Wlliamsburg Cultural Resources Map Pr ces Map Pr ces Map Project

Transcription

Colonial Williamsburg Archaeological Reports
Wlliamsburg Cultural
Resour
ces Map Pr
oject
Resources
Project
City of W
illiamsbur
g
Williamsbur
illiamsburg
Martha W. McCartney, Historian
Christina A. Kiddle, Draftsperson
Department of Archaeological Research
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
PO Box C
Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
Marley R. Brown III
Principal Investigator
March 1996
Re-issued November 2001
WILLIAMSBURG CULTURAL RESOURCES
MAP PROJECT
CITY OF WILLIAMSBURG
COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG FOUNDATION
Department of Archaeological Research
Martha W. McCartney, Historian
Christina A. Kiddle, Draftsperson
March 1996
Re-issued November 2001
Table of Contents
Page
Research Strategy ....................................................................................................... 1
Cultural Resource Sensitivity Mapping ..................................................................... 1
Data Limitations ......................................................................................................... 2
Prehistoric Site Potential ............................................................................................ 2
Historic Site Potential ................................................................................................. 2
Early Settlement of Middle Plantation ............................................................... 2
The Establishment of Williamsburg ................................................................. 10
Williamsburg, An Urban Center ....................................................................... 13
The Revolutionary War and Relocation of the Captial ..................................... 16
The Early National Period ................................................................................ 16
The Civil War ................................................................................................... 21
Reconstruction and Growth (1865-1917) ......................................................... 25
The Modern Era ................................................................................................ 27
Annexation and Growth ................................................................................... 34
References Cited ....................................................................................................... 39
Appendix 1. Historic Resources Omitted by Cartographers .................................... 42
Appendix 2. Williamsburg’s Colonial Roads ........................................................... 43
Appendix 3. Williamsburg-James City County Plats ............................................... 44
Appendix 4. York County Plats ................................................................................ 47
Appendix 5. Historical Maps Used in Electronic Mapping ..................................... 48
i
List of Figures
Page
1. Prehistoric sensitivity map ............................................................................... 3
2. Seventeenth-century layer superimposed on 1906 base map ........................... 5
3. Richard Kemp 1642 survey with Philip Ludwell’s 1678 survey
superimposed .................................................................................................... 7
4. Middle Plantation features shown in relation to CW street plan ...................... 8
5. Tracing of Theodorick Bland’s 1699 survey of Williamsburg with
Capitol Landing and College Landing ........................................................... 11
6. Matthew Davenport’s 1774 survey of Princess Anne Port (College
Landing) ......................................................................................................... 12
7. William Waller’s subdivision, 1749 ............................................................... 14
8. 18th-century plats of Williamsburg ................................................................ 15
9. Alexander Berthier, Camp a Williamsburg, le 26th Septembre 1781 ............ 17
10. The Frenchman’s Map of Williamsburg,1782 ................................................ 18
11. Nicholas Desandrouins, Carte des Environs de Williamsburg, 1781 ............. 19
12. 18th-century layer ........................................................................................... 20
13. Sketch of Battlefield and Confederate Works in Front of Williamsburg,
VA, May 8th, 1862, by Lieut. McAlester ....................................................... 22
14. Map showing the position of Williamsburg, by Capt. John Hope,1862 ......... 23
15. Vicinity of Williamsburg and Yorktown, Anonymous 1871........................... 24
16. 19th-century layer ........................................................................................... 26
17. Sanborn insurance map, 1904 ......................................................................... 28
22. Williamsburg map, 1931 ................................................................................. 35
23. Williamsburg map, 1941 ................................................................................. 36
24. 20th-century layer ........................................................................................... 37
25. Known archaeological sites superimposed on 20th-century base map .......... 39
ii
Research Strategy
D
ocumentary research commenced with the identification of cartographic resources potentially useful in delineating areas of cultural sensitivity. Historic
map facsimiles were examined at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, the Virginia Historical Society, the Library of Virginia, the Virginia
Department of Historic Resources, the National Archives, the Library of Congress, the
College of William and Mary’s Department of Special Collections, and the Corps of
Engineers Archives at Fort Norfolk. Maps and plats on file at the Williamsburg-James
City County and York County courthouses were used to document the city’s development and to identify culturally sensitive areas within territory added to the City of
Williamsburg through annexation. The Sanborn Insurance Company’s maps of
Williamsburg (1904-1930) were reviewed, as were sketches appended to Mutual Assurance Society policies. A broad but carefully selected group of historic maps were collected for digitization and compilation into temporally structured layers.
Use was made of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s base map upon which
are identified archaeological sites within the historic area. Up-to-date archaeological
site survey data were procured from the Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s York County Project Tract Map and records
of the Virginia Land Office (land patents) were examined as a means of identifying land
ownership patterns and cultural features within Middle Plantation and its successor,
Williamsburg. Use was made of the Resource Protection Process planning document
(RP3) and management plan, reports prepared by Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
personnel, students from the College of William and Mary, and archival data compiled
by the project historian.
A succinct, descriptive narrative was prepared that documents developmental events
that may have left an imprint upon the archaeological record. Five appendices were
compiled for the convenience of city planners:
•
Historic resources omitted by cartographers.
•
Williamsburg’s colonial roads.
•
Plats and surveys on file at the Williamsburg-James City County Courthouse
that show cultural features and/or subdivisions.
•
Plats and surveys on file at the York County Courthouse that show cultural
features and/or subdivisions.
•
Historic maps used by the project’s historian and draftsperson in creating a
series of electronic maps.
Cultural Resource Sensitivity Mapping
Upon completion of the research process, the draftsperson began creating a multi-layered electronic base map of the City of Williamsburg. Four layers were produced, one
per century of historic occupation. Each layer is a composite based upon data extracted
from a substantial number of individual maps and plats.
1
Every map provided to the draftsperson by the historian was digitized and saved as
a separate drawing. These drawings then were inserted into a base map and scaled in
relation to one another. All overlapping and repetitious information was eliminated.
The end result was a layer showing the City of Williamsburg’s cartographically identifiable cultural resources within a specific century. These layers can be superimposed
upon one another as a means of identifying areas that have been in almost continuous
use throughout historic occupation. Approximately 70 maps and plats from nine repositories were digitized.
An electronic base map was produced upon which were identified areas deemed
most likely to contain prehistoric resources. Prehistoric sensitivity mapping data and a
written synthesis were provided by Dennis Blanton of the College of William and Mary.
The locations of known archaeological sites were entered into an electronic base map.
All computer work was accomplished using AutoDesk’s AutoCAD® Release 12.
Data Limitations
The identification of seventeenth century cultural resources within Middle Plantation
(later, Williamsburg) is hindered by a dearth of topographically sensitive maps for that
period. However, three seventeenth century plats and certain land patents were found to
be particularly useful in defining culturally sensitive areas. During the eighteenth century Williamsburg was mapped by highly skilled topographic engineers, whose detailed
renderings are of inestimable value in the projection of historic site locations. Nineteenth-century data are sparse and coverage of the Williamsburg area is uneven. Union
Army cartographers made note of military features they deemed strategically important
but largely ignored other types of cultural resources. Confederate cartographers provided relatively detailed coverage of the northwestern outskirts of the city.
Sketches made by the agents of the Mutual Assurance Society were found to provide useful information about the number of buildings associated specific properties.
However, almost all of the Society’s drawings are schematic representations that shed
relatively little light upon the placement of individual structures. The Sanborn Insurance Company’s maps of Williamsburg contain much useful information, for they were
drawn to scale, often with structural detail.
Only one volume of Williamsburg’s antebellum court records escaped destruction
in 1865 when Richmond was put to the torch.1 However, York County’s records essentially are intact. The clerk’s office of the Williamsburg-James City County circuit court
has an abundance of nineteenth and early-to-mid twentieth century plats and surveys
that show cultural features. This contrasts sharply with York County, which has relatively few. The discrepancy probably is attributable to the procedural policies of the two
jurisdictions’ clerks of court. City surveyors’ maps, on file in both courthouses, were
helpful in understanding Williamsburg’s growth and development.
1
This deed book was spared because it fell from the wagon transporting the local court’s records
to Richmond. A James City County deed book also survived.
2
Prehistoric Site Potential
A map has been prepared showing areas with the highest potential for prehistoric sites.
They are defined simply as locations that lie within 500 feet of streams or wetlands
(Figure 1). The strength of this pattern is confirmed by the results of archaeological
studies across the region. Furthermore, local inventories show that prehistoric sites are
at least as common as early historic sites.
There are some qualifiers, however, to the application of such a predictive model:
•
Within this zone adjacent to wetlands and streams, locations that are welldrained and minimally sloped will have the highest site potential. Some potential exists, however, for submerged sites within wetlands, especially tidal
marshes.
•
Areas outside of this wetland margin zone also have potential for prehistoric
sites. Sites in these areas tend to occur less frequently (in lower density) and
tend to be small, sparse scatters.
Historic Site Potential
Early Settlement in Middle Plantation
In February 1633 the Grand Assembly implemented a proposal to construct a palisade
across the James-York peninsula between the heads of Queens and Archer’s Hope (College) Creeks, following an intervening ridge-back. By that date Dr. John Pott had patented and seated 500 acres in the “Barren Neck” just west of Tuttey’s Neck (near what
became the Kingspoint subdivision) and Henry Coney, Robert Martin and John
Milnehouse had leaseholds in Coney Borough, to the north of Jockey’s Neck. The palisade was intended to cordon off the lower end of the James-York peninsula, which was
set aside for the colonists’ exclusive use. Workers were conscripted and a 50 acre bounty
was offered to every free man who voluntarily established a seat in the Middle Plantation before May 1, 1633. Construction of the palisade commenced immediately and
shortly thereafter, a small settlement took root. The Middle Plantation palisade may
have been rebuilt at least once (Hening 1809-1823:I:208-209; Nugent 1969-1979:I:1718, 22, 89, 91, 94, 142-143, 160-161). Archaeological features discovered on the Bruton
Heights School tract (44WB4) most likely are associated with the Middle Plantation
palisade, which formed the northwesterly boundary of John Page’s 1683 patent (Nugent
1969-1979:I:261) (Figure 2).
A preliminary study of early patents reveals that between 1635 and 1650 a few
individuals came into possession of 1,200 to 1,250 acre tracts near the palisade or the
horse path that ran through Middle Plantation. For example, George Menefie (later,
Richard Kemp), William Davis (Davies), Charles Leach, and Richard Popeley were in
possession of tracts of 1,200 or more acres that abutted the palisade or the horse path
that ran through the area. As Middle Plantation became more populous, most of these
large patents were subdivided into smaller parcels that were leased to tenants or sold.
For example, William Sherwood and John Tulitt of Jamestown purchased part of Richard Popeley’s vast patent and during the 1650s erected “three lengths of housing,” which
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Figure 1. Prehistoric sensitivity map.
17th-Century Layer
Superimposed on
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Path
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Tutter's Neck
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Figure 2. Seventeenth-century layer superimposed on 1906 base map.
Hughes
location is uncertain (Nugent 1969-1979:I:105, 112-113, 160, 204, 225; II:261). Others,
such as Nicholas Sebrell, Stephen Hamblyn, Edward Whitakers, John Bates, and John
Saines, patented lesser sized tracts, which they enlarged as time went on (Nugent 19691979:I:95, 102, 106, 110, 316). All of these people were obliged to use or lose their
land.
Jamestown merchant George Menefie developed a plantation he called Littletown
upon the 1,200 acre Rich Neck tract, where he had an orchard and garden that in March
1633 inspired David DeVries’ admiration. In February 1638 Menefie sold Rich Neck to
Richard Kemp, who repatented it in January 1639. Kemp enhanced Rich Neck’s size
through the acquisition of 100 acres that lay between the Menefie tract and the palisade
and then added another 840 acres. Kemp’s 1643 patent notes that seven years later he
would become eligible for an additional 2,192 acres. In 1642 when John Senior made a
plat of Kemp’s land at Middle Plantation, he included 4,332 acres: 1,200 acres bought
from Menefie, 100 acres adjacent to the palisade, 840 additional acres, and the 2,192
acres Kemp would become eligible for in 1650. Senior delimited 50 acres abutting the
palisade that Kemp was leasing to William Davis and the acreage he was renting to Mr.
Thomas Hill. Shown prominently within Kemp’s original 1,200 acres was a three-building
domestic complex in the immediate vicinity of 44WB52. Also depicted was a solitary
dwelling below “the Little Creek” on property preliminary research suggests belonged
to John Davis. The Davis house probably was destroyed when the Williamsburg Landing retirement community was constructed (Nugent 1969-1979:I:143; DeVries 1857:34;
Senior 1642). 44WB49 and 44WB81, tentatively identified as mid-seventeenth century
domestic sites, probably are associated with the leaseholds of William Davis and Mr.
Thomas Hill, Richard Kemp’s tenants (Senior 1642). 44JC145 also is located upon the
Kemp property. Other archaeological features associated with this very early phase of
Middle Plantation’s development await discovery.
During late July and early August 1676, when the colony was caught up in the
popular uprising known as Bacon’s Rebellion, rebel leader Nathaniel Bacon Jr. held a
conference at the residence of Captain Ortho Thorpe in Middle Plantation, making it his
temporary headquarters. By that date Major John Page and several other notables had
homes in the community and a magazine for the storage of weapons and ammunition
had been built there (Washburn 1957:72, 90, 123). The rebel William Drummond was
tried and sentenced to death at Middle Plantation in February 1677 and a group of the
king’s soldiers was stationed there the following summer. After the rebellion was quelled,
Captain Ortho Thorpe, Major John Page, Mr. John Bray and Secretary Thomas Ludwell
of Middle Plantation presented claims for personal losses they had suffered in the tumult (Neville 1976:30, 274, 378-380).
