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2万_
了
I
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t
v
i
o
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u
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o
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t
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o
j
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a
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i
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h
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a
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o
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i
t
a
l
,
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a
z
u
h
i
k
o
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e
r
a
m
o
t
o
'
,
K
o
u
i
c
h
i
Pul
s
ed el
ect
ri
c iel
f
d bef
ore Kobe and I
zu
e
ar
t
hquake
s
f
r
om Se
i
s
mi
c
al
l
y一
i
nduc
e
d Ano
mal
ous
Ani
ma
l
Be
ha
v
i
o
r
(
SAAB)
I
ns
t
i
t
u
t
e o
fEar
t
h a
nd S
pa
c
e S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
Gr
adu
at
e Sc
h
oo
l
o
fS
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
Os
ak
a Uni
v
e
r
s
m'
,
I
一
I
Mac
hi
k
an
e
-
v
ai
n
a,
T
o
Yo
na
k
a,
Os
ak
a 56
0,
J
apa
n
Kob
e伪i
Zoo
,
3-
1叨i
,
Na
da,
Kob
e 6
57
,
彻)
an
At
ag
awa Tr
o
pi
c
al
& Al
l
i
g
at
o
r Gar
de
n
,
At
a
ga
i
v
a,
I
t
o
h-
c
ho
,
Kamo
,
S
hi
l
-
t
t
ok
a 41
3-
0
3,
J
o
pan
S
e
a l
i
o
ns
,
hi
p
po
pot
amu
s an
d c
r
oc
o
di
l
e
s i
n t
he Ko
be
-
Oj
i
Zo
o we
r
e r
e
por
t
e
d t
o h
av
e s
ho
wn s
e
i
s
mi
c a
nomal
ou
s
二i
mal
b
e
h
av
i
or (
S
AAB)
b晌 r
e t
h
e Kob
e Ear
t
hq
ua
k
e
.
Cr
o
c
o
di
l
e
s
at
t
h
e I
z
u-
At
ag
awa Ban
an
a-
Al
l
i
g
at
or Gar
-
l
e
n we
r
e o
bs
e
r
v
e
d t
o hav
e c
r
i
e
d b
(
,
t)
f
r
e v
o
l
c
ani
c e
r
u
p-
i
o
n
s an
d e
ar
t
h
qu
ak
e
s
i
n t
h
e 1
7
U a
r
e
o.
Cr
i
t
i
c
al
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
l
i
e
l
d i
t
i
t
e
n
s
i
t
v -
whi
c
h c
au
s
e
s a户e
l
d-
av
oi
da
nc
e be
h
av
i
or
i
a
s be
e
n e
s
t
i
n
i
ot
e
df
or t
h
e
s
e a
ni
n
i
al
s an
d s
o
me r
e
pt
i
l
e
s
.
Wh
av
i
or
al
r
e
s
pon
s
e
s t
o s
e
i
s
mi
c e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c pul
s
e s
t
i
mul
i
l
ue
t
o t
he e
i
ne
r
ge
d pu
l
s
e
d (
-
ba
r
ge
s or e
l
e
c
t
r
oma
gne
t
i
c
v
av
e
s
wer
e t
e
nt
at
i
v
e
l
Y at
t
r
i
bu
t
e
d t
o t
h
e c
au
s
e of S
AAB.
}
e
i
s
n
i
i
c万el
d i
nt
e
n
s
i
t
i
e
s
pr
i
or t
o t
he Kob
e Ear
t
h
qu
ak
e
t
t
,
e
r
e e
s
t
i
ma
t
e
d f
r
oi
n t
h
e e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c.
ie
f
l
d (
fe
c
t
s a
nd c
i
t
i
-
:
ll
e
污s
t
at
e
me
nt
s
o
i
l
S
AAB ar
e s
h
own i
n“ge
o
gr
a
phi
c
ma
p wi
t
h t
he nu
mb
er
(
}
f
s
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
s
.
Th
e an
e
c
do
t
al
r
e
po
r
t
s o
厂v
i
gi
l
币c
an
t
a
ni
mal
di
s
t
ur
b
an
c
e
s
a
t
t
he e
pi
c
e
n-
t
e
r。
、二e
nt
i
r
e
l
.
v c
on
s
i
s
t
e
nt
wi
t
h t
he e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
.
ie
f
l
d e
fe
c
t
s
.
An at
t
e
n
i
pt
was i
nade t
o o
bs
e
r
v
e n
ot
ur
al
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c pu
l
s
e
s
pr
i
or t
o e
ar
t
h
qu
ak
e
s
wi
t
h‘
,
di
gi
t
al
s
t
o
r
ag
e o
s
c
i
l
l
os
c
o
pe
c
on
.
t)
f
r
mi
n
g t
o ge
o
ph
Y
s
i
c
al
t
h
e
or
-
y
,
al
s
o at
t
h
e t
i
me o
f
l
i
ght
ni
n
g an
d b
Y e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c di
s
c
h
ar
ge
s
.
S
ome e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
pul
s
e
s
we
r
e de
t
ec
t
e
d s
i
mul
t
a
ne
ou
s
八,
oc
c
u
r
r
i
ng i
n a l
ab
-
‘
,
二t
or
Y wi
t
h s
t
ar
t
l
e
d mov
e
me
n
t
s o
f e
e
l
s
as
we/
/
a
s wi
t
h
i
f
g
ht
i
n
g an
d gr
o
omi
n
g o
j
'
hai
n
s
t
e
r
s k
nown a
s an
omal
ou
s
b
e
h
av
i
o
r c
au
s
e
d b)
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c.
ie
f
l
d (
fe
c
t
s
.
f
a
x
e
s a
n
d i
nt
e
r
n
et
s an
d r
ep
or
t
i
n
g 1
51
9 s
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
s i
n whi
c
h mo
s
t
a
m-
ma
l
s we
r
e c
l
a
i
me
d t
o s
ho
w s
e
i
s
mi
c
a
l
l
y
-
i
n
du
c
e
d an
oma
l
ou
s a
n
i
ma
l
b
e
ha
v
i
o
r (
SAAB)
be
f
or
e t
h
e Ko
b
e Ea
r
t
hq
ua
k
e
.
The b
e
ha
v
i
o
r i
s
n
ot
c
o
nf
i
n
e
d t
o t
he Kob
e Ea
r
t
hqu
a
k
e}
c
r
o
c
odi
l
es
a
t
t
h
e I
z
u-
At
a
-a
wa
'
I
r
op
i
c
a
l& Al
l
i
g
a
t
o
r Ga
r
d
en we
r
e ph
ot
ogr
a
ph
e
d f
or c
r
yi
ng a
nd
b
e
ha
v
i
n
g vi
ol
e
n
t
l
y be
f
o
r
e vo
l
c
a
ni
c e
r
up
t
i
on
s a
n
d e
a
r
t
h
qu
a
ke
s i
n t
h
e
Int
roduct
i
on
Expe
r
i
me
nt
al
i
t
ha
s
l
on
g b
e
e
n di
s
cu
s
s
e
d t
h
a
t
a
ni
ma
l
s
be
co
me e
xc
i
t
e
d a
n
d f
a
l
l
i
nt
o
p
a
n
i
c b
e
f
o
r
e e
a
r
t
hq
ua
k
es
a
s i
f t
h
e
y a
r
e s
e
ns
i
t
i
v
e t
o t
h
ei
r o
ns
e
t
(
Ma
S
U
ya
,
1
95
5}
Ri
ki
t
a
k
e 1
978
;
Tr
i
t
u
s
c
h
,
1
9
78
)
.
Anoma
l
ou
s be
h
a
v-
j
o
r was
o
bs
e
r
v
e
d f
or a
ni
ma
l
s
a
t
t
he Ko
be
-
Oj
i
Zoo i
n a da
y he
a
di
n
g
u
p t
o t
h
e Ko
b
e Ea
r
t
h
qua
k
e on J
an
u
a
r
y 1
7,
1
9
95.
