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2万_ 了 I ) t v i o M u e o l t , o j M i I a k s e a ) 荞 s , h T i a k G a o h n i d o e u K 2 o a m n d a t s T u s u ' , n Y e o y s u h k i h Y i s a a m 王 K a m i n o t s o h 3 i t a l , K a z u h i k o T e r a m o t o ' , K o u i c h i Pul s ed el ect ri c iel f d bef ore Kobe and I zu e ar t hquake s f r om Se i s mi c al l y一 i nduc e d Ano mal ous Ani ma l Be ha v i o r ( SAAB) I ns t i t u t e o fEar t h a nd S pa c e S c i e n c e , Gr adu at e Sc h oo l o fS c i e n c e , Os ak a Uni v e r s m' , I 一 I Mac hi k an e - v ai n a, T o Yo na k a, Os ak a 56 0, J apa n Kob e伪i Zoo , 3- 1叨i , Na da, Kob e 6 57 , 彻) an At ag awa Tr o pi c al & Al l i g at o r Gar de n , At a ga i v a, I t o h- c ho , Kamo , S hi l - t t ok a 41 3- 0 3, J o pan S e a l i o ns , hi p po pot amu s an d c r oc o di l e s i n t he Ko be - Oj i Zo o we r e r e por t e d t o h av e s ho wn s e i s mi c a nomal ou s 二i mal b e h av i or ( S AAB) b晌 r e t h e Kob e Ear t hq ua k e . Cr o c o di l e s at t h e I z u- At ag awa Ban an a- Al l i g at or Gar - l e n we r e o bs e r v e d t o hav e c r i e d b ( , t) f r e v o l c ani c e r u p- i o n s an d e ar t h qu ak e s i n t h e 1 7 U a r e o. Cr i t i c al e l e c t r i c l i e l d i t i t e n s i t v - whi c h c au s e s a户e l d- av oi da nc e be h av i or i a s be e n e s t i n i ot e df or t h e s e a ni n i al s an d s o me r e pt i l e s . Wh av i or al r e s pon s e s t o s e i s mi c e l e c t r i c pul s e s t i mul i l ue t o t he e i ne r ge d pu l s e d ( - ba r ge s or e l e c t r oma gne t i c v av e s wer e t e nt at i v e l Y at t r i bu t e d t o t h e c au s e of S AAB. } e i s n i i c万el d i nt e n s i t i e s pr i or t o t he Kob e Ear t h qu ak e t t , e r e e s t i ma t e d f r oi n t h e e l e c t r i c. ie f l d ( fe c t s a nd c i t i - : ll e 污s t at e me nt s o i l S AAB ar e s h own i n“ge o gr a phi c ma p wi t h t he nu mb er ( } f s t a t e me n t s . Th e an e c do t al r e po r t s o 厂v i gi l 币c an t a ni mal di s t ur b an c e s a t t he e pi c e n- t e r。 、二e nt i r e l . v c on s i s t e nt wi t h t he e l e c t r i c . ie f l d e fe c t s . An at t e n i pt was i nade t o o bs e r v e n ot ur al e l e c t r i c pu l s e s pr i or t o e ar t h qu ak e s wi t h‘ , di gi t al s t o r ag e o s c i l l os c o pe c on . t) f r mi n g t o ge o ph Y s i c al t h e or - y , al s o at t h e t i me o f l i ght ni n g an d b Y e l e c t r i c di s c h ar ge s . S ome e l e ct r i c pul s e s we r e de t ec t e d s i mul t a ne ou s 八, oc c u r r i ng i n a l ab - ‘ , 二t or Y wi t h s t ar t l e d mov e me n t s o f e e l s as we/ / a s wi t h i f g ht i n g an d gr o omi n g o j ' hai n s t e r s k nown a s an omal ou s b e h av i o r c au s e d b) , e l e c t r i c. ie f l d ( fe c t s . f a x e s a n d i nt e r n et s an d r ep or t i n g 1 51 9 s t a t e me n t s i n whi c h mo s t a m- ma l s we r e c l a i me d t o s ho w s e i s mi c a l l y - i n du c e d an oma l ou s a n i ma l b e ha v i o r ( SAAB) be f or e t h e Ko b e Ea r t hq ua k e . The b e ha v i o r i s n ot c o nf i n e d t o t he Kob e Ea r t hqu a k e} c r o c odi l es a t t h e I z u- At a -a wa ' I r op i c a l& Al l i g a t o r Ga r d en we r e ph ot ogr a ph e d f or c r yi ng a nd b e ha v i n g vi ol e n t l y be f o r e vo l c a ni c e r up t i on s a n d e a r t h qu a ke s i n t h e Int roduct i on Expe r i me nt al i t ha s l on g b e e n di s cu s s e d t h a t a ni ma l s be co me e xc i t e d a n d f a l l i nt o p a n i c b e f o r e e a r t hq ua k es a s i f t h e y a r e s e ns i t i v e t o t h ei r o ns e t ( Ma S U ya , 1 95 5} Ri ki t a k e 1 978 ; Tr i t u s c h , 1 9 78 ) . Anoma l ou s be h a v- j o r was o bs e r v e d f or a ni ma l s a t t he Ko be - Oj i Zoo i n a da y he a di n g u p t o t h e Ko b e Ea r t h qua k e on J an u a r y 1 7, 1 9 95. Se a l i on s c r i e d a n d Wou l d n ot e a t , whi l e h i p po po t a mi s a n k i n t o t h e i r p oo l an d wou l d no t r e f a c e, c r oc o di l e s be c a me vi ol e nt a nd l e f t s c r a t c h e s t o t he gl a s s wa l l o f t h e i r e n cl o s u r e. I t wa s a l s o r e po r t e d t h a t f i s h a nd s i l k wo r ms a l i gn e d t h e ms e l v e s i n a c ommon d i r e c t i on pr i or t o t he Kob e Ea r t h- q u ak e a n d s on i c f i s h di e d i n p a ni c b y j umpi ng ou t of wa t e r . Ea r t h- wo r ms c a me o ut o f t he ea r t h a n d s wa r me d. I t wa s no t s u r p r i s i n g t h er ef or e t o f i nd Wa da t s u r n i( 1 995 ) c ol l e c t i n g f r om ci t i z e ns t hr o ug h Locat ion and ani m al s 均) i v . odes, V( ) / . 20, no. 4 lzu ar ea. Sc i e n t i s t s a r e s k e pt i c a l a nd r e g a r d SAAB a s j us t a s u pe r s t i t i on o r a s r e t r os pe c t i v el y a s s e r t e d s t or i e s a f t e r a n e a r t hq ua k e u nd e r t h e p s y c ho l o gi c a l l y a b no r mal c on di t i o n c a us e d by a na t u r a l di s a s t e i Howe v er , t h e y ma y h a ve de t e c t e d s ome ki n d o f i n t e ns e s i g n al s s u ch a s s o un ds , o do r , e l e c t r i c o r ma } , n ef i c s t i mul i b e f or e e a r t h qu a k es ( Bu s h i r k e t a ] . , 1 981 ) .The J a p a n es e f o l k s t o r y t h a t c a t is f h c a us e e a r t hq ua k e s wa s on c e s t udi e d f r o m t h e v i e wp oi nt o f s e i s mi c el e c t r i c ie f l ds ( Ab e . 