ბრძოლა დამოუკიდებლობისათვის 1918-1921

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1918-1921
andro kaWarava
aleqsandre dauSvili
saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika _
brZola damoukideblobisTvis.
(advilad sakiTxavi wigni)
Tbilisi-atlanta
2012
udc (uak) 94(479.22) “1921“ + 325.8(479.22)
k-367
naSromSi mdidari istoriografiuli memkvidreobis
gaazrebis safuZvelze da uaxlesi saarqivo masalebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
popularuli formiT gadmocemulia
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnis, misi
politikuri ganviTarebis, saSinao da sagareo politikis,
damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis qarTveli
xalxis brZolis saintereso da dramatuli istoria.
wigni gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelebisaTvis.
ISBN 978-9941-0-4689-6
diziani da beWdva
Sps “si-ji-es”
winaTqma
am wignis daweris idea amerikaSi moRvawe eqims, andro
kaWaravas ekuTvnis. naSromi damoukidebeli, Tavisufali
saqarTvelos istorias eZRvneba. ruseTis imperiis dangrevis Semdeg gaCnda imedi saukuneze meti xnis win dakarguli
saxelmwifos aRdgenis. samwuxarod, es periodi Cveni warsulisa metad xanmokle aRmoCnda da saqarTvelo kvlav, axla
ukve bolSevikuri, ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca...
naSromSi, cnobili istorikosis aleqsandre dauSvilis TanaavtorobiT, kargadaa asaxuli es metad rTuli
periodi saqarTvelos
istoriisa. qarTvelma socialdemokratebma, romlebic qveynis saTaveSi moeqcnen, ver
SeZles damoukideblobis SenarCuneba, raSic arc Tu mcire damsaxureba qarTvel bolSevikebs ekuTvniT. verc
gamarjvebulebma, `antantis” qveynebma, gamoiCines saTanado sifxizle da kavkasia kvlav ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi
aRmoCnda.
naSromSi kargadaa gadmocemuli qveynis SigniT mimdinare procesebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva Tavisufali saqarTvelos sagareo politikas _ damokidebulebas TurqeTTan, germaniasTan, ruseTTan da `antantis”
qveyenebTan. karagadaa naCvenebi, Tu ra rTul viTarebaSi
aRmoCnda samxreT kavkasia, kerZod ki saqarTvelo ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg periodSi. mdgomareoba kidev
ufro daiZaba germaniis pirveli msoflio omSi damarcxebis gamo.
CrdiloeTidan momdgar ruseTs Tavisi ambiciebi
gaaCnda da yovelnairad cdilobda SeenarCunebina gavlena samxreT kavkasiaze. samxreTidan aqtiurobs TurqeTi,
romelic ar kmayofildeba adre mitacebuli qarTuli
miwebiT da garkveul pretenziebs acxadebs aWaraze da
mesxeTze. sadavo sakiTxebi wamoiWra sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT agreTve uSualo mezoblebTan: azerbaijanTan da
somxeTTan, ramac zogjer sakmaod mwvave xasiaTi miiRo...
winamdebare wigni advilad ikiTxeba, kargi qarTuliTaa naweri da mkiTxvels srul warmodgens uqmnis Cveni
istoriis am metad rTuli da mZime, magram uaRresad
saintereso periodze.
akad. oTar jafariZe
`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg saqarTvelos respublikis yoveli moqalaqe movalea Tavisi
qveynis warsuli icodes... awindelma qarTvelma politikosma am Cvens warsulSiac SeiZleba Tanamedrove mdgomareobisaTvisac bevri rame sagulisxmo da
damafiqrebeli amoikiTxos”.
ivane javaxiSvili, 1919
wanamZRvrebi
qarTvelebis ltolva Tavisuflebisa
da damoukideblobisaTvis XIX-XX ss.
1801 wels ruseTis imperatorebma, jer pavle I-ma, motyuebiT, xolo Semdeg misma vaJma, aleqsandre I-ma ukve
Zalis gamoyenebiT, gaauqmes qarTl-kaxeTis samefo da is
ruseTis imperiis guberniad gadaaqcies. qarTveli xalxi
Tavidanve aRdga sakuTari Tavisuflebis dasacavad. antirusul ganwyobilebas aZlierebda qveyanaSi rusi moxeleebisa da samxedro mosamsaxureebis qmedeba, romlebic
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mimarT Zalmomreobis saSinel
formebsa da meTodebs iyenebdnen. rusebis aRviraxsnilma saqcielma 1804 wels mTiuleTSi ajanyeba gamoiwvia.
niSandoblivia, rom am etapze saqarTvelos samxedro
gzis monakveTze mcxovrebi osebi aqtiurad exmarebodnen
qarTvel batoniSvilebs rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da
qarTvelebis mimarT did erTgulebasac avlendnen.
aseve niSandoblivia, rom ukve am periodidan saqarTveloSi gaCnda Tavadaznaurobis erTi jgufi, romlebic
miznad isaxavdnen ruseTis batonobis ganmtkicebas kavkasiaSi, isini erTgulad monawileobdnen ara marto ruseTis samxedro operaciebSi iranisa da TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, aramed wvavdnen da anadgurebdnen qarTul soflebs,
Tuki amas ruseTis imperatoris interesebi moiTxovda.
istorias SemorCa erT-erTi aseTi `qarTvelis” pataki:
`imis gamo, rom Sildam orjer miiRo batoniSvili da orjerve mosaxleoba Cvens winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, me soflis
safuZvlianad amogdeba gadavwyvite. gavanadgureb ara
marto saxlebs, aramed baR-venaxebs. meore dRea sofels
cecxli ukidia da TandaTanobiT nacar-tutad iqceva...”
es saqarTvelos tragedia iyo...
magram brZola ruseTis saxelmwifo manqanasTan mainc
grZeldeboda, rac, garkveulwilad, aryevda ruseTis batonobas kavkasiaSi.
aseT viTarebaSi ruseTis imperatorma, nikoloz Ima Secvala taqtika, man saqarTveloSi gamogzavna Wkviani da moqnili politikosi – grafi mixeil voroncovi, romelmac moaxerxa ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemis
modernizeba, qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis mniSvnelovani
nawilis gulis mogeba da ruseTis samsaxurSi maTi gadabireba: qarTveli Tavadaznaurebi iniSnebodnen mazrebis
ufrosebad, guberniis xelmZRvanelebis moadgileebad.
qarTveli generlebi, da saerTod samxedro mosamsaxureebi, iRebdnen maRal xelfasebs, privilegiebs. am cdunebas
ver gauZlo TviT didma poetma, Tavadma grigol orbelianma, romelic erTxans kavkasiis mefisnacvlis moadgilec ki iyo.
mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi ruseTma, TurqeTisa da iranis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sedegad, TandaTan
SemoierTa mesxeT-javaxeTi, tao-klarjeTi, afxazeTi
aWara, kola-artaani. ruseTis imperatorma miitaca `saqarTvelos mefis” titulic da mas amayad atarebda. axladSemoerTebul qarTul miwebze ruseTis xelisufleba
seriozulad aferxebda qarTveli mamuliSvilebis moRvaweobas eris konsolidaciisa da istoriuli mexsierebis
aRsadgenad. ruseTis sinodis erTi maRalCinosnis saidumlo werilSi xazgasmiT aris miTiTebuli: `rac Seexeba
qarTvelTa mondomebas, rom am mxareSi qarTuli marTlmadidebloba gabatondes, es CvenTvis ar aris misaRebi
da maT amaSi xeli unda SevuSaloT, radgan qarTvelebi
nacionalistebi arian da isini daiwyeben am axladSemoerTebul mxareSi nacionalisturi ideebis qadagebas da
es ki CvenTvis saxifaToa.”
ase da amgvarad, saqarTveloSi TandaTan mtkicdeboda ruseTis xelisufleba, rasac mohyva Zalmomreo-
bis gaZlierebac: jer qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia
gaauqmes, Semdeg qarTuli enis swavleba akrZales. saqme
iqamdec ki mivida, rom Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis xelmZRvanelobam miiRo kanoni qarTuli enis gamoyenebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs
aukrZales qarTul enaze metyveleba. qarTvel TavadaznaurTa garkveuli nawili ojaxSic ki erideboda qarTulad saubars.
rusuli marTlmadidebeluri eklesia Cinebulad axorcielebda ruseTis imperiis gegmebs: cdilobda saqarTvelos eklesiis mrevlis garusebas, krZalavda eklesiamonastrebSi qarTulad wirva-locvas, Secvales qarTuli
eklesiis wes-gangeba. Zalmomreoba sasuliero saswavleblebSi imdenad damrTgunavi iyo, rom Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis msmenelma, ioseb laRiaSvilma, mokla
seminariis reqtori Cudecki. am faqtma ruseTis sinodisa
da egzarqosis risxva gamoiwvia. saqarTvelos egzarqosma,
seminariis reqtoris dasaflavebaze, SeaCvena qarTveli
eri, romelmac `warmoSva iseTi avazaki, rogoric iyo
ioseb laRiaSvili”.
aman qarTveli sazogadoeba ukiduresad
aaRelva.
imereTis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolma da didma patriotma, Tavadma dimitri yifianma, aseTi werili gaugzavna
egzarqoss: `Tqveno aRmatebulebav, miiReT mwyemsmTavruli mowyaleba da SemindeT Cemi didi Secodeba, Tu me,
gatacebuli daujerebeli xmebiT, vcodav Tqvens winaSe.
magram amboben, rom Tqven daswyevleT qveyana, romelSic
Tqven mowodebuli xarT samwymsod da romelic amis gamo
moeloda martooden siyvarulsa da saTnoebas. Tu yovelive es marTalia, Tqveni Rirsebis gadarCena mxolod
imiT SeiZleba, rom SemCvenebeli ganidevnos SeCvenebuli qveynidan”.
da am werilis gamo dimitri yifiani saqarTvelodan
gaasaxles stavropolSi, sadac miCenilma agentma igi sicocxles gamoasalma. aseT dramatul viTarebaSi gangebam
saqarTvelos gamougzavna didi sazogado moRvawe ilia
WavWavaZe.
ilia WavWavaZis Rvawli saqarTvelos istoriaSi sruliad gamorCeulia. roca 1861 wels, ruseTSi swavla-ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, is saqarTveloSi dabrunda,
misi mTavari amocana politikuri inertulobidan saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamofxizleba, erovnuli Tavisu-
flebis ideis aRorZineba da im Rrma Segnebis danergva
iyo, rom ver iqneba eri bednieri, Tu samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis, misi aRorZinebisaTvis ar ibrZolebs. ilia WavWavaZem sazogadoebas brZolis gzac uCvena
– erTianoba, sulierebis aRorZineba, socialur jgufebsa da klasebs Soris arsebuli `Catexili xidis” amovseba,
erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideisadmi erTguleba.
am gzis gasavlelad man da misma megobrebma Seqmnes `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoeba” (1879), uSualod ilia WavWavaZis iniciativiT Seiqmna saadgilmamulo banki, romelic ekonomikur
problemebTan erTad awesrigebda qarTul saqmes, xels
uwyobda eris sulier aRorZinebas: afinansebda qarTul
Teatrs, qarTul skolebs, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebs.
ilias mier daarsebuli Jurnal-gazeTebi `saqarTvelos
moambe” da `iveria”
qarTveli eris interesebs emsaxureboda. iliam Tavis garSemo Semoikriba patriotebis
Zlieri jgufi, ruseTsa da sazRvargareTis umaRles saswavleblebSi ganaTlebamiRebuli adamianebi, romlebic
mzad iyvnen TavianTi codna qarTveli eris aRorZinebis
saSviliSvilo saqmeSi CaeyenebinaT.
social-demokratia da saqarTvelo
XIX saukunis dasasruls evropidan saqarTveloSi gavrcelda moZRvreba, romelmac wamoswia ara erovnuli, aramed
socialuri problematika _ ara eris damoukidebloba da
suvereniteti, aramed proletariatis internacionaluri
SekavSireba, klasobrivi brZola burJuaziasa da TavadaznaurobasTan, sazogadoebis revoluciuri ganviTareba. es
iyo marqsistuli, social-demokratiuli moZRvreba. misi
mimdevrebi: filipe maxaraZe, noe Jordania, ioseb jugaSvili, miSa daviTaSvili, aleqsandre wulukiZe, irakli
wereTeli, mixa cxakaia da sxvebi. ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis aqtiuri wevrebi gaxdnen da ewinaaRmdegebodnen ruseTis imperiis daSlas. isini proletariats mouwodebdnen (nacionaluri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad),
erToblivi ZalisxmeviT ebrZolaT saerTaSoriso proletaruli interesebisaTvis. maTTvis erovnuli saikiTxi
daqvemdebarebuli problema iyo. maT daiwyes marqsistuli
SinaarsiT gaJRenTili werilebis wera, saqarTvelos mra-
valerovani proletariatis darazmva internacionalisturi ideologiis garSemo, erovnuli ideisa da erovnuli
moZraobis winaaRmdeg ukompromiso brZola. marqsistuli
principebidan gamomdinare, maTTvis miuRebeli iyo `klasobrivi zavi”, `saerTo niadagis Teoria” da, ra Tqma unda _
ilia WavWavaZis politikuri xazic.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis imperiaSi socialurma
daZabulobam kulminacias miaRwia. revoluciam ver gadawyvita qveynis winaSe arsebuli socialuri problemebi,
amas male msoflio politikuri daZabuloba daemata,
romelTa gadasawyvetad marto diplomatia aRar kmaroda. msoflio mieqaneboda katastrofisken – mzaddeboda
pirveli msoflio omi.
kvlav damoukidebeli!
pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo
pirveli imperialisturi omis aucilebloba gamoiwvia
revanSistulma ideologiam da msoflios xelaxali gadanawilebis dauokebelma survilma. ekonomikurad mzardi
germaniis imperia veRar urigdeboda imas, rom msoflio
gadanawilebuli iyo inglisis, safrangeTisa da ruseTis
saxelmwifoebs Soris. germaniis imperiam Tavis garSemo
Semoikriba `gulnakluli” da koloniebze meocnebe qveynebi: avstria-ungreTi, italia da Seqmna `samTa kavSiri”,
romelsac mogvianebiT TurqeTic SeuerTda.
germaniisagan daCagruli da teritoriaCamoWrili
(elzas-lotaringia) safrangeTi Seecada am gaerTianebisaTvis aqtiurad daepirispirebina `antanta” _ ruseTis,
inglisisa da safrangeTis monawileobiT, mogvianebiT mas
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi SeuerTda. ruseTi, romelic
am qveynebs Soris ekonomikurad yvelaze susti da safrangeTis kapitalze damokidebuli qveyana iyo, moxibles
dapirebebiT – gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi miiRebda
konstantinopols (stambols) Tavisi sruteebiT, da did
teritorias anatoliaSi.
qveynebi didi omisaTvis emzadebodnen. qarTvelebis
udidesi nawili, Seguebuli beds, monawileobda ruseTis
imperiis saomar mzadebaSi.
magram iyo qarTvelTa jgufi, romlebic Tvlidnen,
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rom swored am areul dros dadga xelsayreli momenti
saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis dasawyebad.
patriotTa am jgufma aqtiuri moRvaweoba gaaCaRa sazRvargareT. isini cdilobdnen evropis sazogadoebrivi
azris dainteresebas saqarTvelos problemebiT, surdaT evropis demokratia saqarTvelos bedis Tanaziari
gaexadaT, daeyenebinaT saqarTvelos sakiTxi sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso konferenciaze. jer kidev 1903 wels
parizSi daarsda gazeTi `saqarTvelo” da misi frangulenovani damateba. am gamocemebis mizani iyo, evropisaTvis gaecnoT qarTveli xalxis damoukideblobisaken
swrafva. qarTvelebma monawileoba miiRes
1910, 1913
da momdevno wlebSi `damonebuli erebis” saerTaSoriso
kongresebis muSaobaSi. parizSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma
daaarses `saqarTvelos uflebaTa damcveli liga”. 1910
wels parizSi petre surgulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibda saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis jgufi.
qarTvelebis meore nawili varaudobda germaniis saxelmwifos daxmarebiT qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenas.
evropaSi yofnisas isini awarmoebdnen molaparakebas germaniisa da TurqeTis saxelmwifo moRvaweebTan, pirdebodnen, omis SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelebis ajanyebas ruseTis
carizmis winaaRmdeg, isini imedovnebdnen saqarTveloSi monarqiis aRdgenas. maT germaniis specsamsaxurebis
daxmarebiT Seqmnes `saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis komiteti”.
1914 wels, zafxulSi, saraevoSi mokles avstria-ungreTis taxtis memkvidre franc ferdinand habsburgi.
daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi. ruseTma omi gamoucxada
germaniasa da TurqeTs. saqarTvelodan am omSi 200 000
kaci monawileobda, maT Soris 7000 qarTveli oficeric
iyo, romlebic erTgulad ibrZodnen ruseTis saxelmwifos interesebis dasacavad.
saqarTvelo frontispira qveyana gaxda. kavkasiis
fronti saqarTvelos istoriul sazRvrebTan mdebareobda da qveyana samxedro banaks daemsgavsa. warumateblobas
evropis frontebze, ruseTis imperia kavkasiis frontze
warmatebebiT anazRaurebda.
aseT rTul viTarebaSi `saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis komitetma” ver gabeda ajanyebis mowyoba
imis SiSiT, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili amas gagebiT
ar Sexvdeboda. amasTanave, es ganzraxva didi safrTxis
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Semcveli iyo – omis pirobebSi separatistuli ajanyebis
mowyoba gamoiwvevda uzarmazar msxverpls, represiebs,
rasac tragikuli Sedegebi SeiZleba moetana qveynisaTvis.
Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi
1917 wlis Tebervlis dasasruls ruseTSi gaimarjva
revoluciam.
ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia,
romlis aqtiuri wevrebi qarTveli social-demokratebic
iyvnen, favorSi aRmoCnda. partia aqtiurad monawileobda petrogradSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi. rusi
social-demokratebis aRiarebuli lideri karlo CxeiZe
petrogradis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWos
Tavmjdomare gaxda, xolo didebuli oratori irakli
wereTeli monawileobda droebiTi mTavrobis muSaobaSi.
Tebervlis revolucia Cinebulad gamoiyenes qarTvelma avtokefalistebma – sasuliero da samoqalaqo pirebis
jgufma, romlebic ukve didi xania cdilobdnen saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas. maT 1917 wlis 19
marts sveticxovelSi moiwvies saeklesio kreba da kaTolikos-patriarqad airCies kirion II. es qarTveli eris
didi gamarjveba iyo.
petrogradSi sazRvargareTidan bolSevikebis lideris,
vladimer leninis Camosvlis Semdeg, bolSevikurma partiam gezi aiRo `socialisturi revoluciisken”. maT 1917
wlis 25 oqtombers ZaliT daamxes droebiTi mTavroba
da Zalaufleba gadasces muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebis II yrilobas – faqtobrivad moaxdines
Zalauflebis uzurpacia. Seiqmna saxalxo komisarTa sabWo v. i. leninis meTaurobiT. am mTavrobaSi erovnebaTa
saqmeebis komisari gaxda i. b. stalini (jugaSvili).
amierkavkasia damoukidebelia
bolSevikebis avantiura dagmes ruseTis demokratiulma Zalebma. maT Soris qarTvelma memarjvene socialdemokratebma. isini imedovnebdnen, rom ruseTis damfuZnebeli kreba samarTlianad da obieqturad moagvarebda ruseTis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis kardinalur
sakiTxebs. magram 1918 wlis 5 ianvars bolSevikebma damfuZnebeli kreba daSales, rasac samoqalaqo omi mohyva.
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Zalauflebis gadasarCenad lenini wavida kompromisze,
rac germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan dazavebaSi gamoixateboda.
brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebas 1918 wlis 3
marts moewera xeli. xelSekrulebis gaformebisTanave –
yarsis, ardaRanis, arTvinis da baTumis raionebi TurqeTis iurisdiqciaSi Sevida. Turqebma sadavo raionebidan
jarebis dauyovnebliv gayvana moiTxoves. protestis
gamo amierkavkasiis warmomadgenlebi ar monawileobdnen
brest-litovskis sazavo molaparakebaSi. maT uaryves
brest-litovskis separatistuli zavic, magram ruseTis
demoralizebuli jaris arsebobis pirobebSi, kavkasiis
frontebze maT ver SeZles TurqebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis
gawevis organizeba. 1918 wlis 22 aprils amierkavkasiis
seimma situaciis gadasarCenad ruseTisagan damoukidebloba gamoacxada. Seiqmna amierkavkasiis demokratiuli
respublika, romelmac TurqeTTan molaparakeba gadawyvita.
germaniam amierkavkasiaSi Suamavlis roli iTava. trapizonSi saswrafod Cavida amierkavkasiis delegacia akaki Cxenkelis (amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da
sagareo saqmeTa ministri) xelmZRvanelobiT. magram am
Sexvedram Sedegi ver gamoiRo, radgan Turqebma ufro
meti teritoriebis daTmoba moiTxoves, vidre es brestlitovskis xelSekrulebiT iyo gansazRvruli. aman molaparakebis Sewyveta gamoiwvia. Turqebi Setevaze gadavidnen. Turqi askerebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ikavebdnen
qarTul miwebs:
axalcixes, axalqalaqs, baTums. isini
uaxlovdebodnen Tbiliss.
TurqeTTan mosalaparakeblad, amjerad baTumSi, kvlav
Cavida amierkavkasiis seimis delegacia. swored baTumSi
gamovlinda is faqti, romelic qarTul social-demokratias principulad ar surda daenaxa: gansakuTrebul istoriul viTarebaSi erovnuli problematika mudam win
uswrebs yvela danarCens da radikalurad cvlis politikur gegmebsa da amocanebs. aqac ase moxda. moulodnelad
delegaciis azerbaijanelma wevrebma proTurquli pozicia
daikaves da amierkavkasiis xalxTa erTianoba daarRvies
– isini mzad iyvnen TurqeTis uzenaesoba eRiarebinaT. am
nabijma daabnia somxebi da qarTvelebi. Seqmnilma viTarebam isini aiZula, damoukideblobaze efiqraT. swored
amaze miuTiTebs akaki Cxenkelis daSifruli depeSebi,
13
romlebsac is baTumidan swerda noe Jordanias: ` ...Tu
germaniis delegaciam gadamwyveti daxmareba ar gagviwia,
Turqebi dagvCagraven”, iyo aseTic: `icodeT, TurqeTTan
omis ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanelebi somxebs gaswiraven, Cvenc zed migvayoleben. Tu Turqebma da TaTrebma
(igulisxmeba azerbaijanelebi – avtorebi) Tavisi gaitanes,
maSin aucilebeli gaxdeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
gamocxadeba. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba zavis
Sekvra CvenTvis ufro misaRebi pirobebiT”.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba
swored bedis ironia iyo is, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis procesi daekisra im politikur
Zalas, romelic mudam amis winaaRmdegi iyo. sinamdvileSi
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba social-demokratiuli mTavrobis amocanas ar warmoadgenda. es iyo
mxolod erTaderTi saSualeba, rom Tavi daecvaT TurqeTis SemoWris safrTxisagan. social-demokratebis mTavari ocneba xom ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi, rogorc ruseTis ganuyofel nawilSi, social-demokratiuli ideebis
damyareba iyo.
es damokidebuleba aSkarad gamoCnda im dReebSi gazeT
`erTobis” publikaciebSi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo: `...Cveni
demokratia, romelic ibrZoda ruseTis demokratiasTan
erTad da mzad iyo kvlav am Zveli, nacadi gziT evlo,
dRes iZulebuli Seiqmna Tavisi moqmedebis asparezi saqarTvelos farglebiT ganesazRvra. erTi mxriv, saerTaSoriso mdgomareobam, gareSe mtris safrTxem da, meore mxriv,
amierkavkasiis mTlianobis darRvevam aiZula qarTuli demokratia gamoecxadebina saqarTvelos damoukidebloba”.
TbilisSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisaTvis sagangebod moemzaddnen. damoukideblobis aqtis
teqstis Sedgena daevala giorgi gvazavas.
1918 wlis 26 maiss
kavkasiis mefisnacvlis yofil
sasaxleSi
ukanasknelad Seikriba amierkavkasiis seimi,
romelmac qveynierebas amcno, rom Sewyvita Tavisi uflebamosileba. imave dRes, saRamos 5 saaTze, imave darbazSi
cnobili oratori irakli wereTeli sityviT gamovida:
`Cven vacxadebT, rom mTliani amierkavkasia daingra. unda
mivceT qarTvel xalxs ufleba Tavisi Tavi ixsnas da sxvebis xsnazec izrunos...”
14
Sekrebaze yvelas Segnebuli hqonda momentis istoriuli mniSvneloba da maT erTxmad sazeimod miiRes
`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti”, romelSic xazgasmuli iyo: `...meTvramete saukunis dasasruls yoveli
mxridan
mtrisagan Seviwrovebuli saqarTvelo Tavisi
nebiT SeuerTda ruseTs.... qarTveli eris dRevandeli
mdgomareoba aucileblad moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelom
sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia Seqmnas, misi saSualebiT gareSe Zalis mier dapyrobisagan Tavi gadairCinos da damoukidebeli ganviTarebis mtkice safuZveli
aagos...”
Semdeg damoukideblobis aqtSi Camoyalibebulia axali saqarTvelos ZiriTadi saxelmwifoebrivi principebi:
`...amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa
matarebelia da saqarTvelo sruluflebiani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa; damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri forma _ demokratiuli respublikaa; saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi neitraluri saxelmwifoa... saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ganviTarebis Tavisufal asparezs gauxsnis mis teritoriaze
mosaxle yvela ers...” da a.S. da a.S.
sasaxlis win uamravi xalxi iyo Sekrebili. `damoukideblobis aqti” maT sasaxlis aivnidan sazeimod waukiTxes,
ramac saocari enTuziazmi gamoiwvia. sasaxlis Tavze afrialda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samferovani droSa.
sionis taZris zarebi sazeimod gugunebdnen.
cota mogvianebiT, Seiqmna damoukidebeli saqarTvelos gerbi _ `TeTri giorgi” da daiwera himni `dideba”
(avtori kote focxveraSvili).
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba Zalian swrafad cnes
germaniam da TurqeTma – es iyo maT mier erT-erTi mTavari mtris, ruseTis imperiis dasasamareblad gadadgmuli gonivruli nabiji, Tumca germaniasa da TurqeTs
saqarTvelos mimarT sxvadasxva, zogjer diametrulad
gansxvavebuli miznebi da amocanebi akavSirebdaT, rac Zalian male SesamCnevic gaxda.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobas calsaxad uaryofiTad
Sexvda rogorc `wiTeli”, ise `TeTri” ruseTi. bolSevikebi qarTvel social-demokratebs revoluciuri principebisadmi Ralats abralebdnen, xolo `TeTrebi” _
`erTiani da ganuyofeli ruseTis” daSlis mcdelobaSi
adanaSaulebdnen. mefis armiis generlebi: aleqseevi, de-
15
nikini, vrangeli da sxvebi mokavSireebs, `antantis” liderebs Seaxsenebdnen ruseTis saxelmwifosaTvis micemul fics da sTxovdnen ar eRiarebinaT bolSevikuri
gadatrialebis Semdeg Seqmnili axali saxelmwifoebrivi
formirebebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, germaniis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis Sedegi iyo. unda aRiniSnos, rom
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobamac Tavis mokavSireebs – inglissa da safrangeTs mouwoda, Tavi SeekavebinaT ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali erebis damoukideblobis aRiarebisagan, radgan maT ruseTis saxelmwifosTan mokavSireobis xelSekruleba hqondaT dadebuli.
yvelafris miuxedavad, saqarTvelos demokratiulma
respublikam saqmianoba daiwyo...
politikuri cxovreba
mmarTveli partia
saqarTvelos mmarTveli partia ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis organuli nawili iyo, xolo
misi xelmZRvanelebi – am partiis imdenad TvalsaCino
moRvaweni, rom sistematurad da
aqtiurad monawileobdnen partiiis yrilobebsa da konferenciebSi, xelmZRvanelobdnen saxelmwifo saTaTbiros fraqcias, iyvnen
ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis wevrebi, gansazRvravdnen
partiis politikas, qadagebdnen ruseTis imperiaSi proletariatis klasobrivi brZolis erTianobas da am erTianobis darRvevas arc arasodes apirebdnen.
dRes qarTul istoriografiaSi aris mcdeloba saqmis
ise warmoCenisa, TiTqos qarTvel memarjvene socialdemokratebs raRac gamorCeuli, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli `qarTuli feri” hqondaT da radikalurad gansxvavdebodnen rusi social-demokratebisagan da maTi moqmedebis veqtori TiTqos ufro evropuli socializmisken
ixreboda. es Sexeduleba dokumenturad ar dasturdeba.
wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebamde qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebi `ruseTis didi revoluciis” ideebis erTgulni da ruseTis
saxelmwifos ganuyoflobis mxardamWerni iyvnen.
Seqmnilma politikurma realiebma da ara gamorCeulma,
ruseTis memarjvene social-demokratebisagan gansxvaveb-
16
ulma, ideurma postulatebma aiZules qarTveli socialdemokratebi, ekeTebinaT is saqme, romelic maT arasodes
undodaT – yofiliyvnen qarTveli eris interesebis gamomxatvelni, eSenebinaT qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifo.
SeiZleba swored aq unda veZeboT maTi politikuri kursis kraxi?
maTma am politikurma cvlilebam, pirvel rigSi, rusi
memarjvene social-demokratebis kritika gamoiwvia. isini
gmobdnen qarTveli social-demokratebis separatistul
tendenciebs, uwunebdnen progermanul orientacias, damoukidebeli partiis Camoyalibebis survils.
qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom gadadges ra nabiji erovnuli
saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobisaken, isini Seecadnen
bolomde ganexorcielebinaT qarTveli eris es istoriuli survili. Tumca maT amis gakeTeba undodaT marqsistul garsSi gaxveulebs, marqsistuli moZRvrebiT
xelSi, rodesac ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo dogma kvlav
`proletarebo, yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!” iyo da xelSi
marqsisa da engelsis suraTebiT damSvenebulebs proletariatis saerTaSoriso revoluciuri wiTeli droSa
ekavaT.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mSeneblobas radikalurad gansxvavebuli ideologia sWirdeboda, erovnuli
ideologia da ara marqsizmi. magram social-demokratebs
xelisuflebis dakargva ar undodaT, amitomac imedovnebdnen, rom Seaxamebdnen erovnulsa da internacionalurs. swored amaze miuTiTebs gazeT `erTobaSi” 1919
wels gamoqveynebuli werili: `social-demokratiuli
partia qadagebs da axorcielebs kidec cxovrebaSi ZmobaerTobisa da xalxTa Soris solidarobis ideas, awarmoebs
sastik brZolas yovelgvari nacionalisturi mimdinareobis winaaRmdeg, romelic gzas ubnevs muSaTa TviTSegnebas da aRvivebs nacionalur SuRls”. aseTi gancxadebis
gakeTeba im dros, roca qveyana TiTqmis nacionaluri
omebis cecxlSi iyo gaxveuli, arsebobda seriozuli
uTanxmoeba afxazeTSi, Sida qarTlis osebTan, mahmadiani
qarTvelebis erT nawilTan – aSkarad miuTiTebs qarTveli social-demokratebis msoflmxedvelobis dogmatur
xasiaTze, maT gulubryvilobaze, rom TiTqosda problemebs qmnis mxolod klasobrivi mteri, xolo yvela eris
demokratias surs erTiani, internacionaluri erToba.
17
saqarTvelos interesi moiTxovda, rom isini dahyolodnen oponentebis rCevas da damdgariyvnen Tanmimdevrul erovnul poziciaze, Tundac proletaruli internacionalizmis gareSe. es maT ver SeZles. es gaoreba
ki seriozulad aferxebda qarTuli saqmis keTebas.
social-demokratiul partias Zlieri organizacia
hqonda da mas politikur brZolebSi gamocdili liderebis kohortac hyavda, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi Tavisi pirveladi organizacia hqonda da daaxloebiT 80-aTasamde wevrsac aerTianebda. marTalia, Zalian
male partiis wevrTa raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda
(davida daaxloebiT 57 aTas kacamde), rac, Cveni azriT,
erovnuli, socialur-ekonomikuri Tu sagareo amocanebis
ganxorcielebisas partiis seriozuli SecdomebiT unda
yofiliyo gamowveuli, magram mainc, is qveyanaSi yvelaze
ufro organizebuli Zala iyo. arc is unda daviviwyoT,
rom opozicia mmarTvel partias saxelisuflo resursis
borotad gamoyenebaSic adanaSaulebda.
ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiisagan organizaciuli gamoyofa sabolood gaformda 1918 wlis 19
noembers saqarTvelos sdmp damfuZnebel yrilobaze.
yrilobam gansazRvra partiis organizaciuli da socialur-ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi,
dasaxa uaxloesi amocanebi. demokratiuli centralizmi
– kvlav partiis ZiriTadi organizaciuli principi iyo.
partia metad mkacrad ebrZoda imaT, vinc arRvevda partiis ideur Tu politikur erTianobas, Sehqonda arevdareva mis rigebSi.
varaudoben, rom social-demokratiulma partiam
swrafad icvala `feri”. amis argumentad iSvelieben rogorc adgilobrivi politikosebis, ise ucxoeli damkvirveblebis Sexedulebebs. cnobili erovnul-demokrati
g. qiqoZe aRniSnavda: `rogorc ideuri beladi, Jordania,
rasakvirvelia, win uswrebs Tavis partiul laSqars. magram misi piradi evolucia arsebiTad mTeli qarTveli
social-demokratiis evoluciaa”. germaniis warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi generali fon kresi aRiarebda,
rom demokratiuli saqarTvelos xelisufalni `... SesaniSnavad ganaTlebuli, kargad aRzrdili da sakmaod kargad saurTierTobo adamianebi da, eWvgareSea, keTili
nebiT frTaSesxmuli WeSmariti patriotebi arian”.
mogvianebiT, sazRvargareT daweril memuarebSi, marT-
18
lac, Cans qarTveli social-demoratebis liderebis evolucia, maTi mamulisadmi didi siyvaruli.
ra Tqma unda, qarTvel social-demokratebs uyvardaT samSoblo, magram Taviseburad, da maTi es grZnoba
arasodes dasula im qarTveli mamuliSvilebis WeSmarit
patriotizmamde, romlebsac erTaderT saficrad samSoblos interesebi hqondaT. social-demokratebis gazeTebi
imJamad dascinodnen da abuCad igdebdnen am grZnobas,
awyvilebdnen qarTvel patriotebs rus da somex nacionalistebTan da yvelas umtkicebdnen, rom social-demokratebis wmidaTawmida amocana iyo yvela eris demokratiis internacionaluri gaerTianeba.
amrigad, memarjvene social-demokratebisaTvis nacionalizmi, nacionaluri midrekilebebi provokacia iyo, rasac unda daupirispirdes `revoluciurni monapovarni”,
romlebzedac saqarTvelos
social-demokratias xeli
ar auRia, ubralod, misi aRsruleba gadaavada Soreul
perspeqtivaSi. SeiZleba swored amaSi unda veZeboT ssdmp avtoritetis TandaTan Sesusteba, saqarTveloSi
erovnul-demokratiuli moZraobis avtoritetis amaRleba da social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis politikuri kraxic 1921 wlis TebervalSi?
socialist-federalistebi
socialist-federalistebi saqarTvelos patriotuli
Zalebis Rirseuli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. maSin, roca
qarTveli social-demokratebi
ruseTis proletariatis erTianobisaTvis ibrZodnen da saqarTvelos ara
Tu damoukideblobis, aramed avtonomiis gagebac ki ar
surdaT, socialist-federalistebi TavianTi damaarseblisa da ideuri xelmZRvanelis, arCil jorjaZis TaosnobiT organulad axamebdnen socialistur principebs
erovnul-patriotul msoflmxedvelobasTan. federalistebi amtkicebdnen, rom socialisturi da erovnuli
principebi ar arian antagonisturi, rom aucilebelia qarTveli eris kanonieri erovnuli uflebebis dacva.
socialist-federalistebi 1917-1921 wlebSi gamoirCeodnen konstruqciulobiT, isini
aqtiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos, parlamentisa
da damfuZnebeli krebis muSaobaSi. partiam damfuZnebel
krebaSi gaiyvana 9 deputati. debatebis dros gamoikveTa
19
socialist-federalistebis ZiriTadi magistraluri xazi
– eris Sidasocialuri struqturis gaumjobeseba, socializmis Teoriisa da praqtikis srulyofa. TviTon partiaSi
garkveuli ideuri brZola mimdinareobda, aSkarad gamoikveTa memarcxene dajgufeba, romelic mogvianebiT e.w.
`memarcxene socialist-federalistTa maSvralTa partiad” Camoyalibda (maT sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel
wlebSi aliansi Sekres bolSevikebTan).
socialist-revolucionerebi
qarTveli eserebi, iseve rogorc qarTveli socialdemokratebi, ruseTis socialist-revolucionerTa partiaSi Sediodnen da am erTianobis principulad damcveli
iyvnen. magram pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnilma
viTarebam isini aiZula, CamoeyalibebinaT damoukidebeli
politikuri partia (1918 w.). isini uaryofiTad Sexvdnen ruseTis imperiis daSlas, radgan `didi revoluciis
ideebisa” sjerodaT da imedovnebdnen, rom damoukidebel saqarTvelos mesveurebi saTuTad gaufrTxildebodnen da ganaviTarebdnen am `revoluciur suliskveTebas”.
partiis lideri iyo l. Sengelia. maT damfuZnebel krebaSi 5 deputati gaiyvanes da aqtiurad monawileobdnen
mis muSaobaSi.
erovnul-demokratiuli partia
erovnul-demokratiuli
partia
Tanmimdevruli,
erovnul poziciaze mdgomi partia iyo. am partiaSi Sediodnen saqarTvelos inteligenciis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi (niko nikolaZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, giorgi
maCabeli, spiridon kedia, grigol veSapeli da sxv.). unda
xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom erovnul-demoratiul partiaSi
gaerTianebuli zogierTi wevri saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis didi xniT adre, am partiis oficialurad
gaformebamde iRvwoda. spiridon kedia, giorgi maCabeli,
mixeil (mixako) wereTeli XX saukunis dasawyisidan idgnen
saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis avangardSi.
maT urTierTobas germaniis saimperatoro xelisuflebasTan kargad iyenebdnen qarTveli social-demokratebi
da maT diplomatiuri misiis Sesrulebasac avalebdnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom partiaSi ZiriTadad qveynis in-
20
teleqtualuri nawili iyo da is ar gamoirCeoda wevrebis
simravliT, misi Tanmimdevruli erovnuli pozicia da,
rac mTavaria, wevrebis didi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi partias Zlier da organizebul politikur
opoziciad ayalibebda. isini ver eguebodnen social-demokratebis ybadaRebul marqsistul socializms.
erovnul-demokratebi agrZelebdnen mTavrobis politikis kritikas. maT mier warmoTqmuli Sinaarsiani da
saqmiani sityvebi jer parlamentis, Semdeg damfuZnebeli krebis maRali tribunidan gamoirCeoda saqmis Rrma
codniT, erovnuli poziciiT, istoriuli perspeqtivis
saocari analiziT.
maT gansakuTrebiT aRizianebdaT
social-demokratebis ekonomikuri kursi, romelic ar
iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kardinalur
problemebs da gamoirCeoda marqsistuli SezRudulobiT.
isini miuTiTebdnen mTavrobas, rom aseTi sibece ekonomikis marTvis sferoSi qveyanas gardauval kolafsamde
miiyvanda. partiis lideri spiridon kedia araerTxel aRniSnavda, rom social-demokratiuli mTavroba
fsiqologiurad moumzadebeli
iyo erovnuli saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad da swored aqedan momdinareobda misi
bevri Secdoma Tu araswori politikuri nabiji.
bolSevikebi
Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi aris mosazreba, rom demokratiul saqarTveloSi bolSevikebs gavlena ar hqondaT, rom mosaxleoba maTgan distancirebuli
iyo. magram dokumenturi masala da Tanadrouli presac
adasturebs, rom 1918-1919 wlebSi bolSevikebis zegavlena qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani iyo. leninis xelisuflebam
samxreT kavkasiaSi komisrad ganawesa cnobili bolSeviki
stefane Saumiani, romelsac TbilisSi cudad Sexvdenen da
aiZules, imJamad bolSevikuri moZraobis centrSi, baqoSi,
gadasuliyo. samxreT kavkasiel bolSevikebs egonaT, rom
TavianT sasargeblod gamoiyenebdnen kavkasiis frontis
rus jariskacebs, romlebic brestis zavis Semdeg Tbilisze
gavliT samSobloSi dabrunebas varaudobdnen. aTi aTasobiT omiT gaRizianebuli, bolSevikuri suliskveTebiT
ganmsWvaluli SeiaraRebuli piris Tbilisze marSi aSkarad
Seqmnida bolSevikuri gadatrialebis winapirobas. amis
daSveba namdvilad ar SeiZleboda. 1918 wlis 9 ianvars
21
SamqorTan ganxorcielda kavkasiis frontis jariskacebis
Zalismieri ganiaraReba, daiRupa bevri jariskaci. es faqti
moskovSi qarTvel memarjvene social-demokratebs saSinel codvad CauTvales.
1918 wlis mais-ivnisSi Tbiliss qarTvelma bolSevikebma seriozuli problemebi Seqmnes samegreloSi, sadac
alioSa gegeWkoris xelmZRvanelobiT 1000-kaciani bolSevikuri razmi sxvadasxva regionsa da sxvadasxva sofelSi
`rusul socializms” amyarebda. zafxulSi daiZaba viTareba saqarTvelos samxedro gzazec, mcxeTidan dawyebuli duSeTis CaTvliT. am
teritoriaze glexTa ajanyebebis provocirebas aseve bolSevikebisa da kremlis
qarTuli agenturis erTobliv mcdelobas abralebdnen.
qarTveli bolSevikebi samSoblos Ralatad ar Tvlidnen im faqts, rom sistematurad ugzavnidnen moskovs informacias saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebis
Sesaxeb, xSirad ayalbebdnen sinamdviles, sasurvels realurad acxadebdnen. qarTvelma bolSevikebma, kremlis
SegonebiT, 1919 wlis oqtombris dasasruls gadatrialebis mowyobac ki scades. komunistebs sjerodaT, rom
wiTeli armia droulad movidoda maT dasaxmareblad.
amitomac gaaCaRes didi muSaoba adgilebze ajanyebis
kerebis mosamzadeblad. Seiqmna samxedro-revoluciuri
Stabi. gansakuTrebiT did imedebs foTis bolSevikur
organizaciaze amyarebdnen, radgan ajanyebulTa xelSi
foTis navsadguris gadasvlas udidesi politikuri, samxedro da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba eqneboda. Tavis mxriv,
foTis portis bolSevikurma organizaciamac didi muSaoba Caatara ajanyebis mosamzadeblad. ajanyebis saqalaqo
Stabis gegmiT didi amocanebi ekisreboda foTis portSi
dislocirebul gem `Woroxs”, romlis ekipaJi mTlianad
bolSevikuri iyo. ajanyebis SemTxvevaSi gemi `Woroxis”
ekipaJs daevala gasuliyo zRvaSi da iqidan gaenadgurebina mTavrobis sacecxle wertilebi.
magram TbilisSi centralurma xelisuflebam SeZlo
ajanyebis xelmZRvanelebis dapatimreba. mTavrobam Tavis warmomadgenelebs droulad Seatyobina mosalodneli
ajanyebis Sesaxeb. foTSic mivida daSifruli depeSa samTavrobo SetyobinebiT, magram bolSevikebs foTis fostaSi TavianTi agenti hyavdaT. man droulad amcno adgilobriv Stabs TbilisSi ajanyebis damarcxebis Sesaxeb.
komunistebi miimalnen.
22
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam miiRo zomebi da adgilebze viTareba ganmuxta. daiwyo bolSevikebis dapatimrebebi, ramac sagrZnoblad Seamcira maTi zegavlena qveyanaSi, bevri partiuli organizacia daingra, bolSevikebi
gadavidnen aralegalur mdgomareobaze. aseT viTarebaSi
maT mfarvelad 1920 wlis 7 maisis ruseT-saqarTvelos
xelSekruleba `moevlinaT”, romlis ZaliT isini iatakqveSeTidan gamovidnen, Seqmnes `damoukidebeli” komunisturi organizacia – saqarTvelos komunisturi partia, romelic, faqtobrivad, mainc moskovze iyo damokidebuli.
gamosvla daiwyo partiulma gazeTma `komunisti”. axla
qarTveli bolSevikebi ukve legalurad aZlierebdnen
propagandas saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg da axal provokaciebs gegmavdnen.
damfuZnebeli kreba
saxelmwifos politikuri da social-ekonomikuri
safuZvlebis ganmsazRvreli uzenaesi sakrebuloa, romliTac iwyeba nebismieri demokratiuli qveynis aRmSenebloba.
saqarTvelos politikur speqtrSi didi iyo
ndoba damfuZnebeli krebis sakanonmdeblo SesaZleblobebisadmi, amitomac damoukideblobis aqtSi misi mowvevis
aucilebloba xazgasmiT aRiniSna. 1919 wlis dasawyisSi
qveyanaSi daiwyo saarCevno kampania.
unda aRiniSnos, rom `yarsis respublikis” damaarsebeli server begi (jayeli) qarTvel muslimanebs mouwodebda, ar mieRoT monawileoba damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi. obieqturi garemoebaTa gamo arCevnebi marTlac
ar Catarda samuslimano saqarTveloSi, afxazeTsa da ramdenime mTian regionSi. arCevnebi social-demokratebis
didi upiratesobiT damTavrda – 130 adgilidan maT 109
mandati miiRes.
krebis pirveli sxdoma Catarda 1919 wlis 1 marts.
is uxucesma deputatma
silibistro jiblaZem gaxsna.
Seiqmna dargobrivi komisiebi, sadac yvelgan upiratesoba social-demokratebs ekuTvnodaT. maTi ricxobrivi
upiratesoba, ra Tqma unda, diskomforts qmnida sxva
politikuri jgufebisa da fraqciebisaTvis, magram unda
aRiniSnos, rom damfuZnebeli kreba demokratiuli suliskveTebiT muSaobda, maqsimalurad icavda sityvis Tavisuflebas da yvelas aZlevda sakuTari azris gamoxat-
23
vis saSualebas. damfuZnebel krebaze xSirad imarTeboda
politikuri debatebi, zogjer iyo Seuracxmyofeli gamosvlebic, magram, aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom mniSvnelovan da gadamwyvet momentSi damfuZnebeli kreba
iyo erTiani da konstruqciuli. amisi tipuri magaliTia
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia (1919 w.), romelic partiaTa umravlesobam dadebiTad
Seafasa.
damfuZnebeli krebis yvelaze didi miRweva damoukidebeli saqarTvelos konstituciis SemuSavebaa. marTalia,
masze muSaoba Zalian gaWianurda, magram konstitucia
sxva qveynebis konstituciebisagan gamoirCeoda Tavisi
demokratiuli SinaarsiT.
konstitucia damfuZnebelma
krebam miiRo ukve Zalian gvian – 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals,
roca komunisturi ruseTis jarebi TbilisTan iyvnen
momdgarni da, faqtobrivad, mas ar `umuSavia”.
qveynis demokratiulobis xarisxi
pirveli respublikis politikur sistemas qarTveli
istorikosebi samarTlianad uwodeben mravalpartiul
demokratias. qveyanaSi axali partiis Seqmna, politikuri
propaganda, deputatobis kandidatTa wamoyeneba, Tavisufali sityvis uzrunvelyofa da demokratiis sxva atributika – ZiriTadad daculia. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom
imJamad mmarTveli partia yvelaze organizebuli politikuri Zala iyo. damfuZnebel krebaSi maT xmaTa absoluturi umravlesoba ekuTvnodaT. isini xSirad iyenebdnen TavianT ricxobriv upiratesobas. menSevikebis
damokidebuleba oponentebisadmi yovelTvis ar iyo demokratiuli da Rirseuli.
Tavis mxriv mTavrobisadmi opoziciurad ganwyobili
deputatebi aaSkaravebdnen mmarTveli partiis, misi adgilobrivi organizaciebis mxridan demokratiis ZiriTadi
principebis uxeS darRvevebs. oponentebi mmarTvel partias imasac abralebdnen, rom is xelovnurad aWianurebda konstituciis miRebas, radgan es `frTebs Seukvecda
social-demokratTa hegemonias qveyanaSi”.
aRsaniSnavia, rom memarjvene social-demokratia,
romelsac marqsizmTan kavSiri gawyvetili ar hqonda,
klasobriv brZolas aRiarebda da moRvaweobis pirvel
etapze aSkarad revoluciuri meTodebiT cdilobda sta-
24
bilizaciis SenarCunebas. sasamarTlos gareSe daxures
rusuli da somxuri gazeTebi, araqarTveli biznesmenebis
qarxnebs usanqciod Cxrekdnen, ra Tqma unda, mTvarobis interesebidan gamomdinare. dasturdeba samxedro
eqspediciebis dros afxazeTsa da samaCabloSi uflebamosilebis gadaWarbeba. aseTi qmedebebi, cxadia, iwvevda opoziciis ukmayofilebas.
magram, ar viqnebiT marTalni, Tu Zalian did
moTxovnebs wavuyenebT saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mesveurebs. es iyo mZime periodi _ maSin TviTon
dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebic ki jer kidev Zalian
Sors iyvnen ganviTarebuli demokratiisagan. mTavari
mainc is aris, rom saqarTvelos politikur speqtrs
surda saxelmwifos ganviTareba, surda daecva adamianis
uflebebi da Tavisufleba, sayovelTad aRiarebda demokratiasa da kanonis uzenaesobas.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli
saxelmwifos saSinao politika
axali qarTuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba
amocana, romelic 1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg qarTveli
xalxis winaSe dadga, iyo iseTi damoukidebeli da demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba, romelsac evropis
civilizirebuli saxelmwifoebis Tanamegobroba Tavis
wiaRSi miiRebda. am amocanis Sesruleba mSvidobiani ganviTarebisa da stabiluri sazRvrebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ar
iyo advili, miT umetes, im mdgomareobaSi, rodesac mudmivad arsebobda okupaciis saSiSroeba bolSevikuri ruseTisagan, otomanTa TurqeTisagan, denikinis moxaliseTa
armiisagan. amasTanave, arsebobda ekonomikuri kolafsisa
da qveyanaSi anarqiis gabatonebis safrTxec.
am situaciaSi qveynis winaSe mdgom upirvelesad gadasawyvet amocanaTagan ramdenime ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
daisaxa, maT Soris: saxelmwifoSi kanonisa da wesrigis
aRdgena, saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva, muSaTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofa, axali socialuri
kanonebisa da dekretebis SemuSaveba, miwis axali reformis momzadeba, saerovnebaTaSoriso urTierTobebis
mowesrigeba, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mxridan qvey-
25
nis damoukideblobis aRiarebis misaRwevad dauRalavi
diplomatiuri muSaoba.
upirvelesi, ra Tqma unda, axali qarTuli saxelmwifos
mSenebloba iyo. erovnuli sabWos safuZvelze gadawyda
sakanonmdeblo organos Camoyalibeba, sabWoSi Seiyvanes
azerbaijaneli, somexi, osi, afxazi, rusi da germaneli
deputatebi. aseT warmomadgenlobas saqarTvelos parlamenti daerqva.
saqarTvelos parlamentma Tavis xelSi aiRo sakanonmdeblo organos yvela funqcia. Camoyalibda pasuxismgebeli droebiTi koaliciuri mTavroba. Tavdapirvelad misi Tavmjdomare iyo cnobili social-demokrati
noe ramiSvili (manve SeiTavsa Sinagan saqmeTa ministris
Tanamdeboba). samxedro ministri gaxda grigol giorgaZe,
sagareo saqmeTa ministri – akaki Cxenkeli, iusticiisa
– Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvili (socialist-federalisti), finansTa – giorgi Juruli (erovnul-demokrati), miwaTmomoqmedebis – noe xomeriki, gzaTa ministri – ivane
lorTqifaniZe (socialist-revolucioneri), ganaTlebis
ministri – giorgi lasxiSvili da a.S.
mTavrobis didi umetesoba social-demokratiuli
partiis warmomadgeneli iyo. swored amitomac opozicias garkveuli SiSi hqonda imisa, rom SeiZleba dawyebuliyo socialisturi eqsperimentis realizeba. magram
samTavrobo umravlesobis mxridan Tavidanve gacxadda,
rom isini ar daiwyebdnen qveyanaSi socializmis dauyovnebliv ganxorcielebas. swored amasTan dakavSirebiT
miuTiTebda noe Jordania: `Tqven fiqrobT, rom raki
mTavroba socialisturia, man unda ganaxorcielos socializmi, magram es bolSevikTa mcdari Tvalsazrisia.
social-demokratebi sxva Sexedulebisa varT, migvaCnia,
rom ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadias ver gadavaxtebiT. naadrevad dawyebuli socialisturi mSeneblobis
eqsperimenti
mogvitans ara socialur Tavisuflebas,
aramed socialur reaqcias, sazogadoebrivi simdidris
ganadgurebas, saxalxo meurneobis moSlas. burJuaziuli saxelmwifos saTaveSi myof Cvens partias ekonomikurad CamorCenil saqarTveloSi evaleba kerZo iniciativis waxaliseba, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisaTvis xelis
Sewyoba, xalxis cxovrebis donis amaRleba...”
parlamentSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi politikuri
partiebi SeuzRudavad axorcielebdnen kanoniT miniWe-
26
bul demokratiul uflebebs, debatebSi aaSkaravebdnen
mmarTveli gundis Secdomebsa da naklovanebebs. swored
saparlamento krizisma gamoiwvia 9 Tvis mmarTvelobis
Semdeg koaliciuri mTavrobis daSla da axali mTavrobis
Seqmna, romelsac noe Jordania Caudga saTaveSi. sagareo
saqmeTa ministri gaxda evgeni gegeWkori,
Seicvalnen
sxva ministrebic.
sabWoebi
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg,
ruseTis imperiis
wamyvan samrewvelo centrebSi Seiqmna muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebi. masSi TanamSromlobdnen
memarcxene mimarTulebis, socialisturi Sinaarsis mqone
partiebi, romlebmac gavlena moipoves petrogradsa
da sxva qalaqebSi. bolSevikebma swored am sabWoebze
dayrdnobiT ganaxorcieles oqtombris gadatrialeba da
Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes.
sabWoebi saqarTveloSic arsebobda da garkveul Zalauflebasac flobda. ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos muSaTa deputatebis sabWoebi ar amJRavnebdnen
xelisuflebis xelSi aRebis survils. amis mizezi, albaT, sabWoebSi memarjvene social-demokratiiis
upiratesoba unda yofiliyo. Tbilisis muSaTa deputatebis
sabWos noe Jordania xelmZRvanelobda, romelmac SeZlo
Tbiliseli muSebis darwmuneba, rom sabWoebi demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis pirobebSi aucilebel
saWiroebas aRar warmoadgens da Seicavs anarqiis eskalaciis safrTxes. amitomac saqarTveloSi damfuZnebeli
krebis arCevnebis Semdeg sabWoebi, faqtobrivad, gauqmda.
qarTveli social-demokratebis am nabijs kmayofilebi
Sexvdnen qveynis memarjvene politikuri Zalebi.
sabWoebis rolis Sesustebas gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad
aRiqvamdenen qarTveli bolSevikebi da memarjvene social-demokratebs msoflio proletaruli revoluciis
interesebis RalatSi adanaSaulebdnen.
TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebi
adgilebze xelisuflebis demokratiuli struqturebis mSeneblobis procesi metad rTuli aRmoCnda.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave dai-
27
wyo saero marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba: miiRes specialuri sakanonmdeblo iniciativa, romelic adgilobriv mmarTvelobas erobebis safuZvelze awesrigebda.
erobis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda yvela 20
wlis moqalaqes, arCevnebis xelmZRvaneloba evaleboda
mazrisa da Temebis saarCevno komisiebs. saqarTveloSi
guberniebis gauqmebis Semdeg darCa 23 mazra, yvelgan
Seiqmna eroba, garda im teritoriebisa, romlebsac saqarTvelos xelisufleba ver akontrolebda (mesxeT-javaxeTi, aWara, zogi mTiani mxare). garkveul problemebs qmnida saTemo erobebis organizeba wera-kiTxvis mcodne
kadrebis naklebobis gamo.
erobis arCevnebi dainiSna 1918 wlis agvistoSi. arCevnebi gansakuTrebuli aqtivobis pirobebSi ar Catarebula, politikuri partiebi pasiurobas iCendnen.
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda mmarTveli – social-demokratiuli partia, romelmac moaxerxa da TiTqmis
yvela samazro erobaSi Tavisi warmomadgenloba umravlesobiT gaiyvana. aqedan gamomdinare, erobis aRmasrulebel organoSi – gamgeobaSi mas deputatTa umravlesoba hyavda.
ufro organizebulad warimarTa reformebi municipalitetebis mmarTvelobaSi, radgan am saqmis
gamocdileba ukve didi iyo, da amasTanave, politikurad momzadebuli kadrebi qalaqebSi mravlad hyavdaT.
SedarebiT seriozul problemas warmoadgenda municipalitetebis Cinovnikebis `gaerovnebulobis” sakiTxi.
ruseTis imperiis periodSi saqarTvelos saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli rusi da somexi
kadrebi, romlebic ruseTis imperiis interesebs Cinebulad axorcielebdnen. bevri maTgani gulgrilad, zogierTi
ki mtruladac ki Sexvda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
gamocxadebas. rusi da somexi mosaxleobis sakmaod didma
nawilma saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba arc miiRo. saWiro iyo
aseTi kadrebisagan municipalitetebis gawmenda. saqarTvelos mTavroba cdilobda, rom es procesi umtkivneulo
yofiliyo, magram es arc ise ioli aRmoCnda.
TbilisSi saqalaqo municipalitetis arCevnebi 1919
wels Catarda da social-demokratebis didi gamarjvebiT
dasrulda, maT saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobaSi 69 deputati gaiyvanes. erovnul-demokratebma miiRes 10, xolo socialist-federalistebma – 7 adgili. qalaqis mouravad
28
airCies cnobili social-demokrati beniamin CxikviSvili
(mogvianebiT is SeiTavsebs axladSemoerTebuli baTumis
mouravobasac).
aRsaniSnavia, rom qalaq Tbilisis milicia, romelic
imJamad 903 kacs aerTianebda, mTlianad emorCileboda
municipalitetis xelmZRvanelobas. qveyanaSi Seqmnili
rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organizaciebi cdilobdnen, moewesrigebinaT
yvela amocana, Tumca carizmis epoqidan SemorCenili
negatiuri movlenebi: biurokratizmi, meqrTameoba, naTli-mironoba saqarTvelos rigiT moqalaqeebs damatebiT
problemebs uqmnida.
sasamarTlo sistema
jer kidev XIX saukuneSi, saglexo reformis gatarebis
dros, mefis ruseTma ganaxorciela sasamarTlo sistemis
reorganizeba. man mospo wodebrivi sasamarTlo, daamkvidra nafic msajulTa instituti, sasamarTlos damoukidebloba, sasamarTlo procesis sajarooba da sxva novaciebi. saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi mefis xelisuflebam
es siaxle ar ganaxorciela `adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
moumzadeblobisa da maTi dabali sasamarTlo kulturis
gamo”, sinadvileSi ki mas ar surda Tavisi adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobiTi organoebis uflebamosilebis SezRudva,
Tumca wodebrivi sasamarTlo saqarTveloSic moispo da
kanonis winaSe yvela Tanaswori gaxda.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave
xelisuflebam miznad daisaxa evropuli, demokratiuli
sasamarTlos mSeneblobis procesis daCqareba. mTavari
amocana iyo sasamarTlos damoukideblobis miRweva da
misi gamijvna marTvis aRmasrulebeli organoebisagan.
didi mniSvneloba hqonda mosamarTleTa arCeviTobas, veqilTa institutis danergvas, sasamarTlo procesis sajaroobis principebis uzrunvelyofas.
es amocana garkveul siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
pirvel rigSi, es iyo kadrebis mwvave nakleboba – iuridiuli ganaTlebis mqone pirebi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad
araqarTveli, ufro ki, rusi erovnebis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen, romlebic, obstruqciis gamo, naklebad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos axali sasamarTlo sistemis mSeneblobis procesSi.
29
1918 wlis 24 seqtembers saqarTveloSi miiRes kanoni
`momrigebel mosamarTleTa institutis Sesaxeb”. yvela
qalaqsa da samazro centrSi unda Seqmniliyo momrigebel mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobebi. ufro mogvianebiT, 1919
wlis 11 noembers gamoica dekreti `saqarTvelos veqilobis uflebis gansazRvrisa da nafic veqilTa axali sabWos
arCevis” Sesaxeb. eqspertebi miuTiTeben, rom aRniSnulma
sakanonmdeblo bazam Seamzada pirobebi penitencialuri
sistemis demokratiul sawyisebze gadasayvanad. Tumca
es procesi mxolod sawyis etapze iyo, radgan kanonebis
miRebasa da maT uciloblad Sesrulebas Soris garkveuli, Znelad gadasalaxi manZili mainc arsebobda.
mniSvnelovani iyo uzenaesi sasamarTlo instanciis
– senatis dafuZneba, romelic gulisxmobda sakasacio
RonisZiebebis realizebas. senats didi uflebamosileba
hqonda, mis kompetenciaSi Sedioda sakasacio procesi,
sazedamxedvelo saqmianoba centraluri da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis moxeleebze, Zalovan struqturebze.
senats SeeZlo, gaeuqmebina maTi ukanono gadawyvetileba,
axdenda sasamarTlo dawesebulebebis revizias da a.S.
rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri viTareba ar
iZleoda SesaZleblobas sasamarTlo reforma saqarTveloSi normalurad Catarebuliyo, xolo qveynis Zaladobrivi gasabWoebis Semdeg demokratiuli saqarTvelos
sasamarTlo sistema komunistebma mTlianad mospes da
sabWoTa ruseTSi gabatonebuli wes-ganrigi danerges.
milicia
ruseTis imperiaSi gansakuTrebiT saxelgatexili da
odiozuri `policiis” dasaxeleba qarTvelma social-demokratebma `miliciiT” Secvales. organizacia Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romelsac
energiuli pirovneba – noe ramiSvili xelmZRvanelobda.
1918 wlis anarqiisa da xSiri saxalxo mRelvarebebis
pirobebSi Zalian Zneli iyo am Zalovani struqturis
formirebis procesi. amis gamo xelisufleba krizisis
dros ufro saxalxo gvardiasa da regularuli jaris
nawilebs eyrdnoboda.
dokumentebi adastureben, rom zogierT regionSi
(zugdidSi, saCxereSi) amboxebulebi axerxebdnen miliciis
qvedanayofebis ganiaraRebas, paralizebas, iyo milici-
30
idan dezertirobis faqtebic. damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebsac hqondaT saqarTvelos miliciis mimarT pretenziebi _ araprofesionalizmi, udisciplinoba, Zalauflebis gadaWarbeba, `gaTavisuflebuli monis” sindromi,
Zalis araadekvaturi gamoyeneba.
milicia formirebis procesSi TandaTan avlenda organizebulobas, darazmulobas. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom axladSeqmnili miliciis qvedanayofebs spekulaciasTan, saxazino qurdobasTan, kontrrevoluciuri ideebis
gavrcelebasTan intensiuri brZolis amocana dausaxa. am
mizniT specialuri `mfrinavi razmebic” Seiqmna. es razmebi centralur qalaqebSi 600-1000 kacs, xolo periferiaSi – 300-400 kacs aerTianebda. isini xSirad warmatebiT
axorcielebdnen rTul saxelmwifo davalebebs. gansakuTrebiT ebrZodnen bolSevikur anarqiasa da SeTqmulebebs.
arsebobdnen `sagangebo razmebic”, romlebic ufro
saidumlo policiis funqcias asrulebdnen. gansakuTrebuli efeqturobiT gamoirCeoda sagangebo razmi keidias xelmZRvanelobiT. swored am razmma gamoaaSkarava e.w.
`aramiancis” saxlSi Tbilisis somexi burJuaziis sagangebo sxdoma, romelic qarTul-somxuri dapirispirebis
dros antiqarTul saqmianobas eweoda. krebis monawileni
daapatimres.
`sagangebo razmelebi” gansakuTrebiT mkacrni iyvnen
bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. maTi seriozuli muSaobis Sedegad gamomJRavnda bolSevikebis araerTi antisaxelmwifoebrivi RonisZieba. isini apatimrebdnen cnobil Tu naklebad cnobil bolSevikebs. maT pasuxisgebaSi
misces: alioSa gegeWkori, sergo qavTaraZe, giorgi maxaraZe, ilia mgelaZe da sxva cnobili qarTveli bolSevikebi.
sxvadasxva organizaciasa da saxelmwifo struqturaSi
saqarTvelos milicias Tavisi uStato TanamSromlebic
hyavda. isini Tvals adevnebdnen organizaciaSi politikur keTilsaimedoobas da amxeldnen saxelmwifos SesaZlo mowinaaRmdegeebs.
miliciis sagangebo razmebs hqondaT sanqcia, sasamarTlos dadgenilebis gareSe gaeCxrikaT organizaciebi da dawesebulebebi mopovebuli operatiuli masalis
safuZvelze. am uflebas isini iyenebdnen cnobili biznesmenebisa da vaWrebis mimarTac.
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unda aRiniSnos, rom TviT Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs
didi uflebebi hqonda. mas SeeZlo operatiuli masalis
safuZvelze sasamarTlos sanqciis gareSe mieRo gazeTebis
gamocemis SeCerebis gadawyvetileba.
miliciis qvedanayofebi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen
adgilebze TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebis
procesSi, rasac udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda demokratiuli saqarTvelos xelisufleba. maT sul ufro aqtiurad
iyenebdnen rogorc kriminaluri elementebis, ise
saxalxo gamosvlebis, eTnikuri dapirispirebebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSic.
saxalxo gvardia
marqsistuli social-demokratia iseT proletarul
saxelmwifoze ocnebobda, sadac profesiaTa Soris arsebuli mkacri sazRvrebi, iseve rogorc adamianis mier
adamianis eqsploatacia, aucileblad moispoboda. eqsploataciisagan Tavisufal adamians unda SeeTavsebina
proletaruli samSoblos dacvis funqciac. regularuli
jari gabatonebuli klasebis interesebis damcvelad gamocxadda da amitom unda gauqmebuliyo, xolo mis nacvlad revoluciurad ganwyobili xalxis razmebi Seiqmneboda.
