”
P+ = suppression with a single application, control with a double application.
- = Weed is not listed on label.
Level of control considered “acceptable” for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary between herbicide
manufacturers. Absence of a weed from a label does not necessarily mean complete lack of control. Not
all weeds listed on labels are included.
44
WEEDS LISTED ON CANOLA HERBICIDE LABELS
Broadleaf Weeds
carpetweed
chickweed, common
field pennycress
goosefoot
henbit
knotweed, common
kochia
london rocket
mustard, blue
mustard, tansy
mustard, tumble
wild mustard
pigweed, prostrate
pigweed, redroot
pigweed, tumble
puncturevine
purslane, common
pusley, Florida
shepherds purse
sowthistle, annual
sowthistle, perennial
smallseed falseflax
spurge, annual
thistle, Russian
thistle, Canada
wild buckwheat
Assure II
Poast
Roundup Ultra
Treflan
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P+
X
X
X
P+
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P+ = suppression with a single application, control with a double application.
Level of control considered “acceptable” for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary between herbicide
manufacturers. Absence of a weed from a label does not necessarily mean complete lack of control. Not
all weeds listed on labels are included.
45
CANOLA
Herbicide
Assure II
quizalofop
Poast (1.5 EC)
sethoxydim
Roundup UltraMax
glyphosate
Rate:
Time:
Apply to emerged weedy grasses or volunteer grains within height
ranges specified on label (between 2 and 10 inches tall, depending on
species). For best results, apply when grasses are in the 3-leaf to early
tillering stage.
Remarks:
For control of certain emerged annual grass weeds, volunteer corn,
volunteer cereals, and quackgrass in canola and crambe. Quackgrass
may require two treatments. Approved for ground and aerial applications. Always include a nonphytoxic petroleum-based crop oil concentrate or a nonionic surfactant. Rate is dependent on weed species,
size, density, and environment. Use high label rates on larger weeds,
higher populations, and in arid areas. Subsequent flushes of grasses
require additional treatment. Refer to and follow all supplemental and
regular label instructions.
Caution:
Reduction in grass control is possible when Assure II is applied
immediately before or after a postemergence broadleaf herbicide. Wait
at least 24 hours after applying Assure before applying a broadleaf
herbicide. In fields already treated with broadleaf herbicide, wait 7 days
before applying Assure. Do not mix with any other pesticide. Do not
apply within 60 days of harvest. Do not apply after crop reaches
flowering stage. Do not apply through any irrigation system. Do not
exceed 18 oz product per acre per season. Do not graze livestock in
treated areas. Check labels for rotation restrictions.
Rate:
1.5 to 2.5 pts/A
Time:
Apply to actively growing annual or perennial grasses at the appro
priate stage of grass growth as indicated on the label.
Remarks:
Always add a nonphytotoxic oil concentrate to the spray tank at 2
pints/A. Poast is most effective on actively growing grasses before
they reach the maximum size indicated on the label.
Caution:
Control may be erratic if grasses are stressed due to drought, temperature extremes, insect damage, herbicide injury, etc. Do not apply if
rainfall is expected within 1 hour following application. Do not cultivate
within 5 days before application or within 7 days after application. Do
not apply within 60 days of harvest. Do not graze livestock in treated
areas. Maximum rate per acre per season: 5 pt/A.
Rate:
13 to 52 fluid oz /A
Time:
Single Application—Apply 13 to 20 fluid oz /A when weeds have
emerged to Roundup Ready canola from emergence through the 6-leaf
stage of development. Sequential Application—Apply 13 fluid oz / A to
1- to 3-leaf canola followed by a sequential 1-pint application after more
than 10 days, but no later than 6-leaf stage.
Remarks:
Sequential applications are recommended for early emerging annual
weeds and perennial weeds such as Canada thistle and quackgrass. No
46
CANOLA - continued
Herbicide
more than two over-the-top broadcast applications may be made from
crop emergence through the six-leaf stage of development and the total
in-crop use cannot exceed 52 fluid ounces per acre. The use of ammonium
sulfate should be determined by application conditions.
Treflan HFP (4EC)
trifluralin
or Treflan TR1O
Caution:
Applications after the 6 leaf stage can result in yield loss due to completion. Application to canola in the flowering stage can result in crop
injury.
Rate:
1 to 2 pts/A or 5-10 lbs/A depending on soil texture and soil O.M.
Time:
Apply preplant incorporated in the spring (Utah, Wyoming, and
Montana) or in the fall (Utah and Wyoming only).
Remarks:
Residual preemergence control of annual grasses and certain annual
broadleaf weeds. Weak on nightshade, mustards, and sunflower family
weeds. Use lower rates on coarse-textured, low organic matter soils.
Incorporate twice, once within 24 hours. Incorporate to a depth of 1 to
2 inches. For granular Treflan, the second incorporation should be
delayed a minimum of 5 days after the first.Conducting the second
incorporation after soil temperatures have reached 50o F and just prior
to seeding often is beneficial.
Caution:
Do not plant sugarbeets for 12 months after a spring application of
Treflan or 14 months after a fall application. In non-irrigated crops,
these crops should not be planted for 18 or 20 months. Moldboard
plowing will reduce the possibility of crop injury. Corn, oats, and
sorghum should not be planted for 14 months after a spring application
and 16 months after a fall application. Treflan may cause injury to
stressed crop seedlings.
47
WEED C
ONTR
OL IN C
ORN AND SOR
GHUM
CONTR
ONTROL
CORN
SORGHUM
INTRODUCTION
Weed control in corn or sorghum is essential for maximum crop yield. Recognize and take advantage of
three key timing opportunities to effectively manage troublesome weeds.
Pre-crop:
Plan ahead and begin control of as many weeds as possible before planting your corn or sorghum crop. This
pre-crop opportunity is especially important for managing perennial weed problems. Quackgrass,
bermudagrass, Canada thistle, field bindweed, or other noxious perennials can be greatly reduced with
properly timed applications of effective systemic herbicides. Some are most effective if applied in the early
fall after harvest of the crop preceding corn. Others can actually be applied during the growing season of
a previous crop. Be sure to consult labels for any recropping intervals required after a herbicide application.
Consider spot treatments if perennial weed problems are not extensive enough to justify broadcast
applications. In some instances, a fallow period may also be helpful in reducing weed populations.
Preplant or Preemergence:
Helping newly emerged crops to grow for several weeks with little or no weed competition is very important.
Selective preplant and preemergence residual herbicides are very effective in eliminating or greatly reducing
weed competition during this critical crop growth period. Preplant tillage associated with normal seedbed
preparation also controls many annual weeds. No-till and minimum tillage cropping systems often require
greater use of herbicides to help compensate for the lack of seedbed preparation tillage. Roundup or
Gramoxone Extra are usually applied at least once prior to planting or crop emergence in no-till systems,
followed by application of a preplant or preemergence residual herbicide.
Postemergence:
Weeds appearing soon after crop emergence can be controlled by cultivation and/or selective postemergence
herbicides. Several preplant/preemergence herbicides can also be applied after crop emergence. Some of
these will not control emerged weeds, but can be applied after final cultivation to prevent any new annual
weeds from becoming established. The window of opportunity for postemergence sprays can be extended
considerably for some herbicides if applied as directed. A special boom fitted with drop-nozzles allows
herbicide placement directly to the soil surface or to small emerged weeds, without spray contacting the crop
foliage. To help in the management of troublesome perennial weed problems, consider spot treatment with
a herbicide approved for postemergence use in corn and sorghum.
Genetic engineering is allowing the introduction of herbicide resistance genes in corn and other crops.
Herbicides that otherwise would injure or kill corn now can be used to control a wide spectrum of weeds
without harm to specifically engineered crop varieties. Presently, there are at least three general classes of
genetically engineered corn available:
Clearfield Corn:
Liberty Link Corn:
Corn with this gene allows over-the-top spraying of imidazolinone herbicides.
Corn with this gene allows over-the-top spraying with glufosinate-ammonium
(Liberty) herbicide.
Roundup-Ready Corn: Corn with this gene allows over-the-top spraying of glyphosate (Roundup)
herbicide.
Edited by:
Dr. Ralph Whitesides
Logan, UT 84322-4820
435-797-8252
48
WEEDS LISTED ON CORN/SORGHUM HERBICIDE LABELS
Balance
Dual Magnum
Epic
Eradicane
Evik
Frontier
Gramoxone
Harness/Surpass/Degree
Intrro/Micro-Tech
Princep
Prowl
Roundup Ultra
Perennials
barley, foxtail
bentgrass
bermudagrass
bluegrass, bulbous
bluegrass, Kentucky
brome, smooth
canarygrass
fescue, tall
johnsongrass
orchardgrass
phragmites
quackgrass
ryegrass, perennial
timothy
wheatgrass, western
nutsedge, yellow
Axiom
Grass Weeds
Annuals
barley, volunteer
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
corn, volunteer
crabgrass
foxtail, green
foxtail, yellow
goatgrass, jointed
goosegrass
grains, volunteer
grasses, (general)
millet, wild proso
oats, wild
rye, cereal
ryegrass, Italian
sandbur
sedge, annual
stinkgrass
witchgrass
Aatrex
Preplant/Preemergence
P
P
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
P
X
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
S
P
S
-
P
-
S
-
X
S
X
X
X
S
X
-
S
X
P
-
S
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S = Label claims to control seedling stage only.
49
Basagran
Basis
Basis Gold
Beacon
Buctril
Celebrity Plus
Clarity
Distinct
Exceed
Liberty
Lightning
NorthStar
Paramount
Peak
Permit
Resource
Sencor
Stinger
Triflurex HFP
2,4-D
Perennials
barley, foxtail
bentgrass
bermudagrass
bluegrass, bulbous
bluegrass, Kentucky
brome, smooth
canarygrass
fescue, tall
johnsongrass
orchardgrass
phragmites
quackgrass
ryegrass, perennial
timothy
wheatgrass, western
nutsedge, yellow
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
P
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
P
P
-
P
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
P
-
X
X
X
-
X
-
-
-
X
X
P
P
X
P
P
P
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
-
X
-
S
X
P
X
X
P
-
X
X
-
-
S
-
S
P
-
X
-
S
X
P
X
X
P
-
-
X
-
S
P
-
S
-
-
Aim
Grass Weeds
Annuals
Annu
als
barley, volunteer
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
corn, volunteer
crabgrass
foxtail, green
foxtail, yellow
goatgrass, jointed
goosegrass
grains, volunteer
grasses, (general)
millet, wild proso
oats, wild
rye, cereal
ryegrass, Italian
sandbur
sedge, annual
stinkgrass
witchgrass
Accent
Postemergence
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X = Listed on the label as “controlled”
P = Listed on the label as “partially controlled” or “suppressed”
50
Axiom
Balance
Dual Magnum
Epic DF
Eradicane
Evik
Frontier
Gamoxone
Hornet
Intrro/Micro-Tech
Princep
Prowl
Python
Roundup Ultra
Broadleaf Weeds
Annuals
An
nuals
alyssum
beggarticks
broadleaves, (general)
buckwheat, wild
buffalobur
buttercup
chamomile
chickweed, common
clovers
cockle, cow
cockle, white
cocklebur
cucumber, wild
daisy, oxeye
falseflax
fennel, dog
fiddleneck (tarweed)
fleabane
goosefoot
groundcherry, annual
groundsel, common
hawksbeard
henbit
jimsonweed
knotweed, common
kochia
lettuce, prickly
mallow, Venice
marestail
marshelder
morningglory, annual
mustard, black
mustard, blue
mustard, Jim Hill
mustard, tansy
mustard, wild
Aatrex
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
P
P
P
P
P
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
-
X
X
P
X
P
P
P
P
P
P
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
51
Aim
Basagran
Basis
Basis Gold
Beacon
Buctril
Celebrity Plus
Clarity
Distinct
Exceed
Liberty
Lightning
NorthStar
Paramount
Peak
Permit
Resource
Sencor
Stinger
Triflurex HFP
2,4-D
Broadleaf Weeds
Ann
uals
Annuals
alyssum
beggarticks
broadleaves, (general)
buckwheat, wild
buffalobur
buttercup
chamomile
chickweed, common
clovers
cockle, cow
cockle, white
cocklebur
cucumber, wild
daisy, oxeye
falseflax
fennel, dog
fleabane
goosefoot
groundcherry, annual
groundsel, common
hawksbeard
henbit
jimsonweed
knotweed, common
kochia
lambsquarters, com.
lettuce, prickly
mallow, Venice
marestail
marshelder
mustard, black
mustard, blue
mustard, Jim Hill
mustard, tansy
mustard, wild
Accent
Postemergence
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
-
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
52
Axiom
Balance
Dual Magnum
Epic
Eradicane
Evik
Frontier
Gamoxone
Hornet
Intrro/Micro-Tech
Princep
Prowl
Python
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
P
P
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
-
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Biennials
burdock, common
carrot, wild
mallow, common
ragweed, western
salsify, meadow
starthistles
teasel
thistle, bull
thistle, musk
thistle, plumeless
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Perennials
alfalfa
aster
bindweed, field
chicory
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
53
Roundup Ultra
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Annuals
An
nuals
nightshade, black
nightshade, hairy
pennycress, field
pigweed, redroot
pineappleweed
puncturevine
purslane, common
ragweed, common
ragweed, giant
shepherds purse
smartweed (ladysthumb)
sowthistle, annual
sowthistle, spiny
speedwell
spurge, prostrate
sunflower, wild
thistle, Russian
velvetleaf
Aatrex
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Annuals
An
nuals
nightshade, black
nightshade, hairy
pennycress, field
pigweed, redroot
pineappleweed
puncturevine
purslane, common
ragweed, common
ragweed, giant
shepherdspurse
smartweed (ladysthumb)
sowthistle, annual
sowthistle, spiny
speedwell
spurge, prostrate
sunflower, wild
thistle, Russian
velvetleaf
Accent
Aim
Basagran
Basis
Basis Gold
Beacon
Buctril
Celebrity Plus
Clarity
Distinct
Exceed
Liberty
Lightning
NorthStar
Paramount
Peak
Permit
Resource
Stinger
Triflurex HFP
2,4-D
Postemergence
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
P
P
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
-
X
X
X
-X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Biennials
burdock, common
carrot, wild
mallow, common
ragweed, western
salsify, meadow
starthistles
teasel
thistle, bull
thistle, musk
thistle, plumeless
-
-
-
-
-
-
S
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
-
-
-
-
-
P
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
Perennials
alfalfa
aster
bindweed, field
chicory
-
X
-
P
-
-
-
-
-
P
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
-
P
-
-
P
-
P
X
-
X
-
P
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
-
54
Balance
Dual Magnum
Epic
Eradicane
Evik
Frontier
Gamoxone
Hornet
Lasso
Prowl
Roundup Ultra
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Perennials
Pe
rennials
cress, hoary
dandelion, common
dock, curly
dogbane, hemp
garlic, wild
goldenrod
hemlock, water
knapweed, Russian
milkweed, common
onion, wild
plantain
sicklepod
sorrel, red
spurge, leafy
thistle, Canada
toadflax, yellow
vervains
yarrow
Aatrex
P
X
-
X
X
-
-
S
-
-
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
P
-
-
-
X
X
-
Level of control considered “acceptable” for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary between herbicide manufacturers. Absence of a weed from a label does not necessarily mean complete lack of control. Not all weeds listed on
labels are included.
55
Aim
Basagran
Basis
Basis Gold
Beacon
Buctril
Celebrity Plus
Clarity
Distinct
Exceed
Liberty
Lightning
NorthStar
Paramount
Peak
Permit
Stinger
2,4-D
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Perennials
cress, hoary
dandelion, common
dock, curly
dogbane, hemp
garlic, wild
goldenrod
hemlock, water
knapweed, Russian
milkweed, common
onion, wild
plantain
sorrel, red
spurge, leafy
thistle, Canada
toadflax, yellow
vervains
yarrow
Accent
Postemergence
-
-
X
-
-
P
p
P
-
X
-
X
P
-
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
-
X
P
-
X
X
X
-
P
-
P
P
X
-
P
P
-
X
P
-
P
-
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Level of control considered “acceptable” for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary between herbicide manufacturers. Absence of a weed from a label does not necessarily mean complete lack of control. Not all weeds listed on
labels are included.
56
CORN AND SOR
GHUM
SORGHUM
Herbicide
Aatrex (Nine-O, 4L)
Atrazine ( 9OWSP, 4L)
atrazine
Axiom (68 DF)
(flufenacet +
metribuzin)
Balance (75 WDG)
Balance Pro (45C)
isoxaflutole
Rate:
3.2 to 4 pts 4L product/A. (2.4 pts 4L product/A maximum rate for certain
soils in eastern Wyoming).
Time:
Apply preplant surface (up to 45 days before planting - MT or WY only),
or preplant incorporated, at planting, preemergence, or postemergence
before crop is 12 inches tall or weeds exceed 1.5 inch height.
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop, sweet) or sorghum (forage, grain)
grain). Controls annual
grasses and broadleaf weeds. Preplant and preemergence treatments must
be carried into the soil by rain or irrigation (or mechanical incorporation)
before weeds emerge. See label for numerous tank mix options. Atrazine is
also formulated in a commercial premix with metolachlor (Bicep), alachlor
(Bullet, Lariat), dimethenamid (Guardsman), dicamba (Marksman), or
bentazon (Laddok). Not all premix products are approved for use in
sorghum. Postemergence treatments require the addition of emulsifiable oil
or oil concentrate.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE: Do not apply more than 2 weeks prior to
planting on coarse-textured soils. Do not plant crops other than corn (or
sorghum, if approved) during the season of treatment and the year following treatment. Do not graze or feed treated forage to livestock for at least
21 days following application. Do not apply a total of more than 5 pts 4L
product/A per calendar year.
Rate:
8 to 23 oz product/A.
Time:
Preplant or preemergence
Remarks:
Corn (field, silage, seed)
seed). A soil residual herbicide for control of most
annual grasses and selected annual broadleaf weeds. Rates are based on
soil texture and organic matter content. A single or split application may be
used, alone or in tank-mix combination with certain registered herbicides.
Most effective when moved into the soil by rainfall, sprinkler irrigation, or
mechanical tillage prior to weed emergence.
Caution:
Do not apply through any type of irrigation system. Do not apply aerially.
Do not flood irrigate to incorporate. Do not apply more than 23 oz of product
per acre per season. Corn should be planted a minimum of 1 to 1.5 inches
deep.
Rate:
1 to 2.5 oz WDG product/A.
Time:
Preplant or preemergence.
Remarks:
Field corn. Montana and Wyoming only. A selective herbicide for control
of broadleaf and grass weeds. Incorporation (rainfall, irrigation, or mechanical) into the top 2 inches of soil before weeds emerge is needed for herbicide
activation. May be tank mixed with a number of other herbicides listed on
Balance label. Balance Pro not registered for UT, WY or MT.
57
CORN AND SOR
GHUM - cco
ont
in
ue
d
SORGHUM
ntin
inue
ued
Herbicide
Dual MAGNUM (7.6 EC)
Dual II MAGNUM (7.6 EC)
metolachlor
Caution:
Do not apply more than 1.25 oz/A per season. Do not rotate to alfalfa, dry
beans or sugarbeets within 18 months after application. Do not apply
through any type of irrigation system. Do not apply aerially. Do not use
flood irrigation to incorporate this product.
Rate:
1 to 1.6 7 pts 7.6 EC product/A .
Time:
Corn: preplant surface (up to 45 days prior to planting; MT and WY only),
preplant incorporated, preemergence, or postemergence directed for corn
5 to 40 inches tall.
Sorghum: preplant incorporated or preemergence.
Epic (58DF)
flufenacet + isoxaflutole
Evik (80 DF)
ametryn
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop, sweet) or sorghum (forage, grain). Controls annual
grasses and certain annual broadleaf weeds. High rate provides yellow
nutsedge control. Weeds emerged at time of application will not be
controlled. Preplant applications should be incorporated (by precipitation,
irrigation, or tillage) into the top 2 inches of soil within 14 days. Preemergence treatments (after planting) should be incorporated lightly into the top
1 inch of soil. Directed lay-by treatment should be applied to soil free of
emerged weeds. See label for Dual tank mix options. Metolachlor is also
formulated in a commercial premix with atrazine (Bicep, Bicep II, Bicep II
Magnum) or flumetsulam (Broadstrike).
Caution
Caution::
Do not graze or feed forage from treated areas for 30 days following
application. Use only on sorghum treated with Concep herbicide antidote,
or injury will occur. See label for complete recropping restrictions. Barley,
oats, rye, or wheat may be planted 4.5 months following treatment. Alfalfa
may be planted 4 months after application. All rotational crops may be
planted 12 months following application.
Rate:
6 to 17 oz product/A.
Time:
Preplant surface (up to 30 days prior to planting), preplant incorporated, or
preemergence. For best results, weeds should not be greater than 3 inches
tall.
Remarks:
Corn (field, silage). Montana and Wyoming only
only.. Restricted-Use herbicide.
Controls many annual grass and broadleaf weeds. If weeds are present at
the time of treatment, addition of crop oil concentrate or methylated seed
oil is recommended. May be tank mixed with Gramoxone, Touchdown,
Roundup, 2,4-D, or Atrazine for enhanced weed control.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Do not use on soils having a pH greater
than 7.5, if organic matter content is less than 2.5%, or soil is coarse textured.
Recropping restriction interval ranges from 0 to 12 months.
Rate:
2 to 2.5 lbs product/A.
Time:
Apply as a postemergence directed spray to weeds after the smallest corn
is at least 12 inches tall. Weeds generally should be less than 2 inches tall
for best results.
58
CORN AND SOR
GHUM - cco
ont
in
ue
d
SORGHUM
ntin
inue
ued
Herbicide
Frontier (6EC)
dimethenamid
Gramoxone (Intcon, Max,
SuperTres)
paraquat
Remarks:
Corn (field, sweet, pop). Controls most annual broadleaf and grass weeds.
It is recommended that gauge wheels and/or leaf lifter equipment be used
to prevent leaf contact with the spray. Drop nozzles may be used, but
extreme care must be taken to keep the spray or drift from contacting the leaf
or whorl. Add a surfactant at the rate of 2 qts/100 gal of spray solution.
Caution:
Do not spray over the top of corn or injury will occur. Do not apply within
3 weeks before tasseling.
Rate:
20 to 32 fl oz 6EC product/A.
Time:
Preplant surface (up to 45 days prior to planting), preplant incorporated (up
to 14 days prior to planting) preemergence surface, or early postemergence
(up to 8-inch tall corn).
Remarks:
Corn (field, seed, pop, sweet) and grain sorghum. Controls most annual
grasses, certain annual broadleaf weeds, and sedges. Most effective when
incorporated 1 to 2 inches into the soil by rainfall, sprinkler irrigation, or
mechanical tillage prior to weed seedling emergence. May be tank mixed or
applied sequentially with numerous corn herbicides. See label for tank mix
options. Dimethenamid is also formulated in a commercial premix with
atrazine (Guardsman) or dicamba (Optill).
Caution:
Do not graze or feed treated corn or forage to livestock for at least 40 days
following application. Fall seeded small grain crops may be seeded 4 months
after a spring application. There are no recropping restrictions for the
season following application.
Rate:
0.7 to 4.0 pts product/A (preplant or preemergence); or 0.7 to 2.0 pts product/
A (directed postemergence).
Time:
Apply before, during, or after planting but before crop emergence and after
weeds have emerged. May apply as a postemergence directed spray when
crop is at least 10 inches tall.
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop, sweet) or sorghum (grain). For control of emerged annual
grasses and broadleaf weeds. Apply in 20 gallons of water per acre for
ground application or 5 gallons of water per acre for aerial application.
Preplant/preemergence rates vary according to size of weeds. Postemergence
directed sprays can be an effective salvage treatment. Apply directed
sprays no higher than the lower 3 inches of crop stalks. May combine
directed spray with 1 to 2 pts product/A of atrazine (4L) for improved
broadleaf weed control. Always add nonionic surfactant (1 pt per 100
gallons of water) or a nonphytoxic crop oil concentrate (1 gallon per 100
gallons of water) when applying paraquat.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Follow safety and handling precautions
on the label.
59
CORN AND SOR
GHUM - cco
ont
in
ue
d
SORGHUM
ntin
inue
ued
Herbicide
Harness (7EC)
Surpass (6.4EC)
Degree (3.8EC)
TopNoteh (3.2 EC)
acetochlor
Hornet (WDG)
flumetsulam +
clopyralid
Micro-Tech (4EC)
Intrro (4 EC)
alachlor
Rate:
1.25 to 3.4 pts Harness or 1.5 to 3.75 pts Surpass/A. or 2-3.75 qts product/
A for TopNoteh or 2.75 to 5.5 pts product/A for Degree.
Time:
Early preplant surface (up to 45 days before planting), preplant incorporated
(up to 7 days before planting), or preemergence surface (after planting but
prior to either crop or weed emergence).
Remarks:
Corn only (field, pop). Controls many annual grass and broadleaf weeds.
Also provides control of yellow nutsedge. Rates vary according to soil
texture and soil organic matter. In areas of low precipitation, or where 0.25
to 0.75 inches of rainfall or irrigation does not occur within 7 days after
application, weed control will be improved by shallow mechanical incorporation (1 to 2 inches deep). See label for tank mix options. Acetochlor is also
formulated in a commercial premix with atrazine (Harness-Xtra, Fultime, or
Keystone).
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Do not apply to sorghum or sweet corn.
Do not rotate to crops other than soybeans or corn the season following
application. Do not apply through any type of irrigation system. Do not
apply by air.
Rate:
4.05 to 5.0 (pre) or 2.0 to 5.0 (post) oz /A.
Time:
Preplant surface, preplant incorporated, preemergence, early postemergence
(before first true leaf is unfurled), or postemergence (up to 24 inches tall).
For best results, apply when weeds are less than 8 inches tall.
Remarks:
Corn (field). For broadleaf weed control. Soil surface treatment may be
applied with water, liquid fertilizer, or impregnated on dry fertilizer.
Postemergence treatments should be applied only with water, and must
include a nonionic surfactant or crop oil concentrate. For best results, do
not cultivate within 10 days before or after postemergence application. May
be tank mixed with other herbicides registered for use on field corn.
Caution
Caution::
Do not apply by air or through irrigation systems. Do not use on soil with
pH greater than 7.8 or organic matter content less than 1.5%. Do not use if
field is treated with Counter or Thimet insecticide. Temporary injury may
occur to corn previously treated with other organophosphate insecticides.
Make only 1 application per year and do not exceed 4.8 oz/A in a single crop
year. Interval of at least 85 days required between application and harvest.
Crop rotation restriction of 4 to 26 months. Do not apply to sweet corn or
popcorn.
Rate:
1.5 to 3.0 qts product/A for Intrro; or 2.0 to 3.5 qts product/A for Micro-Tech.
Time:
Preplant incorporated (up to 7 days prior to planting), preemergence
surface, or postemergence (corn only) before crop exceeds 5 inches in
height.
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop, sweet) or sorghum (grain). Controls annual grasses and
certain annual broadleaf weeds. Rate is based on soil texture and soil organic
matter levels. Does not control emerged weeds. Preplant applications
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Herbicide
should be mechanically incorporated 1 to 2 inches deep. Preemergence
applications should not be mechanically incorporated, but will require 0.33
to 0.75 inches of rainfall or sprinkler irrigation to move herbicide into soil
before weeds emerge. Do not use preemergence surface treatment on furrow
irrigated fields. See label for tank mix options. Alachlor is also formulated
in a commercial premix with atrazine (Bullet or Lariat), or glyphosate
(Bronco).
Prowl (3.3EC)
Prowl H2O
pendimethalin
Princep Caliber (4L, 90 DF)
simazine
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Do not make more than 2 applications per
year, or exceed a total of 4 qt/A (sorghum) or 6 qt/A (corn). Apply to sorghum
only if seed has been properly treated with a protectant containing the
active ingredient Screen (flurazole). Do not apply postemergence to
sorghum. Do not graze or harvest sorghum forage from treated fields for 70
days following application.
Rate:
1.8 to 4.8 pts product/A Prowl EC(corn); or 1.8 to 3.6 pts product/A Prowl
EC (sorghum), or 2.0 to 4.0 pts product/A for Prowl H2O (corn).
Time:
Preemergence surface treatment after planting but before weeds and crop
emerge (corn only); or postemergence incorporated “culti-spray” treatment
(see label for details) to corn or sorghum from the 4-inch growth stage to
as late as the last cultivation (lay-by).
Remarks:
Corn (field, sweet) or sorghum (grain). Prowl controls many annual
grasses and broadleaf weeds. Field must be free of emerged weeds prior to
application. Plant corn at least 1.5 inches deep. Postemergence incorporated treatment must be preceded by a cultivation which throws at least 1
inch of soil over the base of all crop plants. Then Prowl should be applied
and mechanically incorporated (within 7 days) into the top 1 inch of soil
using a sweep-type or rolling cultivator. Adequate rainfall or sprinkler
irrigation can be substituted for mechanical incorporation.
Caution:
Do not apply more than once per year. Preemergence applications not
approved for sorghum. Do not incorporate preemergence corn treatments.
Unusually cold/wet or hot/dry conditions that delay germination or extend
it over a long period of time may reduce weed control. Do not allow livestock
to graze or be fed forage from treated fields for at least 21 days following
application.
Rate:
2.2 to 4.4 lbs (90 DF) product/A.
Time:
Apply before, during, or after final seedbed preparation, but before weeds
and crop emerge.
Remarks:
Corn. Controls a wide variety of annual broadleaf and grass weeds. Can
provide suppression of quackgrass. Moisture is needed to move the
herbicide into the root zone. Very dry soil conditions following application
may necessitate shallow cultivation or rotary hoeing to incorporate. May
be tank mixed with atrazine, EPTC, or paraquat.
Caution:
Use this product in corn only when corn is to follow corn, or when a crop
of untreated corn is to precede another rotational crop. Do not apply more
than 4 lbs ai/A per season. Do not graze treated areas.
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Herbicide
Python (80 WDG)
flumetsulam
Roundup (3L)
and formulations
glyphosate
Rate:
0.8 to 1.3 oz product/A.
Time:
Preplant or preemergence
Remarks:
Corn (field). Do not apply to sweet corn or popcorn. Controls a variety of
annual broadleaf weeds. May be applied with liquid fertilizer or impregnated
on dry bulk fertilizer. May be tank mixed with other approved preplant corn
herbicides. An interval of at least 85 days between application and harvest
is required. Crop rotation restrictions range from 0 to 26 months, depending
on the crop.
Caution:
Do not apply through any type of irrigation system. Do not use flood irrigation
to incorporate. Do not apply to soils with a pH greater than 7.8 or unacceptable
crop inury may occur. If tank mixing or making sequential applications with
other products containing flumetsulam (Hornet, Accent Gold, etc.), do not
apply a total of more than 0.07 lbs ai/A of flumetsulam per season.
Rate:
0.5 to 6 pts product/A (annuals); 1 to 5 qts product/A (perennials)
glyphosate 3L.
Time:
Apply to emerged weeds before crop emergence or as a spot treatment prior
to silking (corn) or heading (sorghum).
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop, sweet) or sorghum (grain). Annual weeds: Apply in 3 to 10
gal of water per acre for ground application and in 3 to 5 gal of water per acre
for aerial application. The addition of 1% to 2% ammonium sulfate by weight
or 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal spray mix may increase performance when weeds are under
stress. For control of perennials, apply Roundup to actively growing weeds
prior to tillage in the spring or fall, or as a nonselective spot treatment after crop
emergence. Repeat treatments may be necessary to control weeds regenerating
from seeds or underground parts. See label for preplant tank mix options.
Glyphosate is also formulated in a commercial premix with 2,4-D, acetochlor +
atrazine, or atrazine + metolchlor.
Caution:
All crop plants contacted by spray will be killed. Do not spot treat more than
10% of the total field area to be harvested. Do not till annual weeds for at least
1 day following application. Do not till perennial weeds for 7 to 10 days
following treatment. Do not apply to weeds under weather stress. Rainfall
within 6 hours after application may reduce effectiveness. Do not plant crops
other than those indicated on the label for 30 days following application. After
spot treatment, allow 7 days before grazing domestic livestock or harvesting
crop.
Rate:
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds within the height ranges shown on the
label (1 to 10 inches, depending on species). Apply before corn exceeds 20
inch height for broadcast sprays, or 36 inch height for directed (drop nozzle)
spray.
POSTEMERGENCE
Accent SP (75DF)
nicosulfuron
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Herbicide
Aim (40 WDF, 2 EC)
carfentrazone-ethyl
Basagran (4EC)
bentazon
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop). Controls some annual broadleaf weeds and many annual
grasses. Also provides control of bermudagrass, quackgrass, and
johnsongrass. May be applied by ground or air. Always add a nonionic
surfactant or a crop oil concentrate when applying Accent alone. Adding
liquid nitrogen fertilizer solution may improve control of some grasses. In
cases of severe grass infestations and continuous emergence, a second
application of Accent can be made. Can be tank mixed with Buctril or Clarity.
Also formulated as a commercial premix with dicamba (Celebrity Plus). Do
not tank mix with 2,4-D.
Caution:
Do not use on sorghum. May be applied to certain sweet corn hybrids. See
label for details. Do not cultivate 10 days before or 7 days after application.
Do not apply where the soil insecticide Counter has been applied. Applications to corn treated with other organophosphate soil insecticides may
result in temporary crop injury. Do not apply foliar organophosphate
insecticides, or the herbicides 2,4-D, or Basagran within 7 days before or 3
days after applying Accent. Do not exceed 1.33 ounces of product per acre
per season. Do not apply through sprinkler systems. Do not graze or feed
forage or grain from treated areas to livestock within 30 days after application. See label for crop rotation restrictions (up to 18 months).
Rate:
0.33 to 1.0 oz product/A for 40 WDF; 0.5 to 1.6 for 2 EC.
Time:
Apply to emerged weeds from 30 days before planting up to the 8 leaf collar
growth stage of corn. Weeds should be small (1 to 4 inches tall) and actively
growing.
Remarks:
Corn (field, sweet, seed, silage, pop) and grain sorghum
sorghum.. A contact
herbicide for selective postemergence control of broadleaf weeds. May be
tank mixed with Accent, Accent Gold, Basis Gold, Atrazine, Shotgun,
Liberty, or other corn herbicides to control weeds not listed on the Aim label.
Addition of a surfactant or crop oil concentrate is required.
Caution:
Applications should not be made within 6 to 8 hours of either rain or
irrigation. Corn, grain sorghum, wheat, barley, and oats may be planted any
time following an application of Aim. Other crops may be planted after 12
months following application.
Rate:
1.0 to 2.0 pts product/A.
Time:
Apply after weeds emerge but before they reach maximum size listed on
product label (2 to 10 inches, depending on species and herbicide rate).
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop, sweet) or sorghum (forage, grain). Controls many annual
broadleaf weeds, and can also suppress yellow nutsedge and Canada
thistle. Most corn and sorghum varieties are tolerant to Basagran at all
stages of growth up to and including early boot stage. May be tank mixed
with atrazine + oil for postemergence applications. See label for other tank
mix options.
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Herbicide
Basis (75 DF)
rimsulfuron +
thifensulfuron
Basis Gold (89.5 DF)
rimsulfuron +
nicosulfuron +
atrazine
Beacon (75DF)
primsulfuron
Caution:
Do not apply to sorghum that is heading or blooming. Do not apply more
than 2 pts/A (sorghum) or 4 pts/A (corn) in one season. Seed producers
should consult seed company regarding tolerance of inbred lines. Do not
graze treated fields for at least 12 days following last treatment.
Rate:
0.33 to 1.0 oz/A.
Time:
Weeds: 1 to 2 inches tall. Corn: spike to 4-leaf (2 collar), or 1/2 to 6 inches tall.
Remarks:
Corn (field). Add crop oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant, plus an
ammonium nitrogen fertilizer. Apply by ground or air. Tank mixes approved
with Banvel, Marksman, or Atrazine. Cultivate about 7 days after application. Annual grasses controlled if small. To control grass under adverse
environmental conditions, a sequential application of Accent may be
necessary.
Caution:
Do not apply through any irrigation system. Do not graze or feed forage,
grain, or stover within 30 days after application.
Rate:
14 oz/A.
Time:
Weeds: 1 to 3 inches tall. Corn: up to 12 inches tall or 6-collar stage.
Remarks:
Corn (field). May be applied by ground. Add a high-quality crop oil
concentrate. Addition of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer must be used.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Do not apply to corn that is taller than 12
inches. Do not tank mix with Basagran, Laddok, any 2,4-D products, or
organophosphate insecticides. Do not apply through any irrigation system. Do not apply to sweet corn, popcorn, or field corn grown for seed. Crop
rotation restrictions for up to 18 months. Do not graze or feed forage, grain,
or stover within 60 days after application.
Rate:
0.76 oz product/A.
Time:
Apply when weeds are within the height range listed on the label (1 to 18
inches). Apply broadcast treatments when corn is between 4 and 20 inches
tall. Directed (drop nozzle) applications must be made if corn is greater than
20 inches tall. Do not apply after tassel emergence.
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop). Controls some annual grasses and various annual
broadleaf weeds. Provides partial control or suppression of green foxtail,
sandbur, johnsongrass, quackgrass, and Canada thistle. Always add a
nonionic surfactant or crop oil concentrate to the spray mixture. Use only
surfactant (not crop oil concentrate) when tank mixing Beacon with 2,4-D,
Banvel, or Buctril. Split applications for improved control can be made up
until corn tassel emergence. Any application after corn is 20 inches tall must
be made with drop nozzles. Certain corn hybrids may show an unacceptable
sensitivity to Beacon, particularly under adverse weather conditions. See
label for list of hybrids. Also formulated as a commercial premix with dicamba
(NorthStar).
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Herbicide
Buctril (2EC, 4EC)
bromoxynil
Celebrity Plus (75DF)
dicamba + diflufenzopyr
+ nicosulfuron
Caution:
Do not apply to sorghum or sweet corn. Do not apply if corn is under severe
stress. Beacon should not be applied if the insecticide Counter is applied
to the crop at any time during the season. Do not apply organophosphate
insecticides (Dyfonate, Lorsban, Thimet, etc.) within 10 days before or 7
days after a Beacon application. Do not apply through sprinkler systems.
Do not graze or feed treated forage to livestock within 30 days after
application. Do not harvest for silage within 45 days, or for grain within 60
days after application. See label for crop rotation restrictions (up to 18
months).
Rate:
1 to 2 pts product/A for 2EC or 0.5 to 1.0 pts product/A for 4EC.
Time:
Apply before planting until just before crop emergence; or apply after crop
emergence but prior to tassel emergence of corn, or prior to preboot stage
of sorghum (growth stage 4). Weeds must be small (2- to 8-leaf stage,
depending on rate and weed species).
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop) or sorghum (grain, forage). Provides postemergence
control of many annual broadleaf weeds. Can suppress growth of Canada
thistle. Rate varies according to crop growth stage. Does not control
grasses. Thorough spray coverage is essential for good weed control.
Weeds emerging after application will not be controlled. May be applied
twice per season. Many labeled tank mix options. Also formulated in a
commercial premix with atrazine. High rate (2 pts product/A) may be applied
through automated sprinkler irrigation systems to field corn and sorghum.
The 2 pt rate can be applied by ground to field corn, but not to sorghum..
Caution:
Do not use on sweet corn. Do not graze or cut crop for feed or fodder within
45 days after application. Do not apply postemergence to popcorn or corn
inbreds prior to the 3-leaf stage of crop growth. Do not exceed 2 pts product/
A per season.
Rate:
4.67 oz product/A.
Time:
Apply to small actively growing weeds when corn is 4 to 24 inches tall.
Remarks:
Corn (field). For postemergence control of a wide spectrum of broadleaf
weeds and grasses. Applications must include a nonionic surfactant and
an ammonium nitrogen fertilizer. Apply 1 to 2 quarts of NIS per 100 gallons
of spray solution (0.25 to 0.50 % v/v). Use the high rate in drought conditions
to enhance weed control. Use 1 to 2 quarts of a high quality liquid nitrogen
fertilizer (such as 28-0-0) per acre. In place of liquid nitrogen fertilizer, 1 to
2 pounds of high quality spray-grade ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) per acre
may be applied
Caution:
Do not apply sequential applications of Banvel, Clarity, Distinct, or Marksman herbicide within 15 days of an application of Celebrity Plus. In case of
crop failure, only field corn may be replanted. Do not apply through any type
of irrigation equipment. Refer to label for crop rotation guidelines.
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Herbicide
Clarity (4L)
dicamba
Rate:
0.5 to 1 pt product/A (corn); or 0.5 pt product/A (sorghum).
Time:
Corn: preplant (no-till only), preemergence, or early postemergence before
crop is beyond the 5-leaf stage or 8 inches tall. Or, late postemergence (using
drop nozzles) when weeds are small and corn is between 8 and 36 inches tall
(no less than 15 days before tassel emergence).
Sorghum: preplant (at least 15 days prior to planting), or after crop is in the
spike stage, but before it is 15 inches tall.
Distinct (76DG)
Exceed (57 WDG)
Spirit
prosulfuron + primsulfuron
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop) or sorghum (grain). Provides residual preemergence and
postemergence control of certain annual broadleaf weeds and suppression
of perennial broadleaf weeds. Does not control grasses. Drop nozzles
should be used if application is made after crop is 8 inches tall. See label for
various tank mix options. Dicamba is also formulated in a commercial premix
with atrazine (Marksman).
Caution:
Do not use on sweet corn. Do not apply to seed corn or popcorn without
verifying crop tolerance with local seed dealer. Do not apply to sorghum
grown for seed production. Make no more than one application per growing
season. Applications during periods of rapid crop growth may result in
temporary leaning. Do not cultivate until corn resumes normal growth to
avoid breakage. Do not harvest, feed, or graze treated forage prior to
ensilage (milk) stage of corn or mature grain stage of sorghum.
Rate:
4 to 6 oz product/A
Time:
Apply when weeds are small and corn is 4 to 10 inches tall. May be applied
at 4 oz/A when corn is 10 to 24 inches tall.
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop, silage). For control of annual broadleaf weeds, and control
or suppression of many perennial broadleaf weeds. Apply with nonionic
surfactant at the rate of 1 quart per 100 gallons of spray solution plus 5 quarts
of UAN fertilizer. Spray-grade ammonium sulfate may be substituted for
UAN at a minimum of 5 pounds per 100 gallons of spray mix. Distinct is
rainfast 4 hours after application when used with recommended adjuvants.
Caution:
Allow a minimum of 15 days between sequential applications of Distinct.
Do not tank mix with other growth regulating herbicides, such as products
containing dicamba, 2,4-D, or clopyralid.
Rate:
1 oz product/A.
Time:
Apply when weeds are small (generally 1 to 6 inches tall, depending on
species) and field corn is between 4 and 30 inches tall. Apply to popcorn
or seed corn that is between 10 and 30 inches tall (before tassel emergence).
Remarks:
Corn (field, grain, silage, or seed) and popcorn. A selective herbicide
applied after emergence of both crop and weeds for the control of broadleaf
weeds and some grasses. All applications to popcorn or inbred seed corn
lines, and any applications made to field corn greater than 20 inches tall,
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Herbicide
should be directed or semi-directed using drop nozzles. Always include a
crop oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant. See label for approved tank
mixes.
Liberty (1.67 SC)
glufosinate
Caution:
Do not use on sweet corn. Restrictions on use of organophosphate
insecticides on same fields. Do not graze treated fields until 30 days after
application. Do not harvest silage until 40 days after application. Do not
harvest for grain until 60 days after application. Do not apply through
irrigation system. Recropping restrictions vary from 0 to 18 months,
depending on crop and region.
Rate:
28 to 34 fl oz product/A
Time
Apply when emerged weeds are actively growing and within the maximum
height restrictions indicated on the label (generally 2 to 6 inches, depending
on species). Apply between dawn and 2 hours before sunset.
Broadcast applications may be made up until corn is 24 inches tall or in the V7 stage (7 developed collars), whichever comes first. For corn 24 to 36 inches
tall, use only drop nozzles and avoid spraying in the whorls of corn stalks.
Lightning (70DG)
imazethapyr + imazapyr
Remarks:
LibertyLink corn only. A foliar spray for the control of a broad spectrum
of emerged annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. Weed control
may be reduced if applied under conditions of heavy dew, fog, mist,
drought, cool temperatures, or extended cloudiness. Control or suppression of biennial and perennial weeds may be enhanced by making a second
application or by tank mixing with other herbicides. Liberty must be applied
with ammonium sulfate (AMS). Do not add any surfactants or crop oils.
Caution:
Use only on corn hybrids designated as LibertyLink or warranted by Aventis
CropScience as being tolerant to Liberty herbicide. Do not make more than
2 applications or exceed a total of 56 oz/A of herbicide per season. Do not apply
within 60 days of harvesting corn forage or 70 days of harvesting corn grain.
Do not plant small grain rotation crops for at least 70 days after the last
application. Do not plant other rotation crops for at least 120 days after the
last application.
Rate:
1.28 oz product/A
Time:
Apply early postemergence when most weeds are actively growing and
generally 1 to 3 inches tall
Remarks
Remarks::
Clearfield corn only. Controls a wide variety of annual grasses and
broadleaf weeds. Adequate soil moisture is important for optimum activity.
Rainfall or irrigation required for optimum residual activity. The addition of
an adjuvant and a liquid fertilizer is required. May be tank mixed with certain
other postemergence corn herbicides. A preplant grass herbicide is recommended when moderate to heavy grass weed pressure is anticipated.
Caution:
Apply only on selected field corn hybrids (Clearfield corn) warranted by the
seed company to possess resistance/tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides. Do
not apply within 45 days of harvest. Recropping restrictions range from 0 to 40
months.
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Herbicide
NorthStar (51.4 WDG)
primisulfuron+
sodium salt of dicamba
Paramount (75DF)
quinclorac
Peak (57 WDG)
prosulfuron
Rate:
5 oz/A.
Time:
Apply when weeds are small (generally 1 to 6 inches, see weed heights on
label) and corn is between V2 (4") and V4 (12") stages. Apply broadcast,
over-the-top, directed or semi-directed to corn between 4 and 20" tall; apply
only directed (drop nozzles) or semi-directed on corn 20 to 36" tall.
Remarks:
Corn (field, grain, silage, seed or popcorn). Controls or suppresses many
broadleaf and selected grass weeds including Canada thistle, Jerusalem
artichoke, pigweeds, lambsquarters, cocklebur, ragweed, kochia, shattercane,
quackgrass and Johnsongrass; and partially controls foxtails, sandbur and
yellow nutsedge. Always use an adjuvant: For V2 to V4 stage corn (4 to 12")
use NIS or COC (AMS and liquid nitrogen may improve control); if corn is
above V4 (over 12") do not use COC.
Caution:
Do not apply if corn shows severe stress or injury from drought, cold weather,
hail, flooding, compacted soil, saturated soil conditions, disease, insect damage, or nutrient deficiency. Do not apply an organophosphate insecticide
within 10 days before or 7 days after a NorthStar application. Do not use on sweet
or ornamental (Indian) corn. Do not irrigate for 24 hours after an application. Do
not graze or feed foliage from treated corn to livestock within 30 days after
application. Do not apply 15 days before tassel, 45 days before cutting for silage
or within 60 days of harvest. Only make one application per year (5 oz.). See label
for crop rotations.
Rate:
3 to 8 oz product/A
Time:
Apply preemergence, or postemergence before sorghum exceeds 12 inches
in height. For best control, apply when weeds are less than 2 inches tall.
Remarks:
Sorghum only. For control of certain annual grass weeds, and control or
suppression of selected broadleaf weeds. Excellent control of field bindweed.
Apply with 1 to 2 pts/A of methylated seed oil (MSO). Paramount is rainfast after
6 hours. For enhanced grass control and broad-spectrum control of annual
broadleaf weeds, tank mix 5.3 to 8 oz/A of Paramount with 0.5 to 1 pound/A of
atrazine.
Caution:
Do not apply to sorghum subjected to stress conditions such as hail
damage, herbicide injury, flooding, or drought. Do not plant any crops other
than spring wheat, winter wheat, or sorghum for 10 months following
application. Do not plant alfalfa, clover, flax, peas, lentils, solanaceous
crops, or sugarbeets for 24 months after application.
Rate:
0.5 to 1.0 oz/A.
Time:
Apply when weeds are small (1 to 8 inches tall, depending on species) and
crop is between 5 and 30 inches tall.
Remarks:
Grain sorghum (milo) and proso millet. A selective herbicide applied after
emergence of both crop and weeds for the control of broadleaf weeds.
Applications made after sorghum is 20 inches tall should be directed or semidirected using drop nozzles. In drier climates, crop oil concentrate is the
preferred additive instead of nonionic surfactant. See label for approved tank
mixes.
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Herbicide
Resource (0.86 EC)
flumiclorac
Roundup (3L)
and other glypohosate products
glyphosate
Sencor (75 DF)
metribuzin
Caution:
Do not use on sweet sorghum. Restrictions on use of organophosphate
insecticides on same fields. Do not graze treated fields until 30 days after
application. Do not harvest silage until 40 days after application. Do not
apply through irrigation system. Do not rotate to crops other than corn,
grain sorghum, or small grains until at least the next year (some crops require
34- month waiting period).
Rate:
4 to 6 fl oz product/A for broadcast; 4 to 8 fl oz product/A for drop nozzle.
Time:
Apply postemergence to corn from the 2-leaf through the 10-leaf stage.
Weeds should be actively growing and within the growth stages indicated
on the label (generally up to the 3 to 4 leaf stage)
Remarks:
Corn (field). A selective herbicide for postemergence control of broadleaf
weeds. Must be applied with crop oil concentrate or methylated seed oil.
The addition of a spray grade ammonium sulfate may further enhance weed
control. Resource is rain fast 1 hour after application. Drop-nozzle application should be made after corn has reached a sufficient height for the spray
to be directed beneath the corn leaves. Numerous tank mix options with
other herbicides.
Caution:
Do not use on sweet corn or popcorn. Do not apply during periods when corn
or weeds are under stress. Do not apply more than 8 fl oz product / A during
a single season. Do not graze or feed treated corn to livestock within 28 days
after treatment.
Rate:
24 to 32 fl oz product/A (3L).
Time:
Apply before emerged weeds become competitive with the crop (generally
when weeds are less than 6 inches tall). Apply from corn emergence through
the V-8 stage, or until corn height reaches 30 inches, whichever comes first.
Remarks:
Roundup Ready (glyphosate tolerant) corn only. Controls a wide variety of
annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. May require 2 or more
applications per season; but do not exceed 32 fl oz product/A per application, nor to exceed a total of 64 fl oz product/A per season. May be tank mixed
with Harness, Harness Xtra, Micro-Tech, Partner, Bullet, or Permit herbicides.
Caution:
Use only on corn hybrids designated as containing the Roundup Ready
gene. Any other corn hybrid will be severely injured or killed by this
treatment. Allow at least 50 days between the application of this product
and corn harvest. No crop rotation restrictions, unless tank mixing.
Rate:
Time:
Apply postemergence when weeds are small, before they exceed the
maximum size listed for each species. Apply after crop emergence until just
prior to tasseling.
Remarks:
Corn (field). For control of selected broadleaf weeds when applied as a tank
mix with certain other postemergence herbicides.
69
CORN AND SOR
GHUM - cco
ont
in
ue
d
SORGHUM
ntin
inue
ued
Herbicide
Stinger (3L)
clopyralid
Triflurex HFP (4EC))
trifluralin
Yukon (67.5 WDG)
halosulfuron + dicamba
Caution:
Do not use on sweet corn, popcorn, white corn, or corn grown for seed. Do
not use crop oil concentrate or any adjuvant containing vegetable or
petroleum oils with any Sencor DF tank mix. Do not use on sand, loamy sand,
or sandy loam soils that have less than 0.5% organic matter.
Rate:
0.25 to 0.67 pt product/A.
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing broadleaf weeds after corn emergence, but before corn exceeds 24 inches in height. Spray weeds up to 5-leaf
stage.
Remarks:
Corn (field, sweet, pop). Controls certain annual broadleaf weeds and
Canada thistle. Spray thistles when at least 6 to 8 inches tall or wide, but
before bud stage. Do not cultivate within 14 to 20 days after thistle
application. Retreat as necessary.
Caution:
Do not use on sorghum. Do not cultivate prior to application. Do not apply
more than 0.67 pt product/A per year. Do not apply to field corn greater than
24 inches tall. Do not harvest treated corn for silage or feed (or allow
livestock to graze treated areas) within 40 days after treatment.
Rate:
.75 to 2 pts product/A.
Time:
Postemergence following cultivation and/or use of another herbicide to
remove existing weeds. Crop must be well established (2 true leaf stage or
taller).
Remarks:
Corn (field). For preemergence control of annual grasses and broadleaf
weeds. Apply as an over-the-top spray, or as a directed spray using drop
nozzles if corn foliage prevents uniform coverage of the soil surface.
Herbicide must be incorporated within 24 hours with 1 pass of a sweep-type
or rolling cultivator. On coarse and medium textured soils it may be
incorporated by 0.5 to 1 inch of rainfall or sprinkler irrigation.
Caution:
Do not apply to sweet corn, popcorn, or corn grown for seed. Do not apply
preplant or preemergence. Do not apply within 6 weeks prior to harvesting,
or after corn is 30 inches tall.
Rate:
0.67 to 1.33 oz/A (corn) or 0.67 oz/A (sorghum).
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds at the heights defined in the “Use Rate
Guide” section of the label. Can be applied from spike through lay-by stage
of field corn, or 2-leaf through lay-by of grain sorghum (before grain head
emergence).
Remarks:
Corn (field, seed) or grain sorghum (milo). A selective herbicide for control
of many annual broadleaf weeds and nutsedge. Nonionic surfactant or crop
oil concentrate required. Two applications per season are allowed on corn.
Recommended for use following a preemergence application of Harness,
Harness Extra, or other approved herbicide.
Caution:
Allow 30 days following application before grazing livestock or harvesting
for forage. Consult label for crop rotation restrictions.
70
CORN AND SOR
GHUM - cco
ont
in
ue
d
SORGHUM
ntin
inue
ued
Herbicide
2,4-D (4L, 4EC, 6EC)
(many trade names)
Rate:
1 to 4 pts 4L product/A (corn) or 0.67 to 1 pt 4L product/A (sorghum). Rates
vary between products. Postemergence rates generally range from 0.5 to 1.5
pts 4L product/A for corn, and 0.67 to 1 pt 4L product/A for sorghum.
Time:
Corn: Preplant (up to 14 days prior to planting), preemergence (3 to 5 days
after planting, but before corn emerges), early postemergence (up to 8-inch
corn height), directed postemergence (8-inch height up to tassel stage), or
preharvest (after hard dough or dent stage).
Sorghum: Early postemergence (6- to 8-inch tall crop), or directed
postemergence (8-inch height up to boot stage)
Remarks:
Corn (field, pop, sweet) or sorghum (grain). Postemergence control of annual
broadleaf weeds and suppression of perennial broadleaf weeds. Drop nozzles
should be used for directed postemergence treatments to keep 2,4-D off of
crop leaves. See label for tank mix options. 2,4-D is also formulated in a
commercial nonselective premix with glyphosate (Landmaster) for preplant
usage.
Caution:
Do not feed fodder for 7 days following application.
71
DRY BEANS
INTRODUCTION
Weed competition can have a tremendous impact on dry bean yield and quality. Because growers understand
these negative impacts, combinations of chemical, mechanical, and cultural weed control are used on most dry
bean fields. When compared to other pest control inputs, more dollars are spent on weed control than any other
pest management practice. The return for dollars invested on weed control is the result of reduced competition
for water, nutrients, and sunlight. Weeds that grow tall enough to shade the bean canopy can cause significant
yield reductions even at low densities. For example, common sunflower, common cocklebur, redroot pigweed,
barnyardgrass, hairy nightshade and green foxtail at densities as low as two plants per 6 feet of row can reduce
dry bean yields 40, 30, 22, 18, 15, and 6%, respectively.
Successful dry bean weed control programs integrate chemical, mechanical, and cultural weed control practices.
To minimize the effects of weed competition, control techniques must suppress weeds from crop emergence
through the first flowering stage or 4 to 5 weeks after crop emergence. Weeds emerging during this period are
more competitive than later emerging weeds that remain below the crop canopy. As the crop develops and
begins to shade the soil surface, the growth of weeds that emerge later in the season will be reduced. Growers
can increase the competitiveness of the crop by planting cultivars that have a spreading architecture (indeterminate growth habit) and reducing row spacings from 30 to 22 inches. Properly timed cultivation can also be very
effective in early season weed control programs. Rotary hoeing when the crop is emerging or in the cotyledon
stage can effectively remove small weed seedlings with only minor stand reduction.