In 1678 when Robert Beverley surveyed the northeastern corner of Colonel Philip
Ludwell’s Rich Neck tract and apportioned it into three parcels, he identified the rightof-way of the “road to New Kent” (now Richmond Road), a bridge that crossed College
Creek near what became the Rich Neck Mill, a spring, and “the negros quarter.” Thomas Ballard purchased the southerly part of the tract Beverley surveyed. Later, it became the campus of the College of William and Mary (Beverley 1678) (Figure 3).
On May 29, 1679, when several Indian kings and queens joined Virginia officials
in signing the landmark document known as the Treaty of Middle Plantation, they convened at the magazine, where a formal ceremony was held (Neville 1976:287). The
5
Richard Kemp's 1642 Survey with
Philip Ludwell's 1678 Survey Superimposed
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Figure 3. Richard Kemp 1642 survey with Philip Ludwell’s 1678 survey superimposed.
precise location of the Middle Plantation magazine is unknown. Although a substantial
domestic complex belonging to the Page family has been identified archaeologically
and eleven other seventeenth century sites have been pinpointed within the Historic
Area, many other cultural features associated with Middle Plantation await discovery
through systematic archaeological survey work and archival research (Brown 1992:2,
8-9) (Figure 4).
In 1683 John Page, whose 330 acre patent straddled the central portion of the
ridge-back that became the Middle Plantation, agreed to donate 2½ acres of land for the
construction of a parish church. Bruton Parish, established in 1674, drew communicants from the territory that extended from College Creek to upper York County’s Skimino
Creek. The remains of the first Bruton Parish Church are located within the graveyard
enveloping the present structure. An analysis of Page’s patent reveals that its origin lay
in the landholdings of Richard Popeley (in York County) and Robert Higginson (in
James City County) and that it was fragmented into smaller tracts that Page gradually
consolidated (Nugent 1969-1979:I:261; Cocke 1964:170; Brown 1992:5) (Chart 1).
On February 8, 1693, King William and Queen Mary granted a charter to the College of William and Mary. Later in the year 330 acres of James City County land were
purchased from Thomas Ballard, the acreage he had bought in 1678. The new college’s
campus was located west of “the church now standing in Middle Plantation old fields,”
extended to Archer’s Hope Swamp (at the head of College Creek), followed the forerunner of Richmond Road, and straddled the track of Jamestown Road. By 1694 a grammar school had opened “in a little School-House” close to the site where the college’s
main building was to be erected and in August 1695 the first bricks were laid for what
6
0
20
40
poles
Bruton
Heights
(Page)
N
Wythe
(21)
Brush
Everard
(28)
Peyton
Randolph
Ravenscroft
Nicholson
Red
Lion
(21)
Wren
Building
(16)
Duke of
(14)
Bryan
House
Hay
Street
Prentis
Store
Gloucester Street
Blue
Bell
PowellHallow
Lightfoot
Francis Street
Custis
(2-2)
(4-3)
MIDDLE PLANTATION FEATURES SHOWN IN RELATION TO CW STREET PLAN
Figure 4. Middle Plantation features shown in relation to CW street plan.
became known as the Wren Building (Hening 1809-1823:III:122; Kornwolf 1989:3536, 67; Beverley 1947:266; Hartwell et al. 1964:71). The courtyard enveloping the Wren
Building, Brafferton and President’s House defines that portion of the William and Mary
campus which is on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register.
By 1699 a small community, which consisted of a church, an ordinary, several
stores, two mills, and a smith’s shop, had grown up at Middle Plantation, near the College of William and Mary. Only the sites of the church and college are known with
certainty. None of Middle Plantation’s commercial facilities have been discovered. Very
little is known about the community’s layout or its domestic sites, few of which have
been identified. On April 27, the colony’s assembly convened at the college because the
statehouse at Jamestown had been destroyed by fire. Several days later, a group of
students urged the burgesses to make Middle Plantation the colony’s capital, pointing
out that the site was well situated for trade and that the college’s presence would attract
tradesmen and other skilled workers (Anonymous 1930:322; Reps 1972:141-142).
The Establishment of Williamsburg
The burgesses with little deliberation passed “An Act Directing the Building the Capitoll
and the City of Williamsburgh,” which was named for King William, the Duke of
Gloucester. The 220 acre town site, which was situated at Middle Plantation, straddled
the line between James City and York Counties, enveloping a substantial portion of
John Page’s 330 acre patent. Duke of Gloucester Street, which ran along the ridge-back
that separated the drainages of the James and York Rivers, formed the central axis of the
7
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10
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SW
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W
W
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15
100 pol
1683
S 172 poles
es
g re
de
le
po
s
E by S
5
John Page
s
E 9 degr
Robt. Higginson
ees S 133.
5 poles
400 acres
Lake & Wyatt
1642
Richard Popeley
1646
1651
1652
1653
1657
1654
1669
& Thos. Rabley
Wm. Sherwood
10 acres
Wm. Plumtree
10 acres
Wm. Newman
50 acres
John Maler
50 acres
Henry Walker
50 acres
Wm. Newman
100 acres
Nicholas Harrison
100 acres
John Meeks
100 acres
Tract 1, Subunit A, 100 acres owned by Higginson (JCC)
Page in 1655
Tract 1, Subunit B, 180 acres owned by Popeley (York & possibly some JCC)
Tract 2,
50 acres owned by Higginson (JCC)
Page in 1657
was
John Page
150 acres
by
patented
Page in 1669
In 1682 was surveyed
as 180 acres & included
Sherwood/Rabley land
40 acres
John Page
40 acres
in 1669
150 acres
Lake's escheat land
allowed his remaining
150 acres to escheat
(irrelevant)
Geo. Lake w/250 acres (Geo. Wyatt w/250 acres)
500 acres from Popeley
Lake & Wyatt divide
Lake & Wyatt
1643
Thos. Heath
Lucas & Gregory
1641
Richard Popeley
Subunit B: 190 acres
100 acres
Tract 1
In 1683 John Page patented 330 acres:
John Page
George Read
100 acres 1655
Lucy(widow) m-Lewis Burwell
m-Wm. Bernard
100 acres 1653
es
60 pole
62 pole
s
N by E
108 pol
W
0p
SW
8
N by E
Subunit A: 100 acres
100 acres
W by N
NW
16
ole
s
Chart 1.
John Page
Thomas Spencer
50 acres 1657
Abraham Spencer
to heir
200 acres 1655
John Dickinson
200 acres 1655
George Read
200 acres 1655
Lucy(widow) m-Lewis Burwell
m-Wm. Bernard
200 acres
Robt. Higginson
200 acres
Tract 2
town, which was to be laid out regularly into half-acre lots. Provisions were made for
Williamsburg to be served by two landings or inland ports: Queen Mary’s Port on Queens
Creek in York County and Princess Anne’s Port on College Creek in James City County
(Hening 1809-1823:III:197,419-432). By the 1730s, the tandem ports had become known
as the Capitol and College Landings, in accord with their proximity to two well known
local landmarks: the capitol building and the College of William and Mary. In 1699
Theodorick Bland was commissioned to lay out Williamsburg and its ports, along with
the roadways that linked them, the forerunners of Capitol Landing Road and South
Henry Street (Figure 5). To curb the appetite of real estate speculators, the burgesses
stipulated that no lots would be sold before October 20, 1700, “to the end that the whole
country may have timely notice of this act and equal liberty in the choice of the lots.”
The new community was destined for success, for the spread of settlement inland was
accompanied by steady growth in Virginia’s population. In September 1701 the
governor’s council authorized compensation for those whose land had been taken for
the new city. A few months later a Swiss visitor observed that Williamsburg was “staked
out to be built.” A “church, college and state house, together with the residence of the
Bishop [Commissary], some storehouses and houses of gentlemen and also eight ordinaries or inns, together with the magazine” already were in existence (Hinke 1916:26).
In May 1704 the assembly resolved that “four old houses and [an] Oven” that stood in
the middle of Duke of Gloucester Street were to be razed and their owner, John Page,
reimbursed (McIlwaine 1918:309-310, 394-395).
In October 1705, when the third in a series of town-founding acts was passed by
the colony’s assembly, the 1699 legislation that had established Williamsburg and its
sister ports was reaffirmed. This time, however, provisions were made for implementation. In 1705 the layout and dimensions of Williamsburg and its landings were described precisely as they had been in the text accompanying Theodorick Bland’s June 2,
1699 survey. Trustees were appointed and authorized to sell the town’s lots, which had
to be developed within 24 months of the date of purchase or be forfeited. The size of
Williamsburg’s lots was proscribed by law and restrictions were placed upon the dimensions, character and placement of the buildings that lot-owners could erect. An
exception, however, were four half-acre lots acquired by Benjamin Harrison Jr. when
the city was first laid out, for he already had built upon them. Structures erected along
Duke of Gloucester Street had to conform with height and set-back rules. The lots in
Queen Mary’s and Princess Anne’s Ports were no more than 60 feet square and “a
sufficient quantity of land at each port or landing place” was left as a commons (Hening
1809-1823:III:419-431; Bland 1699). Archaeological tests at both ports, which are registered landmarks, indicate that both College Landing and Capitol Landing were well
developed suburbs of Williamsburg. It is likely that both areas contain many undetected
sites.
Although Williamsburg’s trustees originally had a plat depicting the configuration
of its ports’ lot lines, that document was lost or destroyed sometime prior to 1774 when
Matthew Davenport was hired to resurvey them (Davenport 1774; Figure 6). Merchants,
planters, artisans and ordinary-keepers were among those who owned and developed
lots in Williamsburg and its sister ports and some people had one or more lots in both
places. In 1715 the seat of the James City County court was shifted to Williamsburg and
some time before 1721 a county courthouse was erected at the corner of Francis and
9
Capitol Landing
Williamsburg, 1699
Tracing of Theodorick Bland's
1699 Survey of Williamsburg
with Capitol Landing and
College Landing
College Landing
Figure 5. Tracing of Theodorick Bland’s 1699 survey of
Williamsburg with Capitol Landing and College Landing.
John Greenhow's Lands
q
h
i
37 38 39
42 43 44
h
12 10 8
11 9 7
45 46 47
50 51 52
20 18 14
19 15 13 b
k
Mathew Davenport's
1774 Survey of
Princess Anne Port
(College Landing)
i
54 49 41
53 48 40
k
21 16 17
22 23 25
59 58 56
91 57 55
l
l
24 29 26
30 28 27
a
q
6 4 2
5 3 1
92 63 61
93 62 60
m
m
36 34 32
35 33 31
69 67 65
68 66 64
n
d
n
g
75 73 71
74 72 70
p
f
c
Gabriel Maupin's Lands
Figure 6. Matthew Davenport’s 1774 survey of Princess Anne Port (College Landing).
10
England Streets on Lot 204. The city and county shared the building for more than 40
years by mutual agreement (Gaines 1969:23, 26-27; Palmer 1968:I:169).
In 1717 Williamsburg’s inhabitants asked the assembly for a charter of incorporation, which received formal approval on July 22, 1722. Williamsburg’s city officers
consisted of a mayor, recorder, six alderman and a dozen common councilmen. The first
city officials, who were appointed, had the right to choose their successors. All but the
councilmen served as justices of a monthly hustings court. Williamsburg could have up
to two weekly market days (Wednesdays and Saturdays) and two annual fairs (December 12 and April 23). Taxes on sales that took place during market days went toward the
city’s operating expenses (Barrow 1967:11-14, 25, 46, 49).
Williamsburg, an Urban Center
In 1722-1724 the Rev. Hugh Jones stated that near Bruton Parish Church was “a large
octagon tower, … the magazine or repository of arms and ammunition,” which was
remote from everything but the courthouse. Although Williamsburg had some brick
dwellings, most were frame. He said that a rich array of goods was available in local
stores and that numerous artisans had moved to the city. He noted that “the servants
here, as in other parts of the country, are English, Scotch, Irish, or Negroes.” Edward
Kimber, an English tourist, was less favorably impressed, for he described Williamsburg
was “a most wretched contriv’d Affair for the Capital of a Country” with “nothing
considerable in it, but the College, the Governor’s House and one or two more” (Jones
1956:70-71, 74, 77-79; Kimber 1907:23).
Williamsburg’s Hustings Court was authorized to try minor cases of indebtedness
from all jurisdictions. Its well-earned reputation for rendering swift justice made it popular
with litigants from all over Virginia. In 1745 city officials acquired William Levingston’s
old playhouse on Palace Green so that they could hold “Common Halls and Courts of
Hustings.” Two years later the capitol burned, destroying many of the colony’s governmental records. Shortly thereafter, a public records office was built (Gaines 1968:23,
26-27; Palmer 1968:I:169; Barrow 1967:61-62).
As the city grew, land adjacent to its original boundaries was surveyed and parceled into lots. In 1749 William Waller laid out a series of lots abutting what became
known as Waller Street and Capitol Landing Road. In 1752 Benjamin Waller sold part
of the new subdivision to Christopher Ford. In 1759 when Williamsburg’s corporate
limits were expanded, the Waller subdivision and lots along Page and York Streets were
included. In 1762 Mathew Moody sold 6 1/3 acres to John Greenhow and made provisions for streets to be laid out. The plats for these subdivided properties are shown on a
map composite that includes some contiguous parcels (York County Deed Book 17411754:216, 219, 222-223, 344, 473; 1755-1763:396-400; Hening 1809-1823:VII:316;
Reps 1972:183) (Figures 7 and 8).
In November 1769 the House of Burgesses authorized the court justices of
Williamsburg and James City County to build a new brick courthouse for both to use.
Because the preferred site was on the north side of Duke of Gloucester Street in York
County, a small plot of ground between Nicholson Street and “the line of Hugh Walker’s
lot on the west and the pailing where H. Dixon’s store is on the east” was annexed to
James City County. James City’s justices sold the old courthouse lot at a public auction,
11
Mr. George's
2 lots
Mr. Benjamin
Waller's lot
Nicholson St.
Bray's 2 lots
Duke of
Gloucester St.
of
Francis St.
Part
Col. Thomas
Williams
Col. Philip
Ludwell's 2 lots
burgh
Mr. John Coke's
2 lots
Street
18
22 21 20
23
Road
19
re &c.