Tebervlis revoluciis viTarebaSi, am principuli
debulebidan gamomdinare, partiebi aiaraRebdnen TavianT momxreebs da TiTqmis yvela socialistur partias
Tavisi SeiaraRebuli razmebi hyavda. `wiTeli razmebi”
Seqmnes qarTvelma social-demokratebmac. magram drom
male aCvena aseTi razmebis anarqistuli xasiaTi, udisciplinoba, ris gamoc TviTon rusma bolSevikebma kvlav
regularuli samxedro danayofebis Seqmnaze aiRes orientacia.
saqarTveloSi ki `xalxis revoluciuri SeiaraRebis”
naSTi, `saxalxo gvardia”, social-demokratiis gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani iyo da saxelmwifos arsebobis bolomde asrulebda `anarqiisa da kontrrevoluciis
winaaRmdeg” mebrZoli SeiaraRebuli Zalis funqcias. is
social-demokratebis saimedo dasayrdeni iyo.
saxalxo gvardia 1917 wlis 12 dekembers Seiqmna. am
dRes ganxorcielda Tbilisis arsenalze Tavdasxma, arsenalis dakaveba. es dRe gamocxadda gvardiis dabadebis
dRed. xelisuflebis CanafiqriT, mas ara marto polici-
32
is funqciebi unda Seesrulebina, aramed jer ar Seqmnili
qarTuli armiis sapirwonec unda yofiliyo.
1918
wels,
social-demokratebis
daJinebuli
moTxovniT, erovnuli gvardia, romelic manamde wiTel
gvardiad iwodeboda, axali kanonproeqtis safuZvelze,
oficialurad Seiyvanes respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sistemaSi. amgvarad, gvardia, romelsac policiuri funqcia ukve wina kanonproeqtis safuZvelze eniWeboda, qarTuli armiis nawilad gadaiqca da mTavrobis
politikuri mxardaWeris miuxedavad, umaRles samxedro
xelmZRvanelobas daeqvemdebara. sinamdvileSi erovnuli
gvardiis xelmZRvaneloba am gadawvetilebas arad agdebda. paradoqsuli situacia warmoiSva, rodesac SeiaraRebul ZalebSi gaCnda struqtura, romelic privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda mxolod imitom, rom
loialuri iyo social-demokratiuli mTavrobisadmi.
saqmis aseTi viTareba, romelsac mTavroba garkveulwilad mxars uWerda da gagebiT ekideboda, xels uSlida
armiis erTianobasa da disciplinas. amas emateboda realur omSi samxedro moqmedebebis Catarebis dros erovnuli gvardiis gamoucdeloba. brZolis dros mxolod patriotizmi da social-demokratiuli idealebisadmi
erTguleba sakmarisi ar aRmoCda, saWiro iyo samxedro
saqmis Rrma codna, disciplina da sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis gamocdileba, rac gvardias ar gaaCnda.
mas garkveuli yalbi ambiciebi gauCnda imis Semdeg, rac
SedarebiT advilad gausworda qveynis SigniT frontidan
dabrunebuli jariskacebisa Tu ukmayofilo glexebis
mier organizebul amboxebebs. magram erTia, sapolicio
operacia daqsaqsuli bandebis winaaRmdeg da meore, _
samxedro Setakebebi mowinaaRmdegis regularul armiasTan. es WeSmariteba Zalian xSirad axsenebda xolme Tavs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas mowinaaRmdege qveynebis regularul armiebTan konfliqtebis dros.
saxalxo gvardiaSi ZiriTadad erTiandebodnen socialdemokratiuli Sexedulebebis mqone muSebi da glexebi.
gvardiis mSeneblobas saTaveSi yofili bolSeviki, xolo
axla ukve mtkice memarjvene social-demokrati valiko
juReli Cauyenes. man kargi organizaciuli Tvisebebi
gamoavlina da Seqmna sakmaod angariSgasawevi samxedro
SenaerTi, romelsac social-demokratiuli mTavroba bolomde endoboda.
33
am SenaerTebs iyenebdnen saxalxo mRelvarebebisa Tu
eTnikuri dapirispirebebis daSoSminebis, ucxo saxelmwifoebis mxridan samxedro provokaciebisa da omebis
dros. saxalxo gvardiaSi gaerTianebuli patriotebi cdilobdnen, bolomde SeesrulebinaT TavianTi movaleoba,
magram amas yovelTvis ver axerxebdnen. qveyanaSi gamefebuli samxedro cxovrebis partizanuli stili, disciplinis moduneba, mTavrobis mxridan zedmetad xelis dafareba maT brZolisunarianobas seriozulad asustebda.
es naklovanebebi SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT ucxoel
damkvirveblebs. cnobili germaneli samxedro eqsperti,
germaniis misiis warmomadgeneli baroni fon kresi saqarTvelos saxalxo gvardias `revoluciuri jaris yvelaze
uares saxeobas” uwodebda. memuarebSi germaneli generali imasac miuTiTebs, rom gvardia `Tavis rigebSi
uborotes elementebs aerTianebda, yovlad usircxvilo,
pretenziul moTxovnebs ayenebda anazRaurebisa da sursaT-sanovagis Taobaze... aterorebda qveyanasa da mTavrobas yvelaze saSineli formiT... yvela restoransa da
sasadilos gvardiis sasargebod 20-%-iani gadasaxadi
hqonda Sewerili”. amrigad, mTeli Tavisi arsebobiT, `saxalxo gvardia” adasturebda, rom is verasodes Secvlida
regularul jars.
saqarTvelos armia
im dros saqarTveloSi mefis armiis sxvadasxva rangis
daaxloebiT 7 000 samxedro oficeri iyo, maT Soris bevri
pirveli msoflio omis frontebze gamocdilebamiRebuli
da Tanamedrove samxedro xelovnebis Cinebuli mcodnec.
isini Tavidanve Cadgnen axali saqarTvelos mSenebelTa
rigebSi da TavianTi samsaxuri SesTavazes kidec saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, magram aq erTma `garemoebam” iCina
Tavi – qarTveli oficrebis didi nawili TavadaznaurTa
wridan iyo gamosuli da maT social-demokratebi, klasobrivi brZolis Teoriidan gamomdinare, didad ar endobodnen. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Secdoma swored is
iyo, rom igi cdilobda, armia daebalansebina loialurad
ganwyobili erovnuli gvardiiT, romelic social-demokratiuli mTavrobis politikur Sexedulebebs iziarebda. swored amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom saqarTvelos ar hyavda Zlieri regularuli armia. gadaw-
34
yvetilebis nagvianevad miReba, yoymani, meryeoba, eWvi
damaxasiaTebeli iyo mTavrobisaTvis, roca saqme Zlieri
qarTuli armiis mSeneblobas exeboda. ZiriTadi moTxovna
– oficrebis partiuloba da revoluciuri ideebisadmi
maTi erTguleba iyo.
jer kidev 1917 wlis gazafxul-zafxulSi saqarTveloSi daarsda qarTvel samxedroTa kavSiri, romlis warmomadgenlobiT komitetSi 30 kaci Sedioda. am komitets
kavSiris programisa da wesdebis Seqmna, agreTve qarTuli
samxedro korpusis samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba daevala.
pirvel xanebSi am komitets generali CivaZe xelmZRvanelobda, magram is male gaaTavisufles, radgan misi politikuri Sexedulebebi ar emTxveoda social-demokratebis
idealebs. qarTul armiaSi xelmZRvanel postebze mxolod is oficrebi iniSnebodnen, romlebic social-demokratebis mimarT loialobiT gamoirCeodnen.
didi problemebisa da winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad,
saqarTvelos regularuli armia TandaTan Camoyalibda.
dasawyisSi qarTuli armia aerTianebda 10 aTas kacs da mas
100-mde qvemexi hqonda. germaneli samxedro eqspertebi
miuTiTebdnen, rom qarTuli armiis `sabrZolo Tvisebebi
araCveulebrivad mcire gaxldaT. revoluciuri zegavlenis wyalobiT, armiaSi disciplina mTlianad moSlili iyo: jariskacebi ugulisyurod ekidebodnen TavianT
samxedro Cacmulobasa da garegnul ier-saxes, ar esalmebodnen TavianT oficrebs, xolo am ukanasknelT aSkarad
eSinodaT TavianTi xalxis”.
ucxoeli samxedro eqspertebi qarTul uTavbolo xelgaSlilobazec amaxvilebdnen yuraRebas, roca
miuTiTebdnen, rom `samxedro saminitros organizaciis
gegma patara armiisaTvis iTvaliswinebda _ namdvilad
aRmosavluri xelgaSilobiT _ Zalian didsa da ZviradRirebul aparats”. social-demokratebi ara marto
sakadro problemebis gadawyvetis sakiTxebSi ereodnen,
aramed rCeva-darigebebsac ki aZlevdnen oficrebs, Tu
sad da rogor ganelagebinaT artileria, romeli simaRle daekavebinaT samxedro TvalsazrisiT ukeTesi
Tavdacvis mizniT, rodis da sad gaegzavnaT rezervi
da a.S. samwuxarod, im droisaTvis, rodesac zogierTma
saxelmwifo moRvawem gaacnobiera martivi WeSmariteba,
rom armias unda xelmZRvanelobdnen kompetenturi adamianebi da ara partiuli liderebi, ukve gvian iyo da
35
saqarTvelos caze didi wiTeli droSa frialebda, zustad iseTi, rogoric menSevikurma mTavrobam aafriala
Tavisi mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi da romelic ase didxans enacvleboda erovnul, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
droSas.
saqarTvelos armiis mSeneblobis procesSi, sxvadasxva
etapze, aqtiurad Caebnen saxelovani generlebi giorgi
mazniaSvili, giorgi kvinitaZe, varden wulukiZe, generali odiSeliZe, general-maiori koniaSvili, polkovnikebi
rostom musxeliSvili, nikoloz gedevaniSvili da sxvebi.
swored maTi wyalobiT, rogorc amas ucxoeli damkvirveblebi aRniSnavdnen, `muSaoba armiis reorganizaciis xaziT nela miiwevda win”.
axalgazrda samxedro
kadrebis mosamzadeblad
TbilisSi daarsda kadetTa korpusi, romlis aRsazrdelebma, mogvianebiT, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes
kojris misadgomebTan saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
arsebobis bolo etapze qarTuli armia ukve aerTianebda
25-30 aTas kacs, romelmac Tavisi maRali samxedro
momzadeba daadastura sxvadasxva samxedro operaciis
dros. axla Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom xelisuflebis mier
daSvebuli Secdomebi rom ara, saqarTvelos eyoleboda
Zlieri regularuli armia, romelic warmatebiT daicavda qveynis damoukideblobas da mTel amierkavkasiis miscemda gadarCenis Sanss momdevno samocdaaTwliani ubedurebisa da erovnuli degradaciisgan.
`qarTuli vandea”
1917 wlis
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTvelos sofeli mRelvarebam moicva. am viTarebas ver
uSvela 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
gamocxadebamac. social-demokratebis partiuli gazeTi
`erToba” am procesebs safrangeTis didi revoluciisdroindel glexTa vandeas ajanyebebs adarebda.
soflad Seqmnil revoluciur ganwyobas, ra Tqma unda,
pirvel rigSi, iwvevda gaWianurebuli omi, mZime socialuri pirobebi, omidan dabrunebuli gabolSevikebuli jariskacebis revoluciuri ganwyobilebebi da Tebervlis
revoluciis Semdeg bolSevikebis mier Rarib mosaxleobaSi gadasrolili lozungi _ `daitace datacebuli!”
36
samegreloSi, saCxereSi, duSeTSi, Sida qarTlSi, samxreT
saqarTveloSi glexTa xSiri gamosvlebi mTeli regionebis paralizebas iwvevda. gaRatakebuli mosaxleoba
mdgomareobidan gamosavals qonebis revoluciur gadanawilebaSi xedavda, moiTxovda mdgomareobis radikalur
gaumjobesebas, brals sdebda xelisuflebas pasiurobaSi.
problemebs oficialuri xelisuflebac aRiarebda, roca
miuTiTebda: `Cvensa da glexobas Soris xidia Catexili”,
`glexobas Cven ver miveciT miwa da es garemoebaa, rom
sofeli Cvens mTavrobas aRar emorCileba...”
mTavroba cdilobda, agraruli moZraoba kanonierebis
CarCoSi Caeyenebina – damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina, es ki
garkveul drosa da moTminebas saWiroebda. gaRatakebul
fenebs moTminebis fiala ukve avsebodaT. saxalxo
gamosvlebi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo samegreloSi. aq
alioSa gegeWkoris 1000-kaciani glexTa laSqari, rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, soflebSi bolSevikuri lozungebiT rusul socializms amyarebda. zugdididan TbilisSi Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs atyobinebdnen: `brbo ise gaTamamda,
rom TviT zugdidSi iWeren da itaceben kacebs, araviTar sanovages qalaqSi ar uSveben, SeiZleba razmelebma,
milicionerebma iaraRi dayaron, bandebi imdenad gaTavxeddnen, rom ultimatumsac ayeneben”.
1918-1919 wlebSi saCxeresa da leCxumis raionebSi,
borCalosa da duSeTis mazrebSi, mTel samegreloSi,
afxazeTSi marTlac seriozuli problemebi iyo, romlebic moiTxovda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros samilicio
Zalebis aqtiur Carevas. es dasturdeba Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros mier 1919 wels Sedgenili wliuri angariSiT,
sadac axsnilia `anarqiasTan” brZolis rTuli procesebi da misi Sedegebi. samxedro eqspediciebi ki, xSirad,
SetakebebiT mTavrdeboda, romlis dros damnaSaveebTan
erTad rigiTi moqalaqeebic zaraldebodnen, iyo Zalis
gadametebis SemTxvevebic.
seriozul problemas warmoSobda is, rom xelisufleba, romelmac radikalurad Secvala Tavisi politikuri orientacia, adrindeli ideologiuri principebi,
amis Sesaxeb naklebad awvdida informacias sakuTar mosaxleobas. erT-erTi aseTi radikaluri cvlileba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ganicada social-demokratiulma
Tezisma `xalxis sayovelTao SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb”. adre
37
es social-demokratebis saprogramo moTxovna iyo da
varaudobdnen, rom saxalxo SeiaraReba Secvlida momavalSi regularul armias. magram Zalauflebis xelSi
aRebis Semdeg memarjvene social-demokratiam gadawyvita xalxSi arsebuli iaraRis amoReba, rac duSeTis
mazridan daiwyo. aman regionSi mosaxleobis SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi gamoiwvia. ajanyebulebma faqtobrivad
kontroli daaweses saqarTvelos samxedro gzazec. maT
dasaxmareblad gamoemarTa saSa gegeWkoris bolSevikuri
razmic. xelisuflebam es ajanyeba saxalxo gvardiisa
da regularuli jarebis gamoyenebiT sastikad CaaxSo.
mogvianebiT qveyanaSi ganxorcielebulma agrarulma reformam, garkveulwilad, daawynara qarTuli sofeli da
saxalxo gamosvlebi Sewyda.
agraruli reformebi
1918 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 75 procents
glexebi Seadgendnen, romlebsac Zlier awuxebdaT miwis
nakleboba, radgan misi didi nawili miwaTmflobelebs
ekuTvnoda. ruseTis imperiam ver moaxerxa agraruli
sakiTxis samarTliani gadawyveta, amitom uamravi socialuri problemiT datvirTuli qarTuli sofeli radikalur cvlilebebs eloda. social-demokratias soflis
gardaqmnis ori gegma hqonda SemuSavebuli: mTeli miwebis konfiskacia (bolSevikur-leninuri) da municipalizacia (menSevikuri). es ukanaskneli gulisxmobda miwebis
gadacemas adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, romlebic ijariT gascemdnen mas msurvelebze. daSvebuli iyo
miwis kerZo sakuTrebac, Tumca, SezRudvebiT.
amierkavkasiis seimma 1918 wlis 7 marts miiRo kanoni
miwaTsargeblobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT, nadelis sayovelTao norma kulturul meurneobebSi 7 desetiniT
(desetina udris 3600 kv. saJens) ganisazRvra, xorbleulis momyvani regionebisaTvis es maCvenebeli 15 desetinas udrida, mesaqonleobis mimdevar raionebSi – 40-s,
magram amierkavkasiaSi mimdinare politikurma procesebma, TurqeTis eqspansiam gaaZnela agraruli reformis
gatareba da is, faqtobrivad, damfuZnebeli krebis mier
agraruli kanonebis miRebis Semdeg gagrZelda.
soflis meurneobis ministrma noe xomerikma Semoitana
kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad, miwa gadaecemoda mas, vinc miwas
38
amuSavebda. debatebis Semdeg, 1919 wlis 28 ianvars, es
kanoni miiRes da glexebs miwa kerZo sakuTrebaSi miecaT
misi yidvisa da gayidvis uflebiT. I kategoriis erTi
desetina miwis farTobi 1000 maneTi Rirda, II kategoriis
miwa – 625 man.,
III kategoriis – 375 man., IV kategoriis
– 250 maneTi. yovelmxriv xalisdeboda saxelmwifo da
municipaluri agraruli meurneobebis e.w. `saxalxo mamulebis” organizeba. aseTi mamulebi Seiqmna varcixeSi,
winandalSi, muxranSi da a.S.
imJamad saqarTveloSi savarguli miwis farTobi 5
milionze meti desetina iyo, 3 421 727 desetina marto
aRmosavleT saqarTveloze modioda. dasavleT saqarTvelo ufro mciremiwianobiT gamoirCeoda. 1917 wlis
aRweriT, saqarTveloSi 3 631 sofeli iyo, romlebSic
317 653 komli cxovrobda.
miwaTmflobelebs TiTqmis eqvsas aTas heqtarze meti
miwa CamoarTves. maT daaxloebiT 40 aTasi heqtari miwa
darCaT, 10 heqtari TiToeuls, rac mainc ufro meti iyo,
vidre maTi mezobeli glexebisa. es glexobis garkveuli
socialuri fenis ukmayofilebas iwvevda – isini mTeli
miwis konfiskacias moiTxovdnen.
saqarTvelos glexobis didi nawili saSualo glexoba
iyo, Tumca soflad iyvnen Raribi glexebic, boganoebi,
mojamagireebic, romlebic miwis nakveTebs ar flobdnen,
emsaxurebodnen ufro mdidar mezoblebs, gamZafrebuli
hqondaT socialuri protestis grZnoba da bolSevikuri
propagandisaTvis Cinebul samiznes warmoadgendnen. maT
Sesaxeb gazeTi `erToba” werda: `saqarTvelos sofelSi
iseTi viTarebaa, romelic bolSevizmisaTvis qarTul
sofels midrekils xdis. Tanasworoba mas dResve unda”.
saqarTveloSi gadawyda saeklesio miwaTmflobelobis
sekularizacia, rac ukrZalavda konfesiebs miwis flobas. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia imedovnebda,
rom daibrunebda avtokefaliis gauqmebamde mis xelSi
arsebul saeklesio miwebs, magram social-demokratiuli
xelisuflebisaTvis es mosazreba principulad miuRebeli gamodga.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam, miwis fondis gafarToebis
mizniT, mTeli rigi sairigacio proeqti ganaxorciela.
maT Savi zRvispireTis midamoebSi daWaobebuli zogi
miwac amoaSres. garkveul farTobebze tyis gakafva da
am miwis saTes farTobad gamoyenebac dauSves. saqarT-
39
velo mciremiwiani qveyana iyo da axali savargulebis
aTvisebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda soflad agraruli
problemebis gadasawyvetad. aRniSnuli reforma miznad
isaxavda qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis privilegiebis Sekvecas. qarTveli bolSevikebi, socialist-federalistebic
ki, memamuleTa mimarT mTavrobis am SeRavaTebs akritikebdnen da moiTxovdnen feodaluri miwaTmflobelobis likvidacias.
reformas garkveuli naklic axlda, rac gasakviri ar
aris aseTi
didi socialuri problemebis mogvarebis
pirobebSi, Tumca qarTveli glexobisaTvis reforma
aSkarad xelsayreli iyo. miT ufro, rom is ZiriTadad or
weliwadSi dasrulda, maSin, roca qveyana erTsa da imave
dros gareSe mtrebs ebrZoda da glexur revoluciebs
umklavdeboda. es saqarTvelos mTavrobis mniSvnelovani
miRweva iyo.
muSebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobebi
social-demokratebis ZiriTadi socialuri dasayrdeni
muSaTa klasi iyo da amitomac gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, yvela dawerili Tu dauwereli kanoniT, mas uTmobda.
magram saqarTvelos mravalerovan muSaTa klass seriozuli problemebi hqonda. pirveli msoflio omis Sedegebma
gamoiwvia iseTi ekonomikuri viTareba, romelic pirvel
rigSi, muSaTa klasis socialur mdgomareobaze aisaxa:
Seikveca warmoeba, Semcirda moTxovna saqarTveloSi
warmoebul produqtze, dairRva ekonomikuri kavSirebi,
Zlierdeboda umuSevroba. muSaTa erTi kategoria iZulebuli xdeboda, sofelSi dabrunebuliyo – daiwyo muSaTa
deklasirebis procesi. es mdgomareoba ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli mxolod saqarTvelosaTvis. pirveli msoflio
omiT gatanjuli evropac nela iSuSebda Wrilobebs, eZebda rTuli viTarebidan socialuri kataklizmebis gareSe
gamosvlis gzebs.
saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam, muSaTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rigi kanoni da dekreti miiRo,
rac qarTvel social-demokratebs popularobis SenarCunebaSi daexmara. samuSao dRe ganisazRvra ara umetes 8
saaTisa, kviraSi erTi gamosasvleli dRiT. samrewvelo da
agrarul seqtorSi, sadac daqiravebuli muSaxeli gamoiyeneboda, zeganavkveTuri muSaoba daSvebuli iyo mxolod
40
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi da ormagi anazRaurebiT.
aikrZala bavSvTa Sroma, qalebis dasaqmeba saRamos da
Ramis cvlaSi. muSas weliwadSi erTxel anazRaurebuli
Svebulebis ufleba eZleoda. inflaciis SesaCereblad da
xelfasis gazrdis mizniT 1919 wlis gazafxulze xelfasis zRvari dawesda. yovelive amas unda Seeqmna pirobebi
muSebis nayofieri SromisaTvis, qveynis ekonomikis asaRorZineblad.
unda isic aRiniSnos, rom socialisturi xelisufleba did yuradRebas uTmobda profkavSiruli moZraobis
ganviTareba-ganmtkicebas. dargobriv profkavSirebSi muSaTa klasis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo gaerTianebuli.
isini yuradRebas aqcevdnen Sromis pirobebisa da Sromis kanonmdeblobebis dacvas, urTierTobas daqiravebulsa da damqiravebels Soris, awesrigebdnen SromiT
konfliqtebs, ibrZodnen Sromis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
xelisuflebis iniciativiT, daarsda specialuri saarbitraJo komiteti, romelSic Sediodnen muSebi, damsaqmeblebi da dasaqmebis saministros Cinovnikebi. profkavSiris muSakebi mrewvelobis, bankebis da mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, muSebsa da damsaqmebelTa Soris
molaparakebebis mowesrigebis mizniT, oficialuri arbitraJis procesSi aqtiurad Caebnen.
saqarTvelos mrewveloba garkveul potencials flobda, romelic seriozulad dasustda pirveli msoflio
omis ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi. ZiriTadad es iyo
saSualo da mcire masStabis sawarmoebi. mravalricxovani
da didi sawarmoebi saqarTveloSi bevri ar iyo. yvelaze
did sawarmod kvlav Tbilisis rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnoebi iTvleboda, romlebic muSaTa klasis ZiriTadi samWedlo iyo. bevri muSa dasaqmda Tbilisis tramvais sammarTveloSi, WiaTurisa da tyibulis samTamadno
mrewvelobaSic.
tradiciuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis gawyvetis gamo
seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna saqarTvelos samTamadno mrewvelobas da aq dasaqmebul muSaTa koleqtivebs.
omma seriozulad dasca marganecis eqsporti evropasa da
msoflioSi. saWiro iyo marganecis eqsportis gamococxleba. es, garkveulwilad, moxerxda saqarTveloSi germaniis jarebis Semosvlis Semdeg, roca urTierTxelsayreli
ekonomikuri xelSekrulebebi daido. mzaddeboda kidev
41
ufro yovlismomcveli ekonomikuri proeqtebi germaniasTan, magram msoflio omSi `samTa kavSiris” damarcxebam
es ekonomikuri proeqtebi sabolood daasamara.
amasTan, msoflioSi Seqmnilma ekonomikurma viTarebam, saerTo ekonomikurma krizisma, ruseTTan tradiciuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis moSlam, axali ekonomikuri
kavSirebis ararsebobam saqarTveloSi gamoiwvia ekonomikuri kolafsi. ruseTidan aRar Semodioda puri. azerbaijanis gasabWoebis Semdeg gaqra sawvavic. qarTuli
produqciis (Rvino, xili, marganeci da a.S.) uzarmazari
maragi dagrovda, romelsac gasaRebis bazari ar hqonda.
daiwyo SeuCerebeli inflacia, qarTuli bonebi swrafad
ufasurdeboda.
memarjvene politikuri partiebi moiTxovdnen, rom xelisuflebas Seeqmna normaluri pirobebi ekonomikis asaRorZineblad, Tavisufali kapitalis mosazidad, gadaedga qmediTi nabijebi biznesmenebis interesebis dasacavad. xelisufleba ekonomikis gajansaRebis aucileblobas
TviTonac grZnobda, magram socialisturi Sexedulebebi
da principebi xels uSlida sabazro urTierTobis ganviTarebas. samarTlianad SeniSnavda erovnul-demokratebis
lideri spiridon kedia:Ú `Cven sasikvdilod vazianebT
mrewvelobis interess da gadaWarbebiT vicavT muSas”.
mrewvelobaSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas Seecadnen sazRvargareTuli investiciebiT,
gaixsenes
`abreSumis didi gza” da saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi
geostrategiuli mdebareoba, misi tradiciuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi. cnobili qarTveli
biznesmenis akaki xoStarias daxmarebiT momzadda ramdenime savaraudo ekonomikuri proeqti. maT Soris mniSvnelovani iyo foTis portis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiT dasavleT evropis investorebis daintereseba.
erT-erTi aseTi SesaZlo investori iyo holandieli biznesmeni van mali. am pirovnebas satransporto
firmebi hqonda inglisSic, kargad iyo cnobili saerTaSoriso klasis biznesmenTa rigebSi, hqonda Tavisufali
kapitali da Cinebulad erkveoda sazRvao transportis
TaviseburebebSi. van malis kapitalis mozidvis imediT
SemuSavda `sqarTvelo-holandiis sazRvao sazogadoebis”
proeqti, romelic miznad isaxavda regularul satransporto mimosvlis aRdgenas stambolTan, xolo Semdeg
_ evropasTan. sazogadoebis sawesdebo kopitali gan-
42
isazRvra 5-6 milioni guldeniT (456 aTasi funti sterlingi). proeqtis pirobebis mixedviT, gemebs unda evloT
holandiis droSiT, sanaosno dafuZnebuliyo holandiis
kanonebze. van mali kisrulobda, axali sanaosno kompaniisaTvis gadaeca ori pirveli klasis gemi, TiToeuli
1000 tona wyalwyvisa, romelic SeZlebda 60-70 kacis gadayvanas I da II klasis kaiutebiT. amis garda gembanze
daeteoda 100-150 kaci, xolo triumSi _ 800-1000 tona
tvirTi. saaqcio sazogadoebis kantora roterdamSi unda
dafuZnebuliyo. xuTi direqtoridan ors daniSnavda van
mali. sazogadoebis aqciebis 30 procenti van mals unda
gadascemoda. is itovebda uflebas, momavali ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi SeeZina aqciaTa damatebiT 15 procenti.
aRniSnul saaqcio sazogadoebas sakuTrebaSi unda gadascemoda foTSi dislocirebuli saqarTvelos satranporto sazogadoebis mTeli qoneba _ portebi, sawyobebi,
rkinigzis xazebi, satransporto saSualebebi. momavali
kompanioni moiTxovda axali gemebis Rirebulebis naxevari qarTul mxares gadaexada an naRdi fuliT, an misi
kuTvnili aqciebiT, rac imas gamoiwvevda, rom holandielis xelSi moeqceoda saaqcio sazogadoebis sakontrolo
paketi.
akaki xoStaria umtkicebda mTavrobis Tavmjdomares, n.
Jordanias: _ es xelSekruleba CvenTvis axlandel droSi
misaRebi da sarfianiao, magram menSevikurma mTavrobam
holandielis winadadeba erovnuli suverenitetis xelyofad da komerciuli TvalsazrisiT miuReblad CaTvala,
xolo 1920 wlis 23 noembers sabolood uaryo igi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis Cixidan gamoyvanaze bevrs
fiqrobda saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri elitac. 1920
wels niko nikolaZem dawera ori werili: `meTevzeoba da
Tevzis mrewveloba foTSi” da `foTis portis mniSvneloba msoflio vaWrobaSi”. pirvel werilSi xazgasmuli iyo
foTis akvatoriaSi, saTanado investiciebis pirobebSi,
Tevzis warmoebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania meore werili: masSi dasabuTebuli iyo foTis portis udidesi mniSvneloba
msoflio savaWro ekonomikur urTierTobaSi, gansakuTrebiT Crdilo kavkasiis navTobiT mdidari raionis
(groznos baseinis) msoflios savaWro orbitaSi moqcevis
saqmeSi.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ekonomikis stagnaciidan gamo-
43
yvana ver xerxdeboda, rac seriozul socialur problemebs warmoSobda. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo dasaqmebis
problema da Sromis kanonmdeblobis saTanado dacva.
rTuli viTareba kidev ufro amZimebda socialur fons.
respublikis sxvadasxva
politikuri mimarTulebis
gazeTebi xSirad aqveynebdnen masalebsa da reportaJebs
sawarmoebSi Seqmnili mZime viTarebis, foTeli dokerebis,
xe-tyis damamzadebeli qarxnebis muSebis, rkinigzis muSamosamsaxureebis duxWiri cxovrebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, gazeTebis korespondentebi ityobinebodnen, rom foTis navsadguris yazarmuli tipis sacxovreblebi gadaWedili iyo adamianebiT. sibinZure saSiSroebas warmoSobda aTasgvari gadamdebi avadmyofobis
gasavrceleblad, ar hqondaT sasmeli wyali, muSebi iyenebdnen rionis mRvrie wyals. wvimis dros muSaTa ubnebi
Zlier itboreboda, wyali aorTqlebas ver aswrebda, lpeboda da saSineli antisanitaria vrceldeboda. amitomac
iyo, rom 1918 wlis zafxulSi qalaqSi xoleris epidemiam
ifeTqa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom muSebi social-demokratebis
ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Zala iyvnen da maqsimalurad cdilobdnen, gagebiT mohkidebodnen rTul socialur-politikur viTarebas, gaficvebs mainc awyobdnen. 1919 wlis
TebervalSi Zlieri gaficva daiwyes foTis navsadguris
saxelosnos muSebma, mezRvaurebma da portis profkavSirulma organizaciam. gaficva ekonomikuri xasiaTisa
iyo. eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi isini mTavrobisagan xelfasis momatebas moiTxovdnen, Tumca maT yuradRebas aravin
aqcevda. muSebi iZulebulni gaxdnen Sromis saministros
adgilobriv warmomadgenelTan eCivlaT. man maTi pretenziebi marTebulad cno da aRZra Suamdgomloba xelisuflebasTan. msgavsi magaliTi bevri iyo.
opoziciuri partiebi seriozulad akritikebdnen
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis ekonomikur politikas da
mis radikalur Secvlas moiTxovdnen. ekonomikaSi seriozuli problemebi rom iyo, es sajarod TviT noe Jordaniamac aRiara 1920 wlis 13 oqtombris ekonomikur TaTbirze: `dRes TviToeuli CvenTagani grZnobs, rom Cven
ara Tu mivdivarT katastrofisaken _ Cven ukve mivediT
iqamde”.
saqarTvelos xelisufleba, romelic arsebobis 2,5
wlis manZilze ZiriTadad SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis
44
mogvarebiT iyo dakavebuli, verc SeZlebda cxovrebisaTvis normaluri ekonomikuri pirobebis Seqmnas, roca
arc sazRvargareTidan hqonda realuri daxmareba da arc
saSinao rezervebi moipoveboda swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
burJuazia
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebze
seriozulad fiqrobda qveynis burJuaziac. qarTveli
memarjvene social-demokratebi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis damsxvrevas ar apirebdnen, piriqiT – cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT pirobebi kapitalizmis maqsimalurad
ganviTarebisaTvis, rasac unda uzrunveleyo momavalSi
Zalumi socialisturi aRorZineba. da mainc, amis miuxedavad, damokidebuleba saqarTvelos burJuaziasTan xelisuflebas daZabuli hqonda.
amis mizezi, albaT, isic unda yofiliyo, rom saqarTvelos burJuaziis mniSvnelovani nawili araqarTuli
warmoSobisa iyo, warsulSi isini ZiriTadad ruseTis
imperiis ekonomikuri interesebis sadarajoze idgnen
da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos gamocxadebas daufaravi gulgrilobiT Sexvdnen. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi somexi warmoSobis burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi somxeT-saqarTvelos omis dros SemCneuli iyvnen
somxeTis saxelmwifosadmi ara marto simpatiebSi, aramed
materialur daxmarebaSic. amis gamo ramdenime Tbiliseli somexi biznesmenis sawarmo daiketa, daapatimres
Tbiliseli somexi oligarqebi: a. manTaSevi, s. manTaSevi,
o. manTaSevi, p. mirzoianci, l. aivazovi, da sxvebi. iyo somexi kapitalistebis, tairovisa da alixanovis, qarxnebis
gaCxrekvis faqtebic.