Weed seedling emergence is triggered by optimum temperature, adequate soil moisture, and tillage operations
that expose seeds to light. There are generally two major flushes of weeds, one occurring with crop emergence
and a second occurring approximately 10 days later. These early season weed flushes account for 85% of the
weeds that emerge during the season. The final weed flushes generally follow cultivations and can result in late
season weed problems. Herbicides that are band or broadcast applied at planting are the best option for controlling weeds that emerge with the crop. The rate at which herbicide degradation occurs will determine the length
of residual activity. Under most environmental conditions, preplant incorporated or preemergence herbicides will
provide between 4 to 8 weeks of residual activity. Weed seedlings emerging after that time will need to be
controlled by cultivations, or cultivation combined with lay-by herbicide applications.
Producers need to select herbicides or herbicide combinations based on weed spectrums in each field. This
requires producers to have records of previous weed infestations or to identify weed seedlings. Herbicides
applied at planting may not control certain weed species or may not provide adequate weed control because of
inadequate moisture for activation or enhanced degradation. This means that postemergence herbicide applications will be needed to control weeds within the row. Successful postemergence applications depend on treating
weeds that are small and actively growing (usually less than 2 inches tall).
Dry beans differ in their tolerance to herbicides. Navy beans generally have less tolerance to herbicides than
other dry beans. CAUTION: Use lower rates of herbicides on navy beans than other beans unless prior
experience or research has shown the higher rates to be safe.
Edited by:
Dr. Steve Miller
Plant Sciences
Laramie, WY 82071
307-766-3112
[email protected]
72
WEED RESPONSE TO DRY BEAN HERBICIDES
Weeds
Eptam
Glyphosate
Outlook
Lasso
Prowl, Prowl H2O
Sonalan
Trifluralin
Assure II
Basagran
Poast
Pursuit
Raptor
Select
Postemergence
Dual Magnum
Grasses
barnyardgrass
foxtail
grain, volunteer
oat, wild
proso millet, wild
quackgrass
sandbur
shattercane
E
E
P-F
P-F
F
P
G
P
G
E
F
G
G
F
E
G
E
E
E
E
E
G-E
E
E
E
E
P-F
P-F
F
P
G
P
E
E
P-F
P-F
F
P
G
P
E
E
F
F
P-F
P-F
G
G
E
G
F
F
G
P-F
E
G
E
E
F
F
G
P-F
E
E
E
G-E
E
E
G-E
E
E
E
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
E
E
G-E
G-E
E
G
G
G
F
F
F
F
G
P
G
G
F
G
G
G
E
P
G
G
E
E
E
E
E
G-E
E
E
Broadleaves
bindweed, field
buckwheat
buffalobur
cocklebur
jimsonweed
knotweed, common
kochia
lambsquarters, com.
mallow, common
mustard, spp.
nightshade, black
pigweed, redroot
purslane, common
thistle, Canada
thistle, Russian
spurge, annual
sunflower, common
velvetleaf
N
P
F
N-P
P
F
P-F
F
P-F
F
F-G
F
F
N
P
P
N
P
N
F
G
P
P
F
F
G
P-F
F
G
F
G
N
G
P
N
P
F
F
G
G
G
G
F-G
G
G
E
E
E
G
G
G
G
E
E
N
P
F
N-P
P
F
P-F
F-G
P-F
F
E
G-E
F
N
P
P
N
P
N
P
F
N-P
P
F
F
F
P-F
F
F-G
F
F
N
G
P
N
P
P-F
G
P
P
P
G
E
G
P-F
N
P
G
E
N-P
P
P
N
P
P-F
G
P
P
P
G
G
G
P-F
N
F
G
E
N-P
G
P
N
P
P-F
F
P
P
P
G
E
F-G
P-F
N
P
G
E
N-P
P
F
N
P
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
F
N
G-E
G
P-F
P-F
F
F
E
P
P-F
F
F-G
F
N
E
G
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
P
E
F
E
G
F
G
F
G
E
E
E
G
P
G
G
G-E
G
P
E
F
E
G
F
G
F-G
G
E
E
E
G
P
G
G
E
G
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Control: E=Excellent, G-Good, F-Fair, P=Poor, N=None.
Responses of weeds to any of the listed herbicides may be altered by growing conditions, weed populations, type
of irrigation, genetic variation, soil type, pH, organic matter, time of application and rate. Ratings may vary from
season to season and over geographic areas.
73
DRY BEANS
Herbicide
Dual Magnum, (7.6EC)
s-metolachlor
Eptam (7EC, 20G)
EPTC
glyphosate
(numerous brands)
Rate:
1 to 2 pt product/A
Time:
Preplant incorporated. Apply within 14 days of planting, and
incorporate into the top 2 inches of soil. May also be applied as a
preemergence surface treatment, before crop and weeds emerge.
Remarks:
Controls certain annual grasses and some annual broadleaf weeds in
dry beans. Surface application requirse rainfall or irrigation to activate.
Rates depend on soil texture and organic matter. Use preplant
incorporated treatment for furrow irrigation. May be tank mixed with
Eptam, or Treflan to broaden weed control spectrum.
Caution:
Injury may occur under abnormally high soil moisture conditions
during early development of the crop. Do not feed or graze livestock
on crop residue. See label for crop rotation restriction.
Rate:
3.5 to 4.5 pt or 15 to 20 lb granules/A
Time:
Preplant incorporated or lay-by incorporated treatment.
Remarks:
For control of certain annual grasses and broadleaf weeds (including
nightshade) as well as suppression of some perennial weeds (including
quackgrass). Must be incorporated immediately and thoroughly into
the top 3 inches of soil. Soil should not be wet at time of application.
See label for specific incorporation instructions. May also be applied
with dry fertilizers or by subsurface layering. May be tank mixed with
Treflan, Dual, Lasso, Prowl, and Sonalan.
Caution:
Do not apply prior to preplant irrigation. Does not control established
weeds.
Rate:
Product amount/A
3.0 lb ae (4 lb ai)
3.7 lb ae (5 lb ai)
4.0 lb ae (5.4 lb ai)
4.5 lb ae (5.5 lb ai)
Time:
Preplant or preemergence to the crop, but postemergence to the weeds.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial weeds in all types of edible beans.
Refer to label for specific weed control recommendations.
Caution:
Apply all treatments before the crop emerges, or crop injury will result.
Do not plant subsequent crops other than those listed on the label for
1 year following application. Do not feed or permit animals to forage
treated crop within 8 weeks following application.
74
0.38 ae
16 fl oz
13 fl oz
12 fl oz
11 fl oz
0.75 ae
32 fl oz
26 fl oz
24 fl oz
22 fl oz
1.125 ae
48 fl oz
40 fl oz
36 fl oz
32 fl oz
DRY BEANS - continued
Herbicide
Lasso (4EC)
alachlor
Prowl (3.3EC)
Prowl H20 (3.8 ACS)
Pendimax (3.3EC)
pendimethalin
Outlook
dimethenamid-P
Sonalan (3EC)
ethalfluralin
Rate:
4 to 6 pt
Time:
Preplant incorporated. Apply within 7 days before planting and
shallowly incorporate into upper 1 to 2 inches of soil. Apply after
planting but before crop and weed emergence. Must be applied within
5 days of last preplant tillage operation.
Remarks:
For control of annual grass and broadleaf weeds (including
nightshades). Rate depends on soil texture, weed species, and weed
density. Adequate soil moisture required for preplant incorporated
application. This product will not control emerged weeds. Lasso may
be tank mixed with Eptam, Treflan, Sonalan and Prowl. Use higher
rate on heavy weed infestations or hard to control weeds.
Caution:
A RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. May delay crop maturity and/or
reduce yield if cold, wet conditions occur after planting.
Rate:
2.4 to 3.6 pt Prowl or Pendimax/A or 2.1 to 3 pt Prowl H20/A
Time:
Preplant incorporated or preemergence.
Remarks:
Controls certain annual grass and broadleaf weeds as they germinate.
May be tank mixed with Eptam for improved grass control.
Caution:
Land should be plowed to a depth of 12 inches following dry bean
harvest and prior to planting sugarbeets. See label for rotation
restrictions.
Rate:
16 to 21 fl oz/A
Time:
Preplant (surface or shallow incorporated), preemergence, or early
postemergence up to third trifoliate leaf beans.
Remarks:
Controls annual grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds in dry
beans. Good activity on nightshades. Broader weed control spectrum
with tank mixes or sequential treatment using other postemergence
herbicides. See label for approved tank mixes.
Caution:
Not recommended (possible crop injury) as a preplant treatment on
oarse texured soils with low organic matter or low CEC. Postemergence
treatment must be delayed until first trifoliate leaf is fully expanded.
Allow at least 70 days between application and harvest. Verify with
local seed supplier the selectivity of Outlook on your specific bean
class and variety. Not registered for succulent peas or cowpeas.
Rate:
1.5 to 4.5 pt/A
Time:
Preplant incorporated treatment. Can be applied up to 3 weeks before
planting. Incorporate uniformly into the top 2 to 3 inches of soil
within 2 days of application.
75
Herbicide
trifluralin
(various brands)
Spartan (75WDG)
sulfentrazone
Remarks:
Controls certain annual grass and broadleaf weeds (including ground
cherry and nightshade). May be applied with liquid or dry fertilizer.
For broader-spectrum control, may be tank mixed with Lasso, Dual
Magnum, Outlook or Eptam (see label). Sonalan may be applied
through center-pivot and lateral-move sprinkler system (see label).
Caution:
Do not graze or feed crop residues grown in treated soil. Do not apply
to wet or cloddy fields. When 3 pt/A or more are used, do not rotate
to sugarbeets within 13 months; with applications of less than 3 pt/A,
rotation to sugarbeets may be made after 8 months if fields are mold
board-plowed first.
Rate:
1 to 2 pt of a 4EC product/A
Time:
Preplant incorporated treatment applied either in the fall or just prior
to planting in the spring.
Remarks:
Rates depend on soil texture, organic matter, and amount of rainfall or
irrigation. For broader-spectrum control, may be tank mixed with
Eptam, Dual Magnum, Lasso, and Outlook. Controls certain annual
grasses and broadleaf weeds.
Caution:
Must be well incorporated in the top 3 to 4 inches of soil within 24
hours after application. Soils treated should be free of clods or previous plant residues. Carefully follow label suggestions for incorporation instructions and rotational crop restrictions.
Rate:
1.5 to 2 oz WDG
Time:
Early preplant, shallow PPI or preemergence
Remarks:
Should not be used on soils with <1% OM. Provides control of small
seeded broadleaf weeds including kochia, pigweed, nightshade and
lambsquarters species.
Caution:
Herbicide solubility, activity and phytotoxicity increases as soil pH
increases and may cause problems on soils with >1% OM if pH is
above 7.5.
Rate:
Time:
species). For best results, apply when grasses are in the 3-leaf to preboot stage.
Remarks:
For control of emerged annual grass weeds, volunteer cereals, and
quackgrass in dry beans. Approved for ground applications. Always
include a nonphytotoxic petroleum based crop oil concentrate. Rate
is dependent on weed species, size, and density. Use high label rates
on larger weeds and higher populations.
POSTEMERGENCE
Assure II (0.88 EC)
quizalofop
76
Herbicide
Basagran (4L)
bentazon
Poast (1.5EC)
sethoxydim
Pursuit (2AS)
Pursuit (70DG)
imazethapyr
Caution:
Reduction in grass control is possible when Assure II is applied immediately before or after a postemergence broadleaf herbicide. Wait
herbicide. In fields already treated with broadleaf herbicide, wait 7
days before applying Assure. Do not mix with any pesticide or adjuvant not listed on the label. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest.
Do not feed vines or hay to livestock.
Rate:
1 to 2 pt product/A
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing weeds in the 2- to 10-leaf
stage of growth (refer to label). Beans must have first trifoliate leaf
fully extended for full rate.
Remarks:
For control of certain annual broadleaf weeds (including hairy nightshade and cocklebur). Can control Canada thistle with twoapplications
7 to 10 days apart. Does not control grasses. Irrigation may be necessary before application to ensure weeds are growing actively.
Caution:
Temporary yellowing, bronzing, or speckling of bean leaves may occur under some conditions. Do not apply under cool conditions (day
temperature below 75°F and night temperature below 55°F for 2 to 5
days), or poor weed control will result. Do not apply when beans are
stressed. Do not apply more than 2 lb a.i./A in one season. Do not
cultivate within 5 days before or after application. Do not apply to
succulent beans within 30 days of harvest.
Rate:
0.5 to 1.5 pts product/A
Time:
Apply posteemergence to annual grasses according to stages of
growth (see label).
Remarks:
Always add either crop oil concentrate at 1 qt/A or methylated seed
oil at 1.5 pt/A. The addition of 28 percent UAN liquid fertilizer at 2 to
4 qt/A may enhance control.
Caution:
Apply 30 or more days prior to harvest.
Rate:
2 fl oz/A or 1.08 oz product/A
Time:
Apply postemergence after crop has at least one trifoliate leaf and
weeds are less than 2 inches.
Remarks:
Must be applied with a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 2 pints per 100
gal of spray mixture. Addition of a reduced rate of Basagran safens
Pursuit on dry beans.
Caution:
Pursuit will carryover. Do not plant sugarbeets for 40 months. Allow
at least 60 days between application and harvest.
77
Herbicide
Raptor
imazamox
Rezult
Co-pack of bentazon +
sethoxydim
Select (2EC)
Arrow (2EC)
clethodim
Rate:
4 fl oz/A
Time:
Postemergence after crop has at least one trifoliate leaf and weeds are
less than 2 inches.
Remarks:
Must be applied with a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 2 pints per 100
gal of spray mixture. Addition of a reduced rate of Basagran safens
Raptor on dry beans.
Caution:
Raptor as compared to Pursuit provides better grass and broadleaf
control and has less carryover and crop rotation restrictions. Refer to
label for rotational intervals.
Rate:
1.6 + 1.6 pt product/A
Time:
Postemergence to actively growing weeds. Can be applied up to 30
days before harvest.
Remarks:
Add crop oil concentrate at 1 to 2 pt/A. Provides economical weed
control in beans.
Caution:
Refer to Basagran and Poast sections for additional information.
Rate:
6 to 10 fl oz product/A
Time:
Apply postemergence to annual or perennial grasses according to
weed height (see label). Weeds should be actively growing and not
under stress when application is made, for best control.
Remarks:
Always use a crop oil concentrate containing at least 15% emulsifier
at 2 qt/A by ground or 1% V/V in the finished spray volume by air.
Addition of 1 to 2 qts/A of aqueous fertilizer or 2.5 to 4.0 lb/a of spray
grade ammonium sulfate (AMS) may enhance control.
Caution:
Allow 30 or more days prior to harvest.
78
PEAS AND LENTILS
INTRODUCTION
The leading areas of field pea production in the U.S. are Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Minnesota, North Dakota,
and southern Canada. Field peas are grown as edible peas and also for hay, pasture, silage, and green manure.
A cool growing season is needed for successful field pea production. Field peas are most productive where
rainfall is fairly abundant, but they also can succeed in cool semiarid regions with adequate irrigation. They need
well-drained soils. Inoculation for nodulation is required. Field peas are generally self-pollinated, however some
cross pollination occurs.
Field peas can replace summer fallow in wheat rotations. Planting is usually done very early in the spring when
grown as a summer crop. They are seeded with a grain drill, usually in April. Phosphorous fertilizer is required
for dry peas if soil test shows phosphorous availability to be low. Sulfur is sometimes beneficial. Seeding rates
with a grain drill range from 45 to 180 lbs per acre, depending upon the seed size.
Lower seeding rates apply to drier areas and heavier seeding rates are more suitable for well-fertilized soil under
irrigation, or in more humid areas. The desired plant stand in Idaho and Washington is 6 to 9 plants per square
foot. Wild oats, Canada thistle, and nightshades are among some of the most troublesome weeds in pea fields.
When grown for hay or silage, dry field peas are often sown in mixtures with oats or barley. Field peas are
harvested for hay when most of the pods are well formed. The grain stems help support the pea vines, thereby
reducing lodging. Mixed planting also provides a better balanced feed. However, planting peas with a small grain
crop reduces herbicide options.
Lentils are slow to establish and produce limited vegetative growth. As such, lentils are very sensitive to weed
competition which reduces yield by competing for light, moisture, and nutrients. High weed populations are also
likely to cause a buildup of disease and/or insect problems that may affect lentil growth, development, and
marketability. Weeds also increase harvest losses, reduce crop, and make seed cleaning more difficult and
expensive.
Weed control options for lentils are even fewer than for peas. Start by selecting clean fields which have a history
of low weed pressure. In planning rotations, be sure that fields are kept weed-free prior to planting. Also, be
aware of herbicide carryover restrictions. Some herbicide which should be avoided prior to planting lentils
include Tordon, Stinger, Curtail, Amber, and Ally.
The information provided in this section is not intended to be a complete guide to herbicide use. Before using any
herbicide product, you must thoroughly read the entire label and follow all label directions. Complete labels and
MSDS information for the products listed in this section can be viewed on the web at: http://www.greenbook.net
Edited by:
Dr. Steven Dewey
4820 Old Main Hill
Logan, UT 84322
435-797-2256
79
WEEDS LISTED ON PEAS AND LENTILS HERBICIDE LABELS
Dual
Frontier
Gramoxone
Prowl
Pursuit
Roundup
Scythe
Sencor
Sonalan
Spartan
Treflan
Assure II
Basagran
Poast
Raptor
Sencor
Thistrol
Weeds
barley, volunteer
barnyardgrass
bermudagrass
Canada thistle
cheat
chess, soft
chickweed, common
cocklebur, common
corn, volunteer
crabgrass
dog fennel
downy brome
goosegrass
green foxtail
gromwell, corn
henbit
jimsonweed
johnsongrass
knotweed, common
kochia
marshelder
mustard, tall
nightshade, black
nightshade, hairy
nightshade, spp.
oats, wild
oats, volunteer
panicum, fall
pennycress, field
pigweed, prostrate
pigweed, redroot
prickly lettuce
prickly sida
purslane, common
quackgrass
ragweed, common
ragweed, giant
redstem filaree
Russian thistle
rye, cereal
shepherds purse
smartweed
sowthistle
spurge, prostrate
velvetleaf
volunteer grain
Postemergence
Command
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X1
X2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X*
X
X*
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
80
WEEDS LISTED ON PEAS AND LENTILS HERBICIDE LABELS
Frontier
Gramoxone
Prowl
Pursuit
Roundup
Scythe
Sencor
Sonalan
Spartan
Treflan
Assure II
Basagran
Poast
Raptor
Sencor
Thistrol
wheat, volunteer
wild buckwheat
wild mustard
wild proso millet
wild radish
wild sunflower
witchgrass
yellow foxtail
yellow nutsedge
yellow rocket
Dual
Weeds
Postemergence
Command
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X = Control, S = Seedling control only, P = Partial control - = Weed not listed on label
*Not all weeds listed on herbicide labels apply to all crops or sites found on that label. Weeds in this table are taken from the overall
list of controlled weeds found on each respective label, but may not all be controlled at the rates and/or timings required for the
specific category of PEAS or LENTILS.
1
2
Non-ALS/AHAS resistant biotypes
PPI only
81
PEAS AND LENTILS
Herbicide
PREPLANT / PREEMERGENCE
Command (3 ME)
clomazone
Dual Magnum (7.62 EC)
metolachlor
Rate:
1.3 pt/A (3 ME)
Time:
Apply to soil surface up to 30 days before planting, but prior to crop
emergence.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and some annual broadleaf weeds in
succulent peas. Not approved for lentils. Make a single application in
a minimum of 10 gallons of water per acre. May be tank mixed with
other herbicides registered for use on succulent peas.
Caution:
Observe all application precautions, use directions, rotational crop
restrictions and replanting instructions. Spraying within 300 feet of
desirable plants must be avoided. Do not make more than one application per year.
Rate:
1 to 2 pt/A (7.62 EC)
Time:
Apply preplant incorporated or preemergence in spring.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and some annual broadleaf weeds in
English peas, southern peas (such as blackeye, pinkeye, crowder,
etc.) and lentils. Rate depends upon soil type. Apply to the soil and
incorporate in the top 2 inches of soil within 14 days of planting using
precipitation, irrigation, or an implement capable of thorough soil and
herbicide mixing (finishing disk, harrow, rolling cultivator, etc.). Use a
preplant incorporated application if in-furrow irrigation is to be used
or when a period of dry weather is expected after application. For
preemergence applications, apply during planting (on the planter) or
after planting, but before weeds have emerged. Will not control
emerged weeds.
Caution:
Make only preemergence applications on English peas. Do not cut
for hay within 120 days following application. See label for recropping
restrictions.
Additional formulations of metolachlor are labeled for use on peas and/or lentils, including Cinch, Dual II Magnum, Me-Too-Lachlor, Parallel, Parallel PCS, and Stalwart.
Application rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from those
stated above. For example, lentils are not listed on Dual II Magnum label.
Frontier (6 EC)
Outlook
dimethenamid
Rate:
20 to 32 oz/A (6 EC)
Time:
Apply preplant (surface or shallow incorporated), preemergence, or
early postemergence (1- to 3-trifoliate stage).
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and small-seeded annual broadleaf
weeds in lentils. Not approved for peas. Good activity on nightshades.
Broader weed control spectrum with tank mixes or sequential treatments using other postemergence herbicides. See label for approved
tank mixes.
82
PEAS AND LENTILS - continued
Herbicide
Gramoxone Max (3 SC)
paraquat
Prowl (3.3 EC)
Prowl H20 (3.8 FL)
pendimethalin
Pursuit (2 AS)
imazethapyr
Caution:
Not recommended (possible crop injury) as a preplant treatment on
coarse texture soils with low organic matter or low CEC. Postemergence
treatment must be delayed until first trifoliate leaf is fully expanded.
Allow at least 70 days between application and harvest. Verify with
local seed supplier the selectivity of Frontier on your specific lentil
variety.
Rate:
1.3 to 2.7 pt/A preemergence (3 SC)
Time:
Preemergence: Apply to seedbeds before, during, or after planting,
but prior to crop emergence.
Remarks:
RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE. For control of annual grasses and
annual broadleaf weeds prior to planting succulent peas. Not approved for this use on lentils. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100
gallons of spray mix for preemergence applications.
Caution:
Any crop emerged at the time of application will be killed. Do not
apply when weather conditions favor spray drift. Gramoxone Max
and Gramoxone Super Tres labels differ somewhat regarding specific
approved usages in peas.
Rate:
1.2 to 3.6 pts/A (3.3 EC)
Time:
Preplant incorporated as many as 60 days prior to planting.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds in English
peas, dry peas, garden peas, dwarf peas, green peas, pigeon peas,
edible pod peas, southern peas (cowpeas), and lentils. Rate depends
on soil type. Thoroughly mix the previous crop residues into the soil
to a depth of 4 to 6 inches by plowing or disking prior to application.
Refer to label for additional incorporation instructions.
Caution:
Do not apply preemergence. Avoid postplant tillage that will bring
untreated soil to the surface. Do not apply more than once during the
cropping season. Do not apply if forage will be fed to livestock.
Rate:
2 to 4 oz/A (2 AS)
Time:
Preplant incorporated, preemergence, or early postemergence.
Remarks:
For control of annual grass and annual broadleaf weeds in dry edible
peas, English peas, southern peas, and lentils.
Wyoming: Apply preplant incorporated, preemergence, or early postemergence at 3 oz/
A on dry edible and English peas, and up to 4 oz/A onsouthern peas. Make early
postemergence application when peas are at least 3 inches in height, but prior to 5 nodes
or flowering. Apply preplant incorporated or preemergence only to lentils at up to 3 oz/
A.
Montana and Utah: Apply preplant incorporated or preemergence at 3 oz/A to succulent
peas, dry edible peas, or lentils. May be applied postemergence to edible dry peas only
at 2 oz/A. Make postemergence application after peas are at least 3 inches in height.
83
Herbicide
Caution:
Label instructions for Wyoming differ from those for Utah and Montana. Allow at least 30 days between application and harvest of
English peas and southern peas. Allow at least 60 days between
application and harvest of dry edible peas, lentils, and other pea
types. Do not make more than one application of Pursuit per year.
Additional formulations of imazethapyr are labeled for use on peas and/or lentils, including Pursuit DG, Pursuit W, and Pursuit WDG. Application rates and other label
instructions for these products may differ from those stated above.
Roundup Original (4 L)
glyphosate
Rate:
0.5 to 2 pts/A (4 L)
Time:
Apply prior to planting or prior to crop emergence.
Remarks:
For control of grass and broadleaf weeds prior to emergence of field
peas, English peas, garden peas, edible podded peas, dwarf peas,
green peas, snowpeas, sugar snap peas, pigeon peas, and lentils.
Rate depends on weed species and stage of growth.
Caution:
Do not allow glyphosate to contact desirable plants. Do not harvest
or feed treated vegetation to livestock for 8 weeks following application.
There are numerous other formulations or brands of glyphosate labeled for use on peas
and/or lentils. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may
Scythe (4.2 EC)
pelargonic acid and
related fatty acids
Sencor (4 FL)
metribuzin
Rate:
3 to 10 percent by volume (3 to 10 gallons of Scythe per 100 gallons of
total spray solution)
Time:
Apply to small emerged weeds prior to crop emergence or after harvest.
Remarks:
For nonselective control of annual weeds and suppression of perennial herbaceous weeds in peas (green, garden, sugar, snow, southern)
and lentils. Apply in water as a broadcast spray in 70 to 200 gallons of
spray solution per acre. Continuous agitation is required. A defoaming agent may be added to prevent excessive foaming. Thorough
spray coverage is required for best results. Repeated applications
may be required for control of perennial weeds.
Caution:
Do not apply after crop has emerged. Do not allow spray to come in
contact with the foliage of other desirable plants. Do not apply through
any type of irrigation system. Do not apply by aircraft.
Rate:
0.25 to 0.75 pt/A (4 FL)
Time:
Preemergence applied after or before seeding; or apply postemergence
when weeds are less than 2 inches high but before crop is 6 inches
tall.
Remarks:
For control or suppression of certain broadleaf weeds in peas and
lentils. Will not control nightshades. Apply in 10 or more gallons of
84
Herbicide
water per acre with ground equipment, or at least 5 gallons of water
per acre with aerial spray equipment. May be incorporated to a depth
of 1 to 2 inches if the soil is dry. If moisture is present or expected, a
preemergence treatment is best.
Sonalan HFP (3 EC)
Sonalan 10 G
ethalfluralin
Spartan (4 F)
sulfentrazone
Treflan HFP (4 EC)
trifluralin
Caution:
Labeled for MT only. Do not use on coarse-textured soils with less
than 1.5% organic matter. Do not apply on very moist soils or wet
crop foliage. Do not apply on peas seeded less than 2 inches deep.
Do not apply within 50 days of harvest of peas or 75 days of harvest
of lentils. Do not use on Estin lentils. Do not apply postemergence
within 3 days of cool, wet, cloudy weather. Crop injury may occur if
peas are under stress conditions caused by cool weather, low fertility,
disease, or insect damage. Do not apply more than 1 pt/A per year.
Rate:
1.5 to 2 pts/A (3 EC)
Time:
Apply preplant and incorporate following label instructions.
Remarks:
For control of many annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds in dry
peas. Not approved for lentils. Weak on groundcherry, mustards, wild
sunflowers, and nightshades. Use low rate on coarse-textured soil
and high rate on medium-textured soil.
Caution:
Do not exceed labeled rates or crop injury may occur. Do not graze or
plant forage crops in treated soil or cut for hay or silage. In Montana
and Wyoming plant only rapeseed (canola), safflower, sunflower, or
irrigated spring barley as rotational crops in the crop year following
application of 2 pints per acre. Not all varieties of peas have been
tested for tolerance, so check to make sure use is safe on your varieties.
Rate:
2.25 to 8.0 oz/A (4 F)
Time:
Apply early-plant, preemergence, or preplant incorporated in the spring.
Also labeled for fall application in MT and WY.
Remarks:
For control of broadleaf, grass, and sedge weeds in dry peas. Not
approved for lentils. If adequate moisture (1/2 to 1 inch) from rainfall
or irrigation is not received within 7 to 10 days after treatment, a
shallow incorporation may be needed. Can be tank mixed with other
preemergence herbicides labeled for dry pea use.
Caution:
Not all varieties or cultivars of peas have been evaluated for tolerance
to Spartan. Consult your local seed supplier for more information
about crop safety. Do not apply more than 8 oz/A per year. Observe all
crop rotation restrictions to avoid potential injury to subsequent crops
following application of Spartan.
Rate:
1 to 2 pts/A (4 EC)
Time:
Apply preplant incorporated in the spring.
85
Herbicide
Remarks:
For residual preemergence control of annual grasses and certain annual broad leaf weeds in dry peas, English peas, and southern peas.
Not approved for lentils. Weak on nightshades, wild sunflowers,
mustards, and mayweed. Rate depends upon soil texture, soil organic
matter, type of pea, and time of application. Incorporate twice, once
within 24 hours after application. Incorporate to a depth of 1 to 2
inches.
Caution:
Read the label regarding the planting of rotational crops. Do not plant
oats for 14 months after application. Do not combine with fertilizers,
fungicides, or insecticides. May cause injury to stressed crop seedlings.
Additional formulations of trifluralin are labeled for use on peas, including Treflan TR10, Triflurex HFP, and Bayonet. Application rates and other label instructions for these
products may differ from those stated above.
POSTEMERGENCE
Assure II (0.88 EC)
quizalofop
Basagran (4 SC)
bentazon
Rate:
6 to 12 oz/A (0.88 EC)
Time:
Apply to emerged weeds within height ranges specified on label (between 2 and 10 inches tall, depending on species). For best results
apply when weedy grasses are in the 3-leaf to boot stage.
Remarks:
For control of emerged annual grass weeds, volunteer cereals, and
quackgrass in dry peas, succulent peas, and lentils. Approved for
ground applications. Always include a nonphytotoxic petroleum-based
cropoil concentrate or a nonionic surfactant. Rate is dependent on
weed species, size, and density. Use high label rates on larger weeds
and higher populations. Subsequent flushes of grasses require additional treatment.
Caution:
Reduction in grass control is possible when applied immediately before or after a postemergence broadleaf herbicide. Wait at least 24
hours before applying a broadleaf herbicide. In field is already treated
with broadleaf herbicide, wait 7 days before applying Assure. Do not
mix with any pesticide or adjuvant not listed on label. Do not apply
within 30 days of harvesting succulent peas or 60 days of harvesting
dry peas. Do not apply through any irrigation system. Do not apply
more than 14 oz/A per season.
Rate:
1.5 to 2 pts/A (4 SC)
Time:
Apply after peas have 3 pairs of leaves (or 4 nodes) and after weeds
emerge, but before weeds reach maximum size listed on the label.
Remarks:
For control of certain annual broadleaf weeds, Canada thistle, and
nutsedge in dry peas, succulent peas, garden peas, English peas, and
southern peas. Not approved for lentils. Weeds that are not actively
growing because of moisture stress may not be controlled. If that
situation is anticipated, it may be necessary to irrigate prior to treatment. Rainfall or overhead irrigation soon after application may re86
Herbicide
duce effectiveness. For best Canada thistle and yellow nutsedge control use high rate and apply two times, 7 to 10 days apart. Apply to
Canada thistle after it is 8 inches tall, up to the bud stage.
paraquat
Poast (1.5 EC)
sethoxydim
Raptor (1 EC)
imazamox
Caution:
Pea injury can be pronounced, but is usually outgrown. Do not apply
within 30 days before harvest. Do not apply more than 4 pt/A per
season.
Rate:
0.8 to 1.3 pt/A as harvest-aid (3 SC)
Time:
Harvest-Aid: Apply when the crop is mature and at least 80% of the
pods are yellowing and mostly ripe, with no more than 30 to 40 percent of the leaves still green in color.
Remarks:
RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE. For use as a harvest-aid desiccant
in lentils and dry peas. Add non-ionic surfactant at 2 qts per 100
gallons of spray mix for harvest-aid treatments.
Caution:
Do not apply when weather conditions favor spray drift. Gramoxone
Max and Gromoxone Super Tres labels differ somewhat regarding
usage as desiccants. The category of dry peas is only listed on
Gramoxone Max label, but lentils are listed on both labels under the
category of harvest-aid.
Rate:
0.5 to 2.5 pts/A (1.5 EC), depending on weed and region
Time:
Apply to actively growing annual or perennial grasses at the appropriate stages of grass growth indicated on label.
Remarks:
For control of weedy grasses in dry peas, succulent peas, and lentils.
Rates vary according to region, weed species, and weed size. Always
add a nonphytotoxic oil concentrate at 2 pt/A, or a methylated seed
oil at 1.5 pt/A. In addition, urea ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate is recommended (see label for more information). Grasses beyond
recommended growth stage may be controlled, but may require 2
applications. Allow a minimum of 14 days between sequential applications. Maximum cumulative rate per season is 4 pt/A.
Caution:
Control may be erratic if grasses are stressed due to drought, temperature extremes, insect damage, or herbicide injury. Do not apply if
rainfall is expected within 1 hour. Do not cultivate within 5 days before or 7 days after application. Allow at least 50 days after application before harvest of lentils, 30 days before harvest of dry peas, and
15 days before harvest of succulent peas.
Rate:
4 oz/A (1 EC)
Time:
Apply postemergence when weeds are actively growing and before
they exceed the maximum recommended size stated on label. Delay
application until the majority of the weeds are at the recommended
growth stage. Apply when peas have at least 3 pairs of leaves, but
before the bloom stage.
87
Herbicide
Thistrol (4 L)
MCPB
Remarks:
For control of many broadleaf and grass weed species in dry edible
peas (field peas) and southern peas. Not approved for succulent peas
or lentils. An adjuvant (either a surfactant or a crop oil concentrate)
must be added for optimum weed control activity. For applications to
dry peas, Basagran must always be added to the spray mixture.
Caution:
Reduced crop growth, temporary yellowing, reduced quality, reduced
yield and/or delayed maturity may result. Growers should check with
the seed company regarding the safety of Raptor to their variety. For
long-term weed management, alternate between two or more herbicides with different modes of action to reduce the potential for weed
resistance.
Rate:
1 to 3 qt/A (4 L)
Time:
Apply when peas have 6 to 12 nodes, but no later than 3 nodes before
flowering or after flower buds appear. Apply after Canada thistle stems
elongate, but before stems are 8 inches tall. Apply after annual weeds
emerge, but before they are more than 3 inches tall.
Caution:
Do not spray when temperatures are expected to exceed 90° F for the
next 24 hours or when peas are drought stressed. Do not feed treated
vines or peas to livestock. Do not permit drift off target.
Pre-mixed herbicide products also labeled for weed control in peas and/or lentils:
Pursuit Plus EC
(imazethapyr + pendimethalin)
Sequence
(metolachlor + glyphosate)
88
GRASSES FOR SEED
INTRODUCTION
Pre-Crop:
Begin to control weeds well before planting a grass seed crop. Pre-crop control is especially important for
managing perennial weeds. Quackgrass, bermudagrass, Canada thistle, field bindweed, and other noxious
perennials can be greatly reduced with properly timed applications of effective systemic herbicides. Some are
most effective if applied in the early fall after harvest of the grass seed crop preceding corn. Others can actually
be applied during the growing season of a previous crop. Be sure to consult labels for any recropping intervals
required after a herbicide application. Consider spot treatments if perennial weed problems are not extensive
enough to justify broadcast applications. In some instances, a fallow period may also be helpful in reducing
weed populations.
Stand Establishment:
Site and species selection, seed quality, seedbed preparation, planting, irrigation, and fertilization each
play an important role in getting a new stand of grass off to a good start. A healthy vigorous stand of grass can
provide strong competition against many weeds. Be sure to do all you can to promote successful stand
establishment. A publication of the Montana and Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Stations and the Soil
Conservation Service entitled “Grass and legume seed production in Montana and Wyoming” (Special Report
No. 12, 1986) is a useful guide to establishing and managing grass seed fields.
Early removal of weeds is key to successful grass establishment. Control can be accomplished best through a
combination of cultivation, mowing, hand roguing, and herbicides. Cultivate soon after grass rows become
distinguishable, and as often as necessary to control weeds. Operate the equipment more slowly than when
cultivating other row crops. Cultivate to a depth of 1 to 1.5 inches, and within 1 to 1.5 inches of the row.
Buctril can be applied earlier to grass crops (1- to 2-leaf stage) than either Clarity or 2,4-D. Grasses should
have at least 3 leaves before applying Clarity, or 5 leaves (6 to 8 weeks old) before applying 2,4-D. Mowing
is sometimes necessary if weed growth becomes excessive. Cut weeds as low as possible without damaging
young seedlings.
Established Stands:
Cultivation, hand roguing, and herbicides continue to be the key weed control tools in established grass seed
fields. Cultivate as often as necessary to control weeds and volunteer grasses between rows. Cultivation
deeper than 1.5 inches may damage grass roots, weakening the crop and making it more susceptible to weed
invasion. Broadleaf weeds can be controlled selectively by dicamba, bromoxynil, clopyralid, or 2,4-D. Annual grassy weeds and volunteer grass crop seedlings can be controlled by Frontier applied prior to weed
emergence. Be sure to follow label recommendations for rates and application timings. Application of some
products at the wrong timing or at excessive rates could significantly reduce seed production or seed viability.
Perennial broadleaf weeds and grasses can be controlled with spot applications of Roundup. No more than
10 percent of any field may be treated in this manner. Any desirable grasses contacted by Roundup may be
killed. Hand roguing or hand weeding should be an integral aspect of every weed management program for
established grass seed.
89
The information provided in this section is not intended to be a complete guide to herbicide use. Before using
any herbicide product, thoroughly read the entire label and follow all label directions. Complete labels and
MSDS information for the products listed in this section can be viewed on the web at: http://www.greenbook.net
Edited by:
Dr. Steve Dewey
Logan, UT 84322
435-797-2256
90
Grass Weeds
Clarity
Frontier/Outlook
Gramoxone
Manage/Sempra
Paramount
Roundup
Scythe
Sencor
WEEDS LISTED ON GRASS SEED HERBICIDE LABELS
Annuals
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
brome, ripgut
brome, Japanese
cheat
crabgrass
fescue, rattail
foxtail, green
foxtail, yellow
goatgrass, jointed
goosegrass
grain (barley, wheat)
grass (general)
oats, wild
rye, cereal
ryegrass, annual
sandbur
stinkgrass
witchgrass
P
P
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Perennials
barley, foxtail
bentgrass
bermudagrass
bluegrass, bulbous
bluegrass, perennial
brome, smooth
canarygrass
fescue, tall
grass (general)
johnsongrass
orchardgrass
phragmites
quackgrass
ryegrass, perennial
timothy
wheatgrass, western
nutsedge, yellow
-
X
-
P
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X = Listed on the label as “controlled,” S = Control seedling stage only, P = “Partially controlled” or “suppressed,” - = Weed
is not listed on label.
91
Scythe
Sencor
Stinger/Lontrel
Surmount
Weedmaster
2,4-D
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
Roundup
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
PastureGard
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
-
Paramount
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
MCPA
Curtail
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Gramoxone
Clarity
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Frontier/Outlook
Buctril
Annuals
bedstraw, common
broadleaf (general)
buckwheat, wild
buffalobur
catchfly, night flr.
chamomile, corn
chickweed, common
clover, annual
cockle, corn
cockle, cow
cocklebur, common
dog fennel
fiddleneck
fleabane
flixweed
goosefoot, nettleleaf
groundsel, common
henbit
jimsonweed
knotweed, common
kochia
ladysthumb
lettuce, prickly
mallow, common
mallow, Venice
marestail (horseweed)
marshelder
mayweed
mustard, blue
mustard, Jim Hill
mustard, tansy
mustard, wild
nightshade, black
nightshade, cutleaf
nightshade, hairy
pennycress, field
pigweed, prostrate
Curtail M
Broadleaf Weeds
Bronate
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X = Listed on the label as “controlled,” S = Control seedling stage only, P = “Partially controlled” or “suppressed,” = Weed
92
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Bronate
Buctril
Clarity
Curtail
Curtail M
Frontier/Outlook
Gramoxone
MCPA
Paramount
PastureGard
Roundup
Scythe
Sencor
Stinger/Lontrel
Surmount
Weedmaster
2,4-D
Annuals
pigweed, redroot
pigweed, tumble
pineappleweed
puncturevine
purslane, common
radish, wild
ragweed, common
ragweed, giant
shepherds purse
smartweed, Pennsylvania
smartweed, green
sorrel, red
sowthistle, annual
sowthistle, spiny
spurge, prostrate
spurry, corn
sunflower, wild
tarweed
thistle, Russian
velvetleaf
wormwood, annual
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Biennials
burdock, common
carrot, wild
cockle, white
evening primrose
gromwell, corn
knapweed, diffuse
mallow, dwarf
salsify (goatsbeard)
starthistle, yellow
sweet clover
teasel
thistle, bull
thistle, musk
thistle, plumeless
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
93
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Bronate
Buctril
Clarity
Curtail
Curtail M
Frontier/Outlook
Gramoxone
MCPA
Paramount
PastureGard
Roundup
Scythe
Sencor
Stinger/Lontrel
Surmount
Weedmaster
2,4-D
Perennials
alfalfa
artichoke, Jerusalem
aster, spp.
bindweed, field
broadleaf (general)
bursage
buttercup, tall
campion, bladder
chicory
clover
daisy, oxeye
dandelion, common
dock, curly
dogbane, hemp
goldenrod
hoary cress (whitetop)
knapweed, Russian
knapweed, spotted
milkweed, common
milkweed, whorled
mullein, common
onion, wild
plantain, broadleaf
povertyweed
ragweed, western
spurge, leafy
thistle, Canada
toadflax, dalmatian
vetch
woodsorrel
wormwood
yarrow, common
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
-
-
P
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
X
P
X
X
P
P
P
P
P
X
P
X
-
Not all weeds listed on herbicide labels apply to all crops or sites found on that label. Weeds in this table are taken from the overall list of
controlled weeds found on each respective label, but may not all be controlled at the rates and/or timings required for the specific use
category of GRASSES GROWN FOR SEED. Level of control considered “acceptable” for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary
between herbicide manufacturers. Absence of a weed from a label does not necessarily mean complete lack of control. High level rates may
be necessary to achieve level of control claimed for some weeds.
94
GRASS SEED
Herbicide
2,4-D (4 L)
(numerous brands)
Rate:
0.75 to 1 pt/A (4 L) on seedling grass, and 1 to 4 pt/A (4 L) on
established grass
Time:
Apply to seedling grasses after the 5-leaf stage. Apply to well established grasses in spring after tillering, but before the early boot stage;
or apply after the milk stage.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in grasses grown
for seed. Perennial weed regrowth may be treated in the fall. Rates
and timing information for grass seed crops vary between brands and
formulations of 2,4-D. Some brands are labeled for turfgrass varieties
only.
Caution:
Do not apply more than two broadcast treatments per year. Do not
use on bentgrass unless grass injury can be tolerated. Do no graze
lactating dairy animals on treated grass for at least 7 days after application. Do not harvest treated grass for hay within 30 days after
application. Withdraw meat animals from treated area at least 3 days
before slaughter.
Numerous formulations of 2,4-D are labeled for use on grasses grown for seed including Barrage HF, Esteron 99, Formula 40, Hardball, Opti-Amine, RT Master, Turret, Unison, Weedar, and Weedone. Application rates, timing, and other label instructions for
these and other labeled products may differ from those stated above.
Bronate (4 EC)
MCPA + bromoxynil
Rate:
1 to 2 pt/A (4 EC)
Time:
Apply to established and newly seeded grasses grown for seed before the boot stage. Optimum control is obtained when applied to
small actively growing weeds.
Remarks:
For control of annual broadleaf weeds in grasses grown for seed.
Tolerant established grasses include bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass,
fescue, ryegrass, and bermudagrass. Tolerant seedling grasses include certain cultivars or varieties of Kentucky bluegrass, fescue,
orchardgrass, bentgrasses and perennial ryegrass. May be applied
by ground, air, or through sprinkler irrigation systems.
Caution:
Do not allow livestock to graze in treated areas. Do not feed treated
grasses to livestock.
Additional pre-mix formulations of MCPA + bromoxynil are labeled for use on grasses
grown for seed, including Bromox-MCPA, Maestro MA, and Wildcard Xtra. Application
rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from those stated above.
Buctril (2EC, 4EC)
bromoxynil
Rate:
1 to 2 pts 2EC, or 0.5 to 1 pt 4EC product/A
Time:
Apply to newly seeded or established grasses before the boot stage.
Apply before broadleaf weed seedlings exceed the 4-leaf stage, 2inch height, or 1-inch diameter.
95
GRASS SEED - continued
Herbicide
Clarity (2L)
dicamba
Remarks:
For control of many annual broadleaf weeds and suppression of
Canada thistle in perennial grasses grown for seed. Tolerant established grasses include bentgrasses, Kentucky bluegrass, fescues,
ryegrass, and bermudagrass. Tolerant seedling grasses include cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass, fescue, orchardgrass, bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, or forage grasses (planted for seed production only).
May be applied by ground, air, or through sprinkler irrigation systems.
Caution:
Leaf burn may occur when applied with liquid fertilizer.
Rate:
0.5 to 1 pt/A (2 L) on seedling grass, or up to 2 pt/A (2 L) on wellestablished grass.
Time:
Apply after seedling grasses reach at least the 3- to5-leaf stage. Apply to established grasses before crop begins to joint. Apply when
weeds are in the 2- to 4-leaf stage and rosettes are less than 2 inches
across.
Remarks:
For broadleaf weed control in bermudagrass, bluegrass, and lawntype fescue and ryegrass crops grown for seed. Clarity may also be
applied through wiper application equipment using a solution of 1
part Clarity to 1 part water. For suppression of downy brome, ripgut
brome, or rattail fescue apply 2 quarts of Clarity per treated acre in the
fall or late summer after harvest and burning of established grass
seed crops. Application should be made immediately following the
first irrigation before annual grasses have more than 2 leaves. Injury
to new seedlings may occur if intervals between preplant application
and grass planting is less than 45 days per pint/A of Clarity. Grass
crops should not be planted into areas treated with 2 qts/A or more
until 1 year after application.
Caution:
Avoid disturbing treated areas for at least 7 days following application. Do not use on bentgrass unless possible crop injury can be
tolerated.
Additional formulations of dicamba may be labeled for use on grasses grown for seed,
including Banvel (Micro Flo) and Diablo (NuFarm T&S). Application rates and other
label instructions for these products may differ from those stated above.
Curtail (2.38 EC)
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Rate:
2 to 4 pts/A (2.38 EC)
Time:
Apply to well established grass prior to the boot stage. Weeds should
be actively growing.
Remarks:
For control of many annual broadleaf weeds, Canada thistle, and
Russian knapweed in established grasses grown for seed. 1.75 pts
Curtail/A may be tank mixed with Clarity or Buctril. For control of lateemerging Canada thistle, a preharvest treatment may be made after
grass seed is fully developed. Postharvest fall treatments may be
made to actively growing Canada thistle.
96
Herbicide
Curtail M is a related formulation that combines clopyralid with MCPA
rather than 2,4-D. It, too, is labeled for control of weeds in grasses
grown for seed. Instructions for application timing, rate, and/or the
species of weeds controlled may differ slightly compared to the Curtail label.
Frontier (6 EC)
Outlook (6 EC)
dimethenamid
Gramoxone Max (3 L)
paraquat
Caution:
Re-treat as necessary, but do not exceed 4 pts product/A per season.
The potential exists for some crop injury. Do not use on bentgrass
unless injury can be tolerated. Do not plant grasses within 30 days
after an application of Curtail.
Rate:
14 to 21 oz product/A (6 EC)
Time:
Apply in the fall prior to emergence of targeted weeds, or in a sequential use program with other herbicides that control emerged weeds.
Grass seed crop must have been established for at least 1 year or had
at least one seed crop harvested before application.
Remarks:
For use in established stands of bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, fine
fescue, tall fescue, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass. Provides
preemergence control or suppression of volunteer seedlings from
grass seed crops, and control or suppression of annual bluegrass,
downy brome, Italian ryegrass, rattail fescue, and certain other weedy
annual grasses. Grass straw from the previous harvest must be removed, burned, or evenly spread prior to application; and the herbicide must be moved into the upper soil surface by rainfall or sprinkler
irrigation before weed emergence, or reduced weed control may result.
Caution:
Do not apply in tank mixtures with other herbicides. Do not apply
more than 21 oz product/A per season. Do not allow livestock to graze
in treated fields. Do not feed treated grasses, forage, hay silage, straw,
seed, or seed screenings to livestock.
Rate:
1.3 to 2.7 pts/A (3 L)
Time:
Apply preplant, at planting, or preemergence when weeds are in the 3to 5-leaf stage.
Remarks:
For use in seedbed preparation prior to planting grasses grown for
seed. Controls many annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Prepare
seedbed and allow weeds to germinate. Repeat applications as necessary prior to or on the day of seeding. Always add a nonionic surfactant at the rate of 1-2 pints per 100 gallons of spray. Weeds emerging
after application will not be controlled. Drought stressed or dustcovered weeds will not be controlled effectively.
Caution:
RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE. Read and follow all instructions
and precautions on the label. Do not graze treated areas or use the
seed or straw from treated areas for animal feed or bedding.
97
Herbicide
Manage (75 WDG)
Sempra
halosulfuron
MCPA (4 L)
(various brands)
Rate:
0.67 to 1.33 oz/A (75 WDG)
Time:
Apply to established grass after nutsedge has reached the 3- to 8-leaf
stage of growth. A second treatment may be required 6 to 10 weeks
later.
Remarks:
A selective postemergence treatment for control of yellow nutsedge
in sod or turf grasses grown for seed. Tolerant grasses include established creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass,
fine fescue, tall fescue, and bermudagrass. Use 0.25 to 0.5 percent v/
v of a nonionic surfactant for broadcast applications.
Caution:
No more than four applications can be made with the total use rate
not exceeding 5.33 oz/A per season.
Rate:
2 to 4 pt/A (4 L)
Time:
Apply in the spring to established grasses before head comes into
boot stage and on seedling grass after grass has tillered.
Remarks:
For control of many annual broadleaf weeds. Apply in 2 to 120 gallons
of water by air or ground sprayer application. Use higher rate where
weed stands are heavy. Repeat treatment may be needed for less
susceptible weeds. White clover and other legumes may be temporarily injured or killed.
Caution:
In some areas bentgrass, buffalograss, carpetgrass, centipede grass,
dichondra, and St. Augustine grasses may be injured.
Several formulations of MCPA are labeled for use on grasses grown for seed including
Dagger, MCPA-LV4 Ester, MCPA-4 Amine, Rhomene, and Rhonox. Application rates,
timing, and other label instructions for these and other labeled products may differ
from those stated above.
Paramount (75 WDG)
quinclorac
Rate:
5.3 oz/A (75 WDG)
Time:
Apply when annual weeds are small and actively growing. For bindweed control apply after grass seed harvest and hay removal, but
before the first killing frost.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses, broadleaf weeds, and field bindweed in
the following grasses grown for seed: bromegrass (smooth and
meadow), fescue (tall and fine), Kentucky bluegrass, needlegrass,
orchardgrass, wheatgrasses, wildrye, bermudagrass, blue grama, and
switchgrass. Use of a spray additive is required. Methylated seed oil
is recommended, but crop oil concentrate is permitted.
Caution:
Paramount is rain-fast 6 hours after application. Do not apply to weeds
under drought stress. Do not plant any crop other than wheat or grain
sorghum for 10 months following application. Do not apply more
than 16 oz/A per year. Do not feed treated grasses, seed, or seed
screenings to livestock. Do not allow livestock to graze treated areas.
98
Herbicide
PastureGard (2 EC)
triclopyr + fluroxypyr
glyphosate
Scythe (4.2 EC)
pelargonic acid
and related fatty acids
Rate:
1.5 to 8 pts/A (2 EC)
Time:
Do not apply until grass seedlings are well established as indicated
by tillering (usually after 4 true leaves have emerged), development of
a secondary root system, and vigorous growth. Do not apply to established grasses from early boot to milk stage. Apply when weeds
are small and growing actively before the bud stage.
Remarks:
For control of herbaceous broadleaf weeds and woody plants in established range and pasture grasses grown for seed. May be applied
by air or ground equipment. A nonionic surfactant may improve weed
control, especially if plants are drought stressed.
Caution:
Do not apply more than 4 qts/A per annual growing season. Do not
use on bentgrass unless injury can be tolerated. Do not reseed treated
areas for a minimum of 3 weeks after treatment. Do not allow grazing or
harvest of green forage for lactating dairy animals during the same
growing season following application.
Rate:
0.5 to 3 qts/A (4 L)
Time:
Can be used for the following types of applications: preplant, preemergence, at-planting, renovation, site preparation, shielded sprayers,
wiper applications, and spot treatments.
Remarks:
Controls most existing vegetation prior to seeding or renovating turf
or forage grass seed production areas. Apply to actively growing
weeds at growth stages indicated on label. Rates depend on weed
species. Do not disturb underground plant parts before treatment.
Delay tillage or renovation techniques for at least 7 days after application to allow herbicide translocation into underground plant parts.
For spot treatments use a 1.0 to 2.0 percent solution applied prior to
heading of grasses.
Caution:
Broadcast applications must be made prior to crop emergence to avoid
injury. Avoid treatment if rainfall is expected within 6 hours. If application rate is 3 qts/A or less, no waiting period between treatment and
livestock feeding or grazing is required. Other formulations of
Roundup, as well as numerous other brands of glyphosate are labeled
for use in grass seed production. Examples include Accord, Credit,
Glyfos, Glyphomax, Glyphosate, Glypro, Honcho, Prosecutor, Ranger,
Rattler, Razor, RT Master II, and Touchdown. Application ratesa n d
other label instructions for these products may differ from those stated
above.
Rate:
Time:
99
Herbicide
Sencor (75 DF)
metribuzin
Stinger (3 EC)
Lontrel (3 EC)
clopyralid
Remarks:
For nonselective control of annual weeds and suppression of perennial herbaceous weeds in pasture grasses or turf grasses grown for
seed produciton. Apply in water as a broadcast spray in 70 to 200
gallons of spray solution per acre. Continuous agitation is required. A
defoaming agent may be added to prevent excessive foaming. Thorough spray coverage is required for best results. Repeated applications may be required for control of perennial weeds.
Caution:
Rate:
0.5 lb/A (75 W)
Time:
Apply when crop is dormant and prior to active spring growth.
Remarks:
Wyoming and Montana only (SLN #’s. WY-010001, MT-950007). To
reduce competition from downy brome in established perennial
grasses (wildrye, meadow brome, or wheatgrass) grown for seed.
Established grasses are those which have been harvested at least
once for seed, or were planted 1 year or more prior to application.
Weed control may be enhanced by adding wetting agents containing
crop oil. Follow the directions for use and rates recommended on the
wetting agent label.
Caution:
Do not apply more than once per year. Application on sandy soils or
soils with a pH greater than 8 may result in unacceptable crop injury.
Do not apply through irrigation systems. Crop and crop residues may
be fed to livestock or used as bedding. If the seed crop is terminated
and grazed or cut for forage, allow at least 28 days between application and use as animal feed. SLN label must be in the possession of
user at time of application.
Rate:
0.25 to 0.67 pt/A (3 EC)
Time:
Apply to well established grass prior to the boot stage. Weeds should
be actively growing. Treatment of Canada thistle at the bud stage or
later may result in less consistent control.
Remarks:
For control of many annual broadleaf weeds and Canada thistle in
established grasses grown for seed. Re-treat as necessary, but do not
exceed 0.67 pt product/A per season. For control of late-emerging
Canada thistle, a preharvest treatment may be made after grass seed
is fully developed. Postharvest fall treatments may be made to actively growing Canada thistle. Stinger may be tank mixed with dicamba,
bromoxynil, 2,4-D, or MCPA.
Caution:
Do not apply to bentgrass unless crop injury can be tolerated. Do not
tank mix Stinger with 2,4-D, dicamba, or MCPA unless some crop
injury is acceptable.
100
Herbicide
Surmount (2.15 EC)
picloram + fluroxypyr
Rate:
1.5 to 2.5 pts/A (2.15 EC) for broadleaf weeds, and 3 to 6 pts/A
for control of woody species.
Time:
Apply preplant or postemergence. For best results apply when
weedsare small and actively growing, but before bud stage of growth.
When applying preplant, do not seed for a minimum of 3 weeks after
application. For seedling grasses, do not apply until tillering (usually
after 4 true leaves have emerged), development of a secondary root
system, and vigorous growth. For established grasses grown for seed
production, do not use from early boot to milk stage.
Weedmaster (4 L)
dicamba + 2,4-D
Remarks:
For the control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and woody
species in range and pasture grasses grown for seed.
Caution:
RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE. Do not apply more than 3 qts/A
per season. Do not allow lactating dairy animals to graze treated areas
and do not harvest forage for consumption by lactating dairy animals
within 14 days after application.