Se
a l
i
on
s c
r
i
e
d a
n
d
Wou
l
d n
ot
e
a
t
,
whi
l
e h
i
p
po
po
t
a
mi
s
a
n
k i
n
t
o t
h
e
i
r
p
oo
l
an
d wou
l
d no
t
r
e
f
a
c
e,
c
r
oc
o
di
l
e
s be
c
a
me vi
ol
e
nt
a
nd l
e
f
t
s
c
r
a
t
c
h
e
s t
o t
he gl
a
s
s
wa
l
l
o
f t
h
e
i
r
e
n
cl
o
s
u
r
e.
I
t
wa
s
a
l
s
o r
e
po
r
t
e
d t
h
a
t
f
i
s
h a
nd s
i
l
k
wo
r
ms
a
l
i
gn
e
d t
h
e
ms
e
l
v
e
s i
n a c
ommon d
i
r
e
c
t
i
on pr
i
or
t
o t
he Kob
e Ea
r
t
h-
q
u
ak
e a
n
d s
on
i
c f
i
s
h di
e
d i
n p
a
ni
c b
y j
umpi
ng ou
t
of wa
t
e
r
.
Ea
r
t
h-
wo
r
ms c
a
me o
ut
o
f t
he ea
r
t
h a
n
d s
wa
r
me
d.
I
t
wa
s no
t
s
u
r
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
t
h
er
ef
or
e t
o f
i
nd Wa
da
t
s
u
r
n
i(
1
995
)
c
ol
l
e
c
t
i
n
g f
r
om ci
t
i
z
e
ns t
hr
o
ug
h
Locat
ion and ani
m al
s
均)
i
v
.
odes,
V(
)
/
.
20,
no.
4
lzu ar
ea.
Sc
i
e
n
t
i
s
t
s
a
r
e s
k
e
pt
i
c
a
l
a
nd r
e
g
a
r
d SAAB a
s
j
us
t
a s
u
pe
r
s
t
i
t
i
on
o
r a
s r
e
t
r
os
pe
c
t
i
v
el
y a
s
s
e
r
t
e
d s
t
or
i
e
s a
f
t
e
r a
n e
a
r
t
hq
ua
k
e u
nd
e
r t
h
e
p
s
y
c
ho
l
o
gi
c
a
l
l
y a
b
no
r
mal
c
on
di
t
i
o
n c
a
us
e
d by a na
t
u
r
a
l
di
s
a
s
t
e
i
Howe
v
er
,
t
h
e
y ma
y h
a
ve de
t
e
c
t
e
d s
ome ki
n
d o
f i
n
t
e
ns
e s
i
g
n
al
s s
u
ch
a
s s
o
un
ds
,
o
do
r
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c o
r ma
}
,
n
ef
i
c s
t
i
mul
i
b
e
f
or
e e
a
r
t
h
qu
a
k
es
(
Bu
s
h
i
r
k e
t
a
]
.
,
1
981
)
.The J
a
p
a
n
es
e f
o
l
k s
t
o
r
y t
h
a
t
c
a
t
is
f
h c
a
us
e
e
a
r
t
hq
ua
k
e
s wa
s on
c
e s
t
udi
e
d f
r
o
m t
h
e v
i
e
wp
oi
nt
o
f
s
e
i
s
mi
c el
e
c
t
r
i
c
ie
f
l
ds (
Ab
e
.
1
9
32)
.
Mo
r
e r
e
c
en
t
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
on
s s
u
gg
e
s
t
t
ha
t
t
he
r
e
c
o
ul
d b
e s
on
i
c
bi
ol
og
i
ca
l
ba
s
i
s t
o t
h
e
s
e c
l
a
i
ms
.
Se
i
s
mi
c a
c
t
i
vi
t
y i
n f
a
ul
t
mov
e
me
nt
c
ou
l
d
b
e mod
el
e
d a
s an
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ma
gn
e
t
i
c ph
e
nomen
on (
I
ke
y
a an
d Ta
k
a
ki
.
1
99
6)
a
nd pr
o-
d
uc
e
s
s
e
i
s
mi
c t
r
a
n
s
i
e
nt
f
r
e
e c
ha
r
g
es
b
y me
a
n
s of
a pi
e
z
o
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
s
u
c
h i
nt
e
ns
i
t
y t
o ca
us
e l
i
g
ht
ni
ng di
s
c
h
a
r
ge
s
s
ome
t
i
mes
o
bs
e
r
ve
d i
n co
nn
e
c
t
i
on wi
t
h e
a
r
t
h
qu
a
k
es
.
I
ke
y
a e
t
a
]〔
1
9
96
)
s
ho
we
d
t
ha
t
S
AAB mi
gh
t
be r
e
l
a
t
e
d wi
t
h t
h
e c
ha
r
ge e
f
f
e
c
t
s i
n pr
e
c
ur
s
o
r
y
e
a
r
t
hq
ua
k
e s
wa
r
ms
.
La
bor
a
t
or
y e
xp
e
r
i
men
t
s
wi
t
h e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
el
d
s
r
e
p
r
od
u
c
ed t
he a
l
i
g
nme
n
t
b
e
ha
v
i
o
r a
n
d my
s
t
e
r
i
o
us
s
ha
p
e of c
a
n
dl
e
la
f
me (
I
k
e
ya a
n
d Ma
t
s
u
mot
o,
1
9
97)
r
ep
or
t
e
d an
e
c
d
ot
a
l
l
y.
Thi
s pa
p
e
r d
es
c
r
i
be
s t
he e
s
t
i
ma
t
e
d s
e
i
s
mi
c e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c i
f
e
l
d i
n
t
e
n-
s
i
t
y a
nd i
t
s d
i
r
e
c
t
i
on b
e
f
or
e t
he Kobe Ea
r
t
h
qua
ke f
r
o
m t
he s
t
a
t
e
-
me
r
i
t
s
,
a
s
s
umi
ng t
h
a
t
t
he
y a
r
e c
o
r
r
e
c
t
,
a
nd f
r
om e
xp
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
da
t
a on
t
he r
e
s
p
ons
e o
fs
e
a l
i
on
s
,
p
e
ngu
i
n
s a
nd s
n
a
ke
s
t
o e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c i
f
el
ds i
n t
he
Kob
e
-
Ql
i
Zo
o.
Cr
o
c
odi
l
e
s a
t
t
he I
z
u-
At
a
-a
wa Tr
o
pi
c
al&Al
l
w
I
a
t
oi
Gar
den wer
e al
s
o st
udi
ed.
Pul
s
ed el
ect
r
i
c iel
f
d i
neasur
ement
s i
n
wa
t
e
r
we
r
e a
t
t
empt
ed wi
t
h a di
gi
t
a
l
s
t
or
a
g
e os
ci
l
l
o
s
c
o
pe
.
The Kobe侧 i
Zoo
I he Kob
e 0.
1
i
Zo
o i
s
l
oc
a
t
e
d a
bo
ut
25 k
m awa
y f
r
om t
h
e n
or
t
h e
d
ge
o
l
'
t
he No
.
j
i
ma Fa
ul
t
t
h
a
t
mov
e
d i
n t
he Kob
e Ea
r
t
hqu
a
k
e.
Cal
i
f
or
n
i
a
s
e
a l
i
o
ns
,
hi
pp
op
ot
ami
.
p
en
gu
i
ns
,
l
f
a
i
ni
n
gos
a
nd g
r
e
en s
na
k
es
we
r
e
u
s
e
d f
or
t
he S
t
ud
y ofe
l
e
ct
r
i
c f
i
e
l
d e
f
f
e
c
t
s
.