43
42
26
York Street
Pastu
to Qu
10
44
25
Mr. W
aller's
17 16
15 14
13 12
27
een M
9
ary P
8
45
6
5
4
3
2
47
28
40
Maj. Waller's
Land
48
nd
Page Street
Sc
ho
ol
Fr
ee
30
31
32
33
34
35
39
Yo
rk
St
re
et
38
1
46
41
29
7
ort
La
Col. Bray
's Land
24
37
William Waller's
Subdivision, 1749
36
Figure 7. William Waller’s subdivision, 1749.
Saunders
A
B
64 Griffin
D
66 Griffin
C
E
F
Robinson
G
H
Go
32
65 Griffin
358
360
67 Griffin
359
361
68 Griffin
69 Griffin
N
62
34 Lively
70 Griffin
71 Griffin
O
63
39 Abell
Digges
Middleton
Prentis lots
Prentis lots
319
Prentis 5 lots
324
Prentis 5 lots
Holt 6 lots
Saunders
Ja
m
R oa
es
d
to
City
Road
James town
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY
Digges
33
Andrews
212
213
214
215
216
217
ve
rn
or' Bra
n
s
fis ch
to
h
po
nd
HENRY STREET
87
86
41 Moir
Travis K
42 Moir
35
Cock
36
350
Taliaferro M
351 Bryan
Taliaferro
352
Taliaferro
Andrews 9
Andrews 10
320 Prentis
325
Andrews
321 Prentis
or Spring
326
Andrews
322 Cock
327
Andrews
323 Ferguson
a spring
328
218 Prent is 5 lots
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
g
ri n
Sp
79
McCarty
Travis J
Pickett L
Lots 85
l
ito
Cap
84
h
78
McCarty
83
82 Madhouse
77
Taliaferro
NASSAU STREET
335 Saunders
332 Dean
336 Saunders
PALACE
Tucker
Tucker
Carter
Carter
172 Carter
170 Henderson
173 Henderson
171 Henderson
174 Henderson
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
Scovemont
Pasteur
Pasteur
White
Wentworth
Greenhow
a spring
G. Jackson's Line
Greenhow's Land
Greenhow Street
277
N
14 po
Capitol
Square
16 poles
600
Lots Sold
by
M. Moody
les
Coke
Coke
Coke
Mr. George's
Mr. John
Coke's 2 lots
Col. Philip
Ludwell's 2 lots
2 lots
Mr. Benjamin
Waller's lot
Waller Street
23
Morton
Mr. Waller's
Lots
22
21
20
18
Waller
19
24
Jackson
Mr. Waller's
Pasture &c.
54 Nicholson
53
52
43
Laefong
25
Careys
26
Nicholson
27
Speer
28
Speer
29
42
40
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
44
45
41
17
Waller'
s Gro
ve
5
46
Tanyard
Lot
48
60
31
32
39 Semp
le
Dav is
30
Pearson
50 Bass
erie
49 Coke
3
str eet
2
1
to Ca
pitol
Landin
18th-century Plats
of Williamsburg
g
47
51
58
59
4
Moody's Street
Prison
Royle
Prison
Jas. Lively
Greenhow
along town bounds
258
Semple
Col. Thomas
Bray's 2 lots
Benjamin Waller
to
Thomas Penman
Aug. 7, 1747
James Southall's Land
but now belonging to P. Moody
A street enc losed
Bucktrout
and Carey's
257
J. Semple
57
266
267
o
J. Semple
56
265
Jackson
Jackson
N
This street sold
o J. Semple
55
264
Jackson
Greenhow's
17
254
54
55
56
57
58
Galt
Greenhow
Crump
Meade
Ferguson
Jackson
Davenport
and J ack son
Davenport
and J ack son
Clerk's
Office
255
N. Harrison
19
or Bassett
18 N.orHarrison
Bassett
Raleigh Tavern
Yo
rk
Semple
Bassett
20
Hunt
Nelson
51
52
53
to
252
253
50
d
Hubard
14 Bucktrout
15 Bucktrout
16
Nelson
13
49
Pearson
Chiswell
Chiswell
Hubard
251
12
Hubard
Hubard
Hubard
47
48
Pearson
11
Chiswell
22
21
Hunter
Hunter
Waters
Waters
M. Anderson
Russell
Davis
ellin
g Ho
us
e
ol
Ho
us
e
Chiswell
23
Hubard
19
Roa
Chiswell
24
Hubard
Hubard
Hubard
Bassett
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Benjamin Waller
to
Andrew Anderson
August 14, 1747
ho
Chiswell
9
10
25
Hubard
17
Byrd
Rowsay
Rowsay
Russell
Moody
Moody
Goodson
Nelson
Peachy 185
Prentis 186
Prentis 187
Free
Sc
La ho
nd ol
8
Charlton
Anderson
Peachy 184
Dw
246
G. Carter
G. Carter
Peachy 183
Tazewell
Sc
Byrd
Ewing
263
M at
te y's
Orrill
Pearson
Moody
6
7
Ferguson
Royle
5
Hunter
Penman
or Mines
Penman
27
or Mines
Robinson
26 or Chiswell
Peachy 182
Tazewell 261
Royle
4
Braxton
29
28
Peachy 181
Peachy
262
Pearson
3
Braxton
30
Peachy 180
Pearson
Braxton
31
16
Lewis
Peachy 179
B. Waller
32
J. Carter
Peachy 178
QUEEN STREET
Tazewell
Billett
2
45
46
Lee
Prentis
Stammers
1
Dr. Hay
Lee
Paradise 44
B. Waller
11 Lots
Dr. Hay
33
Peachy
Peachy
Peachy
Paradise
Market Square
NICHOLSON STREET
34
Corporation
Waters or
Waterford
Hubard
or Foy
DUKE OF GLOUCESTER STREET
Lightfoot 13
Lightfoot 14
15
Teagle
Bracken 241
Bracken 242
FRANCIS STREET
230
Peachy
Peachy
43
Market Square
Bracken
Bracken
QUEEN STREET
229
A Curtis
Free School
Henderson 177
along town bounds
Hornsby 228
12
Bracken
Bracken
Bracken
Hornsby 227
Benjamin Waller to
James Keith
April 11, 1747
Greenhow's Street
Bracken
Bracken
Hornsby 226
Billett
Bracken
Hornsby 225
along town bounds by
the Governor's Pasture
Henderson 175
Henderson 176
SCOTLAND STREET
Tucker
Court
House
Royle
Willis 162
Market Square
Magazine
ENGLAND STREET
Pearson
196
James City 204
C.House
166
165
Pearson
195
Carey 202
Carey 203
164
163
Lively
194
193
Martin 161
159 Greenhow
160 Greenhow
Market Square
Carey Carey Carey Carey
201 Carey
334 Saunders
331 Dean
Lively
Burwell
Burwell
Burwell
192
200 Carey
333 Saunders
330 Dean
PALACE STREET
KING STREET
Carey
329 Dean
e
lin
IRELAND STREET
Skipwith
's
Eleson
Church
ke
Co
Churchyard
Churchyard
Dixon
r.
239
Holt
241
Hyland
Churchyard
353
Peary
354
Greenhow
Dixon
corner of
Governor's Pasture
Burwell
Burwell
Burwell
Greenhow
nch
8
Bra
7
g
rin
Sp
6
95
Maupin
l
ito
4
5
94
Maupin
M
2 McClury
3
93
Maupin
Cap
1 McClury's
8 lots
91
Maupin
92
Maupin
nch
89
Maupin
90
Maupin
Bra
88
Maupin
33
38 Brown
e
34
37 Brow
ne
35
36
bra
nc
80 Bedlam or 81
75
Taliaferro
76
ain
73
Taliaferro
74
m
72
Taliaferro
Taliaferro
Taliaferro
Nor ton
Waller
Figure 8. 18th-century plats of Williamsburg.
12
at which time it was purchased by Robert Carter Nicholas. The 1770 courthouse, which
was completed by 1772, was shared by the city and county until 1930, when the site
upon which it stood was purchased by the Rockefellers. A brick clerk’s office near the
powder magazine reportedly was pulled down by Union soldiers during the 1860s
(Hening 1809-1823:VIII:405, 419; McIlwaine 1918:1404, 1420; Tyler 1928).
During the third quarter of the eighteenth century Williamsburg was authorized to
hold an unlimited number of market days and to build a market house, a structure that
one Revolutionary War cartographer indicated lay on the south side of Duke of Gloucester
Street, east of the courthouse and adjoining Market Square. It may have been the large
rectangular building that an anonymous French cartographer (1782) indicated stood
midway between the Powder Magazine and Lot 13 (Dewitt 1781). During a 1768 smallpox epidemic, a house was rented so that the sick could be sequestered to prevent the
spread of contagious disease (Barrow 1967:46, 49).
On February 21, 1774, the residents of Williamsburg were jostled by an earthquake and a strong after-shock that occurred two days later. Although the effects of the
quake are uncertain, in nearby Charles City County some buildings reportedly were
jarred from their foundations. Ebenezer Hazard, who arrived in the city in May 1777,
complained about the quality of its water, which he termed “vile” (Pennsylvania Gazette, February 24, 1774; Shelly 1954:410-411).
The Revolutionary War and Relocation of the Capital
In May 1776, when British General Henry Clinton invaded North Carolina and Virginia
troops went to oppose him, state officials feared that Williamsburg might come under
attack. On June 12, 1779, a decision was made to relocate the seat of Virginia’s government to Richmond, a site deemed less vulnerable. On April 7, 1780, the state’s executive department ceased transacting business in Williamsburg and on April 24th it resumed its duties in Richmond. The following week, the General Assembly held its first
session in the new capital city (Manerin 1984:139-140; Reps 1972:189).
Relocating the capital had a profound effect upon Williamsburg, which no longer
was at the hub of Virginia’s social and political life. After the war ended, the Tidewater
region’s population dwindled and the city’s vitality continued to wane. In 1783 one
visitor described Williamsburg as “a poor place compared with its former splendor” and
noted that as soon as the capital moved to Richmond, “merchants, advocates, and other
considerable residents took their departure as well” (Reps 1972:189). The veracity of
that statement is open to scholarly debate.
French cartographers mapping Williamsburg at the close of the Revolutionary War
recorded numerous features that are critically important in understanding the city’s built
environment. They identified public buildings, such as Bruton Parish Church, the capital, Governor’s Palace, the Public Hospital, but one also showed a windmill that stood
near the northeast corner of the intersection formed by South Henry Street and Newport
Avenue. Some of these map-makers labeled troop encampments, domestic complexes,
and features on the outskirts of Williamsburg. Many of these peripheral sites, which lie
within today’s city limits, have not been investigated by archaeologists or historians.
They have been synthesized and shown on a map composite, the eighteenth-century
layer (Desandrouin 1781; Berthier 1781; Anonymous 1781, 1782) (Figures 9-12).
13
road
from
ns
tatio
plan
Alexander Berthier,
Camp a Williamsburg,
le 26 Septembre 1781
roa
om
d fr
rk
Yo
ar plantations
Que
en's Creek
ro
Bu ad f
rw rom
ell
's
Fe
rry
road to particul
Williams
Capitol
Landing
burg
road
Capitol
to
pa
rtic
ula
r
pl
an
ta
tio
n
Government
French positions
College
Landing
College
op
tat
lan
s
ion
American positions
a
ro
dt
lle
Co
C
ge reek
Rich [neck] Mill
Figure 9. Alexander Berthier, Camp a Williamsburg, le 26th Septembre 1781.
The Frenchman's Map
of Williamsburg, 1782
Figure 10. The Frenchman’s Map of Williamsburg,1782.
14
Nicholas Desandrouins,
Carte des Environs de Williamsburg
1781
ns
atio
plant
Figure 11. Nicholas Desandrouins, Carte des Environs de Williamsburg, 1781.
roa
from
road
18th-century Layer
ad
ro
d
to p
la
nta
tio
n
s
rk
Yo
16
Blair's
ro
Bu ad fr
rw om
ell
's
Fe
r
ry
n's Creek
Quee
Quarte r
16
14
Taylor
13
16
Capitol
Post
d
roa
8
to
pa
rti
cu
la
r
pla
Williamsburg
Powell
2
6
nt
ati
on
s
Palace
4
7
Camp
15
s
tion
nta
pla
Post
College
Landing
5
g
lle
Co
ad
Ro
to
American Camp
n
tow
roa
d
e Creek
s
me
9
Ja
Capitol Landing
m
fro
10
12
Rich Neck Mill (Ludwell's Mill)
French encampments
American encampments
Woods
Figure 12. 18th-century layer.
15
The Early National Period
Despite the relocation of Virginia’s capital, Williamsburg remained the seat of city and
county government. During the first half of the nineteenth century, when court was in
session, people flocked into town, often with their families in tow. In 1818 the construction of a canal from College Creek to Williamsburg was proposed. Although the waterway never was built, its right-of-way was mapped out (Ladd 1818). A visitor in 1835
wrote that the city had an asylum; a college; a courthouse and jail; Episcopal, Methodist, and Baptist churches; 16 stores; three tanyards; a saddler’s shop and four nearby
merchant mills. The city’s older public buildings evinced “the appearance of decaying
grandeur.” A black woman born in Williamsburg in 1845 recalled that there was a whipping post in the ravine near the corner of Francis and South England Streets and that
slave auctions were held on the courthouse green where blacks were hawked to the
highest bidder (Carson 1961:99; Baker 1933:3, 5). Many of these early-to-mid nineteenth century sites have not been identified archaeologically. Since detailed cartographic
works are not available, they must be sought through systematic survey work.
