Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Transcription

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Bio-based Building Blocks and
Polymers in the World
Capacities, Production and Applications:
Status Quo and Trends towards 2020
PP
PE
EPDM
PVC
PMMA
PET-like
PC
PHA
PTT
Ethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Ethanol
p-Xylene
Sorbitol
Isosorbide
Isobutanol
Glucose
HMDA
PA
PBS
Succinic acid
Starch
Adipic
Acid
Lysine
Saccharose
Lignocellulose
Superabsorbent Polymers
3-HP
Fructose
Acrylic acid
Natural Rubber
Caprolactam
HMF
Plant oils
Furfural
FDCA
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Other Furan-based polymers
Furfuryl
alcohol
Epichlorohydrin
Polyols
Natural Rubber
Starch-based Polymers
Lignin-based Polymers
Cellulose-based Polymers
Epoxy resins
PFA
Diacids (Sebacic acid)
PHA
PU
PU
PEF
1,4-Butanediol
Lactic acid
PU
THF
1,3-Propanediol
PLA
PU
PBT
Terephthalic acid
SBR
Methyl Metacrylate
PU
PET
MEG
Propylene
PBAT
PA
Authors: Florence Aeschelmann (nova-Institute),
Michael Carus (nova-institute) and ten renowned international experts
This is the short version of the full market study (474 pages, € 3,000).
Both are available at www.bio-based.eu/markets.
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets
Imprint
Order the full report
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers
in the World – Capacities, Production and
Applications: Status Quo and Trends toward
2020
The full report can be ordered
for € 3,000 plus VAT and the
old report (as of 2013) for
€ 1,000 plus VAT at
www.bio-based.eu/markets
Publisher
Michael Carus (V.i.S.d.P.)
nova-Institut GmbH
Chemiepark Knapsack
Industriestraße 300
50354 Hürth, Germany
All nova-Institute graphs can be downloaded
at http://bio-based.eu/graphics/#top.
All European Bioplastics graphs can be
downloaded at
http://en.european-bioplastics.org/press/
press-pictures/labelling-logos-charts
[email protected]
Authors of the short version
Florence Aeschelmann (nova-Institute)
[email protected],
Michael Carus (nova-Institute)
Please find the table of contents of the full
report with market data, trend reports and
company data, containing 474 pages and
202 tables and figures, on pages 18 – 20.
Layout
Mathias Lederle
Edition
2015-12
2
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-12
Bio-based polymers: Worldwide production capacity will triple from 5.7 million tonnes in 2014 to
nearly 17 million tonnes in 2020. The data show a 10% growth rate from 2012 to 2013 and even
11% from 2013 to 2014. However, growth rate is expected to decrease in 2015. Consequence of
the low oil price?
The new third edition of the market study is
available by now. It includes consistent data
from the year 2012 to the latest data of 2014
and the recently published data from European
Bioplastics, the association representing the
interests of Europe’s bioplastics industry. Biobased drop-in PET and the new polymer PHA
show the fastest rates of market growth. The biobased polymer turnover was about € 11 billion
worldwide in 2014 compared to € 10 billion in
2013.
Two years after the first market study was
released, Germany’s nova-Institute publishes the
third edition of the most comprehensive market
study of bio-based polymers ever made in
November 2015. This update expands the market
study’s range, including bio-based building
blocks as precursor of bio-based polymers.
The nova-Institute carried out this study in
collaboration with renowned international experts
from the field of bio-based building blocks and
polymers. The study investigates every kind of
bio-based polymer and, for the second time,
several major building blocks produced around
the world.
In 2015, for the second time, the association
“European Bioplastics” used nova-Institute’s
market study as its main data source for their
recently published market data.
Worldwide, European and bio-based plastics production from 1950 to 2014
350
Worldwide plastics production
Production (million tonnes)
300
European plastics production (EU28 + NO/CH)
250
Bio-based plastics production
200
150
100
50
1950
©
1955
-Institute.eu | 2015
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
*Includes plastics materials (thermoplastics and polyurethanes)
and other plastics (thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants).
Does not include the following fibres: PET-, PA-, PP- and polyacryl-fibres.
2000
2005
2010 2014
Data source: PlasticsEurope and nova-Institute
Figure 1: Worldwide, European and bio-based plastics production from 1950 to 2014
4
–
EPDM
PA
PBAT
PBS
PE
PET
PHA
PLA
Epoxies
Ethylene propylene diene
monomer rubber
Polyamides
Poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate)
Polybutylene succinate
Polyethylene
Polyethylene terephtalate
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Polylactic acid
–
Starch blends***
112
15
7
2
27
16
5
1
10
4
9
1
–
15
Bio-based carbon content: fraction of carbon derived from biomass in a product
(EN 16575 Bio-based products – Vocabulary)
25% to 100%
10% to 100%
27%
100%
100%
20%
100%
Up to 100%**
Up to 50%**
40% to 100%
50% to 70%
30%
50%
Green: Growth over the previous year
*** Starch in plastic compound
129
16
7
3
33
19
5
1
11
5
12
1
–
16
4,680,000
365,000
1,100,000
90,000
180,000
30,000
450,000
200,000
125,000
75,000
65,000
45,000
1,120,000
835,000
5,132,000
400,000
1,200,000
120,000
195,000
32,000
600,000
200,000
125,000
75,000
85,000
45,000
1,210,000
845,000
11%
-1%
17%
0%
5%
9%
0%
0%
0%
27%
12%
0%
26%
1%
© nova-Institut GmbH 2015
5,690,000
395,000
1,400,000
120,000
205,000
35,000
600,000
200,000
125,000
95,000
95,000
45,000
1,520,000
855,000
Full study available at www.bio-based.eu/markets
10%
10%
9%
33%
8%
7%
33%
0%
0%
0%
31%
0%
8%
1%
2012
2013
2014
PRODUCTION
CAGR
CURRENT BIO- PRODUCING LOCATIONS PRODUCTION PRODUCTION CAGR
CAPACITIES CAPACITIES 2012-2013 CAPACITIES
2013-2014
BASED CARBON COMPANIES IN 2014
(TONNES)
(TONNES)
CONTENT*
IN 2014 AND AND UNTIL (TONNES)
UNTIL 2020 2020
** Currently still mostly fossil-based with existing drop-in solutions and a steady upward trend
*
Total
PUR
Polyurethanes
Polytrimethylene terephthalate PTT
CA
Cellulose acetate
BIO-BASED STRUCTURAL POLYMERS
Table 1: Bio-based polymers, short names, current bio-based carbon content, producing companies with locations and
production capacities from 2012 to 2014 with corresponding growth rates
Figure 2: Global production capacities of bioplastics (European Bioplastics 2015)
Share of bio-based polymers in the total
polymer market
of one or more polymers and additives.