Rate:
0.5 to 4 pts/A (4 L)
Time:
For new seedings, apply at the germinating stage of weeds. Under
favorable conditions, this is usually 7-10 days after planting grasses.
Reduced control can be expected if weeds are allowed to reach 1 inch
in height.
For established grasses grown for seed, do not apply after grass
reaches the joint stage.
Remarks:
For control of broadleaf weeds in range and pasture grasses grown
for seed. To improve control of emerged weeds, surfactants and/or
crop oil concentrate may be used. Re-treatments may be needed for
some species; however, do not exceed a total of 8 pts/A per growing
season.
Caution:
Newly seeded areas may be injured if rates greater than 2 pts/A are
applied. Do not use on bentgrass, buffalograss or St. Augustine grass.
Other formulations of dicamba + 2,4-D are labeled for use on grasses grown for seed
including KambaMaster, and Banvel+2,4-D. Application rates, timing, and other label
instructions for these and other similar labeled products may differ from those stated
above.
101
POTATOES
INTRODUCTION
Weeds are a major problem in commercial potato production. Weeds reduce potato yield and grade by
competing for water, nutrients, light, and space. Weeds also make harvest more difficult.
Weed management starts by controlling weeds in the previous crop and selecting herbicides that won’t
cause carryover injury to potatoes. Minimize volunteer grain problems by adjusting the combine so
that grain loss is minimized during harvest. Irrigate in the early fall after the previous crop has been
harvested to encourage germination of weeds. Germinated weeds and volunteer grains can then be
controlled by tillage or winter kill.
Cultivation in potatoes is a general production practice that aids in weed control. Cultivation will
provide early season weed control between rows. Weeds in the row can be controlled with banded
herbicide applications.
If weeds reach the 2-leaf stage before the potato sprouts are within 2 inches of the soil surface, “dragoff” the weeds with a flex-tine or spiked toothed harrow. If allowed to grow larger before harrowing,
the weeds can re-root.
Use hilling operations for weed control. Begin to hill up only after weeds have emerged. Hilling also
cultivates and allows maximum opportunity to cover weeds in the row. Don’t cover potato plants
completely. The first cultivation after potato emergence should be done with equipment adjusted to
throw soil around the base of the potato plant. Allow the weeds to dry before irrigating again. Synchronize the last hilling operation with the closing of the canopy. This “lay-by” cultivation should be done
before the rows close.
Cultural practices which result in a healthy, vigorous potato crop help reduce weed competition. Optimum potato seed size and quality, adequate fertility levels, well-scheduled irrigation, and insect and
disease control will result in potato plants that emerge early, close the rows rapidly and remain healthy
until vine kill.
The information provided in this section is intended to serve only as a preliminary guide to herbicide
use. Before applying any herbicide product, you must thoroughly read the entire label and follow all
label directions. Complete labels and MSDS information for the products listed in this section can be viewed
on the web at: http://www.greenbook.net.
Edited by:
Dr. Steven Dewey
4820 Old Main Hill
Logan, UT 84322
435-797-2256
102
Grass Weeds
Dual
Eptam
Matrix
Poast
Prowl
Roundup
Select
Sencor
Scythe
Treflan
WEEDS LISTED ON POTATO HERBICIDE LABELS
Annuals
barley, volunteer
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
cheat
corn, volunteer
crabgrass
foxtail, (yellow, green)
goatgrass, jointed
goosegrass
millet, wild proso
oats, wild
panicum, fall
rye, cereal
ryegrass, Italian
stinkgrass
wheat, volunteer
witchgrass
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Perennials
barley, foxtail
bentgrass
bermudagrass
bluegrass, Kentucky
bluegrass, bulbous
brome, smooth
canarygrass
fescue, tall
johnsongrass
nutsedge, yellow
orchardgrass
phragmites
quackgrass
ryegrass, perennial
timothy
wheatgrass, western
P
X
-
S
S
S
-
P
P
P
-
X
S
X
X
-
S
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
S
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
-
X = Control, S = Seedling control only, P = Partial control, - = Weed not listed on label
103
Broadleaf Weeds
Annuals
buffalobur
bursage
buttercup
carpetweed
chickweed, common
clovers
cockle, white
cocklebur
falseflax
fennel, dog
filaree, redstem
fleabane
flixweed
goosefoot
henbit (dead nettle)
jimsonweed
kochia
lambsquarters
lettuce, prickly
mallow, Venice
marestail
mustard, black
mustard, blue
mustard, Jim Hill
mustard, tansy
mustard, wild
nightshade, black
nightshade, hairy
pennycress, field
pigweed
puncturevine
purslane
ragweed, common
ragweed, giant
shepherds purse
smartweed
velvetleaf
Dual
Eptam
Matrix
Poast
Prowl
Roundup
Select
Sencor
Scythe
Treflan
X
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
P
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
P
P
-
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Perennials
alfalfa
brackenfern
cattail
dandelion, common
dock, curly
milkweed, common
nettle, stinging
plantain
primrose, evening
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
104
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Dual
Eptam
Matrix
Poast
Prowl
Roundup
Select
Sencor
Scythe
Treflan
Perennials (continued)
spurge, leafy
thistle, Canada
toadflax
-
-
P
-
-
-
X
X
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
* Level of control considered acceptable for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary among herbicide manufacturers.
Absence of a weed from a label does not necessarily mean lack of control.
** High label rates, or repeated applications may be necessary to achieve level of control claimed for some weeds.
*** Not all weeds listed on a herbicide label may apply to all crops or sites found on that lable. Weeds in this table are taken
from the overall list of controlled weeds found on each respective label, but may not all be controlled at the rates and/or
timings required for the specific use category of POTATOES.
**** A variety of tank mix options are recommended on the labels of many of these products. Tank mixing often broadens
the spectrum of weed species controlled, and may provide other advantages to the producer. However, some tank mixes can
increase the chance of crop injury, or may create application problems because of physical incompatibilities. Be sure to
read and follow carefully the label instructions of all products involved when tank mixing herbicides.
105
POTATOES
Herbicide
metolachlor
Rate:
1 to 2 pts/A (7.62 EC)
Time:
Apply either preplant incorporated, preemergence, or postemergence
to crop (through after-hilling at lay-by).
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds in potatoes. Use the lower rate on coarse-textured soils or soils low in organic matter. Dual may be applied by aircraft, ground equipment, or
through center pivot irrigation systems. Incorporation into the top 3
inches of soil is required for preplant applications. Preemergence applications require incorporation into the top 2 inches of soil with
equipment that will not damage potato seed pieces or elongating
sprouts. Under furrowirrigation, apply and incorporate after final hilling. Apply through center pivot irrigation systems in 0.5 to 1.0 inch of
water. Uniform water incorporation (first water after application) is
important. The lay-by treatment may be applied over a previous Dual
application, but do not apply more than 3.6 pts/A in a single crop
season. This treatment will not control emerged weeds.
Caution:
If soils are cool and wet after application, Dual may delay maturity
and/or reduce yield of Superior and other early-maturing potato varieties. Do not harvest potatoes within 60 days after the at-planting to
drag-off application or within 40 days after a lay-by application. See
label for recropping restrictions.
Additional formulations of metolachlor are labeled for use on potatoes, including Cinch,
Dual II Magnum, Dual IIG Magnum, Me-Too-Lachlor, Parallel, Parallel PCS, and Stalwart. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from
those stated above.
Eptam (7 EC)
EPTC
Rate:
3.5 to 7.0 pts/A (7 EC)
Time:
Apply and incorporate preplant, preemergence, or at lay-by.
Preplant: Apply and incorporate just before planting. Drag-off:
Apply and incorporate at drag-off. Use a spike tooth harrow or similar equipment to incorporate. Hilling: Meter Eptam at 3.4 pt a.i./A
into irrigation water after clean cultivation. Lay-by: Apply as a directed spray to the soil after potatoes have emerged and incorporate
with a cultivator to a depth of 2 to 3 inches; or surface apply to dry
soil after potatoes have emerged and sprinkler incorporate with 0.5 to
0.75 inches of water; or meter into irrigation water after clean cultivation.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and some annual broadleaf weeds such
as hairy nightshade in potatoes. Also can provide control of
quackgrass and nutsedge. It is not effective against emerged weeds.
Eptam must be incorporated thoroughly into the soil immediately
after application to prevent loss of the herbicide. See label for detailed
instructions on incorporation methods and recommended equipment.
Eptam also can be applied by metering it into the irrigation water
before the weeds emerge or after a clean cultivation. Use 1 inch of
water on silt soils to incorporate the herbicide.
106
POTATOES - continued
Herbicide
Caution:
Do not exceed 14 pts/A per cropping year. Do not apply within 45
days of harvest. Severe crop injury may occur when Eptam is applied
after potatoes emerge if the potatoes are covered with treated soil by
subsequent mechanical incorporation. See label for sensitive potato
varieties.
Eptek (Drexel) is another formulation of EPTC labeled for use on potatoes. Application
rates and other label instructions for this product may differ from those stated above.
paraquat
Matrix (75 DF)
rimsulfuron
Rate:
1.3 to 2.7 pt/A preemergence or 0.8 to 1.3 pt/A as harvest-aid (3 SC)
Time:
Preemergence: Apply before, during, or after planting, but prior to
crop emergence.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds prior to
planting potatoes. Add nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gallons of
spray mix for all applications. For maximum weed control, delay
preemergence application as long as possible, but apply no later than
ground-cracking. Gramoxone has no soil residual effect and will not
control weeds that emerge after application. Good spray coverage is
essential.
Caution:
RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE. Requires special PPE safety equipment when handling, mixing, and spraying. Any crop emerged at the
time of application will be damaged or killed. Do not apply when
weather conditions favor spray drift. Gramoxone Max and Gromoxone
Super Tres labels may differ regarding specific approved usages in
potatoes.
Rate:
1 to 1.5 oz/A (75 DF)
Time:
Preemergence: For best results apply immediately after hilling, dragoff, or reservoir tillage (dam/dike operation) to a clean newly prepared
seedbed.
Postemergence: Apply to young, actively growing weeds after crop
emergence.
Remarks:
For control of certain broadleaf weeds and grasses in potatoes. Also
controls or suppresses quackgrass and Canada thistle. Always use
with an adjuvant when applied after weed emergence. Application
should be followed by 0.33 to 1 inch of rainfall or sprinkler irrigation
within 5 days after preemergence or postemergence application. Allow at least 4 hours after postemergence applications before rain or
irrigation. Matrix can be applied through some irrigation systems.
Matrix may be tank mixed with Dual, Eptam, Prowl, or Sencor.
Caution:
Under growing conditions that promote crop stress, temporary chlorosis may occur after application. Delay any cultivation until 10 to 14
days after application. Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. Do
not exceed 2.5 oz per acre season. Can be used on potatoes grown for
seed (supplemental label). Crop rotation of up to 12 months.
107
Herbicide
Poast (1.5 EC)
sethoxydim
Prowl (3.3 EC)
Prowl H2O (3.8 FL)
pendimethalin
Rate:
0.5 to 2.5 pts/A (1.5 EC)
Time:
Apply to actively growing annual or perennial grasses at the appropriate stage of grass growth as indicated on the label.
Remarks:
For control of weedy annual and perennial grasses in potatoes. Always add a nonphytotoxic crop oil concentrate to the spray tank at 2
pints/A. Poast is most effective on actively growing grasses before
they reach the maximum size indicated on the label. Grasses beyond
recommended growth stage may be controlled, but may require two
applications. Allow a minimum of 14 days between sequential applications. Maximum cumulative rate per season is 4 pt/A. May be tank
mixed with Sencor.
Caution:
Control may be erratic if grasses are stressed due to drought, temperature extremes, insect damage, herbicide injury, etc. Do not apply
if rainfall is expected within 1 hour following application. Do not cultivate within 5 days before or within 7 days after application. Do not
apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not mix with pesticides other than
those listed on the label.
Rate:
1.2 to 3.6 pts/A (3.3 EC)
Time:
Apply preemergence, preemergence incorporated, or early postemergence (up to the 6 inch stage of potato growth). Do not apply prior to
planting crop.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds in potatoes. Prowl will not control emerged weeds. Prowl must be thoroughly
and uniformly incorporated into the top 1 to 2 inches of soil, either
mechanically or by rainfall or irrigation. Most ffective when adequate
rainfall or irrigation is received within 7 days after application. Use the
lower rates on coarse-textured soils. Prowl may be applied by aircraft,
ground equipment, or through sprinkler systems. Prowl may be tank
mixed with Eptam or Sencor.
Caution:
See label for sensitive potato varieties. Do not apply postemergence
if potatoes are under stress or crop injury may occur. Do not make
more than one application per season. See label for recropping restrictions.
Pendimax (Dow) is another formulation of pendimethalin labeled for use on potatoes.
Application rates and other label instructions for this product may differ from those
stated above.
glyphosate
Rate:
0.5 to 2 pts/A (4 L)
Time:
Apply after weed emergence but before potato emergence.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds in
potatoes. Consult label for rate recommendations for specific weed
species. Use lower rates on annual weeds less than 6 inches tall.
Apply in 3 to 10 gallons of water pe r acre. Ammonium sulfate also
108
Herbicide
may be added to enhance weed control. Delay application to provide
maximum weed emergence, but apply before potatoes emerge.
Roundup has no soil residual activity and will not control weeds that
emerge after application.
Caution:
Roundup applied after crop emergence will injure or kill the potatoes.
Avoid treatment if rainfall is expected within 6 hours. Read and follow
all label restrictions.
Other formulations of Roundup, as well as numerous other brands of glyphosate are
labeled for use in potato production. Examples include Credit, Glyfos, Glyphomax,
Glyphosate, Honcho, Rattler, and Touchdown. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from those stated above.
Scythe (4.2 EC)
pelargonic acid and
related fatty acids
Select (2 EC)
clethodim
Rate:
Time:
Remarks:
For nonselective control of annual weeds and suppression of perennial herbaceous weeds in potatoes. Apply in water as a broadcast
spray in 70 to 200 gallons of spray solution per acre. Continuous
agitation is required. A defoaming agent may be added to prevent
excessive foaming. Thorough spray coverage is required for best
results. Repeated applications may be required for control of perennial weeds.
Caution:
Rate:
6 to 16 oz/A (2 EC)
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing grasses.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial grasses in potatoes. Does not
control sedges or broadleaf weeds. Symptoms will generally be observed in 7 to 14 days after application to grasses. Cultivation of
treated grasses 7 days prior to or within 7 days after application may
reduce weed control. Always add crop oil concentrate at 1 qt/A if
applied by ground or 1%v/v if by air.AMS may be added in addition
to oil concentrate to improve control of difficult grasses such as
quackgrass or Johnsongrass.
Caution:
Do not apply if rainfall is expected within 1 hour. Do not apply to
grasses that are stressed or that exceed recommended growth stages.
Allow a minimum of 30 days between application and harvest.
Arrow and Prism are other formulations of clethodim labeled for use on potatoes. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from those stated
above.
109
Herbicide
Sencor (4 F or 75 DF)
metribuzin
Treflan HFP (4EC)
trifluralin
Rate:
1 to 2 pts/A (4 F)
Time:
Apply preemergence or postemergence.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds in potatoes. Use the lower rate on coarse or sandy soils. Postemergence
applications may cause some chlorosis or minor necrosis. Do not
mechanically incorporate into soil. May be applied once preemergence and once postemergence. May be applied by ground, aircraft,
or specified chemigation equipment. May be tank mixed with Dual,
Eptam, Prowl, or Matrix.
Caution:
Do not apply postemergence to early maturing smooth-skinned white
or any red-skinned varieties. Mechanical cultivation after treatment
will decrease weed control and may cause potato injury. Do not apply
more than 1 pt/A on sandy soils. Do not apply more than 1 pt/A
postemergence. Do not apply more than 2 pts/A per cropseason. Do
not apply within 60 days of harvest. See label for crop rotation restrictions.
Rate:
1 to 2 pts/A (4 EC)
Time:
Apply after planting, before emergence, immediately after drag-off, or
after potato plants have fully emerged.
Remarks:
Utah and Wyoming only. For preemergence control of annual grasses
and some annual broadleaf weeds in potatoes. Will not control weeds
that have already emerged. Mechanically incorporate thoroughly into
2 to 3 inches of soil as soon as possible, but no later than 24 hours
after application. See label for recommendations on specific incorporation equipment and methods. May be applied to coarse or mediumtextured soils through properly equipped chemigation systems. Mechanical incorporation is not necessary when Treflan is applied by
chemigation.
Caution:
Strict adherence to label rates and precautions is necessary to prevent crop injury. See label for crop rotation restrictions.
Additional formulations of trifluralin are labeled for use on potatoes, including Treflan
TR-10, Triflurex HFP, and Bayonet. Application rates and other label instructions for
these products may differ from those stated above.
POTATO VINE KILL
Defol 750 (7.5 L)
sodium chlorate
Rate:
3.2 qts/A (7.5 L)
Time:
Apply 10 days before harvest.
Remarks:
To defoliate weeds and desiccate potato vines to facilitate harvest.
May be applied by ground or air equipment. It is essential that the
foliage be thoroughly covered. A nonionic surfactant or emulsifiable
crop oil may enhance results.
110
Herbicide
Des-I-Cate (0.52 L)
endothall
Gramoxone Max (3 L)
paraquat
Reglone (2 L)
diquat
Caution:
A fire retardant has been added to this formulation of sodium chlorate. Nevertheless, there is still some danger of fire or explosion if not
used as directed. This product should not be mixed with insecticides
or other organic materials because a fire or explosion may result. Do
not apply under condition of extreme heat during the middle of the
day.
Rate:
1.5 to 2 gal/A (0.52 L)
Time:
Apply 10 to 14 days before harvest.
Remarks:
A water-soluble formulation for killing potato vines to facilitate harvest. Use higher rate during cool or cloudy weather or when vine
growth is heavy. The addition of 3 to 5 gal/A of diesel fuel or 1 pint
paraffin base herbicidal oil for each 20 gallon total spray solution may
increase speed and overall vine kill. No wetting agent or emulsifier is
required since Des-I-Cate will emulsify with diesel fuel or herbicide
oil.
Caution:
Treated potatoes must be harvested by mechanical means only. Handculling of harvested potatoes is allowed. Do not use high rate, diesel
fuel, or other oils under low soil moisture conditions or high temperatures because stem-end discoloration may occur. Label not on
Greenbook website, but found at http://www.cerexagri.com.
Rate:
0.7 to 1.3 pts/A (3 L)
Time:
Apply prior to harvest. Begin application when leaves begin to turn
yellow.
Remarks:
Utah and Wyoming only. For preharvest vine killing and weed desiccation in fresh-market potatoes. Apply in 20 gal/A or more of water for
ground application. Make two applications of 0.6 pt/A when vine
growth is dense. Split applications must be a minimum of 5 days apart.
Always add nonionic surfactant at 1 pt/100 gal, or crop oil concentrate at 1 gal/100 gal of spray solution. Do not exceed a total of 2.7 pts/
A per season.
Caution:
RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE. Follow safety and handling precautions on the label. Requires special PPE safety equipment when
handling, mixing and spraying. USE ONLY ON FRESH MARKET
POTATOES. Fresh market potatoes are defined as those that are sent
directly from the field to a consumer, grocery store, or processor for
use. DO NOT APPLY TO POTATOES BOUND FOR STORAGE.
Do not apply to drought stressed potato vines. Do not use to desiccate vines of seed potatoes. Do not pasture livestock in treated fields.
Rate:
1-2 pts/A (2 L)
Time:
Apply at least 7 days prior to harvest.
111
Herbicide
Rely (1 L)
glufosinate-ammonium
Scythe (4.2 EC)
pelargonic acid and
related fatty acids
Sulfuric acid (93%)
Remarks:
For preharvest desiccation of potato vines to facilitate harvest. Thorough coverage of all green foliage is essential for effective results.
Make a second application if necessary to obtain additional desiccation where vine growth is dense. For improved vine coverage, a 5-day
interval is recommended between applications. Always add a nonionic surfactant. May be applied by ground or air.
Caution:
A moderately toxic herbicide that requires protective gear for handling and application. Follow all use restrictions and precautions given
on the label. Do not apply to drought-stressed potatoes. Do not
exceed a total of 4 pts/A per season. Make the last application at least
7 days before harvest.
Rate:
3 pts/A (1 L)
Time:
Apply at the beginning of natural senescence of potato vines, typically 14 to 21 days before harvest.
Remarks:
For desiccation of potato vines to facilitate harvest. Apply with 3 lbs/
A of ammonium sulfate. Use sufficient water for thorough coverage
of potato vines. May be applied by ground or air. Do not split this
application or apply more than once per harvest. Potato varieties
with heavy or dense vines may require application of another desiccation product to complete vine desiccation.
Caution:
Do not apply to potatoes grown for seed. Do not harvest potatoes
earlier than 9 days after application. See label for rotational crop restrictions.
Rate:
Time:
Apply at least 24 hours before harvest.
Remarks:
For use as a harvest-aid to desiccate potato vines and weeds. Apply
in water as a broadcast spray in 70 to 200 gallons of spray solution per
acre. Continuous agitation is required. A defoaming agent may be
added to prevent excessive foaming. Thorough spray coverage is
required for best results. Repeated applications may be required for
control of perennial weeds.
Caution:
Do not allow spray to come in contact with the foliage of other desirable plants. Do not apply through any type of irrigation system. Do
not apply by aircraft. Allow at least 24 hours between application and
harvest.
Rate:
17 to 25 gal/A
Time:
2 to 3 weeks before harvest.
Remarks:
For desiccation of potato vines to facilitate harvest. This material is
not as dependent on temperature or other environmental conditions
as most other desiccants.
112
Herbicide
Caution:
RESTRICTED-USE HERBICIDE. Sulfuric acid is very caustic. Protective clothing including face shield, rubber boots, and rubber gloves
must be worn. EPA Registration Number 04712700001.
113
PROSO MILLET
INTRODUCTION
Proso millet is one of the oldest cultivated crops having been grown in China as early as 2700BC.
Proso millet is a warm season grass capable of producing seed 60 to 80 days after planting. In a crop
rotation, proso millet can be used to gain an extra cash crop every third year in a wheat-fallow rotation.
Furthermore, proso millet seeded the year before winter wheat reduces winter annual grass populations. Optimum planting dates are early to late June. The earlier the crop is planted the greater the
potential weed problems. There are three basic weed control strategies:
1)
2)
3)
Non-chemical
Herbicide use in crop
Preplant burndown herbicide followed by in-crop herbicide (no till).
The two necessary ingredients for successful proso millet production without the use of herbicides are:
1)
2)
Have the field weed-free via tillage prior to planting
Plant late in the season (after June 10) into a warm, moist seedbed which encourages rapid establishment and growth. The later planting date may reduce yields but requires less cash outlay.
Herbicide use in crops allows earlier planting (typically between May 25 and June 5). If weeds are not
present by the time proso millet reaches the 5-leaf stage, spraying will not be necessary.
The third strategy requires the use of nonselective burndown herbicides, such as glyphosate or Gramoxone
Max prior to seeding proso millet to control emerged weeds. The number of applications required prior
to seeding will vary with the year. Proso millet is no-tilled into the wheat stubble and postemergence
herbicides used as necessary.
Edited by:
Dr. Steve Miller
Plant Sciences
Laramie, WY 82071
307-766-3112
[email protected]
114
Aim
Clarity
Peak
2,4-D
WEED RESPONSE TO MILLET HERBICIDES
barnyardgrass
N
N
N
N
buckwheat, wild
F
G
F
P
brome, downy
N
N
N
N
bulbous, bluegrass
N
N
N
N
goatgrass, jointed
N
N
N
N
oats, wild
N
N
N
N
witchgrass
N
N
N
N
flixweed
G
F
G
G
hairy vetch
P
P
N
E
knotweed
F
E
F
P
kochia
G
G
P-F
F-G
lambsquarters, common F
G
F
G
lettuce, prickly
G
G
F
G
mustard, blue
F
P
G
F-G
mustard, tansy
G
P
G
G
mustard, tumble
G
F
G
E
pennycress, field
G
F
G
E
pigweeds
G
F
G
G
shepherds purse
G
F
G
G
sunflower
F
E
G
G
Weeds
Grasses
Broadleaves
Control: E = Excellent, G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor, N = None.
Response of weeds to any of the listed herbicides may be altered by growing conditions, weed populations, genetic
variation, application time and rate.
115
PROSO MILLET
Herbicide
glyphosate
(numerous brands)
Rate:
Product amount/A
3.0 lb ae (4 lb ai)
3.7 lb ae (5 lb ai)
4.0 lb ae (5.4 lb ai)
4.5 lb ae (5.5 lb ai)
0.38 ae
16 fl oz
13 fl oz
12 fl oz
11 fl oz
0.75 ae
32 fl oz
26 fl oz
24 fl oz
22 fl oz
1.125 ae
48 fl oz
40 fl oz
36 fl oz
32 fl oz
Time:
Preplant or preemergence to the crop, but postemergence to the weeds.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial weeds. Refer to label for specific
weed control recommendations.
Caution:
Apply treatments before the crop emerges, or crop injury will result.
Do not feed or permit animals to forage treated fields within 8 weeks
following application.
Rate:
0.33 oz WDG or 0.5 fl oz EW + 8 to 12 fl oz/A
Time:
Apply when millet is 4 inches tall and weeds are small.
Remarks:
Aim is a contact non-residual herbicide and should be applied with a
nonionic surfactant.
Caution:
May cause cosmetic speckling or spotting on millet leaves. Only certain formulations of 2,4-D labeled.
Rate:
4 oz product/A
Time:
Millet 2- to 5-leaf stage.
Remarks:
Hay millets are less tolerant than proso types. Early application increases safety.
Caution:
If tank mixing with 2,4-D, do not apply earlier than the 3-leaf stage of
millet.
Rate:
3 to 4 fl oz + 12 fl oz/A
Time:
Millet 4- to 5-leaf stage
Remarks:
Hay millets are less tolerant than proso types.
Caution:
Do not apply prior to the 3-leaf stage of millet. Only certain formulations of 2,4-D are labeled.
POSTEMERGENCE
Aim (40 WDG or 25 EW)
(carfentrazone)
+ 2,4-D amine
Clarity (4S)
dicamba
Clarity (4S) +
2,4-D amine
116
PROSO MILLET - continued
Herbicide
Peak (57DF)
prosulfuron
2,4-D Amine (3.8L)
only certain formulations
labeled (i.e., Formula 40)
Rate:
0.38 to 0.5 oz product/A
Time:
Apply from the 3-leaf to 2-detectable node stage. Crop tolerance is
less at earlier stages.
Remarks:
Weeds should not exceed 1 to 3 inches for best results. Use the low
rate under favorable conditions. Always apply with a nonionic surfactant. Should be tank mixed with Clarity or 2,4-D amine to prevent
weed resistance.
Caution:
See label for rotational crop restrictions.
Rate:
0.5 to 1 pt/A
Time:
Millet 4 to 6 inches tall; weeds small.
Remarks:
Hay millets are less tolerant than proso types. Avoid treating at boot
to heading stage.
Caution:
Do not graze dairy animals or animals being finished for slaughter on
treated fields within 2 weeks following application.
117
SAFFLOWER
.
INTRODUCTION
Safflower is an annual, broadleaf oilseed crop in the same plant family as sunflower. Because safflower
production is recommended in areas with warm temperatures and sunny, dry conditions during the flowering and
seed-filling periods it is well adapted to the semiarid regions of the Great Plains. Specifically, safflower production
is not recommended for areas with more than 15 in. of annual precipitation or growing seasons with fewer than
120 frost-free days and less than 2,200 growing degree days (calculated as the average daily temperature minus
50° F). Temperatures as low as 20° F are tolerated by plants while in the rosette stage, but safflower is very
sensitive to frost injury from stem elongation until crop maturity. The deep-rooted characteristic of safflower
allows drawing water from up to 8 to 10 foot depth.
Safflower seedlings have a central stem that does not elongate for 2 to 3 weeks, and develops leaves near the
ground in a rosette, similar to a young thistle. The slow growth of seedlings often results in a weedy crop. Thus,
in the emergence through early rosette growth stages (25-40 days depending on weather), safflower is susceptible
to significant yield-limiting competition from other plants. In later growth stages, safflower can out-compete most
late spring-emerging weeds for soil moisture and light .
The most effective approach to manage weeds in safflower is to practice appropriate crop rotation, which reduces
aboveground and seedbank weed abundance. Establishing a competitive crop also is important to reduce weed
abundance. To establish a competitive safflower stand, 15-20 lbs/A of pure live seed should be seeded in rows spaced
14 in or less at a shallow depth (< 1 in). Deep seeding, >1.5 in, significantly delays and reduces seedling emergence
allowing weeds to get ahead of the safflower. The plant structures of most modern safflower varieties are suitable
for row cultivation to control weeds. Row spacing of 22 in are utilized in row crop systems. As a general rule, if a
field is not heavily infested and if perennial weeds are not a serious problem, adequate weed control can be
achieved through cultivation and represents a viable option for organic safflower production.
In a cereal grain crop rotation, safflower provides the opportunity to control grass weeds and deplete grass seeds
in the soil seed bank. The broadleaf weed seed numbers should be reduced under cereal grain production. Safflower
producers have listed wild oats, kochia, Russian thistle and volunteer cereals as their most troublesome weeds. The
herbicides labeled for safflower production generally provide good grass weed control and varying degrees of
broadleaf weed control. Because safflower can be severely injured by soil residues of broadleaf herbicides
commonly used in small grains, caution must be used when growing safflower with wheat, oat, or barley.
Eptam, Dual II Magnum, Sonalan, Gramoxone, and various brands of trifluralin are federally labeled for use in
safflower production. In addition to Treflan, trifluralin is marketed as Tri-4 HF, Trifluralin 4EC, and Trifluralin HF.
Goal is also listed for vegetation control in fallow periods prior to seeding safflower (60 day preplant restriction).
Defol is listed as a harvest herbicide.
It is important to apply soil incorporated herbicides to soils that are not too wet as it is difficult to thoroughly mix
herbicides in moist soils that are too tacky. Many soil incorporated herbicides require a minimum 5-day interval
between the first and second incorporation operations to ensure maximum performance.
The herbicide recommendations presented here are to serve only as a preliminary guide. Consult current product
labels for complete information on methods of use, crop rotation precautions, and safe handling procedures. Read
and follow all label instructions.
Edited by:
Dept. of Land Resources & Environ. Sci.
Bozeman, MT 59717 406-994-4783
118
WEED RESPONSE TO SAFFLOWER HERBICIDES
Weeds
Grasses
barley, volunteer
foxtail, green
oats, volunteer
oats, wild
quackgrass
sandbur
wheat, volunteer
Eptam
Dual
Treflan
G
G-E
G
G
G
P-F
P
G
G
F
F-G
G-E
F-G
G
-
P
G
F
P
F
P
F
P
G
P
P
G
F
G
G
P
F
P
P
P
F
F
F
F
F-G
G
G
P
P
P
P
F
P
G
F-G
F-G
P
P
P
P
G
G
P-F
P
P
P
F-G
Broadleaves
bindweed, field
buckwheat, wild
cocklebur, common
knotweed, common
kochia
mallow, common
mustard, wild
nightshade, hairy
nutsedge, yellow
pigweed, redroot
purslane, common
smartweed, Pennsylvania
sowthistle, annual
sunflower, wild
thistle, Canada
thistle, Russian
Control: E = Excellent, G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor or no control
Responses of weeds to any of the listed herbicides may be altered by growing
conditions, weed populations, type of irrigation, genetic variation, soil type,
pH, organic matter, time of application, and application rate. Ratings may vary
from season-to-season and geographic areas. Weed control generally decreases as the season progresses.
119
WEEDS LISTED ON SAFFLOWER HERBICIDE LABELS
Grass Weeds
Annuals
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
cheat
crabgrass
crowfootgrass
cupgrass, prairie
cupgrass, southwestern
cupgrass, woolly
foxtail, giant
foxtail, green
foxtail, millet
foxtail, yellow
goosegrass
lovegrass (stinkgrass)
millet, wild proso
panicum, fall
panicum, Texas
red rice
rescuegrass
ryegrass, Italian
sandbur, field
shattercane
signalgrass
sorghum, volunteer
sprangletop
volunteer grains
(barley, oats, wheat)
wild oats
witchgrass
Perennials
bermudagrass
johnsongrass
nutsedge, purple
nutsedge, yellow
quackgrass
Eptam
Dual
Treflan
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
P
P
X
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
PS
X
-
S
S
X
X
X
-
X = control, S = seedling control only, P = partial control, - = weed not listed on label
Level of control considered acceptable for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary among herbicide manufacturers.
Absence of a weed from a label does not necessarily mean complete lack of control.
High label rates, or repeated applications, may be necessary to achieve level of control claimed for some weeds.
120
WEEDS LISTED ON SAFFLOWER HERBICIDE LABELS
Broadleaf Weeds
Annuals
beggarweed, Florida
carpetweed
chickweed, common
corn spurry
fiddleneck
galinsoga
goosefoot
henbit
knotweed
kochia
morningglory, tall
nettleleaf, goosefoot
nightshade, black
nightshade, hairy
pigweed, prostrate
pigweed, redroot
pigweed, tumble
puncturevine
purslane, common
pusley, Florida
shepherds purse
sicklepod
sida, prickly
thistle, Russian
Eptam
Dual
Treflan
P
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X = control, S = seedling control only, P = partial control, - = weed not listed on label
121
SAFFLOWER
Herbicide
Defol 5
sodium chlorate
Dual II Magnum
metolachlor
Eptam (7E) or
Eptam 20 G
EPTC
Gramoxone Extra
paraquat
dichloride
Rate:
4.8 qts/A
Time:
7 or more days before harvest, when safflower heads are fully mature.
Remarks:
A defoliation herbicide that reduces crop moisture and desiccates
weeds prior to harvest. Defol 5 may be applied by aircraft or ground
equipment. Foliage should be thoroughly covered.
Rotation:
When using this product under dry land conditions, injury may occur
to rotational crops.
Caution:
Do not graze treated areas.
Rate:
1.0 to 2.0 pts/A, rate dependent on soil texture and O.M. %
Time:
A selective preplant surface applied, preplant incorporated or preemergence to the crop.
Remarks:
Dual II controls grass and some broadleaf weeds. Dry weather
following preemergence application may reduce effectiveness.
Rotations:
Barley, oat, rye and wheat have a 4 1/2 month planting restriction and
alfalfa a 4 month restriction.
Caution:
Under high moisture conditions, crop injury may occur following
application of Dual.
Rate:
3.4 pts or 15 lbs granules /A just before planting
Time:
Preplant incorporate into top 2-3 inches of soil immediately after
application.
Remarks:
Eptam controls grass and some broadleaf weeds and will not control
established weeds.
Rotations:
In cases of safflower crop failure, run a bio-assay before planting.
Caution:
Use equipment proven to incorporate thoroughly to the recommended
depth. Consult label for proper equipment and adjustments. Improper
incorporation may cause crop injury.
Rate:
2.0 to 3.0 pts/A
Time:
Preplant or precrop emergence and after weeds have emerged but
before crop emergence.
Remarks:
Minimum carrier 10 gal ground and 5 gal air. Always combine with
nonionic surfactant or crop oil concentrate. A nonselective, nonresidual
foliar herbicide. Good coverage is essential.
Rotation:
No restrictions.
122
SAFFLOWER - continued
Herbicide
Sonalan 10G
ethalfluralin
Treflan MT or
Treflan TR 10
trifluralin
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Wear/use appropriate gear for
application.
Rate:
5.5 - 7.5 lb/A in coarse soils, 7.5 - 9.5 lb/A in medium soils, 9.5 - 11.5
lb/A in fine soils
Time:
Spring or Fall application, Sonalan should be applied and incorporated
before planting.
Remarks:
A preemergence herbicide to control several annual grasses and
broadleaf weeds including foxtails, wild buckwheat, common chickweed,
kochia, common lambsquartes, and nightshades. Sonalan controls
wild oat, expcept for seeds germinating below the zone treated with
herbicide.
Rotation:
Several rotational crop restrictions exist. Do not plant small-grains for
12 months after application of Sonalan. In Montana and Wyoming
plant only canola, safflower or sunflower as rotational crops in the crop
year following the crop treated with 11.25 lb per acre of Sonalan. Spring
seeded barley can be planted in the crop year following the crop treated
with 7.5 lb per acre of Sonalan. For other crops, the land should be
fallowed for a year.
Caution:
Two incorporation passes are necessary, the first one as soon as
possible after application and the second one 5 days later. Make only
one broadcast application per year.
Rate:
1 to 2.5 pts or 5 -12.5 lbs/A depending on soil texture, soil O.M. and
time of application
Time:
Preplant incorporated fall or spring.
Remarks:
May be applied to standing stubble or soil that has been pre-tilled.
Existing weeds and crop residues should be reduced to manageable
levels. Uneven incorporation can result in erratic weed control or crop
injury.
Rotations:
Sugarbeets, red beets, spinach, millet, corn, oat, and sorghum should
not be planted for at least 12 months or 18 to 20 months if land is not
irrigated.
Caution:
TR 10 should be incorporated within 24 hours. Unless specified otherwise
TR 10 requires two incorporations. The second should be delayed a
minumum of 5 days.
Tri-4 HF, Trifluralin 4EC, Trifluiralin HF are other brand names of liquid trifluralin. Note: Guidelines and weed spectrums may
differ with brand labels for liquid trifluralin.
123
SMALL GRAIN CROPS - WHEAT, BARLEY, OATS, AND FALLOW
INTRODUCTION
Small grain crops account for the largest acreage of farmland across Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. Cereal grains
are very competitive crops, especially when seeded in narrow rows, at high seeding rates and in diverse crop rotations.
However, semi-dwarf wheat varieties are usually not as competitive as normal height ones.
Unfortunately, many of the cereal crops in the Intermountain West are grown almost continuously with very little
rotation. The predictability of monoculture cereal production favors the development of annual grass weed problems
such as wild oats, downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and green foxtail. Problem broadleaf weed species include kochia,
Russian thistle, wild buckwheat, mustard species, and perennial weeds like Canada thistle and field bindweed.
Effective weed management programs in cereal crops integrate mechanical, cultural, and chemical methods of control.
1. Mechanical weed control
a) Preplant seedbed tillage just prior to seeding ensures that crop plants are the first ones to emerge.
b) Postemergence tillage can be used in cereals for weed control. Use harrows and wait at least until the 3leaf stage of the crop when it is firmly anchored. Wheat can be harrowed between one and three times
during the summer, barley should be harrowed no more than once, and oats can be severely
damaged by harrowing. Harrowing will control many weed species if it is done just when the nutrients
in the weed seeds or cotyledons are approaching exhaustion, generally the weakest point in a plant’s life
cycle.
c) Postharvest tillage prevents many weed species from producing seed, or from disseminating seed
after small grain harvest.
2. Cultural control
a) Crop rotation is perhaps one of the most effective approaches to manage weeds. The different
environments created by each crop expose weeds to different sources of mortality. For example:
i) If winter annual weeds such as downy brome, jointed goatgrass, or feral rye are troublesome,
rotate to a spring-sown cereal crop. Many of the winter annual broadleaf and grass weeds will
not be a problem in a spring-sown crop.
ii) In areas where diversified cropping systems are possible, plant alternative crops such as dry
beans. These alternative crops are even more helpful than spring cereals in controlling certain
winter annual weed problems. Rotational crops such as beans or corn, which are seeded late in the
spring into warm soil, permit control of many weed species that are troublesome in cereal production.
b) Altering seeding date, either earlier or later than usual, will permit control of some weed species.
3. Other suggested weed management practices:
a) Plant certified seed to prevent invasion by new weeds or spread of herbicide resistance.
b) Reduce weed seed populations in the soil.
i) Encourage weed seed germination by using shallow cultivation or any other method that will
bring weed seed into moisture in the top half inch of soil.
ii) Control weeds before they set seed. Weeds that disperse seed into the seed bank in the soil
perpetuate the problem.
c) Eradicate patches of perennial weeds before they spread. Use cultural, mechanical, and chemical
methods as appropriate.
124
d) Control weeds as soon after germination as possible and do not use herbicides if the grain crop is
under stress.
e) Control weeds along the edges of small grain fields.
i) Keep weeds along the edges of fields and other idle areas from maturing and shedding seed.
Some of these weed seeds are likely to move into the field. Any number of methods, including
mowing, spraying with herbicides, or cultivating can be effective.
ii) Establishment of a perennial grass on field edges is very effective in controlling most weeds. After
establishment, weed control is virtually cost-free. These habitats may, in turn, enhance the
abundance and diversity of beneficial insects such as carabid beetles and parasitoids that could
help you manage different pests.
4. Chemical control
Herbicides should be used in conjunction with other management practices as herbicides are usually
more effective in competitive and vigorous crops. Chemical weed control in small grain production
is no longer routine because of weed shifts and development of herbicide resistance. The practice
of using just 2,4-D, the foundation herbicide for cereal grain production for almost 45 years is no
longer effective for many farms. Today, the weed problems found in many small grain fields require
TANK MIX combinations of herbicide treatments for adequate weed control. Clarity and
sulfonylurea products such as Amber, Ally, Harmony GT, Express, Harmony Extra and Peak are
frequently combined with 2,4-D in order to provide effective, broad spectrum weed control.
Small grain producers in several areas have been faced with problems of HERBICIDE RESISTANT weed
species. Kochia, wild mustard, Russian thistle, green foxtail, wild oat, and common chickweed are just a few of the
weed species which have herbicide-resistant biotypes. The problem is expanding regionally, nationally, and
internationally, and no herbicides, including 2,4-D and glyphosate, are immune to the potential of resistance (see
page 55).
WEED SHIFTS continue to occur due to heavy, continuous use of herbicides, reductions in tillage, and lack of
crop rotation. Field bindweed, Canada thistle, foxtail barley, quackgrass, and milkweed species are just a few of
the perennial species which are spreading in some small grain production areas as tillage frequency declines. To
combat these problems, small grain producers should identify their weed spectrum and carefully match their weed
problems with the most effective herbicides. Correct application can only be made if the crop and weeds are
carefully monitored to permit timely application.
CEREAL CROP STAGING
All of the postemergence herbicides labeled for wheat, barley, and oats must be applied at certain stages of
growth. Application at other stages will frequently result in crop damage. Crop staging is a management skill
which enables small grain producers to make the best decision when choosing an herbicide program. To
correctly apply herbicides, the producer must be able to accurately and easily determine crop stage. There are
several methods used for determining leaf stage in cereals. We will present the ZADOK'S system here.
STAGING BASICS
The ZADOK’S system recognizes ten principal growth stages for small grains (Table 1). The principal stages are each
broken down into ten secondary growth stages (Table 2).
125
Table 1. The principal growth stages of the ZADOK’S system.
ZADOK'S Number
Plant Growth Stages
ZADOK'S Number
0
Germination
5
1
2
Seedling Growth
Tillering
6
7
3
Stem Elongation
8
4
Booting
9
Plant Growth Stages
Inflorescence
Emergence
Anthesis
Milk
Development
Dough
Development
Ripening
Stage 1: Seedling Growth
Only count leaves on the main stem. Do not count leaves on tillers. Count a leaf if it is one half the length of the preceding
leaf. Spring wheat and barley are easy to stage until the 3-leaf stage when tiller development begins. At the 3-leaf stage,
the first leaf has a blunt tip. Compare the leaf tip of the first leaf with the leaf tip of older leaves. Frequently, the first leaf
is missing due to wind. You must count it even if it is missing. The second leaf emerges opposite and a little above the
first leaf on the same stem. The third leaf is opposite the second leaf on the stem, slightly higher.
Stage 2: Tillering
Tilleringisinfluencedbyplantdensity,fertility,variety andgrowingconditions,soitisusuallyapoorguidetoplantstage
of development. Under good growing conditions, tillers are evident as early as the 3-leaf stage. The primary tillers
emerge from the axils of leaves produced on the main tiller. Primary tillers help identify the positions of missing leaves
since leaves often die during winter or during harsh weather in the spring.
Tillers are not counted when determining leaf stage. Tillers, unlike leaves, are enclosed in a sheath called the
PROPHYLL. Hold a plant at the base (where the roots begin). Grasp the leaf or tiller at the tip of the leaf and pull
it down slightly. If it is a tiller, the prophyll will separate from the tiller stem and become clearly visible. You will not find
a prophyll on true leaves. The prophyll, while quite small on small tillers, can be large on larger tillers. Stage a plant by
identifying and removing all tillers close to the main stem and count the leaves that are left.
Stage 3: Stem Elongation
The main stem is the largest in length and diameter. Stems elongate rapidly through extension of the internode
tissue. The nodes are “bumps” on the stem where leaves are attached. Split the main stem with a knife or your
fingernail to expose the stem, the solid nodes, and the hollow internodes. Simply feeling the stem for nodes is
NOT an accurate way to stage stem elongation.
A description of the growth stage of a wheat plant might be six leaves unfolded (Z = 16), a main shoot and four
tillers (Z = 24), and the first node detectable (Z = 31). That plant would be a Z = 31; since the most advanced
stage is all that is needed to correctly stage it. In other words, this plant stage is “first node detectable,” a crucial
stage from the crop injury standpoint for many herbicides such as 2,4-D, Tordon, MCPA, and Banvel as these
products cannot be applied after Z = 31. At stage Z = 31 the flower has formed and is present just above the
highest node.
126
Table 3 lists the common herbicides used in wheat and barley, and the proper stages for application. Several
examples below will serve to illustrate how to use the ZADOK’S system. For example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The first herbicide that could be applied to the emerged plant illustrated in Figure 1 is Buctril or Aim where Z
= 10.
If Clarity is applied to the plant in Figure 2b, injury may occur.
Every herbicide listed in Table 3 is labeled for use on the plant in Figure 2f.
Clarity must be applied immediately to the plant in Figure 3d. Injury may occur if application is delayed.
Edited by:
Bozeman, MT 59717
406-994-4783
127
Table 2.
The primary and secondary stages of small grain development used by the ZADOK’S
system.
0 Germination
00 Dry seed
01 Start of imbibition
02 Imbibition
03 Imbibition complete
04 Radicle emerging from seed
05 Radicle emerged from seed
06 Coleoptile emerging from seed
07 Coleoptile emerged from seed
08 Leaf elongating thru coleoptile
09 Leaf just at coleoptile tip
6 Anthesis (Flowering)
60 Beginning anthesis
61
62
63
64
65 Anthesis half-way
66
67
68
69 Anthesis complete
1 Seedling Growth
10 First leaf through coleoptile
11 First leaf unfolded
12 2 leaves unfolded
19 9 or more leaves unfolded
7 Milk Development
70 Kernel shell developed
71 Kernel contents very watery
72 Kernel contents turning white
73 Early milk
74 Kernel contents beginning to solidify
75 Medium milk
76 Kernel contents are wet and sticky
77 Late milk
78 Kernel contents are sticky
79 Kernel contents are soft and sticky
2 Tillering
20 Main shoot only
21 Main shoot and 1 tiller
22 Main shoot and 2 tillers
23 Main shoot and 3 tillers
42 Boot beginning to swell
43 Boot just visibly swollen
44 Boot swelling
45 Boot swollen
46 Head ready to emerge from boot
47 Flag leaf sheath opening
48 Flag leaf sheath open
49 First awns visible
8 Dough Development
80
81
82
83 Early dough
84
85 Soft dough
86
87 Hard dough
88
89
5 Inflorescence (ear/panicle) emergence
50 First spikelet of inflorescence visible
51 First spikelet of inflorescence visible
52 First spikelet emerging
53 1/4 of inflorescence emerged
58 Inflorescence emerged
59 Pre-anthesis
9 Ripening
90 Seed hard (thumbnail dent remains)
91 Seed hard (difficult to divide)
92 Seed hard (not dented by thumbnail)
93 Seed loosening in daytime
94 Over-ripe, straw dead and collapsing
95 Seed dormant
96 Viable seed giving 50% germination
97 Seed not dormant
98 Secondary dormancy induced
99 Secondary dormancy lost
128
Table 3.
The proper stage of application and ZADOK’S numbers for the herbicides labeled in
winter wheat, spring wheat, and barley.
Herbicide
Winter Wheat
Spring Wheat and Barley
Aim
2-leaf to jointing
Same as winter wheat Z=12-30
Ally
2-leaf to just before boot stage. Z=12-41
Same as winter wheat. Z=12-41
Amber
1 leaf to just before boot stage. Z=12-41
Bronate
Apply after 3-leaf stage but before boot stage. Z=13-39
Buctril
From emergence up to boot stage. Z=10-39
Curtail
From 4-leaf up to jointing. Z=14-30
Curtail M
From 3-leaf up to jointing. Z=13-29
Dicamba
Apply in spring after resumption of growth prior to
exceeds jointing. Z=13-30.
Apply to spring wheat before it
the 5-leaf stage. (Z=12-15)
Apply to barley before it exceeds the
3-leaf stage. (Z=12-13)
Express
From 2-leaf stage but prior to emergence of flag leaf. Z=12-36 Same as winter wheat. Z=12-36
Harmony Extra From 2-leaf stage but prior to 3rd node stage. Z=12-32
From 2-leaf stage prior to appearance of
1st node stage. Z=12-30
Maverick
Same as winter wheat
From emergence but prior to jointing Z=30
MCPA Amine From 4-leaf stage prior to jointing. Z=14-30
MCPA Ester
3- to 4-leaf fully tillered up to boot stage. Z=14-42
Tordon 22K
Apply in spring after resumption of growth until early jointing.
Z=13-31
2,4-D Amine
Spray after tillering but before jointing. Z=14-30
2,4-D Ester
LV-4
LV-6
After grain is fully tillered but before jointing. Z=15-30
Peak
From 3-leaf stage but before 2nd node is detectable
in stem elongation z=32
Starane
From 2-leaf prior to boot stage
129
3-leaf to early jointing. Z=13-31
Wheat
(dry seed)
Z = 00
Barley
(dry seed)
Z = 00
Oats
(dry seed)
Z = 00
Wheat
(imbibition complete)
Z = 03
Wheat
(radicleemerged)
Z = 05
Wheat
(coleoptile)
Z = 07
Barley
(coleoptile emerged)
Z = 07
Wheat
(leaf at coleoptile tip)
Z = 09
(First leaf through
the coleoptile)
Z = 10
Figure 1. Examples of small grain seeds or seedlings ranging from ZADOK’S = 00 through Z = 10.
130
131
132
133
THE WILD OAT STAGING CARD
Wild oat is consistently ranked as the worst weed problem by small grain producers in the Intermountain West.
Postemergence herbicides can be used effectively to control the wild oat if they are applied at the correct time.
The wild oat staging card will help producers apply the herbicides correctly. The purpose of the wild oat staging
card is to help determine the seedling growth stage of wild oat plants.
HOW TO USE THE CARD
Wild oat plant staging should be done using an “M” pattern. Pull one wild oat plant at each of 20 locations along
an “M” pattern and record the leaf stage on the front section of the card. After the stage of growth of 20 plants
has been recorded, a pattern will be obvious.
Count the first five basal leaves on the main stem. Do not count the leaves on the tillers. Tillers can cause
a great deal of confusion and staging becomes more complex after the 3-leaf stage. If growing conditions are
good, tillers often appear at the 3- or 4-leaf stage. The first tiller usually emerges from the point where the first
leaf joins the main stem. The second and third tillers usually emerge from the axis of the second and third leaf,
respectively. Again, do not count leaves on tillers.
PROBLEMS
As mentioned above, plants are especially difficult to stage after they begin to tiller. To avoid this confusion, begin
to stage the field early, before tillering begins. The pattern of development of the wild oat population in a field
stays about the same as the plants mature. If you establish this pattern on a wild oat staging card early in the
season, it is much easier to predict when the proper application time will arrive. Another problem encountered
when using the card has been the tendency for people to choose larger, more mature wild oat plants when staging.
This may lead to misinterpretation and poor results. This can be overcome by using the POINT METHOD at
each of the 20 field stops. Drop to one knee and immediately put your index finger on the ground. Stage the
wild oat plant nearest your finger.
Farmers, chemical dealers, and industry personnel can modify the card and use it effectively for green foxtail and
Persian darnel control.
134
THE WILD OAT ST
AGING CARD
STA
PURPOSE OF THE STAGING CARD
The major cause of failure of postemergence wild oat herbicides
is incorrect time of application. This card will help you apply
the proper chemical at the correct time.
COUNT THE LEAVES
WILD OAT
ON ONE WILD OAT AT ONE LOCATION
LEAF STAGE
RECORD THE LEAF STAGE IN THE TABLE BELOW
COUNT 20 PLANTS
EXAMPLE
The user of the card to the right counted leaves on one wild oat
plant at 20 places in a field. He put an X in the proper column
for each wild oat plant.
1/2
RESULTS
The results indicate:
•
It is too early to apply AVENGE.
•
He should wait 2 to 6 days before applying HOELON or
ASSERT because some wild oats are still too young to
spray.
x
x
x
1
x
x
x
x
x
1 1/2
x
x
x
x
x
2
x
x
x
2 1/2
x
x
3
x
x
ERT
ASS
,
N
LO
HOE
3 1/2
NGE
AVE
4
4 1/2
5
Over 5
In short, if he sprayed today, AVENGE wouldn’t work, and
HOELON and ASSERT would not work as well as possible.
REMEMBER!
The wild oat takes 2 1/2 to 4 days to produce one full leaf. There
are times when a 2-day delay in herbicide application can make
the difference between poor control and excellent control.
1/2
1
11/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
41/2
5
CAUTION
Do not count the leaves on tillers. Count original basal leaves
only (except when staging wild oat for ACHIEVE).
THE WILD OAT ST
AGING CARD
STA
HERBICIDE APPLICATION INFORMATION
COUNT THE LEAVES
WILD OAT
LEAF STAGE
Herbicide applied
ON ONE WILD OAT AT ONE LOCATION
Date
RECORD THE LEAF STAGE IN THE TABLE BELOW
Time of day
COUNT 20 PLANTS
1/2
x
x
x
1
x
x
x
x
x
1 1/2
x
x
x
x
x
2
x
x
x
2 1/2
x
x
3
x
Wind speed
x
Gallons per acre
Field sprayed
Applied by
ERT
ASS
,
N
LO
HOE
Crop
Variety
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
NGE
AVE
Date of planting
Chemical dealer
5
Amount of chemical used
Over 5
Nozzle type used
LEAF STAGE DETERMINATION
•
Count the first 5 leaves, NOT LEAVES ON TILLERS. Wheat and barley begin tillering at the 3, 4, or 5 leaf stage normally, so only count
BASAL leaves. • You must count all basal leaves, even if they were removed by wind.
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Spray each field that needs to be sprayed.