1 9 32) . Mo r e r e c en t i nv e s t i g a t i on s s u gg e s t t ha t t he r e c o ul d b e s on i c bi ol og i ca l ba s i s t o t h e s e c l a i ms . Se i s mi c a c t i vi t y i n f a ul t mov e me nt c ou l d b e mod el e d a s an e l e c t r o ma gn e t i c ph e nomen on ( I ke y a an d Ta k a ki . 1 99 6) a nd pr o- d uc e s s e i s mi c t r a n s i e nt f r e e c ha r g es b y me a n s of a pi e z o el e c t r i c e f f e c t of s u c h i nt e ns i t y t o ca us e l i g ht ni ng di s c h a r ge s s ome t i mes o bs e r ve d i n co nn e c t i on wi t h e a r t h qu a k es . I ke y a e t a ]〔 1 9 96 ) s ho we d t ha t S AAB mi gh t be r e l a t e d wi t h t h e c ha r ge e f f e c t s i n pr e c ur s o r y e a r t hq ua k e s wa r ms . La bor a t or y e xp e r i men t s wi t h e l e c t r i c f i el d s r e p r od u c ed t he a l i g nme n t b e ha v i o r a n d my s t e r i o us s ha p e of c a n dl e la f me ( I k e ya a n d Ma t s u mot o, 1 9 97) r ep or t e d an e c d ot a l l y. Thi s pa p e r d es c r i be s t he e s t i ma t e d s e i s mi c e l e c t r i c i f e l d i n t e n- s i t y a nd i t s d i r e c t i on b e f or e t he Kobe Ea r t h qua ke f r o m t he s t a t e - me r i t s , a s s umi ng t h a t t he y a r e c o r r e c t , a nd f r om e xp e r i men t a l da t a on t he r e s p ons e o fs e a l i on s , p e ngu i n s a nd s n a ke s t o e l e c t r i c i f el ds i n t he Kob e - Ql i Zo o. Cr o c odi l e s a t t he I z u- At a -a wa Tr o pi c al&Al l w I a t oi Gar den wer e al s o st udi ed. Pul s ed el ect r i c iel f d i neasur ement s i n wa t e r we r e a t t empt ed wi t h a di gi t a l s t or a g e os ci l l o s c o pe . The Kobe侧 i Zoo I he Kob e 0. 1 i Zo o i s l oc a t e d a bo ut 25 k m awa y f r om t h e n or t h e d ge o l ' t he No . j i ma Fa ul t t h a t mov e d i n t he Kob e Ea r t hqu a k e. Cal i f or n i a s e a l i o ns , hi pp op ot ami . p en gu i ns , l f a i ni n gos a nd g r e en s na k es we r e u s e d f or t he S t ud y ofe l e ct r i c f i e l d e f f e c t s . Ar agawa Tr o pi c al Banana and Al l i gat or Gar de n Cr o c od de s i n t hi s z oo cr i e d a n d b e ha v e d v i ol e nt l y be f o r e v ol c a n i c e r u pt i ons a t I z u - Oh s h i ma i n 1 97 1 a n d b e f or e e a r t h qu ak e s . Al l i ga t o r s 254 a l l e g e d r es p on de d t o a pp r oa c h i n g t hu nd e r s t o r ms , wh i l e c r oc o di l e s n o i s e s l e s s t ha n t h i s l e v e l wa s no t r e c o r de d, The s a mpl i n g f r e q ue n c y negl ect ed t hem. i s 40 mi l l i on s a mo l i n2 s pe r s e c on d wi t h s t o r a g e me mor i e s o f 2 04 9 by t e s . Th e d a t a wa s t r a n s f e r e d t o a c o mpu t e r h a r d di s c i n 1 2 s whi c h i s a d ea d t i me du r i n g wh i c h no obs e r va t i o na l da t a i s mea s ur e d wi t h Appar a t us D SO I r on - me s h b a r be c u e n e t s c o ve r e d wi t h a n a l u mi n um c oo ki n g f oi l we r e us e d as el e c t r o de s of 0. 5 r n x 0. 7 m a n d di ppe d i nt o a po ol a t s e pa r a t i on s d, f r om I t o 5 m. Th e e l e c t r o de r e s i s t a nc e i s l es s t h a n] oh m. The DC v ol t a g e wa s g e ne r a t e d us i n g e i t h e r a ho me - ma d e b a t - t e r y p a c k h a vi ng a s e r i e s - c o nn e c t e d t we l v e 1 . 5 V ba t t e r i es c on ne ct e d i n s e r i e s or a s e r i es o f t e n 9 V ba t t e r i e s . El e c t r i c ie f l ds we r e a pp l i e d b y s wi t c hi n g t h e ba t t e r i es on a n d of. Th e e l e c t r i c p ul s e s we r e a p pl i e d u s i n g a c omme r c i a l ' El ep ul s e ( Omur o n HV- F04) ' f or t h e El ect ri c iel f d ef f ect s on ani mal s Ani ma l s at t he Kobe - Oj i Zoo Ca l 扣r n i a s e a l i o n s el ect r oni c mass age appar at us. El ect r i c f iel d i nt ensi t i es whi ch caus ed abnor mal behavi or at t he Ko be Oj i Zo o we r e e va l ua t e d f r o m a n e x pe r i me nt on t he e f f e c t s o f e l e c t r i c ie f l ds on s e a l i o ns a nd hi p p opo t a mi . S e a l i o ns s e e me d t o b e no t i c e d t he e l e c t r i c he l d a nd r e t u r n e d a s s h own i n Fi gur e 2 f r o m t h e po s i t i o n o f t he e l e c t r i c ie f l d i nt en s i t y o f 0. 5 V/ m a s e s t i ma t e d f r o m t he c a l c ul a t e d r e s u l t s i n Fi gu r e I .The y c r i e d a n d di d n ot a pp r oa ch t he hi gh i f e l d a r ea c l o s e t o t h e e l e c t r o de s . The y di d n ot e a t f o r a f e w Det ermi nat i on of cr i t i cal el e ct ri c iel f d Re s p on s e s o f a ni ma l s t o t h e iel f ds we r e r e c o r d ed us i n g a c omme r - ci a l v i de o r e c o r de r . El e c t r i c ie f l d i n t e n s i t y e s t i ma t e d b y di vi d i n g t he a ppl i e d v ol t a ge by t h e di s t a n c e i s n ot a c c ur a t e i n a bi g p oo l whe r e t he e l e c t r od e s e pa r a t i o n o f 5 m i s mu c h l a r g e r t h a n t h e l e n gt h o f t h e e l e c - hour s. Thi s r esul t i ndi cat es t hat t he mi ni mum s ei s mi c el ect r i c iel f d i s t rode, 0. 