The bio-based share for structural polymers,
which are the focus of the study, is approximately
2%. In 2011, this share was 1.4%. The bio-based
share is clearly growing at a faster rate than that
of the global polymer market.
Table 1 gives an overview on the covered biobased polymers and the producing companies
with their locations and production capacities
from 2012 to 2014 with corresponding growth
rates.
This study focuses exclusively on bio-based
building block and polymer producers, and
the market data therefore does not cover the
bio-based plastics branch. We must clearly
differentiate between these two terms. A polymer
is a chemical compound consisting of repeating
structural units (monomers) synthesized through
a polymerization or fermentation process,
whereas a plastic material constitutes a blend
Bio-based polymers
In 2015, for the second time, the association
“European Bioplastics” used nova-Institute’s
market study as its main data source for their
recently published market data. For European
Bioplastics’s selection of bio-based polymers,
which differs from nova-Institute’s selection,
bio-based polymers production capacities are
projected to grow by more than 400% by 2019.1
1 M
arket data graphics are available for download in English and German: http://en.european-bioplastics.org/
press/press-pictures/labelling-logos-charts
Figure 3: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2014 (by material type) (European Bioplastics 2015)
Figure 4: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2019 (by material type) (European Bioplastics 2015)
6
The graph in Figure 2 shows European
Bioplastics’s growth projection of bio-based
polymers production; by 2019, these could
grow by over 400%, or from 1.7 million tonnes
in 2014 to 7.8 million tonnes in 2019 in absolute
terms. The market is clearly dominated by
bio-based and non-biodegradable polymers.
Drop-in bio-based polymers such as polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE) lead
this category. Drop-in bio-based polymers
are chemically identical to their petrochemical
counterparts but at least partially derived from
biomass. European Bioplastics uses plastic as
a synonym for polymer.
The global capacities in 2014 and 2019 have
been split by material type in Figures 3 and 4
respectively. Bio-based PET is the overall market
leader and is expected to grow at a quick rate,
from 35.4% in 2014 to 76.5% in 2019. As a
consequence, the bio-based non-biodegradable
polymers market is expected to grow strongly as
well since bio-based PET is part of this category.
In 2014 and in 2019 a distant second behind biobased PET are biodegradable polyesters such as
polybutylene succinate (PBS) and poly(butylene
adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), which are
closely followed by polylactic acid (PLA), biobased PE and starch blends.
European Bioplastics’s selection of bio-based
polymers and time span differ from novaInstitute’s. nova-Institute decided to cover
further bio-based polymers by including biobased thermosets (epoxies, polyurethanes (PUR)
and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber
(EPDM)) and cellulose acetate (CA) until 2020.
Figures 5 and 6 show the main results of novaInstitute’s survey. Production capacity of bio-
million t/a
Bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities
from 2011 to 2020
20
actual data
forecast
15
10
2% of total
polymer capacity,
€11 billion turnover
5
2011
©
-Institut.eu | 2015
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Epoxies
PUR
CA
PET
PTT
PEF
EPDM
PE
PBS
PBAT
PA
PHA
Starch
Blends
PLA
2020
Figure 5: Bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020
based polymers will triple from 5.7 million tonnes
in 2014 to nearly 17 million tonnes by 2020.
The production capacity for bio-based polymers
boasts very impressive development and
annual growth rates, with a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 20% in comparison to
petrochemical polymers, which have a CAGR
between 3 – 4%. Due to their broader scope,
nova-Institute’s projected production capacities
are much higher than those projected by
European Bioplastics.
The 5.7 million tonnes bio-based polymer
production capacity represent approximately a
2% share of overall structural polymer production
at 256 million tonnes in 2013 and a bio-based
polymer turnover of about € 11 billion (5.7 Mio. t
(production capacity) x € 2.50/kg (estimated
average bio-based polymer price) x 0,8 (capacity
utilization rate)).
This bio-based share of overall polymer
production has been growing over the years: it
was 1.4% in 2011 (3.3 million tonnes bio-based
for a global production of 235 million tonnes).
With an expected total polymer production of
about 400 million tonnes in 2020, the bio-based
share should increase from approximately 2%
in 2014 to more than 4% in 2020, meaning that
bio-based production capacity will grow faster
than overall production.
The most dynamic development is foreseen
for drop-in bio-based polymers, but this is
closely followed by new bio-based polymers.
Drop-in bio-based polymers are spearheaded
by partly bio-based PET, whose production
capacity was around 600,000 tonnes in 2014
and is projected to reach about 7 million tonnes
by 2020, using bio-ethanol from sugar cane.