The Civil War
Shortly after war broke out between North and South and Richmond became capital of
the Confederacy, it became apparent that the Union military presence at Fort Monroe
posed a serious threat. In 1861, when Richmond was inadequately defended against a
Union Army advance, Confederate military leaders decided to fortify the lower peninsula so that their adversary’s progress would be slowed. Colonel John B. Magruder
fixed upon the plan of building three parallel lines of earthworks across the peninsula,
making maximum use of the region’s steep ravines and water courses. Magruder’s
westernmost band of earthworks, which became known as the Williamsburg Line, extended from Tuttey’s Neck at the head of College Creek to Cub Run, a tributary of
Queens Creek. Fort Magruder, a strong and complex earthen feature that was situated
above the junction of two public roads, formed the centerpiece of the Williamsburg
Line (Webb 1881:37-43). Colonel Benjamin S. Ewell, a West Point graduate and President of the College of William and Mary, was the architect of the Williamsburg Line.
Slaves and free blacks were conscripted to help Ewell and his men build the redoubts
located within the city limits, near Tuttey’s Pond and the trailer park on Quarterpath
Road. The archaeological remains of these features have been identified and designated
44JC56, 44JC57, and 44JC58. It is likely that other Civil War sites are yet to be discovered within the city limits (McAlester 1862; Hope 1862) (Figures 13 and 14). According to an account by Colonel Ewell, the Williamsburg Junior Guard had a training field
on Capitol Landing Road that they called Camp Page. Land ownership patterns suggest
that it was located on the west side of Capitol Landing Road on property that in 1871
belonged to Dr. R. M. Garrett (Chapman 1984:125, 127-132; Anonymous 1871) (Figure 15).
In early May 1862 the Union Army, under the overall command of General George
B. McClellan, swept up the peninsula and seized control of Williamsburg. Although its
drive toward Richmond proved unsuccessful, the city was in Union hands for the duration of the war. Williamsburg, which was the westernmost Union-held community on
16
WILLIAMSBURG
Confed. Camp
No. 5
No. 3
No. 4
Rifle
FT. MAGRUDER
pits
No. 2
Gen. Heintzeman
No. 1
Sketch of the
Battlefield and Confederate
Works in Front of
Williamsburg, VA
May 5th, 1862
Lieut. McAlester
Averell's
Cavalry
ton
mp
Ha
d
Ro a
Whitaker's
Mill
Gen. Emory
Allen
Hospital
Hospital
Allen's
Wharf
JAME
S
R IV
ER
Figure 13. Sketch of Battlefield and Confederate Works in Front of
Williamsburg, VA, May 8th, 1862, by Lieut. McAlester.
the peninsula, provided the opposing sides with an opportunity to spy upon one another.
Local residents’ accounts reveal that when the city first was occupied, several of its
churches were converted into military hospitals and the Wren Building became a supply
depot and headquarters of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry. A stately brick dwelling near
the site of the colonial capitol (the Vest or Palmer house) was occupied by the Union
Army provost who had command of Williamsburg. The men of the 5th Pennsylvania
seized the Virginia Gazette’s printing presses and began publishing a military newspaper they called The Cavalier, which intermingled war news and propaganda with poetry, literature and public announcements. Later, when Yorktown was made the army’s
headquarters, Williamsburg was classified as an outpost (The Cavalier, June 25, 1862).
17
Hospital Camp
open field
open field
Ft. Magruder
Williamsburg
College
Map showing the
psoition of Williamsburg
Capt. John Hope
1862
Figure 14. Map showing the position of Williamsburg, by Capt. John Hope,1862.
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TH
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Figure 15. Vicinity of Williamsburg and Yorktown, Anonymous 1871.
During the three years Williamsburg was in the hands of the Union Army, Fort
Magruder was manned, and checkpoints were maintained at two entrances to town.
One was located on Richmond Road near Casey’s Corner (close to the intersection of
Ironbound and Richmond Roads) and the other was on Jamestown Road, just west of
Ludwell’s Mill (Lake Matoaka). At both of these sites market or “line” days were held
18
when Williamsburg’s townspeople could barter with their rural neighbors for fresh produce. A band of Confederate guerillas roved the countryside to the west and south of
Williamsburg, occasionally ambushing the Union cavalry or slipping into town. On
September 9, 1862, the men of Confederate General Henry A. Wise’s legion galloped
into Williamsburg, dashed down Duke of Gloucester Street and abducted the Union
Army provost from his headquarters. Later, a group of outraged and drunken Union
cavalrymen put the Wren Building to the torch. Afterward, the windows and doors of
the college’s buildings were bricked-up and ditches with strong lines, which consisted
of palisades defended by chevaux de fris and a trip-wire, were constructed across Richmond and Jamestown Roads at the edge of the campus. Behind the college was an
abatis of oak and beech trees, entangled with wire (Charles 1928:2; Cronin 1862-1865:8).
After three years of occupation, Williamsburg, which Union General Philip Kearney
called a “lovely sweet College town of charming villas & old mansions” was scarred
and dilapidated. William and Mary’s main building and the Brafferton, which had been
gutted, were hollow shells, grim reminders of the war. A map synthesizing the buildings, encampments and fortifications that existed during the 1860s, though providing
uneven coverage of the study area, shows sites that warrant archaeological testing. Superimposed is an 1866 plat of the Bassett Hall property, which identifies Tazewell’s
mill dam and some buildings near Francis Street (Figure 16).
Reconstruction and Growth (1865-1917)
After the war, Williamsburg, like many other towns in Virginia, began to slowly recover
from the war. But the economic problems facing Virginians were staggering. An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 men lost their lives and many thousands of others were permanently maimed as a result of war wounds and disease. The old social order was in
disarray, as blacks and whites struggled to redefine their roles in society, and the state’s
economic system was destroyed. Confederate money and bonds were worthless, inflation was at an all time high, and legal tender was almost nonexistent. Many local families succumbed to bankruptcy.
Despite the pain of Reconstruction, immense progress characterized the 1880s and
90s. Northern capital flowed into the region, creating new business opportunities. In
1881 the Chesapeake and Ohio built a rail line connecting Richmond with Newport
News. This provided local agriculturalists with access to urban markets and stimulated
commercial development. Real estate speculators placed ads in Northern newspapers
promoting the economic opportunities to be found in the Williamsburg area. The Peninsula Bank and Trust Company opened its doors and in 1898-99 an ice plant and a steam
laundry became operational. A year later the Williamsburg Knitting Mill commenced
its manufacturing operations. These sites are shown upon plats on file in the local courthouse. Around 1890 the first telephone was installed in Williamsburg residence, at a
time when the city’s population numbered 1,831 (Virginia Gazette, May 12, 1894; March
3, 1950).
Modern improvements, such as sewer and water lines, were installed just before
World War I, at which time the old community well by the 1770 courthouse was backfilled. One Williamsburg native, who recalled the city’s appearance during the early
twentieth century, said that the old knitting mill near the train depot had been converted
19
R
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's
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19th-century Layer
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Casey
Union Army Line
During Occupation
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into a smoke-belching power plant. Duke of Gloucester Street, which lacked pavement
and gutters, reportedly was “a mile long, a hundred feet wide and two feet deep,” and
lined with buildings in varying stages of dilapidation. Private residences were intermingled with businesses. Across from the city-county courthouse were structures that
accommodated the post office, the bank and several law offices. Near the colonial powder magazine (then known as the Powder Horn) were unpainted shanties occupied by
blacks. At the east end of Duke of Gloucester Street was a plaque that marked the
foundations of the old colonial capitol. There, Duke of Gloucester Street flared into a V
with side streets that led to Francis Street and Capitol Landing Road. Williamsburg’s
economy, other than serving as the seat of the city-county and district courts, revolved
around the College of William and Mary and the state-run asylum, which in 1894 became known as Eastern State Hospital (Belvin et al. 1982; Larson 1984). In late 1898 or
early 1899 the Virginia Gazette published a city directory intended to promote
Williamsburg’s development. In 1912 a large tract on the north side of Ironbound Road
was laid out into streets and platted into the lots of the Roper-Tilledge Subdivision.
Development failed to occur, however, and the project eventually was scrapped (James
City County Plat Book 2:22).
In November 1901 a fireproof office was built for the clerk of the city-county
court, a detached structure that stood upon the green, to the west of the courthouse. It
spared the localities’ records from destruction in an 1911 fire that gutted the courthouse.
20
Afterward, local officials opted to renovate the old building rather than construct a new
one (Gaines 1969:30). It was during the early twentieth century that the Sanborn Insurance Company began producing detailed maps of Williamsburg. The Sanborn maps
reveal much about how the city grew and developed between 1904 (when the city first
was mapped) and 1930 (when local mapping ceased) (Figures 17-21).
The Modern Era
In 1917, when the United States entered World War I, an influx of workers, employed in
nearby government munitions facilities, sought accommodations in Williamsburg. Providing for these newcomers brought unexpected prosperity to the city. Land prices soared
and business boomed. Real estate speculators purchased large tracts, which they carved
into lots and marketed as developments such as Lakeside Park, Highland Park, East
Williamsburg, Bruton Heights, the Lane and Linekin Subdivisions, the Williamsburg
Business Annex, Kenton Park, Capitol Heights, and Powhatan Park. Some of these
properties, which then were in James City and York Counties, became part of
Williamsburg when the city annexed more territory (Williamsburg-James City County
Plat Book 2:31,33,35,38-39,45-46; York County Plat Book 2:45,69,79,81). At the end
of World War I, some Williamsburg residents found it difficult to adjust to the peacetime economy, for local businesses that had boomed during the war afterward languished
for lack of support.
During this period Williamsburg held an annual community fair at the Williamsburg
Hotel or the college. During the summer months, tent shows called Chautauquas were
staged on the courthouse green. Traveling carnivals also pitched their tents there or in
fields at the edge of town. Fairs and harness-races occasionally were held in a field off
Capitol Landing Road (Belvin et al. 1982).
In 1923 Dr. William A. R. Goodwin, an ardent antiquarian and the former rector of
Bruton Parish Church, returned to Williamsburg. He observed that a hodge-podge of
modern structures was beginning to obscure what was left of the city’s older buildings.
Down the center of Duke of Gloucester Street, which had been paved during World War
I to accommodate the army convoys passing through town, was an erratic line of telephone poles festooned with wires. Restaurants, laundries, pool rooms, movie theaters
and filing stations were intermingled with aging, sagging eighteenth- and nineteenthcentury structures. In 1926 Goodwin succeeded in interesting wealthy philanthropist
John D. Rockefeller Jr. in restoring Williamsburg to its colonial appearance. To some
local people, the infusion of funds was a dream-come-true. Others genuinely resented
the disruption of what was a cherished way of life. In time, a corporation was formed to
handle the restoration of Williamsburg and teams of specialists began gathering information about colonial life. Williamsburg’s streets were paved and shops catering to
visitors were built in what became Merchants Square. In October 1934 the restored
colonial city officially opened to tourists, at which time, the Raleigh Tavern, the capitol,
the palace and a few other buildings on Duke of Gloucester Street were the main attractions (Belvin et al. 1982).
One of the structures acquired by Rockefeller’s agents when Williamsburg’s restoration first got underway was the old city-county courthouse, built in 1770-1772. By
Fall 1932 its exterior had been given a colonial appearance and its interior had been
21
Figure 17. Sanborn insurance map, 1904.
remodeled into a museum for the display of relics. But restoration of the 1770 courthouse necessitated the construction of a replacement. It stood at the intersection of
Francis and England Streets, near to the site once occupied by the 1715 courthouse. By
December 1932 the new building was ready for use (Belvin et al. 1982; Gaines 1969:30).
In January 1930 Congressman Louis C. Crampton introduced a bill into the House
of Representatives that gave the Secretary of the Interior the authority to designate
historic sites in Jamestown, Yorktown and Williamsburg as part of the Colonial National Monument. All three areas were to be linked by a scenic boulevard. The Crampton
Bill was debated hotly by local citizens, many of whom viewed it as a major intrusion of
“big government.”
In 1932 an Act of Congress and a Presidential Proclamation heralded creation of
the Colonial National Monument and the acquisition of all of Jamestown Island except
22
23
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form erly Ic e Plant
A
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not used W
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S
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Corn Mill & Ware Ho.
Mathew Whaley Sc hool
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A
INI
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Mattr ess
M aking
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TAZEWELL HALL
250
500ft.
WESTMINSTER
Bro wn
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H ospital
COLONIAL
TYLER AV.
0
WILLIAMSBURG AV.
He n Ho .
POCAHONTAS
that portion owned by the the A.P.V.A. Surveyors laid out a boulevard that linked
Yorktown and Jamestown and passed through Williamsburg. Ironbound Road was paved
to provide additional access to Jamestown. Six years later the City Council tried to
preserve restored Williamsburg’s ambience by passing ordinances that prohibited certain types of businesses, such as junk yards, from locating within the city limits (Virginia Gazette, January 17, February 14, June 6, 1930).
During the years colonial Williamsburg was being restored, the United States slipped
into the economic crisis known as the Great Depression. One of the Roosevelt
administration’s solutions to the unemployment problem was the Civilian Conservation
Corps (C.C.C.), which undertook public works projects. In July 1933 William and Mary
administrators asked for C.C.C. workers to develop part of the college’s woods into
what became known as Lake Matoaka State Park. By early fall the men of the C.C.C.
had pitched their tents upon the campus. Later, they erected frame buildings that served
as barracks, a mess hall, a recreation building-library, a latrine and wash house, an
infirmary and several administrative buildings. C.C.C. projects in the Williamsburg area,
which were part of the Emergency Conservation Work (E.C.W.) program, included repairing some of the damage done by the 1932 hurricane. Besides constructing roads,
trails and picnic areas in the college woods, C.C.C. workers built a large outdoor amphitheater known as Players Dell in an area adjacent to Lake Matoaka. In 1937 when
heavy rains caused Lake Matoaka’s spillway to collapse, the men of the C.C.C. repaired
the damage. During 1940 and 1941 the C.C.C. planted trees and grass along the Colonial Parkway from Yorktown to Williamsburg and placed fill dirt over a newly com-
24
pleted tunnel beneath under the Historic Area. On April 15, 1942, Williamsburg’s C.C.C.
camp was closed and its workers were sent elsewhere (Hunter 1990).