Ar
agawa Tr
o
pi
c
al Banana and Al
l
i
gat
or Gar
de
n
Cr
o
c
od
de
s
i
n t
hi
s
z
oo cr
i
e
d a
n
d b
e
ha
v
e
d v
i
ol
e
nt
l
y be
f
o
r
e v
ol
c
a
n
i
c
e
r
u
pt
i
ons
a
t
I
z
u
-
Oh
s
h
i
ma i
n 1
97 1
a
n
d b
e
f
or
e e
a
r
t
h
qu
ak
e
s
.
Al
l
i
ga
t
o
r
s
254
a
l
l
e
g
e
d r
es
p
on
de
d t
o a
pp
r
oa
c
h
i
n
g t
hu
nd
e
r s
t
o
r
ms
,
wh
i
l
e c
r
oc
o
di
l
e
s
n
o
i
s
e
s l
e
s
s t
ha
n t
h
i
s
l
e
v
e
l
wa
s
no
t
r
e
c
o
r
de
d,
The s
a
mpl
i
n
g f
r
e
q
ue
n
c
y
negl
ect
ed t
hem.
i
s 40 mi
l
l
i
on s
a
mo
l
i
n2
s pe
r s
e
c
on
d wi
t
h s
t
o
r
a
g
e me
mor
i
e
s o
f 2
04
9
by
t
e
s
.
Th
e d
a
t
a wa
s t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
e
d t
o a c
o
mpu
t
e
r
h
a
r
d di
s
c i
n 1
2 s whi
c
h
i
s a d
ea
d t
i
me du
r
i
n
g wh
i
c
h no obs
e
r
va
t
i
o
na
l
da
t
a i
s
mea
s
ur
e
d wi
t
h
Appar
a
t
us
D SO
I
r
on
-
me
s
h b
a
r
be
c
u
e n
e
t
s
c
o
ve
r
e
d wi
t
h a
n a
l
u
mi
n
um c
oo
ki
n
g f
oi
l
we
r
e us
e
d as
el
e
c
t
r
o
de
s of 0.
5 r
n x 0.
7 m a
n
d di
ppe
d i
nt
o a po
ol
a
t
s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
on
s d,
f
r
om I
t
o 5 m.
Th
e e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de r
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e i
s l
es
s t
h
a
n]
oh
m.
The DC v
ol
t
a
g
e wa
s g
e
ne
r
a
t
e
d us
i
n
g e
i
t
h
e
r a ho
me
-
ma
d
e b
a
t
-
t
e
r
y p
a
c
k h
a
vi
ng a s
e
r
i
e
s
-
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d t
we
l
v
e 1
.
5 V ba
t
t
e
r
i
es
c
on
ne
ct
e
d
i
n s
e
r
i
e
s or
a s
e
r
i
es
o
f t
e
n 9 V ba
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
.
El
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
ds we
r
e a
pp
l
i
e
d
b
y s
wi
t
c
hi
n
g t
h
e ba
t
t
e
r
i
es
on a
n
d of.
Th
e e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c p
ul
s
e
s we
r
e
a
p
pl
i
e
d u
s
i
n
g a c
omme
r
c
i
a
l
'
El
ep
ul
s
e (
Omur
o
n HV-
F04)
'
f
or t
h
e
El
ect
ri
c iel
f
d ef
f
ect
s on ani
mal
s
Ani
ma
l
s at
t
he Kobe
-
Oj
i
Zoo
Ca
l
扣r
n
i
a s
e
a l
i
o
n
s
el
ect
r
oni
c mass
age appar
at
us.
El
ect
r
i
c f
iel
d i
nt
ensi
t
i
es whi
ch caus
ed abnor
mal
behavi
or at t
he
Ko
be Oj
i
Zo
o we
r
e e
va
l
ua
t
e
d f
r
o
m a
n e
x
pe
r
i
me
nt
on t
he e
f
f
e
c
t
s o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
ds on s
e
a l
i
o
ns a
nd hi
p
p
opo
t
a
mi
.
S
e
a l
i
o
ns
s
e
e
me
d t
o b
e
no
t
i
c
e
d t
he e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c he
l
d a
nd r
e
t
u
r
n
e
d a
s s
h
own i
n Fi
gur
e 2 f
r
o
m t
h
e
po
s
i
t
i
o
n o
f t
he e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d i
nt
en
s
i
t
y o
f 0.
5 V/
m a
s
e
s
t
i
ma
t
e
d f
r
o
m
t
he c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d r
e
s
u
l
t
s i
n Fi
gu
r
e I
.The
y c
r
i
e
d a
n
d di
d n
ot
a
pp
r
oa
ch
t
he hi
gh i
f
e
l
d a
r
ea c
l
o
s
e t
o t
h
e e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
s
.
The
y di
d n
ot
e
a
t
f
o
r a f
e
w
Det
ermi
nat
i
on of cr
i
t
i
cal
el
e
ct
ri
c iel
f
d
Re
s
p
on
s
e
s o
f a
ni
ma
l
s t
o t
h
e iel
f
ds
we
r
e r
e
c
o
r
d
ed us
i
n
g a c
omme
r
-
ci
a
l
v
i
de
o r
e
c
o
r
de
r
.
El
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y e
s
t
i
ma
t
e
d b
y di
vi
d
i
n
g t
he
a
ppl
i
e
d v
ol
t
a
ge by t
h
e di
s
t
a
n
c
e i
s
n
ot
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e i
n a bi
g p
oo
l
whe
r
e t
he
e
l
e
c
t
r
od
e s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
o
n o
f 5 m i
s mu
c
h l
a
r
g
e
r t
h
a
n t
h
e l
e
n
gt
h o
f t
h
e e
l
e
c
-
hour
s.
Thi
s r
esul
t i
ndi
cat
es t
hat t
he mi
ni
mum s
ei
s
mi
c el
ect
r
i
c iel
f
d i
s
t
rode,
0.
5 m,
s
o t
he s
t
at
i
c iel
f
d i
nt
ens
i
t
i
es at s
ever
al s
i
t
es wer
e cal
cu-
0.
5 V/
m f
or sea l
i
ons.
l
a
t
e
d us
i
ng a
n e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d s
i
mul
a
t
o
r f
o
r t
he e
l
e
c
t
r
od
e s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
o
n of
5 m a
n
d t
he a
pp
l
i
e
d vo
l
t
a
ge of 1
00 V a
s s
ho
wn i
n Fi
gu
r
e.
1
.
Hi
ppo
pot
amu
s
Thi
s a
n
i
ma
l
s
a
n
k a
n
d di
d n
ot
a
p
pe
a
r
b
e
f
or
e t
he Kob
e Ea
r
t
h
qu
a
k
e.
Th
e e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de s
ep
a
r
a
t
i
on o
f 2
0 m r
e
qui
r
e
d b
y t
h
e s
i
z
e of t
he hi
p-
po
po
t
a
mu
s ma
de i
t
d
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
t
o a
c
c
ur
a
t
el
y e
s
t
i
ma
t
e t
he e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d
i
n t
h
e e
x
pe
r
i
me
nt
.
Ap
pr
ox
i
ma
t
e ie
f
l
d s
t
r
e
n
gt
h wh
e
n t
he h
i
ppo
po
t
a
-
mu
s a
p
pr
o
a
c
h
ed t
he e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de a
nd s
a
nk wa
s a
r
ou
nd 6.
5 V/
m.
No
Obs
e
r
va
t
i
o
n of pul
s
e
d e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d i
n a
n aquar
i
um
Pa
r
a
l
l
el
pl
a
t
e e
l
e
c
t
r
od
es
wi
t
h a s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
o
n o
f 20 c
m we
r
e pl
a
c
e
d i
n a
n
a
q
ua
r
i
u
m.
El
e
c
t
r
i
c no
i
s
e
s we
r
e o
bs
e
r
v
e
d wi
t
h a di
g
i
t
a
l
s
t
o
r
a
ge os
c
i
l
-
l
os
c
o
pe (
DSO:
A&D Co.