Bio-based PET production is expanding at
high rates worldwide, largely due to the Plant
PET Technology Collaborative (PTC) initiative
launched by The Coca-Cola Company. The
second most dynamic development is foreseen
for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which, contrary
to bio-based PET, are new polymers, but still
have similar growth rates to those of bio-based
PET. PBS and PLA are showing impressive
growth as well: their production capacities are
expected to quadruple between 2014 and 2020.
Here are some details on each bio-based
polymer covered in the report:
Epoxies are approximately 30% bio-based
(only bio-based carbon content2 considered in
this report) and are produced out of bio-based
epichlorohydrin. The market is well established
since epoxies have already long been partly biobased. Production capacity increased in 2014
through the growing production capacity of biobased epichlorohydrin. However, from now on, it
is expected to stay steady until 2020.
Polyurethanes (PUR) can be 10% to 100% biobased. PUR are produced from natural oil polyols
(NOP). Bio-based succinic acid can be used to
replace adipic acid. The global PUR market
(including petro-based PUR) is continuously
growing but the bio-based PUR market is
expected to grow faster.
Cellulose acetate (CA) is 50% bio-based.
This market is similar to that of epoxies: well
established, for example cigarette filters are
made from CA, with small capacity growth.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is currently
20% bio-based and produced out of bio-based
monoethylene glycol (MEG) and terephthalic
acid (TPA) as a drop-in bio-based polymer.
TPA is currently still petro-based but subject to
ongoing R&D. Bio-based TPA can be produced
at pilot scale. Most bio-based PET and MEG are
produced in Asia. Bio-based PET is one of the
leaders of the bio-based polymers market and is
slated to become the bio-based polymer with the
2 B
io-based carbon content: fraction of carbon derived in a product (EN 16575 Bio-based products from
biomass– Vocabulary)
8
million t/a
Selected bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production
capacities from 2011 to 2020
3
2.5
2
actual data
forecast
1.5
1
0.5
2011
2012
2013
PTT
PBAT
©
2014
2015
PEF
PA
-Institut.eu | 2015
2016
2017
EPDM
PE
PHA
Starch
Blends
2018
2019
2020
PBS
PLA
Figure 6: Selected bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020
biggest production capacity by far. This is largely
due to the Plant PET Technology Collaborative
(PTC) initiative launched by The Coca Cola
Company.
Bio-based epoxies, PUR, CA and PET have huge
production capacities with a well established
market in comparison with other bio-based
polymers. However, other bio-based polymers
listed on Figure 6 show strong growth as well.
Figure 6 shows the evolution of worldwide
production capacities only for selected biobased polymers (without bio-based epoxies,
PUR, CA and PET). Some of these polymers are
brand new bio-based polymers. That is why their
markets are smaller and need to be developed
correspondingly.
Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) is
27% bio-based and made out of bio-based
1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and currently petrobased TPA. PTT is similar to PET since both have
TPA as precursor. Bio-based PTT and 1,3-PDO
are produced by one leading company, DuPont.
The market is well established and is expected
to grow in 2016 due to the very good market
acceptance.
Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) is 100% biobased and is produced out of bio-based
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) and MEG.
PEF is a brand new polymer, which is expected
to enter the market in 2017. Just as PTT, PEF
is similar to PET. Both PEF and PET are used
in bottle production, however PEF is said to
have better properties, such as better barrier
properties, than PET. Technology company
Avantium is heavily involved in the development
of PEF and is planning to introduce PEF to the
market in 2017.
Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber
(EPDM) is made out of bio-based ethylene
and can be 50% to 70% bio-based. Specialty
chemicals company Lanxess is currently
producing bio-based EPDM in Brazil. The market
is small but a steady growth is expected in the
coming years through the development of new
grades and new applications.
Polyethylene (PE) is a 100% bio-based drop-in
polymer. The bio-based building block needed is
bio-based ethylene, which is made out of sugar
cane. Brazilian petrochemical company Braskem
produces bio-based PE in Brazil. Bio-based PE
has been on the market for a few years but its
production capacity has hitherto remained the
same. Further developments have been slowed
down because of the shale gas boom.
Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is biodegradable
and currently mostly fossil-based but could in
theory be 100% bio-based. PBS is produced
from 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) and succinic acid.
Both building blocks are available bio-based but
1,4-BDO is not commercially available yet; this
is expected in 2015. PBS is currently produced
exclusively in Asia. It is expected to have grown
fourfold by 2020 and profit from the availability
and lower cost of bio-based succinic acid.
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)
is also currently mostly fossil-based. PBAT is
produced from 1,4-BDO, TPA and adipic acid.
PBAT is biodegradable. PBAT can theoretically
be up to 50% bio-based since bio-based adipic
acid is not available yet. It is still at the research
stage. PBAT has mostly been produced by one
big company, BASF, but a new player, Jinhui
ZhaolongHigh Technology, entered the market
and another one, Samsung Fine Chemicals,
which has a relatively small production capacity
at the moment, is planning to extend its
production capacity.
Polyamides (PA) are a big family since there are
many different types of polyamides. This explains
the wide range of bio-based carbon content: from
40% to 100%. Polyamides are generally based
10
on sebacic acid, which is produced from castor
oil. Evonik has recently developed a polyamide
based on palm kernel oil. The market, which is
expected to grow moderately, is headed by one
big player, Arkema.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are 100% biobased and biodegradable even in cold sea
water. PHA are produced through a fermentation
process mainly by specific bacteria. Many
different companies are involved in the
production of PHA. The market is currently very
small but is expected to grow tremendously. The
joint venture Telles, set by Metabolix and ADM
in 2006, aimed at big capacity but hardly sold
any PHA and subsequently collapsed in 2012.
PHA are brand new polymers, which means
their market still needs time to fully develop.
Nevertheless PHA producers and several new
players are optimistic and see potential in PHA.
Therefore, production capacity is expected to
have grown tenfold by 2020. Production capacity
increased in 2014 since Newlight Technologies
scaled up.