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi TiTqmis Sewyda omamde
saqarTveloSi moRvawe cnobili evropeli kapitalistebis
rotSildisa da nobelis saqmianoba. pirvelma msoflio
omma, ruseTis revoluciebma da mimdinare samoqalaqo
omma seriozulad daafrTxo isini.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobili partiebi mouwodebdnen xelisuflebas, Seecvala
damokidebuleba biznesmenebis mimarT: `saWiroa dauyovnebliv SevudgeT ufro safuZvlian molaparakebas kapitalistebTan, rom isini movizidoT Cvensken... SevqmnaT iseTi
45
pirobebi, rom mwarmoeblebi ki ar ixiznebodnen aqedan,
aramed modiodnen CvenSi”.
qarTveli biznesmenebi, SeZlebisamebr, cdilobdnen,
qveynisaTvis am rTul periodSi gaekeTebinaT didi mamuliSviluri saqme. maT Soris Tavisi moRvaweobiT gamorCeuli iyo akaki xoStaria, pirovneba da Rirseuli moqalaqe, romelmac araerTi proeqti SeimuSava, romlebsac
SeeZlo mniSvnelovnad waewia win qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba.
akaki xoStariam Tavisi ekonomikuri proeqtebis realizacia jer kidev mefis ruseTis imperiis dros daiwyo: mas
afasebdnen, angariSs uwevdnen. gansakuTrebiT seriozuli
biznesi hqonda iranSi, mas kargad icnobda iranis Sahic
ki. movlenebs gavuswrebT da imasac vityviT, rom iranSi
akaki xoStarias biznesi imdenad warmatebuli iyo, xolo
misi ekonomikuri kavSirebi adgilobriv saqmian wreebTan imdenad mWidro, rom xoStariasTan saqmiani urTierTobiT saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg dainteresda
ruseTis komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis
politbiuro.
saqarTvelos demokratiulma xelisuflebamac scada,
gamoeyenebina akaki xoStarias ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi, leCxumis mazris teritoriaze mdinare rionis wylis
resursebis gamoyenebis mizniT gaaforma kidec masTan
xelSekruleba. es xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebda hidroeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobas, rac drois uqonlobisa
da qveyanaSi Seqmnli politikuri situaciis gamo ver
ganxorcielda.
Tavadaznauroba
social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna.
marqsistuli moZRvreba Tavadaznaurobas sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis rudimentad Tvlida. socialuri urTierTobebis ganuviTareblobam ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi,
marqsistebis azriT, daakonserva es rudimenti, romelic
aucilebelad da swrafad unda wasuliyo istoriuli
asparezidan. saqarTveloSi Tavadaznaurobis xvedriTi
wili 6%-s utoldeboda. Tumca materialurad mdidari
Tavadaznauri saqarTveloSi sul TiTebze CamoiTvleboda. ZiriTadi nawili – saSualo da Raribi aznauroba
46
iyo, romlebic TavianTi socialuri mdgomareobiT ufro
glexebs waagavdnen (`Semodgomis aznaurebi”). saqarTvelos
Tavadaznaurobis ZiriTadi navsayudeli qveynis SemoqmedebiT-sazogadoebriv-saganmanaTleblo sfero iyo.
qarTl-kaxeTis Tavadaznaurobam oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg miiRo gadawyvetileba Tbilisis guberniis
TavadaznaurTa koleqtiuri qonebis qarTveli xalxisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb. miRebul dadgenilebaSi naTqvami
iyo: `qarTveli Tavadaznauroba
yovelTvis iRvwoda
da emsaxureboda
saerTo kulturul da ekonomikur
saWiroeba-moTxovnilebebs. axla ki, politikuri wyobilebis Secvlis Semdeg, saxelmwifoSi aw dawyebuli Tavisuflebis wiaRSi, Tavadaznaurobas eZleva saSualeba,
gadalaxos wodebrivi zRudeni da gaerTiandes mTel erTan... Tavadaznaurobas Segnebuli aqvs, rom eris yvela
elementis SeerTebas SeuZlia daamyaros saqarTveloSi is
politikuri wyobileba, romelic Seesabameba mis istoriul uflebebs da ukve momwifebul realur interesebs”.
am gadawyvetilebiT Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa
koleqtiur sakuTrebaSi arsebuli 15 milioni maneTis
qoneba (maT Soris kaxeTis rkinigza da sxva uZrav-moZravi
qoneba) qarTveli xalxis sakuTrebad gamocxadda.
TavadaznaurTa erTi mniSvnelovani nawili mefis ruseTis armiaSi msaxurobda, iyvnen oficrebi, generlebi.
maT pirveli msoflio omis frontebze Cinebuli samxedro gamocdileba hqondaT miRebuli. maTi mniSvnelovani
nawili Cadga axali saqarTvelos samsaxurSi da saqarTvelos armiis oficerTa korpusi Seqmna. isini gamoirCeodnen maRali discipliniT, Tanamedrove samxedro xelovnebis codniT. maTi didi umetesoba cdilobda sikeTe moetana qveynisaTvis. magram social-demokratiul
xelisuflebas maT mimarT mainc garkveuli undobloba
hqonda.
saxelmwifo da eklesia
saqarTvelos memarjvene social-demokratebi aTeistebi iyvnen – es ki is erTaderTi sfero iyo, sadac bolSevikebsa da menSevikebs sadavo araferi hqondaT. evropis
social-demokratiuli tradiciebidan gamomdinare, qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebi iziarebdnen saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofis, sindisis Tavisuflebis,
47
skolis programebidan religiuri swavlebis amoRebis
politikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili, gansakuTrebiT erovnul-demokratiuli partia da misi aqtivistebi, umtkicebdnen
xelisuflebas, rom qarTuli marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba qarTveli eris identobis ganmsazRvrelia, rom
mosaxleobis didi umetesoba aRiarebs da pativs scems
qarTul eklesias, rac moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxridan saTanado yuradRebasa da zrunvas, saqarTvelos mTavroba
iyenebda sakanonmdeblo organoSi Tavis upiratesobas da
mudam blokavda im sakanonmdeblo iniciativas, romelic
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebebsa da
Tavisuflebebs exeboda.
eklesiisa da religiisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aisaxa saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSic, sadac xazgasmulia: `saxelmwifo da eklesia gancalkevebulni da
damoukidebelni arian; arc erT sarwmunoebas ara aqvs
upiratesoba; xarjis gaReba saxelmwifos xazinidan da
adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaTa Tanxidan sarwmunoebriv
saqmeTa saWiroebisaTvis akrZalulia”.
konstituciis es principebi asaxavs evropeli demokratebis damokidebulebas religiuri kultisadmi, magram ar iTvaliswinebs qarTul erovnul tradicias, saqarTvelos sazogadoebis didi nawilis imJamindel damokidebulebas qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiisadmi.
saqarTveloSi imJamad funqionirebdnen: saqarTvelos
samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesia, somxur-grigorianuli taZrebi, ebraelTa sinagoga, mahmadianTa meCeTebi,
kaTolikeTa da protestantebis samlocveloebi. ase rom,
saqarTveloSi mosaxleoba ara marto mravalerovani, mravalkonfesiuric iyo.
saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesia,
avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, garkveul problemebs
waawyda. TiTqmis asi wlis ganmavlobaSi avtokefaliawarTmeul eklesias, materialurad damcrobils, saxelmwifos mxardaWeras moklebuls, uWirda fexze wamodgoma,
Tavisi mizandasaxulobis realizeba. gaRatakebuli iyo
mosaxleoba, aTeisturi propagandis wyalobiT mrevlic
gaucxovda. materialurad SeWirvebuli eklesiis msaxurebi uars acxadebdnen RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebaze.
ruseTis sapatriarqo da misi wabaZviT – msoflio marTlmadidebluri samyaro saqarTvelos eklesiis avtoke-
48
falias ar aRiarebda, rac seriozul problemebs uqmnida
saqarTvelos eklesias.
ganaxlebuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels, kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-s bevri problema daxvda gadasaWreli.
umTavresi – RvTismsaxurebaSi qarTuli tradiciuli wesgangebis aRdgena iyo. ruseTis eklesia, pirvel xanebSi,
cdilobda Seeqmna damatebiTi problemebi. ar cnobda
ra saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalias, is cdilobda,
gamoeyo rusi marTlmadideblebi saqarTvelos danarCeni
mrevlisagan, iTxovda rusebisa da ruseTis eklesiis erTguli mrevlisaTvis gansakuTrebul statuss, cdilobda
afxazeTSi qarTuli eklesiisaTvis daepirispirebina adgilobrivi rusulenovani mrevli.
qarTuli eklesiisaTvis aseT rTul viTarebaSi, 1918
wlis 27 ivniss, martyofis monasterSi mokles didi mamuliSvili, uwmidesi da unetaresi kirion II. misi adgili daikava kaTolikos-patriarqma leonidem. swored mas
mouwia mTeli im simZimis gadatana, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo aTeisti xelisuflebis antireligiur moRvaweobasTan. patriarqi xedavda, rogor TandaTan izRudeboda
eklesiis moRvaweobis sfero – eklesias CamoerTva saswavleblebi, skolebSi aikrZala saRvTo sjulis swavleba,
eklesias waarTves qoneba, ganZeuli, eklesiis msaxurebs
SeuwydaT xelfasi. uwmidesi leonide cdilobda, ganemtkicebina saqarTvelos eklesiis erToba. 1919 wels is ewvia
afxazeTs, mouwodebda mrevls daecvaT da SeenarCunebinaT damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. aTeisti xelisuflebis
gasagonad ki acxadebda: `Cveni mTvaroba socialisturia,
principulad ver egueba eklesias. Tanaxma var, diaxac,
nu Seeguebian urTierTs eklesia da socialistebi da
drozed gaSordnen erTmaneTs, magram aqac savaldebuloa samarTlianoba da Cvenc marto samarTlian daSorebas vTxoulobT saxelmwifosagan, sxva arafers”.
magram, rogorc dasturdeba, miuxedavad deklarirebisa, saqarTvelos mTavroba garkveul materialur zrunvas mainc iCenda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
mimarT – Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saSualebiT yovelwliurad kaTolikosis balansze iricxeboda 143 812 maneTi. es precendenti unda aixsnas saqarTvelos eklesiis
mZime materialuri mdgomareobiT, romelic saxelmwifos
mxridan garkveul Carevas iTxovda.
saqarTvelos sxva konfesiebi – ZiriTadad mrevlis xar-
49
jze arsebobdnen, Tumca SeZlebisamebr maT exmarebodnen
saerTaSoriso kaTolikuri, grigorianuli Tu ebrauli
organizaciebi. qarTveli mahmadianebis sazogadoebrivi
gaerTianebebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebisagan iTxovdnen
80 600 maneTs, raTa Seqmniliyo saqarTvelos muslimani
samRvdeloebis specialuri sammarTvelo.
TurqeTis saxelmwifo seriozul daxmarebas uwevda
mahmadianur sarwmunoebas, gansakuTrebiT aWara-qobuleTis regionSi. molebisa da xojebis didi umetesoba
proTurquli orientaciis matarebeli iyo da propagandas uwevda samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dabrunebas
TurqeTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. baTumis `azizies
meCeTi” – antiqarTuli propagandis ZiriTadi centri
iyo. medresebSi mahmadis sjulsa da yurans aswavlidnen,
qarTuli ena ki idevneboda. inglisis okupaciis pirobebSi mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis
muSaobis kargi pirobebi Seiqmna. saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi am kuTxis dabrunebis Semdeg (1920 wlis zafxuli)
mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebma gaaZlieres
proTurquli propaganda.
miuxedavad saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris civi
damokidebulebisa, demokratiuli saqarTvelos arsebobis
xanaSi urTierToba ZiriTadad civilizebul farglebs
ar gascilebia da ar miuRia totaluri aTeisturi isteriis forma, rac sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi
ganxorcielda eklesiisa da misi msaxurebis mimarT.
ganaTleba da kultura
religiuri ganaTlebis SezRudvis paralelurad, SeZlebisamebr, didi yuradReba eqceoda saero ganaTlebis
qselis ganviTareba-gafarToebas. erovnuli damoukideblobis gamocxadebam Seqmna Cinebuli safuZveli kulturuli cxovrebis aRmavlobisaTvis. am periods Tanamedroveni `patara oqros xanasac” ki uwodeben. bunebrivicaa – saukuneze meti xnis damoukideblobadakarguli xalxi, urTulesi socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis
miuxedavad, Seudga erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas,
romlis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili erovnuli kulturisaTvis zrunva gaxda.
yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda saxalxo ganaTleba.
es social-demokratebis saprogramo valdebuleba iyo.
50
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti
51
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saxelmwifo
droSa da gerbi.
52
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis
Tavmjdomare noe Jordania.
53
kaTolikos patriarqi kirion II
54
damfuZnebeli kreba
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis
erTi jgufi. centrSi - noe Jordania
55
saxalxo gvardia
generali giorgi kvinitaZe generali giorgi mazniaSvili
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germaniis imperatoris elCi
grafi fidrix - verner fon
der Sulenburgi.
germaneli samxedroebi TbilisSi.
57
inglisis samxedro desanti baTumSi.
meore socialisturi internacionalis liderebi
TbilisSi.
58
ruseTis saokupacio
sadesanto kavaleriis
ufrosi dimitri Jloba
rigiTi qarTveli
bolSevikebi.
59
kojorTan daRupuli iunkrebi.
60
komunisturi ruseTis meTertmete armiis aRlumi
TbilisSi
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Tbilisis universitetis damaarseblebi.
centrSi _ ivane javaxiSvili
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mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saskolo qseli – Tu 1914 wels
saqarTveloSi yvela tipis mxolod 864 skola iyo 80 aTasi moswavliT, 1920 wels 1924 skolaSi swavlobda 162
aTasamde moswavle. qarTuli skolebis gverdiT iyo rusuli, somxuri, germanuli skolebi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba cdilobda, pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebiT moecva
araqarTveli mosaxleoba, rom is ufro intensiurad Cabmuliyo qveynis socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi.
warmatebiT dasrulda qarTveli inteligenciis mravalwliani mcdeloba da 1918 wlis 26 ianvars TbilisSi
gaixsna universiteti. am saqmeSi udidesi Rvawli miuZRviT iv. javaxiSvils, p. meliqiSvils, a. SaniZes, a. razmaZes, S. nucubiZes da sxv.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos gamocxadebas aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen qarTveli mwerlebi, poetebi. mxcovan, damsaxurebul poetTa krebuls Seematnen axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenlebi. im wlebSi saqarTveloSic
gavrcelda modernistuli mimarTulebebi, Seiqmna axali
SemoqmedebiTi jgufi `cisferyanwelebi” (p. iaSvili, t.
tabiZe, k. nadiraZe da sxv.).
viTardeboda qarTuli proza (m. javaxiSvili, S. dadiani da sxv.), gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo publicistika.
aRorZinebis gzas daadga qarTuli samusiko xelovneba. Tbilisis konservatoria qarTveli musikos-Semsruleblebis WeSmariti samWedlo gaxda. Tbilisis operis Teatri, romelic adre rusuli kulturis nawili
iyo mudam, TandaTan qarTuli repertuariT Seivso. 1919
wels warmatebiT daidga d. arayiSvilis `Tqmuleba SoTa
rusTavelze”, z. faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeri”, v.
doliZis `qeTo da kote”. iqmneboda axali safortepiano
da saorkestro nawarmoebebi. gamorCeuli siyvaruli da
aRiareba moipoves momRerlebma: v. sarajiSvilma, s. inaSvilma da sxv.
TvalsaCino miRwevebi hqondaT saxviTi xelovnebis
ostatebs. Zveli Taobis mxatvrebsa da moqandakeebs (g.
gabaSvils, m. ToiZes da sxv.) mxarSi amoudgnen axalgazrdebi: l. gudiaSvili, e. axvlediani. q. maRalaSvili da
sxv. periodulad imarTeboda samxatvro gamofenebi da
vernisaJebi respublikis sxvadasxva qalaqSi.
garkveuli yuradReba daeTmo sportis ganviTarebasac.
siZneleebis miuxedavad Seiqmna pirveli qarTuli spor-
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tuli organizacia `Sevardeni”, romlis mTavari amocana
mosaxleobaSi cxovrebis jansaRi wesis danergva, axalgazrdobis fizikuri momzadeba da masebis fizikuri aRzrda iyo.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli xelisuflebis politika, problemebis miuxedavad, mainc uzrunvelyofda xelovnebis zeaRmaval ganviTarebas.
yofa da cxovreba
pirveli msoflio omis Sedegad Seqmnili mZime ekonomikuri krizisis gamo, ra Tqma unda, damakmayofilebuli sayofacxovrebo viTareba saqarTveloSic ar SeiZleba yofiliyo. frontidan uamravi dasaxiCrebuli, dainvalidebuli moqalaqe dabrunda. seriozuli, zogjer
gausaZlisi problemebi iyo saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela
ojaxSi. Tumca, 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis gamocxadebam garkveuli imedebi aRZra da xalisi gamoiwvia mosaxleobaSi. TandaTan damkvidrda da tradiciuli
gaxda 26 maisis, damoukideblobis dResaswaulis sazeimo
aRniSvnac. saqarTvelos qalaqebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen dResaswaulis originalur CatarebaSi.
mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis miuxedavad, qarTveloba cdilobda, ganemtkicebina saxelmwifo, Seeqmna axali
saxelmwifoebrivi simboloebi, dResaswaulebi, daeZlia
warsuli cxovrebis mankierebani da aeSenebina ukeTesi
momavali. es procesi ki, samwuxarod, Znelad xorcieldeboda: 100-wliani kolonializmis mavne gadmonaSTebi,
CveulebaSi gamjdari mankierebani, mainc iCenda xolme
Tavs. saqarTvelos presa yvela SemCneul negatiur faqtze reagirebda, aaSkaravebda mankierebas da ibrZoda misi
aRmofxvrisaTvis.
ukve SeimCneoda `pirovnebis kultis” saxifaTo simptomebic – moqandake iakob nikolaZe noe Jordanias Zeglis Sesaqmnelad damfuZnebel krebas sTxovda did subsidias. Zegli, savaraudod, quTaisSi unda dadgmuliyo.
cxovrebis mankieri mxareebi saqarTvelos ucxoeli megobrebisTvisac TvalSi sacemi iyo. generali fon kresi
igonebs erT SemTxvevas, romelic Tbilisis quCaSi seirnobis dros SeemTxva: `roca erTxel ananovTan erTad (cnobili somexi miwaTmflobeli – avtorebi) golovinis
prospeqtze mivdiodi, Cven erTi pirovneba Semogvxvda,
64
romelic Tavisi kargi SesaxedaobiT da zRapruli eleganturobiT TvalSi momxvda. b-ni ananovic xazgasmuli
TavazianobiT miesalma mas. Cems kiTxvaze, Tu vinaa es
batoni, b-nma ananovma mipasuxa: `es aris Tavadi `X”. igi
Cveni erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi yaCaRia, ori wlis win man
mTebSi damiWira, Tavis sasaxleSi wamiyvana da Zalian didi
gamosasyidi Tanxa gamomZala. tyveobis ganmavlobaSi, me,
rogorc stumars, didi pativiT meqceodnen, magram ueWvelad daviRupebodi, gamosasyidi rom ar gadamexada”.
aseTi iyo viTareba demokratiul saqarTveloSi, sadac
axali saxelmwifoebrioba ibadeboda da, aseT viTarebaSi
rogorc yovelTvis xdeba xolme, did tkivils didi sixarulic Tan sdevda.
erovnebaTaSorisi urTierToba
saqarTvelo mudam mravalerovani qveyana iyo. jer kidev
Cv. w. VI saukuneSi saqarTveloSi Camovidnen ltolvili
ebraelebi, mogvianebiT maT Seematnen ltolvili somxebi, qurTebi, aisorebi. Zlieri mezoblebis ganuwyveteli
TareSisa da saqarTvelos mTeli rigi regionebis (mesxeT-javaxeTi, samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo) mitacebis
Semdeg, adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleoba gaamahmadianes. moaxerxes tradiciuli qarTuli kulturisagan
maTi gaucxoveba. centralizebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos
dasustebis Sedegad daiwyo Crdilo kavkasieli tomebis
ukontrolo migracia. ruseTis imperiaSi ZalmomreobiT
gaerTianebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi Camosaxldnen: rusebi,
ukrainelebi, germanelebi, estonelebi. XIX saukuneSi ruseTis warmatebuli omebis Sedegad TurqeTidan samxreT
saqarTveloSi (qvemo qarTlSi) gadmosaxldnen berZnebi,
somxebi. ruseTis xelisufleba yovelnairad cdilobda,
ar daeSva axladSemoerTebul miwebze qarTuli cnobierebis aRorZineba, xels uSlida qarTvelebs, ewarmoebinaT saganmanaTleblo muSaoba qarTvel muslimanebSi,
raTa aRdgeniliyo Selaxuli erovnuli cnobiereba.
seriozuli problemebi daTesa ruseTis imperiulma
saxelmwifom afxazeTSi, sadac adgilobriv eTnoss ukve
aRar axsovda erToblivi qarTuli saxelmwifos farglebSi sakuTari aqtiuri monawileoba,
da miuxedavad
imisa, rom rusebma maT Tavs daatexes `muhajirobac”, socialuri da erovnuli Cagvrac, miakeres `moRalate eris”
65
zedwodebac, mainc XX saukunis dasawyisidan afxazeTis
eTnokratiis mniSvnelovani nawili prorusuli politikis gamtarebeli gaxda.
pirveli imperialisturi omis Sedegad saqarTvelos
portebs (foTs, baTums, soxums) moawyda TurqeTis
represiul politikas gamoqceuli berZnebisa da somxebis
axali talRa, ramac damatebiTi seriozuli problemebi
moitana.
saqarTveloSi imJamad (1918 w.) sul 3 069 548 kaci cxovrobda, aqedan qarTveli marTlmadidebeli _ 1 843 600,
mahmadiani qarTveli – 255 809, amaT garda cxovrobda:
somexi – 216 676, rusi – 148 611, Turqi – 107 456, osi
106 083 da a.S. qarTvelebi mosaxleobis 74,1 procents
Seadgendnen. araqarTveli mosaxleobis did nawils
araferi akavSirebda qarTvelebTan, maTi didi umetesoba wera-kiTxvis ucodinari, arqauli tradiciebis damcveli da sakuTari eTnokratiis brmad mimdevari ubiri
masa iyo.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisufleba, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis adre
arasodes iRvwoda, erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis
mowesrigebis marqsistul meTods iyenebda. maTTvis mTavari iyo lozungi: `proletarebo yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!” isini aRiarebdnen `yvela eris TviTgamorkvevis
uflebas”, `kulturul-nacionaluri avtonomiis” ideas,
romlis mixedviT, saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb erebs unda
miniWebodaT ara teritoriuli, aramed eqsteritoriuli
`avtonomia”, rac gulisxmobda saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali erebis gaerTianebas `erovnul sabWoebSi”.
es tipuri marqsistuli, avstria-ungreli social-demokratebis mier aprobirebuli, politika iyo.
qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebis winaaRmdegobrivi politika yvelaze naTlad erovnuli sakiTxis
gatarebis dros gamoCnda. maT surdaT
saqarTvelos
erovnuli saxelmwifo aeSenebinaT marqsistuli, internacionalisturi meTodologiiT. swored amaSi unda veZeboT am politikis naklovaneba.
partiis ideologebi aSkarad dabneulobas avlendnen. es gazeT `erTobis” publikaciebidanac kargad Cans:
`Cveni qveyana dRes damoukidebeli respublikaa, am
mxriv erovnuli sakiTxi CvenTvis aRar arsebobs”. aseTi
gancxadebis Semdeg vxvdebiT amgvar gancxadebasac: `or-
66
magad gonivruli da windaxeduli unda iyos Cveni respublikis erovnuli politika”. aSkaraa, rom axali saqarTvelos ideologebs Rrmad ar hqondaT gaazrebuli
erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobis rTuli problema.
pirveli seriozuli Secdoma aisaxa damoukideblobis
aqtSi da aman yvela sxva Secdoma da nakli gamoiwvia.
istoriul dokumentSi xazgasmulia: `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ganviTarebis
Tavisufal asparezs gauxsnis mis teritoriaze mosaxle yvela ers“.
saqarTveloSi `yvela eri” ar cxovrobda. saqarTveloSi
cxovrobda qarTveli da afxazi eri. danarCeni `erebi”
iyvnen diaspora, `Camotexili erebi”, ZiriTad erebs Camocilebuli
eTnosebi, romlebic sxvadasxva mizeziT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCndnen. magram memarjvene
social-demokratebma meqanikurad gadmoitanes erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobis is politika, romelsac partia
axorcielebda ruseTis imperiis pirobebSi, sadac, marTlac, arsebobdnen `erebi”, romlebic SeiZleba gaerTianebuliyvnen eqsteritoriul gaerTianebebSi. isini miamiturad fiqrobdnen, rom proletaruli internacionalizmis idea erT muStad Sekravda yvela eris demokratias
socialuri samarTlianobis principebis gasamarjveblad.
es politikuri gulubryviloba da, amave dros, didi Secdoma iyo.
`erovnul sabWoebSi” saqme sagangaSod iyo. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnosi Zalauflebisaken
miiswrafoda, cdilobdnen hqonodaT SeiaraReba, SeeqmnaT sakuTari diasporisaTvis privilegiebi. zogjer maTi
qmedeba aSkarad antisaxelmwifoebriv Sinaarss iZenda. ai
magaliTic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TbilisSi, e.w. `aramiancis saxlSi” ganlagebul somxebis erovnul sabWoSi
mimdinareobda Tbiliseli axalgazrda somxebis Cawera
somxeTis armiaSi, romelic maSin saqarTvelos eomeboda.
`osTa erovnuli sabWo”, faqtobrivad, antisaxelmwifoebrivi moqmedebebiT iyo dakavebuli, da araerTxel
Caudga saTaveSi ajanyebasa Tu provokacias. seriozuli
problemebi hqonda saqarTvelos xelisuflebas `afxazTa erovnul sabWosTanac”. afxazebis eTnokratiis erTi
nawilis aqtiur muSaobas Sedegad afxazebSi CrdiloeT
kavkasiuri orientaciis gaZliereba mohyva.
movlenebis ganviTareba adasturebs, rom 1917-1921
wlebSi afxazebis didi jgufi fiqrobda, qarTvelebTan
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erTad Tanaswor uflebriv viTarebaSi yofiliyo kavkasiisa da amierkavkasiis federaciaSi. mas ar surda martodmarto qarTvelebTan, daqvemdebarebul avtonomiur
mdgomareobaSi yofna. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arseboba mis ambiciebs laxavda, tovebda ra qarTveli eris
amara.
jer kidev 1917 wels, ruseTSi Tebervlis revoluciis
gamarjvebisTanave, afxazeTSi Seiqmna droebiTi mTavrobis adgilobrivi organo – sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis
komiteti Tavad ServaSiZis meTaurobiT, romelmac imave
wlis oqtomberSi vladikavkazSi sakavSiro xelSekrulebas (kazakTa jarebis, kavkasiis gaerTianebul mTielTa da
stepebis Tavisufal xalxTa kavSirebTan) moawera xeli.
am xelSekrulebis srul amoqmedebas Crdilo kavkasiaSi
mdgomareobis garTulebam da ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis
dawyebam SeuSala xeli.
1918 wlis 9 Tebervals TbilisSi afxazeTis saxalxo
krebis delegatebsa da saqarTvelos erovnuli krebis
warmomadgenelTa Soris Sexvedra Sedga. swored am Sexvedraze miaRwies SeTanxmebas afxazeTis mxridan kavkasiis
gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSirTan kontaqtis gawyvetisa
da misi Semadgenlobidan gamosvlis Sesaxeb.
soxumsa da Tbiliss Soris SeTanxmebam afxazeTis mosaxleobis nawilis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. soxumSi inspirirebuli iqna SeiaraRebuli putCi, romlis Sedegad
soxumi e.w. `samxedro-revoluciuri komitetis” kontrolis qveS aRmoCnda. mas cnobili afxazi bolSeviki efrem
eSba xelmZRvanelobda. es komiteti male gauqmda, magram
1918 wlis 8 aprils bolSevikebma kvlav SeZles soxumSi
Zalauflebis xelSi aReba.
am situaciaSi afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis
mTavrobas, romelmac afxazeTSi gvardiis nawilebi gaagzavna. amgvarad, afxazeTis bolSevizaciis saSiSroeba imJamad likvidirebuli iqna.
amierkavkasiis federaciis daSlisa da saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnis Semdeg, afxazeTis
saxalxo sabWom, afxazeTis farglebSi, mTeli Zalauflebis Tavis xelSi aReba gadawyvita.
mogvianebiT,
1918 wlis 11 ivniss daiwyo molaparakeba saqarTvelos
mTavrobasTan, rac oficialuri xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT damTavrda, romlis mixedviT, afxazeTis saxalxo
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sabWo regionis Sida mmarTvelobaze iyo pasuxismgebeli. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, Tavis
mxriv, valdebulebas iRebda, afxazeTis marTvisaTvis
kreditebi gamoeyo. agreTve, afxazeTis saxalxo krebis
dasaxmareblad, wesrigis dasamyareblad da mtkice xelisuflebis organizebisaTvis saqarTvelos wiTeli
gvardiis razmis gagzavna gadawyda. es xelSekruleba
ar uzrunvelyofda afxazeTis damoukideblobas, Tumca imJamad is misaRebi aRmoCnda afxazeTis zogierTi,
sakmaod separatistulad ganwyobili fenisaTvisac ki.
amgvarad, Tumca afxazeTis mosaxleobis nawili cdilobda sruli damoukidebloba mieRo, maT liderebs
esmodaT regionSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba, sadac, erTi
mxriv, afxazeTs TurqeTisagan sruli okupacia emuqreboda da, meore mxriv, mis teritoriaze bolSevikuri
reJimis damyarebis didi albaToba arsebobda. swored
amitom maT am etapze saqarTvelosTan swored amgvari
urTierToba akmayofilebdaT.
TbilisSi dadebuli xelSekruleba xels ar aZlevda
bolSevikebs, amitomac 1918 wlis zafxulSi maT soxumis mimarTulebiT ieriSi ganaxorcieles da axal aTons
miuaxlovdnen. am garemoebam afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo
aiZula, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad swrafi zomebi
mieRo. saswrafod Seatyobines saqarTvelos mTavrobas da
1918 wlis 18 ivniss saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro
ministrma general mazniaSvilis saxelze samtrediaSi
depeSa gaagzavna, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom generali
mazniaSvili afxazeTis general-gubernatorad da Savi
zRvis jarebis sardlad iniSneboda. mizani soxumis dacvis organizeba iyo, raTa bolSevikebisaTvis ar miecaT
qalaqSi Sesvlis saSualeba,
Semdeg ki kontrSetevaze
gadasuliyvnen da afxazeTi bolSevikebisagan gaewmindaT.
Tavis mxriv, bolSevikebi, romlebmac ukve daikaves
axali aToni, rezervs elodnen, raTa soxumis mimarTulebiT Setevaze gadasuliyvnen.
am momentiT marjved isargebla general mazniaSvilis jarma. 1918 wlis 27 ivniss maT bolSevikebs Seuties da gudauTisken daaxevines. bolSevikebi gudauTaSic
ver gamagrdnen da ukan daxeva ganagrZes. maT jer gagra
datoves, xanmokle brZolis Semdeg ki – soWic. am qalaqis aRebis brZaneba generalma mazniaSvilma afxazeTis
saxalxo sabWosa da saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan miiRo.
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soWis Semdeg xostac aiRes. bolSevikebma ki tuafsesaken
daixies. general mazniaSvilis mogonebebidan Cans, rom
qarTuli jarebis winsvla tuafsesken sasurveli ar iyo
da saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis gagzavnil werilSi is
rekomendacias iZleoda, daewyoT TavdacviTi nagebobebis
mSenebloba mdinare Sakis gaswvriv, rom aecilebinaT bolSevikebis Semdgomi uecari ieriSebi da maTi SemoWra afxazeTis teritoriaze. magram saqarTveloSi xorblisa da
navTobis mwvave naklebobam da yubanis radas mTavrobis
dapirebam SeRavaTian fasebSi xorblisa da navTobis miyidvis Sesaxeb, aiZula saqarTvelos mTavroba uari eTqva
general mazniaSvilis SemoTavazebul Tavdacvis gegmaze.
mas tuafseze galaSqreba ubrZanes. 26 ivliss Seupovari
da sisxlismRvreli brZolis Semdeg qarTulma jarebma
aiRes tuafse, ganagrZes ieriSi da brZoliT aiRes stanicebi beloreCenskaia da krivenkovskaia. amgvarad, general mazniaSvilis amocana ganxorcielda.
qarTuli armiis aqtiuri moqmedebis dros, aleqsandre
ServaSiZisa da tataS marSanias momxreebma TurqeTis sazRvao desantis gadmosxmis organizeba SeZles. es desanti
umTavresad afxazi muhajirebisagan Sedgeboda, romlebic
mefis ruseTma jer kidev 1877 wels afxazeTidan ZaliT
gaasaxla da axla TurqeTSi cxovrobdnen. maTi mizanic
soxumis aReba iyo. Tumca desanti droulad aRmoaCines
da general mazniaSvilis jarebma is alyaSi moaqcies.
desantis xelmZRvanelebTan molaparakebis Semdeg g.
mazniaSvilma brZaneba gasca, mTeli desanti or barJaze
ganeTavsebinaT da isev baTumSi gaegzavnaT, romelic am
dros jer kidev TurqeTis okupaciis qveS iyo.