2. Use an “M” pattern. Stop at 20 locations and record the leaf stage of one wild oat plant at each location.
3. Determine proper herbicide(s) to use.
Enter here
4. Read label directions thoroughly for best results.
Park here
Exit here
5. The wild oat will produce one new leaf in 2 1/2 to 4 days depending upon growing conditions.
FIELD TO BE SURVEYED
135
Maverick
Puma
Sencor
Tiller
F
G
N
F
P
P
G
N
N
N
G
N
E
G
F-G
F
P
P
F
N
F
G
N
N
N
G
N
E
Weeds
Broadleaves
bedstraw, common
buckwheat, wild
buttercup, testiculate
cockle, corn
cockle, cow
falseflax, small seed
filaree, redstem
flixweed
gromwell, corn
hairy vetch
knotweed, prostrate
kochia
lettuce, prickly
madwort
mustard, blue
mustard, tansy
mustard, tumble
mustard, wild
nightshade, spp.
pennycress, field
pepperweed, perfoliated
pigweed, spp.
pineappleweed
shepherds purse
sowthistle, annual
speedwell, snow
thistle, Russian
E
F
G
G
E
P
G
E
F
F
E
G
P
E
E
E
G
G
G
E
G
E
E
F-G
E
G
G
G
G-E
G
E
E
E
F-G
G
F-G
E
E
E
F
P
P
F
F
G
P
F
G
P
F
P
F
F
F
P
G
G
F
P
E
F
G
F
G
F
F
P
G
F
E
G
G
G
E
F
E
E
F
F
G
E
E
G
G
G
G
E
G
E
E
G
G
G
G
G
P
E
P
E
F
G
G
G
F
G
F
E
F
G
E
G
E
F
G
G
E
E
G
E
E
E
F
G
E
F
G
P
G
E
E
E
E
E
E
P
G
E
G
E
E
G
E
E
E
E
P
E
E
E
E
E
G
G
E
P
G
P
P
P
F
F
F
P
P
P
G
G
G
G
F
P
P
F
P
F
F
F
F
P
F
P
P
F
2,4-D +
Tordon 22K
Hoelon
G
N
N
N
G
F-G
G
G
2,4-D
Finesse
N
P
N
N
N
N
-
Starane
+ Salvo
FarGo
N
F
N
N
F-G
P
N
Sencor
Everest
N
P
N
N
G
N
E
MCPA
Discover
G
N
N
N
E
G
G
Finesse
Dakota
N
N
N
N
N
N
E
Dicamba
+ 2,4-D
Cheyenne Xtra
G
N
N
N
E
N
E
Dicamba
Avenge
N
N
N
G
N
N
Bromoxynil
+ MCPA
Asset
N
N
N
N
G
N
N
N
Bromoxynil
Amber
N
P
N
N
N
N
P
N
Ally
N
N
N
F-G
G
G
Aim
Weeds
Grasses
barnyardgrass
blue-eyed Maryl
brome, downy
bulbous bluegrass
goatgrass, jointed
oats, wild
witchgrass
Persian Damsel
green foxtail
Achieve
WEED RESPONSE TO SMALL GRAIN HERBICIDES
P
P
P
P
F
F
F
G
P
F
F
P
F
G
G
P
P
F
G
G
F
G
F
G
P
F
F
P
P
F
P
P
G
F
G
F
G
P
P
G-E
G
F
G
G
F
G
G
F
G
F
G
G
G
P
G
G
E
F
E
F
P
P
P
G
F
G
P
E
P
P
E
F
E
F
F
G
E
E
G
E
E
G
P
G
E
P
G
P
P
P
P
P
G
F
G
P
E
P
P
G
N
E
F
F
G
E
E
G
E
E
G
P
G
E
P
G
E
P-F
G
G
F-G
G
E
E
F
F
P
E
G
F
G
G
E
G
G
G
E
G
E
P-F
G
Control: E = Excellent, G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor, N = No Control, - = Insufficient Regional Data
136
Amber
Asset
Avenge
Buckle
Cheyenne Xtra
Dakota
Discover
Everest
FarGo
Finesse
Glyphosate
Glyphosate + Dicamba
Glyphosate + 2,4-D
Hoelon
Maverick
Puma
Sencor
Stampede
Annuals
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
brome, Japanese
cheat
corn, volunteer
crabgrass
foxtail, green
foxtail, yellow
goatgrass, jointed
goosegrass
oats, wild
Persian darnel
rye, cereal
ryegrass, annual
signalgrass
volunteer cereal
wild proso millet
witchgrass
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
P
P
P
-
X
-
X
-
P
X
X
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
P
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
P
X
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
P
P
P
P
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
X
-
X
X
-
Perennials
bluegrass, bulbous
johnsongrass
quackgrass
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
P
X
-
X
-
C
S
S
-
-
-
Level of control considered “acceptable” for inclusion of a weed on labels may vary among herbicide manufacturers.
137
Tiller
Grass Weeds
Achieve
GRASS WEEDS LISTED ON SMALL GRAIN HERBICIDE LABELS
X
-
-
-
Broadleaf Weeds
Aim
Ally
Amber
Assert
Bromoxynil
Bromoxynil + MCPA
Canvas
Curtail
Dicamba
Express
Finesse
Glean
Glyphosate
Glyphosate + 2,4-D
Harmony Extra
HarmonyGT
Maverick
MCPA
Peak
Rave
Sencor
Stampede
Starane
Starane + Salvo
Stinger
Tordon
2,4-D
WEEDS LISTED ON SMALL GRAIN HERBICIDE LABELS
Annuals
bedstraw, common
buckwheat, wild
buttercup, bur
carrot, wild
catchfly
chamomile, false
chickweed, common
cockle, cow
cockle, white
cocklebur, common
corn gromwell
falseflax
fennel, dog
filaree
flixweed
goosefoot
groundsel, common
henbit
jimsonweed
knawel
knotweed, prostrate
kochia
ladysthumb
lettuce, prickly
mallow, Venice
mallow, common
marshelder
mayweed
mustard, black
mustard, blue
mustard, Jim Hill
mustard, tansy
mustard, wild
nightshade, black
nightshade, cutleaf
nightshade, hairy
X
P
P
P
X
P
P
X
P
P
P
P
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
-
X
P
X
X
X
P
X
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
X
P
X
P
X
X
X
P
P
X
P
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
X
P
X
X
P
P
P
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
P
P
X
-
X = Control , S = Seedling control only, P = Partial control, - = Weed not listed on label
138
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
P
X
P
X
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Ally
Amber
Assert
Bronate
Buctril
Canvas
Curtail
Dicamba
Express
Finesse
Glean
Glyphosate
Glyphosate + 2,4-D
Harmony Extra
HarmonyGT
Maverick
MCPA
Peak
Rave
Sencor
Stampede
Starane
Starane + Salvo
Stinger
Tordon
2,4-D
Annuals (continued)
pennycress, field
pepperweed, perfoliated
pigweed, redroot
pineappleweed
puncturevine
purslane, common
ragweed, common
shepherds purse
smartweed
sowthistle, annual
sowthistle, spiny
speedwell
sunflower, wild
thistle, Russian
velvetleaf
waterpod
Aim
X
X
P
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
P
X
X
P
P
P
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
P
P
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
139
X
X
X
X
P
-
X
X
-
P
X
X
X
P
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
Broadleaf Weeds
(Continued)
Aim
Ally
Amber
Bronate
Buctril
Canvas
Clarity
Curtail
Express
Finesse
Glean
Harmony Extra
HarmonyGT
Landmaster BW
Peak
Rave
Roundup Ultra
Sencor
Starane
Starane + Salvo
Stinger
Tordon
2,4-D
Perennials
alfalfa
aster
bindweed, field
brackenfern
bursage
camas, death
chicory
clovers
cress, hoary
daisy, oxeye
dandelion, common
dock, curly
dogbane, hemp
fleabane
garlic, wild
goldenrod
hemlock (water)
knapweed, Russian
milkweed, common
onion, wild
plantain
scouring rush
sorrel, red
spurge, leafy
thistle, Canada
toadflax, yellow
vervains
vetch
yarrow
P
P
-
P
-
P
X
P
P
P
P
X
X
X
P
-
X
P
-
X
X
P
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
P
X
X
-
P
X
P
-
X
P
X
-
X
X
P
P
P
-
X
X
P
-
X
X
X
P
P
-
P
X
-
P
P
X
P
-
P
P
X
P
P
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
P
-
P
X
X
-
P
P
P
X
X
P
P
P
X
X
X
P
P
P
X
P
X
-
S
X
X
X
P
X
P
X
X
-
P
X
X
X
X
P
X
-
P
P
X
X
X
X
P
P
X
P
P
P
X
X
P
P
X
-
140
WHEAT AND BARLEY
Herbicide
Buckle (10G)
triallate + trifluralin
FarGo
triallate
(formulations
include: 4EC)
Spartan
sulfentrazone
Rate:
10 to 12.5 lbs/A (barley and durum wheat), 12.5 to 15 lbs/A (winter
wheat)
Time:
Apply in the spring prior to planting barley and for fall application prior
to planting barley, durum wheat or winter wheat.
Remarks:
For spring barley, winter barley, durum wheat or winter wheat. Also
approved for use on mixed plantings of barley and peas. Not for use on
oats or spring wheat. Controls wild oats, green foxtail, and yellow foxtail.
Fall applications prior to planting winter wheat also suppress downy
brome. Herbicide must be mechanically incorporated 24 hours after
application, before germination of weeds. Incorporate twice, with the
second incorporation at right angles to the first. When incorporating
with a single pass in the fall, a second pass must be performed in the
spring during seedbed preparation. Incorporation implement should be
set to work the soil no deeper than 3 to 4 inches. Do not use disc
implements for incorporation. See label for recommended equipment.
Application equipment should be properly calibrated to avoid poor
control or crop injury. Application to a field that is wet, lumpy, rough,
or ridged will result in reduced weed control and promote crop thinning.
Conditions of prolonged high temperature or extreme drought at the time
of weed germination may result in diminished weed control. Delayed crop
emergence, stand reduction, stunting, or yield loss may result due to cold
or wet conditions or irrigation during crop germination or emergence.
Caution:
Do not use on winter wheat if seeded with conventional double-disc press
drill. Only recommended for use on winter wheat seeded with no-till or deep
furrow drill. Recropping restrictions range from 5 to 20 months, depending
on the rotational crop.
Rate:
1.25 to 1.5 qts or 12.5 to 15 lbs 10G/A for barley
For spring wheat and durum, apply 1 qt/A FarGo EC or 10 to 12.5 lbs
FarGo 10G/A (use lower rate with double disc drills)
Time:
Apply in fall or spring, preplant or postplant and incorporate before weed
liquid germination for control of wild oats in winter wheat, spring and
durum wheat and barley. Fall applications suppress downy brome,
cheat, and Japanese brome. Fall applications within 3 weeks of normal soil
freezeup (soil temperatures less then 40° F).
Remarks:
Control of wild oat and foxtail. Incorporate thoroughly to a depth of
1 to 2 inches. Do not graze treated areas. Do not apply on barley
underseeded to legumes. Can be impregnated on granular fertilizer.
Caution:
Do not graze livestock on treated crop.
Rate:
Up to 8 oz/A per year
Time:
Spartan may be applied to soil as a preplant incorporated treatment or
preemergence (to crop and weed) surface application.
141
WHEAT AND BARLEY - continued
Herbicide
Remarks:
Spartan can be used to control a wide range of broadleaves including
kochia (ALS and Triazine resistant), Russian thistle and waterhemp. It
provides partial control to several grasses such as green foxtail and
cheat. It can be tank mixed with other herbicides including Roundup,
Gramoxone Extra, 2,4-D.
Caution:
Do not apply through any irrigation system. Soil pH, and organic matter
content exert dramatic impact on Spartan availability in the soil solution. As soil pH increases, Spartan availability increases. Spartan
adsorbs to clay and organic matter, limiting the amount of active
ingredient immediately available to control weeds. Crop injury may
occur in areas with high pH or low organic matter content. Check label
for rotational guidelines as intervals vary with crops.
Rate:
0.44 to 0.60 lbs/A. The maximum seasonal application rate is 0.625
tralkoxydim lbs/A (0.25 lb. a.i./A). In Montana apply Achieve 40 DG
only at 0.44lb/A (0.18 lb a.i./A)
Time:
For control of Persian darnel apply from the 2- to 4-leaf stage. For
control of wild oats apply from the 1- to 6-leaf stage. For control of or
green and yellow foxtail apply at 1- to 5-leaf stage of growth. Count all
leaves (including tillers) when staging for Achieve.
Remarks:
Achieve 40 DG is a contact herbicide and has no soil activity. Grasses
emerging after application will not be controlled. Always add Supercharge adjuvant at 0.5% V/V along with 15 lbs of spray grade ammonium
sulfate per 100 gal of spray mixture. Always add ammonium sulfate to
the tank mixture first, followed by Achieve 40 DG and last add the
Supercharge. Minimum of 10 gallons of spray solution per acre required
for Achieve.
Caution:
When weeds are stressed due to drought, heat, lack of fertility or during
cold temperatures, delayed or reduced control is likely. Achieve 40 DG
does not control broadleaf weeds.
Rate:
0.5 to 1.9 fl oz/A
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds prior to jointing in small grain.
Remarks:
Aim is a non-residual product with excellent activity on bedstraw and
several annual broadleaves. Aim should be tank mixed with either
MCPA or 2,4-D to broaden its spectrum. In noncompetitive crops (less
than 30 bu yield potential) Aim will need to be tank mixed with dicamba
or Starane for effective kochia control. Coverage is essential for good
control with Aim and should be applied in 10 GPA spray solution. Aim
should be applied with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v and spray
grade liquid N fertilizer at 2 to 4% v/v or ammonium sulfate at 2 to 4 lbs/
A. Weed control depends on product rates and weed size. Check label
for a complete list of weed species and rates. Consult label for control
of specific weeds at higher rates.
POSTEMERGENCE
Achieve (40 DG)
tralkoxydim
Aim EW
carfentrazone
142
Herbicide
Ally (60DF)
metsulfuron
Ally (60DF)
+
2,4-D, LVE
metsulfuron
Amber (75 DF)
triasulfuron
Caution:
Aim can cause leaf burning on wheat or barley within 1 to 2 days of
application. Research to date indicates this injury is cosmetic and does
not result in yield loss.
Rate:
0.10 oz/A
Time:
A recommended herbicide for wheat (including durum) and barley.
Apply to actively growing weeds. Check label for application timing.
Remarks:
When tank mixing other herbicides with Ally, use a nonionic surfactant
at 0.25% by volume. Weeds resistant to Ally may not be controlled so
refer to tank mix alternatives for SU resistant weeds. Check label for
rotation intervals as they vary with soil pH and crop.
Rate:
0.1 oz /A + 0.5 pt/A, 2,4-D, LVE
Time:
Apply postemergence after wheat or barley has 2 leaves but before
the boot stage.
Remarks:
Metsulfuron will control a wide range of broadleaf weeds and will suppress
Canada thistle growth. For best results add a surfactant of at least 80%
active ingredient at 0.5% v/v. For weeds that are difficult to control, apply
while they are actively growing and not more than 2 inches tall or in
diameter. 2,4-D (LVE) low volatile ester formulations should always be tank
mixed with Ally. They can also be tank mixed with Aim, bromoxynil,
dicamba, Starane of MCPA.
Caution:
Ally should not be used more than once in a 22-month period since Ally
can persist in soil. Ally should always be tank mixed with other
herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA, or Buctril to reduce the chances of
selecting for resistant weeds.
Rate:
0.28 oz/A to 0.56 oz/A
Time:
A preplant, preplant shallow-incorporated, preemergence or
postemergence herbicide. Do not apply preemergence to late fallseeded winter wheat if stressful environmental conditions are expected within 2 weeks after application. To reduce the selection
pressure on herbicide resistant biotypes, do not apply Amber or other
herbicide with the same mode of action within a 12-month period.
Remarks:
Amber could be tank mixed with several herbicides including 2,4-D to
enhance its activity. Do not apply alone. At the low rate Amber should
be tank mixed with 2,4-D or Banvel. Use a nonionic surfactant. Does
not control ALS-resistant biotypes. Where sulfonylurea resistant
weeds occur, Amber must be tankmixed or applied sequentially with
a registered herbicide with a different mode of action such as 2,4-D,
MCPA, dicamba, bromoxynil or Starane. This applies to any uses in
Montana. In Montana, a three-way mix of Amber, Banvel, and 2,4-D
can be used.
143
Herbicide
Assert (2.5AS)
imazamethabenz
Avenge (2AS)
difenzoquat
Buctril
bromoxynil (2 EC or 4EC)
Bronate Advance
bromoxynil + MCPA
others
Caution:
Amber is a long-residual herbicide, therefore, rotational restrictions
exist. See label for details and soil pH.
Rate:
MT and WY: 1.2 to 1.5 pts/A, UT: 1.3 to 1.5 pts/A
Time:
Apply when wild oats are in the 1- to 4-leaf growth stage and from the
2-leaf to internode stage for barley and wheat (including durum).
Remarks:
May be tank mixed with MCPA ester, 2,4-D ester, bromoxynil or Ally.
For wild oat densities greater than 25 plants per sq ft use a minimum
spray volume of 15 gpa. The addition of nonionic surfactant is required. Symptoms of weeds dying may not be noticeable for 2 to 4
weeks after application.
Caution:
Rotational crops after applying Assert are limited to wheat, barley,
corn, edible beans, and sunflowers. Do not plant other rotational
crops for at least 15 months or crop injury may occur. Land should be
deep-plowed before planting other crops. Do not apply through
irrigation systems. Do not graze treated fields or harvest forage for
feed.
Rate:
2.5 to 4 pts/A
Time:
Apply when wild oats are in the 3- to 5-leaf stage.
Remarks:
Can be tank mixed with 2,4-D, MCPA, or bromoxynil. Use the lower rate
with wild oat density of 1 to 10 per sq ft. Use the higher rate for more
dense wild oat stands. For spray volumes above 10 gpa, the addition
of a nonionic surfactant is required.
Caution:
Do not apply to wet plants or when freezing temperatures are forecast.
Do not graze the treated field. Do not make more than one application
per growing season.
Rate:
1 to 2 (UT) or 1.5 to 2 (WY, MT) pints of Buctril 2EC/A for spring cereals.
For other winter wheat, apply 1.5 to 2 pts Buctril 2EC/A. Buctril 4EC
would be at half the rate of 2EC. Consult label for specific rates.
Time:
Apply to weeds that do not exceed the 4-leaf stage, or 2 inches in height,
or 1 inch in diameter, whichever comes first. If weeds form a rosette,
apply before weeds exceed 1 inch diameter. Consult label for specific
weed size information. Apply to the crop after emergence but before
the boot stage of growth.
Remarks:
A selective contact herbicide. Use higher rates for larger or harder to
kill weeds. The 2pt/A rate may be applied through sprinkler systems
in no greater than 0.5 inches of water. Can be applied to winter wheat
in the spring or fall.
Caution:
Do not graze treated fields for 30 days after application.
Rate:
0.8 to 1.6 pts/A, consult label for specific crop and weed rates
144
Herbicide
Curtail (2.38EC)
clopyralid + 2,4-D
dicamba
Banvel (4S)
Banvel SGF (2S)
Clarity (4S) and other
Time:
Apply when weeds have less than 4 leaves or are less than 2 inches in
size, whichever comes first. If weeds form a rosette, apply before weeds
reach 1 inch in diameter. Consult label for specific weed information.
Apply to crop between the 3-leaf and boot stage of growth. Bronate can
be tank mixed with several herbicides including MCPA ester, Glean,
Banvel, and Harmony Extra. Refer to herbicide labels for crop rotation
and other restrictions.
Remarks:
Do not apply to winter wheat in the fall. Check compatibility with wild
oat herbicides.
Caution:
Do not permit this herbicide combination to drift off target. Do not graze
treated fields for 45 days after application. When used postharvest, do
not plant any rotational crop until the following use season.
Rate:
Apply 2 to 2.66 pts/A
Time:
Apply in the spring to young, actively growing weeds. Apply once the
4 leaves have unfolded on the main stem and tillering has begun up
to the jointing stage. For Canada thistle apply after the majority of the
basal leaves have emerged 6-inch rosette, but prior to bud stage.
Remarks:
This combination is particularly effective on Canada thistle and wild
buckwheat. Curtail or Stinger are labeled for mixtures with bromoxynil,
Ally and several other herbicides. The higher rate may be used when
the condition of the weed and/or crop at the time of treatment may
prevent optimum control.
Caution:
Do not rotate to any crop except wheat, barley, oats, sugarbeets, or
grass for 1 year after treatment. See label when rotating to dry beans.
Do not apply by air when an air temperature inversion exists. Do not
apply Stinger by air. See label before rotating to dry beans.
Rate:
2 to 3 oz/A Clarity (4 to 6 oz/A Banvel SGF on spring barley)
2 to 4 oz/A Clarity (4 to 8 oz/A Banvel SGF on wheat)
Time:
Apply to emerging and/or actively growing weeds before, during, or
after planting; or after crop emergence. For best performance, apply
when weeds are in the 2- to 3-leaf stage, or when rosettes are less than
2 inches across. Latest times of application are:
winter wheat:
spring wheat:
before crop reaches jointing stage
before crop exceeds 6-leaf stage
winter barley:
spring barley:
before crop reaches jointing stage
before crop exceeds 4-leaf stage
Remarks:
For control of annual broadleaf weeds and suppression of certain
perennial broadleaf weeds in small grains. For kochia, Clarity should be
applied at 3oz/A. See label for approved tank mixes.
Caution:
Do not use on small grains underseeded with legumes. Some grazing
and recropping restrictions. Do not use tank mix with 2,4-D on spring
barley.
145
Herbicide
dicamba
Banvel (4S)
Banvel SGF (2S)
Clarity (4S)
+
SU Herbicide
(Ally, Amber, Express
Harmony Extra,
Finesse, Peak)
Discover (2 EC)
clodinafop
Express (75DF)
tribenuron - methyl
Rate:
2 to 4 oz Clarity + label recommended SU rate
Time:
Apply before the wheat begins to joint (approximately 5-leaf stage).
Remarks:
Do not apply to winter wheat in the fall. This treatment may cause the
wheat to grow semiprostrate for a while, but this normally does not
affect yield. Do not graze or harvest for livestock feed prior to crop
maturity. When tank mixing with SU herbicides, use 1 qt nonionic
surfactant per 100 gals/spray solution.
Caution:
Do not permit Dicamba to drift off target. This combination is useful for
delaying Finesse weed resistance to SU herbicide applications used
alone. Do not use Dicamba + 2.4-D on barley. Follow the applicable
restrictions, limitations, and directions for use on all products involved in tank mixing.
Rate:
3.2 to 4.0 oz/A or 1 case per 40 to 50 acres
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds at the 2-leaf to pre-boot stage of
wheat. Do not apply to winter wheat in the fall. Utah and Wyoming,
consult section 24(c) supplemental label for special local need.
Remarks:
Can be used on all types of wheat (including Durum) in Montana.
Discover is a nonresidual product with excellent activity on wild oat at
3.2 oz/A and Persian darnel, green foxtail, and other annual grass weeds
at 4.0 oz/A. Discover should be applied in water at 5 to 10 gallons per
acre. Spray volume should be 10 gallons per acre in stress conditions
or when treating Persian darnel. Discover needs to be used in conjunction with DSVadjuvant that is included in the box. Discover can be tank
mixed with a number of broadleaf herbicides.
Caution:
Discover is extremely injurious to barley and misapplications of
Discover to barley fields could result in 100% stand loss. Do not allow
spay to drift to adjacent fields seeded to crops other than wheat. Do
not treat wheat underseeded to forages.
Rate:
0.16 to 0.33 oz/A
Time:
Apply from the 2-leaf stage but prior to the flag-leaf stage of grain.
Remarks:
It is recommended to add a nonionic surfactant to spray solution (see
label). Use the 0.33 oz rate when small grains are 4 to 8 inches tall. May
be tank mixed with 2,4-D, MCPA ester, bromoxynil, dicamba or Starane
to prevent weeds from becoming resistant to Express. For selective
postemergence control of certain broadleaf weeds in wheat (including
durum) and barley in irrigated and dryland cropping systems. Weeds
controlled include blue mustard, kochia, prickly lettuce, and Russian
thistle. Weeds partially controlled include wild garlic and Canada
thistle. Weed biotypes resistant to Glean or Ally will also be resistant
to Express. In areas where these biotypes are known to exist, only spray
Express in tank mixtures with other broadleaf herbicides having a
different mode of action such as 2,4-D, bromoxynil, dicamba, Curtail,
MCPA or Starane. May be tank mixed with Assert for wild oat control.
146
Herbicide
Everest (70 DF)
flucarbazone-sodium
Caution:
May be tank mixed with all insecticides except malathion. Do not apply
if wheat or barley is stressed. Dry dusty field conditions may reduce
control. Do not allow spray to drift onto adjacent crops or land. Do not
harvest sooner than 45 days after the last application of Express. Do not
graze or feed forage or hay from treated areas to livestock. Do not plant
to any crop other than wheat or barley for 60 days after application. Do
not apply to grain underseeded with another crop.
Rate:
0.41 to 0.6 oz/A
Time:
Early applications are generally more effective. Apply to spring wheat
when the majority of plants have1 leaf to a maximum of 4 leaves on the
main stem plus 2 tillers. For winter wheat apply either in the fall or
spring when the majority of the plants have between 1 and 6 leaves
on the main stem plus 2 tillers.
Remarks:
Everest is a postemergence product with excellent activity on wild oat
and green foxtail. Everest also has activity on several mustard and other
broadleaf weeds. Everest does have some soil activity and will manage
later emerging weeds.
Everest should be applied with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v.
Consult the label for numerous potential broadleaf herbicide tank mix
partners. Everest should be tank-mixed with an approved broadleaf
herbicide (2,4-D or MCPA) to minimize the injury potential on wheat.
Finesse (75 DF)
chlorsulfuron +
metsulfuron
Caution:
Everest is extremely injurious to barley and misapplications to barley
fields could result in 100% stand loss. In addition, Everest could
potentially carryover to rotational crops such as barley, canola,
sunflower, or pulse crops. Read and follow rotation restrictions on the
label.
Rate:
0.2 to 0.4 oz/A. Consult label for specific rates.
Time:
Preplant/preemergence applications are recommended for winter and
spring wheat only.
Postemergence (winter wheat and winter barley): Apply after crop
reaches 2-leaf stage, but before boot stage.
Postemergence (spring wheat and spring barley): Apply after crop
reaches 2-leaf stage, but before flag leaf is visible.
Remarks:
Montana and Wyoming only. Controls weeds in wheat (including
durum) and barley. Always use in combination with a nonionic
surfactant. Approved for either ground or aerial applications. May be
tank mixed or used sequentially with 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil, Lexone/
Sencor, dicamba, Starane or Curtail. If tank mixing Finesse and Assert,
add another broadleaf herbicide with different mode of action. Finesse
may be used as a fallow treatment preceding the planting of wheat.
Apply no more than once per crop cycle at a rate of 0.4 oz product/A.
147
Herbicide
Glean (75DF)
chlorsulfuron
(UT only)
Harmony Extra (75DF)
thifensulfuron + tribenuron
Caution:
Do not apply during the boot stage or early heading stage. Do not use
less than 0.2oz/A. Crop injury may result if field treated with organophosphate insecticide. Do not apply with Malathion. Do not apply
through any type of irrigation system. Always add Finesse to water in
spray tank before adding other products. Allow at least 24 months
between applications of Finesse. Rotation restriction for non-cereals
is up to 48 months. No grazing restrictions. Do not apply to frozen
or snow-covered ground.
Rate:
0.16 to 0.33 oz /A, plus nonionic surfactant
Time:
Apply treatment in the fall or spring after grain reaches the 2-leaf stage,
but before boot stage. Treatments should be applied to actively
growing weeds before they are 2 inches tall or across.
Remarks:
For selective weed control in wheat (including durum) barley, and
spring oats. Controls or suppresses many annual broadleaf weeds.
Should be tank mixed with another suitable herbicide registered for
use in small grains, such as 2,4-D. Recommended for use only on land
having a soil pH of 7.9 or less and dedicated to the long-term
production of wheat, barley, or oats. Land previously treated with
Glean cannot be rotated to crops other than wheat, oats, or barley until
a field bioassay confirms that residues of Glean are not present.
Rainfall or irrigation is necessary following treatment to activate Glean
before weeds develop an established root system. Do not make late
fall, winter, or early spring applications to winter wheat or barley until
crop is well established and has begun to tiller. Montana and Wyoming, consult supplemental labeling for recropping intervals.
Caution:
Apply only once every 18 months. Glean can remain in the soil for 3 to
4 years or more and cause severe injury to crops other than wheat,
barley, and oats. See cereal recropping instructions on the label. Do not
apply to fields undersown with grasses or legumes. Do not apply to
frozen or snow-covered ground. Do not use on soils having a pH
greater than 7.9.
Rate:
0.3 to 0.6 oz/A plus nonionic surfactant. Two applications may be
made provided the total amount applied does not exceed 1.0 oz per
acre per crop season.
Time:
Make applications to wheat and barley after the crop is in the 2-leaf
stage, but before the flag leaf is visible. Weeds should be young and
actively growing.
Remarks:
For selective postemergence control of certain broadleaf weeds in
wheat (including durum) and barley in irrigated and dryland cropping
systems. Weeds controlled include blue mustard, bur buttercup,
sunflower, kochia, prickly lettuce, Russian thistle, and wild garlic.
Weeds partially controlled include Canada thistle. Weed biotypes
resistant to Glean, Amber or Ally will also be resistant to Harmony
Extra. In areas where these biotypes are known to exist, only spray
Harmony Extra in tank mixtures with other broadleaf herbicides having
a different mode of action such as 2,4-D, Clarity, Buctril, Bronate,
148
WHEA
T AND BARLE
Y - cco
ont
in
ue
d
WHEAT
BARLEY
ntin
inue
ued
Herbicide
Curtail, or MCPA. May be tank mixed with Assert or Avenge for wild
oat control. May be tank mixed with Hoelon when used on winter wheat,
but not on spring wheat or barley (according to Hoelon label). It can
be tank mixed with Discover and DSV adjuvant for control of wild oat
in wheat.
Harmony GT (75 DF)
thifensulfuron
Hoelon (3EC)
diclofop methyl
Landmaster
glyphosate + 2,4D
Caution:
Do not apply if wheat or barley is stressed. Do not allow spray to drift
onto adjacent crops or land. Do not graze or feed forage or hay from
treated areas tolivestock. Do not plant to any crop other than wheat or
barley for 60 days after application. Do not apply to grain underseeded
with another crop. Dry, dusty field conditions may reduce control. Do
not tank mix with Malathion.
Rate:
0.3 to 0.6 oz/A. Sequential applications may be made provided the
total amount applied does not exceed 1.0 oz/A per crop season.
Time:
2-leaf to before the flag leaf is visible of wheat (including durum) and
barley.
Remarks:
Harmony GT is a nonresidual herbicide with activity on numerous
annual broadleaf weeds. Harmony GT should be applied with 2,4-D,
MCPA, bromoxynil, dicamba, Starane or other herbicides to prevent
development of herbicide resistance and manage SU resistant kochia.
Harmony GT should be applied with 0.5% v/v nonionic surfactant.
Harmony GT is less antagonistic than many SU herbicides to the new
wild oat herbicides. Harmony GT is labeled for tank mixes with Achieve,
Discover, and Puma.
Caution:
Do not graze or feed forage or hay from treated areas to livestock.
Harvested straw can be used for bedding and/or feed. Do not plant to
any crop other than small grain within 45 days of application. Do not
apply to grains underseeded with another crop. Do not tank mix with
the insecticide Malathion.
Rate:
Wheat and barley: 2 to 2.66 pt/A
Time:
Apply when the wild oat or green foxtail are in the 1- to 4-leaf stage.
Remarks:
Control wild oat and other annual grasses. Do not apply more than
one application in a growing season. Apply before the wheat or barley
reaches the 1-node stage of growth. Do not apply a broadleaf herbicide
within 5 days of the diclofop treatment. For tank mixes see the label. Do
not graze treated fields. Preplant incorporated application approved in
Utah and Montana for control of downy brome and bulbous bluegrass
in winter wheat
Caution:
Hoelon is a RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Do not apply more than
once per growing season. Consult label for additional restrictions.
Rate:
27 to 54 oz/A
Time:
Apply to emerged weeds prior to planting or emergence of crop, or after
harvest. See label for recommended weed growth stages.
149
Herbicide
Maverick (75 DF)
sulfosulfuron
Olympus
propoxycarbazone-sodium
Remarks:
For control of many annual broadleaf and grassy weeds in conventional and reduced tillage systems prior to planting wheat, barley, oats,
or rye. Apply in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre by ground, or in 3 to
5 gallons of water per acre by air. Rates vary according to weed species. Low rate may be used to control most species if followed by
conventional tillage practice before regrowth occurs on treated weeds
(see "aid to tillage" label instructions) Allow at least 1 day after treating
annual weeds before any tillage operation. High rate should be applied
to suppress certain perennial weeds such as field bindweed. For field
bindweed control, allow at least 7 days between treatment and tillage.
Approved for tank mixes with dicamba.
Caution:
Reduced control may result if treatments are made during poor growing
conditions. Addition of 1 to 2% ammonium sulfate (8.5 to 17 lbs/100
gallons)may increase activity of this product if annual weeds are in a
stressed condition. Heavy dust on the foliage, or a canopy covering
targeted weeds may also reduce control. Do not plant any crop other
than wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn or sorghum for 3 months after
treatment, or until this product has disappeared from the soil. Do not
feed or forage vegetation from treated areas within 8 weeks after
application.
Rate:
0.66 oz/A in a single application
Time:
Apply either preemergence or after wheat emerges but prior to jointing.
Can be applied in fall or spring, but fall applications are most effective.
Remarks:
Maverick is a pre or postemergence product with excellent activity on
downy brome and other broadleaf and grass weeds. Maverick can be
used on winter wheat and spring wheat. Postemergence applications
of Maverick require the addition of nonionic surfactant at 0.5% v/v.
Maverick should be applied in 5 to 20 gallons of spray solution per acre.
Caution:
Maverick has long-term soil residual activity. No crop other than spring
or winter wheat should be seeded within 1 year of Maverick application.
Prior to rotating to other crops including barley, conduct field bioassay.
Maverick is injurious to barley and soil residues of Maverick can severely
impact stands and yield.
Rate:
0.6 – 0.9 ozt/A in a single application to actively growing weeds.
Olympus should be applied with a nonionic surfactant.
Time:
Apply to spring, durum or winter wheat when the majority of plants
have emerged to before jointing begins.
Remarks:
A postemergence herbicide to control several grasses and broadleaf
weeds including downy brome, cheatgrass, wild oat, jointed goatgrass,
foxtail barley, field pennycress, shepherdspurse and several mustard
species. Avoid using Olympus on ALS sensitive crop varieties.
150
Herbicide
Osprey
mesosulfuron-methyl
Peak (57 WDG)
prosulfuron
Puma (1EC)
fenoxaprop
Caution:
In Emery County (Utah) precautions should be taken to avoid adverse
effects on endangered plant species. Check label for recropping
guidelines. Do not plant any crop, except wheat, closer than 4 months
after application. Do not apply to crops undersown with grasses and
legume species. Wind may cause drift and injury to off-site vegetation.
Wheat may be harvested for grain and straw 71 days after application.
Rate:
4.75 oz/A in winter wheat. Osprey requires the addition of an adjuvant.
Time:
Apply winter wheat from emergence up to the jointing stage.
Remarks:
A postemergence herbicide to control annual grass and broadleaf
weeds in winter wheat. Osprey controls ACC-ase resistant grasses.
Weeds controlled include wild oats, Persian darnel and volunteer
canola. Osprey suppresses downy brome and common chickweed.
Check label for complete list of weeds controlled and suppressed. It
could be tank mixed with different herbicides including Ally, Bronate
Advance, Curtail and Harmony Extra.
Caution:
In Flathead County (Montana), Lake County (Montana) and Laramie
County (Wyoming) precautions should be taken to avoid adverse
effects on endangered plant species. Rotational crop restrictions range
from 7 days (wheat) to 12 month (corn). Check label for recropping
guidelines. Do not apply to crops undersown with grass and legume
species. Wind may cause drift and injury to off-site vegetation. Wheat
may be harvested for forage 30 days after application and 60 days for
hay, grain and straw.
Rate:
0.25 to 0.5 oz/A
Time:
Apply when weeds are small (1 to 8 inches tall, depending on species)
after crop has at least 3 leaves but before second node is detectable in
stem elongation.
Remarks:
A selective herbicide applied after emergence of both crop and weeds
for the control of broadleaf weeds in winter wheat, spring wheat, barley,
rye, and triticale. Always use crop oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant. See label for approved tank mixes. Does not control ALS-resistant weed biotypes. The occurrence of ALS-resistant biotypes can be
delayed in tank mixtures or in sequential application with a herbicide
having a different mode of action.
Caution:
Restrictions on use of organophosphate insecticides on same fields.
Do not graze treated fields until 30 days after application. Do not
harvest grain until 60 days after application. Do not apply through
irrigation system. Do not rotate to crops other than corn, grain sorghum, or small grains until at least the next year (some crops require a
24-month waiting period).
Rate:
0.33 pt/A for green foxtail, 0.66 pt/A for wild oat. See label for specific
rates for other weeds including yellow foxtail, volunteer corn, and
barnyardgrass.
151
Herbicide
Rave (58.8 WG)
triasulfuron +
dicamba
Roundup Ultra
and others
glyphosate
Time:
Apply Puma to wheat from the 1-leaf to 60 days before harvest in MT
and 70 days before harvest in UT and WY. Apply Puma to barley from
crop emergence up to the 5-leaf stage. Do not apply after jointing.
Remarks:
Puma contains the same active ingredient as Dakota and Tiller. Puma
contains a safener, whereas the other products contain broadleaf
herbicides to safen fenoxaprop. Puma is a nonresidual herbicide with
excellent activity on green foxtail and wild oat. Puma should be applied
in 10 gallon per acre of spray solution. Puma does not require use of any
adjuvants. Puma can be tank mixed with a number of broadleaf herbicides,
but not 2,4-D ester.
Caution:
Puma can injure barley when applied during stress conditions or cold,
wet weather. Time applications accurately and tank mix Puma with
MCPA ester or other approved broadleaf herbicides to minimize injury
potential. Do not tank mix Puma with bromoxynil (Buctril or Bronate)
on barley.
Rate:
2 to 4 oz/A
Time:
After emergence and up to 6-leaf stage in spring wheat, up to jointing
in winter wheat (some varietal restrictions, approximately 5-leaf), up
to 4-leaf stage in spring barley, and up to jointing in winter barley.
Remarks:
Rave is a postemergence herbicide with good to excellent activity on
a number of broadleaf weeds. Rave is a pre-mix of Amber and dicamba
which provides good control of kochia. Rave should be used in
combination with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v and in 5 gallon per
acre water.
Caution:
Rave is a long residual herbicide with rotation restrictions to many
crops other than small grain. See the label for recommendations.
Rate:
0.75 to 4 pts/A (annuals) 3 to 10 pts/A (perennials)
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds in the spring or fall, before planting
or emergence of the crop. Also may be applied prior to harvest or after
harvest.
Remarks:
A nonselective herbicide for control of many emerged annual, biennial,
and perennial weeds (grasses and broadleaves). Preharvest applications can be made (wheat only) after grain reaches hard-dough stage
(30% or less moisture in kernels) no less than 7 days prior to harvest.
Preharvest applications will control many annual weeds and quackgrass,
and suppress Canada thistle. For suppression of field bindweed, apply
1 to 2 pts/A Roundup Ultra or Roundup RT Ultra plus 1 to 2 pts/A 2,4D amine (4lb/gal formulation). The 2 pt/A rate may be used to control
quackgrass in annual cropping situations, or when sods will be plowed
after application. See label for "low rate technology" instructions.
Quackgrass should be at least 6 to 8 inches tall and actively growing.
May be applied as a non-selective spot treatment to control perennial
weeds any time prior to grain heading. All wheat, barley, or oats con152
Herbicide
tacted by the spray will be killed. Do not treat more than 10% of the total
field area to be harvested. Repeat treatments may be necessary to
control weeds regenerating from seeds or underground parts.
Sencor 4
metribuzin
(MT and UT only)
Silverado
mesosulfuron-Methyl
(MT only)
Caution:
The combined total of all treatments must not exceed 2 gallons/A per
year. Do not apply more than 2 pts/A as a preharvest treatment in wheat.
Rate:
1.5 to 16 fl oz/A (rate depends on crop stage, soil type, and % organic
matter)
Time:
Apply postemergence to healthy, actively growing wheat at the 2-leaf
to 4-tiller stage. Wheat should have formed secondary roots prior to
application. Application must be made prior to the jointing stage, or
crop injury may result. Control or suppression can be reduced if
broadleaf weeds are taller than 1 inch or if grasses have more than 2
leaves.
Remarks:
Check label as wheat and barley varieties vary in their tolerance to
Sencor 4. Apply in the fall for winter annual weeds or in the spring
for summer annual broadleaf weeds. Rainfall or irrigation (0.5 inch)
is needed within 2 to 3 weeks after application. Do not apply more than
0.5 inch for first irrigation, and not more than 1 inch in each subsequent
irrigation. Sencor may be tank mixed with any of numerous small grain
herbicides listed on the label. Do not use on soil containing less than
0.75% organic matter. Sencor may be applied at 2 to 3 ounces of product
per acre to suppress downy brome in certain varieties of wheat when
wheat is at least in the 2-leaf growth stage.
Caution:
Risk of crop injury is high. Do not use on grain that is under stress from
unfavorable growing conditions or on soils high in lime or sodium, or
with a pH greater than 7.7. Soil texture and organic matter levels are
critical factors in selecting rates. Do not use on gravelly soils, or thinly
covered or exposed subsoil (clay knobs). Do not plant winter wheat
within 6 months, or other crops within 10 months after treatment. Do
not treat fields where seed was planted less than 1 inch deep. See label
for grazing and other restrictions.
Rate:
1.75 – 2.25 oz/A. Silverado requires the addition of an adjuvant.
Time:
Apply from emergence up to the jointing stage.
Remarks:
Silverado controls wild oat and wild mustard in wheat including durum.
Silverado also controls volunteer canola, green foxtail, Persian darnel
and redroot pigweed. It may be tank mixed with different herbicides
including Ally, Bronate Advance, Curtail, Express, Harmony Extra,
MCPA ester, Starane and Stinger.
Caution:
In Flathead and Lake Counties (Montana), precautions should be
taken to avoid adverse effects on endangered plant species. Rotational
crop restrictions range from 7 days (wheat) to 12 month (corn). Check
label for re-cropping guidelines. Silverado will not control ALS resistant biotypes. Selection of herbicide resistant biotypes may occur
through repeated use of this product.
153
Herbicide
Stampede (80 EDF)
propaniloil
Rate:
1.25 to 1.4 lbs/A in tankmix with MCPA isooctyl ester and 1 pt of crop
concentrate per acre
Time:
Apply when weeds are small (1- to 4-leaf stage) and actively growing.
Remarks:
Used for selective postemergence control of green and yellow foxtail and
specific broadleaf weeds when tank mixed with MCPA. Stampede must be
applied in a minimum of 10 gallons per acre by ground equipment, or 5
gallons per acre by air.
Caution:
Labeled in MT only for hard red spring wheat, spring barley and durum.
Not labeled in UT or WY. Do not apply if moisture stress is occurring.
Starane
fluroxypyr
Rate:
0.67 to 1.33 pts/A Starane, 1.125 to 2.75 pts/A Starane + Sword, and
1 to 2.67 pts/A Starane + Salvo. 1.5-4 pts Starane + Saber/A
Starane + Sword
fluroxypyr + MCPA ester
Time:
Apply to grain at the 2- to 4-leaf stage (depending on product) and up
to flag leaf emergence, but before weeds are 8 inches or taller.
Starane + Salvo
fluroxypyr + 2,4-D ester
Remarks:
For use in wheat, including durum, and barley. Starane effectively
controls problem weeds in small grain such as kochia, catchweed
bedstraw, and volunteer potatoes, but has limited activity on pigweed,
lambsquarters, Russian thistle, wild buckwheat and other common
weeds. Starane + Salvo or Sword has a much wider weed spectrum
than Starane applied alone. Starane can be tank mixed with other her
bicides as long as the crop and weeds are in stage of growth on the label.
Starane will control herbicide resistant kochia.
Caution:
7 day grazing and 14 day haying restriction on treated ground.
Rate:
Apply 0.25 to 0.33 pt/A
Time:
Apply in the spring to young, actively growing weeds after the grain
has reached the 3-leaf stage but before boot stage. For Canada thistle
apply after the majority of the basal leaves have emerged but prior to
bud stage.
Remarks:
Stinger is extremely effective on Canada thistle and wild buckwheat.
Curtail or Stinger are labeled for mixtures with Buctril, Bronate, Ally, and
several other herbicides.
Caution:
Do not rotate to any crop except wheat, barley, oats, sugarbeets, or
grass for 1 year after treatment. See label when rotating to dry beans.
Do not apply by air when an air temperature inversion exists. Do not
apply Stinger by air. See label before rotating to dry beans. Do not
harvest hay from treated grain fields.
Rate:
1.0 to 1.7 pts/A (depending on weed species)
Time:
Apply to spring wheat from the beginning of tillering (3- to 4-leaf stage)
or to winter wheat with a minimum of 3 tillers. Apply prior to jointing
in both spring wheat and winter wheat. Grasses should be in the 2-leaf
to 2-tiller stage of growth.
Starane + Saber
fluroxypyr + 2,4-D amine
Stinger (3EC)
clopyralid
Tiller
fenoxaprop + 2,4-D +
MCPA
154
Herbicide
Tordon 22K + 2,4-D
picloram + 2,4-D
Widematch
clopyralid + fluroxypyr
Remarks:
For wheat only. Grass weeds controlled include wild oats, green foxtail,
yellow foxtail, and barnyardgrass. Controls some annual broadleaf
weeds, including mustards and common lambsquarters. Tank mix
options vary according to weed species. Read and follow all label
directions carefully.
Caution:
Tiller contains MCPA and 2,4-D esters. Avoid conditions that contribute to volatilization and drift on to sensitive plants. Cool, wet conditions may result in temporary yellowing and/or stunting of the crop. Do
not use on durum wheat, barley, rye, or tame oats.
Rate:
1 to 1.5 fl oz/A + 0.5 to 1 pt/A 2,4-D or MCPA. Consult label for specific
rates based on weed species and crop size.
Time:
Apply to spring wheat, barley, or oats during the 3- to 5-leaf stage of
growth to early jointing. For best results, treat when weeds have 2 to
4 leaves and are actively growing. Crop should be between the 3-leaf
stage and early jointing.
Remarks:
For use in spring wheat, spring barley, and oats. Some durum wheat
varieties may be injured. Picloram is only to be applied as a tank mix with
2,4-D or MCPA, amines, or esters. For oats, do not tank mix with 2,4D herbicides.Tank mix only with MCPA for oats. Treatment controls
many annual and biennial broadleaf weeds, while suppressing growth
of certain other broadleaf species like Canada thistle and perennial
sowthistle.
Caution:
Tordon is a RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Treatment occasionally
causes slight head malformations and straw shortening, but normally
this does not affect yield. Use only on land that will be planted the
following year to grass, or grain crops such as small grains, corn, or
sorghum. Do not spray more than once during a single season. Do not
treat durum wheat.
Rate:
1.0 to 1.3 pts/A
Time:
Apply as a broadcast postemergence from the 3-leaf crop growth stage
up to and including the flag leaf emergence (Zadok's scale 39). Only
weeds emerged at the time of application will be controlled.
Remarks:
Controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds including kochia and
Canada thistle in wheat, durum and barley. Crops should not be
underseeded with a legume, field corn or sweet corn. Widematch may
be applied in tank combination with 0.08 oz to 0.3 oz of Harmony GT for
improved control of wild mustard, redroot pigweed, common
lambsquarters and Russian thistle.
Caution:
Residues of Widematch in treated crop or weed tissues which have not
decayed may affect succeeding susceptible crops. Check rotational
intervals in Utah as they range from 0 to 18 months, depending on crop.
155
Herbicide
2,4-D (4EC)
or
MCPA (4EC)
or
Buctril (2EC)
+
Clarity (4S)
Clarity SFG (2S)
dicamba
Rate:
1 to 1.5 pts/A (4EC) 2,4-D or 0.75 pt/A (4EC) MCPA or 1.5 pts/A Buctril
(2EC) + 2 to 4 oz/A Clarity
Time:
Apply to winter wheat in the spring before crop begins to joint. Do not
apply to winter wheat in the fall.
Apply to spring wheat before crop exceeds 5-leaf stage, or to spring
barley before crop exceeds 4-leaf stage.
Remarks:
perennial broadleaf weeds in small grains. This treatment may temporarily cause wheat to grow semi-prostrate, but normally does not
adversly affect yield
Caution:
For spring barley, do not tank mix 2,4-D or Buctril. Do not use on small
grains underseeded with legumes. See labels of all tank mix products
for grazing and recropping restrictions. Do not use Clarity + 2,4-D
combinations on barley.
156
OAT
Herbicide
Aim EW
carfentrazone
Bronate Advance
others
bromoxynil + MCPA
Buctril
others
bromoxynil (2EC + 4EC)
Rate:
0.5 to 1.9 fl oz/A
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds prior to jointing in small grain.
Remarks:
Aim is a nonresidual product with excellent activity on bedstraw and other
annual broadleaves. Aim can be tank mixed with either MCPA or 2,4-D to
broaden its spectrum. In noncompetitive crops (less than 30 bu yield
potential) Aim will need to be tank mixed with dicamba or Starane for
effective kochia control. Coverage is essential for good control with Aim
and should be applied in 10 GPA spray solution. Aim should be applied
with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v and spray grade liquid N fertilizer
at 2 to 4% v/v or ammonium sulfate at 2 to 4 lb/A. Consult label for control
of specific weeds at higher rates.
Caution:
Aim can cause leaf burning on oat within 1 to 2 days of application.
Research to date indicates this injury is cosmetic and does not result in
yield loss.
Rate:
0.8 to 1.6 pts/A, consult label for specific crop and weed rates.
Time:
Apply when weeds have less than 4 leaves or are less than 2 inches in
size, whichever comes first. If weeds form a rosette, apply before weeds
reach 1 inch in diameter. Consult label for specific weed information.
Apply to crop between the 3-leaf and boot stage of growth. Bronate can
be tank mixed with several herbicides including MCPA ester, Glean,
Banvel, and Harmony Extra. Refer to herbicide labels for crop rotation
and other restrictions.
Remarks:
Do not apply to winter wheat in the fall.
Caution:
Do not permit this herbicide combination to drift off target. Do not graze
treated fields for 45 days after application. When used postharvest, do
not plant any rotational crop until the following use season.
Rate:
1 to 2 (UT) or 1.5 to 2 (WY, MT) pts of Buctril 2EC/A for spring oat. For
fall seeded oat, apply 1.5 to 2 pints Buctril 2EC/A. Buctril 4EC would
be at half the rate of 2EC. Consult label for specific rates.
Time:
Apply to weeds that do not exceed the 4-leaf stage, or 2 inches in height,
or 1 inch in diameter, whichever comes first. If weeds form a rosette,
apply before weeds exceed 1 inch diameter. Consult label for specific
weed size information. Apply to the crop after emergence but before
the boot stage of growth.
Remarks:
A selective contact herbicide. Use higher rates for larger or harder to
kill weeds. The 2 pt/A rate may be applied through sprinkler systems
in no more than 0.5 inches of water. Can be applied to winter wheat in
the spring or fall.
Caution:
Do not graze treated fields for 30 days after application.
157
OAT - continued
Herbicide
Banvel (4S)
Banvel SGF (2S)
Clarity (4S)
dicamba
Clarity (4S) + MCPA (4EC)
dicamba
Harmony Extra (75 DF)
thifensulfuron +
tribenuron
Harmony GT (75 DF)
thifensulfuron
Rate:
2 to 4 oz Clarity/A
Time:
Apply to emerging and/or actively growing weeds before, during, or after
planting; or after crop emergence prior to the jointing stage. For best
performance, apply when weeds are in the 2- to 3-leaf stage, or when
rosettes are less than 2 inches across. Apply before winter oats reach
jointing stage and before spring oats exceed 5-leaf stage.
Remarks:
perennial broadleaf weeds in winter and spring oats.
Caution:
Do not use on oats underseeded with legumes. Some grazing and
recropping restrictions. Do not tank mix with 2,4-D.
Rate:
8 to 12 oz MCPA + 2 to 4 oz Clarity/A
Time:
Apply before spring-seeded oats exceed the 5-leaf stage of growth.
Remarks:
Do not use after the oats begin to joint. Do not graze for 2 weeks after
application. Do not feed to dairy stock prior to crop maturity.
Caution:
Do not permit this combination to drift off target.
Rate:
0.3 to 0.4 oz/A
Time:
On spring oat, apply after crop is in the 3-leaf stage, but before jointing.
On winter oat, apply after the 2-leaf stage but before the flag leaf is
visible. Annual broadleaf weeds should be past the cotyledon stage
and less than 4 inches tall.
Remarks:
Controls many annual broadleaf weeds in tame oats. Also suppresses
Canada thistle. For added weed control in oats, Harmony Extra may be
tank mixed with 2,4-D, MCPA, or Buctril.
Caution:
Do not use on Ogle, Porter, or Premier varieties of oat or injury can
occur. Do not harvest sooner than 45 days after application. Any crop
may be planted 60 days after last application.
Rate:
0.3 to 0.4 oz/A
Time:
On spring oat, apply after 3-leaf stage but prior to jointing of oats. Do
not apply to Ogle, Porter, or Premier oat varieties.
Remarks:
Harmony GT is a nonresidual herbicide with activity on many annual
broadleaf weeds. Harmony GT should be applied with 2,4-D, MCPA,
bromoxynil, dicamba, Starane or other herbicides to prevent development of herbicide resistance and manage SU resistant kochia. Harmony
GT should be applied with 0.5% v/v nonionic surfactant. Harmony GT
is less antagonistic than many SU herbicides to the new wild oat
herbicides. Harmony GT is labeled for tank mixes with Achieve,
Discover, and Puma.
158
OAT - continued
Herbicide
Caution:
Do not graze or feed forage or hay from treated areas to livestock.
Harvested straw can be used for bedding and/or feed. Do not plant to
any crop other than small grain within 45 days of application. Do not
apply to grains underseeded with another crop. Do not tank mix with
the insecticide Malathion.
Rate:
0.25 to 0.5 oz/A
Time:
Apply when weeds are small (1 to 8 inches tall, depending on species)
after crop has at least 3 leaves but before second node is detectable in
stem elongation.
Remarks:
A selective herbicide applied after emergence of both crop and weeds
for the control of broadleaf weeds in oats. Always use crop oil
concentrate or nonionic surfactant. See label for approved tank mixes.
Does not control ALS-resistant weed biotypes. The occurrence of
ALS-resistant biotypes can be delayed in tank mixtures or in sequential application with a herbicide having a different mode of action.
Caution:
Restrictions on use of organophosphate insecticides on same fields.
Do not graze treated fields until 30 days after application. Do not
harvest grain until 60 days after application. Do not apply through
irrigation system. Do not rotate to crops other than corn, grain
sorghum, or small grains until at least the next year (some crops require
24-month waiting period..
Starane
fluroxypyr
Rate:
0.67 to 1.33 pts/A Starane, 1.125 to 2.75 pts/A Starane + Sword, and 1
to 2.67 pts/A Starane + Salvo
Starane + Sword
fluroxypyr + MCPA ester
Time:
Apply to oats at the 2- to 4-leaf stage (depending on product) and
up to flag leaf emergence, but before weeds are 8 inches or taller.
Starane + Salvo
fluroxypyr + 2,4-D
Remarks:
Starane effectively controls problem weeds in small grain such as
kochia, catchweed bedstraw, and volunteer potatoes, but has limited
activity on pigweed, lambsquarters and other common weeds. Starane
+ Salvo or Sword has a much wider weed spectrum than Starane
applied alone. Starane can be tank mixed with other herbicides as long
as the crop and weeds are in stage of growth on the label. Starane will
control herbicide resistant kochia.
Caution:
7 day grazing and 14 day haying restriction on treated grain.
Rate:
1 to 1.5 oz/A of Tordon 22K
0.5 to 0.75 pt 2,4-D or MCPA/A
Time:
Apply to spring wheat, barley, or oats during the 3- to 5-leaf stage of
growth to early jointing. For best results, treat when weeds have 2
to 4 leaves and are actively growing.
Remarks:
For control of wild buckwheat and other annual broadleaf weeds
and for suppression of Canada thistle.
Peak (57 WDG)
prosulfuron
Tordon 22K (2EC)
picloram
+
2,4-D amine
MCPA amine (4 EC)
159
OAT - continued
Herbicide
2,4-D amine (4EC)
or
MCPA amine (4EC)
leaves.
Widematch
clopyralid + fluroxypyr
Caution:
Tordon is A RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. This mixture should be
used on land that will be planted in the future to grass or grain crops.
Tordon -2,4-D is not labeled for use on oats in Utah.
Rate:
1 to 1.5 pts (4EC) product/A
Time:
Apply at the tiller stage of growth after the oats have at least 3 to 4
Remarks:
Do not use after the oats begin to joint. Do not graze for 2 weeks. MCPA
is less damaging to oats than 2,4-D.
Caution:
Do not permit 2,4-D or MCPA to drift off target.
Rate:
1.0 to 1.3 pts/A
Time:
Apply as a broadcast postemergence from the 3-leaf crop growth stage
up to an including the flag leaf emergence (Zadok,s scale 39). Only
weeds emerged at the time of application will be controlled.
Remarks:
Controls annual and perennial broadleaf weeds including kochia and
Canada thistle. Crops should not be underseeded with a legume, field
corn or sweet corn.
Caution:
Residues of Widematch in treated crop or weed growth which has not
decayed may affect succeeding susceptible crops. Check rotational
intervals in Utah as they range from 0 to 18 months, depending on crop.
160
CHEMICAL FALLOW
Herbicide
Aim EW
carfentrazone
Amber (75DF)
triasulfuron
Curtail (2.38EC)
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Gramoxone Extra (2.5S)
paraquat
Rate:
0.5 to 1.9 fl oz/A
Time:
Apply to small, actively growing weeds (less than 2 inches tall).
Remarks:
Aim is a nonresidual product with excellent activity on bedstraw and other
annual broadleaves including pigweed and ALS resistant kochia. Aim
should be tank mixed with glyphosate to broaden its spectrum. Coverage
is essential for good control with Aim and should be applied in 10 GPA
spray solution. Aim should be applied with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25%
v/v and spray grade liquid N fertilizer at 2 to 4% v/v or ammonium sulfate
at 2 to 4 lb/A.
Rate:
0.28 oz/A to 0.56 oz/A
Time:
Apply when weeds are less than 2 inches in size. Amber will provide
preemergence control provided rainfall moves the herbicide 2 to 3
inches deep.