Starch blends are completely biodegradable
and 25% to 100% bio-based, with starch added
to one or several polymers. Many players are
involved in the production of starch blends but
Italian company Novamont is currently market
leader. Production capacity is expected to stay
steady or eventually to decrease to some extent
in the coming years. In 2015, Roquette decided
to stop the production of starch blends due to
the decrease of oil price and the delay in the
implementation of a favorable legislative and
regulatory environment in Europe.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is 100% bio-based
and biodegradable but only under certain
conditions: PLA is industrially compostable.
Produced by numerous companies worldwide,
with NatureWorks as market leader, PLA is the
most well established new bio-based polymer.
However, the PLA market is still expected to
grow further, with a projected fourfold growth
between 2014 and 2020. In 2014, Zhejiang
Hisun Biomaterials scaled up its facility. PLA can
already be found at near-comparable prices to
fossil-based polymers.
Bio-based building blocks as a precursor
of bio-based polymers
In short, the most dynamic development is
expected for bio-based PET, with a projected
production capacity of about 7 million tonnes by
2020. Second in the drop-in polymers group is
PBS. Regardless, new bio-based polymers such
as PLA and PHA are showing impressive growth
as well: PLA production capacity is expected to
almost quadruple and PHA production capacity
is expected to grow tenfold between 2014 and
2020.
For the second time, the production capacities of
some major building blocks have been reported
in the market study. The total production capacity
of the bio-based building blocks reviewed in
this study was 2.2 million tonnes in 2014 and
is expected to reach 4.1 million tonnes in 2020,
which means a CAGR of 11%. The most dynamic
developments are spearheaded by succinic acid
and 1,4-BDO, with MEG as a distant runnerup. Figure 7 shows the evolution of worldwide
production capacities for some major building
blocks.
Detailed information on the development of biobased PET and PLA and other polymers can be
found in the full report.
Bio-based MEG, L-lactic acid (L-LA), ethylene
and epichlorohydrin are relatively well established
on the market. These bio-based building blocks
million t/a
Selected bio-based building blocks: Evolution of worldwide
production capacities from 2011 to 2020
5
4
3
actual data
forecast
2
1
2011
2012
MEG
1,4-BDO
©
-Institut.eu | 2015
2013
2014
L-LA
1,3-PDO
2015
Ethylene
Lactide
2016
2017
Epichlorohydrin
2,3-BDO
2018
2019
2020
Succinic acid
2,5 FDCA
D-LA
Figure 7: Selected bio-based building blocks: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020
cover most of the total production capacity. They
are expected to keep on growing, especially
bio-based MEG, whereas L-LA and bio-based
ethylene and epichlorohydrin are projected to
grow at lower rate. However, the most dynamic
developments are spearheaded by succinic acid
and 1,4-BDO. Both are brand new drop-in biobased building blocks on the market. The first
facilities are currently running and more will be
built in the coming years.
Here are some details on each bio-based building
block covered in the report:
Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is one of PET’s
building blocks. Bio-based MEG is a dropin which is mostly produced in Asia. The very
fast increase in bio-based PET production has
had a considerable impact on the production
capacities of bio-based MEG. Bio-based PET
actually leads the bio-based polymers group,
which is largely due to the Plant PET Technology
Collaborative (PTC) initiative launched by The
Coca-Cola Company.
L-Lactic acid (L-LA) is PLA’s building block,
together with D-lactic acid (D-LA). Both are
optical isomers of LA. L-LA is much more common
than D-LA since D-LA is more complicated to
produce. Lactide is an intermediate between LA
and PLA. It can be bought as such to produce
PLA. A lot of different companies are involved in
this business worldwide since most LA has long
been used in the food industry as, among other
things, a food preservative, pH regulator and
flavouring agent. The production capacities do
not only include LA used for polymer production,
but also for the food industry. It is estimated
that more than a half of LA is used by the food
industry.
Ethylene is PE’s building block. Bio-based
ethylene is currently made from sugar cane in
Brazil. Further developments have slowed down
because of a sudden extreme price drop in petrobased ethylene that happened due to the shale
gas boom.
12
Epichlorohydrin is one of the building blocks of
epoxies. Glycerin, which is a by-product of the
production of biodiesel, is used as feedstock.
Production capacity increased in 2013 and in
2014.
Succinic acid is a very versatile building block.
Bio-based polymers such as PBS can be made
of succinic acid but also other bio-based building
blocks such as 1,4-BDO. It can be used as well
in PUR to replace adipic acid. However, the
market still has to be developed. Petro-based
succinic acid is not a big market since petrobased succinic acid is relatively expensive. Biobased succinic acid is actually cheaper than its
petro-based counterpart. The first facilities have
been running since 2012 and the next ones are
already in the pipeline. In 2014, Succinity opened
its first facility in Spain and in 2015 BioAmber just
opened its new facility in Canada.
1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) is also a versatile
building block. 1,4-BDO can directly be produced
from biomass or indirectly from succinic acid.
The first producers of bio-based 1,4-BDO have
recently entered the market. BioAmber can also
produce bio-based 1,4-BDO from succinic acid
in the new facility in Canada.
2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is another isomer of
butanediol. Global Bio-Chem Technology Group,
based in China, is currently producing 2,3-BDO,
which they obtain by processing corn.
1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is one of PTT’s
building blocks. 1,3-PDO is mostly produced
from corn by DuPont. The market is well
established. Production capacities are not
expected to grow much.
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) can be
combined with MEG to produce polyethylene
furanoate (PEF). 2,5-FDCA is a brand new
building block which is expected to come to the
market in 2017. Avantium is deeply involved in
2,5-FDCA but others are also showing interest.