1918 wlis seqtembris dasawyisSi denikinis moxaliseTa armiis xelmZRvanelobam da yubanis mTavrobam saqarTvelos xelisuflebas TxovniT mimarTa, rom qarTuli
jarebi soWidan da misi olqidan gaeyvanaT, radgan isini
mTeli Savi zRvis gubernias da, maT Soris soWis olqs,
ganixilavdnen rogorc yubanis nawils.
sadavo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad ekaterinodarSi, moxaliseTa armiis xelmZRvanelobasTan Sesaxvedrad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam sagareo saqmeTa ministri e. gegeWkori
da generali g. mazniaSvili gaagzavna. molaparakeba 1918
wlis 25 seqtembers gaimarTa, roca moxaliseTa armiis
warmomadgenlebma saqarTvelos delegacias kategoriulad mosTxoves soWis olqisa da gagris yubanis re-
70
spublikis SemadgenlobaSi aRiareba da iqidan qarTuli
jarebis dauyovnebliv gayvana.
qarTulma mxarem gagraze ruseTis yovelgvari pretenzia uaryo da, Tavis mxriv, daJinebiT moiTxova, rom
soWis olqi droebiT saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCeniliyo, molaparakebebi uSedegod dasrulda.
1918 wlis noemberSi wiTeli armia, romelic donisaken
moiwevda denikinis jarebma gaanadgures da ukuaqcies.
amgvarad, denikinma, romelic ruseTis samxreTSi mdgomareobis baton-patroni gaxda, gadawyvita, erTxel da
samudamod, iaraRis ZaliT gadaeWra saqarTvelosTan sazRvrebis sakiTxi da lozungiT _ `erTiani da ganuyofeli
ruseTi” _ jarebi saqarTvelosken daZra. es moxda miuxedavad imisa, rom didi britaneTi dahpirda saqarTvelos
mTvarobas _ igi saqarTveloze Tavdasxmas ar dauSvebda.
1919 wlis 6 Tebervals moxaliseTa armiis jarebma Seuties da ganaiaraRes
mcirericxovani qarTuli razmi
soWSi, daikaves mTeli olqi, Semdeg gagra da mdinare
baitTan SeCerdnen. amavdroulad, aleqsandre ServaSiZem,
moxaliseTa armiis xelmRvanelebTan SeTanxmebiT, soxumSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mowyoba scada. moewyo
SeiaraRebuli putCi. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos operatiuli moqmedebis Sedegad samTavrobo jarebma afxazeTis
saxalxo sabWos Senobis gaTavisufleba SeZles da putCis
Tavkacebi daapatimres.
1919 wlis 15 Tebervals noe Jordaniam britaneTis
27-e diviziis meTaurs amierkavkasiaSi general uokers
mosTxova, rom denikins gagra daetovebina, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo TviTon SeZlebda Tavisi sazRvrebis aRdgenas.
didi britaneTis warmomadgenlebma denikins mosTxoves
gagris datoveba, xolo qarTvelebi gaafrTxiles, rom maT
qalaqis ZaliT aRebaze uari eTqvaT. magram denikini gagris
datovebas ar apirebda. 1919 wlis TebervalSi md. bzifis
gaswvriv, dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris ingliselTa aseuli
Cadga. am aqcias didad ar SeuSlia xeli qarTvelebisaTvis,
romlebmac general gedevaniSvilis sardlobiT gadalaxes
mdinare bzifi da ramdenime dReSi daikaves teritoria md.
mzimTamde. Tumca maleve qarTvelebma odnav ukan daixies
da md. mexadirTan ganlagdnen.
afxazeTSi viTarebis garTulebis paralelurad daiZaba viTareba Sida qarTlSi, osebiT dasaxlebul re-
71
gionSi. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, samxreT
oseTis saxalxo kreba da erovnuli sabWo Seiqmna, romelTa
mizani iyo e.w. `samxreT oseTis” gamoyofa calke administraciul-teritoriul erTeulad. am organizaciis
aqtiuri monawileobiT 1918 wlis martSi, jer kidev saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde, osebma ajanyeba moawyves, ramac qarTvelebTan sisxliani Setakeba
gamoiwvia. am ajanyebis Sedegad qalaqi cxinvali daingra
da gaiZarcva. cxinvalSi wesrigis dasamyareblad Sesuli
qarTuli wiTeli gvardiis razmi mTlianad gaanadgures.
1919 wlis 23 oqtombers daiwyo osTa meore ajanyeba.
ajanyebis mizani bolSevikur ruseTTan SeerTeba iyo.
am ajanyebas mxari dauWires amierkavkasiis bolSevikurma
organizaciebmac. saqarTvelos mTavrobam es ajanyebac
Caaqro. da bolos, 1920 wlis maisSi, sabWoTa azerbaijanis mxridan wiTeli armiis nawilebis Semotevisas, osebi
kvlav ajanydnen da samxreT oseTis sabWoTa ruseTTan
SeerTeba gamoacxades. amjerad es ajanyeba gansakuTrebuli agresiulobiTa da masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda. qarTulma armiam general kvinitaZis xelmZRvanelobiT mkacrad CaaxSo igi.
aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver monaxa
os mosaxleobasTan urTierTobis daregulirebis meqanizmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom osi mosaxleobis didi
nawili `samxreT oseTis” farglebs miRma cxovrobda, qarTvelebTan intensiur kulturul-sayofacxovrebo da
mWidro ekonomikur viTarebaSi, mTavrobam ver gamoiyena es mdgomareoba da ver uzrunvelyo
sayovelTao
mSvidoba. rus bolSevikebs ayolili osi mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawili ara marto ruseTTan SeerTebas
iTxovda, aramed eweoda mezobeli qarTveli mosaxleobis
tradiciul Zarcva-rbevas, romlis Sesaxeb, jer kidev
adrec, gulistkiviliT amaxvilebda yuradRebas osuri
literaturis klasikosi kosta xeTagurovi.
problemebi iyo samahmadiano saqarTveloSic, sadac
seriozulad muSaobda TurqeTis saxelmwifo, romlis
mizani iyo am regionSi proTurquli ganwyobilebebis
xelSewyoba. 1919 ianvars axalcixis raionSi ajanyebam ifeTqa. ajanyeba adgilobrivi memamuleebis mier iyo inicirebuli, isini samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis respublikis
mTavrobis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. am respublikam
damoukidebloba 1919 wlis 18 ianvars gamoacxada qa-
72
laq yarsSi musulmanuri nacionaluri sabWosa da me-9
Turquli armiis xelmZRvanelobis iniciativiT. ajanyebis
mizani axalqalaqis da axalcixis olqebis, da momavalSi,
agreTve baTumis olqis saqarTvelodan mowyveta da yarsis olqTan, ardaganis da olTisis mazrebTan mierTeba
da samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis respublikis teritoriis
gafarToeba iyo. Znelia erTmniSvnelovnad davasaxeloT
ajanyebis mizezi. unda aRiniSnos, rom adgilobrivi administraciis uxeSma moqmedebam menSevikuri mTavrobis emisris leo ruxaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, garkveuli
roli Seasrula mosaxleobis saprotesto ganwyobilebis
Camoyalibebasa da gaRrmavebaSi. swored amiT moxerxebulad isargebles samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis respublikis mTavrobasTan dakavSirebulma Zalebma. ajanyebulebma
aiZules qarTuli armiis SedarebiT mcire kontingenti,
romelsac gamocdili generali mayaSvili xelmZRvanelobda, daetovebina axalcixe da axalqalaqi. general mayaSvilis moqmedebebiT ukmayofilo saqarTvelos mTavrobam
gadaayena igi, axalcixis mimarTulebiT armiis sardlad
generali mazniaSvili daniSna da mas yovelgvari daxmareba
aRuTqva. samwuxarod, dapirebuli daxmareba mazniaSvilma
ver miiRo afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis gamo.
mazniaSvilis jarma samxreT-dasavleT frontze ukan daxeva ganagrZo da datova rigi dasaxlebuli punqti awyuris CaTvliT. am warumateblobiT guldawyvetilma saqarTvelos mTavrobam gaiwvia generali mazniaSvili da mis
adgilze generali kvinitaZe dainiSna.
saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas ar SeeZlo, an ar undoda im ubralo faqtis aRiareba, rom gamarjvebisaTvis
aucilebelia Zlieri jari da rom veravin, iseTi brwinvale generalic ki, rogoric iyo giorgi mazniaSvili,
ver SeZlebda dadebiTad gadaewyvita brZolis Sedegi
aseTi
jaris gareSe. swored es moiTxova mTavrobisgan generalma kvinitaZem da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac mis
gankargulebaSi Semovida misi gaangariSebiT aucilebeli
samaSvelo jari, kvinitaZem Setevis brZaneba gasca. mTeli
rigi warmatebuli sabrZolo operaciebis Sedegad misma
jarma gaaTavisufla axalcixisa da axalqalaqis olqebi
da aRadgina qarTuli kontroli ardaganis olqze. imave
dros, 27-e britanuli diviziis daxmarebiT somxeTis demokratiuli respublikis jarebma yarsisa da kazizmanis
olqebis udidesi nawilis okupireba moaxdines. 1919 wlis
73
12 aprils TviTgamocxadebuli samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis respublika gaauqmes, misi liderebi ki daiWires.
aseT viTarebaSi proqarTuli dajgufebis – memed
abaSiZis politikuri gaerTianebis moRvaweoba gansakuTrebiT dasafasebelia, magram xelisufleba, romlisTvisac miuRebeli iyo `teritoriuli avtonomia”, aWianurebda samahmadiano saqarTvelos avtonomiis Sesaxeb
saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebas. mogvianebiT, saqarTvelos konstituciaSi dafiqsirda afxazeTsa da samuslimano saqarTvelosTvis avtonomiis miniWebis faqti, magram ra Sinaarsisa iqneboda es avtonomia, konstituciaSi
naTqvami ar iyo.
ratom gamwvavda ase Zalian erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi saqarTveloSi 1918-1921 wlebSi?
mTavari da upirvelesi, Cveni azriT, iyo arsebuli
politikuri realobis araadekvaturi aRqma. saqarTvelos
memarjvene social-demokratiam, romelic mudam winaaRmdegi iyo ruseTis erTiani saxelmwifos daSla-daqucmacebisa da msoflio proletariatis internacionalur
erTobaze ocnebobda, iZulebuli gaxda, erovnuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba daewyo Zveli – social-demokratiuli
iluziebiT aRsavse programiT. realoba ki moiTxovda,
rom saqarTvelos memarjvene social-demokratias radikalurad Seecvala Tavisi erovnuli programa. maSin es
ar gakeTda. piriqiT, qarTvelma memarjvene social-demokratebma rogorc Semdgari faqti, ise miiRes virtualur ocnebaSi arsebuli `Tamarisdroindeli saqarTvelo”
da mTel am teritoriaze pretenzia ganacxades.
obieqturi viTarebis gamo adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma
(rogorc qarTvelebma, ise araqarTvelebma)
daiviwyes
erTiani saqarTvelosadmi damokidebuleba, istoriuli
kavSirebi da amitomac, maincdamainc, saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba
da
masTan
daqvemdebarebuli
politikuri kavSiri did sikeTed ar miiCnies. saWiro
iyo am mimarTulebiT muSaoba, didZali materialuri da
sulieri resursi, magram amisaTvis arc dro iyo da arc
saSualeba moiZebneboda. amitomac sityvieri apelirebebi,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, rCeboda `xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa
Sina”.
seriozul Secdomad Cans, rom
cneba `avtonomia”,
romelic gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo im periodSi
eTnokratiis liderebs Soris, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
74
satyuarad gadaaqcia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, rogorc
afxazeTSi, iseve samuslimano saqarTveloSi, `avtonomia”,
`farTo avtonomia”, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda memarjvene
social-demokratebis erovnul programasa da politikas,
iyo virtualuri dapireba, romlis Seusrulebloba mudam
aRizianebda meore mxares.
memarjvene
social-demokratebi
marqsistebi,
revolucionerebi iyvnen. isini aRiarebdnen Zalmomreobas
–
rogorc
istoriuli
ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovan
demiurgs. xelisuflebaSi yofnis dros maT ver moiSores
revoluciuri frazeologia da cdilobdnen, magram ver
aiciles Tavidan `gaTavisuflebuli monis sindromic”. es
gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino iyo CinovnikebSi, miliciasa da
saxalxo gvardiis rigiT wevrebSi. amisi bevri magaliTi
SeiZleba moviyvanoT. damfuZnebeli krebis wevri p. i.
bruli borCalos mazris rusuli, germanuli da somxuri
soflebis Semovlis Semdeg aRniSnavda: `komisrebis,
gvardielebis, oficrebis, milicionerebis, zogierTi
erobis muSakisa da Cinovnikis saqmianoba aRweras ar
eqvemdebareba... patara mefeebiviT iqcevian. es pirdapir
dacinvaa adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis,
demokratizmi Zlivs SeimCneva. samagierod uxvad aris
araTu nacionalizmi, Sovinizmic ki”.
baTumis olqis SemoerTebis Semdeg damfuZnebeli
krebis wevrma p. geleiSvilma imogzaura aWaraSi da Tavis
moxsenebaSi iq antiqarTuli tendenciebis gaZliereba
aRniSna.
im wlebSi saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis
samxedro Careva sxvadasxva konfliqtur situaciaSi
yovelTvis ar iyo gonivruli da viTarebasTan adekvaturi.
ra Tqma unda, amboxebuli qarTuli regionebis (duSeTis,
samegrelo, saCxere da sxv.) winaaRmdegac igzavneboda
damsjeli eqspediciebi, magram araqarTul regionebSi
(afxazeTi, samaCablo, borCalo) obieqturi mizezebiT
(bolSevikuri
amboxeba,
separatistuli
gamosvlebi)
ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciebis dros, albaT,
ajobebda, ufro loialuri, ufro rbili politika
gaetarebinaT.
gansakuTrebuli usamarTloba da simkacre gamoiCines
qarTvelma
milicionerebma
axladSemoerTebuli
qobuleTis sofel koxSi, sadac ubralo Selaparakebis gamo
adgilobrivi muslimani qarTveli jer sastikad scemes,
75
xolo mere, roca dazaralebulma Tavisi Seuracxmyoflebi
daxoca, qarTuli miliciis aq Cayenebulma nawilma mTeli
sofeli gadawva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi demokratiul
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebas oficialurad aRiarebdnen,
saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli mTavroba da misi
pirveladi
ujredebi sakmaod aqtiurad iyenebdnen
marTvis revoluciur meTodebs, revoluciuri miznebis
gamarTlebiT apatimrebdnen moqalaqeebs, Cxrekdnen
binebsa
da
dawesebulebebs,
arTmevdnen
qonebas,
saqonels, sacxovrebel binasac ki – da es yvelaferi
sasamarTlos specialuri sanqciis gareSe xdeboda. aris
uamravi dokumenti, romlebic mianiSnebs, rom TviTon
Sinagan saqmeTa ministri n. ramiSvili aqtiurad iyenebda
am meTodebs – rekvizicias, dapatimrebebs, Cxrekas
prokuroris sanqciis gareSe.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
Sinagan saqmeTa ministri sasamarTlo sanqciis gareSe,
mxolod dasmenis safuZvelze, apatimrebda, xuravda
araqarTul presas, Tuki masSi raime ar moewoneboda, an
mas saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis mavned miiCnevda.
danaSauls sCadioda zogierTi araqarTveli eTnosis
eTnokratiac. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo wregadasuli
pretenziebi da politikuri ambiciebi. eTnokratiis
interesi yovelTvis erTia – ar dakargos zegavlena
eTnosis marTvis procesebze, uzrunvelyos sakuTari
batonoba da moaxerxos maqsimaluri privilegiebis
miReba. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi eTnokratiis
es Tavisebureba kargad hqondaT SemCneuli politikur
xelmZRvanelebsa da ideologebs. gazeTi `erToba” im
wlebSi werda: `afxazeTis Tavadebs asuldgmulebT
siZulvili demokratiisadmi. nu SeexebiT memamuleebis
miwebsa da batonobas, daicaviT feodaluri privilegiebi
da afxazeTis
gabatonebul wreebSi Tqven ipoviT
erTgul megobrebs, romlebic iseve erTgulad moiTxoven
afxazeTis gaqarTvelebas, rogorc dRes imave afxazebis
garusebas moiTxoven. swored es klasikuri, wodebrivi
interesebia, rom gabatonebul wreebs xan Turqofilad
xdis, xan denikinelad an bolSevikad”.
imJamad, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTsa da samuslimano
saqarTveloSi, eTnokratia, ZiriTadad, TavadaznaurTa
wridan iyo gamosuli da `demokratiasac” swored isini
warmoadgendnen. am kuTxis Tavadaznauruli inteligenciis
76
zegavlena adgilobriv mosaxleobaze sakmaod didi iyo.
sainteresoa, rom eTnokratiis calkeuli, yvelaze
ufro proqarTulad ganwyobili politikuri lideris
`demokratiul frazeologiaSi” im wlebSi Cinebulad
iniRbeboda
gankerZoebis,
separatizmis
muxtebi,
klasobrivi, religiuri da kuTxuri Taviseburebebi.
sayovelTaod
cnobilia
memed
abaSiZisa
da
misi
politikuri jgufis didi Rvawli samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos deda-samSoblosTan dabrunebis saqmeSi.
miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT, rom m.
abaSiZis mier Sedgenili `programa da instruqcia
samuslimano saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komitetisa”,
faqtobrivad, moiTxovs
muslimani qarTvelebisaTvis
`saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi”, radganac is iTvaliswinebs
srul damoukideblobas sarwmuneobriv saqmeSi, SariaTze
dafuZnebul sasamarTlos, swavla-ganaTlebas medresebSi,
soflis meurneobis miwis muslimanuri kanonis mixedviT
mowyobas, vaWrobis damoukideblobas da a.S.
es proeqti seriozuli safrTxis Semcveli iyo. misi
realizacia gamoiwvevda saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes
geostrategiul
regionSi
ZiriTadi
eTnosisagan
gansxvavebuli eTno-socialuri da eTno-kulturuli
garemos dakonservebas, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
konsolidaciis procesis kidev ufro Seferxebas.
kidev ufro wregadasuli iyo `osi demokratiis”
warmomadgenlebis pretenziebi saqarTvelos oficialuri
xelisuflebis mimarT. saqarTvelos osebs Tavadaznauroba
ara
hyavda.
mis
funqcias
yofili
straJnikebi,
gabolSevikebuli jariskacebi asrulebdnen, romlebic
ver faravdnen ruseTTan SeerTebis survils. am mizniT
isini ajanyebebsac ki awyobdnen, romelsac Tan erTvoda
morodiorobis saSineli faqtebi, rac problemebs uqmnida
Tbiliss. arasamarTlebrivi survilebi da pretenziebi
warmoSobs konfliqtur situacias, qmnis daZabulobis
kerebs. eTnokratiis es warmomadgenlebi ar iTvaliswinebdnen
arc TavianTi pretenziebis istoriul, samarTlebriv
safuZvlebs, arc obieqtur realiebs da, politikuri
ambiciebiT Sepyrobilebi, ayenebdnen iseT winadadebebs,
romlebsac veranairi demokratiuli mTavroba dadebiTad
ver gadaWrida, radgan es gamoiwvevda saxelmwifos
istoriuli teritoriebis gasxvisebas, es ki safuZvelSive
ewinaaRmdegeboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs.
77
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom XX saukunis 20ian wlebSi politikuri kulturis done saqarTveloSi,
gansakuTrebiT provinciebSi, maRali ar iyo. wera-kiTxvis
mcodneTa ricxvi ar aRemateboda 36,7 procents, soflad
es maCvenebeli kidev ufro dabali iyo, xolo araqarTuli
eTnosebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi – wera-kiTxva TiToorola kacma Tu icoda. aseT viTarebaSi, rasakvirvelia,
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ver erkveoda politikur
viTarebaSi, ar esmoda saxelmwifos
dasavluri Tu
aRmosavluri politikuri orientaciis mniSvneloba, ver
arkvevda arsebul politikur jgufebsa da mimarTulebebs
Soris gansxvavebebs.
amitomac iyo SemTxvevebi, roca erTi da igive
eleqtorati (sofeli) erTnairi enTuziazmiT aZlevda xmas
proqarTul, proTurqul, proazerbaijanul rezoluciebs.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saqarTveloSi 1919-1920 wlebSi
gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen mezobeli saxelmwifoebis
emisrebi, romlebic xvdebodnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas,
cru dapirebebs aZlevden maT. eleqtoratic maTTvis
sasurvel gadawyvetilebas iRebda. aseTi antiqarTuli
rezoluciebi miRebulia afxazeTis, osebis soflebSi,
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos (axalcixe-axalqalaqis)
regionebSi imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli politikuri Zala
eufleboda adgilobriv teritorias.
adgilobrivi eTnokratiis pretenziebi da mosaxleobis
dabali kulturul-politikuri done, mZime socialuri
viTareba, sakuTari eTnosis primatis aRiareba, demokratiuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebisadmi upativcemuloba, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis garkveul
nawils Cveni saxelmwifos erTgulebisTvis ar ganawyobda.
amas unda daematos isic, rom jer kidev Zlieri iyo
`nikolozis ruseTis” _ cxovrebis SedarebiT maRali
donisadmi nostalgiis grZnoba. es satyuara, ZiriTadad,
saqarTvelos araqarTvel eTnosebze axdenda zemoqmedebas
da es ganwyobileba aSkarad ikveTeboda nebismieri
politikuri Tu samxedro krizisis dros. es ki iwvevda
am regionis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saSiS ganwyobas
qarTuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.
roca
qarTul-somxuri
dapirispirebis
Semdeg
specialurma komisiam borCalos somxur soflebSi
viTareba
Seiswavla,
adgilobrivma
mcxovreblebma
daarwmunes komisiis wevrebi, rom isini saqarTvelosadmi
78
loialurebi arian, magram faqtebi aSkarad adasturebdnen,
rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobis didi umetesoba mxars
uWerda somxeTis saxelmwifos. es mxardaWera kidev ufro
aSkarad gamoikveTa 1921 wlis TebervalSi, rodesac
swored am kuTxis mcxovreblebi aujanydnen saqarTvelos
mTavrobas
da,
komunistebisagan
Segulianebulebma,
qarTveli bolSevikebis winamZRolobiT, Semoiyvanes
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa ruseTis XI armia.
SemTxveviTi ar aris isic, rom `rusTa erovnulma
sabWom”, romelic mudam gamoirCeoda pretenziulobiT,
1921 wlis 26 Tebervals, komunisturi ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos okupaciis meore dResve, Sewyvita Tavisi
uflebamisileba `radgan xelisufleba gadavida axali
mTavrobis xelSi, romelic mmarTvelobis organizacias
axorcielebs sabWoTa sistemis safuZvelze, rac iZleva
kanonis winaSe yvela eris Tanasworobis garantias”. aSkaraa,
rom Tbilisel rusebsa da maT liderebs totalitaruli
ruseTi
erCiaT
demokratiul
saqarTvelos.
amiT
`erovnulma sabWom” gamoavlina arsebuli antiqarTuli
muxti, romelsac mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze
guldasmiT niRbavda loialobis mantiis qveS.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli
saxelmwifos sagareo politika
amierkavkasia da msoflio politika
amierkavkasia msoflio geostrategiuli interesebis
erT-erTi gzaSesayaria dResac da aseTive iyo XX saukunis
dasawyisSic. uxsovari droidan amierkavkasiaze gadioda
umniSvnelovanesi saqaravno gzebi. Sua saukuneebis
msoflio politikis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo
brZola kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebisaTvis, darialisa da
derbendis uReltexilebis dapyroba-damorCileba, iq
gabatoneba.
XIX saukunis dasasrulidan, baqos navTobisa da WiaTuris
marganecis sabadoebis eqsploataciiT daiwyo axali era
samxreT kavkasiis xalxebisTvis. regionis mniSvneloba
kidev ufro gaizarda. germaniis ekonomikuri interesebi
axlo aRmosavleTSi mTlianad gansazRvruli iyo misi
mzardi ekonomikuri moTxovnilebiT. WiaTuris marganecis
79
sabados eqsploataciis dawyebisTanave germaniis saqmiani
wreebis warmomadgenlebi dainteresdnen sabadoTi da
garkveuli uflebebic moipoves masze: aq warmatebiT
funqcionirebda
germanuli `gizelkirxenis” saaqcio
sazogadoeba, romelic sistematurad zrdida madnis
damuSavebis maCveneblebs da gahqonda is evropaSi.
baqos navTobis eqsploatacia, romelmac XX saukunis
dasawyisSi ukve kolosalur gaqanebas miaRwia, msoflio
mopovebis 40 procents Seadgenda da xarbad izidavda
msoflios yvela qveynis mwarmoebels: aq interesebi hqondaT
nobels, rotSilds, mirzoevsa Tu romanovs. sabadosadmi
interesi gansakuTrebiT aSkara gaxda mas Semdeg, rac
eqsploataciaSi Sevida baqo-baTumis navTobsadeni, xolo
baTumis navsadguri saerTaSoriso ekonomikur wrebrunvaSi Caeba. baTumis mniSvneloba swrafad gaizarda. man
msoflio biznesis gigantebis, da, aqedan gamomdinare, maTi
saxelmwifoebis yuradReba miipyro.
sanam ruseTis imperia am teritoriebs akontrolebda,
regionSi
`moTamaSe”
qveynebi
lodinis
pozicias
inarCunebdnen da ruseTis suverenitets aRiarebdnen.
pirveli msoflio omisa da ruseTSi bolSevikuri
avanturis Semdeg, es regioni `upatrono” gaxda da man
swrafad miiqcia evropis wamyvani qveynebis yuradReba.
urTierToba germaniasTan
1918 wels regionSi mTavar `moTamaSed” germania
iTvleboda. kaizerma vilhelm II-m SeZlo rusi bolSevikebis
mier brest-litovskSi miRweuli zavis safuZvelze Zalebis
gadajgufeba, uzarmazari materialuri resursebis miReba
(germaniam daikava mTeli baltiispireTi, poloneTi,
ukraina da belorusia, ruseTma gaiRo didi reparaciebi
da a.S.), ase rom, samxreT kavkasiaSi germania – TurqeTis
aliansi imJamad daumarcxebeli Canda.
germaniis diplomatia meTodurad angrevda ruseTis
zegavlenas samxreT kavkasiaSi, ayalibebda am teritoriaze
axal vasalur saxelmwifoebs, romlebic garegnulad
`damoukideblebi” iyvnen. Tavisi zegavlenis ganmtkiceba
regionSi surda TurqeTsac, romelic germaniasTan
dadebuli politikuri SeTanxmebebis miuxedavad, sakuTar
interesebs – panTurquli politikis ganmtkicebas ar
iviwyebda.
80
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos
social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis interesi germaniisadmi
gasagebi xdeba, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom germaniis
social-demokratia, evropaSi yvelaze darazmuli da Zlieri,
saxelmwifos gverdiT dadga da mxari dauWira I msoflio
omSi TavdacviT politikas. qarTvel politikosebs mWidro
kavSiri hqondaT germaniis social-demokratiasTan.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, germaniasTan mWidro
politikuri urTierTobis ganviTarebis momxre iyo
qarTvel patriotTa erTi jgufi, romlebmac ukve
omis wina periodSi intensiuri kavSiri daamyares
germaniis specsamsaxurebTan da swored maTi daxmarebiT
varaudobdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas.
amrigad, 1918 wlis maisSi, bolSevikebis garda,
saqarTvelos politikuri speqtri germaniasTan aliansis
momxre iyo. TviTon germaniac ar iyo winaaRmdegi, rom
saqarTvelo germaniis mfarvelobis qveS Sesuliyo. es
sakmaod araorazrovnad gamoxata
noe JordaniasTan
Sexvedris dros germaniis warmomadgenelma, generalma
fon kresma. TviTon noe Jordania 1918 wlis zafxulSi
germaniis dainteresebas saqarTveloTi Semdegi mizezebiT
xsnida: `... Cveni urTierSoris damokidebuleba iyo
loialuri, megobruli, gulwrfeli. igive germanelebi
imave dros sruliad sxvanairad moiqcnen ukrainaSi. iq
isini TviT svamdnen mTavrobas, survilisamebr cvlidnen
mas, awyobdnen Sina urTierTobas _ erTi sityviT,
iqceodnen rogorc dapyrobil qveyanaSi. riT aixsneba
es ori sxvadasxva sazomi
Cveni da ukrainis mimarT?
ueWvelia, erTi garemoebiT: iq iyo sruli anarqia,
Sinauri brZola, bolSevikebis TareSi, partiaTa Widili,
uwesrigoba da uTavoba. germanelT ki eWirvebodaT
wesrigi, da iseTi mTavroba, romelsac eri scnobda da mas
normalurad warmoadgenda da marTavda. CvenSi ki swored
is poves, rasac eZebdnen – wesrigi, mTeli eri mTavrobis
irgvliv darazmuli, araviTari qaosi da anarqia – erTi
sityviT, namdvili Tanamedrove saxelmwifo”. ramdenad
samarTliani iyo mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris es, gviandel
memuarebSi sakuTari Tavisa da STamomavlobisaTvis
gamxelili daskvna, amaze detalurad qvemoT visaubrebT.
magram imJamad germaniasTan aliansi saqarTvelosTvis
yovelmxriv misaRebad CaiTvala.
swored amitomac, 1918 wlis 28 maiss foTSi daiwyo
81
molaparakeba germaniis imperiasa da saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos
warmomadgenlebs Soris. saqarTvelos
mTavrobisaTvis, albaT, erTaderTi optimaluri varianti
Turqebis
Semotevebis
SesaCereblad,
germaniasTan
dadebuli
xelSekruleba
iqneboda.
amitom
daido
`droebiTi SeTanxmeba saqarTvelosa da germanias Soris
winaswari urTierTdamokidebulebis damyarebis Sesaxeb”.
raSi mdgomareobda saqarTvelo-germaniis 1918 wlis
28 maisis
SeTanxmebis arsi? am dokumentis mixedviT,
imperiuli germania saqarTvelos mTavrobas `de faqtod“
aRiarebda da omis pirobebSi saqarTvelos rkinigzebze
germaniis kontrols awesebda. momavali ekonomikuri
programisa da sesxis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mTavroba
kontraqts debda germaniasTan. saqarTvelos mTavroba
agreTve imedovnebda, rom
germania xels Seuwyobda
saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris urTierTobis
mowesrigebas da daexmareboda saqarTvelos stabilur,
kargad organizebul saxelmwifod CamoyalibebaSi.
dadebuli xelSekruleba saqarTvelos rkinigzebsa
da navsadgurebze germaniis kontrolis damyarebas
iTvaliswinebda. xelSekrulebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos
mxares germaniisaTvis unda gadaeca mis
portebSi
dislocirebuli yvela gemi: samgzavro xomaldi, buqsirebi,
barJebi, motoriani navebi, bogirebi.
germaniis saqmeSi Carevam navaraudevi Sedegi ar
gamoiRo _ damoukidebeli saqarTvelo iZulebuli gaxda
TurqeTisaTvis, aWarasTan erTad, axalcixe da axalqalaqic
daeTmo. magram es iyo mSvidoba, rac saqarTvelos
mTavrobas aZlevda
dros, rom gadajgufeba moexdina
da germaniis daxmarebis imediT dakarguli teritoriebis
nawilis dasabruneblad diplomatiuri brZola daewyo.
1918 wlis 7 ivniss foTis navsadgurSi germaniis didi
samxedro xomaldi Semovida. 3-4 aTasi jariskaci zarbaznebiT, tyviamfrqvevebiT qalaqis sxvadasxva ubanSi ganlagda. foTidan
operatiuli davalebebis Sesasruleblad yoveldRiurad gadioda rkinigzis eSelonebiT 200kaciani samxedro razmebi.
germaniis warmomadgeneli fon kresi da germaniis
elCi saqarTveloSi grafi Sulenburgi saqarTveloSi avtoritetuli pirebi gaxdnen, romelTa rCevas, kritikul
SeniSvnas iziarebdnen TbilisSi da angariSsac uwevdnen.
germaniis elCi imxanad axalgazrda diplomati iyo. saqa-
82
rTvelos winaSe gaweuli damsaxurebisaTvis is wminda
mefe Tamaris ordeniTac ki dajildovda da mas germaniis
`rkinis jvris” ordenis qvemoT atarebda (sayuradReboa,
rom II msoflio omis win is germaniis elCi iyo sabWoTa
kavSirSi da swored man gadasca sabWoTa xelisuflebas
germaniis oficialuri cnoba omis dawyebis Sesaxeb).
germanelebi exmarebodnen qarTvelebs SeiaraRebuli Zalebis organizebaSi. arsebobs fon kresis depeSa,
romelSic saubaria general mazniaSvilisaTvis javSanteqnikis miwodebis Taobaze, germanelebis monawileobaze
konfliqtur regionebSi viTarebis ganmuxtvis RonisZiebebSi da a.S.
es TanamSromloba aSkarad aRizianebda bolSevikur
ruseTs. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1918 wlis zafxuli misTvis mZime gamocdis periodi iyo – moxda samoqalaqo omis
eskalacia, `antantis” mxardaWeriT gulmicemuli `TeTri
moZraoba” TiTqmis moskovs uaxlovdeboda, seriozuli
problemebi iyo samxreTiT, sadac Zlierdeboda denikinis
moxaliseTa armia, komunisturi ruseTis oficialuri
presa gesliani statiebiT ikmayofilebda imJamad Sesustebul moTxovnebs.
gansakuTrebiT gaaRiziana moskovi TbilisSi, rusTavelis prospeqtze, didebis yofil taZarTan (Tanamedrove
`samxatvro galerea”) saqarTvelosa da germaniis erToblivma samxedro aRlumma. im dRes, 11 ivliss, saRamos 5 saaTze didebis taZarTan ganlagebuli aRlumis
win gamovidnen oficialuri pirebi: mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe ramiSvili, germaniis rwmunebuli grafi Sulenburgi, saqarTvelos samxedro ministri giorgaZe,
general-leitenanti
baberi. mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem
Caatara aRlumis inspeqtireba da sityviT mimarTa germaniis mxedrions. am sityvaSi n. ramiSvilma Camoayaliba
saqarTvelos mxaris pozicia, germaniasTan megobrobis
survili, da dasasruls gamoTqva rwmena, rom qarTuli
da germanuli armiebi, erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi, SeZlebdnen wesrigis damyarebas. sapasuxo sityvaSi grafma
Sulenburgma gamoTqva imedi, rom germaniis saimperio
jarebi da saqarTvelos mxedrioni mudmivad megobrul
urTierTobaSi iqnebian da mtkiced daicaven erTmaneTis
kanonier interesebs.
samxedro interesebTan erTad germanias didi ekonomikuri interesebic hqonda. sisxlismRvreli omis viTare-
83
baSi mas amierkavkasia esaWiroeboda, rogorc nedleulis
wyaro: marganeci, xe-tye,
qvanaxSiri. saqarTvelo iyo
tranziti baqos navTobisaken, agreTve saqarTvelosa da
amierkavkasiis rkinigzebis saSualebiT SeiZleboda Crdilo iranSi Sesvla, inglisis indoeTis koloniebSi SeRweva
da a.S. amitomac es megobroba imJamad ormxriv sasargeblo Canda.