5 m, s o t he s t at i c iel f d i nt ens i t i es at s ever al s i t es wer e cal cu- 0. 5 V/ m f or sea l i ons. l a t e d us i ng a n e l e c t r i c ie f l d s i mul a t o r f o r t he e l e c t r od e s e pa r a t i o n of 5 m a n d t he a pp l i e d vo l t a ge of 1 00 V a s s ho wn i n Fi gu r e. 1 . Hi ppo pot amu s Thi s a n i ma l s a n k a n d di d n ot a p pe a r b e f or e t he Kob e Ea r t h qu a k e. Th e e l e c t r o de s ep a r a t i on o f 2 0 m r e qui r e d b y t h e s i z e of t he hi p- po po t a mu s ma de i t d i f f i c ul t t o a c c ur a t el y e s t i ma t e t he e l e c t r i c ie f l d i n t h e e x pe r i me nt . Ap pr ox i ma t e ie f l d s t r e n gt h wh e n t he h i ppo po t a - mu s a p pr o a c h ed t he e l e c t r o de a nd s a nk wa s a r ou nd 6. 5 V/ m. No Obs e r va t i o n of pul s e d e l e c t r i c ie f l d i n a n aquar i um Pa r a l l el pl a t e e l e c t r od es wi t h a s e pa r a t i o n o f 20 c m we r e pl a c e d i n a n a q ua r i u m. El e c t r i c no i s e s we r e o bs e r v e d wi t h a di g i t a l s t o r a ge os c i l - l os c o pe ( DSO: A&D Co. , AD- 51 4 6) wi t h a t r i gg e r i n g l e ve l of 1 0 0. 09 0: 09 0. 77 0. 09 0. 09 0. 11 0.11 0. 11 0. 11 0. 12 0.12 0. 15 0.15 0. 15 0. 15 0.16 0. 17 0. 20 0. 20 0. 20 O} 21 0. 22 0. 24 0. 27 O} 27 0. 27 OM 0. 32 0. 35 0. 37 0. 36 0. 37 0. 42 0. 49 0. 55 0 60 0, 50 0' . 47 0. 50 0. 60 0. 77 0.97 0. 84 0. 65 &M 0. 65 0. 84 1. 1 0. 78 O} 70 0. 78 1. 1 一0' . 74 - 一一U. ' 84 r2 0 2 4. 9 2. 4- 一 一 1-2 0- . 84- 5 m Z 0. 09 刃 0. 09 dl U 09 忍 0. 09 3 1 2; 0 0. 09 2. 0 4. 9 -2二4- - 8乙 1 ) F i g u r e I C a l c u l a t e d e l e c t r o s t a t i c ie f l d i n t e n s i t y a t e a c h me s h s i t e f o r a n e l e c t r o d e s e p a r a t i o n o j ' 5 m a n d a v o l t a g e o f 1 0 0 V i n a p o o l . O几e少 an“ 任 瞥 a催理 份e c 甲c ji e t a i ne n芝 ‘ 夕wn‘ c 少a粤u ns少t e c tr o粤t咤be吧t o r at t he pa r t i c ul ar s i t e . Appl i e df ie l d i n t he e x pe r i me nt wa s f r o 代-. 3 r o Y - u v . 3 e a l i o n s a p p r o a c n i n g t o t h e e l e c t r o d e r e t u r n e d a t t h e i n d i c a t e d s i t e t- f o m w h i c h t h e ie f l d i n t e n s i t y o f 0 . 5 Wi n wa s 已s‘im a之ea. December 1997 255 ( a) Fi gur e2 Re s pon s e o fa s e a l i on i n t hepo ol o f t he Ko be - Oj i Zoo t o a n e l e c t r i c pu l s e o fa bo ut ( b) 下/ ) 刀. I a5 ( a ) s wi mmi ng nor mal l y , ( b ) no t i c e d a we a k e l e c t r i cf i e l dp ul s e hav i ng a pe ak i nt e ns i t y o f abo ut 0 . 5 Wi n, ( c ) r e t ur ne d qui c kl y a nd ( d ) av oi di ngf ie l d . 薰 掩 ( C) ( d) 一协 Fi gu r e 3 Gr e e n s na ke s ( a) be fo r e a nd ( b ) a f t e r e l e c t r i c s hoc k a p pl yi n g DC v ol t a ge f r o m a pac k o f ba t t e r y t o af lo or . Sna ke s av oi de df ie l d妙 s war mi n g t o t he e d ge and s t an d u p. ( c ) S ame e x pe r i me nt us i ng a he a l t h- c ar e e l e c t r o ni c mas s a ge r " El e pul s e " whi c h gene r a t e s a pul s e wi t h t he wi dt h o f I mi c r o s e c o nd ev e r y one s e co nd , and ( d) i nc r e as e d numb e r o fpul s e s made s na ke s wi n de d 纂 今浅从 黝 盛 纂辘撅 夕 .飞 从咬 二 N , Fi gu r e 4 A c r oc o di l e o pe ni n g t he e ye i n ( a) c l os e d u po n e v e t y a p pl i c at i o n o fe l e c t r i c pul s e o f o f ab out 5 VI M as s hown i n ( b) . Cr oc o di l e s r e s pond t o af ie l d o f0 . 5 Wi n a nd t he s e ns i t i v e t wo o ut o f e i g ht r e s po nde d at 0 . 0 2 Wi n. Epi sodes , Vol . 20, no. 4 256 T ab l e I El e c t r i c ie f l d e ie f c t s o n ani ma l s at t he Kobe - O j i Zo o ( KOZ) , t he l z u- At a gawa T r o pi c a l& Al l i ga t o r Ga r de n ( I ATAG) t oge t he r wi t h s ome r e s ul t s o nf is h and r e pt i l e s i n a l ab o r at or y. F( V/ m) Anim al Re s pons e s The Kobe - Oj i Zo o ( KOZ) Qui ck avoi dance fr om iel f d Cal i f or ni a Sea Li on 0. 5 Ot a r i i da e Zal o phu s c al i , 斤) r ni an i t s Hi p po p ot a mus ( KOZ) Fl a mi n g o 6. 5 Goose 15 Pe n gu i n 15 n o l on ge r a pp r oa c h s e l e c t r o de s No c l e a r r e a c t i o n, me r e l y s u bme r g e P ufi n g up ' ? n o c l e a r r ea c t i on Pu f f i n g u p? s l i g ht c omp ul s i on' ? Re d uc e d a p pe t i t e . a v oi di n g? Pel i can 14 No cl ea r r eact i on 4 Snake ( Gr een snake) 66 St ar t l ed movement 90 Re a c t ed t o pul s e wi t h s ho c k Mus c l e c r a mp e d Gr oomi ng Cr a mps i n l e gs Puf f i ng u p? gr o o mi ng 114 2 c f . Ra t ( Rat u s n or v e gi cu s ) } 1 ) 72 Spa r r ow ( Ama nd a va )“ ) 100 I z u- At ag awa Tr o pi c al& Al l i g a t or Gar den JATAG) ( } a ) You n g c r oc o di l e s ( L=I m. d=1 . 5 m) Sp e c t a c l e d c a i ma n On e s e ns i t i v e s p e ci me n b i t el e c t r od es Cai man cr ocodi l us ( LI NNE) 2 Two bi t el ect r odes Rl e g - l e g>4 0MQ 5 Al l moved Rb } i l 、 一 。 i o u t h=2M只 8 Le gs c r ampe d, a l l r es p on de d Pa r a gu a y c a i ma n Cai man c r oc o di l u s. v ac ar e ( DAUOI N) 3. 