Remarks:
Use a nonionic surfactant. Where sulfonylurea resistant weeds occur,
Amber must be tan mixed or applied sequentially with a registered herbicide
with a different mode of action such as 2,4-D, MCPA, Banvel, Bronate, or
Buctril. This applies to any uses in Montana. Amber will not control
sulfonylurea resistant kochia and Russian thistle. An application of a
herbicide with a different mode of action from Amber or a tillage operation
must be made to control any weeds before they flower that may be present
in fallow cropland treated with Amber. In Montana, Amber can be applied
in a three-way mixture with Banvel and 2,4-D. Do not apply Amber or other
herbicides with the same mode of action within a 12 month period after
an Amber application, except for split applications. For soils with pH
values above 7.5, do not apply Amber or any other herbicide with the
same mode of action within 15 months after the initial Amber application. If additional weed control is needed, use a herbicide with a
different mode of action from Amber.
Caution:
Amber is a long-residual herbicide, therefore rotational restrictions
exist. See label fordetails.
Rate:
2 to 4 pts/A
Time:
Apply before weeds reach a 3-inch height. Canada thistle should be
in the rosette to the pre-bud growth stage at application.
Remarks:
For best results, wait 14 to 20 days after application before cultivating.
Caution:
Wait at least 20 days after application before seeding to wheat, barley
or grasses.
Rate:
1 to 3 pts/A
Time:
Apply during the fallow period.
Remarks:
Add 8 oz of nonionic surfactant per 100 gal of spray solution. May be
mixed with Banvel or 2,4-D according to label directions. Weeds and
161
CHEMICAL FALLOW - continued
Herbicide
grasses emerging after application, or regrowth from perennial weeds
will not be controlled. Has no soil activity and is not translocated into
perennial root systems.
Caution:
Paraquat is a RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE, and caution should be
used when mixing and applying this herbicide.
Rate:
0.16 to 0.33 oz/A
Time:
Applications can be made in the spring or after cereal grain harvest.
Remarks:
Express provides postemergence control of some broadleaf weeds including Canada thistle. Always use a surfactant unless otherwise directed.
Weed biotypes resistant to this product exist (such as kochia and Russian
thistle) so suitable tank mix partners may be needed for adequate control.
Caution:
Do not plant any crop for 60 days following Express application. Do not
apply Express alone or to fallow that will not be tilled at least once prior
to planting the subsequent crop. Express will not control weeds that
have not emerged. Refer to label for tank mix herbicides and restrictions on preceding and fallow-crop herbicides and rotation crops.
Rate:
0.2 to 0.3 oz/A
Time:
Apply prior to emergence or when weeds are small.
Remarks:
Montana and Wyoming only. For weed control in reduced tillage fallow
preceding the planting of wheat. Always use in combination with a
nonionic surfactant. Approved for either ground or aerial applications.
For fallow, use in combination with other herbicides. May be tank mixed
or used sequentially with other herbicides registered for use in fallow.
Caution:
Do not use less than 0.2 oz/A. Always add Finesse to water in spray
tank before adding other products. Allow at least 24 months between
applications of Finesse. Rotation restriction for non-cereals is up to 48
months. No grazing restrictions. Do not apply to frozen or snowcovered ground.
Roundup
Roundup Ultra
Rate:
0.75 to 1 pt/A + 0.5% by volume nonionic surfactant. Check label for
rates
Glyphomax and others
Glyphomax Plus
and others
glyphosate
Time:
Apply on land to be fallowed before seeding crops or apply before crop
emergence. Best control will result when weeds are between 2 and 4
inches tall. Use lower rates when weeds are less than 4 inches tall.
Remarks:
For improved control of kochia, lambsquarters, prickly lettuce, pigweed, and Russian thistle, add 0.5 lb acid equivalent (ae) or 1 pt (4EC)
2,4-D amine or 0.25 lb ae/A or 0.5 pt Banvel/A. Use lower application
rate for control of downy brome, foxtails, mustards, and volunteer
wheat. Ammonium sulfate (spray grade) added at 1 to 2% by weight or
8.5 to 17 pounds/100 gal of solution may increase Roundup performance. Apply in 3 to 10 gal of water/A.
Express (75DF)
tribenuron
Finesse (75 DF)
chlorsulfuron +
metsulfuron
162
Herbicide
Landmaster BW
glyphosate
+ 2,4-D
Fallowmaster BS
glyphosate
+ dicamba
Harmony GT (75 DF)
thifensulfuron
Paramount (75 DF)
quinclorac
Rate:
Apply 40 to 54 oz/A in 3 to 10 gals of water by ground and 3 to 5 gals/
A by air. Use the higher rate in no-till or when plants are beyond the
seedling stage, and for field bindweed.
Time:
Apply on land to be fallowed prior to seeding crops or prior to crop
emergence, but before weeds are larger than 6 inches tall. Spray field
bindweed when runners are at least 10 inches long.
Remarks:
For improved control of mustards and other winter annuals, use the
higher rate. Ammonium sulfate (spray grade) added at 1 to 2% by
weight or 8.5 to 17 lbs/100 gal of spray solution may increase performance.
Caution:
Do not apply glyphosate + 2,4-D (Landmaster BW) on frost-damaged
or severely stressed weeds. Application should be made to green,
vigorous seedings and volunteer cereals.
Rate:
32 to 44 oz/A
Time:
Apply on fallow land that is to be planted to wheat.
Remarks:
Use lower rates when weeds are actively growing and are less than 4
inches tall. Use high rates of the mixture when weeds are droughtstressed or greater than 6 inches tall. Ammonium sulfate (spray grade)
added at 1 to 2% by weight or 8.5 to 17 lbs/100 gals spray solution may
increase performance.
Caution:
Label indicates a 15-day waiting period is required between application
and small grain planting.
Rate:
0.3 to 0.6 oz/A
Time:
Apply when weeds are young and actively growing.
Remarks:
Harmony GT is a nonresidual herbicide with activity on numerous
annual broadleaf weeds. Harmony GT should be applied with 2,4-D or
dicamba, and glyphosate to broaden weed spectrum. Harmony GT
should be applied with 0.5% v/v nonionic surfactant.
Caution:
Refer to label for tank mix herbicides and restrictions on preceding and
fallow-crop herbicides and rotation crops. Do not graze or feed forage
or hay from treated areas to livestock. Do not plant to any crop other
than small grain within 45 days of application.
Rate:
3 to 5.3 oz/A
Timing:
Apply to actively growing bindweed. Do not apply to bindweed after
frost. If tillage is part of the fallow program, wait 30 days for bindweed
to regrow (at least 4inch runners) prior to spraying Paramount.
Remarks:
Paramount has excellent activity on field bindweed. It also manages
green foxtail, barnyardgrass, bedstraw and other annual grass and
broadleaf weeds. Paramount requires the use of methylated seed oil
163
Herbicide
(preferred) or crop oil concentrate. Addition of 28% urea ammonium
nitrate or ammonium sulfate can improve performance of Paramount.
Refer to label for tank mix herbicides.
Sencor (4L or 75 DF)
metribuzin
Spartan
sulfentrazone
Tordon 22K (2 SC)
picloram
Caution:
Paramount does have soil residual activity. Refer to the label for recommended plant back restrictions for Paramount.
Rate:
1.25 to 1.5 pts Sencor 4/A after harvest or0.75 to 1 pt Sencor 4/A in the
spring. 0.83 to 1 lb Sencor 75 DF/A after harvest or 0.5 to 0.66 lb Sencor
75 DF in the spring of the fallow year. Consult label for specific
crop rotation recomendations.
Timing:
Apply prior to weed emergence in fallow or a burndown product will
bw necessary.
Remarks:
Sencor has residual activity and will manage many grass and broadleaf
weeds throughout the fallow year including kochia, Russian thistle,
downy brome, volunteer wheat, and others.
Caution:
Do not seed wheat or barley for 120 days after application. In dry years
and areas with high pH soils, Sencor may carryover to small grain.
Rate:
Up to 8 oz/A per year
Time:
Spartan may be applied in the fall following crop harvest or in existing
fallow fields.
Remarks:
Spartan can be used to control a wide range of broadleaves including
kochia (ALS and Triazine resistant), Russian thistle and waterhemp.
It provides partial control to several grasses such as green foxtail and
cheat. It can be tank mixed with other herbicides including Roundup,
Gramoxone Extra, 2,4-D.
Caution:
Do not apply through any irrigation system. Soil pH, and organic matter
content exert dramatic impact on Spartan availability in the soil solution. As soil pH increases, Spartan availability increases. Spartan
adsorbs to clay and organic matter, limiting the amount of active
ingredient immediately available to control weeds. Crop injury may
occur in areas with high pH or low organic matter content. Check label
for rotational guidelines as intervals vary with crops.
Rate:
0.25 to 1.0 pt/A
Time:
Apply when annual weeds are actively growing. For bindweed, apply
when runners reach 8 to 12 inches. For Canada thistle, apply prior to
bud stage.
Remarks:
For use as a postharvest or fallow treatment in continuous grain or
during the fallow season. May be applied alone or in combination with
2,4-D or other herbicides registered for fallow use. Spot treatments of
up to 2 qt/A are allowed if less than 10% of the field is treated in a single
year. Injury to small grain in those spots may result for up to 2 years.
164
Herbicide
Caution:
For applications up to 0.5 pt/A, allow at least 45 days of soil temperatures above 40o F between application and planting. For applications
above 0.5 pt/A, allow at least 60 days (UT) or 90 day (MT, WY). Do not
apply more than 1 pt/A (broadcast) per calendar year. Use only on land
to be planted the following year to grass, barley, oats, wheat, or
fallowed. Do not plant broadleaf crops for at least 36 months after
treatment.
165
SUGARBEETS
INTRODUCTION
Sugarbeet is a low-growing crop and many weeds grow taller than sugarbeets. Weeds that become
taller than the crop will cause greater yield loss than weeds that do not overtop the crop canopy. Therefore, yield losses in sugarbeets due to weed competition can be large.
Sugarbeet root yield as influenced by season-long competition of different weed species and densities.
We e d Spe cie s
D e ns ity plants /33 ft of row
R oot Yie ld re duction (%)
Green Foxtail
10
30
9
19
Wild oat
10
30
14
22
Wild mustard
4
9
19
26
K ochia
5
15
33
61
Effective weed control is a critical component of profitable sugarbeet production. Left uncontrolled,
weeds not only reduce yield, but interfere with harvest, reduce the value of the crop , and increase
future weed problems.
Developing realistic goals for weed management programs is an important step for a producer. The
objective of a weed management program should be to obtain a level of control that protects sugarbeets
from economic yield losses and other costs associated with weeds. Although several factors need to be
considered in weed management decisions, the economic consequences of weeds on crop yield should
be the primary concern.
Herbicides are used to supplement cultural practices for weed control in sugarbeets. Hand labor, mostly
hoeing, may be needed for optimum weed control, but can be reduced or eliminated by timely cultivation and herbicide application.
Herbicides are commonly used in tank mixtures on sugarbeets. Some herbicide combinations are
registered for use as tank mix combinations, but many others are not registered for this type of application. Herbicides may be tank mixed legally if all herbicides in the mixture are registered for use on
sugarbeets. However, the user must assume liability for any resulting crop injury, inadequate weed
control, or illegal and/or harmful residues if not labeled.
Micro-rates
The micro-rate program uses low rates of herbicides in combination applied three or more times at a 5
to 7 day interval, starting when weeds are just emerging. The micro-rate treatment is Betanex (0.5 pt/A) or
166
Betamix (0.5 pt/A) or Progress (0.4 pt/A) plus UpBeet (0.125 oz/A) plus Stinger (1 fl oz/A plus methylated
seed oil (1 qt/A). The methylated seed oil (MSO) is essential to increase weed control with the low herbicide
rates. Assure II (4 fl oz/A) or Poast (5.3 fl oz/A) or Select (2 fl oz/A) can be added to the micro-rate
treatments to improve grass control. The micro-rate program will not control ALS resistant kochia and should
not be used if ALS resistant kochia is present.
Three to four herbicide applications within the micro-rate program have generally given slightly better
weed control than two herbicide applications at conventional rates. Broadcast application of herbicides at micro-rates is encouraged since precise application is easier with broadcast than with band
application. If banding, adjust band width to at least 11 inches on 22-inch row centers or 15 inches on
30-inch row centers. Band applications should not be used with wind velocities above 5 mph.
Nozzle plugging from spray solution precipitation has occurred on occasion with ground application of
the micro-rates. Several factors may reduce nozzle plugging:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Start with a clean sprayer, flush the sprayer between loads, and never allow spray solution to sit in
the spray tank.
Pre-mix the UpBeet in warm water and added to the tank first.
Be sure it is dissolved before adding Betanex/Betamix/Progress, Stinger and MSO type adjuvant.
Add the grass herbicide last.
Ammonia or other pH increasing adjuvants have reduced precipitation in the spray tank.
Edited by
Dr. Steve Miller
Plant Sciences
Laramie, WY 82071
307-766-3112
[email protected]
167
WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES LABELED FOR USE IN SUGARBEETS
Gramoxone Max
Nortron
Pyramin
RoNeet
Assure II
Betanex
Dual Magnum
Eptam
Outlook
Poast
Progress
Select/Prism
Stinger
Treflan
Upbeet
Grasses
barnyardgrass
foxtail (green and yellow)
quackgrass
sandbur (longspine)
volunteer grain
wild oats
wild proso millet
N
P
N
N
N
E
N
E
E
E
E
E
G-E
E
G
G
G
F-G
G
P
F-G
P
F-G
F
G-E
F
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
E
E
G
G-E
G
P
F-G
E
G
G
E
E
E
E
P
F
N
N
N
N
P
F-G
E
N
P
F
P
N
E
E
F-G
G
G
F-G
F
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
G
E
N
G
F
P
F
E
E
G
E
E
F-G
E
P
F-G
N
N
N
N
P-F
E
E
G-E
E
E
E
E
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
E
E
P
F-G
F
P
F
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Broadleaves
bindweed, field
buckwheat, wild
cocklebur, common
knotweed, common
kochia
mallow, common
mustard, spp.
nightshade, hairy
pigweed, spp.
purslane, common
thistle, Canada
thistle, Russian
sunflower, wild
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
F
F-G
E
G-E
G
E
E
G
E
E
E
G-E
F-G
E
P
F
F-G
G
G-E
E
G
E
G-E
E
G-E
P
E
E
N
F-G
P
P-F
F-G
P-F
F
F
F-G
G
F-G
N
F-G
P
P
P
P
P
P-F
G-E
P
G-E
G-E
G
G-E
P
P-F
P
N
P
P
F-G
P
F
P
P
F-G
G
G
N
P
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
F
F
F
F-G
G
F
G
F-G
G
F
N
P
P
N
N
N
N
P
F
P
P
F
G
F
N
P
N
N
F
P
F-G
F
F
P-F
P
F-G
G
F-G
N
P
N
P
G
P
G-E
P
P
P
P-F
P
P-F
P-F
N
P
F-G
N
P
N
N
P
F
F
P-F
G
E
F
N
P-F
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
F-G
F
F-G
G
G-E
F
G-E
G
G
F-G
N
P
P
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
P
G
E
G
N
P-F
G
P
F-G
P
P
G-E
P-F
E
P
F
P
G
G-E
E
P
N
P
E
E
N
F
N
N
F
P
F
E
F
P
G
F
G
P
N
P
P
Herbicide 273
Weeds
Glyphosate
Postemergence
FarGo
Preplant/preemergence
Control: E = Excellent, G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor, N = None
Response of weeds to any of the listed herbicides may be altered by growing conditions, weed populations, type of irrigation, genetic variation, soil type, pH, organic matter, time of application, and application rate. Rating may vary from season
to season and over geographic areas. Weed control generally decreases as the season progresses.
168
WEEDS LISTED ON SUGARBEET HERBICIDE LABELS
Gramoxone
Nortron
Pyramin
RoNeet
Assure II
Betamix
Betanex
Dual Magnum
Eptam
Herbicide 273
Outlook
Progress
Select/Prism
Stinger
Treflan
Upbeet
Annuals
barnyardgrass
bluegrass, annual
brome, downy
cheat
corn, volunteer
crabgrass
foxtail, green
foxtail, yellow
goatgrass, jointed
goosegrass
millet, wild proso
panicum, fall
rye, cereal
ryegrass, Italian
stinkgrass
witchgrass
wild oats
volunteer grain
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
-
-
Perennial Grasses
barley, foxtail
bermudagrass
johnsongrass
nutsedge, yellow
quackgrass
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
S
P
X
-
-
S
-
-
X
X
-
S
-
-
Broadleaf Weeds
Annuals
buckwheat, wild
carpetweed
chickweed, common
clovers
cockle, white
falseflax
fennel, dog
filaree, redstem
fleabane
flixweed
goosefoot
groundcherry
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
-
X
X
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Poast
Grass Weeds
Glyphosate
Postemergence
FarGo
X = Control S, = Seedling control only, P = Partial control, - = Weed not listed on label
169
WEEDS LISTED ON SUGARBEET HERBICIDE LABELS
Nortron
Pyramin
RoNeet
Assure II
Betamix
Betanex
Dual Magnum
Eptam
Herbicide 273
Outlook
Poast
Progress
Select/Prism
Stinger
Treflan
Upbeet
Annuals (continued)
jimsonweed
lambsquarters, com.
lettuce, prickly
kochia
knotweed, common
mallow, Venice
marestail
mustard, blue
mustard, Jim Hill
mustard, tansy
mustard, wild
nightshade, black
nightshade, hairy
pennycress, field
pigweeds
puncturevine
purslane, common
ragweed, common
ragweed, giant
shepherds purse
smartweed
sowthistle, annual
sunflower, wild
thistle, Russian
velvetleaf
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
-
X
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
X
X
X
X
Perennials
alfalfa
dandelion, common
dock, curly
milkweed, common
nettle, stinging
plantain
thistle, Canada
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
Glyphosate
Broadleaf Weeds
(continued)
Gramoxone
Postemergence
FarGo
170
SUGARBEETS
Herbicide
Applications and Remarks
FarGo (4E or 10G)
glyphosate
numerous brands
Rate:
3 pt/A or 15 lb/A
Time:
Preplant incorporated spring or fall.
Remarks:
Incorporate immediately after application with a tillage tool operating
3 to 4 inches. With fall treatments the second incorporation can be
delayed until spring.
Caution:
This treatment provides only wild oat control.
Rate:
Product amount/A
0.38 ae
0.75 ae
3.0 lb ae (4 lb ai)
16 fl oz
32 fl oz
3.7 lb ae (5 lb ai)
13 fl oz
26 fl oz
4.0 lb ae (5.4 lb ai)
12 fl oz
24 fl oz
4.5 lb ae (5.5 lb ai)
11 fl oz
22 fl oz
Apply preplant or anytime prior to emergence.
Time:
Gramoxone Max (3 SL)
paraquat
1.125 ae
48 fl oz
40 fl oz
36 fl oz
32 fl oz
Remarks:
A nonelective, translocated preemergence herbicide. No soil residual
activity.
Caution:
Apply all treatments before crop emerges, or crop injury will result.
Do not plant subsequent corps other than those listed on the label for
1 year following application. Do not feed or forage treated crops
within 8 weeks after application.
Rate:
1.25 to 3 pts product/A
Remarks:
Gramoxone Max controls only emerged weeds and does not provide
residual weed control. Always use a nonionic surfactant with
Gramoxone Max at 0.25% v/v Good coverage is essential.
Caution:RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE.
Nortron (4.0 EC)
Etho Ethotron
ethofumesate
Rate:
2.25 to 7.5 pt product/A
Time:
Apply preplant incorporated or preemergence.
Remarks:
Nortron must be incorporated for acceptable weed control. Band applications reduce cost and rise of carryover into the next year. Apply
to clod-free seedbeds free of crop residue. Rates should be selected
according to soil type. When kochia, barnyardgrass, and black nightshade are expected to be a problem the higher application rate suggested for a soil texture should be used. May be tank mixed with
Pyramin. May be impregnated on some dry fertilizers and should be
incorporated before planting.
Caution:
Do not apply through irrigation systems. Do not plant other crops for
12 months after application. Should be applied as band application to
prevent herbicide carryover.
171
SUGARBEETS - continued
Herbicide
Pyramin (4.1 SC)
chloridazon
RoNeet (6E)
cycloate
Rate:
5.5 to 6.5 pt/A
Time:
Preplant, preemergence or early postemergence.
Remarks:
Rate is dependent on soil type and organic matter. Incorporation improves weed control. May be tank mixed with Nortron or Betamix.
Need moisture to activate the herbicide.
Rate:
0.5 to 0.67 gal/A (spring); 0.67 gal/A (fall)
Time:
Apply preplant and incorporate in fall or spring.
Remarks:
Weak on wild mustard, wild buckwheat, and sunflower. Use the lower
rates on sandy or sandy loam soils. Soils with higher organic matter
and clay content should receive full labeled amounts.
Caution:
Injury can occur on higher saline or alkaline soils, or under cool, wet
conditions that delay beet emergence.
Rate:
Time:
species). For best results, apply when grasses are in the 3-leaf to early
tillering stage.
Remarks:
For control of emerged annual grass weeds, volunteer cereals,
johnsongrass, and quackgrass in sugar beets. Perennial grasses may
require repeat applications. Always include a nonphytoxic petroleum
based crop oil concentrate or a nonionic surfactant. Rate is dependent on weed species, size, density, and environment. Use high label
rates on larger weeds, higher populations, and arid areas. Subsequent flushes of grasses require additional treatment.
Caution:
Reduction in grass control is possible when Assure is applied immediately before or after a postemergence broadleaf herbicide. Wait
herbicide. In fields already treated with broadleaf herbicide, wait 7
days before applying Assure. Do not mix with any pesticide or any
adjuvant not listed on label. Do not apply within 45 days of beet
harvest. Do not apply through any irrigation system. Do not apply
more than 4 applications nor more than 50 oz per acre per season. Do
not feed beet tops within 45 days of last application.
Rate:
1.0 to 7.5 pt/A. Rate dependent upon crop stage and tank mix:
Rate /A
POSTEMERGENCE
Assure II (0.88 EC)
quizalofop
Betanex (1.3EC)
desalphamix
or/desmedipham
or
Betamix (1.3EC)
Sugarbe e t Stage
Cotyledon
2- leaf
4- leaf
6- leaf
172
If no pre plant he rbicide
was us e d
1.5 p.
2 pt
3 pt
5 pt
If a pre plant he rbicide
was us e d
1pt
1.5 pt
2 pt
3 pt
Herbicide
D-P mix/desmedipham
+
phenmedipham
S-metolachlor
Eptam (7E or 20G)
EPTC
Herbicide 273 (3 E)
endothall
Time:
Apply postemergence when broadleaf weeds are from cotyledon to
4-leaf stage. Sugarbeets with less than 4 leaves will tolerate 0.32 to 0.5
lb a.i./A and sugarbeets with 4 leaves or more will tolerate higher
rates. A second application should probably be applied 7 days later,
especially if the total applied is less than 0.5 lb a.i./A or 3 pt/A.
Rate:
1.33 to 1.67 pt/A
Remarks:
Risk of sugarbeet injury is increased by morning or midday application and by certain environments. Split application with reduced rates
has reduced sugarbeet injury and increased weed control compared
to single full dose applications. See sugarbeet narrative for micro-rate
program.
Caution:
Use lower rates when preplant treatment is used. Do not apply
through an irrigation system. Do not exceed a total of 12 pints per
acre per season.
Rate:
1.33 to 1.67 pt/A
Time:
Postemergent to sugarbeet with 4 or more true leaves.
Remarks:
Rain or irrigation needed for activation. May be applied more than
once, but total rate should not exceed 2.6 pt/A.
Caution:
Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. Emerged weeds will not be
controlled.
Rate:
3.5 pt 7E/A or 15 lb G/A
Time:
Apply lay-by after thinning, or after the last cultivation of the season.
Do not apply before first true leaves have formed.
Remarks:
Can be metered into sprinkler irrigation systems or injected on each
side of beet row. Commonly mixed with trifluralin.
Caution:
Do not apply within 49 days of harvest.
Rate:
1.33 to 4 pt/A
Time:
Apply when the sugarbeets have 4 to 6 leaves. Do not apply later
than 40 days after emergence.
Remarks:
Endothall may cause excessive injury when applied at temperatures
over 80° F, especially when sugarbeets have 4 leaves or less. Endothall
is ineffective when applied at temperatures below 60° F or when weeds
are drought stressed. Excellent on wild buckwheat and smartweed.
Caution:
A RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. This treatment can temporarily
retard sugarbeet growth.
173
Herbicide
Outlook (6 EC)
dimethenamid
Poast (1.5 EC)
sethoxydim
Progress (1.8EC)
Des-Phen-Etho
desmedipham
+
phenmedipham
+
ethofumesate
Select (2EC)
clethodim
Stinger (3E)
clopyralid
Rate:
0.75 to 1.5 pt/A
Time:
Postemergent to sugarbeets with 4 or more true leaves.
Remarks:
Apply 0.5 inch irrigation after application to incorporate herbicide.
Caution:
Do not apply after the crop reaches the 8-true leaf stage. Emerged
weeds will not be controlled.
Rate:
0.5 to 1.5 pt/A
Time:
Apply to wild oats 1 to 4 inches, green or yellow foxtail 3 to 8 inches,
volunteer wheat or barley 1 to 6 inches, wild proso millet 4 to 10
inches tall.
Remarks:
Always apply with an oil additive at 1 qt/A. Apply to actively growing grasses.
Caution:
When beet tops are fed to cattle do not apply within 60 days before
feeding. Do not apply more than 5 pints in a single season.
Rate:
1.13 to 3.25 pt/A
Time:
Sugarbeet cotyledon to 2-leaf stage. Repeat in 5 to 7 days.
Remarks:
Betamix and Nortron SC can be tank mixed with a 1:10 ratio of
active ingredient to substitute for Progress. See sugarbeet narrative
for micro-rate program.
Caution:
Use the lower rate when sugarbeets are in the cotyledon stage of
growth. Follow with the higher rate in 5 to 7 days when sugarbeets are
in the 2-leaf stage.
Rate:
6 to 8 oz product/A
Time:
Apply to wild oats 2 to 6 inches, foxtail 2 to 8 inches, volunteer cereals
2 to 6 inches, and wild proso millet 2 to 10 inches tall. Use higher rate
for larger grass or grass under drought stress.
Remarks:
Apply to actively growing weeds. Always use a crop oil concentrate
containing at least 15% emulsifier at 1 qt/A by ground or 1% V/V in
the finished spray volume by air. Addition of 1 to 2 qts/A aqueous
fertilizer or 2.5 to 4 lb/A spray grade ammonium sulfate (AMS) may
enhance control.
Caution:
Do not apply within 40 days before sugarbeet harvest. Do not apply
more than 4.25 pts/A per season.
Rate:
0.25 to 0.66 pt/A
Time:
Apply postemergence to sugarbeets when in the cotyledon to 8 leaf
stage.
174
Herbicide
Treflan (4 EC)
trifluralin
Upbeet (50 DF)
triflusulfuron
Applications and Remarks
Remarks:
Clopyralid may be tank mixed with desmedipham or phenmedipham.
Use as a broadcast application for control of Canada thistle. See
narrative for micro-rate program.
Caution:
Do not apply within 45 days of harvest.
Rate:
1 to 1.5 pt product/A
Time:
Apply to sugarbeets when they are 2 to 6 inches tall and well rooted
so that the plants can withstand incorporation.
Remarks:
Must be incorporated. Exposed beet roots must be covered with soil
before application. Emerged weeds will not be controlled. May be
applied over the tops of sugarbeets. Use higher rates for fine-textured
soils.
Caution:
When incorporating Treflan, be careful that machinery does not damage the sugarbeet tap root.
Rate:
0.05 oz/A.
Time:
Can be applied safely anytime after planting. Best results are obtained when weeds are small.
Remarks:
For best control of the broadcast spectrum of weeds, make two sequential applications using a tank mix with 0.16 to 0.32 lb ai/A or
Betamix applied 5 to 10 days apart. See the narrative for micro-rate
program.
Caution:
If UpBeet is applied alone, a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v or a
petroleum based oil concentrate at 1% v/v must be included. The
maximum cumulative use rate is 2.5 oz/A per season. Do not apply
within 60 days of harvest. Any crop can be planted 21 days after the
last Upbeet application.
175
SUNFLOWERS
INTRODUCTION
Weed management is an important component of successful sunflower production. Because sunflower
is usually planted at low densities and grows slowly during the first several weeks, weeds which emerge
and become established during this time can be very competitive and reduce sunflower yield potential.
Sunflower is a strong competitor with weeds that emerge 3 or more weeks after sunflower, therefore,
maintaining a weed-free sunflower crop for the first 3 to 4 weeks will minimize weed competition and
maximize yields.
It is essential that sunflower be planted into a seedbed free of growing weeds. Weed control before
planting can be accomplished with tillage, herbicides, or a combination of both. If tillage is the predominate method of weed control, implements such as the V-blade, tandem disc or field cultivator are
effective. These implements warm and dry the surface but maintain moisture below the sunflower
seed, which encourages rapid sunflower development and may delay weed seed germination. The use
of nonselective herbicides such as glyphosate (numerous names) and Gramoxone Max provide an
alternative to preplant tillage for weed control. These foliar-applied herbicides can control seedling
broadleaf weeds and grasses; however, they must be applied prior to sunflower emergence to avoid severe
crop injury.
Edited by:
Dr. Steve Miller
Plant Sciences
Laramie, WY 82071
307-766-3112
[email protected]
176
WEED RESPONSE TO SUNFLOWER HERBICIDES
Eptam
Glyphosate
Gramoxone Max
Prowl
Sonalan
Spartan
Treflan
Beyond
Poast
Select
Postemergence
Dual Magnum
Grasses
barnyardgrass
crabgrass
foxtails
volunteer grain
sandbur
F-G
F-G
E
F
P
E
G
E
G
G-E
E
E
E
E
E
G
F
G
F-G
G
E
F-G
G-E
F-G
F-G
E
F-G
E
G
G
F
F
F-G
P
P
E
F
E
P-F
G
E
F-G
E
F-G
F-G
E
G-E
E
G-EE
E
E
E
E
E
E
Broadleaves
bindweed, field
buckwheat, wild
cocklebur
knotweed
kochia
mallow, common
mustard, spp.
nightshade, spp.
pigweed, redroot
thistle, Canada
thistle, Russian
N
N
N
N
P
F
P
P
F-G
G
N
P-F
N
F
P
P
F
F
P
P
F-G
G
N
P
P-F
P-F
G-E
F-G
G-E
G-E
G
G-E
F-G
G-E
N
G
P
F
F-G
F
F-G
E
F-G
G
G-E
E
G
F-G
P
P-F
N
P
G-E
E
P
N
P
E
N
G
P
P-F
P
P
G-E
E
P
N
F
E
N
G-E
P
F
F
P
E
E
P-F
P
E
E
P
F
P
P-F
N
P
G-E
G-E
P
N
P
E
N
G
N
P
G-E
P-F
G-E
F-G
G
E
E
E
P
G
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Weeds
Control: E = Excellent, G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor, N = No Control, - = Insufficient Regional Data
Response of weeds to any of the listed herbicides may be altered by growing conditions, weed populations, genetic variation, application time and rate. Ratings may vary from season to season and over geographic areas.
177
SUNFLOWER
Herbicide
PREPLANT/PREEMERGENT
Dual Magnum, (7.62EC)
S-metolachlor
Eptam (7E)
EPTC
Glyphosate
numerous brands
Gramoxone Max (3SL)
paraquat
Prowl (3.3EC)
Prowl H2O (3.8 EC)
pendimethalin
Rate:
1 to 2 pt/A
Time:
Preplant or preemergence.
Remarks:
Incorporation improves consistency. Adjust rates based on soil type.
Caution:
Dry weather following application reduces effectiveness. Cultivate if
weeds develop.
Rate:
Time:
Apply and incorporate just before planting.
Remarks:
Use lower rate on coarse textured soil. Must be incorporated immediately and thoroughly in the top 3 inches of soil.
Caution:
Soil should not be wet at the time of application.
Rate:
Product amount/A
3.0 lb ae (4 lb ai)
3.7 lb ae (5 lb ai)
4.0 lb ae (5.4 lb ai)
4.5 lb ae (5.5 lb ai)
Time:
Preplant or anytime prior to crop emergence, but postemergence to
the weeds.
Remarks:
Use the low rate for small annuals. Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to 17 lb/
100 gal will improve consistency especially with hard water, cool
weather or if weeds are under moisture stress.
Caution:
Apply all treatments before crop emerges or crop injury will result.
Rate:
Time:
Preplant or anytime prior to crop emergence, but postemergence to
the weeds.
Remarks:
Apply with a nonionic surfactant at 0.12 to 0.25% v/v. Good plant
coverage is essential.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Apply all treatments before crop
emerges or crop injury will result.
Rate:
1.8 to 3.6 pt (3.3 EC)/A or 16 to 3.2 pt (3.8 EC)/A
Time:
PPI up to 30 days prior to planting or preemergence.
178
0.39 ae
16 fl oz
13 fl oz
12 fl oz
11 fl oz
75 ae
32 fl oz
26 fl oz
24 fl oz
22 fl oz
1.125 ae
48 fl oz
40 fl oz
36 fl oz
32 fl oz
SUNFLOWER - continued
Herbicide
Sonalan (3EC)
ethalfluralin
Spartan (75DF)
sulfentrazone
Treflan M.T.F. (4EC)
various brands
4EC, 5EC
80DF
trifluralin
Remarks:
Preemergence applications most effective in controlling weeds when
adequate rainfall or irrigation is received within 7 days following application.
Caution:
Weed control will be reduced if incorporated too shallowly when top
soil is dry.
Rate:
Time:
PPI - for best results immediately incorporate.
Remarks:
Shallow incorporation prior to planting with field cultivators or narrow blade plows with or without mulch treaders are recommended.
Caution:
Read label for carryover precautions. Sensitive crops may be injured
the following year.
Rate:
2 to 4 oz product/A
Time:
May be applied in the fall, up to 30 days prior to planting or preemergence.
Remarks:
Adjust rates based on soil type. Requires moisture for activation.
Provide adequate furrow closure and soil covering at planting.
Caution:
Crop injury may occur on coarse textured soils with low organic matter and soil pH greater than 8.0, especially on calcareous outcroppings.
Poor growing conditions at and following sunflower emergence (such
as cold temperatures and soil compaction) may result in sunflower
injury.
Rate:
1 to 2 pt product/A
Time:
PPI - for best results immediately incorporate.
Remarks:
Shallow incorporation with a tandem disc with small blades or field
cultivator equipped with three or four rows of sweeps spaced no
more than 7 inches apart is recommended.
Caution:
Read label for carryover precautions. Use lower rates under 20 inches
of rainfall.
Rate:
Time:
Postemergence when grasses are 2 to 4 inches tall.
Remarks:
Requires an oil additive. Ammonium sulfate 2.5 lb/A or UAN (1 gal/A)
may be added to improve control of volunteer cereal.
Caution:
Do not cultivate 5 days before or 7 days after application.
POSTEMERGENCE
Poast (1.5EC)
sethoxydim
179
SUNFLOWER - continued
Herbicide
Select (2EC)
Rate:
6 to 8 fl oz/A
Time:
Postemergence to grasses up to 6 inches tall.
Remarks:
Apply with an oil adjustment. UAN or AMS may improve control of
certain species.
Caution:
Allow a 70 day interval between application and harvest. Do not
graze or forage stalks.
HERBICIDE RESISTANT SUNFLOWER
Beyond
imazamox
Rate:
4 fl oz
Time:
Sunflower 2 to 8 leaves, grasses less than 5 leaves and broadleaf
weeds less than 3 inches tall.
Remarks:
Apply with NIS and UAN. MSO and oil adjuvants are not prohibited
but may increase sunflower injury.
Caution:
Use only on Clearfield sunflower varieties. Refer to label for crop
rotation restrictions.
Rate:
Time:
Back side of sunflower heads yellow and bracts turning brown. Seed
moisture content under 35%.
Remarks:
For oilseed varieties only. Use a nonionic surfactant.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Do not graze treated areas or feed
forage to livestock. Allow 7-day interval between application and
harvest.
Rate:
1 to 2 gal product/A
Time:
Apply 7 or more days before harvest when seed heads are fully
mature.
Remarks:
For use on confectionery and oilseed varieties. Thorough coverage
of plant is essential.
Caution
Do not allow grazing of treated fields or feed treated forage.
HARVESTAID
Gramoxone Max (3SL)
paraquat
Defol 6 (6LC)
sodium chlorate
180
AQUATIC AND DITCHBANK WEED CONTROL
INTRODUCTION
This section of the handbook is devoted to management of unwanted vegetation in aquatic and riparian
environments, as well as control of terrestrial weeds growing on banks adjacent to water. Herbicides
labeled for use on ditchbanks, but restricted to non-irrigation ditchbanks only, are not included in this
section. Instead, they are included in the noncrop sites / rights-of-way portion of the handbook.
Usually aquatic weeds are separated into four broad categories: emersed, submersed, floating, and algae.
Emersed plants are those rooted or anchored in the substratum with most of the leaf and stem tissue above the
water surface, and not lowering or rising with the water level. Examples are cattail, tules, and yellow waterlily.
Submersed plants are adapted to grow with all or most of their vegetative tissue below the water surface.
Examples of submersed plants are pondweeds, coontail, and elodea. Floating plants are those that are either
free-floating (or anchored to the substratum), and that produce most of their leaf and stem tissue or thalli at or
above the water surface. Leaves or thalli of floating plants rise or lower with the water level. Examples of
floating plants are the duckweeds, azolla, and white waterlily. Most algae are also submersed and freefloating. However, some may be anchored by “holdfasts” to the substratum, rocks, old stumps, and so forth.
Algae do not have true roots, stems, or leaves and are frequently called “pond scums” or slime.
In many ways, aquatic weeds are similar to terrestrial or land weeds. There are annuals and perennials. Many
produce flowers and seeds, whereas others propagate only asexually. Some produce tubers or winter buds,
some are more shade tolerant than others, and nearly all respond to fertilization. Therefore, the management of
these pests is similar in many respects to that of land weeds.
Wise management of water is necessary if control of aquatic vegetation is to be more than temporary.
Management must begin with an evaluation of all uses of a given body of water. Chemical, biological,
and physical factors should be manipulated as much as possible to obtain the maximum utilization of
the water for the benefit of the greatest number of people.
Our expanding population and use of water increase the need for prudent management of our limited
water supply. For example, increases in nitrogen or other plant nutrients in water stimulates aquatic
plant growth and accelerates the aging of a body of water. Prime sources of such fertility are: (1) the
discharge of untreated or septic-tank-treated wastes from shoreline homes, (2) storm sewer drainage
from fertilized lawns and gardens, (3) uncontrolled drainage from heavily fertilized farmland and livestock feeding lots, (4) the discharge of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants, (5) drainage
from garbage dumps near water courses, and (6) the discharge of treated or untreated wastes from
industrial plants. The elimination of faulty practices, together with good land and water management,
are essential in controlling unwanted aquatic vegetation.
Control of Aquatic and Ditchbank Weeds
For effective aquatic vegetation management, it is important to carefully analyze the problem and the
area to be managed.
181
1. Biological aspects:
-Identify the weed species.
-Identify beneficial species present.
-Determine density, stand, or scope of problem and stage of weed growth.
-Determine fish species present.
2. Water-use aspects:
-Irrigation, potable, recreational, fish production, livestock, and wildlife.
-Length of time water can be quarantined from each use.
-Amount of and destination of outflow. Can outflow be regulated? If so, for how long?
3. Physical aspects:
-Size of channel or pond to be treated.
-Water depth and movement or velocity.
-Water turbidity.
-Water temperature.
-Water quality.
After analyzing the problem and various aspects of the area to be treated, select the best method or
combination of methods for management as outlined below.
Mechanical Control
1.
Planned construction of ponds, reservoirs and ditches helps to minimize aquatic plant growth.
Steep banks with a 1 to 1.5 ratio slope that extend to at least 3 feet below the designed water
level will help to prevent establishment of many emergent and bank weeds. Remove fertile
topsoil from the pond or reservoir basin. If a beach area is desired for swimming and other
recreational purposes, remove the fertile topsoil and replace it with sand. To the extent possible, prevent water that is heavily laden with silt and nutrients from entering an impoundment.
2.
Plant grasses on ditch and canal banks so that 2,4-D can be used to keep out most undesirable
broadleaf plants. Seed desirable varieties such as redtop at the waterline and crested wheatgrass on the shoulders and top of the bank. Provide roadways on both banks for weed control
and other maintenance operations. Provide means for controlling water levels and waterflow.
3.
Cut the submersed and emersed weeds with an underwater mower, a mechanical weed harvester, or a chain, and remove cut vegetation from the water. Cut the ditchbank weeds with a
mower or scythe.
4.
Burn ditchbank weeds. Sear the first time and burn thoroughly 7 to 10 days later.
Biological Control
1.
Insects have been used successfully in other parts of the country to manage some aquatic weed
species. These include the use of flea beetles on alligatorweed, weevils on hydrilla, and moths on
water hyacinth. More recently, biological control insects have been released on purple loosestrife and
saltcedar (tamarisk), two of the most invasive weed species threatening riparian or and aquatic sites in
our region.
182
2.
Research continues on the use of plant pathogens for the control of aquatic weed species. A
Cercospora fungus is currently in use against water hyacinth.
3.
Grass carp or the white amur have been introduced as biological control agents in a few areas.
These fish consume large quantities of submersed aquatic vegetation, resulting in an effect on
aquatic plants similar to that which is accomplished by grazing livestock on terrestrial plants.
There are some special restrictions on the use of non-native fish for the control of aquatic weeds.
Contact your state fish and game for additional information.
Chemical Control
1.
The use of herbicides in aquatic areas requires careful analysis of the safety, effectiveness,
selectivity, and residues from the products selected. Make sure any herbicide selected is registered for use in the aquatic site you are treating.
2.
Select the appropriate application method for the site to give good coverage. This may include
conventional surface applications, or subsurface application with a weighted nozzle. Target
only areas where undesirable vegetation is growing.
3.
Select the type of formulation best suited for the site. Options may include a liquid or various
types of granular formulations.
4.
Check with local state game and fish department or other regulatory personnel before applying
herbicides to lakes, ponds, and other impoundments. The purchase and application of herbicides used in aquatic systems must be made by properly licensed individuals.
The information provided in this section is intended to serve only as a preliminary guide to herbicide
use. Before applying any herbicide product, you must thoroughly read the entire label and follow all
label directions. Complete labels and MSDS information for most of the products listed in this section
can be viewed on the web at: http://www.greenbook.net.
Edited by:
Dr. Steven Dewey
4820 Old Main Hill
Logan, UT 84322
435-797-2256
183
Admiral
Copper Sulfate
Cutrine Plus
Garlon 3A
Habitat
Hydrothol
Karmex
Magnacide H
Reward
Rodeo
Scythe
Sonar
Weedar 64
WEEDS LISTED ON AQUATIC HERBICIDE LABELS
Aquatic Weeds
algae
aligatorweed
bladderwort
coontail
duckweed
elodea
hydrilla
naiad
parrotfeather
pondweed, leafy
pondweed, sago
salvinia
stargrass, water
waterhyacinth
waterlettuce
waterlily
watermilfoil
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Riparian/Terrestrial Weeds
bamboo, Japanese
bindweed, field
broadleaf weeds, annual
bullrush
burdock
canarygrass
cattail
cocklebur
cress, hoary (whitetop)
daisy, oxeye
dock
grasses, annual
grasses, perennial
knapweed
loosestrife, purple
nettle, stinging
olive, Russian
poison hemlock
poison ivy
poplar
quackgrass
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
High label rates, or repeated aplications, may be necessary to achieve level of control claimed for some weeds.
184
Copper Sulfate
Cutrine Plus
Garlon 3A
Habitat
Hydrothol
Karmex
Magnacide H
Reward
Rodeo
Scythe
Sonar
Weedar 64
Riparian/Terrestrial Weeds
(continued)
reed, common
reed, giant (Arundo spp.)
tamarisk (saltcedar)
thistle, bull
thistle, Canada
willow
Admiral
WEEDS LISTED ON AQUATIC HERBICIDE LABELS
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
High label rates, or repeated aplications, may be necessary to achieve level of control claimed for some weeds.
185
AQUATIC WEED CONTROL
Herbicide
Admiral (16.3 %)
(blue + yellow dyes)
Rate:
1 to 16 qts/A (1 to 2 ppm)
Time:
Apply prior to or early in the growing season when weeds are on the
bottom of a body of water or when aquatic vegetation is growing at
depths greater than 2 feet.
Remarks:
For control of algae and submersed aquatic vegetation in man-made
ponds, lakes fountains, fish farms, fish hatcheries, and swimming
ponds. Works by restricting wavelengths of sunlight needed for photosynthesis. Water must be under the complete control of the user
and have little or no outflow. Dye concentration must be maintained
in order for product to be effective. Reapply as needed during the
growing season. Physical removal or other aquatic weed control methods may be used before or after applications.
Caution:
Concentrated product can be harmful if absorbed through skin.
Avoid contact with eyes. Do not apply directly to streams or any
body of water that may be used for human consumption.
Other similar aquatic dye products labeled for control of algae include Aquashade (Applied Biochemists), Aquashadow, and Pondmaster Blue (Gordon’s).
Copper Sulfate (99 %)
copper sulfate pentahydrate
Cutrine Plus
(0.91 lbs Cu per gallon)
copper ethanolamine complexes
Rate:
0.25 to 2 ppm
Time:
Apply early in the spring soon after plant growth has started, and at
2- to 3-week intervals thereafter. Do not wait until a severe algae
problem develops before making application.
Remarks:
For control of algae in lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and irrigation canals.
Rate depends on algae species. Also can provide control of leafy and
sago pond weed. Dissolve crystals in water and spray, or broadcast
crystals directly over water surface. Less effective when water temperature is below 60° F. Effectiveness also decreases as water alkalinity increases. If possible, curtail the flow of water before treatment
and hold dormant for about 3 days after treatments or until plants
have begun to die.
Caution:
May be toxic to fish, including trout, especially in soft or acid waters.
Do not treat more than 1/2 of lake or pond at one time and wait 7 to 14
days between treatments in order to avoid depletion of oxygen levels
due to decaying vegetation. Avoid mixing or spraying in galvanized
containers. Notification of authorities before discharging treated water
may be required. If treated water is to be used as a source of potable
water, the copper sulfate concentration must not exceed 4 ppm.
Rate:
0.6 to 4.8 gal/A
Time:
Apply when algae growth first begins to appear. Retreat if regrowth
begins to appear and seasonal control is desired. Allow 1 to 2 weeks
between consecutive treatments.
186
AQUATIC WEED CONTROL - continued
Herbicide
Garlon 3A (3 SC)
triclopyr
Remarks:
For control of a broad range of algae species in lakes, potable water
reservoirs, fish ponds, industrial ponds, fish hatcheries and raceways, and irrigation ditches and canals. Also can provide control of
hydrilla. Concentration should be maintained for a minimum of 3 hours.
Waters may be used for swimming, fishing, livestock watering, or
irrigation immediately after treatment.
Caution:
May be toxic to fish, especially trout. Do not use in water containing
trout if the carbonate hardness of water does not exceed 50 ppm. Do
not use in waters containing Koi and hybrid goldfish. Not intended
for use in small-volume garden pond systems. Under conditions of
heavy infestation, treat only 1/3 to 1/2 of the water body at a time to
avoid fish suffocation caused by oxygen depletion from decaying
algae. Some states may require permits for the application of this
product to public waters.
Rate:
1 to 12 qts/A (3 SC)
Time:
Apply when weeds and woody plants are actively growing.
Remarks:
For control of woody plants, broadleaf weeds in and around standing
water sites such as marshes, wetlands, and the banks of ponds and
lakes. Additional approved sites include non-irrigation ditchbanks,
and seasonally dry floodplains, deltas, swamps, and bogs. Use of an
agriculturally labeled nonionic surfactant is recommended for all foliar applications. When making applications to control weeds on
banks or shorelines of moving water sites, minimize overspray to
open water. There are no restrictions on the use of water in the
treatment area for recreational purposes, including swimming and
fishing.
Caution:
Consult with appropriate state or local water authorities before applying this product to public waters. Do not apply within less than 200
feet of a potable water intake if applying 4 qts/A or more. (No restriction for 2 qts/A.) Do not apply directly to unimpounded rivers or
streams, or on ditches or canals used to transport irrigation water.
Apply no more than 2/3 gal/A per season where grazing or harvesting
is allowed.
Renovate (SePRO) has aquatic labeling similar to that of Garlon 3A. Several other formu
lations of triclopyr (mostly esters) such as Garlon 4, Pathfinder II, Forestry Garlon 4,
Tahoe 3, and Tahoe 4E are NOT approved for aquatic sites such as lakes, reservoirs,
rivers, streams, or creeks; but may be used to control weeds on nonirrigation ditchbanks,
seasonally dry wetlands, flood plains, swamps, marshes, and bogs.
Habitat (2 SC)
imazapyr
Rate:
1 to 6 pts/A (2 SC)
Time:
Apply when weeds are growing vigorously.
Remarks:
For control of emergent and floating aquatic vegetation in and around
standing and flowing water, including ponds, lakes, drainage ditches,
canals, streams, rivers, and other slow-moving or quiescent bodies of
water. Also approved for control of undesirable wetland, riparian,
187
Herbicide
and terrestrial vegetation such as saltcedar, Russian olive, cattail, and
purple loosestrife growing in and around surface water. Treatment to
other than nonnative invasive species is limited to only those plants
that have been determined to be a nuisance by a federal or state
government entity. Addition of a spray adjuvant approved for aquatic
sites is required. There are no restrictions on the use of water in the
treatment area for recreation purposes, including swimming and fishing.
Hydrothol 191 (2 SC)
endothall
Caution:
Permit may be required to treat public waters. Treatments can only be
made by individuals licensed as aquatic pest control applicators. Do
not treat more than 1/2 of the water surface area in a single operation,
and wait at least 10 to 14 days between treatments. Do not apply to
water within 1/2 mile of an active potable water intake. Treated water
may not be used for irrigation for 120 days after application. Do not
apply more than 6 qts/A per year.
Rate:
0.6 pt to 6.75 gal per acre foot
Time:
Apply when algae is actively growing.
Remarks:
For control of a broad range of algae species in irrigation and drainage
canals, lakes, and ponds. Also controls a number of submerged aquatic
plant species, including hydrilla, elodea, milfoil, and Potomogeton
species. Applied as a spray on the water surface or injected below the
water surface. For optimum results, the minimum contact time with
weeds should be 2 hours. When controlling algae in a lake or pond
treat only a portion of the water in order to minimize oxygen depletion
from decomposing plants.
Caution:
A RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Suggested that application be
made only by commercial applicators. Toxic to fish, especially at concentrations above 0.3 ppm. Do not treat more than 1/10 of water area
at one time with dosages in excess of 1 ppm. Do not use treated water
for irrigating, watering livestock, or for domestic purposes within 7 to
25 days after application (depending on concentration applied). Application permit may be required in some states.
Additional formulations of endothall are labeled for use on aquatic weeds, including
Aquathol K and Aquathol Super K. Application rates, restrictions, and other label instructions for these products may differ from those stated above.
Karmex (80 DF)
diuron
Rate:
5 to 15 lb/A (80 DF)
Time:
Apply during the noncrop season before weeds emerge when the
ditch is not in use.
Remarks:
For control of annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds in irrigation and drainage ditches. The herbicide must be fixed in the soil by
moisture. Apply before expected seasonal rainfall when soil in the
ditch is moist. Following treatment, if rainfall has not totaled at least
4 inches, fill ditch with water and allow to stand for 72 hours. Drain off
any wastewater remaining before using ditch. Following treatment,
188
Herbicide
but before using ditch for irrigation, if rainfall has not totaled at least
4 inches, fill ditch with water and allow to stand for 72 hours, then
drain off any wastewater remaining.
Caution:
Apply only when no water is in the ditch. Do not treat any ditch into
which roots of trees or other desirable plants may extend.
Additional formulations of diuron are labeled for control of weeds in ditches, including
Direx (Griffin) and Diuron (Dow AgroSciences). Application rates, restrictions, and
other label instructions for these products may differ from those stated above.
Magnacide H (6.7 L)
acrolein
Reward (3.73 L)
diquat
Rate:
0.1 ppmw (concentration) for 48 hours in canal flows of more than
300 cfs, or 0.6 ppmw for 8 hours in canal flows of less than 300 cfs
Time:
Apply when weed growth is not more than 4 to 6 inches tall.
Remarks:
For controls many submersed and floating weeds and algae in irrigation canals. Must use specialized equipment for application. Use
only oxygen-free nitrogen for pressurizing agent. Repeat treatments
every 3to 4 weeks during the remainder of the season depending on
vegetation regrowth.
Caution:
A RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDE. Extremely flammable. Poisonous by inhalation, skin contact, or swallowing. Toxic to fish and
many other aquatic organisms. Do not release treated water for 6
days after application into any fish-bearing waters or into an area that
might drain into fish-bearing waters. Do not permit dairy animals to
drink treated water. Do not use where waters will flow into potential
sources of drinking water.
Rate:
0.5 to 2 gallons per surface acre (3.73 L)
Time:
Apply before weed growth reaches the water surface.
Remarks:
Control of algae, elodea, pondweed, salvinia, watermilfoil, duckweed,
cattails, and other aquatic weeds. For application only to still water
(ponds, lakes, and drainage ditches) where there is minimal or no
outflow to public waters; and/or to public waters in ponds, lakes,
reservoirs, marshes, drainage ditches, canals, streams, rivers, and
other slow-moving or quiescent bodies of water for control of aquatic
weeds. Applicators must be licensed and authorized by federal, state,
or local government. If weeds are abundant, treat only 1/3 to 1/2 of
the area at a time to avoid fish kill (due to oxygen depletion from
decomposing plants).
Caution:
A moderately toxic herbicide that requires protective gear for handling and application. Do not use treated water for domestic purposes, animal consumption, spraying, or irrigation for 14 days after
treatment. Water-use restrictions range from 0 to 5 days, depending
on rate and intended use.
Additional formulations of diquat are labeled for use on aquatic weeds, including
Reglone and Weedtrine-D. Application rates, restrictions, and other label instructions
for these products may differ from those stated above.
189
Herbicide
Rodeo (4 SC)
glyphosate
Rate:
1.5 to 7.5 pts/A applied as a broadcast spray
0.75 % to 8 % solution for hand-held spray equipment
Time:
Apply when weeds or brush are actively growing, and most of the
foliage of emersed weeds is above the water surface.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial weeds and woody plants, including cattails and willows, in and around aquatic sites. Rodeo may be
applied to emerged weeds in all bodies of fresh and brackish water
which may be flowing, non-flowing, or transient. This includes lakes,
rivers, streams, ponds, estuaries, irrigation and drainage ditches,
canals, reservoirs, wastewater treatment facilities, wildlife habitat restoration and management areas, and similar sites. Rodeo does not
control plants which are completely submerged or have a majority of
their foliage under water. Always add nonionic surfactant. Do not
use more than 1 qt of surfactant per 100 gal when making broadcast
applications. Use surfactant labeled for aquatic sites whenever water
is present. There is no restriction on the use of treated water for
irrigation, recreation, or domestic purposes.
Caution:
Rainfall occurring within 6 hours after application may reduce effectiveness. Do not apply within 0.5 miles upstream of potable water
intakes. Applications made to moving bodies of water must be made
while traveling upstream. Do not exceed the maximum application
rate of 7.5 pts/A in any single application.
Several other brands and formulations of glyphosate are labeled for control of weeds in
aquatic sites, including AquaMaster, Aqua Neat, Glyfos Aquatic, Glyphosate VMF,
Glypro, and Touchdown Pro. Other glyphosate products such as Accord, Credit,
Glyphomax, Prosecutor, Ranger, Rattler, Razor, and Roundup are labeled for use on
ditchbanks and/or other sites near water, but are not approved for application directly to
water. Be sure to use only glyphosate products labeled for aquatic sites whenever
spray could come in contact with water.
Scythe (4.2 EC)
pelargonic acid and
related fatty acids
Rate:
3 to 10 percent by volume (3 to 10 gallons of Scythe per 100
gallons of total spray solution)
Time:
Apply to emerged weeds at least 72 hours prior to reflooding of dry
aquatic sites
Remarks:
For nonselective control of annual weeds and suppression of perennial herbaceous weeds around aquatic sites, in dry ditches, dry canals, ditchbanks, or above the water line of irrigation water and ditch
systems, ponds, and impounded water areas. Apply in water as a
broadcast spray in 70 to 200 gallons of spray solution per acre. Continuous agitation is required. A defoaming agent may be added to
prevent excessive foaming. Thorough spray coverage is required for
best results. Repeated applications may be required for control of
perennial weeds.