,
AD-
51
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t
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u
r
e
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a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
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l
e
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t
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t
a
t
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c
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l
d i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
a
t
e
a
c
h
me
s
h
s
i
t
e
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o
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a
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e
c
t
r
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d
e
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
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o
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m a
n
d
a
v
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l
t
a
g
e
o
f 1
0
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n
a
p
o
o
l
.
O几e少
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瞥 a催理 份e
c
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e
t
a i
ne
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‘
夕wn‘
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少a粤u
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c
tr
o粤t咤be吧t
o
r at
t
he pa
r
t
i
c
ul
ar s
i
t
e
.
Appl
i
e
df
ie
l
d i
n t
he e
x
pe
r
i
me
nt
wa
s
f
r
o
代-.
3
r
o Y
-
u v
.
3
e
a l
i
o
n
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
n
i
n
g t
o t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
r
e
t
u
r
n
e
d a
t
t
h
e i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d s
i
t
e
t-
f
o
m w
h
i
c
h t
h
e
ie
f
l
d i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y o
f 0
.
5 Wi
n wa
s
已s‘im a之ea.
December 1997
255
(
a)
Fi
gur
e2 Re
s
pon
s
e o
fa s
e
a l
i
on i
n t
hepo
ol
o
f
t
he Ko
be
-
Oj
i Zoo t
o a
n e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c pu
l
s
e o
fa
bo
ut
(
b)
下/
) 刀.
I a5
(
a
) s
wi
mmi
ng nor
mal
l
y
,
(
b
) no
t
i
c
e
d a we
a
k e
l
e
c
t
r
i
cf
i
e
l
dp
ul
s
e hav
i
ng a
pe
ak i
nt
e
ns
i
t
y o
f abo
ut 0
.
5 Wi
n,
(
c
) r
e
t
ur
ne
d qui
c
kl
y a
nd
(
d
) av
oi
di
ngf
ie
l
d
.
薰
掩
(
C)
(
d)
一协
Fi
gu
r
e 3 Gr
e
e
n s
na
ke
s (
a)
be
fo
r
e a
nd (
b
) a
f
t
e
r e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c s
hoc
k a
p
pl
yi
n
g DC
v
ol
t
a
ge f
r
o
m a pac
k o
f ba
t
t
e
r
y t
o af
lo
or
.
Sna
ke
s av
oi
de
df
ie
l
d妙 s
war
mi
n
g t
o
t
he e
d
ge and s
t
an
d u
p.
(
c
) S
ame e
x
pe
r
i
me
nt us
i
ng a he
a
l
t
h-
c
ar
e e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
mas
s
a
ge
r "
El
e
pul
s
e
" whi
c
h gene
r
a
t
e
s a pul
s
e wi
t
h t
he wi
dt
h o
f I mi
c
r
o
s
e
c
o
nd
ev
e
r
y one s
e
co
nd
,
and (
d) i
nc
r
e
as
e
d numb
e
r o
fpul
s
e
s made s
na
ke
s wi
n
de
d
纂
今浅从
黝
盛
纂辘撅
夕
.飞
从咬
二
N
,
Fi
gu
r
e 4 A c
r
oc
o
di
l
e o
pe
ni
n
g t
he e
ye i
n (
a) c
l
os
e
d u
po
n e
v
e
t
y a
p
pl
i
c
at
i
o
n o
fe
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
pul
s
e o
f o
f ab
out
5 VI
M as s
hown i
n (
b)
.
Cr
oc
o
di
l
e
s r
e
s
pond t
o af
ie
l
d o
f0
.
5 Wi
n a
nd
t
he s
e
ns
i
t
i
v
e t
wo o
ut
o
f e
i
g
ht r
e
s
po
nde
d at
0
.
0
2 Wi
n.
Epi
sodes
,
Vol
.
20,
no. 4
256
T
ab
l
e I
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
ie
f
l
d e
ie
f
c
t
s o
n ani
ma
l
s at
t
he Kobe
-
O
j
i Zo
o (
KOZ)
,
t
he l
z
u-
At
a
gawa T
r
o
pi
c
a
l& Al
l
i
ga
t
o
r Ga
r
de
n (
I
ATAG)
t
oge
t
he
r
wi
t
h s
ome r
e
s
ul
t
s o
nf
is
h and r
e
pt
i
l
e
s i
n a l
ab
o
r
at
or
y.
F(
V/
m)
Anim al
Re
s
pons
e
s
The Kobe
-
Oj
i
Zo
o (
KOZ)
Qui
ck avoi
dance fr
om iel
f
d
Cal
i
f
or
ni
a Sea Li
on
0.
5
Ot
a
r
i
i
da
e Zal
o
phu
s c
al
i
,
斤)
r
ni
an
i
t
s
Hi
p
po
p
ot
a
mus (
KOZ)
Fl
a
mi
n
g
o
6.
5
Goose
15
Pe
n
gu
i
n
15
n
o l
on
ge
r
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
s e
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
s
No c
l
e
a
r r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n,
me
r
e
l
y s
u
bme
r
g
e
P
ufi
n
g up
'
?
n
o c
l
e
a
r r
ea
c
t
i
on
Pu
f
f
i
n
g u
p? s
l
i
g
ht
c
omp
ul
s
i
on'
?
Re
d
uc
e
d a
p
pe
t
i
t
e
.
a
v
oi
di
n
g?
Pel
i
can
14
No cl
ea
r r
eact
i
on
4
Snake (
Gr
een snake)
66
St
ar
t
l
ed movement
90
Re
a
c
t
ed t
o pul
s
e wi
t
h s
ho
c
k
Mus
c
l
e c
r
a
mp
e
d
Gr
oomi
ng
Cr
a
mps
i
n l
e
gs
Puf
f
i
ng u
p? gr
o
o
mi
ng
114
2
c
f
.
Ra
t
(
Rat
u
s n
or
v
e
gi
cu
s
)
}
1
)
72
Spa
r
r
ow (
Ama
nd
a
va
)“
)
100
I
z
u-
At
ag
awa Tr
o
pi
c
al& Al
l
i
g
a
t
or Gar
den JATAG)
(
}
a
)
You
n
g c
r
oc
o
di
l
e
s (
L=I
m.
d=1
.
5 m)
Sp
e
c
t
a
c
l
e
d c
a
i
ma
n
On
e s
e
ns
i
t
i
v
e s
p
e
ci
me
n b
i
t
el
e
c
t
r
od
es
Cai
man cr
ocodi
l
us
(
LI
NNE)
2
Two bi
t el
ect
r
odes
Rl
e
g
-
l
e
g>4
0MQ
5
Al
l
moved
Rb
}
i
l
、
一
。
i
o
u
t
h=2M只
8
Le
gs
c
r
ampe
d,
a
l
l
r
es
p
on
de
d
Pa
r
a
gu
a
y c
a
i
ma
n Cai
man c
r
oc
o
di
l
u
s.
v
ac
ar
e (
DAUOI
N)
3.
7
5
No c
l
ea
r
r
e
s
po
ns
e
Eye c
l
o
s
e
d by s
wi
t
ch
i
n
g o
n,
62
J
a
w c
ompu
l
s
i
on
s
0.