7 5 No c l ea r r e s po ns e Eye c l o s e d by s wi t ch i n g o n, 62 J a w c ompu l s i on s 0. 5 Ey e mov emen t ( o nl y I s p ec i me n o t 3) Ey e&f r on t l e g mov e men t Comp ul s i on o f f r on t&r e a r I c as Compu l s i on o f he a d Compu l s i o n o f j a w&e y e s Mov e men t o f e ye s&r e a rl eg s Mov e me n t of f r o nt &r ea r l e gs Rl e , - - l e g>40 MQ l Zb e l l y - MO L I t h>40 MQ ( b) Ba b y c r o co di l e s ( 3 0- 4 0 c m) d=2 2 c m ( F i e l d pe r p e nd i c u l a r t o t h e bod y) Ni l ot i c cr ocodi l e Cr ocodv l us ni l ot i c i t s LAURENTI 6-7 20 35 50 Mug ge r . Ma r s h c r o c od i l e Cr o c ot 八I u s p al u s t r i s LESSON 6- 7 13 40 Co mpu l s i o n o f a l l f o ur l e gs Ey es cl os e d, c r a mp. r un a wa y ' I ur t l e f r om ' I hai l and 2 St ar t l ed movement , r et r act ed head Hi e r e mi s a nn an dol t Bou l e ng e r 4 Ope n e d a nd c l o s e d e y e s 12 W ashed f ace 15 Re s pon s es i n t a i l a nd t o ng ue Adop t i on of S- c on igu f r a t i o n i n n e c k 20-27 Sna ke ( Bor e Con斤I ct or ) J、 1 cf . Gol df i s h a) 气、 争1 St a r t l ed r e a c t i on t o i ni t i a l p ul s e Or i e nt e d b ody pe r p e n di cu l a r t o ie f l d a) 句 Re s po ns e s d ep e nd on i ndi vi d ua l s a n d s p e c i e s ( I ke ya e t a l . 1 99 6b) Al mos t t h e s a me as J a p a ne s e mi n no ws a nd o t he r is f h ( I ke y a e t a l . 1 9 96 a ) December 1997 2- 57 犷1!1日卜卜 井we.L ll 髯 鑫 Cr oco di l e ( Fami l y Cr oc o- dyl i da e) A 4 2 巍' 珑 撰 攀 Pa r a gua y ca i n i a n( Cai mol l cr ocodi I l l s v acare (DAt干 - OI N) ) : The eye r esponse ( c l os i n g a nd op e ni nI g wh e n t he DC iel f d was s wi t ched on and 0 仃a s s hown i n Fi gur e 4 ( a ) 1 - 并李 暮 瓣补 V/ m. The movement of t he 摄 O s . a l k a b a . y 一 … tU 1 』 . 5 伟J 5. 3 3. 5 mo ut h ( c omp ul s i on) s t a r t e d a t 6 V/ m. Th e y b e c a me e x c i t e d a nd vi ol en t l y bi t t he c l e c- O report s 粼 夔 滩蘸 拼 ‘ 工J ~ 5 .瞬黝四口 笺 and ( b))was obs er ved at 5 t r odes at 9 V/ i n and suf f er ed b od y c o mpu l s i on f or ie f l ds of 2 0 V/ m. Th e r e s pon s e t o t he p ul s e d e l e c t r i c ie f l ds s t ar t e d a s l ow as 0. 02 V/ m f or one or t wo s ensi t i ve ones among a dozen cr ocodi l es and 0. 2 V/ m 阳 r al l. 羹 鑫 豪 羹 鉴鑫 一 nU nU 1 n, nU Wh e n c on t i n uou s a i r g a p di s c ha r g e s of t h e hi g h v ol t a ge Awa J i i s l and s ph e r e o f a Va n de Gr a at el e c - 0. 9 / 、 t r os t a t i c g e ner a t o r t o t he g r o un d we r e ma d e a bou t]i n a wa y f r o m t h e s e cr o c od i l e s . Fi gu r e 5 ( a ) Es t i mat e d di r e c t i ons and i nt e ns i t i e s o fp r e s e i s mi c e l e c t r i c ie f l ds at s e v e r a l p l a c e s, f r o m t he t h e y c l o s e d t h e i r e y e s . N e i t h e r r e po r t e d s e i s mi c al l y- i nd uc e d ano mal ou s ani ma l be hav i o r ( SAAB) b e f or e t he Ko be Ear t hq uak e . ( b) i n t en s e ich f t n or s o un d i s p r o- Vumbe r s o f r e po r t i r d S AAB pe r 1 0 k m2 be f or e t he Kobe Ea r t hqua ke ar e i nd i c a t e d i n t he ma p t o ge t he r c e d by t he di s c ha r g e . Th i s wi t h t hef aul t ( l i ne ) and e pi c e nt e r ( do ubl e c i r c l e s ) . Thef ie l d di r e c t i on was e s t i ma t e df i r om t he di r e c t i on o f du i n di c a t e s t ha t t h ey a r e f e e l i ng I lo f a t i ngf is h. El e c t r i cf i e l dp ul s e s o r wav e pa c ke t s o fe l e c t r oma gne t i c wav e s ma ybe r e s pons i b l e . t h e e l e c t r i c ie f l d of - I en e r a t ed e l e c t r oma g n e t i c wa v e s . Pr o- c l ea r r e a c t i on wa s s e e n e x c ep t s i n ki ng t o t h e bo t t om o f t h e p on d a n d c l u c e d ie f l d i n t e ns i t y i s d e s c r i be d l a t e r . l e av i n g t h e s i t e . I t i s no t p os s i bl e t o t e l l whe t h e r t h i s r e s ul t c ons t i - The bo dy r e s i s t a n c e me a s u r e d a t t he b a c k wa s mor e t h a n 40 t ut es iel f d- avoi dance behavi or. MW f o r mo s t ba by a l l i ga t or s a n d c r o c od i l es . wh i l e t h e b el l y s ki n of s o me c r oc o di l e h a s ex c e p t i on al l y s ma l l r e s i s t a n c e of 0. 5一I MW Bi rds Re s i s t i v i t y wou l d be i t ma i n c a us e o f i n di vi du a l s en s i t i vi t y di f f e r - e n c e t o t h e e l e c t r i c i f e l d a n d p r e s u m a b l y t o s e i s m i c e l e c t r i c i f e l d . Fl a mi n gos a n d ge e s e we r e s u b j e c t e d t o ie f l ds f r om 4 t o 1 5 V/ m. No 1. 6 c l ea r r e a c t i o n wa s s e en ex c e pt t he pu in f g a s o bs e r ve d f o r r e d s p a r - r o ws i n t h e pr e vi ou s wor k ( I k e ya e t a l . 