Figure 8: Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2014
(by region) (European Bioplastics 2015)
Figure 9: Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2019
(by region) (European Bioplastics 2015)
Detailed information on the development of biobased building blocks can be found in the full
report.
is predicted to increase from 58.1% to 80.6%.
South America is likely to remain constant
with a share between 10% and 12%. In other
words, world market shares are expected to
shift dramatically. Asia is predicted to experience
most of the developments in the field of biobased building block and polymer production,
while Europe and North America are slated to
lose more than two thirds of their shares.
Investment by region
Most investment in new bio-based polymer
capacities will take place in Asia because of
better access to feedstock and a favourable
political framework. Figures 8 and 9 show the
2014 and 2019 global production capacities
for bio-based polymers repartitioned by region.
European Bioplastics published these market
data, which take into account fewer types of
bio-based polymers than nova-Institute. Due to
the complexity of the manufacturing value chain
structure of epoxies, PUR and cellulose acetate,
the repartitions by region cannot be reliably
determined for all bio-based polymers. As a
result, a graph representing the repartition by
region with nova-Institute’s scope is not provided
in the report, but only for the subgroup selected
by European Bioplastics.
Europe’s share is projected to decrease from
15.4% to 4.9%, and North America’s share is
set to fall from 14.0% to 4.1%, whereas Asia’s
Production capacities in Europe
Figure 10 shows the evolution of production
capacities in Europe without bio-based
thermosets (epoxies and PUR) and cellulose
acetate.
Europe’s position in producing bio-based
polymers is limited to just a few polymers. Europe
has so far established a solid position mainly
in the field of starch blends and is expected to
remain strong in this sector for the next few years.
This can be traced back to Italy’s Novamont, a
leading company in this field. Nevertheless, a
number of developments and investments are
foreseen in Europe. PLA production capacities,
are predicted to grow.
One noteworthy finding of other studies is that
Europe shows the strongest demand for biobased polymers, while production tends to take
place elsewhere, namely in Asia. In Europe, biobased polymer production facilities for PLA are
not only small in size but also small in number.
On the other hand, bio-based PA production is
partly based in Europe and is likely to continue
supplying for the growing markets of the building
and construction and automotive sectors. Europe
does have industrial production facilities for
PBAT which is still fully fossil-based. However,
judging by industry announcements and the everincreasing capacity of its bio-based precursors,
PBAT is expected to be increasingly bio-based,
with a projected 50% share by 2020. Housing
the leading chemical corporations, Europe is
particularly strong and has great potential in the
fields of high value fine chemicals and building
blocks. However, only few specific, large-scale
plans for bio-based building blocks incorporating
concrete plans for the production of bio-based
polymers have been announced to date.
The European Union’s relatively weak position in
the production of bio-based polymers is largely
the consequence of an unfavourable political
framework. In contrast to bioenergy and biofuels,
there is no European policy framework to support
bio-based polymers, whereas bioenergy and
biofuels receive strong and ongoing support
during commercial production (quotas, tax
incentives, green electricity regulations, market
introduction programs, etc.). Without comparable
support, bio-based chemicals and polymers will
suffer further from underinvestment by the private
sector. It is currently much safer and much more
attractive to invest in bio-based polymers in Asia,
South America and even North America.
million t/a
Bio-based polymers: Evolution of production capacities in Europe
from 2011 to 2020 (without thermosets and cellulose acetate)
0.8
0.6
actual data
forecast
0.4
0.2
2011
2012
2013
2014
2016
2018
2020
2011
2012
2013
2014 2015
2015
2016 2017
2017
2018 2019
2019
2020
Starch Blends
©
-Institut.eu | 2015
PLA
PBAT
PEF
PA
Figure 10: Bio-based polymers: Evolution of production capacities in Europe from 2011 to 2020 (without thermosets and
cellulose acetate)
14
Market segments
The packaging industry consumes most petrobased polymers. For bio-based polymers, the
same trend can be observed: the major part of
this as rigid packaging (bottles for example) and
the rest as flexible packaging (films for example).
These uses cannot come as a surprise, since
bio-based PET is one of the biggest bio-based
polymers in terms of capacity and is mostly
used for the production of bottles. On the other
hand, the packaging industry has a considerable
interest in biodegradability since packaging is
only needed for short times but in big quantities,
which contributes to the accumulation of waste.
It should be understood that not all bio-based
polymers are biodegradable but some important
ones are, e.g. PHA, PLA and starch blends.
This feature is also interesting for agriculture
and horticulture applications (mulch films for
example). However, bio-based polymers are also
used in many different other market segments.
Figures 11 and 12 show the global production
of bio-based polymers by market segment in
2014 and 2019.
The order of importance of the market segments
is expected to stay approximately the same
between 2014 and 2019. Rigid packaging is
supposed to keep its first place by growing
tremendously with a sevenfold growth in only
five years. This is again due to the very fast
development of bio-based PET. However, the
automotive sector is projected to gain faster
importance than consumer goods and agriculture
sectors. Automotive is actually the second most
dynamic after rigid packaging and is followed by
electronics, a sector which is still very small and
by textiles, which is already well established on
the global market.
Figure 11: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2014 (by market segments) (European Bioplastics 2015)
Figure 13 shows the worldwide shares of biobased polymers production in different market
segments in 2014 and 2020 for nova-Institute’s
scope of bio-based polymers (with thermosets
and cellulose acetate).
The same statement can be made regarding
the packaging sector: packaging (rigid and
flexible together) is the leader, with a clear
advantage for rigid packaging, which is slated
to grow strongly. On the other hand, automotive,
building and construction, textiles and consumer
goods are much bigger because bio-based
epoxies, polyurethanes and cellulose acetate
are used in these sectors. The smallest market
segments are agriculture and functional. In
agriculture, applications are mostly limited to
biodegradable polymers (mulch films), which
are clearly not a market leader in terms of
capacities – but depending on future policy on
plastic microparticles, mulch films and other
biodegradable applications could grow strongly.