Tumca es TanamSromloba yovelTvis uproblemo ar
iyo. magram im periodSi saqarTvelos xelisufleba germaniasTan urTierTobis gauaresebas gaurboda da bevr
rameze Tvals xuWavda. axalSeqmnil saxelmwifos surda
evropeli mfarvelis mxardaWera da am mizniT bevr daTmobaze midioda. am viTarebas saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli xelisufleba ideologiur safuZvels uZebnida da
mosaxleobas am politikis gagebisaken mouwodebda.
1918 wlis ivnisidan oqtombramde saqarTvelos
sagareo saqmeTa saministros delegacia Tavis germanel
kolegebTan erTad or qveyanas Soris farTo xelSekrulebis mosamzadeblad intensiurad muSaobda germaniaSi. mTavari dabrkoleba sabWoTa ruseTis reaqcia gaxldaT, romelic germaniisa da saqarTvelos Soris `de
iure” molaparakebis winaaRmdegi iyo. magram bolos da
bolos, germaniis zewolis gamo, daTmo da oficialurad ganacxada, rom Tumca TviTon ruseTs saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba jer ar uRiarebia, is ar ewinaaRmdegeba
brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis damatebis me-13 punqtis
Tanaxmad, germaniis mxridan mis aRiarebas. 1918 wlis 3
oqtombers xelSekrulebis xelmosawerad yvelaferi mzad
iyo, magram amjerad germaniam ver SeZlo amis gakeTeba,
radgan germaniaSi daiwyo samTavrobo krizisi, rac noembris revoluciaSi gadaizarda. germania omSi damarcxda,
saqarTvelos germaniaze orientacia uecrad gakotrda.
germaniasTan xelmosawerad gamzadebuli rogorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebi proeqtebad darCa
da, cxadia, aRarasodes Sesula ZalaSi. germaniis datovebamde, germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Sexvedris dros, saqarTvelos delegaciis warmomadgeneli
zurab avaliSvili esaubra doqtor groperts, romelmac
qarTvelebs megobruli rCeva misca: `ecadeT `antantis”
qveynebi rac SeiZleba swrafad gadmoibiroT Tqvens mxareze. es Zneli amocana iqneba, radgan mokavSire saxelmwifoebi, romelTa mizanic gaerTianebuli ruseTis
84
aRdgena iqneba, yofili sasazRvro qveynebis winaaRmdeg
gamovlen. ufro metic, axla somxebi, albaT, `antantis”
favoritebi gaxdebian. `antanta” Seecdeba cremli SeuSros da maTi pretenziebi Tqvens raionebze – borCalosa
da axalqalaqze – daukmayofilos”. es sityvebi WeSmariti
winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCnda, keTilmosurne megobrisagan micemuli.
urTierToba TurqeTTan
germanias, surda es Tu ara, Tavisi mokavSiris
– TurqeTis interesebzec unda ezruna. saqarTvelos
politikosebis survili, daedoT TurqeTTan uaneqsio
da ukontribucio zavi, ver ganxorcielda. Turqebma
ulaparakod waiRes 1877-1878 wlebSi ruseTTan wagebuli omis Sedegad dakarguli teritoriebi da mas 1829
wels dakarguli – axalcixis safaSos teritoriebic miayoles. TurqeTis zewolis Sedegad saqarTvelos mxare
iZulebuli gaxda, xeli moewera 1918 wlis 4 ivnisis `zavisa da megobrobis xelSekrulebisaTvis”, romlis ZaliT
saqarTvelo aRiarebda TurqeTis suzerenitets warTmeul miwebze.
am teritoriebze rTuli, gausaZlisi viTareba Seiqmna.
saqarTvelos es istoriuli teritoriebi TaviseburebiT
nikoloz II drosac gamoirCeodnen. geostrategiuli mdgomareobiT saintereso es mxare ruseTis gansakuTrebul
interess iwvevda da yvela SesaZlo xerxiT cdilobda
aq rusuli zegavlenis damkvidreba-gaZlierebas: aq
asaxlebdnen ruseTis Sida guberniebidan wamosul kolonistebs, adgilze inaxavdnen rusuli jaris did kontigents, uRvivebdnen adgilobriv mahmadian mosaxleobas
antiqarTul ganwyobilebas da a.S.
unda isic aRiniSnos, rom ruseTs am mxareSi daxvda
Zlieri mahmadianuri zegavlena, molebisa da xojebis ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba, SariaTis wesebi da tradiciebi.
TurqeTi am teritoriebze sakuTari zegavlenis SesanarCuneblad did Tanxas xarjavda da garkveul Sedegebsac
aRwevda – gabatonebuli klasebis mniSvnelovani nawili,
qarTveli mahmadianebi `sedai mileTis” proTurqul organizaciaSi iyvnen gaerTianebuli, isini TurqeTTan kvlav
SeerTebaze ocnebobdnen. es orive imperia – TurqeTi da
ruseTi saxsrebs ar zogavda regionSi TavianTi interesebis dasacavad.
85
sruliad marto darCa qarTuli erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romlis ideologebi, xSirad sicocxlisaTvis riskis fasad, cdilobdnen erovnuli
cnobierebis aRdgenas. amaSi maT mxolod qarTveli inteligenciis mokrZalebuli mcdeloba da qarTuli enis
Zliereba exmareboda. axla
ki – TurqeTis okupaciis
pirobebSi, qarTveli patriotebis mcdelobas, mieRwiaT
qristiani da mahmadiani qarTvelebis erTianobisaTvis
– seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra.
TurqeTi I msoflio omis periodSi autsaideri qveyana
iyo. ruseTma mas araerTxel miayena seriozuli dartyma –
murRulTan gaunadgura jaris saukeTeso nawilebi, aiRo
trapizonic ki. `antanta” TurqeTis daSlas, mis nacvlad
ki axali saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas fiqrobda, ruseTi konstantinopolis miTvisebaze ocnebobda, somxebi ki – tigran didis `did sasomxeTze”. unda xazgasmiT aRiniSnos,
rom somxebs am utopiur imedebs `antantis” liderebic,
maT Soris rusi monarqistebic, uRvivebdnen, rac mizezi
gaxda somxebis antiTurquli gamosvlebisa. es ki sababad
gamoiyenes Turqebma da musri gaavles somex mosaxleobas.
gaRizianebuli Turqi dampyrobeli, romelmac saqarTvelosTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT `saxe” SeinarCuna da garkveuli gamarjvebac moipova, saqarTvelosgan mitacebul miwebze murvan-yrusaviT iqceoda. Turqi
askerebi qristian mosaxleobas sacxovrebeli adgilebidan erekebodnen. am saqmeSi maT zogierTi mahmadiani
qarTvelic exmareboda. borjomi, foTi da sxva qalaqebi
aivso Turqebis mier gandevnili qarTveli, rusi, somexi
mosaxleobiT.
baTumSi Camovida TurqeTis samxedro ministri enver
faSac, romelmac sazeimod ganacxada, rom TurqeTma ukan
daibruna ZaliT warTmeuli miwebi da `baTumi da baTumis
olqi ubrundeba deda samSoblos”.
Turqebis mxardaWeriT regionSi gaZlierda proTurquli orientacia, `sedai mileTis” saqmianoba.
axalqalaqis raionSi Turqebis Zalmomreobis Sedegad
gawyda
ramdenime aTasi macxovrebeli. TviTmxilvelebi yvebodnen, rom
raionSi sursaTis mxriv auwereli
gaWirveba iyo, TiTqmis yovel saxlSi SexvdebodiT SimSilisagan loginad Cavardnil qalebsa da bavSvebs. balaxis
WamiT tuCebdaxeTqil da RrZilebCaSavebul adamianebs.
86
TurqeTis xelisuflebam, brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, gadawyvita, okupirebul miwebze
referendumi Caetarebina. am mizniT gaaZlieres muSaoba:
darCenil qarTvelebs aiZulebdnen sakuTari saxl-kari
daetovebinaT da saqarTveloSi gaxiznuliyvnen, araqarTvel mosaxleobas Zalas atandnen, maTTvis sasurveli
gadawyvetileba mieRoT, yovelmxriv xels uwyobnen `sedai mileTis” organizaciis wevrebisa da mahmadiani samRvdeloebis propagandistul saqmianobas.
referendumi imdenad uwesrigod da kanonis darRveviT Catarda, rom is sabWoTa ruseTmac ki gaaprotesta.
sagareo saqmeTa komisris giorgi CiCerinis 1918 wlis seqtembris notaSi naTqvamia: `ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati protests gamoTqvams TurqeTis mimarT
brestis zavis pirobebis darRvevis gamo. es ukanaskneli
yarsSi, ardagansa da baTumSi iyenebs Zaladobas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. amasTan, Turquli administraciis damyarebisTanave 19 wlis mamakacebi iZulebiT
gaiwvies samxedro samsaxurSi. arCevnebis dros am olqebis
mosaxleobas Tavisufali nebis gamoaxatvis ufleba ar
misces, isini daaterores da abuCad aigdes. arCevnebis win
antiTurqulad ganwyobili avtoritetis mqone xalxi
gaasaxles da daapatimres, zog SemTxvevaSi maT xvretdnen
kidec. arCevnebi TurqeTis xelisuflebis zewolis pirobebSi mimdinareobda. aseTi arCevnebis Sedegebi, ra Tqma
unda, winaswarve iyo cnobili. ruseTisagan CamoSorebuli
olqebis mosaxleobaze ganxorcielebuli aSkara Zaladoba arRvevs SeTanxmebis IV muxlis pirobebs, ris gamoc sabWoTa xelisufleba ar aRiarebs yarsis, ardaganisa da baTumis olqebSi e.w. Tavisufali arCevnebis Sedegebs”.
magram am Zaladobas ar SeeZlo gamoesworebina TurqeTis metad mZime mdgomareoba – is seriozul warumateblobas ganicdida makedoniisa da palestinis frontebze,
ramac, sabolood, I msoflio omSi TurqeTis sastiki damarcxeba gamoiwvia: TurqeTis imperia daiSala, mas gamoeyvnen arabuli qveynebi – siria, palestina, iordania da
sxva saxelmwifoebi, romlebic gamarjvebulma antantis
qveynebma gadainawiles. mudrosis zavis mixedviT TurqeTi `antantis” yvela pretenzias daTanxmda: mas unda daeTmo, agreTve, baTumi da baTumis olqi. gamarjvebulma
qveynebma gadawyvites, rom baTumSi didi britaneTis saeqspedicio korpusi Sesuliyo.
87
didi britaneTis politika samxreT kavkasiaSi
1918 wlis 3 dekembers baTumSi Sevida didi britaneTis saadmiralos gemi `liverpuli” da ori kreiseri. ingliselebma CamosvlisTanave ganacxades TavianTi politikuri miznebis Sesaxeb – maT jer qalaqis rusulenovan
sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan daamyares kavSiri, mxolod amis Semdeg miiwvies kreiserze qarTuli sazogadoebriobis warmomadgenlebi. es Sexvedrebi miznad isaxavda mxolod pirad gacnobasa da adgilobriv situaciaSi
garkvevas.
qalaqis rusuli saTvistomos warmomadgenlebma ingliselebs ganucxades, rom baTumi da misi olqi aris
ruseTis saxelmwifos organuli da ganuyofeli nawili.
garkveuli fiqris Semdeg ingliselebma gamoacxades TavianTi verdiqti: radgan baTumis olqi warmoadgens mefis
ruseTis ganuyofel nawils, xolo ingliselebs surT ruseTSi aRadginon kanonieri xelisufleba, amis gamo baTumis olqis mmarTveloba unda gadaeces rusebis erovnul
sabWos inglisis general-gubernatoris sistematuri
kontrolis pirobebSi. inglisis general-gubernatorad
dainiSna generali kuk-kolisi.
1918 wlis 25 dekembers foTSi Semovida inglisis
saeqspedicio korpusi. meore dResve foTis navsadguri
datova germaniis samxedro eSelonma. Tbilisidan saswrafod Camosulma specialurma misiam Caibara germanelebis samxedro qoneba.
ingliselebma SemosvlisTanave yvelas daanaxes, rom
isini gamarjvebuli banakis warmomadgenlebi arian da
moiTxoven upirobo morCilebas. maT daaTvalieres saqarTvelos Savi zRvis portebi. gemebis nawili gaagzavnes
baTumSi. foTSi Ruza CauSva ingliselebis samma trailerma da erTma naRmosanma. inglisis warmomadgenlebma
navsadguris ufross mosTxoves navsadgurSi myofi yvela
gemis, barJasa da amwis daTvalierebis ufleba. amasTan,
surdaT, rom qarTul mxares maTTvis gadaeca navsadgurSi mdgomi naRmosani da amwe. magram maT ganucxades,
rom centraluri mTavrobis nebarTvis gareSe aseTi sapasuxismgeblo moTxovnas isini ar Seasrulebdnen. winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, 1919 wlis ianvarSi aRniSuli amwe
mainc gadaecaT ingliselebs.
30 dekembers baTums moadga kidev damatebiT 4 ingli-
88
suri gemi, romelmac qalaqSi Camoiyvana 15 000 jariskaci.
maT generali foster uokeri xelmZvanelobda.
3 ianvars foTSi, damatebiT, Semoiyvanes inglisuri
desantis 600-kaciani razmi. ingliselebma daaTvalieres
ra navsadguris profkavSirebis saxli, mas Tvali daadges
(am SenobaSi ganTavsebuli iyo sasadilo, samkiTxvelo
da gamgeoba). qarTuli mxaris araviTarma protestma ar
gaWra, ingliselebma qalaqis municipalitetis warmomadgenelebTan saubari arc ki isurves. am faqtma portis
mSromelebis aRSfoTeba da gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. navsadguris profkavSiruli organizaciis xelmZRvanelobam
depeSiT sTxova TbilisSi mTavrobas, rom mas zegavlena
moexdina inglisis saeqspedicio korpusis xelmZRvanelobaze, raTa SeewyvitaT foTSi maTi jariskacebisa da
oficrebis aRviraxsnili TareSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
muSebi gaficvebiT imuqrebodnen.
foTSi ingliselTa ukanonobas bolo ar uCanda. aSkara
iyo, rom Tbilisi ingliselebTan urTierTobis gafuWebas erideboda, bevr daTmobaze midioda da iTvaliswinebda gamarjvebuli qveynebis guneba-ganwyobilebas, raTa
daeCqarebina maTi mxridan saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRiareba. swored amaze miuTiTebs
saqarTvelos oficialuri warmomadgenlebis loialuri
gancxadebebi samxreT kavkasiaSi ingliselebis Semosvlis
pirvel xanebSi.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis sagareo saqmeTa ministri
evgeni gegeWkori oficialurad acxadebda, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba Tanaxma iyo TbilisSi Semosuliyvnen
ingliselebis qveiTi da
saartilerio brigadebi. inglisis samxedro nawilebi TbilisSic dabanakdnen. ingliselebis
gaocebas iwvevda wiTeli droSebisa da
marqsis suraTebis siuxve saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi,
isini ekiTxebodnen oficialur pirebs amis Sesaxeb da
iRebdnen damamSvidebel pasuxs – wiTeli droSis friali
ar gulisxmobda mTavrobis socialistur bunebas da mas
araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda bolSevikur ideologiasTan. magram ingliselebs, gansakuTrebiT mis xelmZRvanelebs, aSkarad gahyvaT undobloba saqarTvelos socialdemokratiuli xelisuflebis mimarT da amas xSiradac
amJRavnebdnen.
ingliselebi erevanSi miiwvies somxeTis saxelmwifos
warmomadgenlebma. samxreT kavkasiaSi yofnis manZilze in-
89
gliselebi aSkarad avlendnen prosomxur ganwyobilebas
da xels uSlidnen saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, daecva
Tavisi kanonieri interesebi, rac qarTul mxares damatebiT siZneleebs uqmnida.
somxebTan sabrZolo dapirispirebis dros ingliselebma somxebis mxare daikaves da aiZules qarTvelebi, borCalos mazra sam nawilad gaeyoT. mesame nawili somxebs
gadasces.
ingliselebma daicves `TeTri ruseTis” generlis –
denikinis interesebi da qarTul mxares kategoriulad
mosTxoves, daetovebina soWis olqi, romelic qarTvelma
mxedrobam daikava bolSevikuri amboxebis Caqrobis Semdeg.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan molaparakebis dros isini kategoriulad moiTxovdnen denikinTan
molaparakebas da bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg erTiani frontis Seqmnas. erT-erTi molaparakebis dros generalma
brigsma pirdapir uTxra evgeni gegeWkors: `ingliselebi
da italielebi wavlen, ruseTi ki darCeba, amitomac masTan karg urTierTobaSi unda iyoT. ai, Cemi rCeva Tqven
– daTmeT Tqveni Tavmoyvareoba, gauwodeT denikins xeli
da uTxariT mas _ `Cven TqvenTan varT!” yvela patara
saxelmwifo sustia, isini ki ar unda ebrZodnen erTmaneTs, aramed unda erTiandebodnen”.
qarTuli interesebis ignorireba da ruseTis interesebis lobireba damaxasiaTebeli iyo inglisis saeqspedicio korpusis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, Tumca ingliselebs
Soris iyvnen oficrebi, romlebic viTarebis obieqturi
analizis safuZvelze aSkarad ikavebdnen qarTul pozicias. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Canda ingliselebis mier
okupirebul baTumis olqSi. am teritoriebis momavalze ingliselebs sxvadasxva mosazreba hqondaT: pirveli
da maTTvis
mTavari – baTumi unda gadaecaT aRdgenili rusuli saxelmwifosTvis. arsebobda Tvalsazrisi
TurqeTisaTvis am teritoriiis gadacemis Sesaxebac. unda
aRiniSnos, rom garkveul periodSi inglisur administraciasTan azerbaijanis saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebmac
mouxSires vizitebi – isini baTumis olqis maTTvis gadacemas iTxovdnen. aseve arsebobda azri, baTumi `porto-frankod” gamoecxadebinaT.
generalma kuk-kolinsma baTumi aSkarad antiqarTuli intrigebis buded gadaaqcia. aq proqarTul orga-
90
nizaciebs uWirdaT moRvaweoba, isini iatakqveS muSaobaze gadavidnen. samagierod gamococxlda `sedai mileTis” proTurquli organizaciis saqmianoba. maT TavianTi
gazeTic ki daaarses da sastikad ebrZodnen qarTul organizaciebs, propagandas uwevdnen TurqeTTan SeerTebis
ideas.
ingliselTa kavkasiur politikaSi cvlilebebi SeimCneva 1920 wlidan. es dakavSirebuli iyo samoqalaqo omSi
bolSevikebis gamarjvebasTan, roca `antantis” mier angaJirebuli `TeTri moZraoba” damarcxda da ruseTSi komunistebis erTpirovnuli batonoba damyarda.
aseT viTarebaSi kuk-kolisma daiwyo saubari imaze, rom
`SesaZlebelia baTumis olqi gadaeces saqarTvelos im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu amisaTvis Sesaferisi pirobebi Seiqmneba”.
1920 wlis martSi ingliselebi jer kidev yoymanobdnen,
magram bolSevikebis mier baqos gasabWoebam movlenebi
daaCqara. kuk-kolisma ganacxada baTumis olqis saqarTvelosTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.
amis mizezi marto bolSevikebis samxedro warmatebebi ar iyo. TviTon inglisSic daiZaba viTareba, evropis
proletariati daiRala omiT, saxelmwifoebi gamoifitnen, yvela eloda sisxlismRvreli operaciebisa da eqspediciebis dasrulebas. ingliselebsac surdaT samSobloSi gamgzavreba. wasvlis win generalma kuk-kolisma ganacxada: `baTumi da baTumis olqi saqarTvelos gadaeca.
yvela is, vinc saqarTvelos jars winaaRmdegobas gauwevs,
CaiTvleba inglisis mtrad da rogorc saqarTvelo, ise
Cvenc, sastik zomebs miviRebT damnaSavis winaaRmdeg”.
1920 wlis 4 ivliss barcxanaSi (baTumis misadgomebi) saqarTvelos jaris nawilebi Sevidnen. 7 ivliss baTumic daikaves. Zalauflebis gadacemis ceremonialze
ingliselma oficerma ganacxada: `baTumi da misi olqi
daubrunda saqarTvelos. mivesalmebiT am dRes da visurvebT, rom saqarTvelo iseTi demokratiuli qveyana
gaxdes, romelic Rirseul adgils daikavebs msoflio
civilizaciis TanamegobrobaSi”.
am sityvebis Semdeg flagStokidan nela daeSva didi
britaneTis saxelmwifo alami. meore flagStokze ki
zecisken nel-nela miiwevda saqarTvelos samferovani
Sindisferi droSa.
91
amerika-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis
Taviseburebebi
amerika `antantas” SedarebiT gvian SeuerTda, Tumca
male misi aqtiuri wevri gaxda. imJamad mas kavkasia didad
ar ainteresebda, Tumca am regionSi mtkiced icavda Tavisi yofili mokavSiris, ruseTis interesebs. bolSevizms
amerikis administracia SemTxveviT movlenad Tvlida da
mis winaaRmdeg brZola aucileblobad esaxeboda. amerikisaTvis im dros miuRebeli iyo ruseTis saxelmwifos
daSla.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gamarjvebulma `antantam”,
sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, msoflio wesrigis
damyareba daiwyo. saqarTvelos demokratiul mTavrobas
unda moenaxa Tavisi adgili am axal msoflio wesrigSi.
qarTul diplomatias mouxda rTuli piruetis gakeTeba
_ germaniasTan TanamSromlobis politika unda Secvliliyo inglis-safrangeT-amerikis aliansze mimarTuli,
gawonasworebuli politikiT.
saqarTvelo-amerikis
urTierTobis
normalizebas
seriozulad uSlida xels amerikis principuli pozicia ruseTis saxelmwifos erTianobisa da demokratiul
safuZvelze misi aRdgenis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa,
samxreT kavkasiaSi mainc aqtiurad moRvaweobda amerikuli saqvelmoqmedo misia _ `amerikis axlo aRmosavleTis daxmarebis komiteti”, romelic sursaT-sanovagiT,
tansacmliT exmareboda konfliqturi regionebis mosaxleobas. komitets hqonda Tavisi sasawyobo meurneobac, sadac dasaqmebuli iyvnen saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi misiis warmomadgenlebs
sistematurad CahqondaT humanitaruli tvirTi.
aqtiurobdnen amerikis saqmiani wreebis warmomadgenlebic. seriozulad igegmeboda
amerika-saqarTvelos
madneuli kompaniis amoqmedeba. saqarTvelos mTavrobas
sazRvao transportis ganviTarebis mizniT komerciuli winadadebiT mimarTa amerikeli biznesmenebis erTma
jgufma. amerikis satransporto samsaxuri sTavazobda
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas 3500-4000 tona wyalwyvis
xis gemebis SeZenas. TiTo gemi 30 milioni maneTi Rirda.
proeqtiT gemebis Rirebulebis 50 procenti unda gadaexadaT gemebis miRebisTanave, danarCeni _ sam TveSi
erTxel 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. saqarTvelos mTavrobam
92
proeqti daiwuna siZvirisa da gemebis uxarisxo masalis
gamo.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelisuflebam, Tavisi
principebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mxolod `de faqto”-d aRiara. 1919 wels TbilisSi Camovida
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konsuli Carlz mozeri.
amerikis misia ganTavsda Tbilisis centrSi – veliaminovis quCaze.
somxur-qarTuli dapirispireba
somxebma saxelmwifoebrioba X saukuneSi, bizantiis
agresiis Sedegad, dakarges, magram SeinarCunes monofizituri religia, eCmiaZinis kaTolikosis uzenaesi xelisufleba da maT nacionaluri identobis SesaSuri grZnoba
CamouyalibdaT. mTeli aTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi somexi
eri ibrZoda sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad,
magram amas ver axerxebda.
javaxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis umravlesoba musulmani iyo da maTi mxolod umniSvnelo nawili aRiarebda marTlmadideblobas an kaTolicizms. qarTvelebis ZiriTadi
masa, romlebmac uari Tqves, mieRoT islami an, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, kaTolicizmi, gaJlites an gandevnes am mxaridan XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros
gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi – javaxebi mtkice winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen rusul jarebs da am omebis Sedegad
umeteswilad datoves TavianTi dasaxlebis tradiciuli
adgilebi da gadavidnen TurqeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi.
ruseTis gabatonebam samxreT kavkasiaSi somxebs seriozuli mfarveli gauCina, romelic TviTneburad, qarTveli eris interesis gauTvaliswineblad, gaveranebul qarTul miwebze asaxlebda TurqeTis imperiidan gamoqceul
somxebs. 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg
axalqalaqis mazraSi Caasaxles daaxloebiT 30 aTasi somexi axalmosaxle.
ramdenadac Tbilisi kavkasiis samefisnacvlos centri iyo, mdidari somxebi qarTvelebis dedaqalaqSic saxldebodnen. isini mudam carizmis (ruseTis) interesebis
erTguli damcvelebi iyvnen.
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi ruseTisa da `antantis”
sxva meTaurebis mier Segulianebulma somxebma, romlebic `didi somxeTis” aRdgenis ideiT iyvnen Sepyrobilni,
93
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba wamoiwyes, rac tragikulad
damTavrda. Turqi askerebis mier gandevnili somexi mosaxleoba kvlav saqarTvelos Semoexizna – baTumi, foTi,
soxumi somexi ltolvilebis TavSesafrad gadaiqca.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave, damoukidebloba gamoacxada somxeTmac. sanam saqarTveloSi
germaniis samxedro korpusi imyofeboda, somxebi teritoriuli pretenziebis gacxadebas ver bedavdnen. rogorc
ki germania damarcxda msoflio omSi, somxeTis mmarTveli elita (romelSic Zalian bevri TbilisSi namsaxurevi
Cinovnikic iyo, magaliTad, aleqsandre xatisovi – wlebis
ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi), aRivso surviliT,
gaefarToebina Tavisi saxelmwifo saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze. somxeTi pretenzias acxadebda yarsis mxaris
_ ardaganisa da olTisis olqebze (amJamad es olqebi
TurqeTis vilaieTis – yarsis nawils warmoadgens), romlebic imJamad saqarTvelos respublikis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda. somxeTma borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazrebic
sadavo gaxada. am pretenziebs imiT asabuTebdnen, rom
istoriis garkveul momentebSi es teritoriebi somxuri
saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. somxebis pretenziebi borCalos mazraze, ardaganisa da olTisis olqebze eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT mTlad dasabuTebuli ar
iyo, radgan mosaxleobis umravlesoba aq Turqulenovani
xalxi, germanelebi da rusebi iyvnen. maT gansakuTrebiT
samcxe-javaxeTi, lore-bambakis teritoria mdidari alaverdis sabadoebiT da xramis auzis miwebi izidavdaT.
maT SeZles samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somexi mosaxleobis erTi nawilis gadabireba – isini moxaliseebad
ewerebodnen somxur samxedro nawilebSi.
obieqturoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli memarjvene social-demokratebis revoluciuri frazeologia garkveul imedebs aRuZravda sxvisi teritoriebis
msurvelebs. jer kidev petrogradSi, amierkavkasiis
saerobo konferenciis dros qarTveli social-demokratebi somxeTis nacionalisturi partiebis xelmZRvanelobas
dahpirdnen eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT gadaexedaT amierkavkasiis zogierTi administraciuli sazRvrebisaTvis.
Tumca, maT am dapirebisaTvis xelSekrulebis oficialuri forma arasodes miuciaT.
pirveli Tavdasxma somxeTis mxedrionma ukve 1918
wlis 18 oqtombers scada. somxeTis mowinave razmma adre
94
Turqebis mier okupirebuli Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazris zonaSi, sofel kamenkas samxreTiT gadakveTa sademarkacio xazi da daikava sarkinigzo asaqcevi koberi. qarTulma samxedro xelmZRvanelobam konfliqtis
zonaSi sapasuxod ori javSanmatarebeli gagzavna da Tan
damatebiT 250-kaciani razmic miayola, ramac mowinaaRmdege aiZula, 20 oqtombrisaTvis koberi daetovebina.
qarTvelTa ultimatumze _ gaeyvanaT jarebi sadgur
Sagalamde, romelic sademarkacio xazis samxreTiT mdebareobda, somxurma sardlobam uariT upasuxa da 23 seqtembers somxurma jarebma ieriSi miitanes karinjaze.
25-27 oqtombers, gaafTrebuli brZolebis Sedegad es
sofeli xelidan xelSi gadadioda. bolos, sabrZolo
moqmedebebSi qarTuli javSanmatareblis CarTvam mdgomareoba saqarTvelos sasargeblod gardatexa da 26 oqtombers, saRamos, saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxelze somxeTis respublikis premier-ministris telegrama gaigzavna, romelSic somxebis mier karindJis dakavebis faqti
gaugebrobad gamocxadda. telegrama agreTve Seicavda
winadadebas, SeeCerebinaT samxedro moqmedebebi da, sasazRvro sakiTxis gadawyvetis mizniT, moewviaT konferencia. amiT samxedro moqmedebebi qarTvelebsa da somxebs
Soris droebiT Sewyda.
ram gamoiwvia oqtombris samxedro incindenti somxeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris? am movlenebis inicirebiT, somxeTma scada, kidev erTxel daemtkicebina Tavisi loialoba antantisaTvis germaniis kapitulaciamde
da daemtkicebina, rom somxeTi Rirsia im dapirebebisa,
romlebic antantis maRalma warmomadgenlebma gamoTqves
sxvadasxva kuluarul Sexvedrebze jer kidev pirveli msoflio omis dros. amave dros somxeTis mTavrobam mosinja, ramdenad aqtiurad aRudgebodnen win qarTvelebi am sadavo teritoriebis dakargvas. aqve unda
aRiniSnos TurqeTis rolic, romelic Tavisi moqmedebebiT SuRls Tesda or qristianul saxelwifos Soris da
amgvarad minimumamde dayavda qarTuli da somxuri jarebis gaerTianebuli gamosvlis Sansi mis winaaRmdeg. ase,
erevanSi myofma Turqma generalma xaSim faSam jer kidev
5 seqtembers TavisTan miiwvia ramdenime somexi oficeri
da SesTavaza maT daekavebinaT ara marto Turqebis mier
okupirebuli eCmiaZinis mazris nawili, aramed buferuli zonac _ lores monakveTi kamenkis samxreTiT. amave
95
dros, TurqeTis warmomadgenelma saqarTveloSi abdulqerim faSam imave winadadebiT mimarTa qarTvelebs.