1 99 6) . A g oos e s e eme d t o no t i c e t h e ie f l d a pp l i c a t i on b y on a n d of f ' a n d s h owe d s l i g ht c o nvu l - s i on a t t h e ie f l d of 1 5 V/ m. Pe n gui n s a v oi de d t h e p ool wi t h e l e c - t r o d es wh er e pu l s e d el e c t r i c v ol t a g e was a ppl i e d a n d g a t he r e d i n a no t he r a d j oi ni ng po ol t hou g h f oo d f i s h wa s i n t h e f o r me r p oo l . Gr een snakes Sna k e s mi gr a t e d i n t o t h e Kob e - 0, j i Zo o t o e a t b i r d s ' e gg s s i n c e t h e s u r r ou nd i n g l a n d ar ea wa s de v a s t a t ed by t h e d es t r u c t i on. Sev e r a l c a pt u r e d g r e e n s n a k es we r e pl a c e d on a we t t owe l s p r e a d i n a b ox. Bot h DC an d p ul s ed el e c t r i c ie f l d f r om I Hz we r e a pp l i e d t o t h e s n a ke s . Th e s n a k es ' mus c l e l f ex e d a s t he i f el d s t r en g t h wa s i n c r e as e d t o 1 0 0 V/ m. De t a i l s of t h e r es p ons e s t o e l e c t r i c i f el d a r e t ab ul a t e d i n I a b l e I . Ph ot og r a ph i s gi ve n i n Fi gu r e 3. At a ga wa Ba nana- Al l i g at or Ga r de n Fl e c t r i c ie f l d ef f e c t s on di f f e r e nt s p ec i e s o f c r oc o di l e s a n d a l l i ga t or s ( Or d e r Cr o c o dyl i a) ha v e be e n i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r a dul t c r o c odi l es wi t h l e n gt h gr e a t e r t ha n 2 m. f or y ou ng o ne s wi t h t h e l e ng t h of I m a n d f or babv cr ocodi l es of about 30 cm 邵寒 Tor t oi s e ( Hi er e mi s ( 1 1 7 n e me hdi Boul enge r ) Ih e t or t oi s e s op e ne d a n d c l o s e d t h en - e ye s s i mi l a r l y t o c r oc o di l es wh e n t he ie f l d o f a b ou t 2 Wi n was a pp l i e d. Th e y t h en r e t r a ct e d t h en - he a d. Be h a vi or s i mi l a r t o t h a t of a c a l wa s h i n g i t s f a c e be f or e i t ba d we a t he r ( a s r e l a t e d wi t h t h e J a pa n e s e f ol k s t o r y) wa s obs e r v ed f or a i f e l d i n t e ns i t y o f 1 2 V/ m. Ey e s a r e or g an s wi t h a di r e c t el e c t r i c a l c on t a c t be t we e n t h e wa t e r a nd t h e bo dy lui f d f o r r e pt i l es l i v i ng i n f r es h wa t e r a n d s o e ye r e s p ons e t o el e c t r i c c u r r en t i na y b e a nt i ci - pat ed. T h e be h a vi or a l r e s p ons e s o f s n a k es i n t he Ba n a na - Al l i g a t o r Ga r d e n a n d of ot he r a ni ma l s a r e t a b ul at e d i n I a b l e I t o ge t he r wi t h t h e ie f l d i n t e ns i t y f o r s oi ne r e pt i l es . Us i ng t h e s e e xp er i me n t a l i f e l d i n t e ns i t y . i t i s po s s i b l e t o u s e t he r e t r o s pe c t i v e SAAB r e p or t s t o c r e - a t e t h e ge o gr a p hi ca l di s t r i bu t i on of t h e el e c t r i c ie f l d a s s h own i n t h e ma p. The ie f l d i nt en s i t i e s a r e v e r y h i gh a s c o mpa r e d wi t h t h os e o f s . e i s mi c e l e c t r i c s i g na l s 1 0 - 5 V/ m, bu t ma y b e r e a s ona bl e b e c a us e t h ey a r e no t s t a t i c ie f l ds bu t ve r y b r i e f pul s e d ie f l ds . Es t i mat e d s e i s mi c e l e ct ri c s i gnal i nt e ns i t y Al l i got or s ( Fa mi l y Al l i ga t or i dae ) S pe c t a cl e d c a i n i a n( Gl i ma l l ( r o c od i l us ( LI NNE) ) : Th e y s e e m t o b e s e n s i t i v e t o cl i ma t e c ha n ge s bu t h av e n ot s hown cl e a r SAAB p r i or t o an e a r t h qu a ke . Yo un g on es s h owe d a s t a r t l e d mov e me nt t o a DC el ect r i c f i el d of 4 V/ m and bi t t he el ect r ode at 5 V/ m. 却i s odes, Vol . 20, no. 4 An e l e c t r oma gne t i c mo de l o f a f a ul t Our pr o p os e d e l e c t r oma gn et i c mod e l of f a ul t be h a vi or i s ba s e d on t h e a p pe a r a n c e o f c ha r ge de n s i t i e s+q a n d一q a t t h e f au l t / . on e c a u s e d by t he c ha n g e of t h e s e i s mi c s t r e s s . a f o r t h e f a ul t di s pl a c e - I "} 才 Z Z Z / _ 裤 _一 介吧 曰 、 , \ / I / / 1 入t 户声一” 叮早 、 C( ) pper w ater el ect r ode P C应 t St or ao - e Os c i l l os c op e ni c i n t i me or - I m- t h e i - o ck f t a c t ui - e t i n i c , ' I( I ke y a a nd Ta k a ki , 1 9 W F . " ey a e t a l . , 1 9 96) . The c ha i - - I e s d e c a y \ vi t h a t i ni c c on s t an t e . p. de p e n de n t u p on di e l e c t i - i c } : on s t a l l t , £a n d L es i s t i v i t y , p of t he ea r t h. ' I h e ma t h e ma t i c a l mo de l of ' a f aul t gi v e s: 、t i me - d ep c i - i d e nt s t i - e s s ( - , ( T) I c a di mI , t o a p ul s e d c ha n - i e de n s i t y of 、 ( / ( / ) wi t h L - i s et i n i c V P a l 记 1 CCaV L i l l i e T. The Cl ect i - i c ici f d i nt ensi t y .F ( t )=c l (i ) I F at a f aul t /01 1 C was cai c川 UICCI L IS川 9 Z : })= M 拼、101 t = Ut, 、一 。 ‘川u 尸 一 ,, , ! ol - Ll - ani t c a l a I ' aul t Zone. Theoi - ct i cal cal CL I l at i 0l I of s ei sni i c f i el d i nt e ns i t i e s i n t he t onn of cl e c t i - i c p ul s es i n di c at e s pe a k i nt en s i t i e s hem eel l H)一 100 V/1 11 . I t wa s s wq . - c , , t e c d t } h 1 : a I t t t l h l c e : a l ho b ( ) 、 v c e b e } h 1 : a 、 v l i ( o ) , i - a l i - e s p o ns es of a n nua l s t o CI C C t l - i C a l S t i l uL l l i ma y b e a t 1 l - i hL I t e d t o SAAB oh s e i v e d i n e xp e n- , ne t ] 卜o n l i s h " i t i l c1 c c t i - os en s oi - y o t ga n S a nd on bi i d、a nd F a t s wi t h- ) L l ( t hC u l ( I k CY a C l t 1 l . 