During the 1920s and 30s new subdivisions were created as the city’s population
grew. It was then that Braxton Court and College Terrace were laid out into lots and the
Ironbound Farms subdivision was created on the west side of town. The 1930s brought
the development of Pollard Park, Capitol Heights and Matoaka Court. Almost all of
these subdivisions were developed, at least in part (Williamsburg-James City County
Plat Book 4:19-20,50; 5:20,29,33; 6:34). Pollard Park and Chandler Court have been
added to the Virginia Landmarks Register and are deemed eligible for the National
Register of Historic Places.
When World War II broke out, workers from military bases in nearby York and
Warwick Counties and on the lower peninsula stimulated Williamsburg’s economy and
members of the armed services flocked to town in search of rental housing. Many local
people sought employment at Penniman (renamed Cheatham Annex), at the Naval Mine
Depot, Fort Eustis, and Camp Peary, and spent their earnings in Williamsburg. It was
during this period that Rochambeau Heights, Highland Park, Palace Heights, Pine Crest,
Burns Lane, Indian Springs, Bozarth Court Extended, and Ludwell Place were laid out.
After the war, Capitol Court was established (York County Plat Book 1 Part 2:523,622;
3:62; Williamsburg-James City County Plat Book 7:46; 8:2,13; 9:18; 10:20,36; 12:14).
During the latter part of World War II, the Colonial Parkway tunnel was designated
an air raid shelter for Williamsburg. After the war the tunnel was equipped with paving,
lights and ventilation. It opened to traffic in 1949. Although it connected Williamsburg
with the Yorktown segment of the Colonial Parkway (completed in 1938), it was not
until 1957 that the Jamestown segment was finished, linking all three historical attractions. In 1947 the Jamestown Corporation, a non-profit educational group, built an amphitheater at Lake Matoaka and began staging nightly theatrical productions during the
summer months. Attendance declined during the 1960s and in 1976 production ceased.
Annexation and Growth
During the early 1920s the city of Williamsburg succeeded in annexing portions of
neighboring James City and York Counties. On July 2, 1938, the Virginia Gazette’s
editor noted that as a result of the city’s 1924 annexation suit, Williamsburg had nearly
doubled in size. The boundaries of the enlarged city, projected in September 1923, were
depicted on a map prepared in 1931 by surveyor Vincent D. McManus (Williams-burgJames City County Plat Book 5:21) (Figure 22). In 1941 the city initiated an annexation
suit in which it tried to acquire approximately 874 acres of James City County land and
a somewhat lesser amount of York County acreage. The proposed annexation would
have nearly trebled Williamsburg’s size.
During the summer of 1941, when the suit was settled, the city was allowed less
land than it sought. Even so, its territory was doubled. Under the terms of the 1941 court
agreement, James City and York Counties were compensated for the land they lost (Virginia Gazette July 2, 1938; March 14 and 21, April 18, July 10, September 12, 1941;
March 19, 1954). Williamsburg’s new boundaries were depicted on Vincent D.
McManus’s September 8, 1941, corporate line survey of the city. Shown upon a composite in which McManus’s survey is used as a base map are several nearby subdivi25
Williamsburg Map, 1931
d
Forest
and
ing
Circle
To
Ca
pito
lL
Batetout Ave
Henry
HE
IGH
TS
pit
o
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et
Ave
Ave
WIL
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MS
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ve
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et
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CA
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England
1st
Ca
Stre
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Stre
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Stre
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LEGEND
e
C&O R.R. Right of way
Street
Old corporate limits
17 18
1
5
6 7
8 9
10
Stre
et
1
12
To
23 24
7 8
9 10
20 21
22
2
19
4 5
6
8 9
10 11
1 11
16 1718
1 2
3
8 9
10
15
4 5
6 7
1 3 14
1 11
2
4 5
6 7
1 2
3
1
13
2 3
4
11 12
Stre
et
1
9 10
24
13 14
11 12
Ave
22 23
11 12
0 21
5 6
7 8
9 10
19 2
1 2
3 4
16 1718
5 6
7 8
14 15
PA Ave
RK
2
3
23
1 2
3
21 22
15
23 24
7 8
91
22
12
13
0 11
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
Stre
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9 10
1
15 16
12
2 3 24
et
N
ew
s
13 14
11 12
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
22
1 12
6 7
8 9
10
19 20
21
2 3
4 5
7 8
9 10
1
171
8
7 8
9 10
11
3 4
5 6
13 14
11 12
1 2
3 4
5 6
24
Stre
Ne
wp
or
t
Road
20 21
3 4
5 6
Stre
et
Kings
mill
1 2
16 17
18 19
PO
WH
Poca
AT
ho nta
AN
s
4
20
13 14
15
18 19
11 12
11 12
23
2
1 2
1 11
11 12
21 22
4 5
6 7
1 9 20
8 9
10
17 18
1 2
3
5 6
7
15 16
Stre
et
24
8 9
10
23
2 3
4 5
1
13 14
2 3
4 5
11 12
19 20
2 3
4 5
17 18
6 7
8
1
15 16
Stre
et
23 24
6 7
8 9
10 11
11 12
21 22
91
0
1 2
3
12
1 2
3
15 16
4 5
6 7
1 22
1
11 12
20 2
8 9
10
1 112
17 18
19
8 9
10
4 5
6 7
13 14
1 2
3
4 5
6 7
Stre
et
8 9
10
23 24
1
2 3
4 5
1 1 12
13 14
1
15 16
2 3
4
1 718
23 24
1 2
3
21 22
11 12
5 6
7 8
9 10
19 20
1 1 12
6 7
8 9
10
6 7
8 9
10
2 3
4 5
Stre
et
11 12
1 2
3
1
22
11 12
0 21
4 5
6 7
11 12
8 9
10
1718
19 2
8 9
10
15 16
4 5
6 7
13 14
4 5
6 7
1 2
3
Kirb
y
21 22
1
11 12
Inga
lls
Jack
son
16 17
9 10
11 12
6 7
8 9
10
Hood
19 20
11 12
9 10
1 2 3 4 5 67
171 8
91 0
rdon
16
Go
5 6
7 8
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
5 6
7 8
31
Free
man
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
14 15
18
Early
5 6
7 8
1 2 3 4 5
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
is
1 2
3 4
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Dav
1 2
3 4
3
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
ton
12
2
Ave
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Carle
7 8
9 10
11
1
1
2
3
15
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
89
10 11
12
16
12
1
11
2
10
14 3
9
4
8
5
7
6
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
on
aure
gard
2 3
4 5
6
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 13
2
3 14
4
5
6 15
7
8
9 16
10
11 17
12
13
14 18
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Be
4 5
6 7
Ave
Powhatan
15
1
2
16
3
4
17
5
6
18
7
8
19
9
10
20
11
12
21
13
14
22
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 2
3
1
2
3
12
4
5
6
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
11 12
1
12
2
11
10
11 3
9
4
8
5
7
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2 8
3
4
9
5
6
7 10
8
9
10 11
11
12
12
13
5 6
7 8
9 10
Ave
Pocahontas
10
48
9
5
10
11
6
12
13
7
1
8
2
3
9
4
5
10
6
7
11
8
9
12
10
11
13
12
13
14
8 9
10
Ave
1
9
Proposed corporate limits
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Asht
4
12
11
10
8
9
8
7
14
1
15
2
19
16 20 21 22 23
3 24
17
4
18
5
19
6
20
7
21
8
22
9
23
10
24
11
25
12
26
13
14
5 6
7 8
9 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 1
2
3 2
4 3
5
6 4
7
8
9 5
10
11
12 6
13
7
36
7
5
6
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Williamsburg
7
1
1
2
3
24
5
1
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
11
2
12
3 13
813 9 10 11 12
4
14
5
15
6
16
7
17
8
18
19
9 14
19 18 17 16 15
10
20
11
12
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
2
3 2
4
5 3
6 4
7
8 5
9 6
10
7
Powh
ata
n
Ave
Hall
12
11
10
5
9
8
7
1
1
2
3 2
4
5 3
6 4
7
8 5
9 6
10
7
2
3
4
8
3
e and Pratt
Bolton Clark
line 1915
Corporate
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
5
36
47
8
59
10
6
11
7
KENTON
PARK
Street
1
2
3
4
5
6
Tazewell
Park
r
da e
C e rov tery
G me
Ce
12
11
10
2
9
8
7
11 2 32 4
5
3
6
7
4
8
5
9
10
6
11
12
7
2 3
4
nry
He
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
112 324
C ooley
C ooley
Property
Land
13
16 17
14 15
C ooley Land
Street
21 20
23 22
11 12
9 10
Ireland
Cooley Land
16
14 15
25 24
Street
Street
C ooley Land
1 2 13
Ave
26
28 27
et
Street
Street
Ireland
England
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5th
4th
e
et
2nd
Nicholson
Courthouse
Green
Gloucester
Tyler
11
9 10
folk
Nor
1
Ave
e
t
Stre
et
Street
13
14
26
Street
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
12
15
17 16
28 2 7
Stre
Stre
France
COLONIAL
EXTENSION
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 18
30 2 9'
6th
t
ee
Str
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11
1 20 1
nd Ave 23 2 2 21
hmo
25 24
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
EASTERN STATE HOSPITAL GROUNDS
22 2
Ric1
Boundary
23
24
25
26
as Ave
Lake
9
10
11
12
Ave
.
ve
678
345
1 2
8
6 7
Tex
RG
SBU NEX
LIAM
a Ave
WIL ESSOklaAN
hom
N
BUSI
ad
Ro
wn
sto
me
Ja
16
15
14
13
Adam
s Av
Was
hing
ton
Av
2nd
TS
ir A
France
3 45
1 2
(BRIGHT PROPERTY)
Palace Street
of
1st
Colonial Street
Tyler St
Duke
UT
ON
HE
IGH
B la
COLLEGE
OF
WILLIAM
AND MARY
Street
Dunmore St
George
Nassau
WILLIAM AND MARY
Palace Green
Har
ris
THE COLLEGE OF
nce
Stree
Ave
3rd
Ewell St
Street
Street
Pri
BR
Tyler
Aud
re y
Ave
Bru ton
7th
e
Jeffe
rson
rd
Bouleva
Street
Griggsby Rd
Ave
Street
Sco tland
Matoa
ka
Wise
PROPERTY OF
8th
Ro
ad
Ave
Spots wood
Ave
Rand olph
Ave
Road
King
Mon
ro
Mad
ison
Ave
Alice
Street
Street
Blair
nk
W illi
amsb
urg
Street
WILLIAMS
BURG
Burba
White
re
nc
eA
rch
Cre
scen
t
F lo
Street
Street
d
on
hm
Ric
Dunni ng
Drive
Broa
dway
Lake
NORTH
Ave
Drive
Henry
d
Woodland
Henderson
Ave
Roycroft
Elberta Stree
t
City
W
arr
en
on
chm
Street
Drive
James
Ka
th
eri
ne
a
Ro
ill
M
Henry
er
Freeman Street
all
Street
To Ri
W
Stre
et
1
8 9
10
5 6
6 7
8 9
7 8
9
2 3
4
11 12
2 3
4 5
23 24
Stre
et
Figure 22. Williamsburg map, 1931.
sions (Williamsburg-James City County Plat Book 9:8) (Figure 23). The issue of annexation lay dormant until 1954, when the city tried to acquire the rest of the acreage it had
sought in 1941.
As the 1950s opened, the nation’s economy was still riding upon the post-war
boom. During this period the number of people living in Virginia grew. By 1960 America’s
population had increased by almost 40 million, thanks to the “baby boom” that occurred
right after World War II. This population explosion created an unprecedented demand
for family housing and spurred the proliferation of suburbs throughout the country.
Residential development produced an increased need for the public services, fueled
business and commercial interests, and both enhanced and drained tax revenues. By the
early 1960s 20 percent of Americans were living between Boston, Massachusetts, and
Norfolk, Virginia, in an expansive land corridor that enveloped Williamsburg. This demographic shift was a powerful catalyst for change.
By 1960 the population of Williamsburg nearly had doubled. The city attempted to
annex nearly three square miles of James City County land and acreage in York County.
As a result of the 1962 annexation court decision, Williamsburg’s limits were expanded
to include a strip of land along Route 60 west to Skipwith Farms; acreage between Lake
Matoaka and Route 5; and territory between York and Second Streets. It was then that
Highland Park was taken from York County and given to Williamsburg as a means of
maintaining an equitable ethnic balance (Virginia Gazette, July 22, 1960). A composite
map upon which the city’s streets and roads are depicted, along with subdivisions that
were laid out during the early-to-mid twentieth century demonstrates the manner in
26
Figure 23. Williamsburg map, 1941.
which Williamsburg has expanded outward from its colonial core. Some of the developments to which wartime housing shortages gave rise failed to thrive. This is especially
true of subdivisions that lay somewhat distant from the heart of town (Figure 24).
A map depicting the distribution of archaeological sites within Williamsburg’s city
limits suggests strongly that relatively few cultural features have been identified within
the western and northwestern portions of the city (Figure 25). Cartographic evidence
indicates that this is attributable to a lack of survey work rather than an absence of
cultural features. Likewise, there is a critical need for substantive archival research on
outlying properties now encompassed by the City of Williamsburg.