1918 wlis noemberSi qarTul da somxur mxareebs Soris molaparakebebi daiwyo. erevans Tavisi specialuri
rwmunebulis meSveobiT saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobam
TbilisSi umokles vadaSi konferenciis Catareba SesTavaza. somxuri mxare ZiriTadad daeTanxma am winadadebas,
Tumca Tan mTeli rigi winapirobebi wamoayena. 1918 wlis
10 noembers TbilisSi konferencia gaixsna. mas eswrebodnen saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da mTielTa respublikis warmomadgenlebi. somxeTis delegacia konferenciaze
ar Camovida. konferencia jer 20 noembrisaTvis, xolo
Semdeg 30 noembrisaTvis gadaido, magram aSkarad Canda,
rom somxeTis mxare TbilisSi Camosvlas ar apirebda da
drois mogebas cdilobda. 5 dekembers borCalos mazris sofel uzunlarSi qarTveli samxedro mosamsaxure
mokles, xolo qarTuli garnizonis darCenili jariskacebi ganaiaraRes da tyved aiyvanes.
farTomasStabiani Semoteva somxeTis regularulma
nawilebma 9 dekembers daiwyes. somxeTis mxridan moqmedebda 4500 kaciani samxedro korpusi.
mas winaaRmdegobas uwevda Tbilisis sagubernio batalioni da javSanmatarebeli. alaverdTan dislocirebuli iyo me-5
qveiTi polkis sami aseuli, me-6 polkis erTi aseuli da
qarTvelebis saerTo ricxvi am monakveTSi ar aRemateboda 550 kacs. aseTi Tanafardoba qarTvelebis mxridan
moiTxovda gonivrul manevrirebas, rac Cinebulad ganxorcielda kidec.
somxeTis nawilebma isargebles ricxobrivi upiratesobiT da garkveul taqtikur warmatebas miaRwies – qarTvelebma daixies sadaxlos mimarTulebiT. sadaxlosTan
brZolebSi qarTvelebis samxedro SenaerTma mTlianad
gaanadgura somxuri avangardi.
mniSvnelovani iyo brZola ekaterinenfeldTan 19 dekembers, rac aseve qarTvelTa upiratesobiT warimarTa.
brZola ramdenime saaTs gagrZelda da mteri iZulebuli
gaxda ukan daexia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom am brZolebSi monawileobdnen saxalxo gvardiis SenaerTebic, magram sabrZolo SemarTebasTan erTad es danayofebi aSkarad avlendnen udisciplinobas, rac mudam iyo damaxasiaTebeli aseTi rangis
samxedro SenaerTebisaTvis. 22 dekembrisTvis Sulaveris
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mimarTulebiT somxeTis jarebma maqsimalurad waiwies
win Tbilisisken, mividnen mdinare xramamde da faqtiurad
akontrolebdnen borCalos mazris mTel sadavo teritorias ekaterinenfeldis gamoklebiT, romelic strategiulad mniSvnelovani punqti iyo somxeTis nawilebis dasavleTidan Tbilisisken winsvlis gzaze. 1918 wlis 24 dekembers somxuri jarebis mTavarsardalma borCalos frontze generalma drom (kanaiani) saqarTvelos sardlobas
ultimatumi gaugzavna dauyovnebliv gadaecaT somxeTisTvis axalqalaqis mazra, romelic miuxedavad somxeTis jarebis cdisa, mTlianad kontroldeboda qarTuli samxedro
formirebebis mier. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi generali dro
imuqreboda, rom saomar moqmedebebs gadaitanda mdinare
xramis CrdiloeTiT. saqarTvelos mTavrobam ultimatumi
uaryo da kontrSetevis dawyebis brZaneba gasca.
dekembris dasasruls qarTvelebma Cinebulad Caatares
Sulaveris samxedro operacia. rogorc eqspertebi aRniSnaven: `sajariso taqtikis TvalsazrisiT 1918 wlis 28
dekembers dawyebuli Sulaveris generaluri brZola qarTveli mxaris warmatebuli Sturmi iyo, romelic 25-29
dekembers warmoebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebis damagvirgvinebel nawils warmoadgenda. dagegmarebis sisruliTa da ganxorcielebis tempebiT igi SeteviTi operaciis brwyinvale magaliTs warmoadgens”. Tumca, imasac
miuTiTeben, rom miuxedavad mopovebuli didi warmatebisa, saqarTvelos mxarem strategiuli Canafiqri bolomde
ver ganaxorciela: somxuri SenaerTebis alyaSi moqceva
da misi ganadgureba ver moxerxda.
qarTvelebma samxedro warmateba ver gamoiyenes – didi
britaneTis misia somxebs mfarvelad gamouCnda. man dekembris Sua ricxvebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas somxeTTan
omis Sewyvetis saqmeSi Suamavloba SesTavaza. amgvarad,
`antanta” somxeTs Sanss aZlevda molaparakebebiT mieRwia sasurveli pirobebisaTvis. saqarTvelom molaparakebebze mzadyofna ganacxada, erevanSi gaagzavnes telegrama, romelSic CamoTvlili iyo winaswari samSvidobo
SeTanxmebis punqtebi.
rogorc istorikosebis erTi nawili amtkicebs, somxuri mxare am samxedro avantiuras ar daiwyebda, rom ara
didi britaneTis mxardaWera da maTgan momdinare imedebi.
qarTvelebis samxedro warmatebebma ingliselebi aiZula
sxva mxriv daxmarebodnen somxebs.
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ingliselebis moTxovniT 1919 wlis 1 ianvars saomari
moqmedebebi Sewyda da samSvidobo molaparakebebi jer
karaklisSi daiwyo, xolo Semdeg TbilisSi gagrZelda.
samSvidobo konferencia, romelic 1919 wlis 9-17 ianvars
Catarda, omis oficialur dasrulebasa da samSvidobo
pirobebis gaformebas mieZRvna. am konferenciis Sedegebis mixedviT xeli moewera samTavrobo xelSekrulebas
omis damTavrebisa da loreSi neitraluri zonis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb. miRweuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze moxda sadavo teritoriis – borCalos mazris sam nawilad dayofa.
Crdilo nawili gadaeca saqarTvelos, samxreTi _ somxeTs, xolo lores teritoria, spilenZis mdidari sabadoebiT, axtalis qarTuli monastriT, e.w. `neitralur
zonad” gamocxadda. am teritoriaze ingliselebma TavianTi samxedro nawilebi Seiyvanes.
faqtobrivad moxda is, rom ingliselebis zewolis
Sedegad qarTvelebma TavianTi samxedro upiratesoba
da warmatebebi bolomde ver gamoiyenes da loreze suverenuli uflebebi ukve am etapze daTmes. miuxedavad
amisa, brZolaSi gamoCenili mamacobisaTvis qarTveli
oficrebisa da jariskacebis didi jgufi (771 kaci) dajildovda wminda giorgis jvrebiTa da medlebiT.
daaxloebiT oTxkviriani omi saqarTvelos aseulobiT
adamianis sicocxled daujda, mniSvnelovani materialuri zarali miadga da borCalos mazris teritoriis
mcire nawilic dakarga. es yvelaferi uaryofiTad aisaxa
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso imijzec da aman misi damoukideblobis aRiareba, garkveulwilad, Seaferxa.
samwuxarod, verc saqarTvelos mTavrobam da verc
somxeTis xelmZRvanelobam am ZmaTamkvleli omidan
daskvnebi ver gamoitana. kamaTi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb grZeldeboda 1919 da 1920 wlebSic da exeboda baTumis olqs,
yarsis mxaris ardaganis da olTisis olqebs. somxeTi isev
moiTxovda axalqalaqis mazris TiTqmis naxevars, lores
neitraluri zonis or mesameds, mTel olTisis olqs,
ardaganis olqis mesameds, agreTve baTumis portis da
mdinare Woroxis marcxena napiris gadacemas da aleqsandropoli-baTumis sarkinigzo Stos kontrols. saqarTvelo mzad iyo rig teritoriul daTmobebze wasuliyo,
igi Tanxmobas acxadebda lores neitraluri zonis sanaxevrod gayofaze, somxeTisTvis olTisis olqis mTlianad
gadacemaze, magram uars ambobda baTumis olqis erTi mt-
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kavelis daTmobaze, ar Tmobda arc axalqalaqis olqis
nawils da daJinebiT moiTxovda kontrols mTel ardaganis olqze, Tumca, tovebda potenciuri molaparakebebis
SesaZleblobas ardaganis olqis erTi mesamedis Taobaze.
es gagrZelebuli teritoriuli dava imisi mizezi gaxda,
rom 1920 wlis aprilSi san-remoSi Catarebul konferenciaze saqarTvelosa da somxeTis diplomatiur warmomadgenlebs pirdapir miuTiTes, rom sasurveli ar iqneboda
antantis umaRlesi sabWosTvis miemarTaT, sanam isini ar
gamoimuSavebdnen `saerTo platformas”, anu, ar moilaparakebdnen yvela sadavo sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
am qarTul-somxurma dapirispirebam garkveuli laqa
datova ori mezobeli xalxis urTierTobaSi, ris gamosworebasac sakmao dro da propagandistuli muSaoba dasWirda.
am dramatuli ambebis Semdeg, inglisis okupaciis pirobebSi, somxebi saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis Semdgom
gauaresebas aRar cdilobdnen, Tumca ingliselebis regionidan wasvlam da sovetizaciis procesma somex bolSevikebs axali avanturis dawyebis survili gauCina.
azerbaijani da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo
azerbaijanis liderebma pirvelebma daarRvies amierkavkasiis erTianobis idea da ukve trapizonisa Tu baTumis
konferenciebze aSkarad proTurquli pozicia daikaves.
aman samomavlod gamoiwvia somxebTan seriozuli dapirispireba da saqarTvelosTanac gaurTula urTierToba.
faqtobrivad, samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli politikuri
realiebi am saxelmwifoebs Soris interesTa konfliqts
warmoSobda – saqarTvelo germaniis imedad iyo, azerbaijani – TurqeTis, xolo somxeTi _ `antantis” molodinSi
`did somxeTze” ocnebobda.
azerbaijanTan problemebs isic arTulebda, rom saqarTvelos istoriuli miwebi – saingilo da misi mimdebare
teritoriebi, romlebic mefis ruseTis drosac Tbilisis
guberniis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, sadavo aRmoCnda or
mezobel saxelmwifos Soris.
1918 wlis zafxulSi, roca qarTvelma social-demokratebma germaniaze aiRes orientacia, bolSevikuri
ruseTis oficialurma presam gaavrcela Wori, rom germania apirebda saqarTvelosTvis gadaeca baqos navTobis
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mdidari sabadoebi. am monaWors araviTari obieqturi
safuZveli ar gaaCnda. am droisaTvis baqoSi stefane
Saumianis xelmZRvanelobiT sabWoTa xelisufleba arsebobda, romelzec did imedebs amyarebda moskovi – es mas
unarCunebda msoflioSi unikalur navTobsabadoze kontrolis SesaZleblobas. magram bolSevikebma ver SeinarCunes Zalaufleba – baqos komuna daeca, baqoeli komunarebi (Saumiani, jafariZe, fialetovi da sxv.) daxvrites.
baqoSi gabatondnen nacionalistebi – musavatelebi.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas surda samxreT kavkasiaSi daemyarebina xangZlivi mSvidoba da imedovnebda, rom
amas kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso konferenciis mowveviT miaRwevda. magram aseTi konferenciis Catarebas aZnelebda rogorc regionSi Seqmnili politikuri
viTareba, ise mezobel saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli
teritoriuli pretenziebi.
1918 wlis Semodgomaze `zaqaTalis olqi ukve oficialurad Sedioda azerbaijanis respublikis farglebSi”.
sargeblobda ra TurqeTis mxardaWeriT, religiuri faqtoriT, azerbaijanis saxelmwifo zaqaTalaSi aZlierebda
antiqarTul propagandas, molebisa da xojebis zegavleniT qarTvel mahmadianebzec Zlier zegavlenas axdenda,
rac garegnulad qmnida azerbaijanTan zaqaTalis sruli
inkorporaciis STabeWdilebas. Tumca fiqsirdeboda qarTveli ingiloebis ltolva saqarTvelosken. radgan
es ltolva ukavSirdeboda maT ekonomikur interesebs
(sasazRvro vaWroba, gansakuTrebiT intensiuri saqarTvelos siRnaRis mazrasTan), saqarTvelos mTavrobas xeli
unda Seewyo am interesebis gaZlierebisaTvis da gamoeyenebina ingiloebis es interesi sakuTari miznebisaTvis.
samwuxarod, rTuli politikuri da, rac mTavaria, saqarTvelos mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, SesaZleblobas
ar iZleoda, qarTul saxelmwifos intensiurad emuSava
am mimarTulebiT da zaqaTalis sakiTxi seriozulad arc
ganuxilavT ori qveynis liderebs. piriqiT, mogvianebiT,
ukve ingliselebis okupaciis wlebSi, azerbaijanis xelmZRvaneloba intensiurad cdilobda, gamoeyenebina evropis
ekonomikuri interesi baqos navTobisadmi da usabuTebda
inglisis general-gubernators baTumis azerbaijanTan
mierTebis aucileblobas.
qarTul-somxuri dapirispirebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos
xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT cdilobda azerbaijanTan
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urTierTobis normalizebas, rasac moiTxovda Crdilo
kavkasiaSi Seqmnili viTarebac: aq ruseTis dapirispirebuli Zalebi ebrZodnen erTmaneTs, situacia yovelTviurad icvleboda, bolSevikebis xelisuflebas general denikinis moxaliseTa armiis Zalaufleba cvlida. denikini
ar cnobda ruseTis imperiidan gamoyofil saxelmwifoebs
da maT separatistebs uwodeba. gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi
is ruseTis `erTiani da ganuyofeli” saxelmwifos aRdgenas varaudobda. es mizani miuRebeli iyo rogorc saqarTvelosTvis, ise azerbaiajanisaTvis – am safuZvelze
moxda ori mezobeli xalxis gaerTianeba.
1919 wlis 16 ivniss saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans
Soris gaformda samxedro xelSekruleba, romelic, Tavisi SinaarsiT, metad mniSvnelovani iyo da miuTiTebda
ori saxelmwifos interesTa Tanxvedras. xelSekrulebis
mixedviT, `SeTanxmebis damdebi saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian, erTad gamovidnen SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT da
samxedro saSualebiT yovelgvari Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg,
romelic emuqreba SeTanxmebis monawile erT an orive
respublikis damoukideblobas an teritoriul xelSeuxeblobas”.
xelSekruleba uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo imiTac, rom
is moiwones saqarTvelos opoziciurma partiebma. yvelaze
didma opozicionerma, erovnul-demokratma spiridon kediam ganacxada: `es xelSekruleba mowmobs, rom Cvenma
pasuxismgebelma mesveurebma Tavidan moiSores is partiuli principebi, romlebic dRemde xels uSlida saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis kavSirs. vimeoreb, es garemoeba metad
sasixaruloa da Tan imas mowmobs, rom Cven TandaTan
mivuaxlovdiT namdvil saxelmwifoebriv koncefciis
SeTvisebis moments”. dadebiTad Seafases xelSekruleba
socialist-federalistebma, qarTvelma eserebma da a.S.
xelSekruleba daiwuna da mas gaemijna somxeTis saxelmwifo, imJamad mas TurqeTis SiSi ufro hqonda, vidre
CrdiloeTis didi mezoblisa. magram, ra kargic ar unda
iyos xelSekruleba, masSi gaTvaliswinebuli diplomatiuri kanonebis yvela atritbutikiT, Tu igi realurad
ar ganxorcielda da konkretuli Sedegi ar moitana, misi
Rirebuleba nulis tolfasia.
samxreT kavkasiaSi mdgomareoba ise warimarTa, rom am
xelSekrulebas yavli Zalian male gauvida. Crdilo kavkasiasa da samxreT ruseTSi denikinis antibolSevikuri
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Zalisxmeva CaiSala. sabWoTa xelisufleba, serafimoviCis
gamoTqmisa ar iyos, `rkinis niaRvariviT” moedo ruseTs.
daRestnis gasabWoebis Semdeg baqos navTobis mdidari
sabadoebis xelSi Cagdeba kremlis liderebis umTavres
amocanad iqca. maT kargad axsovdaT baqoeli sabWoTa komunaris stefane Saumianis erT-erTi bolo Segoneba, lenin-stalinisaTvis gagzanil depeSaSi rom aisaxa: `baqos Camocileba ruseTisagan! _ es niSnavs, mas miayeno yvelaze
didi dartyma. Tu Cven vlaparakobT ruseTis damoukideblobaze, xolo sakuTari surviliT navTobis wyaros gadavcemT ingliselebs, gana amiT Cven ar CavdivarT udides
danaSauls ruseTis revoluciis winaSe?”
ruseTis geostrategiuli interesebidan gamomdinare, Seteva azerbaiajanze 27 marts, diliT daiwyo. oTxi
javSanmatarebeli mdinare samurze gadavida da yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe baqosaken gaemarTa. SuadRisas bolSevikebis adgilobrivma delegaciam mTavrobis
gadadgoma moiTxova. maT mTel baqoSi daikaves sakvanZo
poziciebi, xelSi Caigdes arsenali, ganaiaraRes policia,
gaaTavisufles politpatimrebi, kontroli daaweses navTobis sarewebze. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, baqos garnizonis ori polki bolSevikebis mxareze gadavida. or
dReSi XI sabWoTa armiam azerbaiajanis udidesi nawili
daikava.
azerbaijanis gasabWoebiT daiwyo samxreT kavkasiaSi
bolSevikuri agresia.
kavkasiis xalxTa erTianobis miRwevis cdebi
kavkasiis xalxTa erTianobis idea, leonti mrovelis
mier am koncefciis gacxadebis Semdeg, ar asvenebda qarTvel politikosebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom gvian Sua
saukuneebSi kavkasielma xalxebma TavianTi ganuwyveteli
qurd-bacacuri laSqrobebiTa da rbeva-SeviwrovebiT lamis wertili dausves kaxeTis saxelmwifoebriobas, gare
kaxeTi (hereTi) Camoaciles, mainc es idea kavkasieli
xalxebis erTianobisa Zlieri iyo da dResac aris qarTvel politikosebs Soris.
ruseTis Semosvlam samxreT kavkasiaSi da Crdilo kavkasiis ruseTisadmi damorCilebaSi qarTvelebis aqtiurma monawileobam, ra Tqma unda, gvian Sua saukuneebSi
qarTvelebSi gaCenil undoblobas, kavkasielTa mxridan
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undoblobac daumata. mefis ruseTma kavkasiis yvela umniSvnelovanes strategiul punqtSi Tavisi mxardamWeri
eTnosi monaxa da Tavis satelitad gaixada. kavkasiis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Casaxlebuli kazakebi, romlebmac kavkasiis xalxebis yofidan namcecebi akrifes, formalurad kavkasielebad iTvlebodnen, sinamdvileSi ki rusul
eTnoss ganekuTvnebodnen. TviTon kavkasielebSic iyvnen
eTnosebi, romelTac urTierTdapirispireba istoriulad
mosdevdaT (magaliTad, osebi da inguSebi, somxebi da
azerbaijanelebi) da maTi gaerTianeba seriozul problemas warmoadgenda.
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg Crdilo kavkasiis
xalxebic gaaqtiurdnen. daiwyes gaerTianeba, maT afxazTa
eTnokratiac ahyva.
oqtombris gadatrialebam da Crdilo kavkasiaSi denikinis gamoCenam regionSi politikuri viTareba gaarTula.
denikini winaaRmdegi iyo kavkasieli xalxebis erTiani
saxelmwifos Seqmnisa, amitomac denikinis jarebis mier
Crdilo kavkasiis dakavebis Semdeg, damoukideblobis
motrfiale
Crdilo kavkasielTa liderebi TbilisSi
damkvidrdnen. maT monawileoba miiRes saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier organizebul 1919 wlis saerTaSoriso
konferenciebSic.
bolSevikuri zegavlenis gaZlierebis paralelurad yubanis, Tergisa da donis kazakebis warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aSkarad sTxovdnen saerTo frontis Seqmnas bolSevikuri agresiis winaaRmdeg. es kazakoba
mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis xelketi iyo
dapyrobili Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxebis winaaRmdeg
permanentul brZolaSi. maT saqarTveloSic araerTxel
daurbeviaT qalaqebi Tu soflebi, `egzekuciisas” gaumaTraxebiaT, gauTaxsirebiaT da daumcirebiaT mSvidobiani
mosaxleoba. axla isini iTxovdnen Svelasa da daxmarebas.
saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma evgeni gegeWkorma
1920 wlis martSi Sexvedris dros ganacxada, rom idea
erTianobisa – didebulia, magram mis SeSfoTebas iwvevs
kazakTa winaaRmdegoba mTielebisadmi. saqarTvelos am SemTxvevaSi surda Seesrulebina saSuamavlo misia. misi azriT, bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ormxriv daTmobakompromisebis gziT miRweuli unda yofiliyo SeTanxmeba.
molaparakebebis yvelaze Cinebul adgilad qarTul mxares
Tbilisi – neitraluri zona miaCnda.
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social-demokratebs gulubryvilod egonaT, rom moxerxdeboda Tavisuflebismoyvare CeCenisa da dampyrobeli
rusi kazakis Serigeba da gaerTianeba. am molaparakebis
Semdeg Zalian male bolSevikebma mTeli kavkasia xelSi
Caigdes da kargad daimaxsovres, rom ramdenime Tvis win
Tbilisi antibolSevikuri frontis Seqmnis survils aqtiurad avlenda.
TeTri ruseTi da damoukidebeli
saqarTvelo
`TeTri moZraoba” miznad isaxavda `erTiani da ganuyofeli ruseTis” aRdgenas. ra Tqma unda, am moZraobis
liderebi varaudobdnen garkveul cvlilebebs saxelmwifo struqturebSi, erTa Soris urTierTobebSi, magram
maTi mTavari amocana iyo jer saxelmwifos erTianobis
aRdgena da Semdeg – axal politikur Tvisebriobaze
gadasvla. es aRdgena, ra Tqma unda, mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT unda momxdariyo.
generali denikini `antantis” politikuri da materialuri mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom mis
ideebs bevri maRali rangis qarTveli oficeric iziarebda da denikinis gverdiT, `TeTri ruseTis” droSis qveS
ibrZoda. maT Soris iyvnen generali baraTovi (baraTaSvili), general-maiori naTiSvili, polkovniki Zmebi erisTavebi, oficrebi: dadiani, axvlediani, mgelaZe da sxv.
roca 1918-1919 wlebSi denikinma SeZlo bolSevikebis
Seviwroveba da samxreTSi Zlieri samxedro placdarmi
Seqmna, aman seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans. rusi generali `antantis” interesebis gamtarebeli iyo, amitomac ingliselebis kavkasiuri korpusis
xelmZRvanelobis politikuri da samxedro mxardaWeriT
sargeblobda. bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis sababiT
denikini saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT mxares – afxazeTs moadga da soWisa da gagris olqebis dakaveba
scada. unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazi eTnokratiis erTi
jgufi rus generals afxazeTSi iwvevda da erTgulebasac eficeboda.
saqarTvelos mxarem droulad miiRo zomebi da general g. mazniaSvils daavala afxazeTis CrdiloeTSi, gagris
raionSi frontis gamagreba. aq qarTvelebma SeZles mniS-
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vnelovani samxedro warmatebebis miRweva md. muxadiris
raionSi.
aseT viTarebaSi denikins mfarvelad isev inglisis
misia gamouCnda, romelmac saqarTvelos mTavrobas samxedro moqmedebis masStabebi dauwuna da mosTxova denikinTan morigeba.
magram denikinelebi orgulad iqceodnen, maTi ndoba
ar SeiZleboda, maT ar surdaT qarTvelTa keTili nebis
danaxva, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiareba. es qarTulma mxarem amcno ingliselebs: `saqarTveloSi rusma
oficrebma miiRes dacva da TavSesafari, im dros, roca
mTel ruseTSi velurad uswordebodnen da Jletdnen
oficrobas. mxolod aq, saqarTveloSi ar dafiqsirebula
rusi oficrebis mimarT Zalmomreobis arc erTi faqti”.
1920 wlis ianvris bolos mokavSireTa mTavrobis
xelmZRvanelebi SeTanxmdnen, rom moxaliseTa jarebis
Semdgomi daxmareba SeeCerebinaT, radgan katastrofuli mdgomareobis gamo misi gadarCena SeuZlebeli iyo.
bolSevikebi ki swrafad ganagrZobdnen mzadebas mTliani
kavkasiis dasapyrobad. 1920 wlis 28 Tebervals leninma
orjonikiZes (romelic am dros bolSevikebis mier daarsebuli kavbiuros Tavmjdomare iyo) mosTxova Crdilo kavkasiaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis aRdgena.
1920 wlis martis ieriSis Sedegad `TeTrebi” yubanidan
da Crdilo kavkasiidan gandevnes. dasavleTiT novorosiiski (28 marts) daeca, xolo aRmosavleTiT bolSevikebma
jer (24 marts) grozno, xolo meore dRes – derbenti
daikaves. 31 marts orjonikiZem CrdiloeT kavkasiis revoluciuri komiteti Seqmna, romlis Tavmjdomarec TviTon iyo. misi moadgile gaxda sergei kirovi.
bolSevikebi saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis sazRvrebs
moadgnen.
saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebis imedi
saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvaneloba kargad
grZnobda, rom seriozuli mfarvelisa da saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebriobis mxardaWeris gareSe patara saqarTvelos gauWirdeboda urTules geostrategiul regionSi
Tavisi damoukidebeli arsebobis SenarCuneba. amitomac
didi imediT elodnen parizis sazavo konferenciis gaxsnas.
105
1919 wlis 18 ianars versalSi, safrangeTis mefeebis
sasaxlis sarkeebian darbazSi, sazeimod gaixsna parizis
samSvidobo konferencia, sadac sami didi saxelmwifos
lideri: klemanso, vilsoni da loid jorji (rogorc
Semdeg, II msoflio omis dros ruzvelti, CerCili da
stalini) msoflios did politikas wyvetdnen: Slidnen
da akowiwebdnen saxelmwifoebsa da xalxebs, urCevdnen
da aswavlidnen cxovrebis axlebur wesebs da a.S. da a.S.
berlinSi imedgacreubulma saqarTvelos samTavrobo
delegaciam (nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe, irakli wereTeli,
zurab avaliSvili) axla ukve parizSi gadainacvla. maT
konferencias warudgines memorandumi, romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo qveynis damoukideblobis aucilebloba
da moiTxoves am damoukideblobis oficialuri aRiareba. saqarTvelos teritoriuli pretenziebi efuZneboda
ivane javaxiSvilis mecnierul dasabuTebas da moicavda
saqarTvelos yvela istoriul teritorias.
1919 wels `did sameuls” jer kidev `erTiani da ganuyofeli ruseTis” aRdgenis imedi hqonda, jer kidev Zlieri iyo `TeTri moZraoba”, amitomac saqarTvelos winadadeba darCa `xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina”.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg
kolonializmi jer kidev mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli
nawili iyo evropis `demokratiuli” saxelmwifoebisa.
isini sxva qveynis koloniebisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWebaSi, garkveulwilad, `bumerangis efeqts” xedavdnen da
amitomac saocar sifrTxiles iCendnen. gamonaklisi mxolod avstria-ungreTisaTvis dauSves, romelic ise daSales, rom avstria juja saxelmwifod gadaiqca.
versalis konferencia ise dasrulda, rom saqarTvelosTvis araferi Secvlila. versalis konfereniam axali politikuri sistema Seqmna mTel msoflioSi da mtkice mSvidobis nacvlad evropis politikur gaerTianebaSi Cado neladmoqmedi naRmi, romelmac mogvianebiT
II msoflio omi ganapiroba. magram imJamad amaze aravin
fiqrobda, evropa danatrebul mSvidobas daewafa...
erTaderTi, rac moxerxda, msoflios zogierTma qveyanam, pirvelad argentinam (1919 w. 15 seqtemberi), cota
mogvianebiT inglisma da safrangeTma (1920 w. ianvari),
iaponiam da sxva qveynebma saqarTvelo `de faqto”-d cnes,
magram aman mainc ver daicva saqarTvelos nanatri damoukidebloba.
106
konferenciaze Seiqmna warmomadgenlobiTi organizacia
`erTa liga” (rogorc istoriam daamtkica, saocrad uxerxemlo, arafrisgamkeTebeli gaerTianeba), romelsac
miznebi saocnebo hqonda – daemyarebina msoflioSi sayovelTao mSvidoba da `kacTa Soris saTnoeba”. verc am
organizaciam SeZlo dadebiTad saqarTvelos sakiTxis
gadawyveta.
moralurad ufro faseuli iyo saerTaSoriso muSaTa
moZraobis _ `meore socialisturi internacionalis”
liderTa mxardaWera. saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli
xelisufleba pirveli socialisturi mTavroba iyo msoflioSi. amitomac II socialisturi internacionalis liderebis
saqarTveloSi Camosvlas garkveuli politikuri Sedegi
unda moetana qveynisTvis: maT SeeZloT evropis sazogadoebriv azrze garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdena.
1920 wlis Semodgomaze ramzei makdonaldi, karl
kaucki, esTel snoudeni da socialisturi internacionalis sxva liderebi TbilisSi Camovidnen. ra Tqma unda,
maT mxedvelobidan ar gamorCeniaT saqarTvelos xelisuflebis problemebi da siZneleebi, magram oficialur
mimarTvaSi
mainc imedianad ganacxades: `saqarTvelos
demokratiam, romelmac brZola gamoucxada yvela imperialists, iseTebsac ki, romlebsac revoluciuri niRabi
hqondaT amofarebuli, SeZlo Zlieri da mtkice marjveniT Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba da internacionalizmis avangardSi Cadgoma. am damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi mas SeuZlia iqonios msoflio
proletariatis sruli Tanxmobisa da Tanadgomis imedi”.
im dros dasavleT evropaSi sakmaod avtoritetSelaxuli social-demokrati liderebis mxardaWeras realuri
mniSvneloba ukve aRar hqonda da isini ver SeaCerebdnen
im dramatul procesebs, rac 1921 wlis dasawyisSi Seiqmna
saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan.
dasasruli
bolSevikebis politika amierkavkasiasa da axlo
aRmosavleTSi
komunisturi moZRvreba, ra Tqma unda, marqsizmidan
iRebda saTaves. bolSevikebi proletariatis Sesa-
107
Zleblobebs
da
misi
politikuri
xelmZRvanelis
– komunisturi partiis Zalmosilebas afetiSebdnen,
arafrad agdebdnen obieqtur pirobebs da pirdapir
socializmze gadasvlas mouwodebdnen. es gulisxmobda
warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis dauyonebliv
likvidacias. `qarxnebi – muSebs! miwebi – glexebs!”, es
lozungi sxvisi qonebis gadanawilebisaTvis dawyebul
brZolaSi bevr mxardamWers agulianebda da es survili,
pirveli omis SedegebiT gaRatakebul msoflioSi,
dauokebel survilad rCeboda. bolSevikebis mTavar
mokavSired – imJamad siRatake gamodioda.
1920 wlis dasawyisSi ruseTSi bolSevikebi gamarjvebuli
gamovidnen samoqalaqo omSi, ramac ganamtkica maTi
poziciebi msoflioSic: evropis mTel rig qveynebSi
iqmneboda komunisturi organizaciebi, partiebi, Camoyalibda III komunisturi internacionali. bolSevikebi
msoflio proletarul revolucias moelodnen ara
pasiurad, aramed aSkarad gegmavdnen revoluciur omebs,
msoflios Rataki mosaxleobis totalur laSqrobas
kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg _ igegmeboda `permanentuli
revolucia”. v. i. lenini am laSqrobis dros ar gamoricxavda iaraRis gamoyenebas, e.w. revoluciis eqsports.
ai ras ambobda is im wlebSi: `internacionalizmi saqmiT
erTia da mxolod erTi: Tavdadebuli muSaoba sakuTar
qveyanaSi
revoluciuri
moZraobis,
revoluciuri
brZolis gasaZliereblad, mxardaWera (propagandiT,
TanagrZnobiT, materialurad) aseTive brZolisa, aseTive
xazisa da martodmarto misi yvela qveyanaSi”. es aSkarad
Zalmomreobis ideuri gamarTleba iyo.
Tu leninis am Sexedulebas davumatebT i.b. stalinis
mier samxreT kavkasiis mimarT cota mogvianebiT gamoTqmul
mosazrebas, aSkara gaxdeba komunisti liderebis WeSmariti
survili: `revoluciisaTvis kavkasiis didi mniSvneloba
ganisazRvreba ara marto imiT, rom igi nedleulis,
saTbobisa da sursaTis wyaroa, aramed misi mdebareobiTac
evropasa da azias Sua, kerZod, ruseTsa da TurqeTs Sua,
agreTve umniSvnelovanesi ekonomikuri da strategiuli
gzebis arsebobiT (baTumi-baqo, baTumi-Tavrizi, baTumiTavrizi-erzrumi)... bolos da bolos, vin moikidebs
fexs
kavkasiaSi, vin isargeblebs navTobiTa da aziis
siRrmeSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani gzebiT, revolucia Tu
antanta _ es aris mTeli sakiTxi”. saocrad gulwrfeli
108
aRiarebaa... bolSevikuri ruseTi (amasve gaakeTebda
`TeTri ruseTic”), rogorc strategiuli saxelmwifo da
proletaruli revoluciis iluziis safarqveS msoflio
batonobis mosurne, ver Seegueboda
am strategiuli
regionis dakargvas da yvela dasaSvebi Tu dauSvebeli
xerxebiT Seecdeboda mis xelSi Cagdebas.
dRes xSirad gaigonebT, rom stalinma `daasamara
saqarTvelos
demokratiuli
respublika”,
stalinma
Tavisi samSoblo `sabWoTa kavSirSi” SeaTria da a.S. aq
ramdenime garemoebas iviwyeben: 20-iani wlebis bolSevikebi
gamoirCeodnen rwmenis simtkiciT. maTi rwmenis mTavari
simbolo iyo socializmis leninuri gagebis WeSmariteba,
rom isini msoflioSi yvelaze samarTlian, yvelaze
bednier qveyanas aSeneben. amitomac bunebrivia, rom aseT
`samarTlian da bednier” samoTxeSi stalins surda Tavisi
qveyanac enaxa da misi xalxi `gaebednierebina”, Tu mas, ra
Tqma unda, kidev hqonda SerCenili eTnikuri kuTvnilebis
grZnoba. magram marqsis mixedviT `proletriats ara aqvs
samSoblo!”. proletaris samSoblo _ revoluciur omebSi
gamoWedili saerTaSoriso proletaruli respublikaa.
im wlebSi es ar iyo fuWi sityva... es iyo bolSevikuri
rwmenis simbolo...
samarTlianad miuTiTebs cnobili rusi filosofosi
berdiaevi: `marqsma Seqmna namdvili miTi proletariatze!
proletariatis misia rwmenis simboloa. marqsizmi ar
aris marto mecniereba da politika, aramed rwmena da
religiacaa, swored amaSia misi Zliereba”.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas
sWirdeboda gansakuTrebuli diplomatiuri moqniloba,
mas aucileblad unda moeZebna seriozuli mfarveli,
romelic SeZlebda fanatikurad ganwyobili komunisturi
urdoebis SeCerebas. Cven vnaxeT, rom aseTi mfarveli
im wlebSi dasavleTSi ar moiZebna (samwuxaroa, magram
faqtia, rom aseTi mfarveli verc dRes iZebneba!). noe
Jordaniam da misma politikurma jgufma gadawyvita,
daewyoT brZola saqarTvelos gadasarCenad. maTi azriT,
es potenciur mterTan garigeba SeiZleba yofiliyo.