1 9 90a , 1 996 h) . Th e S c i l d ni C S [ l - C S S I - C I C a S C du e i o t i - a c t i - 日 ℃、i n L oc k s pl - i ol - t o t h e L l a j ol S h0 C K - , pl - CS L I n i a h l y i cs t i l t i ng i l l p ul s e d C U L - i - ci ns be c a us e ot ' t h c : c1 c a s e of ' t h e p i e z o- c on i p e ns a t c o - I I ’ r c c c h a r ge I s , c a nn ot he de t e c t e d v i t h t h e s e i s mo gr a p h a t 1 0 0 Hz . A h i g h c u r r en t d en s i t y t o ; 一l oc a l } 1 、 t ct L l l ℃、: 1 1 0 1 1 - 1 1 f i l e Li n k p i i oi t o t h e ma i n s h oc k a n d I oc u s i n -( l 们I l e ・ L I N- 01 1 1 I M ' 2 ' e o ) } l j a ph i Ca l I - Ca S O1 1 1 , I AOUI C I C X[ la f i n SAAB a s c l C ct r o- ) hN s i ol oL , i C a l r e s p on s ct o f i l e e l e c t r i c l i e l dol ’ c 1 c ci r oma g r i c t i c wav e s El ect ri c f i el d i nt ensi t v est i mat ed f rom SAAB j a l ) , u l es C i ni qu oAS h a% r o , bk , c n o bs er v e d t o n i me qu i ck l y U n de r e l e c r i c l i cl ds: 、 、s i n al l " i s川\/ i n ( 0. - 1 A/ m') ,a n d t o al i l - n c t h e ms e l v e s { ) C I I ) C I I ( i f CH 1 , 1 1 - t o t h e f i el d C I I I - C C 1 1 01 1( l kc } a ( , / al . 1 99 6) . Sen s i t i v e ; I nn i j ok k r ,we l - e p a l - al \ / C d a t _ 5 ( ) V/ 1 1 1 , but I - C C o ) \C I - cd s oo n r e s p on di n g 、 、a 1 , i n , 1 1 C J ) L I I S C ' Ai t h山。v , i d t h of( ) . !ni s . Th e ph en o me na of ' hs h L l i L I I I I 1 Cu t 0 1 - J ) a l - a l } / C C I l i s t ] h c t ' or c t he Ko be Ea r t hqu a k e. wh i c h wa s , f i l l e d r e t r o" pe c t kel " by % \i t i i c, , s c s ( Wa d aI S L I 1 1 1 i . 1 9 95) i ni gh t i n山- Fi gur e 6 An a qua r i um wi t h pa r al l e l pl at e e l e ct r o de s b e s i de s an aqu ar i u m wi t h e e l s , mi nn ows a nd go l d is f h. The e l e c t r i cf ie l d i n wa t e r was me as ur e d wi t h a d i gi t al s t o r a ge os c i l l o s c o pe wi t h a t r i g ge r i ng l e v e l ( ) J' 1 0 i n Wi n a nd s t or e d i nt o a c omput e r wi t h t he t i me and t he s ha pe o j . t he pul s e . cat e t he el ect ri c f i el d i nt ensi t i es ol ' i nor e t han I ( )Vhn i n nat ur e bef or e t h e Kob e Ea r t h qu a ke . Th e r e s pon s es of ' al l i pt or s ar e s i n n i l 川( ) t hos e of 、 mi nn o ws bu t t hos e of ' cr ocodi l es and sea l i ons ar e at l eas t one of - t wo or der s of ' ma gni t u d e ni or e s e ns i t i v e t ha n ot he r an i n i a l s owi n g t o t h e p r es e nc e of e l e ct r os e ns or y or g a ns wi t h s e ns i t i vi t i e s of( ) . I一2 00 i nV/ i n. If i c es t i mat ed f i el d i nt ensi t i es and t hei r di r ect i ons a r e i ndi cat ed of f t he i na p t o. g e t h er wi t h t he pe r c e nt a ge I ol ' an i n i a l i n i or n a l i e s b ef o r e t he Kob e Ea r t h qu a k e i n Fi gu I r c 5 ( a ): i s r e c al l e d by wi t n e s s e s . We s i mp l y a S S Un I C I l l a t f i l e f i s h: d i , " I I I I I CI 们 、a } e i s n i i c el e c t r i c f i el d e i T c c t h e r e. Aq ua t i c a n i n i a l s ha v e a h i g I hl y s e ns i t i v e c l e ct i o ) s c i l s o ) r y s y s t e i n wh i c h i s u s e d[ 、 )a c qUi l - C i n f or ni a t i on l ot - or i c i ua t i on a n d t o C 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - ni cat c wi t h ot her s旧 ast i an, 1994} Bul l ock, 1 983) . Ani ni al s wi t hout S u c h 01 - 1 1 , 1 6S a t - C t h ous a nd s ol ' f i l l i es l es s s e ns i t i v e t o c 1 c c t r i c f i el ds . Fi e l ds of -川 V/ i n a i c t oo i n t e ns e f or s ci s i nc o l o - g i s i s of , ' ' c ( ) Pl l vs i c i s l t o a c c ep t 1 r o m ( h ei r e x pe i i cn c e of ' 1 0 1 VAn: 、 、a t y pi c al s ei s mi c c l e ci r i c f i el d ( SFS) , whi c h l e a d t o r e j e c t i on ol ' t hi s wor k. Howev e r , On l y Ul t t a l ow f r e qu en c y ( UL . F) e l e ct r on i a g uc t i c wa v e s ou t of ' a wa v c - pa c k et ma y ha v e be e n I nCa S Ur e d a ( l om p di s t a n c e s i f - o ni t h e e pi c e nt er i n t h en - C a s e. The I ) L I I S C C I he l d i nt en s i t y c l o , , c t o f i l e e pi c e nt e r n ui s t l i a \ c be en a r ou n d I ( ) Wi n i l l o r de r 1 0 C: I L I S C SAAB t o or c hi l a r y a ni ma l s A i t h out c l e c t r os e ns or y or ga ns . El e c t r i C S t i l l ) L l l i t o e ye s a n d s k i l l s vi l l l e a d t o iel f d- avoi dal l ce hcha} i or. (l l i n c s e s ci s i l l ol o "i s t s oh s c , 一 、 e d hi gh p ul s e d e l e ct r i c f i e l ds h e f or c t h e ' F a I l L s h a l l F l a l t h qU ak c , bUt un l or t un a t e l y di s c ai dc d t h e c l a t a C ol l s i de n l l - , , I l i c i l l a s c l - r oi s i l l t h e cl e c t r ome t c r . Wha t an i ni a l s c i c t c c t c d ma y h e t h e pul s e d l l ow oI ch a r g - l es a l l t he s t r c s } - r e l c a s c d W' C } l: 1 1 - OL I n d t he kl U l l / onc } t he pe a k i n t cn , , i t y i sl l l gl l I I ) OL I LI l t he ( I L I I - , I t i Ol l i s l es s 1 1 WI l I H I S } I C C OI - C l i l l ( ' 1 0 OL [ I ' t ] I C OI - \ ' . 八I l i l Ml l s I AO ) L I I C I he i e s p on di ng , t o MI l t hl - Ul l t C I M1 1 2C i l l ( h e ] ( ) C : l l C I C Ct I - i C he l d Of t h e CI C C - I r o nl a t ' . 