5
Ey
e mov
emen
t
(
o
nl
y I
s
p
ec
i
me
n o
t
3)
Ey
e&f
r
on
t
l
e
g mov
e
men
t
Comp
ul
s
i
on o
f f
r
on
t&r
e
a
r I
c
as
Compu
l
s
i
on o
f he
a
d
Compu
l
s
i
o
n o
f j
a
w&e
y
e
s
Mov
e
men
t
o
f e
ye
s&r
e
a
rl
eg
s
Mov
e
me
n
t
of
f
r
o
nt
&r
ea
r l
e
gs
Rl
e
,
-
-
l
e
g>40 MQ
l
Zb
e
l
l
y
-
MO
L
I
t
h>40 MQ
(
b)
Ba
b
y c
r
o
co
di
l
e
s (
3
0-
4
0 c
m)
d=2
2 c
m
(
F
i
e
l
d pe
r
p
e
nd
i
c
u
l
a
r
t
o t
h
e bod
y)
Ni
l
ot
i
c cr
ocodi
l
e
Cr
ocodv
l
us ni
l
ot
i
c
i
t
s LAURENTI
6-7
20
35
50
Mug
ge
r
.
Ma
r
s
h c
r
o
c
od
i
l
e
Cr
o
c
ot
八I
u
s p
al
u
s
t
r
i
s LESSON
6-
7
13
40
Co
mpu
l
s
i
o
n o
f a
l
l
f
o
ur
l
e
gs
Ey
es
cl
os
e
d,
c
r
a
mp.
r
un a
wa
y
'
I ur
t
l
e f
r
om '
I hai
l
and
2
St
ar
t
l
ed movement
,
r
et
r
act
ed head
Hi
e
r
e
mi
s a
nn
an
dol
t
Bou
l
e
ng
e
r
4
Ope
n
e
d a
nd c
l
o
s
e
d e
y
e
s
12
W ashed f
ace
15
Re
s
pon
s
es
i
n t
a
i
l
a
nd t
o
ng
ue
Adop
t
i
on of S-
c
on
igu
f
r
a
t
i
o
n i
n n
e
c
k
20-27
Sna
ke (
Bor
e Con斤I
ct
or
)
J、
1
cf
.
Gol
df
i
s
h a)
气、
争1
St
a
r
t
l
ed r
e
a
c
t
i
on t
o i
ni
t
i
a
l
p
ul
s
e
Or
i
e
nt
e
d b
ody pe
r
p
e
n
di
cu
l
a
r t
o ie
f
l
d
a) 句
Re
s
po
ns
e
s d
ep
e
nd on i
ndi
vi
d
ua
l
s a
n
d s
p
e
c
i
e
s
(
I
ke
ya e
t
a
l
.
1
99
6b)
Al
mos
t
t
h
e s
a
me as
J
a
p
a
ne
s
e mi
n
no
ws a
nd o
t
he
r is
f
h (
I
ke
y
a e
t
a
l
.
1
9
96
a
)
December 1997
2-
57
犷1!1日卜卜 井we.L
ll
髯 鑫
Cr
oco
di
l
e (
Fami
l
y Cr
oc
o-
dyl
i
da
e)
A
4
2
巍'
珑
撰
攀
Pa
r
a
gua
y ca
i
n
i
a
n(
Cai
mol
l
cr
ocodi
I
l
l
s v
acare (DAt干
-
OI
N)
)
:
The eye r
esponse
(
c
l
os
i
n
g a
nd op
e
ni
nI
g wh
e
n t
he
DC iel
f
d was s
wi
t
ched on and
0
仃a
s s
hown i
n Fi
gur
e 4 (
a
)
1
-
并李
暮
瓣补
V/
m.
The movement of t
he
摄
O
s
.
a
l
k
a
b
a
.
y
一
…
tU
1 』
.
5 伟J 5.
3
3.
5
mo
ut
h (
c
omp
ul
s
i
on)
s
t
a
r
t
e
d a
t
6 V/
m.
Th
e
y b
e
c
a
me e
x
c
i
t
e
d
a
nd vi
ol
en
t
l
y bi
t
t
he c
l
e
c-
O
report
s
粼
夔
滩蘸
拼
‘
工J ~
5
.瞬黝四口
笺
and (
b))was obs
er
ved at
5
t
r
odes at 9 V/
i
n and suf
f
er
ed
b
od
y c
o
mpu
l
s
i
on f
or
ie
f
l
ds of
2
0 V/
m.
Th
e r
e
s
pon
s
e t
o t
he
p
ul
s
e
d e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
ds
s
t
ar
t
e
d a
s
l
ow as 0.
02 V/
m f
or one or
t
wo s
ensi
t
i
ve ones among a
dozen cr
ocodi
l
es and 0.
2 V/
m
阳 r al
l.
羹
鑫
豪
羹
鉴鑫
一
nU
nU
1
n,
nU Wh
e
n c
on
t
i
n
uou
s a
i
r g
a
p
di
s
c
ha
r
g
e
s of t
h
e hi
g
h v
ol
t
a
ge
Awa
J
i
i
s
l
and
s
ph
e
r
e o
f a Va
n de Gr
a
at
el
e
c
-
0.
9 / 、
t
r
os
t
a
t
i
c g
e
ner
a
t
o
r t
o t
he
g
r
o
un
d we
r
e ma
d
e a
bou
t]i
n
a
wa
y f
r
o
m t
h
e
s
e cr
o
c
od
i
l
e
s
.
Fi
gu
r
e 5 (
a
) Es
t
i
mat
e
d di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
and i
nt
e
ns
i
t
i
e
s o
fp
r
e
s
e
i
s
mi
c e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
ie
f
l
ds at
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
p
l
a
c
e
s,
f
r
o
m t
he
t
h
e
y
c
l
o
s
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
e
y
e
s
.
N
e
i
t
h
e
r
r
e
po
r
t
e
d s
e
i
s
mi
c
al
l
y-
i
nd
uc
e
d ano
mal
ou
s ani
ma
l be
hav
i
o
r (
SAAB) b
e
f
or
e t
he Ko
be Ear
t
hq
uak
e
.
(
b)
i
n
t
en
s
e ich
f
t
n
or
s
o
un
d i
s p
r
o-
Vumbe
r
s o
f r
e
po
r
t
i
r
d S
AAB pe
r 1
0 k
m2 be
f
or
e t
he Kobe Ea
r
t
hqua
ke ar
e i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d i
n t
he ma
p t
o
ge
t
he
r
c
e
d by t
he di
s
c
ha
r
g
e
.
Th
i
s
wi
t
h t
hef
aul
t (
l
i
ne
)
and e
pi
c
e
nt
e
r (
do
ubl
e c
i
r
c
l
e
s
)
.
Thef
ie
l
d di
r
e
c
t
i
on was e
s
t
i
ma
t
e
df
i
r
om t
he di
r
e
c
t
i
on o
f du
i
n
di
c
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
t
h
ey a
r
e f
e
e
l
i
ng
I
lo
f
a
t
i
ngf
is
h.
El
e
c
t
r
i
cf
i
e
l
dp
ul
s
e
s o
r wav
e pa
c
ke
t
s o
fe
l
e
c
t
r
oma
gne
t
i
c wav
e
s ma
ybe r
e
s
pons
i
b
l
e
.
t
h
e e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d of
-
I
en
e
r
a
t
ed
e
l
e
c
t
r
oma
g
n
e
t
i
c wa
v
e
s
.
Pr
o-
c
l
ea
r r
e
a
c
t
i
on wa
s s
e
e
n e
x
c
ep
t
s
i
n
ki
ng t
o t
h
e bo
t
t
om o
f t
h
e p
on
d a
n
d
c
l
u
c
e
d ie
f
l
d i
n
t
e
ns
i
t
y i
s d
e
s
c
r
i
be
d l
a
t
e
r
.
l
e
av
i
n
g t
h
e s
i
t
e
.
I
t
i
s no
t
p
os
s
i
bl
e t
o t
e
l
l
whe
t
h
e
r t
h
i
s r
e
s
ul
t
c
ons
t
i
-
The bo
dy r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e me
a
s
u
r
e
d a
t
t
he b
a
c
k wa
s
mor
e t
h
a
n 40
t
ut
es iel
f
d-
avoi
dance behavi
or.