Functional polymers are used in adhesives,
coatings and inks, which require relatively small
quantities of polymers.
Content of the full report
This 500-page report presents the findings of
nova-Institute’s market study, which is made up
of three parts: “market data”, “trend reports” and
“company profiles”.
The “market data” section presents market
data about total production capacities and the
main application fields for selected bio-based
polymers worldwide (status quo in 2011, 2013
and 2014, trends and investments towards
2020). Due to the lack of 100% reliable market
Figure 12: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2019 (by market segments) (European Bioplastics 2015)
16
Worldwide shares of bio-based polymers production in different
market segments in 2014 and 2020
2014
2020
1%
17%
2%
13%
8%
4%
40%
13%
1%
2%
17%
18%
11%
16%
1%
©
18%
9%
3%
6%
Packaging - rigid
(incl. food serviceware)
Packaging flexible
Textiles
(incl. non-woven and fibres)
Agriculture and
horticulture
Consumer
goods
Functional (adhesives,
coatings, inks)
Automotive
and transports
Electrics and electronics
(incl. casing)
Building and
construction
Others
-Institut.eu | 2015
Figure 13: Worldwide shares of bio-based polymers production in different market segments in 2014 and 2020
data about some polymers, which is mainly due
to the complexity of their manufacturing value
chain structure (namely thermosets and cellulose
acetate) or their pre-commercial stage (CO2based polymers), this section contains three
independent articles by experts in the field who
present and discuss their views on current and
potential market development. However, this
part not only covers bio-based polymers, but
also investigates the current bio-based building
block platforms.
The final “company profiles” section includes
company profiles with specific data including
locations, bio-based building blocks and
polymers, feedstocks and production capacities
(actual data for 2011, 2013 and 2014 and
forecast for 2020). The profiles also encompass
basic information on the companies (joint
ventures, partnerships, technology and biobased products). A company index by biobased building blocks and polymers, with list of
acronyms, follows.
The “trend reports” section contains a total of
eleven independent articles by leading experts
in the field of bio-based polymers and building
blocks. These trend reports cover in detail every
recent issue in the worldwide bio-based building
block and polymer market.
Updates to the report
nova-Institute will provide annual updates of
the report based on the existing report and the
continuously updated data. The trend reports will
be updated every second year at least.
Table of contents
(474 pages and 202 tables and figures)
1Executive summary
(26 pages, 16 tables and figures)
1.1Introduction
1.2 Study background
1.3Methodology
1.4 Main results
1.5 Content of the full report
1.6 Authors of the study
1.7Figures
Market data
2Market data
2.1 Bio-based Building Blocks
2.2 Bio-based Polymers
3Qualitative analyses of selected biobased polymers
3.1 Cellulose Acetate (CA)
3.2Carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock:
Polymers and plastics from CO2 3.3Thermosets
Trend reports (as of May 2015)