Caution:
Do not allow spray to come in contact with the foliage of other desirable plants. Do not apply through any type of irrigation system. Do
not apply by aircraft.
190
Herbicide
Sonar (4 L)
fluridone
Rate:
1.0 to 156.2 fl oz per surface acre (4 L)
Time:
For best results, apply just before initiation of weed growth or when
weeds begin active growth.
Remarks:
For control of aquatic vegetation such as duckweed, coontail, elodea,
pondweed, hydrilla, and watermilfoil, in fresh water ponds, lakes, reservoirs, potable water sources, drainage canals, and irrigation canals.
It is important to maintain the recommended concentration of Sonar
in contact with the target plants for a minimum of 45 days. Rapid
water movement or other conditions that result in rapid herbicide
dilution will reduce effectiveness.
Caution:
Do not exceed the maximum labeled rate for a given treatment site per
annual grown cycle. Irrigation with treated water may result in injury to crops. Refer to the label for irrigation timing after application.
Do not irrigate established tree crops for at least 7 days after application, and, depending on formulation and application site, do not irrigate other crops for 7 to 30 days after application. May injure vegetation growing along shoreline. Do not apply more than 20 ppb per
application within 0.25 mile of any potable water intake.
Additional formulations of fluridone are labeled for use on aquatic weeds, including
granular Sonar (SePro) and Avast 4L (Griffin). Application rates, restrictions, and other
label instructions for these products may differ from those stated above.
Weedar 64 (3.8 L)
2,4-D
Rate:
1 to 4 qts/A (3.8 L)
Time:
Apply in spring or early summer before plants reach the water sur
face.
Remarks:
For control of aquatic weeds such as watermilfoil and water hyacinth
in ponds, lakes, reservoirs, marshes, drainage ditches, canals, rivers,
and streams that are quiescent or slow moving. Also approved for
control of emerged weeds and brush on banks of irrigation canals and
ditches. Travel upstream when applying to banks in order to avoid
accidental concentration of chemical in water.
Caution:
Approval of local and state authorities may be required for aquatic
applications. To avoid fish kill from oxygen depletion associated with
decaying plant material do not treat more than 1/2 of the lake or pond
at one time. Delay the use of treated waters for irrigation or domestic
purposes for 3 weeks after treatment or until 2,4-D acid concentration is 0.1 ppm or less. Do not use treated water for watering animals,
agricultural sprays, or domestic or irrigation purposes.
Several other brands and formulations of 2,4-D are labeled for use on aquatic sites,
including DMA-4-IVM (Dow AgroSciences), Formula 40 (Nufarm T&S), Navigate (Applied Biochemists), Weedestroy AM-40 (Riverdale), and Weedone 638 (Nufarm Americas). Application rates, restrictions, and other label instructions for these products may
191
PASTURE AND RANGELAND WEED MANAGEMENT
Pastures and rangelands provide a significant component of the forage base for domestic grazing animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and horses and many species of wildlife throughout Montana,
Utah, and Wyoming. Additionally, range and pasture lands are often rich sources of native species
biodiversity. Unfortunately, many weed species have strong negative impacts on range and pasture
lands. These include reducing forage availablility, decreasing wildlife habitat quality, outcompeting
native plants, and changing the structure and function of entire ecosystems. For example, cheatgrass or downy
brome, has invaded large areas of the Great Basin and has increased fire frequency to a level that has eliminated many shrubs. In Montana, elk have been observed to avoid areas heavily infested with spotted knapweed. In Wyoming, forage availability for cattle is greatly reduced when biennial thistles invade an area. Weed
Extension Specialists are frequently asked, “How do I control this weed and get my range or pasture back?”
The reality is that there are no silver bullets to weed control and “occasional” weed management rarely provides long-term success. The key to success is found in developing an integrated weed management or IWM
program. IWM includes many facets of good range and pasture management. These include implementation of
good range and pasture management strategies, inventory to know what weeds are present and where they are
located, prevention of new weed introductions, early detection and rapid response to new infestations, containment of existing weed problems, large scale control where possible, and revegetation if necessary. For
success, these components require assessment, flexibility, and potential adjustment over time.
Good Range and Pasture Management. One of the keys factors that favor weeds in range and pastures is overutilization. This is especially obvious for small acreage pastures. Overutilization weakens
perennial grasses and decreases desirable plant cover. This sets up an ideal scenario for weeds to invade.
Following invasion, many weeds are unpalatable to grazing animals, which results in increased use of already
weakened perennial grasses and subsequent increased competitive suppression of perennial grasses by ungrazed
weeds. These factors create a downward spiral that results in degraded range and pastures dominated by
highly undesirable weeds that will require serious investment to restore. If you begin to see weeds such as
cheatgrass and mustards appear in the spring and kochia and curlycup gumweed taking over in the summer, the
pasture is likely being overutilized. On small pastures, supplemental feeding is almost always necessary. However, supplemental feeding alone is generally not enough to prevent overutilization and animals must be moved
to allow perennial grasses to recover.
Prevention. While many land managers often feel like they are already overrun with weeds, prevention
is one of the most useful, cost effective strategies for eliminating future weed problems. Prevention is
recognizing the ways in which weeds disperse into new areas and taking steps to prevent that from
occurring. Prevention often includes:
•
•
•
•
Using certified weed free seed, hay, straw, or mulch.
Cleaning the undercarriage of trucks or equipment driving through or working in weed infested
areas.
Maintaining competitive perennial grass, forb, and shrub cover, which reduces available niches
for weeds to invade.
Increasing awareness of weed issues among neighbors, campers, hikers, hunters, and off road
vehicle enthusiasts.
Early Detection and Rapid Response to New Introductions. Some weeds may slip by even the most
aggressive preventative strategies. Early detection and rapid response is critical to stopping new infestations
before they become overwhelming. Weeds often first appear along disturbed areas, including roadsides, con192
struction sites, hiking or animal trails, waterways, and railroad tracks before moving out into lesser disturbed
range areas. Weeds may also first invade around winter hay feeding areas, livestock water developments and
trails leading out from these areas. Scouting these areas for “plants out of place” is a good practice. The
identification of newly found plants should be confirmed by a local Extension or University Specialist if possible. Aggressive action should then be taken to prevent the new weeds from going to seed or spreading
vegetatively. If the plant is an annual or biennial and the infestation is very small, hand pulling or digging the plant
to remove all of the topgrowth and a few inches of the root will be effective. If the plant is blooming or has
already bloomed, be careful to bag and remove all seedheads so that no seed may escape. For larger infestations or for perennials, repeated annual applications of herbicides are generally necessary. The goal is to
completely eradicate the new infestation, so grazing, mowing, and biological control should be secondary
options following hand pulling, digging, and herbicides.
Containment of large infestations. Since many weeds often spread in an advancing front with small
patches colonizing beyond the main infestations, managing the edges of the patch to contain the infestation is a good idea. This protects neighboring areas from becoming infested as the patch expands.
Frequently herbicides are the most effective tool for containment. A common mistake that has been
made is to initiate weed control in the middle of the patch. This often results in short term success as
weeds reinvade from the uncontrolled periphery of the patch.
Large-scale control and revegetation. Where it is possible and economically viable, large-scale weed
control can be effective in reclaiming extensive areas dominated by weeds. The most important thing to
remember is that large scale operations require a significant commitment of time and resources to be
successful. It is often best to divide large areas into smaller, more manageable units, working from the
outside edges towards the interior of the infestation. Followup management in the years after the initial
treatment is very important. Without it, gains made in the first year may be rapidly lost as weeds emerge
from the seedbank or from perennial roots. Spot treatments will likely be required for several years
where infestations appear to flare up. If possible, also pay attention to areas that have an understory of
suppressed perennial grasses. These areas may rapidly respond to weed control and quickly regain perennial
grass dominance. Areas with little perennial grass understory may require revegetation for long-term weed
suppression. Previous versions of this Weed Management Handbook have included information on range and
pasture reseeding. However there are two excellent publications that comprehensively address this subject for
Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. Rather than repeating that information here, we recommend these publications
which are listed at the end of this section.
Edited by:
Dr. Stephen F. Enloe
Department of Plant Sciences
Laramie, WY 82071
307-766-3113
[email protected]
193
Revegetation guides we strongly recommend:
Jensen, Kevin, Howard Horton, Ron Reed, and Ralph Whitesides. 2001. Intermountain Planting Guide.
USDA-ARS Forage and Range Research Lab, Logan, Utah, in conjunction with Utah State University Extension. USU Extension Bulletin number AG510. 104 pages. For ordering information, call (435) 797-2251.
Mosley, Jeff, Dennis Cash and Larry Holzworth. 2003. Dryland Pastures in Montana and Wyoming.
Montana State University Extension Bulletin 019. 34 pages.
Web link: http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/eb19.pdf
For ordering information call (406) 994-3273.
194
2,4-D
Amber
Banvel
Cimarron
Cimarron Max
Clarity
Curtail
Escort
Gramoxone Max
Grazon P&D
Journey
MCPA
Milestone
Overdrive
Plateau
Redeem
Remedy
Roundup
Spike
Telar
Tordon
Transline
Weedmaster
WEED RESPONSE TO PASTURE AND RANGELAND HERBICIDES
Grasses
downy brome (cheatgrass)
quackgrass
foxtail barley
bulbous bluegrass
medusahead
-
F
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
E
F
P
G
-
E
E
-
-
P
-
E
G
F
E
-
-
E
G
G
G
E
-
-
-
-
-
Broadleaf annuals
bedstraw
kochia
Russian thistle
yellow thistle
prickly lettuce
annual mustards
P
G
G
P
G
G
G
G
G
E
G
G
G
F
G
F
P
G
G
G
G
F
G
G
G
G
G
F
G
F
G
G
E
E
G
P
G
G
G
G
G
E
E
F
G
E
P
F
P
G
F
E
G
-
G
E
E
F
G
G
G
P
E
G
G
-
-
E
E
P
G
G
-
P
G
P
E
P
F
E
E
P
E
G
-
G
G
G
P
G
G
Biennials
burdock
houndstongue
mullein
musk thistle
plumeless thistle
scotch thistle
F
F
F
F
G
F
G
G
-
G
F
E
F
E
E
E
G
E
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
F
E
F
F
P
G
E
G
E
E
E
G
E
-
G
E
E
E
G
G
-
F
F
F
E
E
E
E
G
-
G
-
G
G
G
G
G
-
G
-
-
F
G
G
G
F
E
E
E
G
E
E
G
G
G
-
Perennials
field bindweed
sulfur cinquefoil
common crupina
dandelion
dyer’s woad
curlycup gumweed
orange hawkweed
yellow hawkweed
horsetail
diffuse knapweed
Russian knapweed
spotted knapweed
larkspurs
locoweeds
purple loosestrife
lupines
plantains
pricklypear cactus
rush skeletonweed
common tansy
Canada thistle
dalmatian toadflax
yellow toadflax
F
G
G
F
G
G
F
F
P
G
F
G
G
G
G
P
F
P
F
P
P
F
-
F
P
G
G
F
G
G
P
F
F
G
P
E
P
F
F
F
F
P
-
F
E
E
E
G
P
P
P
P
P
E
G
G
P
P
E
F
-
P
F
G
G
G
P
G
G
F
G
P
G
F
-
F
P
G
G
F
G
G
P
F
F
G
P
E
P
F
F
F
F
P
-
P
P
F
G
E
G
G
G
G
E
E
P
G
F
E
P
F
E
E
E
G
P
P
P
P
F
P
E
E
G
G
P
P
E
F
F
F
P
P
-
G
E
E
G
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
F
E
E
G
E
G
G
F
F
F
F
G
F
F
P
F
P
F
F
-
G
E
G
E
E
E
E
E
E
-
F
G
F
G
G
F
P
-
G
G
F
G
G
G
G
F
G
G
G
-
G
G
G
F
-
F
G
G
F
P
F
G
G
P
G
F
-
G
F
G
G
G
-
G
E
E
G
P
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
P
G
E
E
G
E
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
E
G
E
-
F
G
P
F
F
-
Control: E = excellent, G = good, F = fair, P = poor or no control, - = not tested or recommended
195
2,4-D
Amber
Banvel
Cimarron
Cimarron Max
Clarity
Curtail
Escort
Gramoxone Max
Grazon P&D
Journey
MCPA
Milestone
Overdrive
Plateau
Redeem
Remedy
Roundup
Spike
Telar
Tordon
Transline
Weedmaster
WEED RESPONSE TO PASTURE AND RANGELAND HERBICIDES
Perennials (continued)
leafy spurge
hoary cress (whitetop)
F
F
-
F
-
P
E
F
G
F
-
P
-
P
E
-
G
-
F
G
F
-
-
G
G
-
-
G
F
-
E
G
P
-
F
-
Trees and Shrubs
saltcedar1
juniper1
poison oak
shrub oak
grey rabbitbrush2
prickly rose
big sagebrush
broom snakeweed
pines
E
G
G
G
-
-
P
P
F
F
-
G
E
-
G
E
-
P
P
F
F
-
P
F
-
G
G
E
-
G
G
E
F
-
-
-
F
-
-
G
G
F
-
G
G
F
-
F
E
G
P
-
F
F
G
E
F
-
-
P
*
P
E
-
P
F
-
G
-
Control: E = excellent, G = good, F = fair, P = poor or no control, - = not tested or recommended
1
2
Individual plant treatments only.
Need to be applied in early spring with retreatment one year later.
196
PASTURE AND RANGELAND
Herbicide
2,4-D
Several trade names
Formulations include
4 EC and 6 EC products
Amber
triasulfuron
Cimarron Max
metsulfuron + dicamba
+ 2,4-D
Clarity, Banvel
dicamba
Rate:
Rates vary among labels
Time:
For annual weeds, apply to seedlings and rosettes. For perennials
apply at the timing recommended on the label.
Remarks:
Primarily for control and suppression of many annual, biennial, and
perennial broadleaf weeds in range and pasture. Multiple applications are typically required for most deeply-rooted perennials.
Caution:
Do not apply where spray drift may contact nearby crops or desirable
plants or contaminate water for irrigation purposes or domestic use.
Do not apply to pastures containing alfalfa, clovers, or other legumes
or on newly seeded pasture.
Rate:
0.28-0.56 oz product/A
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds. For seedling grasses, do not apply
until at least 60 days after emergence.
Remarks:
Approved for use on smooth brome, timothy, certain wheatgrasses,
and some other perennial grass species. Suppresses wild garlic, Canada
thistle, curly dock, goldenrod, and musk thistle. Partial control of
downy brome with preemergence applications.
Caution:
Any clovers or alfalfa in treated areas will be severely injured or killed.
Orchardgrass, red fescue, and ryegrasses may also be injured.
Rate:
Cimarron Max is a two part product always used in a ratio of 5 oz Part
A (metsulfuron) to 2.5 gallons Part B (dicamba + 2,4-D) which will
treat 5, 10, or 20 acres as a broadcast application.
Time:
Apply to annuals when they are small (<4 inches) and actively grow
ing.
Remarks:
Pasture grasses may vary in sensitivity to this product. Always use a
Petroleum Crop Oil Concentrate (COC) or nonionic surfactant.
Caution:
This herbicide will injure of kill most desirable broadleaf plants including legumes.
Rate:
8-64 oz product/A
Time:
Treat annuals when small and actively growing. See label for proper
timing and rates on perennials.
Remarks:
Rates above 32 oz/A are for spot treatment only. Controls many annual, biennial, and perennial broadleaf weeds and many woody brush
and vine species. Rate depends on weed species and growth stage at
time of treatment. Can be applied using water, oil—water emulsions,
or sprayable fluid fertilizer as the carrier. May also be applied as a cutsurface treatment to control unwanted trees or to prevent sprouts on
cut trees.
197
PASTURE AND RANGELAND - continued
Herbicide
Curtail
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Escort, Cimarron
metsulfuron
Gramoxone Max
paraquat
Grazon P & D
picloram + 2,4-D
Caution:
Rates above 1 pt/A may injure newly seeded grasses. Will cause
injury or death to forage legumes and other desirable broadleaf species.
Rate:
2-4 qt product/A
Time:
Apply when weeds are actively growing. For Canada thistle, spotted,
and diffuse knapweed, apply at the late rosette to bolting stages, but
before the bud stage. Applications made from bud to flowering may
result in inconsistent control.
Remarks:
Effective on many thistles and knapweeds. Use 2 qt/A for light infestations of Canada thistle, spotted, and diffuse knapweed and 3 qt/A
for heavy infestations or when growing conditions are poor. For Russian knapweed, use 3-4 qt/A from the bud to full bloom stage.
Caution:
Do not apply to newly seeded grasses until they are well established.
Do not apply to pastures containing susceptible desirable broadleaf
forage plants (especially legumes) unless injury or death is acceptable. See Pasture and Rangeland Grazing and Haying Restrictions
section for critical information for this herbicide. Do not use hay or
straw from treated areas or manure from animals grazing treated areas
as compost or mulch on susceptible broadleaf crops.
Rate:
0.33-2.0 oz/A Escort
0.1-1.0 oz/A Cimarron
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing weeds.
Remarks:
Always use a Petroleum Crop Oil Concentrate (COC) or nonionic
surfactant with Cimarron. Always use a nonionic surfactant with Escort. Use herbicide spray within 24 hours of mixing, or product degradation will occur.
Caution:
Spray equipment used to apply Escort can not be used for crop
applica-tions. Use Cimarron or Ally instead.
Rate:
1.5-2.5 pt product/A
Time:
Apply prior to or at time of grass seeding. Weeds must be less than 6
inches tall for optimal control.
Remarks:
For control or suppression of emerged grass and broadleaf weeds for
pasture reseeding. Always apply with a nonionic surfactant at 0.5-2.0
pt/100 gallons spray volume. Do not use in areas with heavy sod or
dense weed growth.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Paraquat is a nonselective contact
herbicide that will injure or kill any foliage it comes in contact with.
Rate:
2-4 pt/A
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds in the spring and early summer
before full bloom or in the fall.
198
Herbicide
Journey
imazapic + glyphosate
MCPA (several trade names)
MCPA
Milestone
aminopyralid
Overdrive
diflufenzopyr + dicamba
Remarks:
For selective control of many broadleaf weeds, prickly pear cactus,
and woody plants.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Will cause injury or death to forage
legumes and other desirable broadleaf species. Do not use on subirrigated land.
Rate:
10.7-32 oz/A
Timing:
For winter annuals, apply in fall preemergence or early
postemeregence. For other weeds, consult label for timing.
Remarks:
Effective for site preparation weed control prior to revegetation. Very
effective on cheatgrass and mustards.
Caution:
See label for species specific plantback restrictions.
Rate:
1-3 pt product/A
Timing:
Apply to annual broadleaf weeds when they are small and actively
growing. Apply to perennials in the bud to full bloom stages and to
fall regrowth.
Remarks:
For control or suppression of certain broadleaf annual weeds in range
and pasture.
Caution:
Do not apply where spray drift may contact nearby crops or desirable
plants or contaminate water for irrigation purposes or domestic use.
Do not apply to pastures containing alfalfa, clovers, or other legumes
or on newly seeded pasture. Spray equipment used to apply MCPA
amine should not be used for other purposes on susceptible crops.
Rate:
3-7 oz product/A
Timiing:
Make spring and early summer applications to actively growing weeds.
Fall applications to newly emerged shoots or fall dormant applications for Russian knapweed are also effective.
Remarks:
Effective treatment for many weeds in the sunflower family (especially thistles and knapweeds) and a few other families.
Caution:
Will injure or kill many desirable pasture legumes.
Rate:
4-8 oz product/A
Time:
Apply to young, actively growing weeds.
Remarks:
Always include a surfactant (either NIS at 0.25% v/v or MSO at 1.5-2
pt/A). Consult the label for tank mix options for additional weed control.
Caution:
Do not apply to small grains grown for pasture or to newly seeded
grasses. This product will injure or kill desirable forage legumes.
199
Herbicide
Plateau
imazapic
Redeem R&P
triclopyr + clopyralid
Remedy
triclopyr
Roundup Pro
glyphosate
Rate:
2-12 oz/A
Time:
Annual weeds are best controlled preemergence up to small, actively
growing plants. Best results for perennial weeds typically occur when
applied in late summer or fall after fruit forms. Leafy spurge can be
sprayed before the latex stops flowing in fall (test by breaking open a
stem to see whether latex will ooze from the wound). Russian knapweed and Dalmatian toadflax can be controlled in late fall.
Remarks:
Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) control is best with applications in
the late summer to early fall before it has emerged. Apply with MSO at
1 qt/A, if cheat grass has emerged.
Caution:
Cool season grass tolerance is variable among species. Consult the
label for tolerance of specific species.
Rate:
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds. Consult the label for application
information specific to certain weeds.
Remarks:
A nonionic surfactant is recommended for all uses.
Caution:
Do not apply to smooth brome grass grown for seed. Do not disturb
treated site for 14 days following application prior to seedbed preparation and grass seeding. The same susceptible broadleaf cautions
apply to this product as for all clopyralid containing products (See
Caution section for Transline herbicide). See Pasture and Rangeland
Grazing and Haying Restrictions section for important information
for this herbicide.
Rate:
1-2 qt/A for broadcast applications
Time:
Apply after rapid spring growth when leaves are fully expanded and
terminal growth has slowed.
Remarks:
For woody plant and some herbaceous broadleaf weed control. May
be applied as a broadcast, basal bark, cut stump, or dormant stem
treatment. Consult label for specific application methods and tank mix
options.
Caution:
See Pasture and Rangeland Grazing and Haying Restrictions section
for mportant information for this herbicide.
Rate:
0.25-5.0 qt product/A
Time:
Annual weeds are best controlled when they are small (<6 inches)
and actively growing. Downy brome and medusahead can be selectively controlled with the lower rates in range and pasture if the proper
conditions are met. Perennial weeds are best controlled when applications are made after the bud stage until fall if foliage is still green.
Fall applications must be made before a killing frost.
200
Herbicide
Spike
tebuthiuron
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Tordon
picloram
Remarks:
Glyphosate can be used for total weed control prior to range and
pasture renovation. It may also be used as a spot treatment or by
wiper application.
Caution:
Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide that will injure or kill most
desirable plants that are contacted. There are several glyphosate products of differing formulations which will affect the recommended product rate applied.
Rate:
0.5-2.5 lb product/A to thin big sagebrush
2.5-3.75 lb product/A for total control
Time:
May be applied any time during spring, summer, or fall.
Remarks:
Controls certain woody species including big sagebrush. Treatments
only become effective after sufficient rainfall has occurred to move
the chemical into the root zone where it is absorbed by the roots.
Plants will go through repeated several cycles of greenup and defoliation before death. A single treatment is normally effective for several years.
Caution:
May cause some injury to desirable grasses, which is usually temporary. This can be minimized by applying when desirable grasses are
dormant in the late fall. Do not apply when the ground is frozen.
Rate:
0.25-1.33 oz product/A, up to 3 oz product/A on noncrop sites
Time:
Apply when weeds are actively growing.
Remarks:
Always use with a surfactant as specified on the label.
Caution:
Perennial grass tolerance varies by species. Consult the label for
specific pasture and range grass tolerances.
Rate:
0.5 pt-2 qt/A
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds in the spring and early summer
before full bloom or in the fall.
Remarks:
Controls many troublesome woody and herbaceous weeds including
knapweeds, thistles, leafy spurge, field bindweed, and poison oak.
Spot treatments may be applied at an equivalent broadcast rate of up
to 2 qt/A per annual growing season, but not more than 50% of an
acre may be treated.
Caution:
RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply in the vicinity of susceptible crops or desirable plants. Do not apply to water or to where
surface water from treated areas can run off to adjacent cropland. Do
not spray pastures if a forage legume component is desired. Do not
move treated soil. Do not apply to inner bank or bottom of irrigation
ditches. Do not transfer livestock that have been grazing treated areas for at least 7 days onto crop areas.
201
PASTURE AND RANGELAND HERBICIDES
Herbicide
Transline
clopyralid
Weedmaster
dicamba + 2,4-D
Rate:
0.33 to 1.33 pt/A
Time:
Apply to young, actively growing weeds.
Remarks:
Effective on many thistles, yellow starthistle, and knapweeds.
Caution:
Do not spray pastures if forage legume component is desired. See
label restrictions on planting crops into treated areas. Do not use hay
or straw from treated areas or manure from animals grazing treated
areas as compost or mulch on susceptible broadleaf crops. Before
moving livestock from treated site into sensitive crop areas, allow 7
days of grazing on an untreated pasture.
Rate:
0.5-6.0 pt/A
Time:
Remarks:
Rates above 4 pt/A are for spot treatment only.
Caution:
Rates above 2 pt/A may injure newly seeded grasses.
202
1
2
3
4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4
X
4
4
X
6 N4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
4
Tordon
X
Telar
X
Spike
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X2 X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N
X
X
X
X
5
X
X
X
X
X
Roundup
Remedy
Redeem
Plateau
Overdrive
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4
X
Milestone
X
MCPA
X
Journey
Escort1
Curtail
X
X
Weedmaster
X
X
Transline
X
Clarity
Cimarron Max
Cimarron
X
Grazon P&D
X
Gramoxone Max
RESTRICTED USE
PESTICIDE
Do not apply to pastures
containing desirable forbs
X X
(especially legumes) unless injury
can be tolerated
Nonselective herbicide
Avoid spray drift to sensitive
X X
broadleaf crops
Do not apply near desirable
trees
X X
Do not contaminate water
X
Do not apply directly to water
Do not apply to highly
X
permeable soils overlying
shallow water tables
Do not contaminate irrigation
ditches
X
Surfactant required
Use within 24 hr of mixing
X3
Do not apply to powdery, dry,
and light, sandy soils if no
precipitation is expected
Do not apply when conditions
favor movement from the treated
site
Do not apply when temperatures
are above 85° F
Time until product is rainfast in
4
hours
Banvel
Amber
2,4-D
General precautions found on herbicide labels recommended in Problem Weeds
and Poisonous Plants of Range and Pasture Section
X
1 N4
4
4
1
2
2
1
X
X
X
X
N N4 N
Application equipment used for Escort may not be used for application to crops.
Surfactant required for post emergent applications.
Amber may be stable for up to 36 hours, however, it is recommended to mix only what will be
immediately used.
No rainfast time is specified on the label, however, rainfall imediately following application may
reduce activity.
203
X
X
Grazing and Haying Restrictions for Herbicides Labeled for Range and Pasture
Herbicide
2,4-D LV4
2,4-D amine4
Amber
Cimarron
Cimarron Max
Clarity Banvel
Clarity Banvel
Clarity Banvel
Curtail
Escort
Gramoxone Max
Grazon P&D
Journey
Milestone
Overdrive
Plateau
Redeem
R&P
Remedy
Remedy
Spike
Telar
Tordon
Transline
Weedmaster
1
Lactating dairy animals
Rate
Days before
grazing
hay harvest
Days before
grazing
1.5-3 qt/A
2-4 pt/A
0.28-0.54 oz/A
0.1-1.0 oz/A
All labeled rates
Up to 1 pt/A
Up to 2 pt/A
Up to 4 pt/A
2-4 qt/A
Up to 1.66 oz/A
7
7
0
0
7
7
21
40
14
0
30
30
30
0
37
37
51
70
30
0
2-4 pt/A
Up to 32 oz/A
3-7 oz/A
4-8 oz/A
2-12 oz/A
7
0
0
0
0
30
7
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
30
7
0
0
7
3
0
0
0
0
1.5-4 pt/A
14
green hay,
next growing
season for
dried hay
14 days for
green hay
14 days for
0
green hay,
7 days for
for dried
hay
0
0 days for
3
0
3
14 days for
3
1 year
0
14
0
37
0
0
3
0
30
2 qt/A or less
green hay,
next growing
season for
dried hay
2-6 qtr/A
season for
any hay
Up to 1.33 oz/A
>1 qt/A
All use rates
0.5-4.0 pt/A
14 days for
Next growing
season
Next growing
green forage
0
0
14
0
7
1 year
0
14
0
37
Beef and non-lactating dairy animals
Days before
Days before
hay harvest
before
slaughter
0
30
0
30
0
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
0
14 days for
green forage
or dried hay1
0
0
0
0
0
When application rate is greater than 4 qts/A, do not harvest dried hay until next growing season.
204
Days removal
3
3
0
0
30
30
30
30
7
0
NONCROP SITES/RIGHTS-OF-WAY
INTRODUCTION
Weed control on noncrop sites and rights-of-way often means total vegetation control with soil-residual herbicides, a process where herbicides render the soil unfit for plant growth without killing soil animals or microbiological organisms.
Several considerations when using soil-residual herbicides are:
1.
Know which weeds you want to control so you can determine exactly which herbicide(s) to use.
2.
Study the area where the herbicides will be used. Carefully note the location and proximity of adjacent
non-target vegetation and surface water. The slope of the terrain to be treated, soil texture, and depth to
the water table can also be very important.
3.
Follow an integrated control program, including elements of weed prevention, cultural and physical control methods, as well as herbicides. Where appropriate, biological controls should be included. Remember, no single herbicide or other weed control practice will solve all weed problems.
Precautions to be followed when using soil-residual herbicides:
1.
Do not move soil from treated area until herbicide is completely gone.
2.
Avoid spray drift during application.
3.
Do not apply residual herbicides where wind or water might move treated soils.
4.
Some herbicides vaporize or volatilize easily. Reduce this hazard by applying herbicides at lower temperatures and use low-volatile herbicide formulations.
5.
Do not apply where the roots of desired woody species may extend into the treated area.
6.
If allowed on the label, apply soil-residual herbicides during late fall to allow winter precipitation to move
the herbicide into the soil. Apply such soil-residual herbicides 4 to 6 weeks before soils are frozen in the
fall.
Herbicides are categorized according to their mode of action, which is the method by which they interfere with
vital processes of the plant. Repeated use of herbicides having the same mode of action can result in the
development of herbicide resistance in some weeds. To avoid this problem rotate between herbicides of different
modes of action.
The information provided in this section is intended to serve only as a preliminary guide to herbicide use. Before
applying any herbicide product, you must thoroughly read the entire label and follow all label directions. Complete labels and MSDS information for most of the products listed in this section can be viewed on the web at:
http://www.greenbook.net
Edited by:
Dr. Steven Dewey
4820 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 435-797-2256
205
NONCROP SITES/RIGHTS-OF-WAY
Herbicide
Acclaim Extra (0.57 EC)
fenoxaprop
Arsenal (2 L)
Habitat (2 L)
imazapyr
Assure II (0.88 EC)
quizalofop
Rate:
16 to 39 oz/A (0.57 EC)
Time:
Postemergence to young actively growing weeds.
Remarks:
For postemergence control of annual grass weeds and suppression
of some perennial grass weeds in certain established turfgrass, ornamental, and wildflower species in rights-of-way. Does not control
broadleaf weeds or sedges. Allow mowed areas to regrow for at least
14 days before applying.
Caution:
Rainfall within 1 hour following application may cause a reduction in
grass control. Mixing with herbicides containing 2,4-D will reduce
the effectiveness of Acclaim.
Rate:
1 to 3 qts/A (2 L)
Time:
Arsenal may be applied either before or after weeds emerge.
Postemergence application is the method of choice in most situations, particularly for control of perennials.
Remarks:
Arsenal controls many annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf
species on noncrop areas. Weeds should be growing actively at the
time of postemergence applications. Many brush and other woody
species can be controlled by foliar applications of Arsenal; or by cutstump, tree injection, basal bark, or frill-cut treatments of the formulation marketed as Habitat.
Caution:
Do not use near desirable trees or plants, or in areas where their roots
may extend. Do not use on driveways, tennis courts, or similar areas.
Do not apply where drift or runoff may result in movement onto agricultural lands.
Rate:
12 to 16 oz/A (0.88 EC)
Time:
Apply to young actively growing grasses according to the label rate
chart.
For postemergence control of certain weedy grasses on noncrop sites
such as fence rows, roadsides, equipment storage areas, and other
similar areas. Includes use to aid in the establishment of wildflowers.
Use of either a crop oil concentrate or a nonionic surfactant is required.
Remarks:
Asulox (3.34 SC)
asulam
Caution:
Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is
present.
Rate:
7 to 8 pts/A (3.34 SC)
Time:
Apply to emerged grasses in the growth stages specified on the label.
Remarks:
For postemergence treatment of annual and perennial grass weeds on
noncrop areas such as fence rows, highway and roadside rights-ofway, lumber yards, pipeline rights-of-way, railroad rights-of-way and
yards, storage areas, industrial plant sites, utility rights-of-way and
206
NONCROP SITES/RIGHTS-OF-WAY - continued
Herbicide
yards, and warehouse lots. A nonionic surfactant should be added
to the spray solution at 0.25 % by volume.
Campaign (3 SC)
glyphosate + 2,4-D
Casoron (4 G)
dichlobenil
Clarity (4 L)
dicamba
Caution:
Make only one application per season. Aerial application is prohibited.
Rate:
1.5 to 4 pts/A (3 SC)
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing weeds according to label
growth stage recommendations.
Remarks:
For control or suppression of grass and broadleaf weeds growing in
areas such as airports, ditchbanks, dry canals, dry ditches, highway
rights-of-way, industrial plant sites, parking areas, roadsides, schools,
storage areas, and other public areas and similar industrial or noncrop
sites. Additional surfactant is not necessary for this product.
Caution:
Do not apply in the vicinity of 2,4-D sensitive crops such as grapes,
tomatoes, or potatoes.
Rate:
100 to 250 lbs/A (4 G)
Time:
Apply as a soil surface treatment in the late fall or early spring before
weeds emerge, or after cultivation has removed the growing weeds.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds around
buildings and structures, around fences, industrial areas, recreational
areas, and under asphalt. Distribute granules uniformly over the soil
surface and thoroughly incorporate granules into the surface through
watering.
Caution:
Do not plant or transplant into treated soil. To avoid ground water
contamination do not use where soils are permeable, particularly where
the water table is shallow. Use on or near desirable plants not listed
on the label may result in damage.
Rate:
1 pt to 8 qts/A (4 L)
Time:
Apply to actively growing vegetation.
Remarks:
Controls many annual and perennial broadleaf weed species as well
as brush. Other herbicides are frequently combined with dicamba
and sold under a variety of trade names. Consult label for rates, times
of application, restrictions, and precautions for each of these proprietary mixtures. Dicamba can be used as a spot treatment for weed
control in some situations.
Caution:
Do not use in areas where roots of desirable vegetation may extend.
Additional formulations of dicamba are labeled for noncrop uses, including Banvel,
Diablo, Vanquish, and Veteran. Application rates and other label instructions for these
products may differ from those stated above.
207
Herbicide
Classic (25 DG)
chlorimuron
Crossbow
triclopyr + 2,4-D (3 EC)
Dimension (1 EC)
dithiopyr
Drive (75 DF)
quinclorac
Rate:
0.5 to 0.75 oz/A (25 DG)
Time:
Apply postemergence before weeds exceed heights listed on label.
Remarks:
For control of certain annual broadleaf weeds on noncrop sites such
as fence rows, roadsides, equipment storage areas, and other similar
areas. Add a nonionic surfactant at 1 qt per 100 gal of spray solution.
Caution:
Do not apply by air. Do not graze treated fields or harvest for forage
or hay. Do not contaminate any body of water. Do not mix/load
within 50 feet of any well.
Rate:
1 to 4 qts/A (3 EC)
Time:
Remarks:
For control of most kinds of unwanted trees and brush, as well as
annual and perennial broadleaf weeds on noncrop areas and industrial sites. May be applied by air (helicopter only), broadcast ground
equipment, or handgun.
Caution:
May not be applied to forage that is to be cut and sold for commercial
purposes. Except for lactating dairy animals, there are no grazing
restrictions following application of this product. Apply no more
than 8 gal per acre per year.
Rate:
2 qts/A (1 EC)
Time:
Apply prior to germination of target weeds or to bare ground.
Remarks:
For control of listed annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in terrestrial
noncrop areas including farm yards, fence rows, highway, utility and
railroad rights-of-way, airports, recreation areas, campgrounds, and
industrial sites (lumber yards, tank farms, and storage areas). Does
not control established weeds. Sequential applications may be made
at 3 to 4 month intervals for extended preemergence weed control.
Also approved for weed control in turf and around certain
ornamentalsgrowing in noncrop areas.
Caution:
This product may injure the foliage of non-target plants. Do not
apply more than 6 qts per acre per season in sequential treatments.
Do not graze livestock or feed treated forage.
Rate:
1 lb/A (75 DF)
Time:
Apply postemergence according to weed and turf growth stages specified on label.
Remarks:
For control of many broadleaf and grass weeds in turfgrass on such
sites as roadsides, airports, and commercial establishments. Tolerant
turfgrass species include Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass. See label for when to add methylated seed oil to spray
mixture.
208
Herbicide
Endurance (65 DF)
prodiamine
Escort XP (60 DF)
Patriot (60 DF)
metsulfuron
Finale (1 SC)
glufosinate-ammonium
Caution:
Do not apply more than 2 lbs/A in one year. Do not apply to exposed
feeder roots of trees or ornamentals. Do not apply to any ornamental
bed. Do not apply where desirable clovers are present.
Rate:
1 to 2.3 lbs/A (65 DF)
Time:
Apply preemergence in fall and/or spring.
Remarks:
For selective control of many grass and broadleaf weeds in noncrop
areas or surrounding municipal grounds and governmental installations, managed rights-of-way for transportation systems and utilities
(including roadways, roadsides, railways and equipment yards), substations, tank farms, pumping stations, parking and storage areas
and ungrazed fence rows. Also approved for landscape ornamentals
and established perennial and wildflower plantings. Most effective if
activated by at least 0.5 inches of rainfall or irrigation, or shallow
incorporation prior to weed seed germination and within 14 days after
application. Sequential treatments may be made so long as the total
amount applied per year does not exceed 2.3 lbs/A.
Caution:
Do not apply aerially. Do not graze or feed livestock forage cut from
treated areas.
Rate:
0.33 to 2 oz/A (60 DF)
Time:
Apply postemergence when ground is not frozen. To control brush
and woody species, apply after brush has reached the full leaf stage,
up until the beginning of fall leaf coloration.
Remarks:
For general weed control on private, public, and military lands. Approved noncrop sites include airports, highways, railroad and utility
rights-of-way, sewage disposal areas, farm yards, fuel storage areas,
fence rows, soil bank land, barrier strips, lumber yards, pipelines, and
tank farms. A foliar herbicide (with soil residual properties) for control
of many annual, biennial, and perennial broadleaf weeds. Also controls many undesirable woody brush and vine species. Addition of a
nonionic surfactant required. Low rates are selective, leaving certain
well-established grasses as ground cover.
Caution:
Do not apply during periods of intense rainfall, or to soils saturated
with water.
Rate:
3 to 6 qts/A or 1.5 to 4 fl oz/gal (1 SC)
Time:
Actively growing weeds. Rate varies by species.
Remarks:
For nonselective weed control of emerged weeds in noncrop sites
such as shelter belts, along fences, around farmstead building foundations, airports, commercial plants, storage and lumber yards, educational facilities, ditch banks, schools, parking lots, tank farms, pumping stations, parks, and other public areas. Also for trimming and
edging landscape areas, recreational areas, around nursery stock, and
driveways. No soil residual activity on plants. May be tank mixed
with soil residual herbicides. Requires good coverage.
209
NONCROP SITES/RIGHTS-OF-WAY- continued
Herbicide
Fuego (75 DF + 4 SC)
triasulfuron + dicamba
Fusilade II (2 EC)
fluazifop
Fusion (2.56 EC)
fluazifop + fenoxaprop
Caution:
Do not allow to contact green tissue or thin bark of desirable vegetation. Do not allow grazing of treated vegetation.
Rate:
0.39 to 0.59 oz/A (75 DF) + 8.3 to 12.5 oz/A (4 SC)
Time:
Apply postemergence at weed growth stages specified on label.
Remarks:
For broadleaf weed control in either established grass areas or bare
ground sites on roadsides, railroads, industrial plant sites, lumber
yards, natural areas, rights-of-way (including pipeline, power, telephone, and utility), dry drainage ditches and ditch banks, and similar
industrial noncrop sites. A nonionic surfactant should be included in
the spray mixture.
Caution:
Do not apply within 4 hours of expected rainfall. Do not apply to
stressed or dormant weeds.
Rate:
16 to 24 oz/A (2 EC)
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing grasses before they exceed the recommended growth stages shown on the label.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial grass weeds on noncrop areas
such as airports, cemeteries, electric transformer stations and substations, pipeline pumping stations, around buildings, storage yards,
fence lines, parkways, roadsides, and rights-of-way. Does not control broadleaf weeds or sedges. Always add a high quality nonionic
surfactant at 0.25 to 0.5% v/v of the finished spray volume. Timely
cultivation 2 to 3 weeks before or after spraying may assist weed
control.
Caution:
For best results do not flood type spray nozzle tips. Disturbance
(such as mowing or hand weeding) of treated areas is not recommended within 7 days prior to or within 7 days after application. Do
not graze animals in treated areas.
Rate:
7 to 9 oz/A (2.56 EC)
Time:
Apply postemergence when weeds are in the growth stage specified
on the label.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial grass weeds on highway rightsof-way. Desirable roadside grasses tolerant of this product include
perennial ryegrass, smooth brome, and tall fescue. The addition of a
nonionic surfactant or crop oil is recommended at a rate of 32 oz/100
gal of spray mixture.
Caution:
Reduced control may result under drought stress conditions. Tank
mixtures with herbicides containing 2,4-D or separate applications of
2,4D made less than 5 days before or after application of Fusion may
cause a reduction in grass control.
210
Herbicide
Gallery (75 DF)
isoxaben
Garlon 4 (4 EC)
Garlon 3A (3 L)
triclopyr
Rate:
0.66 to 1.33 lbs/A (75 DF)
Time:
Apply preemergence in late summer to early fall, in early spring, or
anytime prior to germination of target weeds, or immediately after
cultivation.
Remarks:
For control of certain broadleaf weeds in noncrop areas including
industrial sites, utility substations, parking lots, driveways, walking
paths, highway guard rails, sign posts and delineators where maintenance of turfgrass or bare ground is desired. Rainfall totaling at least
0.5 inches within 21 days of application is required to activate this
product. In non-turf areas, if weed emerge due to lack of adequate
rainfall, shallow cultivation to a depth of 1 to 2 inches will adequately
incorporate the herbicide and destroy existing weeds.
Caution:
Do not apply where surface water is present. Drift may result in reduced germination or emergence of non-target plants adjacent to
treated areas.
Rate:
1 to 8 qts/A (4 EC)
Time:
Postemergence. Dependent on target species and application method.
Remarks:
For control of unwanted woody plants and annual and perennial
broadleaf weeds on noncrop areas including industrial manufacturing and storage sites, rights-of-way such as electrical power lines,
communications lines, pipelines, roadsides and railroads, fence rows,
nonirrigation ditch banks, and around farm buildings. Use may include application to grazed areas (see restrictions) as well as establishment and maintenance of wildlife openings. Rates depend on weed
species, stage of maturity, and environmental conditions. If lower
rates are used on hard-to-control species, resprouting may occur the
year following treatment. Several application method options are listed
on the label.
Caution:
Do not contaminate irrigation ditches or water used for irrigation or
domestic purposes. Do not allow spray or drift to contact crops.
Additional formulations of triclopyr are labeled for noncrop uses, including Pathfinder
II, Remedy, and Tahoe. Application rates and other label instructions for these products
may differ from those stated above.
Goal 2XL (2 EC)
Galigan (2 EC)
oxyfluorfen
Rate:
2 to 8 pts/A (2 EC)
Time:
Preemergence or postemergence (depending on species and size).
Remarks:
For control of broadleaf weeds on non-agricultural areas such as
highway and utility rights-of-way, industrial sites, tank farms, storage
areas, airports, fence rows, and farmsteads.
Caution:
Do not feed or allow animals to graze on any treated areas.
211
Herbicide
Galigan is another formulation of oxyfluorfen labeled for noncrop uses. Application
rates and other label instructions for this product may differ from those stated above.
Gramoxone Max (3 L)
paraquat
Hyvar XL (2 SC)
bromacil
Journey (2.25 SC)
imazapic + glyphosate
Rate:
1.7 to 2.7 pts/A (3 L)
Time:
Apply when weeds are young and succulent.
Remarks:
For use in noncrop areas such as public airports, electric transformer
stations, pipeline pumping stations, around commercial buildings,
storage yards and other installations, fence lines, or similar noncrop
areas. Paraquat is a contact herbicide that controls only the foliage of
emerged weeds. Repeated treatments are necessary for continued
suppression of perennials. Use 1 to 2 pints of a nonionic surfactant
per 100 gallons of water. Use enough water to obtain thorough coverage of weeds.
Caution:
A RESTRICTED HERBICIDE. Avoid contact with the foliage of
ornamentals or desired plants. Do not use around homes or other
areas contacted by children or pets. Do not breathe spray mist. Do
not let spray come in contact with skin or clothing.
Rate:
3 qts to 6 gal/A (2 SC)
Time:
Apply preemergence or early postemergence when weeds are actively germinating or growing, or prior to this period.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial weeds and brush in noncrop
areas such as railroads, highway and pipeline rights-of-way, petroleum tank farms, lumber yards, storage areas and industrial plant sites.
Also approved for use under pond liners and under asphalt and concrete. Rainfall following application is required for activation.
Caution:
Do not apply more than 6 gal/A per year. Do not apply to frozen soil.
Do not use in residential areas. Injury or death of desirable plants
may occur if their roots extend into treated areas.
Rate:
4 to 32 oz/A (2.25 SC)
Time:
Apply either preemergence or postemergence in the dormant or growing season. However, postemergence is the recommended method of
choice.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds and
vines on noncrop areas such as railroad, utility, pipeline and highway
rights-of-way, railroad crossings, utility plant sites, petroleum tank
farms, pumping installations, non-agricultural fence rows, storage
areas, nonirrigation ditchbanks, airports, and wildlife management
areas. Supplemental label allows use on noncrop areas that may be
grazed or cut for hay. Always add an adjuvant for postemergence
applications.
212
Herbicide
Karmex DF (80 DF)
diuron
Caution:
Do not cut treated area for hay within 7 days after treatment. Do not
exceed 32 oz/A per year.
Rate:
5 to 15 lbs/A (80 DF)
Time:
May be used as a preemergence treatment at any time of the year
except when ground is frozen, provided adequate rainfall or irrigation
is supplied to activate the herbicide.
Remarks:
For control of grass and broadleaf weeds on noncrop sites such as
utility, highway, pipeline and railroad rights-of-way, petroleum tank
farms, lumber yards, storage areas, industrial plant sites, around farm
buildings and similar areas. Use higher rates for perennial weed control, lower rates for annual weed control. Maintenance applications
on areas previously treated should be made at the rate of 5 to 10 lbs/
A. Control or suppression of established weeds may be obtained by
the addition of a nonionic surfactant.
Caution:
Constant agitation of spray mixture is required. Do not apply to
snow-covered or frozen ground. Do not apply where roots of trees or
other desirable plants may extend into treated areas. Do not use on
home plantings of trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants or lawns, walks,
driveways, tennis courts or similar areas. Do not contaminate any
body of water.
Additional formulations of diuron are labeled for noncrop uses, including Diuron, and
Direx. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from
those stated above.
Krenite S (4 L)
fosamine
Krovar I (80 DF)
bromacil + diuron
Rate:
1.5 to 6 gal/A (4 L)
Time:
Apply in late summer or early fall.
Remarks:
For control and/or suppression of may woody species. Approved for
noncrop sites such as airports, highway, railroad and utility rights-ofway, sewage disposal areas, farm yards, fuel storage areas, fence
rows, lumber yards, pipeline and tank farms. Also approved on intermittently flooded low-lying sites, seasonally dry flood plains and
drainage areas. It is also permissible to treat marshes, swamps, and
bogs after water has receded. Apply as a foliar spray to brush. Can be
applied by either air or ground equipment. Susceptible treated plants
fail to re-foliate the following spring.
Caution:
Do not use on lawns, walks, driveways, tennis courts or similar areas.
Do not allow to contact desirable trees, shrubs, or other non-target
plants.
Rate:
6 to 30 lbs/A (80 DF)
Time:
Apply as a preemergence spray in the fall several weeks prior to
freezing or shortly after spring thaw.
213
Herbicide
Remarks:
For control of undesirable vegetation in noncrop areas such as railroads, highways, pipeline and utility rights-of-way, petroleum tank
farms, lumber yards, storage areas and industrial plant sites. Rainfall
is necessary following application for effective weed control. Use
higher rate where deep-rooted, hard-to-kill perennial weeds are dominant. Reduced rates may be used for re-treatment as needed. Also
approved as a weed control barrier under asphalt and concrete pavement.
Caution:
This material has a long soil residual. Do not use in areas where the
roots of desirable vegetation may extend. Do not treat frozen or
saturated soils, or soils that are non-receptive to percolation. Do not
use in recreational areas or around homes.
Additional formulations of diuron + bromacil are labeled for noncrop uses, including
DiBro. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from
those stated above.
Landmark (75 DF)
sulfometuron + chlorsulfuron
Lorox (50 DF)
linuron
Rate:
4.5 to 9 oz/A (75 DF)
Time:
Both preemergence and postemergence activity. For best results
apply at or before the early stages of weed growth, before weeds
develop an established root system
Remarks:
For general weed control in terrestrial noncrop sites and for selective
weed control in certain types of unimproved turf grasses on these
same sites. Moisture is required to move product into the root zone
of weeds for preemergence control. May be applied on noncrop sites
that contain areas of temporary surface water caused by management
activities. It is permissible to treat marshes, swamps and seasonally
dry flood deltas after water has receded. Also approved for use under
asphalt and concrete pavement.
Caution:
Do not apply more than 6 oz ai/A of sulfometuron or 2.25 oz ai/A of
chlorsulfuron per year. Do not apply when soil is frozen. Do not use
on irrigation ditches or canals.
Rate:
2 to 6 lbs/A (50 DF)
Time:
Apply shortly before weed growth begins or at early seedling stage
of growth. For best results apply when daily temperatures exceed 70º
F and before weed growth exceeds 8 inches in height.
Remarks:
For short-term nonselective control of annual weeds on noncrop areas such as roadsides and fence rows. Does not control perennial
weeds. Add 2 qts of surfactant per 100 gallons of spray mixture for
control of established annual weeds.
Caution:
Do not exceed 6 lbs/A per year.
214
Herbicide
MCPA (4 L, 4 EC, 6 L)
(numerous brands)
Rate:
3 qts/A (4 EC)
Time:
Apply when annual weeds are young and growing vigorously. Apply when perennial weeds are growing rapidly (generally near the bud
stage). Repeated applications may be necessary.
Remarks:
For selective weeds in noncrop areas such as roadsides, fence rows,
rights-of-way, and similar sites. Controls many annual, biennial, and
perennial broadleaf weeds.
Caution:
Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from treated areas.
Do not contaminate water used for irrigation or domestic purposes.
Other formulations of MCPA are labeled for use on noncrop sites including Dagger,
Rhomene, Rhonox, and Wildcard. Application rates, timing, and other label instructions
for these and other labeled products may differ from those stated above.
Milestone (2 L)
aminopyralid
Oust XP (75 DF)
Spyder (75 DF)
sulfometuron
Rate:
3 to 7 oz/A (2 L)
Time:
Postemergence. Most weeds should be treated when actively growing and under conditions favorable for growth. Also provides
preemergence control of germinating seeds and seedlings emerging
following application.
Remarks:
For control of susceptible broadleaf weeds, including invasive and
noxious weeds, on noncropland areas (such as roadsides), nonirrigation ditch banks, natural areas (such as wildlife habitats, recreation
areas, wildlife openings, wildlife habitats, recreation areas, campgrounds, trailheads and trails), and grazed areas in and around these
sites. May be applied as an aerial or ground broadcast treatment or as
a spot application. The addition of a high-quality nonionic surfactant
at 0.25 to 0.5% volume per volume (1 to 2 quarts per 100 gallons of
spray solution) is recommended to enhance herbicide activity under
adverse envrionmental conditions (such as high temperature, low
relative humidity, drought, dusty plant surfaces) or when weeds are
heavily pubescent or more mature.
Caution:
Avoid mowing, burning, or soil distrubance in treated areas for at
least 7 days following application. Do not aerially apply within 50 feet
of a downwind border of any field containing any broadleaf crop. Do
not use this product on areas where loss of broadleaf plants, including legumes, cannot be tolerated. Do not contaminate water intended
for irrigation or domestic purposes. Do not treat inside banks or bottoms of dry irrigation ditches or other channels used for irrigation or
domestic purposes.
Rate:
1.33 to 8 oz/A (75 DF)
Time:
Apply preemergence or early postemergence to weeds.
Remarks:
For general weed control on private, public, and military lands. Approved noncrop sites include airports, highways, railroad and utility
rights-of-way, sewage disposal areas, farm yards, fuel storage areas,
fence rows, soil bank land, barrier strips, lumber yards, pipelines, and
215
Herbicide
tank farms. Controls many annual broadleaf weeds, some grasses,
and certain perennial broadleaves. Rates depend on weed species
and the duration of intended weed control. A low rate (1 oz ai/A),
without surfactant, may be used to selectively control downy brome
and foxtail while releasing crested wheatgrass or smooth brome.
Approved for use under asphalt and concrete pavement.
Caution:
Not approved for use on recreation areas or for direct application to
paved areas (surface). Do not apply during periods of intense rainfall
or to soils saturated with water. Spray preparations may degrade in
acid spray solutions (less than 7.0 pH) if not used within 48 hours.
Oust Extra, a combination of sulfometuron plus metsulfuron, is also labeled for noncrop
sites.
Outrider (75 WDG)
sulfosulfuron
Overdrive (70 DF)
diflufenzoypyr + dicamba
Rate:
0.75 to 2 oz/A (75 WDG)
Time:
Apply preemergence or postemergence. Best results are obtained
when weeds are actively growing and are not disturbed by mowing or
other factors for 14 days prior to or 14 days after application.
Remarks:
For control of certain annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf
weeds in noncrop sites including roadsides, utility rights-of-way, airports, ditch banks, fence rows, industrial sites, lumber yards, manufacturing sites, petroleum tank farms and pumping installations, railroads, storage areas, utility substations, and warehouse areas. Also
approved for over-the-top application to some unimproved turfgrass
and native grass areas. Addition of a nonionic surfactant is required
for postemergence applications.
Caution:
Do not apply to areas where surface water is present. The combined
total of all applications of this product must not exceed 2.66 oz/A per
year. Tank mixes with other broadleaf herbicides formulated as amines
will decrease the effectiveness of this product. Do not allow this
product to contact roots or foliage of desirable plants.
Rate:
4 to 8 oz/A (70 DF)
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds.
Remarks:
For selective postemergence control of broadleaf weeds in
noncropland sites, including railroad, utility, pipeline, and highway
rights-of-way; railroad crossings; utility plant sites; petroleum tank
farms; pumping installations; nonagricultural fencerows; and airports.
Symptoms will typically appear within hours, and control should take
place in 3 to 7 days. Use 1 qt. of nonionic surfactant or 1.5 to 2 pt. of
methylated seed oil in each 100 gal. of spray solution. Overdrive is
normally rainfast 4 hours after application. Grass treated with Overdrive may be grazed or harvested for livestock feed immediately after
application.
216
Herbicide
Caution:
Do not apply aerially. Do not apply more than 10 oz/A per year. Do not
apply under conditions which favor runoff. D onot mix or apply within
50 feet of wells. Overdrive may injure bentgrass, buffalograss, St.
Augustine, and velvetgrass; and will severely injure legumes.
Distint is a semilar product labeled for use on agricultural fencelines.
Paramount (75 DF)
quinclorac
Payload (51 WDG)
SureGuard
flumioxazin
Pendulum (3.3 EC)
pendimethalin
Rate:
5.3 to 16 oz/A (75 DF)
Time:
Postemergence. Apply to most annual broadleaf weeds when small.
See label for additional timing instructions.
Remarks:
For control or suppression of certain annual grasses as well as annual
and perennial broadleaf weeds in noncrop sites such as fence lines,
roadsides, highway medians, utilities, railroad and pipeline rights-ofway. Paramount is taken up by the foliage and plant root system.
Adequate moisture or light rain is needed for activation. Visual symptoms may take 3 weeks to appear while control takes 3-6 months after
application. The use of a spray additive is required.
Caution:
Avoid spray drift to sensitive crops. Do not apply more than 16 oz/A
per calendar year. Do not apply to irrigation ditches or to areas where
surface water is present. Do not allow livestock to graze treated
areas.
Rate:
8 to 12 oz/A (51 WDG)
Time:
Make preemergence applications to soil prior to weed emergence, or
apply postemergence to weeds that are less than 2 inches in height.
Postemergence applications are most effective under sunny conditions at temperatures above 65º F.