27
Ru
n
's
se
l
Ch
i
20th-century Layer
Queen's
W il ki ns
18
17
16
15
14
Creek
13
21
12
11
se ct io n
3
20
10
19
9
18
17
16
87
se ct io n
2
6
15
5
MS
FAR
14
4
13
32
12
11
BOUND
Ro ad
1
IRON
ROAD
10
98
10
9
7
87
6
R oad
5
6
se ct i on
1
43
54
2
32
1
Ro ad
1
45
Freeman Str eet
Street
Henry
h
Cre
the
rin
e
8th
Ka
Elber ta Street
Str eet
Alice
MI
TS
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AT
POR
COR
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Street
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Mon
1
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t
tre e
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41
23
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4
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DUKEO F GL OUCEST ER (MAIN )
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Driv eway
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se
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1
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MAGRUDE R
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4
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1
16
Ave
3
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7
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4
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5
15
1
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16
8
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9 10
6
21
7
11
22
12
8
23
10
13
3
6
7
1415
4
5
8
1
6
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
20
1
8
9
1
9
8
1
17
0
11
16
2
15
2
1
4
1
3
12
3
41
4
W
24
5
2
6
2
27
28
2
39
at ts
5
5
8
3
61
5
6
0
6
5
7
59
8
5
37
6
3
5
3
29
34
30
3
3
1
3
ey Land
Cool
Fe m al e W ard s
La un dr y
C e as e B lui ndi g
2
3
9 10
1617
7
3
18
8
4
9
12
19
11
5
0
2
21
6
1011
K
5
1
1 12
2
hont
as
4
hatan
1
Pow
9
24
3
7
1
2
1
22
8
23
2
9
3
24
10
1
4
11
2
2
1
3
13
5
4
14
6 7
PAR
1
1
2
2
2
Kings
1
Poca
d
e
m
v
ste
er
Res s y
r er
o
f at
w
3
18
8
1112
Ce
Ce Gr da
me ove r
ter
y
10
2
7
1
7
10
et
1
1
mill Road
4
14
7
Stre
9
3
12
13
6
5
15
1
16
8
6
9 10
2
7
1718
3
8
11
4
9
0
1
20
5
12
19
Stre
et
6
7
1
12
2122
11
8
2
23
3
1
9 10
24
4
2
5
11
3
12
13
6
14
4
7
5
15
8
16
1
6
9
Stre
12
2
11
5
on
d
12
9
19
4
11
8
18
3
10
7
17
2
1
20
5
0
et
7
2
22
1
111
21
6
2
8
9
3
324
2
1
10
4
2
1
5
11
1
6
3
2
3
4
14
7
15
8
5
6
16
1
lls
e
Lin
4
Gord
Hoo
Inga
8
1
910
24
3
Stre
et
13
8
23
2
Free
man
ay
W
of
ght
Ri
7
2122
1112
1
Early
14
15
16
17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PO
WH
ATA
N
T YLER
W ESTMI NSTER
u mp H
P
o .
Se q
u e
y ra B u
i d
n
li g
Ma
l e Wa
rd s
aM tr se s
M ak ni g
P ow e rH o.
B ro w n
C ooleyLand
Cooley Land
KENTON
PARK
Fe m eal W a rds
o vi ng to n B
C
u dli ngi
F em a el W ar ds
W om e 'ns
B ak ery
Wa
r d "M "
M a el W ar ds
S. ENGL AND
F em a el W ar ds
r o
B
w e rB u d
li n
i
g
Mo n
t a
g u
e Bu
i d
n
il g
T a
y o
l rB u
i d
n
il g
. S
c h
Ma
le y
en
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r A
Es
t he
Street
r y
n d
a u
L
e .
F u rn .S tg
a d
o p n
h
u d
B
li n
i
g
o s ta
H
i l
p
r
ec
o ck
A
. Mo
r
eco
ck
Wm.
dl o
e Mo
E
NASSAU
HENRY
In fi rm a
r y
HENRY
W a
s h in g
t onH
al
P h iB e ta K a p a Ha l
B O UN DA R Y
M
a ry
lia
ma
nd
T y e
rl H la
i
W
of
Me n
' s
D o rm to
i ry
Co
l e
ge
Th
e
T n
ir k
l e B
d
l g
.
Ch
G ir a nd
l 's D le rH
or mit a l
o ry
Lake
S. ENGL AND
2
Cooley Land
8
22
England
7
1
2
0 21
1415
COLONIAL
EXTENSION
N
6
Ty ler
5
12
1
8 19
1213
Street
17
L an e
1
es Jr.
2
16
1011
9 1011
11
28
5 67
8
9
10
11
12
13
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
43
9
ureg
ard
9 10
. Hod g
W .T
e p.
uto R
8
Bea
Carl
eton
Dav
is
8
14
1 2 3 4
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
nry
As hton
1
2
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
24
25
26
27
10
11
12
13
12
13
14
15
16
17
He
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
7
18
11
ts
Wat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6
17
16
23
24
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
5
t T.
23
24
1
23
Ave
1 2 3 4 5
M rs.F re d Sav ag e
R ober
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
4
4
3
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
30
31
32
33
34
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
8
13
Park
B URN'S
LANE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
25
26
27
28
29
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
7
21
13
10
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
14
15
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3
4
5
6
7
8
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ave
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
15
4
5
6
1
9
1
2
3
12
4
5
6
2
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
20
n R
h
. Fi
r
she
14
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
12
2
11
10
1 4 43
9
5
8
6
7
12
11
10
11
9
8
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
43
Roa d
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
12
11
10
5
9
8
7
12
11
10
8
9
8
7
POCAHONT AS
1
2
3
4
5
6
Powhatan
5
Hodges
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
5
ue
h
6
A ven
Bo ris
7
al
we l
li am
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
TAZ EWEL L HALL AV.
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
is
11
ra
y E.
14
21
H
M.
Gin n
l e
r
s W . Mi
J a me
12
13
Mu
15
16
17
18
19
43
i ly
m
r
ie s
n iam
Will
L ud
Jo
Wil
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
A
S to
r a
g e
1
2
3
4
5
6
12
11
10
2
9
8
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
S h
p
o
e ta H o
M
.
1 2 3 4
et
re
St
Ave
E
Mo
Sh ell ey
B urns
Roa d
LUDWE
PLACE LL
.
a w g
S
in
&
P la in g
n
ARCOLA
a p
C
r .r
ta
S
svoi n
ubd
S
o ol
R
o rge
G e
F
li ngi
M a le
W a
r d
s
151617
11121314
7
8
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
WI L LI AMSBURG AV.
.Mc
10
Ch a rle s T . Ha r iso n
64
t
Ave
Wil ia ms
bug
r I n
1 2 3
9
ankL
Fr
65
60
59
A ND
Wili m
as bug
r Ld
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Yo
rk H o su e
( n
a n xe t o
Log
d )e
63
61
58
22
26
27
15
DuP
ont
av e
d)
P e n
# 9
252423
9 10
W . I RE L
F e m
a le
W a
r d
s
222120
a rk
P
D
282726
I n san e Asyl um
8
66
62
57
23
28
Bu rn s
York
E. F ran ci s
YORK
East e rn St a te Ho sp it al
D in in H
g la l
(
u np
T h o
m p o
s B
n u ild g
in
m rya
VAI
DEN
W . FRANCI S
C a m re o
n B iu in
ld g
a le W a d
M
sr
6
5
Ct.
it l
Ca p o
York
E. FRANCIS
ng S
ta .
C
folk
2
3
4
5
6
T exas
7
67
55
24
25
29
. A
D
.R S
. h
rin e
F li
il
s
m
Ave
E
Nor
1
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
4
5
6
7
8
B
68
.
ra n k L
F Gi n is
M c
54
56
31
30
16
8
.W illia
6
53
45
17
2
3
4
F
5
69
52
47
46
44
33
32
ee t
4
60
51
48
43
34
S tr
49
42
35
18
in
50
41
36
19
1
dw
37
39
40
e et
Goo
lia m b
s ru g
B a tip ts
C h ru ch
(c o
l e
r )d
H o
s e
u
T h
u m
r a n u
B ild g
in
In irf
I RELAND
# 8
.G
A
3
S tr
W i
a ts e
E
r n
S ta e
t H so p
it la
S u
p .t
W. FRANCIS
18
151617
121314
1
C a ip o
lt H a
e in
t g la
P tn
B u
i lt 9
1 3
Pl aza
.)
AV
13
14
1615
910
6
7
8
e p
R
.
EGE
9 1011
2
3
45
16
15
14
13
12
11
4
10
5
9
6
7
8
D
LAR
POL K
PAR
2
l
we
Po
78
222120
21
Ave
242322
o nd
272625
28
29'
Richm
30
1
26
11
12
1
2
3
1
INDIAN
SP RINGS
38
of
ege y
C oll & M ar
am
Wil li
56
23
2425
910
1
2
3
Pr i vate Dr ive
URG
MSBoma A ve EX
LIA O klahANN
WIL
SS
INE
BUS
4
191817
7 8
13
u to
A
(COLL
Po w
e r P la n
t
6
4 5
16
1514
.)
RD.
OWN
ST
JA ME
12
23
( Av
al
nH
f er so
oit ry
Je f
o rm
l 's D
G ir
r re t Ha l
Ba
Gi
o r mito ry
r 'sl D
3
1 2
1
et
E. Duk e of Gl ouc es te r (Ma in )
B lair
.
EAS
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v.
)
r y
me t e
Ce
(A
Ca p o
it l B g
ld .
(s h ir e
n)
D
R
Stree
St
.
(s h in
r e)
l
C o ru tH o u e
s
to
BOUNDARY
COURT HOUS E GRE E
N
pi
B r tu o n P
ar h
is P . .E C h u rc
h
Ca
P re is e
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s o .
r a
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l tC o ta e
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y
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u
P
CT
.
9
E. Ni cho ls on
Wal ler
L ib ra ry
T HE COL LEGE OF W I LLI AM &MARY
PR
(BRIGHT PROPERTY)
1s t
8
R w
e
d o
d
r d
O
in rya
(sh in
r )e
W. NI CHOL SON
(s h
r e
in )
(S rh n
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e
Wil lia mB a rto n Ro g e rs Ha l
G
(c lo e
r )d
T h
e G e
o g
r e W ty h
e H u
so e
Ra le ig h T a e
vn
r
Ma rs h a
l Wy th e Ha l
C
CAP ITOL
COURT
Ja m se C yit
T ra in g
n S h
c o l
SS
CRO
D e n
a H
e o su e
( sh in
r )e
PRI NCE GEORGE
B ro n
w H la
ITY
N. ENGL AND
e n
D
a S
e h
o p & o
rg
F e
(sh in
r )e
HA
RR
IS
OR
GE
PRI NCE GEORGE
n
ro e
's D H a
o rm
l
it o
r y
N. BOT ETOURT
E GE
SPOT T SWOOD
IN C
Mo
n
York
e
te B
ri g
l d
F
4
Willia
S
E
et
F RANKL I N(SCOTL AND)
2nd
Pag e Stre
M t. A ra tB a
p sti
C h
u rc h
(c o
l o
re d
)
A
F RANKL IN
msbu
rg
E. SCOT LAND
E. SCOTLAND
L A NE
PR
Me
Ha l
Broa
dwa
rty o
f S
h re
li y
n e
J o
s
e
p
r o
P
La
goo
n
E WE L L
5
4
1
4
3
1 5
6
1
N. HENRY
.W. H
un
t
8
4
S to
r .
M r s. G
et
49
Harri s
0
5
N. BO UNDARY
1
5
7
WA S
HI N
GT ON
4
52
2
t
53
1
S t re
d
54
7
1
r
ny a
a
46
8
1
5
ka
4
LONI
E. SCOT LAND
W . SCOT LAND
Matoa
3rd
4
Stre
r g
Wi lia m sb u
c
t io
n In
r a
Re
s to
Wa re h
.
o p
s e s& S h
o u
AL
CO
B ld sg .to
b se h
ri e
sn
S H IR N
ES
p le
u
x
ino
Ave
2
4
PA
L A CE ( S
H RIN E )
B g
ld .vs a
c a
n t
to e
b h
s irn se
SCOTL AND
Jo n
h R o e
lf
a v rn
T
e
D
min
S tr eet
Rand
Ave
19
s b ru
m
g Su b
i
n
d vi si o
et
T
Ma th e w Wh a le y S
c hoo
l
P rim a yr & H ig h S ch o lo
SCOT LAND
r
F
H u
t.
o sa
e
Do
LLIA
MS
BU
RG
Ave
Ave
1
0
D
TS
17
ilto n S
il
tWli a
Ha m
9
PINE CREST
as
E
27
1
1
0
1 2
11
Ro u
t e
s 6 0 &1
68
12
9
8
2
13
8
8
4
1
7
7
15
H enl ey
B
.
o
i rle H
o
H A
R R Y .D B
O Z
A R
T H
M r.f o
fW o o
d n
e o
B e
x s
W. SCOT
LAND
A
e tu o
R
a ir
p
Bl o
w Gymn a siu m
O ld
S tr eet
6
6
6
1
ict h
R
B LAI
CA
PIT
OL
LPH
4th
5
1
3
4
16
1
et
Stre
et
n ty
u
9
2
Ave
3
V ir g
i n
i aS
t eH
t a
hw
i g
ay
RANDO
2
Mo
me n
nu
l St
t a
t
re e
0
3
on
1
Stre
o
r k C
o
31
TS
Y
32
2nd
IGH
1st
a rn
B
2
HE
5
1
3
ET TE
14
4
P ROP ERTY OF
THE COLLEGE OF
WILLIAM AND MARY
Jones
Pond
Stree
t
Stre
Re
r ve d
s e
3
L AF A Y
13
B RA XTON
COURT
AVE.
hingt
34
7
8
lia m b
s ru g a
L n
u ryd
9
W i
10
IA
Adam
s Ave
Was
35
2
2
1
2
12
5
N
GI
ON
3
6
NORTHI NGT ON
23
6
R
VI
UT
6th
5th
37
4
2
7
A Y E TT E
LA F
Ave
Ave
8
8
R ig
ht
- o
f- w
ay
O'K EE FE PROP.
ig ia
n E le c & o
P e
w C
r o
.
1
rson
3
ch
ur
V ir
BR
9
3
Ch
R. C.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
de
CL A Y
9
0
1
11
W. WMBG.
Madi
son
Jeffe
ar d
C re a
m e ry L o
t
Be
in e o
L
f C&O
0
Boulev
Bruton
11
S t.
BRI
3
9
5
GHT
25
2
8
5
6
6
34
3
3
32
31
2
27
26
2
2
2
BOZARTH
COURT
9
3
al
W
7
15
14
2
1
1
0
1
9
4
B.
C .& O
t
. S a
n
ti o
13
1
8
10
3
o.