Policy on bio-based polymers
4Policies impacting bio-based plastics
market development – Dirk Carrez,
Jim Philp and Lara Dammer
4.1Introduction
4.2 Policy issues
4.3 Bio-based plastics within a bioeconomy
4.4General bioeconomy strategies and
policies
4.5References
18
5Plastic bags – their consumption and
regulation in the European market
and beyond – Constance Ißbrücker,
Kristy-Barbara Lange and
Hasso von Pogrell
5.1Introduction
5.2 Common types of carrier bags
5.3The bio-based plastics alternative –
commercially available
5.4 The bag market in Europe and beyond
5.5European regulation on lightweight
plastic bags – a complex negotiation
process
5.6Possible bag market developments in
EU Member States
6Bagislation in Europe – a (good?) case
for biodegradables – Harald Käb
7Standards, norms and labels for biobased products – Lara Dammer and
Michael Carus
7.1Introduction
7.2 Activities of CEN/TC 411
7.3 Bio-based labels in Europe
7.4Certification of the sustainability of wood
as a raw material – FSC and PEFC
7.5New certification systems for
sustainable biomass
7.6References
Bio-based building blocks and polymers market
8Bio-based polymers, a revolutionary
change – Jan Ravenstijn
8.1Introduction
8.2 Market trends
8.3 Technology trends
8.4 Environmental trends
8.5 Selected bio-based polymer families
8.6 Customer views
8.7 New business concepts
8.8 New value chain
8.9 Lessons learnt
8.10Acknowledgements
9Bio-based building blocks –
Rainer Busch
9.1Introduction
9.2 Selected monomers
9.3Perspectives
10Asian markets for bio-based chemical
building blocks and polymers –
Wolfgang Baltus
10.1Introduction
10.2 Asian markets for bio-based polymers
10.3 Asia-Pacific region in numbers
10.4Feedstock – Key to success in AsiaPacific
10.5 Policy development
10.6 Market growth factors
10.7Selected biopolymer families –
limitations, challenges and chances in
Asia-Pacific
10.8Case Study: The National Bioplastics
Roadmap in Thailand – Situation and
outlook after 6 years in operation
11Brand views and adoption of
bio-based polymers – Harald Käb
11.1 Introduction – Why read this?
11.2Summary
11.3 Brand Strategies – Branch Aspects
11.4Individual Brand Strategies (selection,
alphabetic order) for packaging
applications
11.5 Summary table
12GreenPremium prices along the value
chain of bio-based products –
Michael Carus, Asta Eder and
Janpeter Beckmann
12.1 Initial questions
12.2Methodology
12.3 Definition of “GreenPremium” prices
12.4 GreenPremium prices do exist
12.5Results of the LinkedIn survey in the
bio-based community
12.6GreenPremium price ranges – the full
picture
12.7 Examples of GreenPremium Prices
12.8Main drivers for emotional and strategic
performance
12.9 GreenPremium in the automotive sector
12.10Some actors fail to receive a
GreenPremium
12.11 GreenPremium for Biofuels?
12.12Summary – GreenPremium prices along
the value-added chain from bio-based
chemicals to products
12.13References
Bio-based plastics and environment
13Environmental evaluation of bio-based
polymers and plastics – Roland Essel
and Christin Liptow
13.1Introduction
13.2Results from recent life cycle
assessments
13.3Feedstock supply and use of byproducts
13.4 Genetically modified organisms
13.5Biodiversity
13.6 Land use
13.7Conclusion
14Microplastic in the environment –
sources, impacts and solutions –
Roland Essel
14.1Introduction
14.2 Defining microplastic
14.3 Sources of microplastic
14.4 Impacts of microplastics
14.5 Can bio-based plastics be a solution?
14.6Conclusions
14.7References
Company data
15Company profiles
(129 pages, 96 company profiles)
15.1AnoxKaldnes
15.2 Anqing Hexing Chemical Co., Ltd.
15.3 Arizona Chemical Company LLC
15.4 Arkema SA
15.5Attero
15.6 Avantium Technologies B.V.
15.7 BASF SE
15.8 Bio-on Srl
15.9 BioAmber Inc.
15.10 BioBased Technologies LLC
15.11 BioMatera Inc.
15.12 Bioplastech Ltd.
15.13BIOTEC Biologische Naturverpackungen
GmbH & Co. KG
15.14 Braskem S.A.
15.15 Cargill Inc.
15.16 Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd.
15.17Cellulac
15.18Chengdu Dikang Biomedical Co., Ltd.
15.19 China New Materials Holdings Ltd.
15.20Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products
Co., Ltd.
15.21 Corbion Purac
15.22 Covestro Deutschland AG
15.23 DaniMer Scientific LLC
15.24 DSM N.V.
15.25DuPont
15.26DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products
Company, LLC
15.27 Evonik Industries AG
15.28 Far Eastern New Century Corporation
15.29Futerro
15.30Galactic
15.31 Genomatica, Inc.
15.32Global Bio-Chem Technology Group
Co., Ltd.
15.33Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology
Co., Ltd.
15.34Hubei Guangshui National Chemical
Co., Ltd.
15.35 Hunan Anhua Lactic Acid Company
15.36 India Glycols Limited
15.37Indorama Ventures Public Company
Limited
20
15.38Jiangsu Clean Environmental
Technology Co., Ltd.
15.39Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Co.,
Ltd.
15.40 Kaneka Corporation
15.41 Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd.
15.42 KNN Bioplastic
15.43 LANXESS AG
15.44 Limagrain Holding S.A.
15.45 Lukang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
15.46 Mango Materials
15.47 Meredian Holdings Group
15.48 Merquinsa S.A.
15.49 Metabolix Inc.
15.50Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (MCC)
15.51 Musashino Chemical Laboratory, Ltd.
15.52 Myriant Corporation
15.53 Nafigate Corporation
15.54Nantong Jiuding Biological Engineering
Co., Ltd.
15.55 NatureWorks LLC
15.56 Newlight Technologies LLC
15.57 Novamont S.p.A.
15.58 Novomer Inc.
15.59Paques
15.60 PHB Industrial S.A.
15.61 Plaxica Ltd.
15.62 PolyFerm Canada Inc.
15.63 PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd.
15.64 Rennovia Inc.
15.65Reverdia
15.66 Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V.
15.67Roquette
15.68 Samsung Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.
15.69Shandong Fuwin New Material Co., Ltd.
15.70Shanghai Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterials
Co., Ltd.
15.71 Shantou Liangyi
15.72Shenzhen Bright China Biotechnological
Co., Ltd.
15.73Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co.,
Ltd
15.74 Showa Denko K.K.
15.75 Solvay SA
15.76 Succinity GmbH
15.77 Sulzer Chemtech AG
15.78 SUPLA Material Technology Co., Ltd
15.79 Surakshit Parivar Biotech Pvt. Ltd.
15.80 Synbra Technology B.V.
15.81 Teijin Limited
15.82 TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc.
15.83 The Dow Chemical Company
15.84 The Woodbridge Group
15.85 ThyssenKrupp AG
15.86 Tianan Biologic Material Co., Ltd.
15.87 Tianjin GreenBio Materials Co., Ltd.
15.88 TMO Renewables Limited
15.89 ttz Bremerhaven
15.90 Uhde Inventa-Fischer AG
15.91 Veolia Water Technologies
15.92 Verdezyne, Inc.
15.93Wuhan Sanjiang Space Gude Biotech
Co, Ltd.
15.94Yunan Fuji Bio-Material Technology Co.,
Ltd.
15.95Zhejiang Hangzhou Xinfu
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
15.96 Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd.
16Company product index
(9 pages)
17List of acronyms
(3 pages)
Main authors of the study
Florence Aeschelmann (MSc)
(Germany), materials engineer, is
a staff scientist in the Technology
& Markets department at nova
Institute. Her main focus is on biobased materials, especially bio-based polymers.
She is well acquainted with the global market
for bio-based polymers and building blocks as
she is one of the authors of the market study
“Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the
World – Capacities, Production and Applications:
Status Quo and Trends Towards 2020”. She is
also in charge of the overall organization of the
International Conference on Bio-based Materials.
Michael Carus (MSc) (Germany),
physicist, founder and managing
director of the nova-Institute, has
worked in the field of Bio-based
Economy for over 20 years. This
includes biomass feedstock, processes,
bio-based chemistry, polymers, fibres and
composites. His work deals with market analysis,
techno-economic and ecological evaluation as
well as the political and economic framework
for bio-based processes and applications (“level
playing field for industrial material use”). Carus is
part of an extensive, worldwide network, which
enabled nova-Institute to make use of leading
experts in the field for its market study.