Remarks:
A nonselective herbicide to maintain bare-ground noncrop areas such
as guard rails, pipelines, railroad beds, parking and storage areas,
plant sites, substations, pumping stations, tank farms, airports, industrial plant sites, lumber yards, military installations, around farm
buildings, fence rows, road surfaces, and gravel shoulders. Moisture
is necessary for activation of preemergence applications. Always
add 0.25 % v/v of nonionic surfactant or 1 qt/A of crop oil concentrate
for postemergence applications.
Caution:
Do not graze treated areas or feed treated forage or hay to livestock.
Do not apply more than 24 oz/A per year. Do not mechanically incorporate into soil after application.
Rate:
2.4 to 4.8 pts/A (3.3 EC)
Time:
Prior to emergence of weeds.
Remarks:
For control of most annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in
noncrop sites such as railroad, utility, highway, and pipeline rights-
217
Herbicide
of-way, fence rows, shelterbelts, and paved or gravel surfaces. It is
also approved for use under asphalt or concrete pavement. Performance is improved if application is followed within 30 days by at least
0.5 inches of rainfall or sprinkler irrigation.
Caution:
Avoid contact with driveways, stone, wood, or other porous surfaces
to prevent staining.
At least three additional formulations of Pendulum are labeled for noncrop uses. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from those stated
above.
Pennant (7.62 EC)
metolachlor
Plateau (2 SC)
imazapic
Poast (1 EC)
Vantage (1 EC)
sethoxydim
Rate:
1.3 to 2.6 pts/A (7.62 EC)
Time:
Apply before weeds emerge or after existing weeds have been removed.
Remarks:
For control of many annual grasses and certain annual broadleaf
weeds on noncrop sites such as airports and roadsides. A second
application may be needed to provide longer weed control.
Caution:
Do not apply to impervious substrates such as paved or highly compacted surfaces. Do not exceed a total of 4.2 pts/A per year.
Rate:
4 to 12 oz/A (2 SC)
Time:
May be applied either preemergence or postemergence to weeds.
However, postemergence is the method of choice in most situations,
particularly for perennial species. Weeds should be growing vigorously at the time of postemergence application.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds and
vine species on noncrop sites such as railroad, utility, pipeline and
highway rights-of-way, railroad crossings, utility plant sites, petroleum tank farms, pumping installations, non-agricultural fence rows,
storage areas nonirrigation ditchbanks, airports, and other similar
areas. Include a spray adjuvant with all postemergence applications.
Also approved for foliar and seedhead suppression of certain coolseason grasses, including crested and intermediate wheatgrass.
Caution:
Do not cut treated area for hay within 7 days after treatment.
Rate:
1 to 2.5 pts/A (1 EC)
Time:
Apply postemergence when grasses are at growth stage listed on
label.
Remarks:
For use in noncrop areas including rights-of-way, roadsides and other
paved areas, along fences and hedgerows, public buildings, recreation areas, industrial sites, storage yards, airports, electric transformer stations, pipeline pumping stations, and sewage disposal areas to control or suppress annual and some perennial grasses. Does
not control sedges or broadleaf weeds. Always add methylated seed
oil or crop oil concentrate.
218
Herbicide
Pramitol 25E (2 L)
prometon
Predict (80 DF)
Solicam (80 DF)
norflurazon
Caution:
Do not use when conditions favor drift or when wind speed is greater
than 10 mph. Treated vegetation may not be grazed or used as feed
for livestock.
Rate:
5 to 10 gal/A
Time:
Apply at weed emergence or within 2 to 3 months after spring growth
begins.
Remarks:
For total vegetation control on industrial sites, noncrop areas aroundthe-farm, and for use in and under asphalt. Prometon has both foliar
and root action. This material is an effective broad-spectrum herbicide, even on organic and alkaline soils.
Caution:
Do not use any herbicide containing prometon within residential areas or where roots of desirable plants might extend into treated soil.
Rate:
2.5 to 5 lbs/A (80 DF)
Time:
Apply to soil surface before weeds germinate.
Remarks:
For nonselective preemergence control of non-woody vegetation on
industrial sites, rights-of-way, wasteland, and other noncrop sites.
Controls most annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, and provides
control or suppressson of many perennials. Higher rates within the
range should be used for finer-textures soils and where longer residual is desired. Existing weeds should be mechanically removed or
controlled with a suitable postemergence herbicide before applying
norflurazon. Chemical must be incorporated by precipitation or sprinkler irrigation within 4 weeks after application for best control. Tank
mix combinations may be desired for broader spectrum weed control.
Caution:
Do not apply to erodible soils that may wash into the root zone of
sensitive plants.
Solicam is another formulation of norflurazon labeled for use in noncrop areas, but is
limited to farmstead sites such as ungrazed fence lines, equipment lots, ditchbanks
above the high water line, driveways, on-farm roads, and other on-farm noncrop areas.
QuickSilver (1.9 EC)
carfentrazone
Rate:
0.25 to 2 oz/A (1.9 EC)
Time:
Apply to actively growing weeds.
Remarks:
For control of many annual, biennial, and perennial broadleaf weeds
on rights-of-way, utility and industrial areas, and fence rows. Specific
sites include roadways, rest areas, utility, railroad, highway, pipeline,
and rights-of-way that run through pasture and rangeland, utility
facilities such as substations, pipelines, tank farms, pumping stations, parking and storage areas, railroads, highway medians, and
bridge abutments. Use a nonionic surfactant or a crop oil concentrate
as a spray adjuvant.
Caution:Do not apply more than 10 oz/A per season in rights-of-way.
219
Herbicide
Reward L&A (2 L)
diquat
Ronstar (50 WSP)
oxadiazon
Roundup Pro (4 SC)
glyphosate
Rate:
1 to 2 pts/A (2 L)
Time:
Apply when weeds are young and succulent.
Remarks:
For fast burndown or control of weeds in industrial sites such as
rights-of-way, railroad beds/yards, highways, roads, dividers and medians, parking lots, pipelines, pumping stations, public utility lines,
transformer stations and substations, electric utilities, storage yards,
and other similar noncrop areas. Diquat is a contact herbicide that
controls only the foliage of emerged weeds. Repeated treatments are
necessary for continued suppression of perennials. Use 1 to 2 pints
of a nonionic surfactant per 100 gallons of water. Use enough water to
obtain thorough coverage of weeds.
Caution:
Avoid contact with the foliage of ornamentals or desired plants. Do
not graze livestock on treated forage.
Rate:
4 to 8 water-soluble packets per acre. (One water-soluble packet
contains 1 pound of product.)
Time:
Apply prior to weed germination.
Remarks:
For selective preemergence control of annual grasses and broadleaf
weeds in landscape plantings on roadsides and other commercial and
industrial noncrop sites.
Caution:
The entire content of the water-soluble bag must be used. Do not
allow domestic animals to graze treated areas. Avoid contamination
of water intended for irrigation or domestic purposes.
Rate:
1 to 5 qts/A (4 SC)
Time:
Apply to foliage of actively growing weeds and grasses at the labelrecommended growth stage.
Remarks:
For broad-spectrum postemergence control of weed in industrial sites.
Use low rates for annual weed control, high rates for perennial weeds.
Use enough water to achieve complete coverage but not to the point
of runoff. Established perennials may require re-treatment; glyphosate
is highly translocated and has little or no soil activity. Can be used in
wick-wiper application equipment.
Caution:
Do not use glyphosate in galvanized or mild steel tanks. Avoid treatment if rainfall is expected within 6 hours.
Other formulations of Roundup, as well as numerous other brands of glyphosate are
labeled for use in noncrop sites. Examples include Accord, Aquamaster, Aqua Neat,
Credit, Foresters, Forza, Glyfos, Glyphosate, Glypro, Honcho, Ranger, Rattler, Razor,
Recoil, Rodeo, and Touchdown Application rates and other label instructions for these
products may differ from those stated above. QuikPRO is a formulation of glyphosate +
diquat labeled for noncrop use.
220
Herbicide
Sahara DG (70 DF)
diuron + imazapyr
Scythe (4.2 EC)
pelargoric acid and
related fatty acid
Select (2 EC)
clethodim
Rate:
7 to 19 lbs/A (70 DF)
Time:
May be applied preemergence or postemergence. Postemergence is
preferred, particularly for perennials.
Remarks:
For general weed control in noncrop sites such as railroads, utility,
pipeline and highway rights-of-way, utility plant sites, petroleum tank
farms, pumping installations, fence rows, farmyards and around farm
buildings, storage areas, non-irrigation ditchbanks, and other similar
area where bare ground is desired. May also be used under paved
surfaces. Provides residual control of most annual and perennial
grasses and broadleaf weed in addition to many brush and vine species. Sahara DG is to be mixed with water (and a spray adjuvant for
postemergence applications).
Caution:
Injury or death of desirable plants may result if this product is applied
where roots are present, or where they may extend into the treated
area.
Rate:
Time:
Apply to emerged weeds at least 72 hours prior to reflooding of dry
aquatic sites.
Remarks:
For nonselective control of annual weeds and suppression of perennial herbaceous weeds in noncrop areas. Apply in water as a broadcast spray in 70 to 200 gallons of spray solution per acre. Continuous
agitation is required. A defoaming agent may be added to prevent
excessive foaming. Thorough spray coverage is required for best
results. Repeated applications may be required for control of perennial weeds.
Caution:
Do not allow spray to come in contact with the foliage of desirable
plants. Do not apply through any type of irrigation system. Do not
apply by aircraft.
Rate:
6 to 16 oz/A (2 EC)
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing grasses at recommended
weed heights.
Remarks:
For control of annual and perennial grasses on rights-of-way including railroads, highways, roads, dividers, medians, pipelines, public
utility lines, pumping stations, transformer stations and substations,
around airports, electric utilities, commercial buildings, manufacturing plants, storage yards, rail yards, fence lines, and parkways Always use a crop oil concentrate at 1 % v/v or 1 qt of nonionic surfactant per 100 gal in the finished spray volume.
Caution:
Most effective if applied when average nighttime temperatures are
consistently greater than or equal to 47º F. Do not mow area for 2
weeks after application. Do not use flood nozzles. Do not graze treated
areas or feed treated forage to livestock.
221
Herbicide
Additional formulations of clethodim are labeled for noncrop uses, including Arrow and
Prism. Application rates and other label instructions for these products may differ from
those stated above.
Snapshot TG (2.5 G)
trifluralin + isoxaben
Spike (80 W)
Spike (20 P)
tebuthiuron
Telar (75 DF)
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
100 to 200 lbs/A (2.5 G)
Time:
Apply prior to germination of target weeds in late summer to early fall
or in early spring. Areas to be treated should be free of established
weeds or existing weeds should be controlled by postemergence herbicides.
Remarks:
A preemergence herbicide for control of certain broadleaf weeds and
annual grasses in noncrop areas such as industrial sites, utility substations, highway guardrails, sign posts, and delineators. Does not
control established weeds or woody species. Activate with 0.5 inch
of water or shallow cultivation within 3 days after application, but
before weeds begin to emerge.
Caution:
This product is toxic to fish. Do not apply directly to water or wetlands. Drift or runoff from treated areas may be hazardous to neighboring aquatic sites. Do not apply more than 600 lbs of product per
acre within a 12 month period.
Rate:
1 to 5 lbs/A (80 W)
Time:
Apply prior to or just after emergence of weeds. In areas of low
rainfall (less than 15 inches per year) apply prior to the time of year
when the predominant portion of that rainfall occurs.
Remarks:
For control of grass and broadleaf weeds and woody plant species in
noncrop areas such as utility, railroads, and pipeline rights-of-way,
fence rows, airport runways, utility substations, road shoulders where
no vegetation is desired, and under asphalt and concrete pavement.
For control of wood species apply broadcast or to individual plants,
or as a series of parallel bands to the soil surface. Spacing between
bands should range between 4 and 10 feet, depending on the woody
species to be controlled.
Caution:
Do not use in any areas where desirable species are in the vicinity of
the plants to be controlled. Spike will kill trees, shrubs, and other
forms of desirable vegetation when roots extend into the treated area.
Do not apply where surface water is present. Do not use where water
table is predominately shallow (5 feet or less). Do not apply when
ground is frozen or saturated with moisture. Do not use under asphalt or concrete pavement where future landscaping is planned.
Rate:
0.25 to 3 oz/A (75 DF)
Time:
Apply preemergence or early postemergence to weeds when ground
is not frozen. For best results, apply postemergence to young, actively growing weeds.
222
Herbicide
Tordon 22K (2 L)
picloram
Remarks:
For control of many annual, biennial, and perennial broadleaf weeds
on noncrop industrial sites such as airports, military installations,
fence rows, roadsides and associated rights-of-way, pumping installations, railroads, storage areas, and other similar areas including governmental and private lands. Also approved for unimproved industrial turf on roadsides and other noncrop sites. For postemergence
applications, a nonionic surfactant should be added at the rate of 1
quart per 100 gal of spray to improve activity. Degree of control and
duration of effect will vary with the amount of chemical applied, soil
texture, soil pH, soil organic matter, weed size, rainfall, and other conditions.
Caution:
Do not use on lawns, driveways, or similar areas. Do not apply in or
on irrigation ditches or canals, including their outer banks.
Rate:
1 pt to 2 qts/A (2 L)
Time:
Apply to foliage of actively growing weeds and brush.
Remarks:
For control of susceptible broadleaf weeds and woody plants on
noncrop areas such as roadsides or other rights-of-way, fence rows,
and around farm buildings. Approved for application rates up to 4
qts/A for control of juniper. Picloram has soil-residual activity.
Caution:
RESTRICTED-USE. Follow all restrictions and precautions as given
on the label. Apply only as a spot treatment for rates exceeding 2 qts/
A.
Tordon K is another herbicide formulation containing picloram as the single active
ingredient. Pathway, Tordon 101 and Tordon RTU are formulations containing picloram
plus 2,4-D. Application rates and other label instructions for these or other products
containing picloram can be expected to differ from those stated above.
Transline (3 EC)
clopyralid
Rate:
0.25 to 1.33 pts/A (3 EC)
Time:
Apply low rate when weeds are 1 to 3 inches tall and actively growing. Apply intermediate or high rates when weeds are 3 to 6 inches
tall, or under dry conditions.
Remarks:
For selective postemergence control of broadleaf weeds in noncrop
areas including equipment pathways, industrial manufacturing and
storage sites, road, electrical and railroad rights-of-way, fence rows,
around farm buildings, and equipment pathways. May be applied to
grazed areas and wildlife openings. To improve spectrum of activity
or to increase activity against taller weeds, tank mix with 2,4-D.
Caution:
Do not contaminate irrigation ditches or water used for irrigation or
domestic purposes. Unsatisfactory control may result if application
is made when brush or weeds are under severe drought stress or
other adverse conditions that inhibit plant growth.
223
Herbicide
Triamine (2.5 SC)
2,4-D + MCPP + 2,4-DP
Rate:
0.33 to 1.5 gal/A (2.5 SC)
Time:
Apply anytime between the time when plants come into full leaf (spring)
to when the plants begin to go dormant. Best results are obtained
when weeds are young and actively growing.
Remarks:
For control of broadleaf weeds and unwanted woody plants on roadsides (including aprons and guardrails) and other similar noncrop
areas. Do not cut weeds until herbicide has translocated throughout
the plant and caused root death. All leaves, stems, and suckers must
be completely wet to the ground line for effective control of woody
plants.
Caution:
Do not apply to areas where surface water is present.
Several other herbicide formulations containing 2-way, 3-way, or 4-way mixtures of the
phenoxy or growth-regulator type active ingredients 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, MCPP, MCPA,
dicamba, and/or triclopyr are labeled for use on noncrop sites. Examples include Cool
Power, Patron 170, Triplet, Tri-Power. Application rates, timing, and other label instructions for these and other labeled products may differ from those stated above.
2,4-D (4 L, 4 EC, 6 EC)
(numerous brands)
Rate:
1 pt to 15 qts/A (4 EC)
Time:
Apply when annual weeds are young and growing vigorously. Apply when perennial weeds are growing rapidly (generally near the bud
stage). Repeated applications may be necessary.
Remarks:
For selective weeds in noncrop areas such as airfields, roadsides,
vacant lots, fence rows, industrial sites, rights-of-way, and similar
areas. Controls many annual, biennial, and perennial broadleaf weeds
and woody species.
Caution:
Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from treated areas.
Do not contaminate water used for irrigation or domestic purposes.
Numerous formulations of 2,4-D are labeled for use on noncrop sites including Barrage
HF, DMA 4, Esteron 99, Formula 40, Hardball, Opti-Amine, Turret, Weedar, and Weedone.
Application rates, timing, and other label instructions for these and other labeled products may differ from those stated above.
Velpar L (2 SC)
hexazinone
Rate:
1 to 4 gal/A (2 SC)
Time:
Apply as a preemergence or postemergence spray when weeds are
actively germinating or growing.
Remarks:
For control of many annual, biennial, and perennial weeds in noncrop
sites such as railroads, highways, utility and pipeline rights-of-way,
petroleum tank farms, storage areas, industrial plant sites, and other
similar areas. Also approved for control of some woody species by
stem injection or by directing a thin stream of undiluted product to
the soil within 3 inches of the root collar.
224
Herbicide
Caution:
Injury or death of desirable trees and other plants may result if applied on areas where their roots may extend. Do not apply to frozen
soil.
Oustar is a combination of hexazinone and sulfometuron labeled for certain noncrop
uses.
Vista (1.5 EC)
Starane
fluroxypyr
Rate:
0.67 to 2.67 pts/A (1.5 EC)
Time:
Apply when weeds are small and actively growing, but before weeds
are 8 inches tall.
Remarks:
Vista is labeled for postemergence control of annual and perennial
broadleaf weeds and woody brush in noncrop areas including industrial sites, non-irrigation ditch banks, and rights-of-way such as for
electrical power lines, communication lines and pipelines, roadsides
and railroads including grazed areas within these sites. Starane is
labeled for control of broadleaf weeds in on-farm noncrop areas such
as fence rows, building perimeters, around irrigation equipment and
on-farm private roadways. Reduced activity will occur when temperatures are below 45 or above 85º F.
Caution:
Do not harvest treated forage for hay within 7 days after application.
Do not apply more than 2.67 pts/A of Vista per year.
Several other herbicides containing fluroxypyr are labeled for noncrop weed control,
including Escalade (2,4-D + dicamba + fluroxypyr), PastureGard (triclopyr + fluroxypyr),
Starane + Esteron, Starane + MCPA, Starane + Salvo, and Starane + Sword. Application
rates and other label instructions for these or other products containing fluroxypyr will
be different from those stated above.
Weedmaster (4 SC)
dicamba + 2,4-D
Westar (75 DG)
hexazinone + sulfometuron
Rate:
0.5 to 6 pts/A (4 SC)
Time:
Apply postemergence to actively growing weeds at growth stages
specified on the label.
Remarks:
For general noncrop farmstead weed control (including fence rows)
and state-recognized noncrop noxious weed areas. Controls many
annual, biennial, and perennial herbaceous weeds as well as undesirable brush species. Also approved for frill-cut, girdle, and stump
treatments. May be applied using water or diesel oil and water emulsions for control of woody species.
Caution:
Rates above 4 pts/A are for spot treatments only. Do not exceed a
total of 8 pts/A per year.
Rate:
2 to 4 lbs/A (75 DG)
Time:
Apply preemergence or early postemergence to herbaceous weeds.
Remarks:
For control or suppression of many annual and perennial weeds in
noncrop sites such as airport, highway, railroad and utility rights-ofway, farm yards, fuel storage areas, fence rows, industrial sites, lumberyards, pipelines, and tank farms.
225
Herbicide
XL (2 G)
oryzalin + benefin
Caution:
Not labeled for use on recreation areas or for direct application to
paved surfaces. Do not mix with Hyvar XL herbicide. Do not apply in
or on irrigation ditches
Rate:
200 to 600 lbs/A (2 G)
Time:
Apply prior to germination of target weeds, or immediately after cultivation.
Remarks:
For selective premergence control of certain annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in unimproved or landscaped noncrop sites including
industrial sites, utility substations, highway guardrails, sign posts,
and delineators. Areas to be treated should be free of established
weeds, or existing weeds should be controlled with postemergence
herbicides. Activation by at least 1/2 inch of rainfall within 21 days
after application is required for best results.
Caution:
Do not apply more than 1200 lbs/A per year.
226
CONTROL OF PROBLEM WEEDS AND POISONOUS PLANTS
IN RANGE AND PASTURE
This section provides herbicide recommendations for many plants that are typically very difficult to control in
range and pasture. The majority of the plants listed here are plants that were introduced from other parts of the
world such as Europe or Asia. A few plants in this section are natives, such as the larkspurs, skeletonleaf bursage,
and curlycup gumweed. The reason we have included control recommendations for these and a few other
natives is because in certain situations, they may cause serious problems for agricultural production and livestock
or human health. We do not advocate or recommend attempting eradication of any native plants. However, it is
clear that they may cause problems great enough to warrant providing control recommendations for them.
The problem weeds and poisonous plants in this section are not limited to Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. Most are
found and may be troublesome in many areas of the Western United States. However, the herbicide recommendations provided here are only in accordance with the labels as specified for Montana, Utah, and Wyoming.
The primary reason these weeds are listed is because they are difficult to control. It is important to understand
that there are no herbicides that are silver bullets for weed control. Very rarely will one application of any
herbicide result in the eradication of a problem weed. There are several herbicides that may provide season long
weed control. Some may provide effective residual weed control for a few years. This is highly beneficial, but
may lead to the false conclusion that eradication has been achieved. Generally, many perennial weeds will
recover after a few years from deep rootstocks that were never killed, but only held in check by herbicide
treatment. Given the financial commitment required for herbicide use, it is important that land managers understand this.
Knowing the life cycle of the problem weed is important in maximizing the effectiveness of chemical control.
Winter annuals, such as cheatgrass and many mustards, emerge in the fall or early spring while summer annuals
such as kochia or buffalobur may emerge from late spring through the summer. For annual weeds, postemergent
herbicides are almost always most effective on newly emerged seedlings that are very small and less effective on
larger mature plants. Preemergent herbicides must be applied before the weeds emerge to be effective. Applying
a herbicide to annuals following seed production is a waste of resources unless it is required for burn down of
green material prior to harvesting operations. Established perennial weeds emerge from rootstocks in the spring
and early summer before bolting, forming flowers, and producing seed. Many perennials will often produce new
shoots in the late summer or fall, which will not flower, but may be important for producing and transporting
energy storage products to the roots. Generally, there are two key timings for perennial weed control. The first
timing is after the majority of new shoots have emerged in the spring but before the plants begin to flower. This
period generally coincides with when the plants have the lowest energy root reserves and allocation into root
growth is high. The second timing is in the fall when new shoots emerge, which is called fall regrowth, and
allocation to the roots is high.
The following recommendations provide a starting reference for individuals looking for herbicide options for
many difficult to control weeds. The information provided here is not a complete summary of all pertinent label
information. ALWAYS read the label prior to using any herbicide. We have provided several links to online labels
so that the reader may access labels before purchasing the product.
Edited by:
Dr. Stephen F. Enloe
Department of Plant Sciences
Laramie, WY 82071
307-766-3113
[email protected]
227
PROBLEM WEEDS, POISONOUS PLANTS
Herbicide
Arrowgrass, seaside (Triglochin maritima)
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
0.5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when arrowgrass is fully emerged in the spring up to
late summer when seeds are developing. Do not graze treated
forage until the arrowgrass is dead.
Bindweed, field (Convolvulus arvensis)
Banvel or Clarity
dicamba
Rate:
1-2 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
2,4-D amine, many trade names
2,4-D
Rate:
Apply during the fallow period prior to planting when weeds
are actively growing. This treatment is for suppression of
field bindweed only.
2-3 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Weedmaster
dicamba + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply at the bud stage to actively growing bindweed or as
a post wheat harvest summer fallow treatment in August.
This treatment is for bindweed suppression. Repeated annual treatments may reduce but will not eliminate bindweed
stands.
4-6 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply when bindweed has reached or is beyond full bloom
if plants are not drought stressed.
0.5-1.0 pt product /A tank mixed with 1 quart 2,4-D (4EC)/A
1-2 qt product/A as a spot treatment
Timing and Remarks:
Paramount
quinclorac
Rate:
Timing is not critical, but most consistent results when bindweed runners are 8-12 inches.
Timing and Remarks:
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
Apply in fall before the first killing frost. Prior to application,
allow 30 days for regrowth following tillage.
8-12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Roundup and several
other trade names
glyphosate
Rate:
Apply after 25% bloom and up to the first killing frost. Always use 1 qt MSO/A.
4-5 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply at full bloom to early seed stage or to fall regrowth
before a killing frost. Control may be improved if treatment
is followed by tillage 2-3 weeks following treatment.
228
PROBLEM WEEDS, POISONOUS PLANTS - continued
Herbicide
Landmaster BW
glyphosate + 2,4-D
Rate:
54 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply during fallow period or post-harvest when bindweed
regrowth is at least 10 inches long.
Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants from the rosette to the
bloom stage. Larger rosettes may require the higher rate for
effective control.
1-2 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to plants from the rosette to the bolting stage. Tank
mix low rate of Tordon with 2,4-D (1 qt product/A).
Brackenfern, Western (Pteridium aquilinum)
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
2 qt product/A (spot treatment only)
Timing and Remarks:
Roundup, several other
trade names
glyphosate
Rate:
Clarity, Banvel
dicamba
Rate:
Apply in the spring when fronds are actively growing
1.0-1.5% v/v using hand held spray equipment
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when fronds are at least 18 inches long. Good foliar
coverage is essential for effective control.
1-2 gal product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply in late winter before frond emergence.
Burdock, common (Arctium minus)
2,4-D (many trade names,
formula- ester or amine forms)
2,4-D
Rate:
2 qt product/A of the 4EC formulation or 2.7 pt/A of the 6 EC
tion
Timing and Remarks:
Banvel or Clarity
dicamba
Rate:
Apply from the rosette through bolting stages but before
flower bud development.
0.5-1.0 pt product/A for rosettes less than 3 inches
1-2 pt product/A for larger rosettes
2-3 pt product/A for bolting plants
Timing and Remarks:
Milestone
aminopyralid
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants from rosette through bolting stages.
4-6 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply from the late rosette to the late bolting stage.
229
Herbicide
Remedy
triclopyr
Rate:
1-1.5 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Redeem R&P
clopyralid + triclopyr
Rate:
Apply in late spring or early summer when leaves are fully
developed.
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing plants.
Bursage, skeletonleaf (Franseria discolor)
2,4-D (many trade names,
amine or ester forms)
2,4-D
Rate:
1.5-2.0 qt product/A of the 4EC formulation or 2.0-2.7 pt/A of the 6
EC formulation.
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Treat after shallow cultivation, when regrowth is 4-6 inches.
Without cultivation, treat in spring and again to regrowth in
fall. This is a native plant that becomes weedy in turf and
some cropping situations. The name has been changed from
Ambrosia tormentosa to Franseria discolor.
2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Cactus, pricklypear (Opuntia polyacantha)
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Grazon P&D
picloram + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply at the bloom stage for optimal control. Dense prickly
pear may be an indication of range overuse. Treated plants
die very slowly. Two to three years may be required for complete kill.
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply at the bloom stage for optimal control.
Cattail, common (Typha latifolia and closely related species.)
Habitat
imazapyr
Rate:
2-4 pt product/A or a 1% v/v solution spot treatment
Timing and Remarks:
Rodeo
glyphosate
Rate:
Apply to actively growing, green cattail foliage after full leaf
elongation. This product is toxic to vascular plants and
should be used strictly in accordance to the label. Consult
the label for application restrictions in and around water.
4.5-6.0 pt product/A or a 0.75% v/v solution for spot treatment.
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing cattails when they are at or beyond the early to full bloom growth stage. Allow 7 days or
more before mowing or tillage of treated areas.
230
Herbicide
Crazyweed, silky and lambert crazyweed (Oxytropis sericea and O. lambertii)
Transline
clopyralid
Rate:
6 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Curtail
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply from the rosette to the bloom stage. To prevent livestock poisoning, avoid grazing until the plants are completely
dead.
1.5 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Clarity + 2,4-D
dicamba + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply from the rosette to the bloom stage. To preventlivestock poisoning, avoid grazing until the plants are completely
dead.
1 pt product/A + 1 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
Apply from the rosette to the early bloom stage. To prevent
livestock poisoning, avoid grazing until the plants are completely dead.
0.5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
dead.
1 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Grazon P&D
picloram + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply from early bud to early bloom stage.
3-4 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Redeem R&P
Rate:
dead.
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing weeds. To prevent livestock poisoning, avoid grazing until the plants are completely dead.
Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica)
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply in late fall to green basal regrowth. Earlier applications may provide poor or inconsistent control. Apply with 1
qt MSO/A.
1-2 qt product/A
231
Herbicide
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing toadflax through full bloom or to
fall regrowth. Fall applications with lower rates are especially effective when they are made shortly after the first
killing frost.
Dock, curly (Rumex crispus)
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
Apply when dock is actively growing. Apply with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25%v/v.
Timing and Remarks:
Roundup or Rodeo
glyphosate
Rate:
Apply to actively growing dock. Apply with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25%v/v.
3-5 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Milestone
aminopyralid
Rate:
Apply to the early bud stage. Use Rodeo if dock is growing
along waterways.
4-6 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Curtail
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply from the late rosette to late bolting stages.
2-4 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply before flowering.
1-2 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Butyrac 200
2,4-DB amine or ester
Rate:
Apply to actively growing dock.
1-3 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to dock rosettes before bolting. Retreatment will likely
be necessary.
Dodder, field (Cuscuta campestris)
Prowl
pendimethalin
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Kerb
pronamide
Rate:
Apply to dormant, established alfalfa grown for seed in late
winter or early spring before dodder emergence. This product is labeled for seed production alfalfa only. See supplemental label for additional restrictions.
2-4 lb product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply in the spring before dodder germination. This product is for alfalfa grown for seed in Utah only. It requires
incorporation with rainfall or irrigation before dodder germination. See supplemental label for incorporation timing.
232
Herbicide
Treflan
trifluralin
Rate:
Liquid formulations: 1.5-2 pt product/A
Granular formulations: 20 lb product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Dacthal
DCPA
Rate:
Apply liquid or granular formulations only to established,
dormant alfalfa grown for seed. Incorporation is required for
this treatment to be effective. Do not apply to seedling alfalfa. Treflan TR-10 may be applied to established seed alfalfa in Utah only. See supplemental label for additional restrictions.
13.3 lb product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply in the early spring before dodder germination. Labeled only for alfalfa grown for seed. Good soil coverage is
essential for dodder control.
Downy brome also called cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)
Aatrex
atrazine
Rate:
1-2 pt product/A of the 4L formulation
0.63-1.25 lb product/A of the 80WP formulation
0.55-1.1 lb product/A of the 90 DG formulation
Timing and Remarks:
Gramoxone Extra
paraquat
Rate:
Apply in October or November after perennial grasses are
dormant but before cheatgrass has emerged. Moisture is
required to activate the atrazine, which is effective as a
preemergent treatment. Do not apply to perennial grasses
that are not dormant.
26 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
Apply when downy brome has initiated seedhead formation
but before seed set. This treatment timing allows for control
of both fall and spring germinating downy brome in rangelands. Apply with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v. Do
not apply unless some perennial grass injury can be tolerated.
2-12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Journey
glyphosate + imazapic
Rate:
Apply in fall before cheatgrass germinates. Apply with one 1
quart/A MSO if any cheatgrass has emerged. Perennial grass
tolerance varies considerably. See the label for specific grass
and forb tolerances.
10.7-32 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Roundup
glyphosate
Rate:
Apply preemergence or early postemergence in the fall.
12-16 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when downy brome has initiated seedhead formation
but before seed set. This treatment timing allows for control
of both fall and s pring germinating downy brome in range
233
Herbicide
lands. Glyphosate is a nonslelective, systemic herbicide that
may injure perennial grasses and forbs at these rates. Rates
above 20 oz/A may severly damage perennial grasses. Do
not apply unless some perennial grass injury can be tolerated.
Dyer’s woad (Isatis tinctoria)
2,4-D amine or ester
Rate:
1.5-2.0 qt product/A of the 4EC or 2.0-2.7 pt product/A of the 6 EC
Timing and Remarks:
Escort or Ally
metsulfuron
Rate:
Apply to seedlings and rosettes in the fall.
0.75 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants with a nonionic surfactant
at 0.25%v/v.
8-12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
Apply to rosettes or after bolting. Always add a surfactant.
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply pre- or early postemergence with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25%v/v.
Curlycup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa)
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
2,4-D ester
2,4-D
Rate:
Apply in the early spring when new growth and seedlings
have emerged.
2 qt product/A of the 4EC or 2.7 pint product/A of the 6EC
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
have emerged. Reduced control is likely if plants have
reached the bloom stage.
1 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Grazon P&D
tordon + 2,4-D
Rate:
have emerged.
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
have emerged.
234
Herbicide
Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
2,4-D ester
2,4-D
Rate:
Apply in the spring or early summer when seedlings have
emerged.
2 qt product/A of the 4EC or 2.7 pt product/A of the 6EC
Timing and Remarks:
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants up to the early bud stage.
Apply with a crop oil concentrate for consistent control. Do
not graze until plants are dried following treatment.
4-12 oz product/A
Tming and Remarks:
Apply preemergence to halogeton. Use 6 or more oz for
postemergence application. Always add a surfactant.
Hoary cress (whitetop) (Cardaria draba and other closely related Cardaria species)
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
Apply in the spring to actively growing plants before the
bud stage.
8-12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
Apply after full bloom and until plants become necrotic.
Always add a 1 qt MSO/A.
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
Apply from the bud to early bloom stages.
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply from the bud to early bloom stages.
Horsebrush, grey (Tetradymia canescens)
2,4-D LVE (low volatile ester)
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Apply in the spring when plants are actively growing. This
is a spot treatment only that will require retreatment to control resprouting. This is a poisonous native shrub that is
toxic to sheep. Do not graze treated areas until plants have
completely dried or for at least 2 weeks following treatment.
235
Herbicide
Horsetail, field (Equisetum arvense)
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
1.5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
MCPA ester
MCPA
Rate:
Apply in the early spring with a nonionic surfactant at
.25%v/v.
1 qt product/A of the 4EC
Timing and Remarks:
Apply after emergence but before spore heads are formed.
Use the isooctyl ester formulation for best results.
Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
Apply to actively growing rosettes before the bloom stage.
Early treatments prevent seed production of this toxic biennial. Do not graze for 2 weeks following treatment.
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants from the rosette to bolting
stages.
8-12 oz product-A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing plants from the rosette to bolting
stages. Apply with 1 qt MSO/A. Consult the label for perennial grass tolerance to Plateau.
Iris, Rocky Mountain (Iris missouriensis)
2,4-D
Rate:
2 qt product of the 4EC or 2.7 pt product of the 6EC per 100 gal water
Timing and Remarks:
Apply during the early bloom stage. High application volume treatment. Thorough coverage is needed. This is a native plant that may become weedy in heavily grazed meadows.
Knapweed, diffuse and spotted (Centaurea diffusa and Centaurea maculosa)
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
1-1.5 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Grazon P&D
picloram + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply during active growth with optimum time from rosette
to mid bolting stage or fall regrowth.
2-3 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply during active growth with optimum time from the rosette to mid bolting stage.
236
Herbicide
Overdrive
Rate:
6-8 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
2,4-D ester or amine
2,4-D
Rate:
Apply to rosettes. Larger rosettes will be slow to die.
Timing and Remarks:
Weedmaster
dicamba + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply when plants begin to bolt. This treatment will only
control emerged plants.
4-6 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Transline
clopyralid
Rate:
Apply to actively growing rosettes before the bolting stage.
Timing and Remarks:
Curtail
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply from rosette to mid bolting stage.
2-3 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Redeem R&P
Rate:
Apply from rosette to late bolt stage.
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply in the late rosette stage before bolting.
Knapweed, Russian (Acroptilon repens)
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Milestone
aminopyralid
Rate:
Apply after plants become completely brown in fall or early
winter.
4-6 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Roundup
glyphosate
Rate:
Apply during bud to flowering stage or to dormant plants in
the fall.
1 gal product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply to actively growing knapweed when most plants are
at the late bud to early flower stage. Retreatment will likely
be necessary the following year.
1-4 pt product /A
Timing and Remarks:
Transline
clopyralid
Rate:
Apply when plants are in the early flowering stage to fall.
Timing and Remarks:
237
Herbicide
Curtail
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Rate:
2-4 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Redeem R&P
Rate:
Apply from full bloom up to killing frost in the fall.
3-4 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
1.5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply prebloom to bloom or to new fall regrowth.
Larkspur, Tall (Delphinium barbeyi (L.) Huth)
Larkspur, Duncecap (Delphinium occidentale S. Wats.)
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
1.5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply in the spring when larkspur plants are in the rosette
stage.
Larkspur, geyer (Delphinium geyeri)
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
2-3 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply from late bolting to the early flower stage.
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Clarity or Banvel
dicamba
Rate:
2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply from bud to early flowering.
1-3 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
2,4-D ester
2,4-D
Rate:
Apply at any time during the growing season up to and
following first frost. Optimum times are true flower or fall.
1 qt product/A of the 4EC formulation or 1.4 pt product of the 6 EC
forrmulation to prevent seed formation.
2 qt product/A of the 4EC or 2.7 pt product/A of the 6EC for control.
Timing and Remarks:
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
Low rates are for seed suppression only. Higher rates require repeated applications in the spring and fall to be effective.
8-12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply in the late fall before leafy spurge loses its milky sap
after a killing frost.
238
Herbicide
Licorice, wild (Glycyrrhiza lepidota)
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
1 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Clarity or Banvel
dicamba
Rate:
Apply in late summer or fall following seed set when leaves
are still green.
2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Redeem R&P
Rate:
Apply when plants are flowering.
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when licorice is actively growing in the spring and
early summer.
Lupine (Lupinus spp.)
2,4-D ester
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing plants at the early bud stage. Do
not graze until plants are dead following treatment.
Milkweed, showy (Asclepias speciosa)
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Clarity or Banvel
dicamba
Rate:
Apply at the bud to early bloom stages
2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing plants until full bloom.
Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)
Milestone
aminopyralid
Rate:
4-6 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Transline
clopyralid
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants in the prebud stage.
1.33 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
1.5-2 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when all plants have emerged to late flowering.
Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium)
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when plants are actively growing but before full bloom.
239
Herbicide
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
8-12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
Apply after full bloom and until plants become necrotic.
Always add 1 qt MSO/A.
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply during the bud to early bloom stages.
Poison ivy or oak (Toxicodendron radicans or T. diversilobum)
Roundup
glyphosate
Rate:
4-5 qt product/A or a 2% v/v solution for handheld sprayers
Timing and Remarks:
Garlon 4 or Remedy
triclopyr ester
Rate:
Apply when plants are actively growing at or beyond the
bloom stage. Best results are achieved when treatments are
applied following fruit set. Late summer or fall treatments
should be made before leaves lose their green color.
3 qt product/100 gal water for spot treatment
1-2 gal product/A for broadcast treatment
Timing and Remarks:
Garlon 3A
triclopyr amine
Rate:
Apply when plants are actively growing.
3 qt product/100 gal water for spot treatment
1-3 gal product/A for broadcast treatment
Timing and Remarks:
Poverty sumpweed (Iva axillaris)
Clarity or Banvel
dicamba
Rate:
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
1 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
2,4-D
Rate:
Apply any time during the growing season when there will
be sufficient moisture to move the herbicide into the soil.
1-1.5 gal product/A of the 4 EC or 5.3-8 pt product/A of the 6EC
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when plants are actively growing at the bud stage.
Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris)
2,4-D
Rate:
2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when puncturevine has emerged but before the bloom
stage.
240
Herbicide
Plateau
imazapic
Rate:
8-12 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
Apply after cracking. Always add a surfactant.
1.5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply after puncturevine has emerged in late spring or
early summer.
Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens)
Accent
nicosulfuron
Rate:
0.67 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Roundup
glyphosate
Rate:
Apply when quackgrass is 4-10 inches tall and corn is up to
20 inches tall (free standing) or that has 6 or fewer collars
(V6). Applications of ACCENT must include either a crop oil
concentrate or a nonionic surfactant. The addition of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is recommended. Treatment may be
made in corn only.
1-2 qt product/A for new infestations, 2-3 qt product/A when quackgrass has formed a dense sod.
Timing and Remarks:
Fusilade
fluazifop
Rate:
Apply to early flowering stage or to new growth in the fall.
2-3 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing quackgrass 6-10 inches tall. Apply with 1% v/v COC or 0.25% v/v NIS. Repeat applications
will be necessary for good control. Do not apply to stressed
quackgrass as treatment effectiveness will be reduced.
Ragweed, common (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
2,4-D ester
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Milestone
aminopyralid
Rate:
Apply after ragweed has emerged but before flowering.
3-5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Redeem R&P
Rate:
Apply to young actively growing plants.
1-1.5 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when ragweed is actively growing before flowering.
Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae)
Habitat
imazapyr
Rate:
3-4 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply after plants reach the boot stage through early fall
until winter dormancy.
241
Herbicide
Rodeo
glyphosate
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Oust
sulfometuron
Rate:
Apply in fall up to first light frost.
1.33 – 2.0 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply preemergence to early postemergence (up to 6 to 12
inches tall) during the rainy season when weeds are actively
germinating or growing. To improve the control of weeds,
add surfactant at 0.25% by volume. Recommended for use
on noncrop areas only.
Russian olive (Eleagnus angustifolia)
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Habitat or Arsenal
imazapyr
Rate:
Apply when leaves are fully developed. 2-3 annual
retreatments may be necessary for complete control.
2-4 pt product/A or a 1% v/v solution for spot foliar treatments.
Timing and Remarks:
Garlon 4 or Remedy
triclopyr ester
Rate:
2-4 qt product/100 gal water for spot treatment
1-2 quarts product/A for broadcast treatment
25% v/v with basal oil as a carrier for basal bark application or cutstump applications
Timing and Remarks:
Garlon 3A
triclopyr amine
Rate:
Apply in the summer after full leaf-out for foliar applications.
Basal bark or cut-stump can be applied year round. Stump
applications should be made as soon after cutting as possible.
50% v/v with water
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to cut stumps right after cutting. Method can be used
year round.
Sagebrush, big (Artemesia tridentata)
2,4-D LVE
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Spike
tebuthiuron
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants in late spring. Timing is
critical for effective control.
1.0-2.5 lb product/A
Timing and Remarks:
May be applied any time, except winter when soil is frozen.
Use lower rates on sandy or high pH soils with low organic matter. Apply higher rates for complete control or for
thinning on high organic matter soils above 8,000 feet elevation. Treatments only become effective after sufficient rainfall has occurred to move the chemical into the root zone
242
Herbicide
where it is absorbed by the roots. Plants will go through
repeated several cycles of greenup and defoliation before
death. A single treatment is normally effective for several
years.
Sagebrush, fringed (Artemesia frigida)
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
1 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Grazon P&D
picloram + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants up to the flowering stage.
Add 1 pt/A of 2,4-D ester.
2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing plants up to the flowering stage.
Saltcedar (Tamarix spp. )
Garlon 4 or Remedy
triclopyr
Rate:
25-30% v/v with a basal oil as a low volume basal bark treatment
Timing and Remarks:
Garlon 3A
triclopyramine
Rate:
Can be applied year round. Do not spray when brk is frozen.
50% v/v with water
Timing and Remarks:
Habitat or Arsenal
imazapyr
Rate:
Apply to cut stumps immediately after cutting. Any time
during the year.
2 qt product/A + 0.25% v/v NIS
1% v/v as a foliar spot treatment
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when Saltcedar is in full bloom. Use Habitat when
making applications around water.
Scouringrush, smooth (Equisetum laevigatum)
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
1.5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
MCPA ester
MCPA
Rate:
Apply in the early spring with a nonionic surfactant at
0.25%v/v.
1 qt product/A of the 4EC
Timing and Remarks:
Apply after emergence but before spore heads are formed.
Use the isooctyl ester formulation for best results.
Snakeweed, broom (Gutierrezia sarothrae)
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
1 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Grazon P&D
picloram + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply after leaves are fully expanded until early bloom.
2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply after leaves are fully expanded until early bloom.
243
Herbicide
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
0.5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when snakeweed is young (3-4 inches tall) and actively growing.
Sowthistle, perennial (Sonchus arvensis)
2,4-D ester
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants at the bud stage or to
regrowth 8-10 inches tall.
1-1.5 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Curtail
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply after a majority of rosettes have emerged prior to bud
stage.
2-4 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Milestone
aminopyralid
Rate:
Apply after a majority of rosettes have emerged but prior to
bud stage.
3-5 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Transline
clopyralid
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants from the late rosette to
bud stage.
Timing and Remarks:
Apply after a majority of rosettes have emerged but prior to
bud stage.
St. Johnswort, common (Hypericum perforatum)
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
1-2 qt product/A for spot treatments
1-2 pt product/A + 1 qt 2,4-D (4EC)/A for broadcast treatment
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing plants before bloom.
Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta)
Milestone
aminophyralid
Rate:
4-6 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants during the prebud stage.
1 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when plants are actively growing in the spring or fall.
244
Herbicide
Swainsonpea (Sphaerophysa salsula)
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when plants are in early bloom.
Tamarix (see Saltcedar)
Tansy, common (Tanacetum vulgare)
Clarity + Tordon
dicamba + picloram
Rate:
1-2 qt Clarity/A + 1 qt Tordon/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing plants in the bud to bloom
stage.
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
1 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Thistle, Canada (Cirsium arvense)
Transline
clopyralid
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Curtail
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants after rosette emergence
but before the early bloom stage.
4-6 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Milestone
aminopyralid
Rate:
Apply to actively growing plants after rosette emergence
but before the early bloom stage.
5-7 oz product/A
Timin g and Remarks:
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Clarity
dicamba
Rate:
Apply to actively growing thistle in the bud to bloom stage.
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply to plants prebud in the early summer or to fall rosette
regrowth
Apply from the late rosette stage to the early bud stage.
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply from the late rosette stage to the early bud stage.
245
Herbicide
Roundup or Rodeo
glyphosate
Rate:
2-3 qt product/A for broadcast treatment
2% v/v for hand held equipment
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing thistles that have reached the
bud stage to bloom stages.
Thistle, musk and Scotch (Carduus nutans and Onopordum acanthium)
Transline
clopyralid
Rate:
0.66 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Overdrive
Rate:
Apply from the late rosette to the early bolting stage.
4-8 oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Curtail
clopyralid + 2,4-D
Rate:
4 oz for musk thistle rosettes, 6-8 oz after bolting. 6 oz for
scotch thistle rosettes or 8 oz after bolting.
1-2 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Milestone
aminopyralid
Rate:
Apply from the late rosette to the early bolting stage.
3-5 oz product/A
Timing and Records:
Escort
metsulfuron
Rate:
For musk thistle, apply lower rate to rosettes and early
bolting plants and higher rate to late bolting and early flowering plants.
Timing and Remarks:
Tordon
picloram
Rate:
Apply to actively growing rosettes.
10-16 fl oz product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Telar
chlorsulfuron
Rate:
Apply to actively growing rosettes - fall is optimum timing.
Add 1 pt/A or 2,4-D hen thistles are bolting in the spring.
0.5-1.0 oz product/A for musk thistle
1-3 oz product/A for Scotch thistle
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing rosettes.
Western Waterhemlock (Cicuta maculata)
2,4-D
Rate:
1-2 qt product/A of the 4EC or 1.3-2.7 pt product/A of the 6EC
Timing and Remarks:
Apply at the flower bud stage.
Willows (Salix spp.)
2,4-D
Rate:
Timing and Remarks:
Apply when leaves are fully developed and trees are actively growing. Most willows are native plants that can be
weedy in some situations.
246
Herbicide
Rodeo
glyphosate
Rate:
4.5 pt product/A broadcast or 0.75% v/v for hand-held equipment
Timing and Remarks:
Garlon 4
triclopyr ester
Rate:
Apply when willows are actively growing during the summer.
4-8 qt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Habitat
imazapyr
Rate:
Apply when willows are actively growing.
2-3 pt product/A
Timing and Remarks:
Apply to actively growing willows. Good coverage is
important.