16
8
25
24
1
1
1
sbu
r gC
o a lC
9
1
8
1
Va n
Fos e
nLo
t
J.
1
29
2
7
2
26
12
1
14
7
ard
30
N
SO
I
H ARR
13
2
15
2
oa lY
20
31
4
3
6
1
28
C
6
5
4
3
2
1
Ave
1
7
29
Wil
li am
7
7
3
Blai r
3
36
35
34
3
2
3
15
4
1
0
H
6
1
ey
4
9
DOLP
7
Audr
3
BOZARTH
COURT
38
1
8
31
tr ip
olph Ave
C
o lon
O li C ial
o .
43
42
41
18
Spotswood
O ilC o
.
4
4
LSON
NE
19
Ave
cla ir
AV.
20
5
1
S in
8
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*Site locations based upon
VDHR Inventory, February 1996
Figure 25. Known archaeological sites superimposed on 20th-century base map.
28
References Cited
Anonymous
1781
Carte des Environs de Williamsburg en Virginie les Armees Francoise et Americaine
ont Campes en Septembre 1781. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1782
Plan de la Ville et environs de Williamsburg en Virginie. Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg.
18661885
Plan of Bassett Hall. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives,
Williamsburg, Virginia.
1871
Vicinity of Yorktown and Williamsburg. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
1930
Speeches of Students of the College of William and Mary Delivered May 1, 1699.
William and Mary Quarterly 10 (2nd Ser.):323-337.
Baker, Eliza
1933
Memoirs of Williamsburg, Virginia. Typescript, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Research Archives, Williamsburg.
Barrow, Robert M.
1960
Williamsburg and Norfolk: Municipal Government and Justice in Colonial Virginia.
Master’s thesis, History Department, College of William and Mary.
Belvin, Edward et al.
1982
Williamsburg Reunion, 1942 and Before. Williamsburg.
Berthier, Alexander
1781
Camp a Williamsburg le 26 Septembre, 1781. Library of Congress, Washington,
DC.; Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
17811782
[Untitled map of York and Gloucester]. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research
Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Beverley, Robert
1678
A Map of Land surveyed at the Instance of Mr. Sec. Philip Ludwell and Mr. Thomas
Ballard, Major John Page… June 16, 1678. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Beverley, Robert Jr.
1947
History of the Present State of Virginia (1705). L. B. Wright, ed. University of
North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
Bland, Theodorick Bland
1699
Draft of the City of Williamsburg and Queen Mary’s Port and Princess Anne’s Port
in Virginia by Theodorick Bland. Reprint from William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 10
(1st Series) 72 insert; Library of Congress, Washington, DC; reprint from L. G.
Tyler, Williamsburg: The Old Colonial Capital, Library of Virginia, Richmond.
29
Blanton, Dennis
1996
Prehistoric Site Potential in the City of Williamsburg. Memorandum to Martha
McCartney, February 8, 1996.
Brown, Gregory J.
1992
Research Plan for the Study of Middle Plantation, 1992-1995. Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation Department of Archaeological Research, Williamsburg.
Carson, Jane, comp.
1961
We Were There: Descriptions of Williamsburg, 1699-1859. Typescript, Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg.
Cavalier, The
1862
The Cavalier (Williamsburg and Yorktown).
Chapman, Anne W.
1984
Benjamin Stoddert Ewell: A Biography. College of Wlliam and Mary, History Department thesis, Williamsburg.
Charles, John S.
1928
Recollections. Typescript, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg.
Chief of Engineers
1862
Map Showing Position of Williamsburg, Virginia, from Surveys Made by Command of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, May 30, 1862. National Archives Cartographic Center, College Park, Maryland.
1862
Sketch of Battlefield and Confederate Works in front of Williamsburg, Virginia,
May 5, 1862. National Archives Cartographic Center, College Park, Maryland.
Cocke, Charles
1964
Parish Lines of the Diocese of Southern Virginia. Richmond, Virginia State Library.
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
1986
Resource Protection Process for James City, York County, Williamsburg and
Poquoson, Virginia, Draft Report II. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
Williamsburg.
Cronin, David E.
[18621865]
The Vest Mansion, Its Historical and Romantic Associations as Confederate and
Union Headquarters in the American Civil War. Transcript, Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation, Williamsburg.
Desandrouin, Jean Nicholas
1781
Carte des environs de Williamsburg en Virginie. Library of Congress, Washington,
DC.
1782
DC.
DeVries, David
1857
Voyages from Holland to America, Henry C. Murphy, trans. Collections of the New
York Historical Society III (2nd Ser.):1-129.
30
Dewitt, Samuel
1781
From Allens Ordinary Through Williamsburg to York.Colonial Williamsburg.
Gaines, William H.
1969
The Courthouses of James City County. Virginia Cavalcade Vol. 18 No. 4:20-30.
Gilmer, J. F.
1864
Vicinity of Richmond and Part of the Peninsula.Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
Hartwell, Henry et al.
1940
The Present State of Virginia and the College [1697] by Henry Hartwell, James
Blair and Edward Chilton. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Hening, William W.,ed.
18091823
The Statutes At Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia. 13 vols.
Samuel Pleasants, Richmond.
Hinke, William J.
1916
Report of the Journey of Francis Louis Michel. Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography 24:1-43,113-141,275-288.
Hope, Captain J.
1862
Map showing the Position of Williamsburg. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Hunter, Charles M.
1990
Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) in Williamsburg, 1933-1942. Williamsburg
Area Historical Society. Historical Monograph No. 1 (Williamsburg).
Jones, Hugh
1956
The Present State of Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
Kimber, Edward
1907
Observations in Several Voyages and Travels in America, 1736. William and Mary
Quarterly 15 (1st Series):143-159;215-252.
Kornwolf, James D.
1989
So Good A Design, The Colonial Campus of the College of William and Mary: Its
History, Background and Legacy. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg.
Ladd, Thomas M.
1818
A Plan of that part of the Virginia Canal from College Creek to Williamsburg by
Thomas M. Ladd. Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia; Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Larson, Merlin
1984
The Williamsburg 1944 and Before Reunion.Williamsburg.
Manerin, Louis and Clifford Dowdey
1984
The History of Henrico County. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.
31
McAlester, M. D.
1862
Reconnaissance of Part of the Rebel Works in front of Williamsburg, Evacuated
May 6, 1862. Library of Virginia, Richmond; printed in Official Records of the
Civil War Plate 20 Map 2.
1862
Sketch of the Battlefield and Confederate Works in Front of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5, 1862. Library of Virginia, Richmond; printed in Official Records of
the Civil War Plate 20 Map 3 and 4.
McIlwaine, H. R., ed.
1918
Legislative Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia. 3 vols. Virginia State Library, Richmond.
Neville, John D.
1976
Bacon’s Rebellion: Abstracts of Materials in the Colonial Records Project. The
Jamestown Foundation, Richmond.
Nugent, Nell M.
19691979
Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants. 3 vols.
Dietz Press, Richmond and Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore.
Palmer, William P., comp.
1968
Calendar of Virginia State Papers. 11 vols. Kraus Reprint, New York.
Pennsylvania Gazette
1774
Pennsylvania Gazette. February 24, 1774 edition, Philadelphia.
Reps, John W.
1972
Tidewater Towns: City Planning in Colonial Virginia and Maryland. University of
Virginia Press, Charlottesville.
Senior, John
1642
Survey of Richard Kemp’s Land. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Shelley, Fred
1954
The Journal of Ebenezer Hazard in Virginia, 1777.Virginia Magazine of History
and Biography 62:400-423.
Tyler, Lyon G.
1928
Williamsburg: The Old Capital. Williamsburg.
Virginia Gazette
18941960
Virginia Gazette, Williamsburg.
Washburn, Wilcomb E.
1972
The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia. W. W.
Norton, New York.
Webb, Alexander S.
1881
The Peninsula: McClellan’s Campaign of 1862. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.
32
Williamsburg-James City County
18651955
Plat Books. Williamsburg-James City County Courthouse, Williamsburg.
York County
17471955
Deed Books, Plat Books. York County Courthouse, Yorktown.
33
Appendix 1.
Historic Resources Omitted by Cartographers
References to the following cultural features were encountered during the research
process. They are not shown on historical maps.
17th century resources:
• almost all of the homesteads established by those who first seated at Middle Plantation.
• the College Creek line of the Middle Plantation palisade
• much of the Queens Creek line of the Middle Plantation palisade
• the 1676 magazine built at Middle Plantation
• the “three lengths of housing” built by William Sherwood and Thomas Rabley
during the mid-17th century
• cultural features associated with the African-American presence
• early commercial, industrial and domestic sites at Middle Plantation, extant in
1699 when Williamsburg was laid out (an ordinary, several stores, two mills and a
smith’s shop)
• the Middle Plantation homes occupied by John Bray, Ortho Thorpe and others
• features associated with Bacon’s Rebellion
• the courthouse first used by Williamsburg-James City County
• cultural features at College and Capitol Landings: ordinaries, industrial sites, domestic sites, public warehouses, tobacco inspection stations; public wharfs
• industrial sites at the edge of town
• Tazewell’s Mill
• Confederate and Union military encampments and features associated with the
Battle of Williamsburg
• industrial, commercial and domestic sites in sectors of the city not mapped by
military cartographers
• training field used by the Williamsburg Junior Guard
• sites associated with Union occupation of Williamsburg
• sites used by the Confederate prior to their withdrawal
• the whipping post in the ravine near the 1770 courthouse
34
Appendix 2.
Williamsburg’s Colonial Roads
The following Williamsburg roads are listed in accord with their first appearance upon
historical maps or their citation in other documentary sources.
17th century roads:
•
•
•
•
•
•
the Middle Plantation horse path (Duke of Gloucester Street)
the road to Jamestown (Jamestown and Mill Neck Roads)
the road to New Kent (Richmond Road)
the road to Princess Anne’s Port (South Henry Street)
the road to Queen Mary’s Port (Capitol Landing Road)
the road to York (Penniman Road)
18th century roads:
• streets laid out as part of Williamsburg’s original grid plan
•
•
•
•
•
•
Page Street
Waller Street
Ironbound Road
Longhill Road
Strawberry Plains Road
Quarterpath Road
35
Appendix 3.
City Plats in the Williamsburg-James City County
Courthouse
The following plats depict newly created subdivisions and/or cultural features.
Anonymous
1939
Dec. 15, 1939, Pine Crest Subdivision. Plat Book 8:13.
1942
November 23, 1942, Map to be Used in Conjunction with Plan of Williamsburg.
Plat Book 10:12.
1950
October 12, 1950, James Terrace. Plat Book 12:16.
Bailey, F. J.
1928
Plat A of Block 13-1, Williamsburg Holding Corp. Plat Book 4:15.
1928
March 13, 1938, Plat of Property to be conveyed to Virginia Electric Power Company. Plat Book 4:19.
1928
Plat of Braxton Court. Plat Book 4:19.
1930
May 1930, Plan of Pollard Park. Plat Book 5:20.
Bolton and Clarke
1912
December 28, 1912, Map of the Roper-Tilledge Subdivision. Plat Book 2:22.
Bolton, Clarke and Pratt
[ca.
1916]
Plat of Capitol Heights, Williamsburg, Virginia. Plat Book 2:31.
1916
March 1916, Fort Magruder Terrace. Plat Book 2:32.
1916
June 1916, Williamsburg Annex, Section A. Plat Book 2:38.
1916
June 12, 1916, Powhatan Park. Plat Book 2:45.
1934
November 2, 1934, Capitol Heights. Plat Book 6:35.
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
1936
June 25, 1936, Map to Show Agreement with Williamsburg Restoration Inc. Plat
Book 7:47.
City of Williamsburg
1924
June 24, 1924, Plat of Cedar Grove Cemetery. Plat Book 3:24.
Cockran, J. M.
1922
August 1922, Plat of land of M. L. Norvell and Robt. M. Kent in Williamsburg and
Bruton District. Plat Book 3:20.
Colonial Williamsburg Architectural Department
1948
July 7, 1948, Bassett Hall. Plat Book 11:24.
36
Farthing, F. G.
1938
November 1938, Fort Magruder Heights. Plat Book 7:50.
1945
March 21, 1945, Plat of Magruder View owned by John W. Newton in James City
County. Plat Book 11:16.
Fleet, Charles H.
1928
March 1928, Plat of College Terrace. Plat Book 4:20.
Folkes, R. A.
1903
November 16, 1903, Plat of 15 acres adjacent William and Mary and the Bright
Farm. Plat Book 1:4.
Geddes, Joseph W.
1938
Idlewood, property of Mrs. M. R. Bucktrout, 1938. Plat Book 7:7.
Highland, R. N.
1946
March 1946, subdivision of Burns Lane. Plat Book 10:36.
Kaylor, A. D.
1916
July 10, 1916, Kenton Park. Plat Book 2:39.
1921
December 10, 1921, Revised Plat of Kenton Park. Plat Book 3:10.
LaPrade, W. W.
1926
January 4, 1926, Plat of Standard Oil Company Property. Plat Book 3:37.
1925
October 20, 1925, Property Formerly Belonging to Williamsburg Power Company.
Plat Book 4:5.
Linekin, Frank G.
1930
June 24, 1930, Plat of Capitol Heights. Plat Book 4: 50.
McConnell and Russell
1916
March 1916, Williamsburg Business Annex. Plat Book 2:35.
McManus, Vincent D.
1930
June 10, 1930, Plat of P. O. Peebles Property in Williamsburg and James City County.
Plat Book 5:2.
1930
Plat of Page Randall’s Estate on York Street. Plat Book 5:22.
1930
March 17, 1930, Plat of Property of George Rollo. Plat Book 6:41.
1931
June 6, 1931, Map of Williamsburg Methodist-Episcopal Church. Plat Book 5:26.
1936
November 14, 1936, Plat for the Texas Company. Plat Book 7:2.
1938
January 1, 1938, Property of Colonial Oil Company. Plat Book 7:17.
1939
May 29, 1939, Indian Springs subdivision. Plat Book 7: 46.
1939
September 8, 1939, Bozarth Court Extended. Plat Book 8:2.