Wolfgang Baltus (PhD) (Thailand)
worked for BASF for 15 years and
was responsible for the business
development of environmental
friendly coatings in Asia. From 2008
until 2014, Baltus worked for the National
Innovation Agency (NIA) in Bangkok. In October
2014, he started work as a consultant for the
Precise Corporation, a group of Thai companies
specialized in the field of electrical power
distribution equipment, project and service for
22
substations, renewable energy and supervisory
systems. His main target is to assist Precise get
a foothold in the biorefinery business, introducing
smart community concepts in Thailand.
He is regarded as one of the leading experts on
bio-based polymer markets and policy in Asia.
Howard Blum (BSChem, MBA)
(Philadelphia-USA) is a B2B chemical
industry professional with more
than 30 years experience working
in the chemical and polymer field.
Previously with Conoco Oil, Chem Systems and
Kline, he now runs his own firm Chemicals &
Plastics Advisory, focusing on biopolymers and
biorenewable solutions. The firm’s mission is
to provide business development services for
quickly identifying new markets, technologies and
opportunities, with ‘real-time’ implementation to
speed up the marketing and sales process and
minimize revenue-limiting activities.
His clients include multi-national companies that
require assistance in market and technology
analysis, new business development and project
management. In addition to the chemical and
plastics industry, he has assisted clients from the
oil & gas, catalysts, packaging, automotive and
healthcare-pharma industry sectors.
Dirk Carrez (PhD) (Belgium) is one of
the leading policy consultants on a Biobased Economy in Brussels. He was
Director Industrial Biotechnology at
EuropaBio, the European Association
for Bioindustries, until 2011. He is now Managing
Director of Clever Consult, Brussels. In 2013 he
became the Executive Director of the Bio-based
Industries Consortium (BIC). BIC has more than
200 members (of which 80 bio-based economy
companies), and is the private partner in the
Biobased Industries Initiative (BBI JU), a PPP
between the EU Commission and the industry.
Harald Käb (PhD) (Germany) is a
chemist and has an unblemished
20-year “bio-based chemistry
and plastics” track record. From
1999 to 2009 he chaired the board
and developed “European Bioplastics”, the
association that represents the bioplastics
industry in Europe. Since 1998 he has been
working as an independent consultant, helping
green pioneers and international brands to
develop and implement smart business, media
and policy strategies for bio-based chemicals
and plastics.
Jim Philp (PhD) (France) is a
microbiologist who has been a
policy analyst at the Organisation
for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) in Paris
since 2011, where he specializes in industrial
biotechnology, synthetic biology and biomass
sustainability. He has been an academic for
about sixteen years, researching environmental
and industrial biotechnology: bioremediation,
biosensors, wastewater science and
engineering. He was involved in various UK
government initiatives in biotechnology, such as
Biotechnology Means Business, and BioWise.
He was coordinator of the LINK Bioremediation
Programme, at the academic-industrial interface,
for about six years. He spent a total of eight and
a half years working as an oil biotechnologist for
Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, investigating field
problems related to chemistry and microbiology,
and developing biotechnology solutions for
improved oil recovery and exploitation. He has
authored over 300 articles. In 2015 he was
inducted into Who’s Who.
Jan Ravenstijn (MSc) (The
Netherlands) has more than 35 years
of experience in the chemical industry
(Dow Chemical and DSM), including
15 years in executive global R&D
positions in engineering plastics, thermosets
and elastomers, based in Europe and in the
USA. He is currently a consultant to producers,
investors and consulting companies involved in
bio-based monomer or polymer activities and
has published several papers and articles on the
market development of bio-based monomers
and polymers. He has been invited as a visiting
professor at universities around the world and is
regarded as one of the world’s leading experts
in his field.
Further contributions from:
Rainer Busch, T + I Consulting, Germany
Constance Ißbrücker, European Bioplastics,
Germany
Kristy-Barbara Lange, European Bioplastics,
Germany
Hasso von Pogrell, European Bioplastics,
Germany
Stephan Zepnik, Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Germany
Sustainability
Dissemination &
Marketing Support
B2B communication
Conferences & Workshops
Marketing Strategies
Environmental
Evaluation
Life Cycle Assessments (LCA)
Life Cycle Inventories
Meta-Analyses of LCAs
Political Framework &
Strategy
System Analysis
Strategic Consulting
Raw Material Supply
Availability & Prices
Sustainability
Bio-based Economy
Bio-based Chemicals & Materials •
Biorefineries • Industrial Biotechnology
Carbon Capture & Utilization
Techno-Economic
Evaluation (TEE)
Process Economics
Target Costing Analysis
Market Research
Volumes & Trends
Competition Analysis
Feasibility and
Potential Studies
Technology & Markets
nova-Institute
The nova-Institut GmbH was founded as a private
and independent institute in 1994. It is located
in the Chemical Park Knapsack in Huerth, which
lies at the heart of the chemical industry around
Cologne (Germany).
For the last two decades, nova-Institute has
been globally active in feedstock supply, technoeconomic and environmental evaluation, market
research, dissemination, project management
and policy for a sustainable bio-based economy.
nova-Institut GmbH
Chemiepark Knapsack
Industriestraße 300
50354 Hürth, Germany
T +49 (0) 22 33 / 48 14-40
F +49 (0) 22 33 / 48 14-50
[email protected]
www.nova-institut.eu
Key questions regarding nova activities
What are the most promising concepts and
applications for Industrial biotechnology,
biorefineries and bio-based products? What are
the challenges for a post petroleum age – the
Third Industrial Revolution?
Order the full report
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Please find the table of contents of the full report with
market data, trend reports and company data, containing
474 pages and 202 tables and figures, on pages 18 – 20.
24

Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Transcription

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