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba
azerbaijanis
gasabWoebam
seriozuli
safrTxe
Seqmna samxreT kavkasiaSi. mosalodneli iyo viTarebis
109
garTuleba. inglisi jer kidev akontrolebda baTums,
xolo TurqeTi somxeTis gasanadgureblad emzadeboda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc ki bolSevikebi baqoSi
gamagrdnen, wiTeli armia somxeTisa da saqarTvelos
sazRvrebisaken daiZra. 3 maiss sergo orjonikiZem nebarTva
sTxova lenins, rom misTvis saqarTvelosa da somxeTis
winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis ufleba mieca.
magram sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam ramdenime mizezis gamo
gadawyvita, jerjerobiT es nabiji ar gadaedga: 1) diviziebi,
romlis gagzavnac orjonikiZes TbilisSi undoda, kievSi
sWirdeboda, sadac wiTeli armia polonelebs ebrZoda; 2)
britanelebma daiwyes molaparakebebi moxaliseTa armiis
kapitulaciis Sesaxeb da 1920 wlis 3 maisis depeSaSi didi
britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma lordma kerzonma
inglis-sabWoTa ruseTis savaWro SeTanxmebis dasruleba
yirimsa da kavkasiaSi samxedro moqmedebebis dasrulebas
daukavSira. moskovi Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
did britaneTTan savaWro molaparakebebs da Tvlida,
rom es uaRresad efeqturi saSualeba iyo ruseTis
saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis gasaZliereblad.
swored amiT unda aixsnas, rom sergo orjonikiZem
im dReebSi miiRo daSifruli,
xelmouwereli depeSa
moskovidan (depeSis toni da misi Sinaarsi gvaZlevs
saSualebas, gamovTqvaT varaudi mis avtorze: is an leninia,
an trocki, SesaZloa stalini): `... SewyviteT moZraoba...
Tqven Cven CagviTrevT saerTaSoriso avanturaSi...
saqarTvelos
sazRvrebis
gadalaxva
absoluturad
dauSvebelia... Cvenma jarebma unda daicvan saqarTvelos
sazRvrebis xelSeuxebloba. susti burJuaziuli saqarTvelo CvenTvis jer kidev sasargebloa”.
rogorc noe Jordanias memuarebi migvaniSnebs,
TbilisSic cdilobdnen daewyoT molaparakeba bolSevikur
ruseTTan. SeirCa Suamavalic – leninis Zveli kargi
nacnobi grigol urataZe. igi awarmoebda molaparakebas
ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgile lev
karaxanTan da kmayofilic iyo am molaparakebis SedegebiT
_ 1920 wlis 7 maiss xelmowerili xelSekrulebiT moskovi
aRiarebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da Tbilisis
uflebas gaekontrolebina sazRvrebi foTis portisa
da baTumis olqis CaTvliT. Tavis mxriv, bolSevikebma
strategiuli samTo gadasasvlelebis gakontrolebis
ufleba daitoves. es gzebi saqarTvelos SuagulSi
110
gadioda. moskovi Tanxmdeboda, rom mis teritorias
saqarTveloze TavdasxmisaTvis
veravin gamoiyenebda,
magram sanacvlod
Tbilisisagan yvela im patimris
gaTavisuflebas moiTxovda, vinc sabWoTa ruseTis momxre
iyo. saqarTvelos bolSevikuri partia legalizebuli
unda yofiliyo, dakavebuli pirebi dauyovnebliv unda
gaeTavisuflebinaT. mniSvnelovani iyo isic, rom ruseTi
saqarTvelos
SemadgenlobaSi
aRiarebda
afxazeTs,
samuslimano saqarTvelos da zaqaTalas. xelSekruleba
ise iyo Sedgenili, rom igi saqarTvelos teritoriidan
yvela mokavSire
samxedro personalis
daTxovnasac
gulisxmobda.
am xelSekrulebis orazrovnobas, mis flidur xasiaTs
adasturebs lev karaxanis depeSa sergo orjonikiZisadmi,
romelic man xelmoweris meore dResve gaugzavna Tavis
megobars: `CvenTvis ufro sasargebloa, rom ingliselebi
saqarTvelodan, baTumidan ganidevnon burJuaziuli
saqarTvelos xeliT, vidre Cveni jarebi Caebnen inglisTan
omSi. saqarTvelo Cven gvWirdeba rogorc droebiTi
buferi. is rom sabWoTa iyos, is ver Seasrulebs am
mniSvnelovan rols...”
am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis guldasmiT gacnobisas
cxadi xdeba, rom rusi diplomatebis mier igi kargad
gaazrebuli da damuSavebuli
iyo, xelmowerisTanave
ZalaSi Sedioda da gansakuTrebul ratifikacias ar
saWiroebda. xelSekruleba moskovs saSualebas aZlevda,
maT gankargulebaSi myofi strategiuli gadasasvlelebiT
wiTeli
armia
saqarTveloSi
gaegzavna
da
roca
moesurveboda, daemxo menSevikuri mTavroba, sababad ki
qarTveli mxaris mier zemoT moyvanili xelSekrulebis
nebismieri punqtis darRveva gamoeyenebina.
ruseT-saqarTvelos aRniSnuli xelSekruleba mudam
iwvevda azrTa sxvadasxvaobas. magram eiforiis viTarebaSi
– 1920 wlis maisSi, mainc didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia iman,
rom `ruseTma gvcno, gvaRiara!”.
nu gvaviwydeba, rom 1920 wels ruseTSi kanonieri
(demokratiuli) xelisuflebis aRdgenis SesaZlebloba
jer kidev sabolood ar iyo dakarguli da evropis
mTavrobebi ar Cqarobdnen sabWoTa ruseTis aRiarebas.
amdenad, leninis xelisufleba ukanono iyo. `de iured”
aRiarebuli ar iyo saqarTveloc. amrigad, saubaria or,
iuridiulad araRiarebuli saxelmwifos xelSekrulebaze,
111
romlis erT-erT wevrs (ruseTs) legitimaciis safuZvelic
ar hqonda. asjer marTali iyo saqarTvelos pirveli
elCi ruseTSi U gabriel xundaZe, roca aRniSnavda:
`mimdinare
epoqaSi,
roca nakerebze irRvevian
uzarmazari saxelmwifoebi, formaluri xelSekrulebebi
da SeTanxmebebi gansakuTrebul faseulobas sruliad ar
warmoadgenen, ufro metic – maT mier ar ganisazRvreba
faqtobrivi urTierTobebi”. am WeSmaritebas dResac ar
daukargavs Tavisi Zala.
saqarTveloSi eiforia erTxans marTlac SesaSuri
iyo. mogvianebiT, roca ufro detalurad gaaanalizes
xelSekruleba, masSi SeamCnies seriozuli naklovanebebi,
ramac sabolood Seuwyo xeli saqarTvelos katastrofas.
gansakuTrebiTi safrTxis Semcveli iyo mesame da mexuTe
muxlebi: – pirveli gulisxmobda kavkasiis uReltexilebis
neitralizacias, xolo meoreTi saqarTvelo valdebulebas
iRebda, ar daeSva Tavis teritoriaze raime operacia,
samxedro
Zala,
romelic
daemuqreboda
ruseTis
damoukideblobas. qarTuli mxare valdebuli iyo,
sakoncentracio banakebSi gaegzavna ruseTis mowinaaRmdege
samxedro sazRvao Zalebis naSTebi, ganeiaraRebina
saqarTvelos navsadgurebSi myofi gemebi da a.S. patara
saqarTvelo urTules saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi imden
valdebulebas iRebda, rom misi realizacia aSkarad
gauWirdeboda, rac Zlier mezobels morigi agresiisaTvis
sababs
aucileblad miscemda. amitomac migvaCnia, rom
samarTliania ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebis Semdegi
Sefaseba: `xelSekruleba ar yofila qarTuli diplomatiis
udavo
warmateba.
am
xelSekrulebiT
saqarTvelos
komunisturi partia gamovida iatakqveSidan, cixeebidan
gaaTavisufles komunistebi, daiwyo gamosvla komunisturma
gazeTebma, TbilisSi gaixsna ruseTis warmomadgenloba”.
sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo
sabWoTa ruseTis pirveli elCi saqarTveloSi
iyo
sergei kirovi, misi misia dasawyisSi 51 kacs aerTianebda,
rac Zalian male 300-mde gaizarda. isini faqtobrivad,
ruseTis agentebi iyvnen da uzrunvelyofdnen adgilobrivi
komunistebisa da ruseTis kompartiis centraluri
komitetis urTierTobas. kirovs uSualo kavSiri hqonda
baqoSi damkvidrebul rkp (b) ck kavbiurosTan, romlis
112
ucvleli xelmZRvaneli sergo orjonikiZe iyo.
male kirovi, romelic moskovSi gaiwvies, aron Seinmanma
Caanacvla, romelic erTgulad ganagrZobda komunisturi
ruseTis interesebis gatarebas samxreT kavkasiaSi.
Tbilisidan
sistumaturad
igzavneboda
moskovSi
daSifruli depeSebi, sadac detalurad acnobdnen
qveyanaSi arsebul politikur viTarebas, azviadebdnen
mTavrobis antikomunistur politikas da mis represiul
RonisZiebebs sabWoTa ruseTis agenturis winaaRmdeg.
ruseTis saelCo gansakuTrebiT Tvalyurs adevnebda
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sagareo politikas da Zalian
ar moswonda evropis saxelmwifoebTan saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis aqtiuri kontaqtebi. es exeboda saqarTvelobritaneTis urTierTobas, romlis dros qarTuli mxare,
imisaTvis, rom britaneTi ramenairad mainc darCeniliyo
regionSi, bevr daTmobaze midioda, Tanaxma iyo baTumis
`porto frankod” gamocxadebisa.
ruseTis faruli gegmebi
viTareba samxreT kavkasiaSi 1920 wlis oqtombrisTvis
Zlier daiZaba. TurqeTSi nacionalisturi revoluciisa da
qemal faSas politikuri dajgufebis gamarjvebis Semdeg,
garegnulad (ara didi xniT) Seiqmna ruseT-TurqeTis
aliansi dasavleTis mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg. aman SeaSina
somxeTi da iZulebuli gaxada, kvlav ruseTis mfarveloba
aerCia – somxeTSi sabWoTa diqtatura damyarda.
somxeTSi momxdari `revoluciis” Semdeg sabWoTa
ruseTisa da saqarTvelos urTierToba gauaresda.
azerbaijanma TbilisisaTvis navTobis miyidva Sewyvita,
somxeTma borCalos
olqis sadavo nawili daikava.
saqarTvelos komunistur partias SesaZlebloba mieca
mimdinare
politikuri
represiebi
daefiqsirebina,
rac sabWoTa
ruseTsa da saqarTvelos
samSvidobo
xelSekrulebis darRvevad CaiTvala da saqarTvelos
komunistebma daxmarebisaTvis moskovs mimarTes. magram
moskovi jer mzad ar iyo. 1920 wlis 27 noembers rkp
(b) ck politbiurom gadawyvita menSevikuri respublikis
winaaRmdeg
wiTeli armia ar gamoeyenebina.�����������
amasobaSi
saqarTvelos menSevikuri partia molaparakebas awarmoebda Turq nacionalistebTan da dasavleTis mokavSireebTan. maT undodaT darwmunebuli yofiliyvnen, rom
113
Turqebi ar daesxmodnen saqarTvelos da pativs scemdnen
mis sazRvrebs baTumisa da ardaganis olqebis CaTvliT.
amis pasuxad ankaradan Setyobineba movida, rom nacionalistebisTvis `damoukidebeli, Zlieri da megobruli
saqarTvelos arseboba umniSvnelovanesi iyo”. sakuTari
interesebidan gamomdinare, acnobierebdnen ra sabWoTa
ruseTisgan momdinare potenciur saSiSroebas, menSevikebi Cqarobdnen. maT gaagzavnes sagareo saqmeTa ministri
dasavleT evropaSi da moiTxovdnen saqarTvelos `de
iure” aRiarebas, erovnebaTa ligaSi daSvebas da materialur daxmarebas.
magram 1921 wlis 26 ianvars mdgomareoba Seicvala. im
dRes centraluri komitetis sxdomaze krasinma warmoadgina didi britaneTis premier-ministr loid jorjTan
misi Sexvedris pirveli sruli angariSi, sadac dafiqsirebulia saqarTvelos mimarT didi britaneTis aSkara
gulgriloba.
ra nabijebi gadadges bolSevikebma, rom britaneTs
kavkasia daetovebina? bolSevikebma gadawyvites, koncentrireba moexdinaT sparseTze da iq britanuli gavlena SeemcirebinaT. am mizniT azerbaijanis gasabWoebis
Semdeg iyo mcdeloba CrdiloeT iranSi, kaspiis zRvis
samxreT sanapiroebidan ganedevnaT britaneTis jarebi,
ruseTis xelSewyobiT iranis provincia gilanSi sabWoTa
xelisufleba daemyarebinaT. amiT sabWoeTs sparseTTan
vaWrobis SesaZlebloba mieca. es procesi ramdenime Tve
gagrZelda da sabolood xeli moewera sparseT-sabWoTa ruseTis xelSekrulebas, romelic orive qveynisaTvis
xelsayreli iyo. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo britaneTis
interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dartyma. amiT sabWoTa prestiJi iransa da mTel aziaSi izrdeboda, yalibdeboda bolSevikuri ruseTis – rogorc iraneli xalxis
megobris imiji, amiT ruseTi yovelTvis isargeblebda.
krasinis moxsenebis Semdeg bolSevikuri centraluri
komitetis wevrebs Soris saqarTvelos sakiTxze ori sapirispiro pozicia gamoikveTa: pirveli xazs usvamda sakiTxisadmi politikur midgomas, meore ki iTvaliswinebda
Zalis SesaZlo gamoyenebas. aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis politbiuro kavbiurosagan
wiTeli armiis mzadyofnas moiTxovda. es meore pozicia aSkarad dominirebda.
1921 wlis TebervalSi leninma depeSa gaugzavna orjonikiZes da dauyovnebliv angariSis Cabareba moiTxova.
114
baqodan pasuxi ar mosula. orjonikiZe saqarTvelos gasabWoebisaTvis emzadeboda.
lores provokacia
SeeZlo Tu ara saqarTvelos komunistur partias ganexorcielebina 1921 wlis dasawyisSi politikuri gadatrialeba da xelSi aeRo Zalaufleba? dokumentebi
adastureben, rom es mas ar SeeZlo – saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan permanentuli Setevebis Sedegad
partiis rigebi Zalian SeTxelebuli iyo – aerTianebda mxolod 9000 komunists. organizacia daqsaqsuli da
garkveulwilad dabneulic iyo. amaze yuradRebas amaxvilebda cnobili komunisti mamia oraxelaSvili 1920 wlis
dekemberSi rkp (b) ck kavbiuros sxdomaze. aris sxva cnobac, rom `saqarTveloSi Cveni (igulisxmeba `bolSevikuri” – avtorebi) organizaciebi dangreuli iyo”.
amitomac moskovma orientacia axladgasabWoebul
somxeTis partiul xelmZRvanelobaze SeaCera da maTac
imedebi ar gaucrues.
gasabWoebis Semdeg somexi komunistebi intensiurad
muSaobdnen lores neitralur zonaSi. aq mosaxleoba ZiriTadad somxuri iyo da maTTan saerTos advilad poulobdnen. rogorc dasturdeba, garkveuli socialuri
daZabuloba regionSi SeiniSneboda, rasac kidev ufro
amwvavebda komunisturi somxeTis antiqarTuli propaganda.
garkveul etapze, gasabWoebamde, TurqeTis mxridan
agresiis momlodine somxeTis burJuaziulma xelisuflebam saqarTvelos SesTavaza lores neitraluri zonis
droebiT dakaveba (ingliselebis regionidan wasvlis
Semdeg am teritoriebs monacvleobiT akontrolebdnen
saqarTvelo da somxeTi). 1920
��������������������������
wlis 13 noembris xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo da somxeTi Tu sami
Tvis ganmavlobaSi ver moaxerxebdnen sadavo teritoriis gamijvnas, saqarTvelos jarebs unda daetovebiaT
es zona da iq unda aRdgeniliyo marTvis adrindeli
sistema Sereuli administraciiT. sazRvris es monakveTi strategiulad metad mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTvelosTvis, radgan amiT izrdeboda manZili Tbilisamde bolSevikebis armiis Semotevis SemTxvevaSi, rac dros miscemda
qarTul jars qalaqis Tavdacva ukeTesad moemzadebina.
115
am teritoriebis Senaxva saqarTvelos 2 milion maneTze
meti ujdeboda. aq dislocirebuli iyo 7 000-kaciani samxedro SenaerTi. qarTveli samxedroebi gansakuTrebiT
icavdnen Sagalis xids, mniSvnelovan strategiul obieqts, romelic samxedro mosazrebiT danaRmes – is mters
xelSi ar unda Cavardnoda.
swored am strategiuli obieqtis maxloblad bolSevikurma dazvervam moawyo duqani, sadac qarTveli jariskacebi saRamoebs atarebdnen. somxurma agunturam SeZlo
qarTvelebis yuradRebis moduneba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, lores neitralur zonas saqarTvelo akontrolebda
somxeTis demokratiul respublikasTan SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, romelic 1920 wlis 13 noembers 3 Tvis vadiT iyo
xelmowerili. magram somxeTis demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis Sewyvetisa da mis nacvlad somxeTis sabWoTa respublikis Seqmnis Semdeg, noembris bolos am ukanasknelma saqarTvelosTan lores Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis anulireba da am teritoriidan qarTuli garnizonis
gayvana moiTxova. saqarTvelom SesTavaza xelSekrulebis
Sesruleba da umokles vadaSi am sakiTxis gadawyveta molaparakebebis saSualebiT. es molaparakebebi daiwyo 1920
wlis dekemberSi, magram ianvris dasawyisidan praqtikulad duned mimdinareobda da xSirad wydeboda. somxeTis
sabWoTa respublikis delegacia, romelic molaparakebebis dasawyisSi energiulad aprotestebda da moiTxovda
teritoriebis dabrunebas, molaparakebebis mimdinareobisas moeSva, nakleb aqtiuri da momTxovni gaxda. igrZnoboda, rom mis moqmedebaSi raRac cvlileba moxda, rasac,
rogorc mere gairkva, Tavisi axsna gaaCnda. 1921 wlis
13 Tebervals iwureboda neitralur zonaSi saqarTvelos
jarebis yofnis samTviani vada da, SeTanxmebis mixedviT,
maT es zona unda daetovebivebinaT. amgvarad, moispoboda teritoriuli konfliqtis aSkara sababi. kavkasiis
biurom gadawyvita, gamoeyenebina es sababi da saqarTvelosTan am sakiTxze uSedego molaparakebebisa da saqarTvelos kontrolis qveS myofi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
mZime mdgomareobis momizezebiT e.w. `ajanyeba” moawyo.
am ajanyebis organizacia daevala profesional revolucioners, bolSevik lazians. gadawyda ajanyebis dawyeba
11 Tebervals, RamiT. ruseTis XI armiis xelmZRvanelma
hekerma 300 wiTelarmieli gamohyo, romlebsac loreSi
mcxovrebi eTnikuri rusi moxaliseebic SeuerTdnen.
116
moulodnelobis faqtorma ajanyebulebs saSualeba
misca, strategiuli obieqti – Sagalis xidi xelSi CaegdoT. maT warmatebebs miaRwies dzixis da gergeris
raionebSi. didi brZola gaimarTa voroncovkis mimdebare
teritoriaze, sadac dasawyisSi qarTvelebma Seaviwroves
ajanyebulebi, magram ukve am dros lores dablobze Semovida sabWoTa armia, ramac brZolis bedi gadawyvita.
mogvianebiT n. Jordania ase igonebda am tragikul
faqts: `11 Tebervals ajanydnen borCalos `somxebi”,
garekes Cveni jari, daatyveves bevri... maSinve davibare odiSeliZe da movsTxove am sircxvilis angariSi. man
momca aseTi ganmarteba: jari damarcxda imitom, rom iyo
danawilebuli da SeerTeba ver moaswres.... es moaxdina
damfuZnebeli krebis samxedro komisiis Tavmjdomarem
ak. Cxenkelma”. aSkaraa, rom partiuli funqcioneri ak.
Cxenkeli zedmetad aqtiurad ereva samxedro ministris
funqciebSi da amis Sesaxeb araferi icis mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem.
pirvel xanebSi qarTuli presa dumda. informaciis gavrceleba daiwyo 15 Tebervlidan: `Cveni jarebi voroncovkas samxreTiT da sadaxlos samxreTiT awarmoeben brZolas. wamoyvanilia tyveebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom Cven
winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen somxeT-ruseTis sabWoTa jarebi”.
sabWoTa ruseTis elCma Seimanma ganacxada, rom man araferi icis am brZolebSi wiTeli armiis monawileobis Sesaxeb
da darwmunebulia, rom Tavdasxma organizebulia somxeTis
mTavrobis mier. amave dros saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo
aranakleb oficialuri deklaracia sabWoTa somxeTis warmomadgenlis _ Saverdovisgan imis Sesaxeb, rom somxeTs
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs am TavdasxmasTan.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam saswrafod gamocvala samxedro xelmZRvaneli, xolo general giorgi kvinitaZes
daevala Tavdacvis organizeba. generali mogvianebiT, Tavis memuarebSi sastikad gaakritikebs im qarTvel samxedroebs, romlebmac, Warbi samxedro Zalis miuxedavad,
sworad ver dagegmes loreSi samxedro Zalebis dislokacia da aman ganapiroba qarTvelebisaTvis uaresi samxedro viTarebis Seqmna. xolo TviTon man, maTi gafuWebuli saqme ukve veRar gamoaswora da iZulebuli gaxda,
ukan daxevis brZaneba gaeca.���������������������������
15 Tebervals azerbaijanis
mxridan saqarTveloSi Semovidnen cxenosani jariT gaZlierebuli me-11 armiis axali qvedanayofebi. 16 Teber-
117
vals Jordania telefoniT daukavSirda moskovs, magram
sagareo saqmeTa komisris moadgile karaxanma uari Tqva
masTan saubarze.
1921 wlis 15 Tebervals stalinma depeSa gamougzavna
s. orjonikiZes: `axlave Seutie, dasturia, aiRe qalaqi”.
16 Tebervals SulaverSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos revoluciuri komiteti, romlis xelmZRvanelad gamocxadda
filipe maxaraZe, romelic imJamad moskovSi imyofeboda.
revkomSi Sevidnen: m. oraxelaSvili, S. eliava, b. kvirkelia, g. elisabedaSvili, a. nazaretiani. isini SemouZRvnen
saqarTveloSi komunisturi ruseTis XI armias. saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam revkomis wevrebi kanongareSe
gamoacxada. 21 Tebervals Jordaniam mimarTa CiCerins radiogramiT da mosTxova omis mizezis ganmarteba. damajerebeli pasuxi rom ver miiRo, prezidentma 22 Tebervals
mimarTa leninsa da trockis da mosTxova omis Sewyveta.
amis pasuxad gaixsna sami damatebiTi fronti: saqarTvelos samxedro gzis mimarTulebiT vladikavkazis mxridan, mamisonis gadasasvlelis mxridan quTaisisken da Savi
zRvis sanapiroze soWis mxridan. saqarTveloze TavdasxmaSi monawileobdnen me-11 armia, me-8, me-4 da me-13 armiis
qvedanayofebi, budionisa da Jlobas cxenosani jarebi.
saqarTvelos regularulma armiam 18-22 Tebervals
SemoWril mters medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwia kojris
midamoebSi, sadac gmirulad daecnen axalgazrda qarTveli iunkrebi. amasTanave, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
samxedro daxmarebisTvis TurqeTs mimarTa. 22 Tebervals
TurqeTis mTavrobam bolSevikur ruseTTan molaparakebisas saqarTvelos ultimatumi wauyena ardaganisa da
arTvinis gaTavisuflebis moTxovniT. saqarTvelos mTavroba, romelsac am provinciebis dacvis saSualeba ar
hqonda, iZulebuli iyo droebiT daTanxmebuliyo amaze,
Tumca ganacxada, rom es sakiTxi gadawyvetili ar aris,
radgan TurqeTis qmedebebi ukanonoa da saerTaSoriso
arbitraJma unda ganixiloso.
samxedro mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, xelisuflebam
Tbilisi datova da jer quTaisSi, xolo Semdeg _ baTumSi gadavida. magram sanam dedaqalaqs datovebdnen,
damfuZnebelma krebam daamtkica saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstitucia, romlis amoqmedeba
ukve veRar moxerxda.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervals qarTveli bolSevikebis wi-
118
namZRvrobiT sabWoTa ruseTis XI armia TbilisSi Semovida. baqodan orjonikiZem depeSa gaugzavna leninsa da
stalins: `Tbilisze frialebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis wiTeli droSa. gaumarjos sabWoTa saqarTvelos!” qarTulma jarma brZolebiT daixia baTumisken, sadac sardloba
imedovnebda qalaqis Tavdacvis organizebas qalaqis xelsayreli ganlagebis strategiuli gegmidan gamomdinare.
Jordanias mTavroba gulubryvilod fiqrobda, rom �����
frangebi da Turqebi mxars dauWerdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobas da bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg gamovidodnen. mTeli Tebervlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mTavroba uSedegod eloda frangebis Carevas. samxedro moqmedebebis
dawyebis pirveli dRidanve frangebi exmarebodnen saqarTvelos mTavrobas Savi zRvis sanapiros dacvaSi, magram
parizs arasdros ufiqria saeqspedicio jarebis gagzavna.
britanelebma ki ubrZanes TavianT flots, ar Careuliyvnen konfliqtSi.
dasasruli
aseT rTul viTarebaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
sabediswero nabiji gadadga – man Turqebi moiwvia dasaxmareblad. es Turqebis interess Seesabameboda. maT
saswrafod daikaves istoriuli qarTuli miwebi – kolaartaani, tao-klarjeTi da baTumisken moiwevdnen. isini
imedovnebdnen, rom isargeblebdnen
saqarTvelos mZime mdgomareobiT da kvlav daibrunebdnen baTumis olqs.
16 marts, baTumSi Sesvlis Semdeg Turqebma ganacxades,
rom didma erovnulma krebam gadawyvita baTumisa da misi
raionis TurqeTTan mierTeba. maT scades ZaliT daekavebinaT yvela saxalxo dawesebuleba da gamagrebuli poziciebi. amave dros, maT ultimatumi wauyenes saqarTvelos
mTavrobas, romelSic iTxovdnen baTumSi qarTuli armiis
ganiaraRebas. baTumis quCebSi qalaqSi ganlagebuli qarTuli armiis nawilebsa da Turqebs Soris SeiaraRebulma
Setakebebma ifeTqa.
saqarTvelos mTavroba baTumSi Cavida. aq iyvnen politikuri opoziciis liderebic. viTareba sagangaSo
iyo. opoziciuri partiebi xelisuflebas uunarobaSi,
araorganizebulobaSi adanaSaulebdnen. giorgi kvinitaZe imasac ki igonebs, rom iyvnen politikuri moRvaweebi,
romlebic mas noe Jordanias dapatimrebas urCevdnen.
119
lenini, SeSinebuli rusuli agresiis saerTaSoriso
rezonansiT, moiTxovda JordaniasTan molaparakebas,
garigebas, mas sTavazobda saqarTveloSi darCenasac ki.
qveynis winaSe udidesi pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvilma
demokratiulma xelisuflebam gadawyvita, kompromisze
wasuliyo – quTaisSi daiwyo molaparakeba dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris: demokratiul saqarTvelos warmoadgenda grigol lorTqifaniZe, sabWoTa saqarTvelos – mamia oraxelaSvili, ruseTs – sergo qavTaraZe. miaRwies
SeTanxmebas – demokratiuli saqarTvelo Slida fronts, sabWoTa jarebi ikavebdnen baTums da Turqebisagan
mTlianad aTavisuflebdnen baTumis olqs. bolSevik liderebs mSvenivrad esmodaT baTumis mniSvneloba, navTobis transportireba baqodan baTumis gavliT evropaSi
xom yvelaze mokle da xelsayreli gza iyo. mas, vinc
baqos flobda, araviTari ufleba ar hqonda Sesaferis
SemTxvevaSi baTumic xelSi ar Caegdo. amasTanave maT kargad esmodaT, ramdenad arasasurveli iyo TurqebTan Ria
saomari moqmedebebis dawyeba. swored am faqtma ubiZga
bolSevikebs, dakavSirebodnen qarTuli armiis xelmZRvanelobas da miecaT maTTvis saSualeba, gaewmindaT qalaqi
Turqebisgan. baTumis revkomi Tavisi warmomadgenlis
Tengiz JRentis saxiT daukavSirda general mazniaSvils
da sTxova mas ieriSi mietana Turqebze mis gankargulebaSi myofi yvela nawilebis gamoyenebiT. ramdenime dRis
ganmavlobaSi baTumi da misi midamoebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli xelisuflebis samxedro SenaerTebma general giorgi mazniaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Turqebisgan
gawmindes. moskovis 1922 wlis 16 martis xelSekrulebiT
TurqeTma sabolood Tqva uari baTumis olqze.
1921 wlis 17 marts dasrulda TiTqmis samwliani cda,
aRdgeniliyo saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, social-demokratiulma xelisuflebam datova qveyana da emigraciaSi – safrangeTSi gaixizna, xolo saqarTvelo da misi
xalxi Caeflo bolSevikuri okupaciis samocdaaTwlian
wyvdiadSi...
120
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����������� ����
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Life” ���������
Standord ������������
University, ����������
Stanford, �����������
California
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Zourab Avalishvili.
������������� �����
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Independence ���
of ��������
Georgia ���
in ��������������
International Poli�
�����
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������������ �����
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struggle ����
for ����������������
Transcaucasia”, �������
Oxford �����������
University
Press, 1951.
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Richard K.
��� Debo.
������ “Survival
���������� and
���� Consolidation:
��������������� ����
The ��������
Foreign �������
Policy of
���
Soviet Russia, 1918-1921” McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992.
30.��������
Richard K.
��� Debo.
������ “Revolution
������������ ����
and ����������
Survival: ����
The ��������
Foreign �������
Policy ���
of Soviet
�������
Russia, 1917-1918” University of Toronto Press, 1979.
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Ronald Grigor
������� Suny.
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����� Making
������� of
��� the
���� Georgian
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�������� ��������
Indiana Uni�
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������������� “Armenia
��������� ���
on ����
the �����
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to ��������������
Independence, ������
1918”
University of California Press ,1967.
33.������
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34.�����������
“Communist ���������
Takeover ����
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Occupation ���
Of ����������
Georgia”. ��������
Special �������
Report ���
#6
of the Select Committee On Communist Aggression. House of Repre�
sentatives 83-rd Congress, 2-nd Session under authority of H. Res. 346
and H.Res. 438. �������
United �������
States �����������
Government ���������
Printing ��������
Office. �����������
Washington
,1955.
35. “Оккупация и фактическая анн������
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Издатeльствo
“Сакартвeло” Tбилиси 1990.�
122
sarCevi
winaTqma 5
wanamZRvrebi 6
qarTvelebis ltolva Tavisuflebisa
da damoukideblobisaTvis XIX-XX ss. 6
social-demokratia da saqarTvelo 9
kvlav `damoukidebeli”! 10
pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo 10
Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi 12
amierkavkasia damoukidebelia 12
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba 14
politikuri cxovreba 16
mmarTveli partia 16
socialist-federalistebi 19
socilist-revolucionerebi 20
erovnul-demokratebi 20
bolSevikebi 21
damfuZnebeli kreba 23
qveynis demokratiulobis xarisxi 24
saqarTvelos demokratiuli
saxelmwifos saSinao politika 25
axali qarTuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba 25
sabWoebi 27
TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebi 27
sasamarTlo sistema 29
milicia 30
saxalxo gvardia 32
saqarTvelos armia 34
`qarTuli vandea” 36
agraruli reformebi 38
123
muSebi da warmoebiTi urTierTobebi 40
burJuazia 45
Tavadaznauroba 46
saxelmwifo da eklesia 47
ganaTleba da kultura 50
yofa da cxovreba 64
erovnebaTaSorisi urTierToba 65
saqarTvelos demokratiuli
saxelmwifos sagareo politika 79
amierkavkasia da msoflio politika 79
urTierToba germaniasTan 80
urTierToba TurqeTTan 85
didi britaneTis politika samxreT kavkasiaSi 88
amerika-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis Taviseburebebi 92
somxur-qarTuli dapirispireba 93
azerbaijani da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo 99
kavkasiis xalxTa erTianobis miRwevis cdebi 102
TeTri ruseTi da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo 104
saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebis imedi 105
dasasruli 107
bolSevikebis politika amierkavkasiasa
da axlo aRmosavleTSi 108
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba 109
sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo 112
ruseTis faruli gegmebi 113
lores provokacia 115
dasasruli 119
bibliografia 121
124
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