1942
November 1, 1942, Highland Park Development. Plat Book 9:18.
1946
January 22, 1946, Plat of Ludwell Place. Plat Book 10: 20.
37
McManus, Vincent D.
1947
July 1, 1947, Ludwell Place subdivision. Plat Book 11: 5.
1950
January 31, 1950, Plat of Capitol Court. Plat Book 12:14.
Meise, A. L.
1930
July 11, 1930, Proposed Addition to Cedar Grove Cemetery. Plat Book 5:3.
Nilsson, A. E.
1926
Aug. 10, 1926, Plat of Property of W. L. Jones. Plat Book 4:2.
Opheim, Leonard
1935
April 1935, Plat of Matoaka Court. Plat Book 6:34.
Perkins, [ ]
1931
October 7, 1931, Plat showing Norton-Cole house, Peachy house, courthouse green
and various streets. Plat Book 5:31.
Perry, Shaw and Hepburn
1930
November 7, 1930, Location Plan of New Courthouse. Plat Book 5:38.
Redd, F. Crawford
1919
December 10, 1919, Plan of the Coke Place in Williamsburg. Plat Book 2:15.
Scott, Benjamin S.
1907
May 3, 1907, Plat showing lot extending from Henry St. to Boundary St. in
Williamsburg. Plat Book 2:6.
1912
August 19, 1912 plat, Map of Part of the O’Keef Property, West End, Williamsburg.
Plat Book 2:20.
Smith, Sydney
1900
June 20, 1900, Plat of the Matty School property. Plat Book 1:3.
1901
March 1901 plat of lot enclosed by Prince George, Henry, Boundary and Scotland
Streets. Plat Book 1:8.
1901
February 15, 1901, Plat of Greenhow Lot I, formerly Rosetta Tucker. Plat Book 1:8
1902
October 9, 1902, Plat of land on College Creek, part of Delks, adjacent W. L. Jones.
Plat Book 1:10.
1903
May 8, 1903, Plat of Land East of College Mill Land. Plat Book 1:13.
1905
November 4 and 5, 1905, Plat of Upper Part of Capt. R. A. Bright’s farm. Plat Book
1:14.
1928
May 15, 1928, Survey and plat of small piece of Meadowland owned by Virginia B.
Houghwort. Plat Book 5:48.
Thomas, M. W.
1928
June 1928, Ironbound Farms. Plat Book 5:29, 33.
Thomas and Nilsson
1924
December 1924, Plat of Pottstown. Plat Book 3:31.
38
Thomas and Nilsson
1924
Map of Lake Matoaka and Adjacent Property. Plat Book 3:32.
1925
September 1925, West Williamsburg Heights. Plat Book 3:33.
1925
June 13, 1925, Plat of Property of H. D. Bozarth. Plat Book 3:36.
1926
September 1926, Plat of Property of C. J. Person. Plat Book 4:11.
Waddill, J. Temple
1928
October 12, 1928, T. H. Geddy’s lot on north side of York Street. Plat Book 4:26.
1929
January 18, 1929, Plat of Property of George Rollo. Plat Book 4:29.
1939
March 5, 1939 map of Williamsburg Restoration Survey for Williamsburg Holding
Corp. Plat Book 7:37.
1929
May 1, 1929, Plat of Peachy House and Property. Plat Book 4:49.
Zepp, W. T.
1916
April 1, 1916, Plat of Highland Park. Plat Book 2:33.
1916
1916 Plat of Lakeside Park. Plat Book 2:36.
City Maps in the WilliamsburgJames City County Courthouse
Edmonds, A. B.
1906
May 1906, Map of part of the City of Williamsburg. Plat Book 2:4.
Minor, Thomas W.
1931
September 1923, Map of City of Williamsburg, Virginia, showing subdivisions and
former and present corporate limits. Reduced from April 27, 1931, map by V. D.
McManus. Plat Book 3:23.
1931
Sept. 1923, Map of City of Williamsburg with subdivisions and former and present
corporate limits reduced from V. D. McManus’s map by April 27, 1931 order. Plat
Book 5:21
McManus, Vincent D.
1941
September 8, 1941, City of Williamsburg Corporate Line Survey. Plat Book 9:8.
39
Appendix 4.
City Plats in the York County Courthouse
The following plats depict newly created subdivisions and/or cultural features.
Anonymous
1922
November 28, 1922, True copy of a plat of part of Williamsburg. Reference to Deed
Book 5 (1741-1754):334. Plat Book 3:1.
19311937
January 22, 1937, True Copy of a Property Plat prepared for J. A. Wood, January
10, 1931. Plat Book 4:1.
1940
Aug. 16, 1940, Rochambeau Heights. Plat Book 1:523; reference to Deed Book
55:432.
Bolton, Clark and Pratt Surveyors
1916
March 15, 1916, Subdivision of East Williamsburg, Williamsburg. Plat Book 2:79.
1916
June 1916 Plan of Geddy Subdivision. Plat Book 2:80.
Clarke, J. Lyell
1916
March 30, 1916, Plan of Lane Subdivision. Plat Book 2:81
1917
December 15, 1917, Plat of Linekin Subdivision. Plat Book 2:81.
Dunning, R. J.
1914
April 25, 1914, Map of Highland Park, Williamsburg, to be sold at auction. Plat
Book 2:45.
Edmond, A. Braxton
1916
November 19, 1916, Map of Bruton Heights, Williamsburg. Plat Book 2:69.
Marye, J. L.
1917
March 7, 1917, Plat Plat of 16.17 acres, part of the Thorpe Tract. Plat Book 2:70.
McIntire, C. R.
1928
May 29, 1928, Map of Part of West Williamsburg. Plat Book 1:109.
McManus, Vincent D.
1937
November 13, 1937, Property plat showing lot of Marion Bozarth and surrounding
property. Plat Book 1:364.
1941
August 1939 Plat of Palace Heights, Revised February 3, 1941. Plat Book 3:62.
1942
November 1, 1942, Plat of Highland Park Development, Williamsburg Restoration
Inc. Plat Book 1:66.
Smith, Sydney
1921
August 8, 1921, A plat of a small tract of land . . . in Bruton District, York County,
Va., . . . part of a larger tract in James City County owned by R. A. Bright. Plat Book
1:512.
40
U. S. Department of the Interior
1933
March 1, 1933, Map showing streets and alleys in Williamsburg, Va., sought to be
closed for the construction of the Colonial National Monument Parkway, traced for
right-of-way map in the Bureau of Public Roads, Yorktown. Plat Book 1:259.
1935
February 21, 1935, Map showing a portion of subdivision of East Williamsburg, by
Dept. of Interior. Plat Book 1:263.
[1941] Plan of proposed access road, Colonial National Historical Park. Plat Book 1:649.
City Maps in the York County Courthouse
Anonymous
1941
September 8, 1941, Map of City of Williamsburg, Virginia, Corporate Line Survey.
Reference to York County Order Book 5:399 and annexation suit. Plat Book 1:662.
41
Appendix 5.
Historical Maps Used in Electronic Mapping
Abbot, H. L.
1862
Campaign Maps, Army of the Potomac, Map No. 1. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Anonymous
[177-]
[Williamsburg and vicinity, 177-]. Library of Congress, Washington, DC; William
L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
1781
Plan de environs de Williamsburg, York, Hampton et Portsmouth. Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia; Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
1781
Carte des Environs de Williamsburg en Virginie les Armees Francoise et Americaine
ont Campes en Septembre 1781. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1782
Plan de la Ville et environs de Williamsburg en Virginie. Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg.
18661885
Plan of Bassett Hall. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives,
1871
Vicinity of Yorktown and Williamsburg. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
1922
Map of James City County, 1922. Williamsburg-James City County Courthouse,
Williamsburg.
1956
Map of Williamsburg, Virginia. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1959
Williamsburg, Virginia, in “How to See Williamsburg.” Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1960
1960
City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1961
1972
1972
[William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia]. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Baughman Company
[196-]
City of Williamsburg and Vicinity. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
42
Berthier, Alexander
1781
Camp a Williamsburg le 26 Septembre, 1781. Library of Congress, Washington,
DC.; Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
17811782
[Untitled map of York and Gloucester]. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research
Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Beverley, Robert
1678
A Map of Land surveyed at the Instance of Mr. Sec. Philip Ludwell and Mr. Thomas
Ballard, Major John Page . . . June 16, 1678. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Bland, Theodorick Bland
1699
Draft of the City of Williamsburg and Queen Mary’s Port and Princess Anne’s Port
in Virginia by Theodorick Bland. Reprint from William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 10
(1st Series) 72 insert. Library of Congress, Washington, DC; reprint from L. G.
Tyler, Williamsburg: The Old Colonial Capital, Library of Virginia, Richmond.
Chief of Engineers
1862
Map Showing Position of Williamsburg, Virginia, from Surveys Made by Command of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, May 30, 1862. National Archives Cartographic Center, College Park, Maryland.
1862
Sketch of Battlefield and Confederate Works in front of
Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5, 1862. National Archives Cartographic Center, College
Park, Maryland.
1910
Archers Hope River. Report of Lt. Col. W. C. Langfitt, Oct. 21, 1911, on survey of
Archers Hope River, Virginia, under the B. and H. Act, June 25, 1910. National
Archives Cartographic Center, College Park, Maryland.
1910
James River to Halfway Creek. National Archives Cartographic Center, College
Park, Maryland.
1910
Halfway Creek to Williamsburg Landing. National Archives Cartographic Center,
College Park, Maryland.
Colles, Christopher Colles
1789
Maps of roads leading from Annapolis to York. Library of Virginia, Richmond,
Virginia; Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, Virginia; Colonial
Colonial Williamsburg, Inc.
1943
A Perspective of Williamsburg in Virginia, Incorporated 1722. Library of Congress,
Washington, DC.
1946
Washington, DC.
1949
Washington, DC.
1957
Map of Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
43
Desandrouin, Jean Nicholas
1781
DC.
1782
DC.
Dewitt, Samuel
1781
From Allen’s Ordinary through Williamsburg to York. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Dolph Map Company
1970
Map of Williamsburg and Vicinity. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1974
Map of Williamsburg and Vicinity. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Englehart, M. S.
1934
Williamsburg, Virginia, College of William and Mary, 1693. Library of Congress,
Washington, DC.
Ewing, William C.
1980
A True Mapp of the Town of Williamsburg, Incorporated 1722. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Foster, M. L.
n.d.
Map of Williamsburg, 1907. Printed in Colonial Capitals of the Dominion of Virginia. Library of Virginia, Richmond.
General Drafting Company
1957
Map of Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, prepared for the 350th anniversary of the
founding of Jamestown. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1964
1970
Gilmer, J. F.
1864
Vicinity of Richmond and Part of the Peninsula.Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
Goodall, William
1770
[Plat annexed to a certain deed from Corbin and others… Philip Ludwell, dec. to
Paradise, 1770]. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives,
Hope, Captain J.
1862
Map showing the Position of Williamsburg. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Jefferson, Thomas
n.d.
[Untitled map, William and Mary College, Williamsburg]. Library of Congress,
Washington, DC.
44
Ladd, Thomas M.
1818
A Plan of that part of the Virginia Canal from College Creek to Williamsburg by
Thomas M. Ladd. Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia; Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
1818
A Profile of the Virginia Canal from Tidewater to Williamsburg by Thomas M.
Ladd, December 29, 1818. Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia; Colonial
Lively, Robert A.
1867
Plot of the City of Williamsburg, Virginia . . . Redrawn by Robert A. Lively in
December 1867 from the original by Benjamin Bucktrout in August 1800. Colonial
McAlester, M. D.
1862
Reconnaissance of Part of the Rebel Works in front of Williamsburg, Evacuated
May 6, 1862. Library of Virginia, Richmond; printed in Official Records of the
Civil War Plate 20 Map 2.
1862
Sketch of the Battlefield and Confederate Works in Front of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5, 1862. Library of Virginia, Richmond; printed in Official Records of
the Civil War Plate 20 Map 3 and 4.
McManus, Vincent D.
1941
Map of the City of Williamsburg, Virginia, Showing Subdivisions and Former and
Present Corporate Limits. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
[Morris Co.]
1918
[Aerial perspective view of Williamsburg, Yorktown and Vicinity, Va.,]. Library of
Congress, Washington, DC.
National Geographical Society
1968
Colonial Williamsburg. Non-published. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Peczi, Joseph
1978
The Old Country, Busch Gardens, Williamsburg, Virginia. Library of Congress,
Washington, DC.
Sanborn Map Company
19041930
Williamsburg, Virginia; James City County. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.;
Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia; Colonial Williamsburg Research Archives,
Williamsburg.
St. Simone, Marquis
1781
Carte de la Campagne de la division aux ordres du M. St. Simone, 1781. Library of
Congress, Washington, DC.; Colonial Williamsburg Research Archives,
Williamsburg.
Senior, John
1642
Survey of Richard Kemp’s Land. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Research Archives, Williamsburg, Virginia.
45
Simcoe, John G.
1781
City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.; Colonial
Williamsburg Research Archives, Williamsburg; Virginia Department of Historic
Resources, Richmond; Library of Virginia, Richmond.
Tyler, Lyon G.
1907
Map of Williamsburg, ca. 1790. Williamsburg: The Old Colonial Capital. Library
of Virginia, Richmond.
1907
Williamsburg and Vicinity, 1907. Williamsburg: The Old Colonial Capital. Library
of Virginia, Richmond.
United States Geological Survey
1904
Williamsburg quadrangle sheet. Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia; Colonial
Williamsburg Area Chamber of Commerce
1949
Williamsburg, Virginia. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
195-
1956
1964
Williamsburg City Planning Commission
1958
Williamsburg Restoration, Inc.
1933
Map of the city of Williamsburg, Incorporated in 1722 and Once the Capital of the
Colony. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1937
Map of the city of Williamsburg, Incorporated in 1722 and Once the Capital of the
Colony. Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
46

Wlliamsburg Cultural Resources Map Pr ces Map Pr ces Map Project

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