MW f
o
r mo
s
t
ba
by a
l
l
i
ga
t
or
s
a
n
d c
r
o
c
od
i
l
es
.
wh
i
l
e t
h
e b
el
l
y s
ki
n of
s
o
me c
r
oc
o
di
l
e h
a
s ex
c
e
p
t
i
on
al
l
y s
ma
l
l
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e of
0.
5一I
MW
Bi
rds
Re
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y wou
l
d be i
t
ma
i
n c
a
us
e o
f
i
n
di
vi
du
a
l
s
en
s
i
t
i
vi
t
y di
f
f
e
r
-
e
n
c
e
t
o
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
f
e
l
d
a
n
d
p
r
e
s
u
m
a
b
l
y
t
o
s
e
i
s
m
i
c
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
f
e
l
d
.
Fl
a
mi
n
gos
a
n
d ge
e
s
e we
r
e s
u
b
j
e
c
t
e
d t
o ie
f
l
ds f
r
om 4 t
o 1
5 V/
m.
No
1.
6
c
l
ea
r r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n wa
s s
e
en ex
c
e
pt
t
he pu
in
f
g a
s o
bs
e
r
ve
d f
o
r r
e
d s
p
a
r
-
r
o
ws i
n t
h
e pr
e
vi
ou
s wor
k (
I
k
e
ya e
t
a
l
.
1
99
6)
.
A g
oos
e s
e
eme
d t
o
no
t
i
c
e t
h
e ie
f
l
d a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on b
y on a
n
d of
f
'
a
n
d s
h
owe
d s
l
i
g
ht
c
o
nvu
l
-
s
i
on a
t
t
h
e ie
f
l
d of 1
5 V/
m.
Pe
n
gui
n
s a
v
oi
de
d t
h
e p
ool
wi
t
h e
l
e
c
-
t
r
o
d
es
wh
er
e pu
l
s
e
d el
e
c
t
r
i
c v
ol
t
a
g
e was
a
ppl
i
e
d a
n
d g
a
t
he
r
e
d i
n
a
no
t
he
r a
d
j
oi
ni
ng po
ol
t
hou
g
h f
oo
d f
i
s
h wa
s
i
n t
h
e f
o
r
me
r p
oo
l
.
Gr
een snakes
Sna
k
e
s mi
gr
a
t
e
d i
n
t
o t
h
e Kob
e
-
0,
j
i
Zo
o t
o e
a
t
b
i
r
d
s
'
e
gg
s s
i
n
c
e t
h
e
s
u
r
r
ou
nd
i
n
g l
a
n
d ar
ea wa
s de
v
a
s
t
a
t
ed by t
h
e d
es
t
r
u
c
t
i
on.
Sev
e
r
a
l
c
a
pt
u
r
e
d g
r
e
e
n s
n
a
k
es
we
r
e pl
a
c
e
d on a we
t
t
owe
l
s
p
r
e
a
d i
n a b
ox.
Bot
h DC an
d p
ul
s
ed el
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d f
r
om I
Hz we
r
e a
pp
l
i
e
d t
o t
h
e
s
n
a
ke
s
.
Th
e s
n
a
k
es
'
mus
c
l
e l
f
ex
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t
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r
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r
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c
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d (
b
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l
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r
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gni
t
ude 3
.
9.
Cor
r
e
l
at
i
o
n wi
t
h
t
he e
a
r
t
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ua
ke i
s no
t c
l
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ar
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c
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e
c
t
r
i
c no
i
s
e
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nduc
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wi
t
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t
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ur
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l
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t
r
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c ie
f
l
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i
g
ht
ni
ng,
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af
f
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s and unknown
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c
t
r
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c p
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e
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g
a
t
e a
s
wa
v
e pa
c
ke
t
s
,
i
.
e
.
,
a n
umb
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r of
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e
c
t
r
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ne
t
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c wa
ve
s ha
v
i
n
g d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
i
e
s (
I
ke
ya e
t
al
.
,
1
9
97)
.
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e
i
s
mi
c p
ul
s
e s
i
g
na
l
s
f
r
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u
l
t ma
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t
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t
h a
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t
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s
uc
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g
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a
l
s
t
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ci
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s
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wi
t
h a t
r
i
gge
r
i
ng l
e
v
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l
f
or r
e
c
o
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r
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t
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od
e
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r
e p
l
a
c
e
d i
n a
n a
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ua
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u
m a
n
d t
he v
o
l
t
a
ge wa
s me
a
s
ur
e
d
wi
t
h t
h
e DSO as
i
s
s
c
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
l
y s
ho
wn i
n Fi
g
ur
e 6.
A de
r
i
va
t
i
v
e
f
or
m o
t pu
l
s
e
d e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d i
s
t
o be me
a
s
u
r
e
d wi
t
h t
h
i
s a
ppa
r
a
t
us
Fi
g
ur
e 7
(
a
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s
ho
ws e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c p
ul
s
e
s obs
e
r
v
e
d a
t t
he n
e
a
r
by a
t
mos
p
he
r
i
c
l
i
gh
t
n
i
n
g by s
e
t
t
i
n
g t
he t
r
i
gg
e
r
i
n
g l
e
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l
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0 mV.
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c
t
r
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c n
o
i
s
e
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l
s
e
s we
r
e obs
e
r
v
e
d a
s s
ho
wn i
n (
b)
by a
i
r
-
ga
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h
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r
ge
s f
r
o
m t
h
e
hi
gh vo
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g
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a Va
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a
a
f
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l
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ct
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os
t
a
t
i
c ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r by s
e
t
-
t
i
ng a g
r
o
un
de
d wi
r
e c
l
os
e t
o t
he s
p
h
er
e.
The p
ul
s
e wi
d
t
hs a
r
e o
f t
h
e
or
d
e
r of
0
.
1
i
n
s
.
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s
e
r
v
e
d d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
ul
s
e
s
wi
t
h a wi
d
t
h of I
ps i
n
t
h
e l
a
bo
r
a
t
o
r
y a
s s
hown i
n (
c
)
.
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t
i
s
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
ng t
o n
ot
e t
h
a
t
e
e
l
s i
n t
h
i
s
l
a
b
or
a
t
or
y a
q
ua
r
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um s
h
owe
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t
a
r
t
l
ed mo
v
eme
nt
s
a
nd ha
ms
t
e
r
s
wa
s
he
d f
a
ce a
nd s
c
r
ea
me
d by igh
f
t
i
ng wi
t
h e
a
c
h ot
he
r
s
.
No c
h
an
g
e
i
n t
h
e b
e
ha
v
i
or wa
s n
ot
i
c
e
d f
or mi
n
no
w a
n
d g
ol
d
is
f
h.
An e
a
r
t
hq
ua
k
e o
f ma
gni
t
ud
e,
M =3
.
9 oc
c
u
r
r
e
d 3
.
2 d
a
ys l
a
t
e
r
.
Un
f
or
t
un
a
t
el
y,
i
t i
s n
ot
pos
s
i
bl
e t
o l
i
n
k t
he
s
e e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c p
ul
s
e
s a
n
d a
m-
ma
l
b
e
ha
v
i
or
t
o t
he e
a
r
t
h
qu
a
ke s
i
n
c
e t
h
e c
a
mpu
s i
s s
u
r
r
o
un
de
d by
t
h
e s
ou
r
c
e of e
l
ec
t
r
i
c no
i
s
e
s
.
mo
no
r
a
i
l
s
,
h
ea
v
y t
r
a
ic f
r
oa
d
s
,
n
uc
l
e
a
r
a
c
c
e
l
er
a
t
o
r
.
e
t
c
.
Howe
ve
r
,
Ri
ki
t
a
k
e'
s
e
mpi
r
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
mul
a o
f t
he r
e
l
a
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t
i
on b
e
t
we
e
n t
h
e pr
e
c
u
r
s
or
t
i
me,
T a
n
d t
h
e ma
gn
i
t
u
de M,
i
.
e.