247
Index
Symbols
2,4-D
50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 63, 64, 66, 71, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 115, 125, 126, 129, 136, 137, 138, 139,
140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 191, 195,
196, 197, 203, 224, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246
2,4-D +Tordon 22K 136
2,4-D amine 116, 117, 159, 160, 228
2,4-D amine or ester 234, 235, 240
2,4-D amine4 204
2,4-D ester 234, 235, 238, 239, 241, 244
2,4-D ester or amine 237
2,4-D LV4 204
2,4-D LVE 235, 236, 240, 242, 245, 246
2,4-DB 35, 36, 37
2,4-DB amine or ester 232
2,4-DP 224
A
Aatrex 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 233
Accent 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 62, 63, 241
Acclaim Extra 206
Acetochlor 5, 60
Achieve 136, 137, 142
Acrolein 189
Acroptilon repens 237
Admiral 184, 185, 186
Aim 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 63, 115, 116, 127, 129, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 157, 161
Aim EW 142, 157, 161
Alachlor 60, 75
Alfalfa 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 53, 54, 58, 94, 104, 105, 140, 170
Algae 181, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189
Aligatorweed 184
Ally
79, 124, 125, 126, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157,
161, 162, 234
Alsike 35
Alyssum 51, 52
Amber 79, 125, 129, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146, 148, 152, 161, 195, 196, 197, 203, 204
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 241
Ametryn 58
Aminophyralid 244
Aminopyralid 199, 215, 229, 232, 237, 241, 244, 245, 246
Ammonium sulfate 37, 62, 150, 162, 163
AMS 36
Annual mustards 195
Approximate Retail Prices of Selected Herbices 16
Aquaatic weeds 181, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191
Arctium minus 229
Arrow 30, 38, 78
Arrowgrass 228
Arsenal 206, 242, 243
Artemesia frigida 243
Artemesia tridentata 242
248
Artichoke, Jerusalem 94
Arundo spp 185
Asclepias speciosa 239
Assert 138, 139, 144, 146, 147, 149
Asset 136, 137
Assure 46
Assure II 30, 32, 34, 44, 45, 46, 73, 76, 80, 81, 86, 168, 169, 170, 172, 206
Aster 53, 54, 140, 163
Aster, spp. 94
Asulam 206
Asulox 206
Atrazine 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 233
Avenge 136, 137, 144, 149
Axiom 49, 51, 53, 57
B
Balance 49, 51, 53, 55, 57
Balance Pro 57
Bamboo 184
Bamboo, Japanese 184
Banvel 126, 143, 145, 146, 157, 158, 161, 162, 195, 196, 197, 203, 228, 229, 238, 239, 240
Banvel SGF 145, 158
Barley
28, 30, 40, 49, 50, 58, 125, 126, 127, 129, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 159,
161, 165
Barley, foxtail 30, 49, 50, 91, 103, 169
Barley, volunteer 80, 81, 103, 119
Barnyardgrass 30, 37, 44, 49, 50, 72, 73, 80, 81, 91, 103, 115, 120, 136, 137, 151, 155, 163, 168, 169, 171, 177
Basagran 50, 52, 54, 56, 63, 64, 73, 77, 80, 81, 86
Basis 3, 50, 52, 54, 56, 63, 64
Basis Gold 3, 50, 52, 54, 56, 64
Beacon 3, 50, 52, 54, 56, 64, 65
Beans 124, 154
Bedstraw 195
Bedstraw, common 31, 92, 136, 138
Beggarticks 51, 52
Beggarweed, Florida 121
Bentazon 63, 77, 78, 86
Bentgrass 30, 49, 50, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103
Bermudagrass 30, 36, 48, 49, 50, 63, 80, 81, 89, 91, 95, 96, 98, 103, 120, 169
Betamix 169, 170, 172
Betanex 168, 169, 170, 172
Beyond 177, 180
Bicep 57, 58
Biennials 195
Big sagebrush 196, 201
Bindweed 32, 35, 48, 53, 54, 124, 125, 150, 163, 184
Bindweed, field 32, 53, 54, 73, 94, 119, 140, 168, 177, 184, 228
Bioassay 148
Birdsfoot trefoil 33, 35, 36, 39
Black Henbane 229
Bladderwort 184
Bladex 4, 57, 64
Blue mustard 146, 148
Blue-eyed Maryl 136
Bluegrass 30, 33, 49, 50
Bluegrass, annual 30, 44, 49, 50, 91, 103, 120, 137, 169
249
Bluegrass, bulbous 30, 49, 50, 91, 103, 137
Bluegrass, Kentucky 49, 50, 103
Bluegrass, perennial 30, 91, 98
Brackenfern 104, 105, 140
Brackenfern, Western 229
Broadleaf 89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202
Broadleaf Weeds 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 92, 93, 94, 104, 105,
121, 122, 123, 138, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 148, 159, 160, 162,
163, 164, 169, 170, 173, 184, 187, 188
Broadleaves 51, 52, 73, 115, 119, 136, 142, 152, 161, 164, 168, 177
Broadstrike 3, 58
Bromacil 4, 212
Bromacil + diuron 213
Brome 30, 38, 40, 41, 49, 50, 124, 153, 162
Brome downy 115
Brome, downy 30, 44, 49, 50, 91, 103, 115, 120, 136, 137, 169
Brome, Japanese 30, 91, 137
Brome, ripgut 91, 96
Brome, smooth 30, 49, 50, 91, 103
Bromoxynil 35, 65, 95, 136, 138, 144, 157
Bromoxynil + MCPA 136, 138, 144, 157
Bromus tectorum 233
Bronate 92, 93, 94, 95, 129, 139, 140, 146, 154, 161
Bronate Advance 144, 157
Bronco 5, 61
Broom snakeweed 196
Buckle 137, 141
Bbuckwheat 31, 51, 52, 73, 124, 145, 154, 159
Buckwheat, wild 31, 51, 52, 92, 115, 119, 136, 138, 168, 169, 177
Buctril
28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 50, 52, 54, 56, 63, 64, 65, 92, 93, 94, 95, 127, 129, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145,
147, 148, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 161
Buffalobur 31, 51, 52, 73, 92, 104
Bulbous bluegrass 115, 136, 149, 195
Bullet 57, 61
Bullrush 184
Bur buttercup 148
Burdock 53, 54, 184, 195
Burdock, common 53, 54, 93, 229
Bursage 94, 104, 140
Bursage, skeletonleaf 230
Buttercup 51, 52, 104, 148
Buttercup, bur 138
Buttercup, tall 94
Buttercup, testiculate 136
Butyrac 28, 30, 31, 32, 35
Butyrac 200 35, 232
C
Cactus, pricklypear 230
Bamas, death 140
Campaign 207
Bampion, bladder 94
Canada thistle
48, 63, 64, 65, 70, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 124, 125, 143, 145, 146, 148, 152, 154, 155, 158, 159, 161, 164, 195,
196, 197, 198
250
Canarygrass 30, 49, 50, 91, 103, 184
Canola 43, 44, 45, 46, 47
Canopy XL 5
Canvas 3, 6, 138, 139, 140
Cardaria draba 235
Carduus nutans 246
Carfentrazone 116, 142, 157, 161, 219
Carfentrazone-ethyl 63
Carpetweed 45, 104, 121, 169
Carrot, wild 53, 54, 93, 138
Casoron 207
Catchfly 138
Catchfly, night flr. 92
Cattail 104, 181, 184, 188, 189, 190
Celebrity Plus 3, 50, 52, 54, 56, 63, 65
Centaurea diffusa and Centaurea maculosa 236
Chamomile 51, 52
Chamomile, corn 92
Chamomile, false 138
Cheat 44, 80, 81, 91, 103, 120, 137, 141, 142, 150, 164, 169
Cheatgrass 33, 192, 195, 199, 200, 233
Chemical Fallow 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
Chess, soft 80, 81
Cheyenne 3
Cheyenne Xtra 136, 137
Chickory 53, 54
Chickweed 31, 32, 33, 51, 52, 53, 54, 125
Chickweed, common 31, 45, 51, 52, 80, 81, 92, 104, 121, 138, 169
Chickweed, mouse-ear 32, 53, 54, 80, 81, 94, 104, 140
Chicory 94, 140
Chloransulam 3
Chloridazon 172
Chlorimuron 208
Chloroacetamides 5
Chlorsulfuron 147, 148, 162, 201, 222, 232, 234, 235, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246
Chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron 147, 162
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum 239
Cicuta maculata 246
Cimarron 195, 196, 198, 203, 204
Cimarron Max 195, 196, 197, 203, 204
Cirsium arvense 245
Clarity
50, 52, 54, 56, 63, 65, 66, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 115, 116, 117, 125, 127, 140, 145, 146, 148, 156, 158, 195, 196,
197, 198, 203, 207, 228, 229, 238, 239, 240, 245
Clarity (4S) + MCPA 158
Clarity + 2,4-D 231
Clarity + SU Herbicide 146
Clarity Banvel 204
Clarity SFG 156
Classic 208
Clethodim 38, 78, 109, 174, 221
Clodinafop 3, 146
Clomazone 82
Clopyralid 60, 70, 100, 145, 154, 161, 174, 202, 223, 231, 237, 239, 244, 245, 246
Clopyralid + 2,4-D 96, 145, 161, 231, 232, 237, 238, 244, 245, 246
Clopyralid + fluroxypyr 155, 160
Clopyralid + triclopyr 230, 231, 237, 238, 239, 241
251
Clover 33, 35, 39, 42, 92, 93, 94, 98
Clover, annual 92
Clovers 33, 51, 52, 104, 140, 169
Cockle, corn 92, 136
Cockle, cow 31, 51, 52, 92, 136, 138
Cockle, white 31, 51, 52, 93, 104, 138, 169
Cocklebur 31, 51, 52, 72, 73, 77, 104, 177, 184
Cocklebur, common 80, 81, 92, 119, 138, 168
Command 80, 81, 82
Common chickweed 125
Common crupina 195
Common tansy 195, 196
Concep 58
Connect 35
Conversion Tables 17
Convolvulus arvensis 228
Coontail 181, 184, 191
Copper ethanolamine complexes 186
Copper Sulfate 184, 185, 186
Copper sulfate pentahydrate 186
Corn 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 124, 150, 155
Corn and Sorghum 48, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71
Corn gromwell 138
Corn spurry 121
Corn, volunteer 49, 50, 80, 103, 137, 169
Corn/Sorghum 52, 53
Counter 60, 63, 65
Crabgrass 30, 44, 49, 50, 80, 91, 103, 120, 137, 169, 177
Crambe 46
Crazyweed, silky and lambert crazyweed 231
Cress, hoary 55, 56, 140, 184
Crossbow 208
Crowfootgrass 120
Crown vetch 39
Cucumber, wild 51, 52
Cupgrass, prairie 120
Cupgrass, southwestern 120
Cupgrass, woolly 44, 120
Curly dock 40
Curlycup gumweed 192, 195, 234
Curtail
79, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 129, 138, 139, 140, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 153, 154, 161, 195, 196, 198, 203, 204,
231, 232, 237, 238, 244, 245, 246
Curtail M 92, 93, 94, 97
Cuscuta campestris 232
Cutrine Plus 184, 185, 186
Cycloate 172
Cyclone 48, 162
Cynoglossum officinale 236
D
D-P mix 173
Dacthal 233
Daisy, oxeye 51, 52, 94, 140, 184
Dakota 3, 136, 137
Dalmatian toadflax 195, 196, 200, 231
Dandelion 32, 40, 41, 55, 56, 195
252
Dandelion, common 32, 55, 56, 94, 104, 105, 140, 170
Darnel 134
DCPA 233
Dead nettle 104, 136, 169, 170
Defol 5 122
Defol 6 180
Defol 750 110
Degree 49, 51, 53, 55, 60
Delphinium barbeyi (L.) Huth 238
Delphinium geyeri 238
Delphinium occidentale S. Wats 238
Des-I-Cate 111
Des-Phen-Etho 174
Desalphamix 172
Desmedipham 172, 173, 174
Dicamba
57, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 89, 96, 100, 101, 116, 129, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147,
149, 150, 152, 156, 157, 158, 163, 197, 207, 228, 229, 238, 239, 240, 245
Dicamba + 2,4-D 136
Dicamba + 2,4-D 101, 202, 225, 228, 231, 237
Dicamba + diflufenzopyr 237, 246
Dicamba + picloram 245
Dichlobenil 207
Dichloride 122
Diclofop 3, 149
Diclofop methyl 149
Difenzoquat 144
Diffuse knapweed 195, 198
Ddiflufenzopyr 65, 66
Diflufenzopyr + dicamba 199
Diflufenzoypyr + dicamba 216
Dimension 208
Dimethenamid 59, 82, 97, 174
Dimethenamid-P 75
Diquat 33, 42, 111, 189, 220
Direx 4, 39
Discover 3, 136, 137, 146
Distinct 50, 52, 54, 56, 65, 66
Dithiopyr 208
Diuron 38, 39, 188, 213
Diuron + imazapyr 221
Dock 32, 40, 55, 56, 184
Dock, curly 32, 55, 56, 94, 104, 140, 170, 232
Dodder 31, 39, 41
Dodder, field 232
Dog fennel 31, 80, 92
Dogbane 55, 56
dogbane, hemp 55, 56, 94, 140
Downy brome 38, 40, 41, 80, 124, 153, 162, 192, 195, 197, 200, 233
Drive 206, 209, 211, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223
Dry Beans 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 124, 154
Dual 49, 58, 80, 81, 103, 104, 105, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122
Dual II Magnum 58, 122
Dual Magnum 49, 51, 53, 55, 58, 73, 74, 82, 106, 168, 169, 170, 173, 177, 178
Duckweed 184, 189, 191
Durum 141, 146, 148, 154, 155
Dyer’s woad 195, 234
Dyfonate 65
253
E
Eleagnus angustifolia 242
Elodea 181, 184, 188, 189, 191
Elytrigia repens 241
Endothall 111, 173, 188
Endurance 209
Epic 49, 51, 53, 55, 58
Epic DF 51
Eptam 28, 33, 35, 73, 74, 103, 104, 105, 106, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 168, 169, 170, 173, 177, 178
EPTC 33, 74, 106, 122, 173, 178
Eptek 30, 31, 32, 33
Equisetum arvense 236
Equisetum laevigatum 243
Eradicane 49, 51, 53, 55, 58
Escort 195, 196, 197, 198, 203, 204, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 244, 245, 246, 247
Escort XP 209, 210
Ethalfluralin 75, 85, 123, 179
Etho Ethotron 171
Ethofumesate 171, 174
Euphorbia esula) 238
Evening primrose 93
Everest 136, 137, 147
Evik 51, 53, 55
Exceed 50, 52, 54, 56, 66
Exceed (57 WDG) 66
Express 125, 129, 138, 139, 140, 145, 146, 147, 153, 162
F
Fallow 147, 165
Fallowmaster 163
Fallowmaster BS 163
Falseflax 31, 51, 52, 104, 136, 138, 169
Falseflax, small seed 31, 136
FarGo 135, 137, 141, 168, 169, 170, 171
Fennel, dog 51, 52, 104, 138, 169
Fenoxaprop 1, 3, 151, 154, 206
Fenoxaprop + 2,4-D + MCPA 154
Fescue, rattail 91
Fescue, tall 30, 44, 49, 50, 91, 97, 98, 103
Fiddleneck 31, 51, 52, 92, 121, 138
Field bindweed 35, 48, 124, 125, 150, 163, 195, 201
Field pennycress 45
Filaree 31, 37, 136, 138
Filaree, red stemmed 31, 51, 52
Filaree, redstem 104, 136, 169
Finale 209, 210
Finesse 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 146, 147, 148, 162
Feabane 31, 51, 52, 92, 104, 140, 169
Flixweed 31, 92, 104, 115, 136, 138, 169
Fluazifop 36, 210, 241
Fluazifop + fenoxaprop 210
Flucarbazone-sodium 147
Flufenacet 57, 58
Flumetsulam 3, 58, 60, 62
Flumiclorac 5, 69
254
Flumioxazin 217
Fluridone 191
Fluroxypyr 99, 101, 154, 155, 159, 160, 225
Fluroxypyr + 2,4-D 159
Fluroxypyr + 2,4-D amine 154
Fluroxypyr + 2,4-D ester 154
Fluroxypyr + MCPA ester 154, 159
Fosamine 213
Foxitail, green 120
Foxtail 29, 30, 37, 40, 49, 50, 64, 72, 73, 103, 124, 125, 134, 141, 149, 154, 155, 168, 169, 174
Foxtail barley 125, 195
Foxtail, giant 44, 120
Foxtail, green 30, 37, 44, 49, 50, 91, 119, 120, 124, 125, 134, 137, 141, 149, 155, 169
Foxtail, millet 44, 120
Foxtail, yellow 29, 30, 37, 44, 49, 50, 91, 120, 137, 141, 154, 155, 169
Foxtails 177
Franseria discolor 230
Frontier 49, 51, 53, 55, 59, 80, 81, 82, 97
Frontier/Outlook 91, 92, 93, 94
Fuego 210
Fusilade 30, 31, 32, 36, 241
Fusilade II 210
Fusion 210
G
Galigan 211
Galinsoga 121
Gallery 211
Gamoxone 51, 53, 55
Garlic 55, 56
Garlic, wild 55, 56, 140
Garlon 3A 184, 185, 187, 211, 240, 242, 243
Garlon 4 211, 240, 242, 243, 247
Glean 138, 139, 140, 146, 148
Glopyralid + 2,4-D 198
Glufosinate 5, 48, 67
Glufosinate-ammonium 112, 209
Glycyrrhiza lepidota 239
Glyphomax 162
Glyphomax Plus 162
Glyphosate
34, 38, 46, 48, 61, 62, 69, 71, 73, 74, 84, 99, 108, 116, 137, 138, 139, 152, 162, 163, 168, 169, 170, 177,
178, 190, 200, 220, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 237, 240, 241, 242, 246, 247
Glyphosate + 2,4-D 138, 139
Glyphosate + Dicamba 137, 138, 139
Glyphosate + 2,4-D 137, 149, 207, 229
Glyphosate + dicamba 163
Glyphosate + imazapic 233
Goal 2XL 211, 212
Goatgrass, jointed 30, 44, 49, 50, 91, 103, 115, 136, 137, 169
Goatsbeard 93
Goldenrod 55, 56, 94, 140
Goosefoot 30, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 80, 91, 103, 104, 120, 121, 137, 138, 169, 170
Goosefoot, nettleleaf 92
Grain 91, 98
Grain, volunteer 30, 73
Grains, volunteer 49, 50
255
Gramoxone 30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 42, 48, 49, 58, 59, 80, 81, 91, 92, 93, 94, 122, 161, 169, 170
Gramoxone Extra 33, 40, 42, 122, 161, 162, 233
Gramoxone Max 83, 87, 97, 107, 111, 168, 171, 177, 178, 180, 195, 196, 198, 203, 204, 212
Gramoxone Super Tres 83, 87, 97, 107, 212
Grass 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101
Grass Seed 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101
Grass Weeds 28, 30, 33, 37, 44, 46, 49, 50, 91, 103, 118, 120, 124, 137, 146, 150, 155, 169
Grasses
49, 50, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 89, 115, 119, 123, 136, 142, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 161, 162,
164, 168, 169, 172, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 188, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202
Grazon P&D 195, 196, 198, 203, 204, 230, 231, 234, 236, 243
Green foxtail 37, 64, 80, 124, 125, 134, 136, 141, 142, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 163, 164
Grey rabbitbrush 196
Grindelia squarrosa 234
Gromwell, corn 80, 93, 136
Groundcherry 51, 52, 169, 170
Groundsel, common 31, 51, 52, 92, 138
Guardsman 57, 59
Gutierrezia sarothrae 243
H
Habitat 184, 185, 187, 206, 230, 241, 242, 243, 247
Hairy vetch 115, 136
Halogeton 235
Halogeton glomeratus 235
Halosulfuron 70, 98
Harmony Extra 125, 129, 138, 139, 140, 146, 148, 149, 158
Harmony GT 138, 139, 140, 149, 158, 163
Harness 49, 51, 53, 55, 59, 60, 69, 70
Harness Extra 70
Harness Plus 59, 60
Harness/Surpass/Degree 51, 53, 55
Hawksbeard 51, 52
Hemlock 140, 184
Hemlock, water 55, 56
Henbit 31, 45, 51, 52, 80, 92, 104, 121, 136, 138, 169, 170
Herbicide 273 168, 169, 170, 173
Herbicide-resistant Weeds 1, 2, 6
Hexazinone 4, 41, 224
Hexazinone + sulfometuron 225
Hoary cress 94, 196, 235
Hoelon 3, 6, 136, 137, 149
Horizon 3
Hornet 51, 53, 55, 60
Hornet (WDG) 60
Horsebrush, grey 235
Horsetail 195
Horsetail, field 236
Horseweed 92
Houndstongue 195, 236
Hydrilla 182, 184, 187, 188, 191
Hydrothol 184, 185, 188, 191
Hyoscyamus niger 229
Hypericum perforatum 244
Hyvar 4
Hyvar XL 212
256
I
Imazamethabenz 3, 144
Imazamox 37, 78, 87, 180
Imazapic 200, 218, 228, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241
Imazapic + glyphosate 212
Imazapyr 67, 187, 206, 230, 241, 242, 243, 247
Imazethapyr 37, 67, 77, 83
Imazethapyr + pendimethalin 88
Intrro/Micro-Tech 49, 51, 53
Iris missouriensis 236
Iris, Rocky Mountain 236
Isatis tinctoria 234
Iisoxaben 211
Itchgrass 44
Iva axillaris 240
J
Jimsonweed 31, 51, 52, 73, 80, 92, 104, 138, 170
Johnsongrass 30, 36, 49, 50, 63, 64, 80, 91, 103, 109, 120, 137, 169, 172
Jointed goatgrass 124
Journey 195, 196, 199, 203, 204, 212, 233
Junglerice 44
Juniper 196
K
Karmex 29, 30, 31, 32, 38, 39, 184, 185, 188
Karmex DF 213
Kerb 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 39, 232
Knapweed 184
Knapweed, diffuse 93
Knapweed, diffuse and spotted 236
Knapweed, Russian 32, 55, 56, 94, 140, 237
Knapweed, spotted 94
Knawel 138
Knotweed 31, 51, 52, 115, 119, 121, 177
Knotweed, common 45, 51, 73, 80, 92, 119, 168, 170
Knotweed, prostrate 136, 138
Kochia
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 31, 35, 37, 38, 40, 45, 51, 52, 73, 76, 80, 92, 104, 115, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 136, 138,
142, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 177, 192, 195
Krenite S 213
Krovar I 213, 214
L
Laddok 4, 57, 64
Ladino 33, 35
Ladino clover 33
Ladysthumb 53, 54, 92, 138
Lambsquarters 31, 37, 51, 52, 104, 155, 162
Lambsquarters, common 45, 73, 80, 92, 115, 119, 121, 136, 138, 168, 170, 177
Landmark 214
Landmaster 28, 71, 149, 163
Landmaster BW 71, 140, 163, 229
Lariat 57, 61
Larkspur, Duncecap 238
257
Larkspur, geyer 238
Larkspur, Tall 238
Larkspurs 195
Lasso 55, 73, 75
Leafy spurge 196, 200, 201, 238
Lepidium latifolium 239
Lespedeza 33
Lettuce, prickly 31, 51, 52, 92, 104, 115, 136, 138, 170
Lexone 29, 147
Lexone/Sencor 147
Liberty 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 63, 67
Licorice, wild 239
Lightning 50, 52, 54, 56, 67
Linaria dalmatica 231
Linuron 4, 214
Locoweeds 195
London rocket 45
Lontrel 92, 100
Loosestrife 182, 184, 188
Loosestrife, purple 184
Lorox 214
Lorsban 65
Lovegrass 44, 120
Lupine 239
Lupines 195
Lupinus spp 239
M
Madwort 136
Magnacide H 184, 185, 189
Malathion 148
Mallow, common 31, 32, 53, 54, 73, 92, 119, 138, 139, 168, 177
Mallow, dwarf 93
Mallow, Venice 31, 51, 52, 92, 104, 138, 170
Manage 89, 91, 98
Manage/Sempra 91
Marestail 51, 52, 92, 104, 170
Marksman 57, 64, 66
Marshelder 51, 52, 80, 138, 139
Matrix 103, 104, 105, 107
Maverick 129, 136, 137, 138, 139, 150
Mayweed 92, 138, 139
MCPA
92, 93, 94, 98, 126, 129, 136, 138, 139, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 195, 196, 199, 203, 215,
236, 243
MCPA + bromoxynil 95
MCPA Amine 129, 159, 160
MCPA ester 236, 243
MCPB 88
MCPP 224
Medusahead 195, 200
Mesosulfuron-Methyl 151, 153
Metolachlor 57, 58, 82, 106, 122, 218
Metolachlor + glyphosate 88
Metribuzin 33, 40, 69, 84, 100, 110, 153, 164
Metsulfuron 143, 147, 162, 198, 209, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 244, 245, 246
Metsulfuron + dicamba 197
258
Micro-Tech 49, 51, 53, 60, 69
Milestone 195, 196, 199, 203, 204, 215, 229, 232, 237, 239, 241, 244, 245, 246
Milkweed, common 32, 55, 56, 94, 104, 105, 125, 140, 170
Milkweed, showy 239
Milkweed, whorled 94
Millet, wild proso 49, 50, 103, 120, 169
Milo 68, 70
MKH 6561 3
Morning glory 51, 52
Morning glory, annual 92, 138, 139
Morning glory, tall 121
Mullein 195
Mullein, common 94
Musk thistle 195, 197
Mustard 31, 33, 38, 40, 41, 51, 52, 124, 125, 146, 148
Mustard, black 51, 52, 104, 138, 139
Mustard, blue 31, 45, 51, 52, 92, 104, 115, 136, 138, 139, 170
Mustard, Jim Hill 31, 51, 52, 92, 104, 138, 139, 170
Mustard, spp 73, 168, 177
Mustard, spp. 73, 168, 177
Mustard, tall 80
Mustard, tansy 31, 45, 51, 52, 92, 104, 115, 136, 138, 139, 170
Mustard, tumble 45, 115, 136
Mustard, wild 31, 51, 52, 92, 104, 119, 136, 138, 139, 170, 172
Mustards 47, 155, 162, 163
N
N-phenylthalimides 5
Naiad 184
Nettle, stinging 104, 105, 170, 184
Nettleleaf, goosefoot 121
Nicosulfuron 62, 64, 65, 241
Nightshade 31, 32, 37, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56
Nightshade, black 31, 53, 54, 73, 80, 92, 104, 121, 138, 139, 170
Nightshade, cutleaf 92, 138, 139
Nightshade, hairy 31, 53, 54, 80, 92, 104, 119, 121, 138, 139, 168, 170
Nightshade, silverleaf 32, 55, 56, 94, 104, 105, 140, 170
Nightshade, spp. 80, 136, 177
Nightshades 79, 82, 84, 85, 86
Noncrop Sites/Rites-of-Way
205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225
Norflurazon 219
NorthStar 50, 52, 54, 56, 64, 68
Nortron 168, 169, 170, 171
Nutsedge 58, 60
Nutsedge, purple 120
Nutsedge, yellow 49, 50, 91, 103, 119, 120, 169
O
Oat 157, 158, 159, 160
Oat, wild 73
Oats 28, 30, 36, 47, 49, 50, 58, 124, 125, 141, 144, 148, 149, 150, 152, 157, 158, 160, 165
Oats, volunteer 80, 119
Oats, wild 80, 91, 103, 115, 119, 136, 137
Olive 184, 188
Olive, Russian 184
259
Olympus 3, 150
Onion, wild 55, 56, 94, 140
Onopordum acanthium 246
Opuntia polyacantha 230
Orange hawkweed 195
Orchardgrass 30, 44, 49, 50, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 103
Organic matter 39, 40, 41, 47, 60, 119, 153
Oryzalin + benefin 226
Osprey 151
Oust 242
Oust XP 215
Outlook 73, 75, 82, 97, 168, 169, 170, 174
Outrider 216
Overdrive 195, 196, 199, 203, 204, 216, 237, 246
Oxadiazon 220
Oxeye daisy 239
Oxyfluorfen 211
Oxytropis sericea and O. lambertii 231
P
Panicum, browntop 44
Panicum, fall 44, 80, 103, 120, 169
Panicum, Texas 44, 120
Paramount 50, 52, 54, 56, 68, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 163, 217, 228
Paraquat 33, 42, 59, 83, 87, 97, 107, 111, 122, 161, 162, 171, 178, 180, 198, 212, 233
Parrotfeather 184
Pasture and Rangeland 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201
PastureGard 92, 93, 94, 99
Patriot 209
Payload 217
Peak 50, 52, 54, 56, 68, 115, 116, 117, 125, 129, 138, 139, 140, 146, 151, 159
Peas and Lentils 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88
Pelargonic acid 84, 99, 109, 112, 190, 221
Pendimax 75
Pendimethalin 39, 61, 75, 83, 108, 178, 217, 232
Pendulum 217
Pennant 218
Pennycress, field 31, 53, 54, 80, 92, 104, 115, 136, 139, 170
Pepperweed, perfoliated 136, 139
Perennial pepperweed 239
Permit 50, 52, 54, 56, 69
Persian darnel 134, 137, 142, 146, 151, 153
Phalaris arundinaceae 241
Phenmedipham 173, 174
Phragmites 30, 49, 50, 91, 103
Picloram 159, 164, 201, 223, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246
Picloram + 2,4-D 155, 198, 199, 230, 231, 236, 243
Picloram + fluroxypyr 101
Pigweed 31, 35, 37, 53, 54, 104, 162
Pigweed, prostrate 45, 80, 92, 121
Pigweed, redroot 31, 45, 53, 54, 73, 80, 93, 119, 121, 139, 177
Pigweed, spp. 136, 168
Pigweed, tumble 45, 93, 121
Pigweeds 115, 170
Pineappleweed 31, 53, 54, 93, 136, 139
Pines 195, 196
Plantain 55, 56, 104, 105, 140, 170, 195
260
Plantain, broadleaf 94
Plantains 195
Plateau 195, 196, 200, 203, 204, 218, 228, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240
Plumeless thistle 195
Poast 28, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 44, 45, 46, 73, 77, 80, 81, 87, 103, 104, 105, 108, 168, 169, 170, 174, 177, 179, 218
Poast Plus 36
Poison hemlock 185
Poison ivy 185
Poison ivy or oak 240
Poison oak 196, 201
Pondweed 184, 189, 191
Pondweed, leafy 184
Pondweed, sago 184
Poplar 184, 185
Porter 158
Potato 103, 104, 105
Potato Vine Kill 110
Potatoes 102, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113
Potentilla recta 244
Poverty sumpweed 240
Povertyweed 94
Pramitol 25E 219
Predict 219
Prickly lettuce 40, 41, 80, 146, 148, 162, 195
Prickly rose 196
Prickly sida 80
Pricklypear cactus 195, 196
Primisulfuron 68
Primrose, evening 104, 105
Primsulfuron 3, 64
Princep 49, 51, 53
Princep Caliber 61
Prism 30, 38
Problem Weeds and Poisonous Plants
227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
247
Prodiamine 209
Progress 168, 169, 170, 174
Prometon 219
Pronamide 39, 232
Propaniloil 154
Propoxycarbazone-sodium 150
Proso Millet 68, 114, 116, 117
Proso millet, wild 73
Prosulfuron 66, 68, 117, 151, 159
Prowl 29, 30, 31, 32, 39, 40, 49, 51, 53, 55, 61, 75, 80, 81, 83, 103, 104, 105, 108, 177, 178, 232
Prowl H20 61, 73, 75, 83, 108, 178
Prowl, Prowl H2O 73
Pteridium aquilinum 229
Puma 136, 137, 151
Puncturevine 31, 45, 53, 54, 93, 104, 121, 139, 170, 240
Purple loosestrife 195
Purple mustard 41
Purslane 31, 53, 54, 104
Purslane, common 31, 45, 53, 54, 73, 80, 93, 119, 121, 139, 168, 170
Pursuit 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 73, 77, 80, 81, 83
Pursuit Plus EC 88
261
Pursuit W 30
Pusley, Florida 45, 121
Pyramin 168, 169, 170, 172
Python 51, 53, 62
Q
Quackgrass
30, 33, 34, 36, 39, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 63, 64, 73, 74, 76, 80, 86, 89, 91, 103, 106, 107, 109, 119,
120, 125, 137, 152, 168, 169, 172, 184, 185, 195, 241
QuickSilver 219
Quinclorac 68, 98, 163, 208, 217, 228
Quizalofop 34, 46, 76, 86, 172, 206
R
Radish, wild 93
Ragweed 31, 53, 54
Ragweed, common 31, 53, 54, 80, 93, 104, 139, 170, 241
Ragweed, giant 53, 54, 80, 93, 104, 170
Ragweed, western 94
Rainfall 35, 41, 49, 59, 60, 61, 62, 153, 161
Range and Pasture 203, 204, 227
Raptor 28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 73, 78, 80, 81, 87
Rave 138, 139, 140, 152, 153
ReadyMaster ATZ 5
Red clover 35
Red rice 44, 120
Redeem 195, 196, 203, 204
Redeem R&P 200, 204, 230, 231, 237, 238, 239, 241
Redstem filaree 80
Reed 185
Reed canarygrass 241
Reed, common 185
Reed, giant 185
Reglone 42, 111
Rely 112
Remedy 195, 196, 200, 203, 204, 230, 240, 242, 243
Rescuegrass 120
Resource 5, 7, 50, 52, 54
Reward 184, 185, 189
Reward L&A 220
Rezult 78
Rights-of-Way 205
Rimsulfuron 64, 107
Riparian/Terrestrial Weeds 184, 185
Rodeo 184, 185, 190, 230, 232, 242, 246, 247
RoNeet 168, 169, 170, 172
Ronstar 220
Roundup
28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 38, 48, 49, 62, 80, 81, 91, 92, 93, 94, 103, 104, 105, 152, 162, 195, 196, 203, 228, 229, 232,
233, 237, 240, 241, 246
Roundup Original 84, 99, 108
Roundup Pro 200, 220
Roundup Ultra 44, 45, 51, 53, 55, 62, 140, 152, 162
Roundup UltraMax 46
Rumex crispus 232
Rush skeletonweed 195, 196
262
Russian 184, 188
Russian knapweed 195, 198, 199, 200
Russian olive 241, 242
Russian thistle 1, 5, 6, 80, 124, 125, 146, 148, 161, 162, 195
Rye 30, 33, 49, 50, 58, 150, 151, 155
Rye, cereal 80, 91, 103, 137, 169
Ryegrass 30, 33, 49, 50
Ryegrass, annual 30, 91, 137
Ryegrass, Italian 44, 49, 50, 103, 120, 169
Ryegrass, perennial 30, 49, 50, 91, 103
S
S-metolachlor 173, 178
s-metolachlor 74
Safflower 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123
Sagebrush, big 242
Sagebrush, fringed 243
Sahara DG 221
Sainfoin 36, 39, 40
Salix, spp 246
Salsify 32, 53, 54, 93
Salsify, meadow 32, 53, 54
Saltcedar 185, 196, 243, 245
Salvinia 184, 189
Sandbur 30, 49, 50, 64, 73, 91, 119, 120, 168, 177
Sandbur, field 44, 120
Scorpion 69
Scorpion III 4, 69
Scotch thistle 195
Scouring rush 140
Scouringrush, smooth 243
Scythe 80, 81, 84, 91, 92, 93, 94, 99, 103, 104, 105, 109, 112, 184, 185, 190, 221
Seaside 228
Sedge 49, 50
Seed alfalfa 37, 39, 42
Select 28, 30, 34, 35, 38, 73, 78, 103, 104, 105, 109, 174, 177, 180, 221
Select/Prism 168, 169, 170
Sempra 98
Sencor
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 50, 52, 69, 70, 80, 81, 84, 91, 92, 93, 94, 100, 103, 104, 105, 110, 136, 137,
138, 139, 140, 147, 151, 153, 164
Sencor 4 153
Sencor DF 70
Sequence 88
Sethoxydim 36, 46, 77, 78, 87, 108, 174, 179, 218
Shattercane 44, 73, 120
Shepherds purse 31, 37, 38, 40, 41, 45, 53, 54, 80, 93, 104, 115, 121, 136, 139, 170
Shrub oak 196
Sicklepod 55, 121
Sida, prickly 121
Signalgrass 44, 120, 137
Silverado 153
Simazine 4, 61
Sinbar 30, 31, 32, 40
Small Grain
124, 125, 128, 130, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156,
157, 159, 163, 164
263
Smallseed falseflax 45
Smartweed 31, 53, 54, 80, 104, 139, 170, 173
Smartweed, green 93
Smartweed, Pennsylvania 93, 119
Snakeweed, broom 243
Snapshot TG 221, 222
Sodium chlorate 110, 122, 180
Sodium salt of dicamba 68
Soft chess 44
Solicam 219
Sonalan 73, 75, 80, 81, 85, 123, 177, 179
Sonalan HFP 85
Sonar 184, 185, 191
Sonchus arvensis 244
Sorghum 48, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71
Sorghum, volunteer 120
Sorrel 55, 56
Sorrel, red 55, 56, 93, 140
Sowthistle 31, 53, 54, 55, 56, 80
Sowthistle, annual 31, 45, 53, 54, 93, 119, 136, 139, 170
Sowthistle, perennial 244
Sowthistle, perennial 45, 55, 56, 94, 140
Sowthistle, spiny 53, 54, 93, 139
Soybean 60
Spartan 5, 6, 76, 80, 81, 85, 141, 164, 177, 179
Speedwell 53, 54, 136, 139
Speedwell, snow 136
Sphaerophysa salsula 245
Spike 195, 196, 201, 203, 204, 222, 242
Spirit 66
Spotted knapweed 192, 195
Sprangletop 44, 120
Sprayer Calibration 8, 12
Spurge 53
Spurge, annual 45, 73
Spurge, leafy 55, 56, 94, 105, 140
Spurge, prostrate 31, 53, 54, 80, 93
Spurry, corn 93
Spyder 215
St. Johnswort, common 244
Stampede 137, 138, 139, 154
Starane 129, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 149, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 225
Starane + Salvo 138, 139, 140
Starane + Saber 154
Starane + Salvo 136, 159
Starane + Sword 154, 159
Stargrass, water 184
Starthistle, yellow 93
Starthistles 53, 54
Stinger 50, 52, 54, 56, 70, 79, 100, 138, 139, 140, 145, 154, 168, 169, 170, 174
Stinger/Lontrel 92, 93, 94
Stinkgrass 30, 44, 49, 50, 91, 103, 120, 169
Sugarbeets 47, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175
Sulfentrazone 76, 85, 141, 164, 179
Sulfometuron 215, 242
Sulfometuron + chlorsulfuron 214
Sulfosulfuron 150, 216
264
Sulfur cinquefoil 195, 244
Sulfuric acid 112
Sunflower 31, 47, 53, 54, 115, 148, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
Sunflower, common 72, 73
Sunflower, wild 31, 53, 54, 93, 119, 139, 168, 170
SureGuard 217
Surmount 92, 93, 94, 101
Surpass 49, 51, 53, 55, 60
Swainsonpea 245
Sweet clover 93
T
T. diversilobum 240
Tamarisk 182, 185
Tamarix 245
Tamarix spp 243
Tanacetum vulgare 245
Tansy, common 245
Tansy mustard 33, 35, 38, 40, 41
Tarweed 51, 52, 93, 138
Teasel 53, 54, 93
Tebuthiuron 201, 222, 242
Telar 195, 196, 201, 203, 204, 222, 232, 234, 235, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246
Terbacil 40
Tetradymia canescens 235
Thifensulfuron 64, 148, 149, 158, 163
Thifensulfuron + tribenuron 148, 158
Thimet 60, 65
Thistle 125, 152, 154, 158, 164, 185
Thistle, bull 53, 54, 93, 185
Thistle, Canada 32, 45, 55, 56, 73, 94, 105, 119, 140, 168, 170, 177, 185, 244, 245
Thistle, musk 53, 54, 93
Thistle, musk and Scotch 246
Thistle, plumeless 53, 54, 93
Thistle, Russian 31, 45, 53, 54, 73, 93, 119, 121, 136, 139, 168, 170, 177
Thistrol 80, 81, 88
Tiller 136, 137, 154, 155
Timothy 30, 49, 50, 91, 103
Toadflax 56, 105
Toadflax, dalmatian 94
Toadflax, yellow 55, 56, 140
TopNoteh 60
Tordon
79, 126, 129, 138, 139, 140, 153, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 195, 196, 201, 203, 204, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234,
236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246
Tordon + 2,4-D 234
Tordon 22K 159, 163, 164, 223
Tordon 22K + 2,4-D 155
Toxicodendron radicans 240
Tralkoxydim 142
Transline 195, 196, 202, 203, 204, 223, 231, 237, 239, 244, 245, 246
Trees and Shrubs 196
Treflan 29, 30, 31, 32, 41, 44, 45, 47, 80, 81, 103, 104, 105, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 168, 169, 170, 175, 177, 233
Treflan HFP 47, 85, 110
Treflan M.T.F. 179
Treflan MT 123
Treflan MTF 47
265
Treflan TR 10 47, 123
Tri-4 HF 123
Triallate 141
Triallate + trifluralin 141
Triamine 223
Triasulfuron 3, 143, 161, 197
Triasulfuron + dicamba 152, 210
Tribenuron 148, 158, 162
Tribenuron - methyl 146
Tribulus terrestris 240
Triclopyr 187, 200, 211, 230, 243
Triclopyr + 2,4-D 208
Triclopyr + clopyralid 200
Triclopyr + fluroxypyr 99
Triclopyr amine 240, 242
Triclopyr ester 240, 242, 247
Triclopyramine 243
Trifluiralin HF 123
Trifluralin 41, 47, 70, 73, 76, 85, 110, 123, 141, 175, 179, 233
Trifluralin + isoxaben 222
Triflurex 30, 31, 32, 41
Triflurex HFP 50, 52, 54, 70
Triflusulfuron 175
Triglochin maritima 228
Triticale 151
U
UAN 36, 37
Upbeet 168, 169, 170, 175
V
Vantage 218
Velpar 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 41
Velpar L 224
Velvetleaf 31, 53, 54, 73, 80, 93, 104, 139, 170
Vervains 55, 56, 140
Vetch 39, 94, 136, 140
Vista 224, 225
Volunteer cereal 137, 163
Volunteer cereals 36, 46, 163
Volunteer corn 46
Volunteer grain 39, 80, 168, 169, 172, 177
Volunteer grains 44, 46, 120
W
Waterhyacinth 184
Waterlettuce 184
Waterlily 181, 184
Watermilfoil 184, 189, 191
Waterpod 139
Web Resources 27
Weedar 64 184, 185, 191
Weedmaster 92, 93, 94, 101, 195, 196, 202, 203, 204, 225, 228, 237
Westar 225
Western Waterhemlock 246
266
Wheat
28, 40, 58, 125, 126, 127, 129, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 157, 161, 162, 163, 165
Wheat and Barley 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155
Wheat, volunteer 81, 103, 119
Wheatgrass 30, 49, 50
Wheatgrass, western 49, 50, 91, 103
White Dutch clover 33
Whitetop 94, 184, 196, 235
Widematch 155, 160
Wild buckwheat 43, 45, 81, 124, 145, 154, 159
Wild garlic 146, 148
Wild mustard 43, 45, 81, 125
Wild Oat 125, 134, 135, 144, 146
Wild Oat Staging Card 134, 135
Wild oats 1, 6, 36, 43, 44, 79, 118, 120, 124, 141, 144, 149, 155, 168, 169, 174
Wild proso millet 44, 81, 137, 168, 174
Wild radish 81
Wild sunflower 81, 85, 86
Willow 185, 190
Willows 246
Wirestem muhly 44
Witchgrass 30, 44, 49, 50, 81, 91, 98, 103, 115, 120, 136, 137, 169
Woodsorrel 94
Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides 19
Wormwood 93, 94
Wormwood, annual 93
X
XL 226
Y
Yarrow 55, 56, 140
Yarrow, common 94
Yellow foxtail 29, 37, 81, 141, 154, 155
Yellow hawkweed 195
Yellow nutsedge 33, 58, 60, 63, 81, 87
Yellow rocket 80, 81
Yellow thistle 195
Yellow toadflax 195, 196
Yramin 168
Yukon 70
Z
ZADOK'S 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130
267
GL
OSSAR
Y
LOSSAR
OSSARY
ABSORPTION—Penetration of a substance from the surface to
below the surface.
produces fruits and seeds. Examples include wild carrot, common
mullein, bull thistle, and burdock.
ADSORPTION—The adhesion in an extremely thin layer of molecules
to the surfaces of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in contact.
BIOASSAY—The qualitative or quantitative determination of a substance
by response measurements of treated living organisms as compared to
measurements on the same untreated, check, or standard living organism.
ACID EQUIVALENT—The acid portion of the active ingredient. Rates
of acid-based herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, dalapon, picloram)
should be expressed as acid equivalents per unit area.
BROADCAST APPLICATION—An application of spray over an entire
area or field rather than only on rows, beds, middles, or individual plants.
ACTIVE INGREDIENT (ai)—The chemical in a formulated product
responsible for herbicidal effects.
BROADLEAF PLANTS—Botanically classified as dicotyledons. Plants
have two cotyledon leaves in the seedling stage; true leaves are mostly
broad and have netlike or reticulate veins.
ACUTE ORAL LD50—The dosage required to kill 50% of the test animals
when given in a single oral dose in toxicity studies.
CARCINOGEN—A substance capable of producing cancer.
ACUTE TOXICITY—The amount of a substance, as a single dose, to
cause poisoning in a test animal.
CARRIER—A gas, liquid, or solid substance used to dilute, propel, or
suspend a herbicide to facilitate its preparation, storage, shipment, or use.
(See also Diluent.)
ADJUVANT—Any substance in a herbicide formulation that enhances the
effectiveness of the herbicide.
CHEMICAL NAME—The systematic name of a chemical compound
acording to the rules of nomenclature of the International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Chemical Abstracts Service, and other
organization.
ADSORPTION—Adherence of a substance to a surface.
ANIONIC SURFACTANT—A surface-active additive to a herbicide
having a negative charge but not commonly used with herbicides.
CHLOROSIS—Loss of green color in foliage followed by yellowing on the
tissue.
ANNUAL—A plant that completes its life cycle in 1 year, i.e., germinates
from seed, produces seed, and dies in the same season. Examples include
pigweed, ragweed, mustard, foxtail, and crabgrass. A winter annual is one
that germinates in the fall, lives over winter, then flowers and seeds the
following spring and summer. Pennyroyal, hedge mustard, and peppergrass are winter annuals. (Also see Winter Annual.)
CHRONIC TOXICITY—Results produced in test animals exposed for
long periods to chemicals.
COMMON NAME—A generic name for a chemical compound.
COMPATIBLE—Two compounds or products can be mixed without
affecting each other’s performance.
ANTAGONISM—Opposing action of different chemicals such that the
action of one is impaired or the total effect is less than that of one
component used separately.
COMPETITION—The active acquisition of limited resources by an
organism which results in a reduced supply and, consequently, reduced
growth of other organisms in a common environment.
ANTIDOTE—A practical immediate treatment, including first aid, in case
of poisoning.
CONCENTRATION—The amount of active ingredient or herbicide in a
quantity of diluent expressed as percent, lb/gal, etc.
APOPLASTIC TRANSLOCATION—Movement through the non-living
continuum in a plant, incuding cell walls, intercellular spaces, and the
xylem vessels, that forms a continuous permeable system through which
water and solutes may move. Many apoplastic translocated herbicides are
taken up by roots from the soil.
CONTACT HERBICIDE—A herbicide that is phytotoxic by contact with
plant tissue rather than as a result of translocation. Only that portion of a
plant contacted is directly affected. Young seedlings are killed, but
perennials may recover from the uninjured parts below ground.
AQUATIC PLANT—A plant that grows in water. There are three kinds:
Submergent—which grows beneath the surface; Emergent—which grows
above the water (cattails and water lilies); and Floaters—such as water
hyacinth.
CRP—Conservation reserve program.
CUTICLE—Waxy, fatty material that covers plant surfaces such as leaves.
BAND OR ROW APPLICATION—An application to a continuous
restricted area, such as in, on, or along a crop row rather than over the
entire field.
CUT-SURFACE APPLICATION—Treatments applied to frills or girdles
that have been made through the bark into the wood of tree.
DECIDUOUS PLANTS—Plants that are perennial in habit but lose their
leaves during winter.
BASAL TREATMENT—An application to the stems of plants at and just
above ground line.
DEFOLIANT—A material that causes the leaves to fall from plants.
BERM—Narrow shelf typically along the water’s edge of canals formed by
deposited silt.
DEGRADATION—The process by which a chemical is decomposed or
broken down into less complex compounds or elements.
BIENNIAL—A plant that completes its life cycle in 2 years. The first year
it produces leaves and stores food. The second year it blossoms and
DEOXYGENATION—Depletion of oxygen.
DERMAL TOXICITY—Measures the amount of a pesticide or poisonous
G-1
material that can be absorbed through the skin of animals to produce
toxic symptoms.
overlapping ax cuts made through the bark in a ring around the trunk
of a tree.
DESICCANT—Any substance or mixture of substances used to
accelerate the drying of plant tissue. Foliage often is killed by contact
action and seed moisture is reduced.
FUMIGANT—Chemical used in the form of a volatile liquid or a gas to
kill insects, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, seeds, roots, rhizomes, or entire
plants; usually applied in an enclosure of some kind or in the soil with a
plastic or water surface seal.
DETERGENT—Any liquid or solid material that will remove residues
from application equipment, such as dishwashing and laundry detergent .
GPA—Gallons per acre.
GPM—Gallons per minute.
DICOT—(dicotyledon)—A plant that has two seed leaves or cotyledons.
Generally includes broadleaf plants.
GRANULE OR GRANULAR—A dry formulation of herbicide in which
the active ingredient is impregnated on small particles of carrier such as
clay or ground-up corncobs.
DILUENT—Any liquid or solid material to dilute the technical toxicant to
field strength for adequate plant coverage.
GRASS—Botanically, any plant of the Gramineae family. Grasses are
characterized by narrow leaves with parallel veins; by leaves composed of
blade, sheath, and ligule; by jointed stems and fibrous roots; and by
inconspicuous flowers usually arranged in spikelets.
DIRECTED APPLICATION—Precise application to a specific area or
plant organ such as to a row or bed or to a specific part of the plant.
DISPERSING AGENT—A material that reduces the cohesive forces
between similar particles.
GROWTH REGULATOR—A substance used for controlling or modifying
plant growth processes.
DISSOLVE—Solids that form solutions where no residue remains.
HARD WATER—Water that contains certain minerals, usually calcium
and magnesium sulfates, chlorides, or carbonates in solution in sufficient
amounts to cause a curd or precipitate instead of a lather when soap is
added. Generally defined as water containing 332 ppm of calcium
carbonate. Very hard water may cause precipitates in some herbicidal
sprays.
DORMANCY—State of inhibited germination of seeds or growth of plant
organs. A state of suspended development.
DORMANT SPRAY—Chemical applied in winter or very early spring
before treated plants have started active growth.
DOSE (RATE)—The terms are the same; however, rate is preferred. Refers
to the amount of active ingredient applied to a unit area regardless of
percentage of chemical in the carrier.
HAZARD—The probability that injury or detrimental effects will result if
a substance is not used properly.
DRIFT—The movement of airborne particles by air motion or wind away
from the intended target area.
HERBACEOUS—A plant that remains soft or succulent and does not
develop woody tissue.
ECOSYSTEM—An ecological entity consisting of the biotic community
and the nonliving environment functioning together in an inseparable
interacting system.
HERBICIDE—A phytotoxic chemical used for killing or inhibiting
(stunting) the development or growth of plants.
HIGH-VOLUME SPRAYS—Spray applications of more than 60 gallons
per acre volume.
EMERGENCE—The act of a germinating seedling’s breaking through the
soil surface.
HORMONE—A naturally occurring substance in plants that controls
growth or other physiological processes. It is used with reference to certain
synthetic chemicals that require or affect growth activity.
EMETIC—A material used to cause vomiting to rid stomachs of
poisonous compounds.
EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (EC)—A concentrated herbicide
formulation containing organic solvents and adjuvants to facilitate
emulsification with water.
HYDROSOIL—Soil at bottom of the body of water.
INCORPORATE INTO SOIL—The mixing of a herbicide into the soil,
generally by mechanical means or with overhead water.
EMULSIFIER—A surface-active substance that promotes the suspension
of one liquid in another.
INERT INGREDIENT—That part of a compound without toxic or killing
properties, sometimes called the carrier.
EPINASTY—Twisting or curling of leaves and stems caused by uneven
growth of cells. This is a characteristic reaction from treatment with 2,4-D
and other growth regulators.
INHIBIT—To hold in check or stop; e.g., to inhibit or check seed
germination or plant growth with herbicides.
ESTER—A compound formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol
accompanied by the loss of water formed during the reaction.
INTERFERENCE—The effect that the presence of a plant has on its
neighboring plants, the process includes competition, mutualism,
commensalism, ammensalism, and parasitism.
FERTILIZER—Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic
origin that is added to the soil to supply one or more elements essential to
the growth of the plants.
INVERT EMULSION—The suspension of minute water droplets in a
continuous oil phase, usually forming a thick, mayonnaise like mixture.
FLOWABLE—A two-phase formulation containing solid herbicide
suspended in liquid and that forms a suspension when added to water.
IONIC SURFACTANT—One that ionizes or dissociates in water.
LABEL—All written, printed, or graphic matter on or attached to pesticide
containers as required by law.
FORMULATION—A mixture containing the active pesticide, the carrier,
diluents, and other additives required to make the material ready for
application.
FRILL APPLICATION—Placement of a herbicide into a series of
G-2
LAY-BY APPLICATION—Applied with or after the last cultivation
of a crop.
persist. (Examples—field bindweed, Canada thistle, quackgrass,
dandelion.)
LC50—The concentration of a substance in air (inhalation toxicity), water
(aquatic toxicity) or continual exposure in diet that will kill 50% of the
organisms in a specific test situation.
PERSISTENT HERBICIDE—A herbicide that, when applied at the
recommended rate, will harm specific crops planted in normal rotation
after harvesting the treated crop, or that interferes with regrowth of native
vegetation in non-crop sites for an extended period of time.
LD50—The dose (quantity) of a substance that will be lethal to 50% of the
organisms in a specific test situation. It is expressed in weight of the
chemical (mg) per unit of body weight (kg) and the toxicant may be fed
(oral LD50), applied to the skin (dermal LD50), or administered in the form
of vapors (inhalation LD50).
PESTICIDE—Any substance or mixture of substances intended for
controlling insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, and other forms of plant or
animal life that are considered to be pests.
PESTICIDE TOLERANCE—The amount of pesticide residue that may
legally remain in or on a food crop.
LEACHING—The downward movement of a substance in solution
through the soil.
PHYTOPLANKTON—Microscopic plant life living suspended in water.
LEAF BLADE—Flat portion of a leaf.
PHYTOTOXIC—Poisonous or injurious to plants.
LETHAL—Fatal or deadly.
POPULATION—A group of individuals of the same species occupying a
habitat small enough to permit interbreeding.
LOW-VOLATILE ESTER (LVE)—An ester compound with a high
molecular weight and a low vapor pressure such as butoxyethanol, isooctyl, or propylene glycol butyl ester.
LOW-VOLUME SPRAY—A spray application of 5 to 20 gallons per acre.
POSTEMERGENCE TREATMENT—Treatments made after plants
emerge above the soil surface; sometimes defined as early or late with
respect to the crop.
MECHANISM-OF-ACTION—The specific biochemical of biophysical
event or events that express the herbicide effect.
POSTHARVEST—Application of a pesticide to the soil or plant after
crops have been harvested.
MISCIBLE LIQUIDS—Two or more liquids capable of being mixed,
which will remain mixed under normal conditions.
PREEMERGENCE TREATMENT—Treatment made after a crop is
planted, but before it emerges. (1) Contact preemergence—an application
made after weed emergence, but before crop emergence. (2) Residual
preemergence—an application that kills weeds as the seeds germinate or as
they emerge, either before or after the crop has emerged. (Application is
made before crop emergence.)
MODE-OF-ACTION—The entire chain of events from first contact of the
herbicide to the final effect on the plant.
MONOCOT (monocotyledon)—A seed plant having a single cotyledon or
seed leaf. Includes corn, grasses, lilies, orchids, palms, etc. Leaves are
mostly parallel-veined.
PREPLANTING TREATMENT—Treatment made before the crop is
planted.
MUTAGEN—A compound having the property to induce mutations.
PREPLANTING SOIL INCORPORATED (PPI)—Applied and tilled into
the soil before seeding or transplanting.
NECROSIS—Localized death of living tissue as, for example, following
desiccation, browning, and loss of function.
PUBESCENT—Hairy. Pubescence affects ease of wetting of foliage and
also retention of spray on foliage.
NICHE—The minimal resource needs of a plant, includes both spatial and
temporal components.
PSI—Pounds per square inch.
NONIONIC SURFACTANT—Chemically inert and often used with
herbicides.
RATE—The amount of active ingredient or acid equivalent applied per
unit area or other treatment unit.
NONSELECTIVE HERBICIDES—Chemicals or formulations that destroy
or prevent plant life in general without regard to species.
REGISTERED—Pesticides that have been approved for use by the
Environmental Protection Agency.
NOXIOUS WEED—A weed arbitrarily defined by law as being especially
undesirable, troublesome, or difficult to control.
RESIDUE—The amount of pesticide that is on or in the crop at the time
an analysis is made.
OILS—Usually refers to aromatic or paraffinic oils used in formulating
products, as diluents or carriers for herbicides or for direct use.
RESIDUE TOLERANCE—The amount of pesticide residue that may
legally remain in or on a food crop.
ONCOGENIC—A substance capable of producing tumors.
RESISTANT OR TOLERANT—Weed resistance determines the rates of
herbicide or herbicide choices required for control.
ORAL TOXICITY—Toxicity of a compound when it is ingested.
RHIZOME—Underground rootlike stem that produces roots and leafy
shoots.
PPM—Parts per million.
PELLET—A dry formulation of herbicide and other components in
discrete particles usually larger than 10 cubic centimeters.
ROSETTE—The basal or early leaves of a plant, before bolting.
SAFENER—A substance that reduces toxicity of herbicides to crop plants
by a physiological mechanism.
PERENNIAL—A plant that continues to live from year to year. In many
cases, in cold climates the tops die down but the roots and rhizomes
SEEDLING STAGE—Early stages of growth of crop plants or weeds,
G-3
STOLON—Aboveground runners or slender stems that develop
roots and shoots and new plants at the tips or nodes as in the
strawberry plant.
within a few days or weeks after seed germination and emergence.
SELECTIVE HERBICIDE—A chemical that is more toxic to some
plant species than to others (may be a function of dosage or mode of
application).
STUNTING—Retardation of growth and development of weeds or crops.
SUBACUTE TOXICITY—Results produced in test animals by long term
exposure to repeated doses or concentrations of a substance.
SITE-OF-ACTION—The location in the plant where herbicide exerts
toxicity at the cellular level.
SOFT WATER—Water that does not contain those minerals that prevent
free lathering when soap is added (see Hard Water).
SURFACE TENSION—Due to surface molecular forces, a drop of liquid
tends to form an apparent membrane that causes it to ball up rather than
to spread as a film.
SOIL INJECTION—Placement of the herbicide beneath the soil surface
with a minimum mixing or stirring of the soil as with an injection blade,
knife, or tine.
SURFACTANT—A material used in formulations to impart emulsifiability, spreading, wetting, dispersibility, or other surface-modifying
properties .
SOIL LAYERED—Placement of the herbicide in a discrete horizontal zone
under a lifted or tilled layer of soil.
SUSPENSION—A liquid or gas in which very fine solid particles are
dispersed but not dissolved.
SOIL PERSISTENCE—Length of time that a herbicide application on or
in soil remains effective.
SYMPLASTIC TRANSLOCATION—Movement of herbicide along with
sugars in phloem or the phloem stream.
SOIL RESIDUAL—A herbicide that prevents the growth of plants when
present in the soil. Soil residual effects may be temporary or relatively
permanent.
SYNERGISM—Complementary action of different chemicals so that the
total effect is greater than the sum of the independent effects.
SOLUBLE SOLID—A dry herbicide formulation that is soluble in the
carrier liquid.
SYSTEMIC—A compound that moves freely within a plant so that
application to one area will result in movement to all areas of the plant to
exert its effect.
SOLUBILITY—The amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given
amount of liquid.
TERATOGEN—A compound having the property of causing congenital
malformations in the fetus (birth defects).
SOLVENT—A liquid such as water or oil used to dissolve other material
such as herbicides.
TOLERANCE (pesticide)—The amount of pesticide chemical allowed by
law to be in or on a plant or animal product sold for human consumption.
SPOT TREATMENT—Application of sprays to localized or restricted
areas.
TOLERANT—Capable of withstanding effects. For example, grass is
tolerant of 2,4-D to the extent that this herbicide can be used selectively to
control broadleaf weeds without killing the grass.
SPRAY DRIFT—The movement of airborne spray particles from the
intended contact area to other areas.
TOPICAL APPLICATION—Treatment of a localized surface site such as a
single leaf blade, petiole, or growing point.
SPREADING AGENT—A substance used to improve the wetting,
spreading, or possibly the adhesive properties of a herbicide spray solution
.
TOXIC—Poisonous; injurious to animals and plants through contact or
systemic action.
STAGES OF PLANT GROWTH—
Bolt—A seedstalk forms following development of a rosette.
TRADE NAME—A trademark or other designation by which a commercial product is identified.
Cereals—
1)
Tillering: Additional shoots are developed from the crown .
2)
Jointing: Stem internodes begin to elongate.
3)
Boot: Upper leaf sheath swells due to growth of a developing spike
TRANSLOCATION—Transfer of sugars or other materials such as 2,4-D
from one part to another in plants. (See Systemic.)
VAPOR DRIFT—The movement of vapors from the area of application to
other areas.
or panicle.
4)
VOLATILE—A compound is volatile when it evaporates or vaporizes
(changes from liquid to a gas) at ordinary temperatures on exposure to the
air.
Heading: Seed head is emerging from the sheath.
Crook—As seedling emerges from the soil before stem becomes
erect; used in beans and peas.
WATER DISPERSIBLE SLURRY—A 2-phase concentrate that contains
solid herbicide suspended in liquid that is capable of suspension in water.
Flag—In onions, cotyledon leaf must be free of the loop stage and
before first true leaf appears; in cereals, the sheath and leaf have
WATER SOLUBLE POWDER—A finely ground herbicide powder that
will dissolve in water.
formed in which the head will emerge.
Lay-by—Time of last cultivation.
WEED—A plant growing where it is not desired. Any plant that is a
nuisance, hazard, or causes injury to humans, animals, or the desired crop.
Loop—In onions, cotyledon leaf begins to emerge and before tip is
free.
WEED CONTROL—The process of limiting weed infestations or killing
weeds for aesthetic, economic, public health, or other reasons .
Spike—In corn, at first emergence before first true leaf is readily
observed.
G-4
WEED ERADICATION—The elimination of all live plants, plant
parts, and seeds of a weed from a site.
WEED MANAGEMENT—A complete approach involving all
appropriate weed control practices organized into a logical and effective
plan for reducing detrimental aspects of weeds in cropping systems or
situations.
WETTABLE POWDER (WP)—A finely divided dry herbicide formulation
that can be suspended readily in water.
WETTING AGENT—A compound that, when added to a spray
solution, causes the spray to spread over and wet surfaces more
thoroughly.
WINTER ANNUAL—A plant that starts from seed germination in the
fall, lives over winter, and completes its growth, including seed production, the following season. (Examples—vetch and chickweed.) Many
plants commonly known as annuals can also be classified as winter
annuals, depending on time of germination, etc. (Also see Annual.)
WOODY PLANTS—Plants that develop woody tissue.
G-5
SAFETY CODE FOR HANDLING PESTICIDES
National Agricultural Chemicals Association
1. Always read the label before using herbicides. Note warnings and cautions each time before
opening the container.
2. Keep herbicides out of reach of children and pets. They should be stored outside of the home and
away from food and feed.
3. Always store herbicides in their original containers, and tightly closed. Never transfer herbicides
to anything but the original container.
4. Never smoke while applying herbicides.
5. Avoid inhaling herbicides. Always wear protective clothing and masks.
6. Do not spill herbicides on the skin or clothing. If a spill occurs, remove the contaminated clothing
immediately and wash thoroughly.
7. Wash your hands and face, and change to clean clothing after applying herbicides. Also wash
clothing each day before reuse.
8. Cover food and water containers when applying herbicides around livestock or pet areas. Do not
contaminate fishponds.
9. Use separate equipment for applying hormone-type herbicides in order to avoid accidental injury
to susceptible plants.
10. Always dispose of empty containers so that they cannot harm humans, animals, or valuable
plants.
11. Observe label directions and cautions so that herbicide residues on the edible portions of plants
are within the limits permitted by law.
12. If symptoms of illness occur during or shortly after spraying, call a physician or get the patient to
a hospital immediately.
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY:
Contact the POISON CONTROL CENTER for your state, or call Chemtrec.
State
Poison Control Center
Montana
Wyoming
Utah
Chemtrec
800-525-5042 (Denver, CO)
800-955-9119 (Omaha, NE)
800-456-7707 (Salt Lake City, UT)
800-424-9300

Weed Management Handbook

Transcription

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