1 1 c l i } - wn c s C a u s e d h N t h e s c i s i l l i c c h a wc s . 1)(〔cm bc) 一 1997 259 ( a) ( b) 。. 3 ( C) 0. 6 ( E~ A) ( E、 A) ( E、 A) 0- 2 0. 4 0 0.1 0. 2 山 比 0 一2 日一 0 -1 0 t ( S) 2 [ x1 0 - 6 1 -2 -1 0 1 _ 。 2 -1 L 一2 -1 t ( S ) [ X I 0 _ 0 ( S) 2 [ X1 0- 1 5 1 Fi gu r e 7 The o ut put o f d i gi t al s t o r a ge o s c i l l os c o pe o f e l e c t r i c pu l s e v o l t a ge de f e c t e d i n a l ab or at o r y ( a ) at t he t i me o f ne a r b y at mos phe r i c l i ght ni n g, an d ( b ) one o f t hef iv e pu l s e s ha p pe n t o b e o bs e r v e d o ne ho ur b e f o r e an e a r t hq ua ke o f t he ma gni t ude 3 . 9. Cor r e l at i o n wi t h t he e a r t hq ua ke i s no t c l e ar . ( c ) El e c t r i c no i s e s i nduc e d b y s wi t c hi n g o fa pho s pho r e s ce nt l a mp i n a l abo r a t or y . Me a s ur e me nt of e l e c t r i c ie f l d b y l i g ht ni ng, Van de Gr a af f di s c har g e s and unknown El e c t r i c p ul s e s woul d p r o pa g a t e a s wa v e pa c ke t s , i . e . , a n umb e r of el e c t r oma g ne t i c wa ve s ha v i n g d i f f e r e n t f r e qu e nc i e s ( I ke ya e t al . , 1 9 97) . The s e i s mi c p ul s e s i g na l s f r om a f a u l t ma y be de t e c t e d wi t h a mod e r n e l ec t r o ni c t e c hni qu e , s uc h a s u s i n g a di g i t a l s t o r a ge os ci l l o- s c o pe ( DSO) wi t h a t r i gge r i ng l e v e l f or r e c o r di ng. A p a r a l l el pl a t e el e c t r od e s we r e p l a c e d i n a n a q ua r i u m a n d t he v o l t a ge wa s me a s ur e d wi t h t h e DSO as i s s c h e ma t i c a l l y s ho wn i n Fi g ur e 6. A de r i va t i v e f or m o t pu l s e d e l e c t r i c ie f l d i s t o be me a s u r e d wi t h t h i s a ppa r a t us Fi g ur e 7 ( a ) s ho ws e l e c t r i c p ul s e s obs e r v e d a t t he n e a r by a t mos p he r i c l i gh t n i n g by s e t t i n g t he t r i gg e r i n g l e v e l of 1 0 mV. El e c t r i c n o i s e pu l s e s we r e obs e r v e d a s s ho wn i n ( b) by a i r - ga p di s c h a r ge s f r o m t h e hi gh vo l t a g e s p he r e ot a Va n de Gr a a f f e l e ct r os t a t i c ge n e r a t o r by s e t - t i ng a g r o un de d wi r e c l os e t o t he s p h er e. The p ul s e wi d t hs a r e o f t h e or d e r of 0 . 1 i n s . We ob s e r v e d d i f f e r e n t p ul s e s wi t h a wi d t h of I ps i n t h e l a bo r a t o r y a s s hown i n ( c ) . I t i s i nt e r e s t i ng t o n ot e t h a t e e l s i n t h i s l a b or a t or y a q ua r i um s h owe d s t a r t l ed mo v eme nt s a nd ha ms t e r s wa s he d f a ce a nd s c r ea me d by igh f t i ng wi t h e a c h ot he r s . No c h an g e i n t h e b e ha v i or wa s n ot i c e d f or mi n no w a n d g ol d is f h. An e a r t hq ua k e o f ma gni t ud e, M =3 . 9 oc c u r r e d 3 . 2 d a ys l a t e r . Un f or t un a t el y, i t i s n ot pos s i bl e t o l i n k t he s e e l e c t r i c p ul s e s a n d a m- ma l b e ha v i or t o t he e a r t h qu a ke s i n c e t h e c a mpu s i s s u r r o un de d by t h e s ou r c e of e l ec t r i c no i s e s . mo no r a i l s , h ea v y t r a ic f r oa d s , n uc l e a r a c c e l er a t o r . e t c . Howe ve r , Ri ki t a k e' s e mpi r i c a l f o r mul a o f t he r e l a - t i on b e t we e n t h e pr e c u r s or t i me, T a n d t h e ma gn i t u de M, i . e. , l ogI O T =0. 3 7 M一 8 9 f or t he SAAB g i v e s 3. 5 da y s a nd t he a r e a R o f t h e SAAB a p pe a r a n c e i s o bt a i n e d f r om M =2. 67 l og R }a , -0- 91 a s R r n } } =70 km. Th e e pi ce n t e r 3 5 km a wa y f r om t he o bs e r v a t i on c a mpus i s Ani ma l ' s b e ha v i o r i n r e l a t i v el y c on t r o l l e d c on di t i ons ma y b e wa t ch e d da i l y by p r of e s s i o na l ke ep e r s wi t h s c i e n t i ic f ba c k gr ou n ds . Vi d e o r e co r de r s a do pt ed t o c yc l i c t a p e c on t i nu ou s l y o r t r i g ge r e d by e n vi r o nme n t a l e l e c t r i c p ul s e s c oul d r e c or d be h a v i o r . S t a t i s t i c a l c om- p a r i s on o f b e ha v i o r s ho ul d g i v e a n o b j e c t i v e me a s u r e o f t he e f f e ct s o f s uc h pul s es whe t he r t h e y a r e f r o m l i g ht ni ng . e a r t hqu a k e or ot h er o r i g i n s . Th e r e f o r e , a no ma l o us be h a vi or s ma y be n ot i c e d wi t h ou t d i f - ic f u l t i es i f S AAB a r e we l l ca t e go r i z e d a n d s c i e n t i i f c a l l y und e r s t o od a s b eh a v i o r a l r e s pon s e s t o e l e c t r i c p ul s e s t i mul i o r t o e l e c t r i c ie f l d o f e l e c t r oma g ne t i c wa v e s . I t woul d b e be s t t o s e t u p s u c h e qu i p me nt i n c o u nt r i e s pr o ne t o e a r t h qu a ke , a nd pr e f er en t i a l l y moni t or s en s i t i v e s p ec i e s s uc h a s s e a l i o n, c r o c od i l e a nd ee l s . Anomal ous behavi or ofe el s, bi r ds a nd r at s was al so obser ved i n p r e l i mi na r y f r a c t u r e e xp e r i me n t s ot g r a ni t i c r o c ks us i n g 2 00 a nd 5 00 t o n c o mp r e s s i on ma c h i n es s i mul t a n e ou s l y wi t h t he d e t e c t i o n o f e l e c - t r oma gn e t i c wa ve s a s de s c