,
l
ogI
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=0.
3
7 M一 8
9 f
or t
he SAAB g
i
v
e
s 3.
5 da
y
s a
nd t
he a
r
e
a R o
f t
h
e
SAAB a
p
pe
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r
a
n
c
e i
s o
bt
a
i
n
e
d f
r
om M =2.
67
l
og R }a
,
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91
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s
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n
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e e
pi
ce
n
t
e
r 3
5 km a
wa
y f
r
om t
he o
bs
e
r
v
a
t
i
on c
a
mpus
i
s
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ma
l
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s
b
e
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v
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n r
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l
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t
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on
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l
l
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on
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t
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ons
ma
y b
e
wa
t
ch
e
d da
i
l
y by p
r
of
e
s
s
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o
na
l
ke
ep
e
r
s wi
t
h s
c
i
e
n
t
i
ic f
ba
c
k
gr
ou
n
ds
.
Vi
d
e
o r
e
co
r
de
r
s
a
do
pt
ed t
o c
yc
l
i
c t
a
p
e c
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r
o
nme
n
t
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c p
ul
s
e
s c
oul
d r
e
c
or
d be
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
c
om-
p
a
r
i
s
on o
f b
e
ha
v
i
o
r s
ho
ul
d g
i
v
e a
n o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e me
a
s
u
r
e o
f t
he e
f
f
e
ct
s
o
f s
uc
h pul
s
es
whe
t
he
r
t
h
e
y a
r
e f
r
o
m l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
.
e
a
r
t
hqu
a
k
e or
ot
h
er
o
r
i
g
i
n
s
.
Th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
a
no
ma
l
o
us be
h
a
vi
or
s ma
y be n
ot
i
c
e
d wi
t
h
ou
t
d
i
f
-
ic
f
u
l
t
i
es
i
f S
AAB a
r
e we
l
l
ca
t
e
go
r
i
z
e
d a
n
d s
c
i
e
n
t
i
i
f
c
a
l
l
y und
e
r
s
t
o
od
a
s
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
r
e
s
pon
s
e
s
t
o e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c p
ul
s
e s
t
i
mul
i
o
r t
o e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
oma
g
ne
t
i
c wa
v
e
s
.
I
t
woul
d b
e be
s
t
t
o s
e
t
u
p s
u
c
h e
qu
i
p
me
nt
i
n
c
o
u
nt
r
i
e
s pr
o
ne t
o e
a
r
t
h
qu
a
ke
,
a
nd pr
e
f
er
en
t
i
a
l
l
y moni
t
or s
en
s
i
t
i
v
e
s
p
ec
i
e
s s
uc
h a
s s
e
a l
i
o
n,
c
r
o
c
od
i
l
e a
nd ee
l
s
.
Anomal
ous behavi
or ofe
el
s,
bi
r
ds a
nd r
at
s was al
so obser
ved i
n
p
r
e
l
i
mi
na
r
y f
r
a
c
t
u
r
e e
xp
e
r
i
me
n
t
s ot
g
r
a
ni
t
i
c r
o
c
ks us
i
n
g 2
00 a
nd 5
00
t
o
n c
o
mp
r
e
s
s
i
on ma
c
h
i
n
es
s
i
mul
t
a
n
e
ou
s
l
y wi
t
h t
he d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n o
f e
l
e
c
-
t
r
oma
gn
e
t
i
c wa
ve
s a
s de
s
c
r
i
b
ed s
e
pa
r
a
t
e
l
y e
l
s
e
wh
er
e.
Bo
t
h ph
e
-
n
o
me
na pr
e
c
e
d
ed a
bo
ve 1
01
Pa we
l
l
be
f
o
r
e t
h
e f
r
a
c
t
ur
e
s at
1
0
8 Pa
a
nd t
he d
e
t
ec
t
i
on of a
c
o
us
t
i
c e
mi
s
s
i
o
ns by p
i
e
z
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c s
e
n
s
o
r
a
t
t
a
c
he
d t
o t
he r
oc
k.
Al
t
hou
g
h de
t
a
i
l
e
d wo
r
k wi
l
l
b
e p
ub
l
i
s
h
ed e
l
s
e
-
wh
e
r
e,
t
h
e obs
e
r
v
a
t
i
on i
ndi
ca
t
e
s t
ha
t
SAAB a
n
d e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ma
gn
e
t
i
c
wa
v
e g
e
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n a
r
e c
ommo
n ph
e
no
me
na be
f
o
r
e t
he ma
i
n s
h
o
c
k.
Th
e d
e
t
e
r
mi
na
t
i
o
n o
f t
he pr
e
c
ur
s
or
t
i
me i
s
t
he ma
i
n d
i
ic
f
u
l
t
y i
n
e
a
r
t
h
qu
a
ke p
r
e
di
c
t
i
on u
s
i
ng SES.
I
t
wo
ul
d b
e pa
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
g t
o de
t
e
r
mi
n
e whe
t
h
e
r a
n
e
a
r
l
y s
t
a
g
e e
a
r
t
h
qu
a
ke wa
r
ni
ng we
l
l
be
f
o
r
e t
he a
r
r
i
va
l
o
f s
ei
s
mi
c P-
a
nd S-
wa
ve
s mi
g
ht
b
e ma
de b
y e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n of s
e
i
s
mi
c p
ul
s
es
r
a
t
h
e
r t
h
a
n f
r
o
m t
h
e obs
e
r
v
at
i
o
n o
f SAAB;
t
he e
x
a
c
t
t
r
i
a
n
gu
l
a
t
i
o
n of
t
i
me a
n
d p
l
a
c
e o
f pu
l
s
e or
i
g
i
n
s wou
l
d b
e di
ic
f
u
l
t
t
o de
t
e
r
mi
n
e wi
t
h-
ou
t
r
e
c
o
r
di
ng o
bs
e
r
va
t
i
o
na
l
d
a
t
a a
t
s
e
ve
r
a
l
p
l
a
c
es
us
i
n
g gl
ob
al
p
os
i
-
t
i
on
i
n
g s
ys
t
em (
GPS)
cl
oc
k
s
.
Con
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g t
he s
pe
e
d of l
i
gh
t
,
P-
wel
l wi
t
hi
n t
hi
s di
s
t
ance.
Unl
ess we det
er
mi
ne t
he s
our
ce of t
he el
ec-
waves and S-
wa
ves,
t
he S-
waves whi
ch caus
e di
sas
t
er come af
ter P-
t
r
i
c pu
l
s
es
,
i
t
i
s
n
ot
p
os
s
i
bl
e t
o a
s
c
r
i
be t
h
e o
bs
e
r
ve
d p
ul
s
e
s t
o a
n
e
a
r
t
hqu
a
k
e pr
e
c
u
r
s
o
r
.
At
mo
s
p
he
r
i
c l
i
g
h
t
n
i
ng a
nd a
r
t
i
i
f
ci
a
l
di
s
c
ha
r
g
e
s us
i
n
g a Va
n c
l
e
Gr
a
a
f
f e
l
e
c
t
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c g
en
e
r
a
t
o
r a
l
s
o c
a
us
e
d e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c p
ul
s
e
s i
n wa
t
e
r
a
n
d s
ud
d
e
n mov
emen
t
of e
e
l
s a
n
d gr
o
omi
ng o
f ha
ms
t
e
r
s
.
Mi
n
n
ows
a
n
d go
l
d
is
f
h s
e
e
me
d l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
i
t
i
v
e a
t
t
ha
t t
i
me.
Th
e
y r
e
s
p
on
d t
o t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d o
f mor
e t
ha
n 1
0 V/
m (
I
k
e
ya e
t al
.