r i b ed s e pa r a t e l y e l s e wh er e. Bo t h ph e - n o me na pr e c e d ed a bo ve 1 01 Pa we l l be f o r e t h e f r a c t ur e s at 1 0 8 Pa a nd t he d e t ec t i on of a c o us t i c e mi s s i o ns by p i e z o e l e c t r i c s e n s o r a t t a c he d t o t he r oc k. Al t hou g h de t a i l e d wo r k wi l l b e p ub l i s h ed e l s e - wh e r e, t h e obs e r v a t i on i ndi ca t e s t ha t SAAB a n d e l e c t r o ma gn e t i c wa v e g e ne r a t i o n a r e c ommo n ph e no me na be f o r e t he ma i n s h o c k. Th e d e t e r mi na t i o n o f t he pr e c ur s or t i me i s t he ma i n d i ic f u l t y i n e a r t h qu a ke p r e di c t i on u s i ng SES. I t wo ul d b e pa r t i c u l a r l y i nt e r e s t i n g t o de t e r mi n e whe t h e r a n e a r l y s t a g e e a r t h qu a ke wa r ni ng we l l be f o r e t he a r r i va l o f s ei s mi c P- a nd S- wa ve s mi g ht b e ma de b y e l e c t r o ni c d e t e c t i o n of s e i s mi c p ul s es r a t h e r t h a n f r o m t h e obs e r v at i o n o f SAAB; t he e x a c t t r i a n gu l a t i o n of t i me a n d p l a c e o f pu l s e or i g i n s wou l d b e di ic f u l t t o de t e r mi n e wi t h- ou t r e c o r di ng o bs e r va t i o na l d a t a a t s e ve r a l p l a c es us i n g gl ob al p os i - t i on i n g s ys t em ( GPS) cl oc k s . Con s i d e r i n g t he s pe e d of l i gh t , P- wel l wi t hi n t hi s di s t ance. Unl ess we det er mi ne t he s our ce of t he el ec- waves and S- wa ves, t he S- waves whi ch caus e di sas t er come af ter P- t r i c pu l s es , i t i s n ot p os s i bl e t o a s c r i be t h e o bs e r ve d p ul s e s t o a n e a r t hqu a k e pr e c u r s o r . At mo s p he r i c l i g h t n i ng a nd a r t i i f ci a l di s c ha r g e s us i n g a Va n c l e Gr a a f f e l e c t r o s t a t i c g en e r a t o r a l s o c a us e d e l e c t r i c p ul s e s i n wa t e r a n d s ud d e n mov emen t of e e l s a n d gr o omi ng o f ha ms t e r s . Mi n n ows a n d go l d is f h s e e me d l e s s s e ns i t i v e a t t ha t t i me. Th e y r e s p on d t o t h e e l e c t r i c ie f l d o f mor e t ha n 1 0 V/ m ( I k e ya e t al . , 1 99 6a ) , wh i l e e e l s r e s po nd e d t o t he iel f d o f l e s s t ha n I V/ m. waves ar r i ve i n a t i me wi t h t he s ame i nt er val be t we en t he obse rva- Di scussi on I t woul d b e p os s i bl e t o i mp r ov e s ome of t h e e x pe r i men t s b y u s e of s e ve r a l r ec o r di ng e q ui pme n t wi t h c oo pe r a t i on of z o os . Ani ma l s a r e k e pt un d er s pe c i a l i s t ca r e a t t ho us a n ds o t z oo s a l l o ve r t h e wor l d 助i s o d e s , Vol . 2 0 , no . 4 t i on ot c os e i s mi c e l e c t r o ma gn e t i c wa ve s a nd t h e P- wa v es . Concl usi on Th i s p a p er a s s e r t s t h a t SAAB i s n o t a s u pe r s ci e n t i ic f p he no me no n, b ut be ha vi o r a l r es p ons e t o el e c t r i c a l s t i mul i a n d t ha t a pu l s e d s e i s - mi c ie f l d i n t e ns i t y o f a bo ut 1 0 V/ m b e f or e t h e Ko be Ea r t hq ua ke mus t ha ve ca us e d p a n i c t o or d i na r y a n i ma l s a t t h e Kob e - Oj i Zoo . The r e s po ns e s o f s e a l i o ns a t 0. 5 V/ m a nd c r oc o di l es d own t o 0. 02 mV/ m s i mi l a r t o t h e ie f l d whi c h s ur pr i s e d e e l s wa s c onf i r me d i n t h e e x pe r - i m ent of el ect ric iel f d effects. Ani m als showed t he sam e behavior as e l e c t r i c ie f l d e f f e c t s i n e xp e r i me n t s of r o c k f r a c t u r e s us i n g a 5 00 t on 260 p r e s s ma c hi ne . Mo s t of r e p or t e d SAAB i n t he Kob e Ea r t hq ua ke i s s i mi l a r t o r e po r t ed be h av i or be f o r e a t mos ph e r i c l i g ht n i n g Ri ki t ake , T. , 1 978, Bi os ys t em beha vi our a s an ea r t hqua ke pr e cur s or : Te ct onophys. v. 3 5, pp. 335 -362. Tr i but c h, H. , 1 978, Do a er os ol anomal i es pr ec ede e ar t hqua ke?:Nat ur e v. 276, pp. 606- 608. Ac kno wl edg me nt Va r a t os , P . a n d Al e x op o u l o s , K. , 1 9 8 4 , Ph y s i c a l pr o p e r t i e s o f t h e v a r i a t i o n s oft he e l ec t r i c iel f d oft he Ea r t h pr e ce di ng e ar t hqua kes : Te ct onophys i cs v. 110,pp.73-98. Wada t umi , K. , 1 995, 1591 Wi t nes s e s Pr i or t o Ear t hqua ke: Tokyo Pub, Tokyo, pp. 267 ( i n J a pa nes e ) . We t h a nk t he a ni ma l k ee pe r s a t t he Ko be - Oj i Zoo a nd l zu - At a ga wa Ba na na - Al l i ga t or Zo o f or t h e i r c oo pe r a t i o n a nd S. Hua n g, D. 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D. , 1 98 3, A me chani s m t o ex pl a i n t he gene r a t i on of e ar t hqua ke l i ght s : Na t ur e v. 302, pp. 28-33. Mas uya , K. , 199 5, Ea r t hquake Cat is f h:Akas hi Publ i s her , Tokyo ( i n J a pan- es e ) . Mi s aki an, M ,She ppa r d, A. R. , Kr aus e, D. , Fr a ze r , M. E. and Mi l l e r , D上. , 1 9 9 3 , Bi o l o g i c a l , p h y s i c a l , a n d e l e c t r i c a l p a r a me t e r s f o r i n v i t r o s t u di e s wi t h ELF ma gnet i c and e l e ct r i c iel f ds : A pr i me r : Bi oel e ct r omagne t i cs Suppl . v. 2, 1 -25. D ecember 1997