,
1
99
6a
)
,
wh
i
l
e e
e
l
s
r
e
s
po
nd
e
d t
o t
he iel
f
d o
f l
e
s
s
t
ha
n I
V/
m.
waves ar
r
i
ve i
n a t
i
me wi
t
h t
he s
ame i
nt
er
val be
t
we
en t
he obse
rva-
Di
scussi
on
I
t
woul
d b
e p
os
s
i
bl
e t
o i
mp
r
ov
e s
ome of t
h
e e
x
pe
r
i
men
t
s
b
y u
s
e of
s
e
ve
r
a
l
r
ec
o
r
di
ng e
q
ui
pme
n
t
wi
t
h c
oo
pe
r
a
t
i
on of z
o
os
.
Ani
ma
l
s a
r
e
k
e
pt
un
d
er
s
pe
c
i
a
l
i
s
t
ca
r
e a
t
t
ho
us
a
n
ds o
t z
oo
s a
l
l
o
ve
r t
h
e wor
l
d
助i
s
o
d
e
s
,
Vol
.
2
0
,
no
.
4
t
i
on ot
c
os
e
i
s
mi
c e
l
e
c
t
r
o
ma
gn
e
t
i
c wa
ve
s
a
nd t
h
e P-
wa
v
es
.
Concl
usi
on
Th
i
s
p
a
p
er
a
s
s
e
r
t
s t
h
a
t
SAAB i
s n
o
t a s
u
pe
r
s
ci
e
n
t
i
ic f
p
he
no
me
no
n,
b
ut
be
ha
vi
o
r
a
l
r
es
p
ons
e t
o el
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
s
t
i
mul
i
a
n
d t
ha
t
a pu
l
s
e
d s
e
i
s
-
mi
c ie
f
l
d i
n
t
e
ns
i
t
y o
f a
bo
ut
1
0 V/
m b
e
f
or
e t
h
e Ko
be Ea
r
t
hq
ua
ke mus
t
ha
ve ca
us
e
d p
a
n
i
c t
o or
d
i
na
r
y a
n
i
ma
l
s a
t
t
h
e Kob
e
-
Oj
i
Zoo
.
The
r
e
s
po
ns
e
s o
f s
e
a l
i
o
ns a
t
0.
5 V/
m a
nd c
r
oc
o
di
l
es
d
own t
o 0.
02 mV/
m
s
i
mi
l
a
r t
o t
h
e ie
f
l
d whi
c
h s
ur
pr
i
s
e
d e
e
l
s
wa
s
c
onf
i
r
me
d i
n t
h
e e
x
pe
r
-
i
m ent of el
ect
ric iel
f
d effects. Ani
m als showed t
he sam e behavior as
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c ie
f
l
d e
f
f
e
c
t
s
i
n e
xp
e
r
i
me
n
t
s of r
o
c
k f
r
a
c
t
u
r
e
s us
i
n
g a 5
00 t
on
260
p
r
e
s
s ma
c
hi
ne
.
Mo
s
t
of r
e
p
or
t
e
d SAAB i
n t
he Kob
e Ea
r
t
hq
ua
ke i
s
s
i
mi
l
a
r t
o r
e
po
r
t
ed be
h
av
i
or be
f
o
r
e a
t
mos
ph
e
r
i
c l
i
g
ht
n
i
n
g
Ri
ki
t
ake
, T.
,
1
978,
Bi
os
ys
t
em beha
vi
our a
s an ea
r
t
hqua
ke pr
e
cur
s
or
:
Te
ct
onophys.
v.
3
5,
pp.
335
-362.
Tr
i
but
c
h,
H.
, 1
978,
Do a
er
os
ol anomal
i
es pr
ec
ede e
ar
t
hqua
ke?:Nat
ur
e v.
276,
pp.
606-
608.
Ac
kno
wl
edg
me
nt
Va
r
a
t
os
,
P
.
a
n
d Al
e
x
op
o
u
l
o
s
,
K.
,
1
9
8
4
,
Ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
pr
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
f t
h
e v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
oft
he e
l
ec
t
r
i
c iel
f
d oft
he Ea
r
t
h pr
e
ce
di
ng e
ar
t
hqua
kes
:
Te
ct
onophys
i
cs v.
110,pp.73-98.
Wada
t
umi
,
K.
,
1
995,
1591 Wi
t
nes
s
e
s Pr
i
or t
o Ear
t
hqua
ke:
Tokyo Pub,
Tokyo,
pp.
267 (
i
n J
a
pa
nes
e
)
.
We t
h
a
nk t
he a
ni
ma
l
k
ee
pe
r
s a
t
t
he Ko
be
-
Oj
i
Zoo a
nd l
zu
-
At
a
ga
wa
Ba
na
na
-
Al
l
i
ga
t
or Zo
o f
or t
h
e
i
r c
oo
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n a
nd S.
Hua
n
g,
D.
Ta
ka
s
hi
mi
z
u a
n
d u
nd
e
r
gr
a
d
ua
t
e s
t
ude
nt
s
f
or
he
l
p i
n t
h
e e
xp
e
r
i
me
nt
,
Mr
.
L.
Cu
l
l
i
n Os
a
ka Un
i
.
,
Dr
.
W.
C.
Ma
l
l
a
r
d at
Ge
o
r
gi
a St
a
t
e Uni
v
Mo
t
o
j
i
I
ke
ya
,
Pr
o
f
e
s
s
or
,
g
r
a
du
at
e
d
a
nd Dr
. N.
W hi
t
ehead at DSI
R, New Zeal
and f
or t
hei
r cr
i
t
i
cal read-
fr
om De
par
t
me
nt
o
f El
e
ct
r
oni
c
Eng
i
n
ee
r
i
ng i
n 1
96
3 and mov
e
d t
o
Nu
c
l
e
ar e
n
gi
ne
e
r
i
ng i
n Gr
a
dua
t
e
S
c
ho
ol
,
Os
ak
a Un
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
.
PhD f
o
r
References
S
t
u
办i
ng r
a
di
a
t
i
on〔
刃ec
t
s i
n s
ol
i
d
s
wi
t
h e
l
e
c
t
r
on s
pi
n r
e
s
on
an
c
e (
ESR)
.
Abe,
N.,1
934,
On t
he beha
vi
or ofc
a
t
is
f
h i
n r
es
pons
e t
o ga
l
vani
c s
t
i
mul
i
:
Sci
.
I
nt
er
di
s
c
i
pl
i
nar
y s
t
u
di
e
s o
f ES
R
Rep.
Toho
ku I
mp.
Uni
v.
Bi
ol
.
v.
I
X,
pp.
87-96.
Bas
t
i
an,
J
.
,
1
994, El
e
ct
r
os
e
ns
or
y or
ga
ns ofa
quat
i
c ani
mal
s
:
Phys
i
cs Today
dat
i
n
g i
n ge
ol
o
g
y an
d ar
c
hae
o
l
o
g
y
v.
47,
pp.
30-37.
we
r
e made at
Yama
guc
hi
Uni
.
Bi
ophysi
c
s I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e,
Aca
demi
ca Si
ni
ca ed.
,
1
977,
Ani
mal
s I
nf
or
ms Ea
r
t
h-
(
1
97
3-
87
)
an
d al
s
o i
n Ph
ys
i
c
s De
pt
.
qua
ke,Bei
ji
ng,
Chi
na:
J
apa
nes
e t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
i
on publ
i
s
hed by Naga
sa
ki Pub- o
f Os
ak
a Uni
.
(
1
987-
91
)
l
i
sher.
Ear
t
hqu
ak
e pr
e
cu
r
s
or s
t
u
di
e
s s
i
nc
e
Br
a
dy, B.
T.
and Rowel
l
,
G.
A.
,
1
986, La
bor
a
t
or
y i
nves
t
i
gat
i
on of t
he e
l
e
c-
t
h
e
K
o
b
e
e
a
r
t
h
q
u
a
k
e
i
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