jvari da saymo - Reso Kiknadze

Sesavali
jvari da saymo _ es ori realoba Seadgens
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis miTologiur
gadmocemaTa ZiriTad Temas. rac Gven viciT, rac
Gvenamde jer saymom icoda Tavisi arsebobis
klasikur xanaSi jvarisa da saymos genezisis
Sesaxeb, yvelaferi am gadmocemebSia daculi,
romelnic Gvens dReebamde, samwuxarod, fragmentuli saxiT aris moRweuli. rogorc ar
SeiZleba eWvi Segveparos qveynis istoriaSi, kerZod, rom esa Tu is movlena namdvilad moxda da
swored ase, am dros da am adgilze moxda, rogorc gvauwyebs matiane, romelic TviTmxilvelis
mier aris dawerili, aseve saymos ar epareba eWvi
im sinamdvileSi, rasac tradiciuli zepirsityvieri teqstebi gadmoscemen; ar epareba eWvi,
rac unda daujerebeli iyos es sinamdvile, an
iqneb swored imitomac, rom daujerebelia, rogorc tertuliane ambobs certum est quia impossibile (`namdvilia, radgan SeuZlebelia~).
miTologiuri gadmocema, rac unda fantastikuri iyos misi Sinaarsi, namdvilad momxdar
ambad aris aRqmuli tradiciul sazogadoebaSi.
es asea ara am sazogadoebis primitiuli cnobierebis gamo, TiTqos tradiciuli adamiani ver
arCevdes erTmaneTisagan realurs da ararei
alurs, _ aseTi xanac ki warmoudgenia zogierT
Teorias kacobriobis istoriaSi, _ aramed im
mniSvnelovani viTarebis gamo, rom erTxel, `mas
Jamsa Sina~ Seqmnili da TaobaTa mexsierebaSi
Senaxul-gamotarebuli sityvieri an sxva xasiaTis teqsti aRibeWdavs utyuarobis niSans da
sakraluri simZimiT itvirTeba, raki mas rjulis
damafuZnebeli funqcia daekisreba. xolo ramac
daafuZna rjuli, ar SeiZleba ar iyos namdvilad
momxdari. garkveuli tipis gadmocemebs efuZneba
da maTi avtoritetiT aris gamarTlebuli sazogadoebis saero da sakraluri yofa, mTeli
misi
sinamdvile.
tradiciuli
sazogadoebis
SegnebaSi miTologiuri gadmocema, sazogadod,
miTosi, _ viziareb cnobili eTnologis b. malinovskis Tvalsazriss, _ warmoadgens ara ubralo
TavSesaqcev ambavs an raime movlenis mxatvrul
warmosaxvas
Tu
axsnas,
aramed
mamapapuri
rwmenisa da zneobrivi sibrZnis saxelmZRvanelo
wesdebulebas, romelic awesrigebs da warmarTavs
sazogadoebis
yofa-cxovrebis
yovel
sferos. miTosi, am ganmartebiT, aris kacobriuli kulturis sasicocxlo ingredienti [156,785;
131,38].
amgvarad
aRqmuli
da
Sefasebuli
Tqmuleba anu miTosi, rogorc ideologiuri
movlena, Seswavlili unda iqnas misi Semqmneli
da Semnaxveli sazogadoebis sasicocxlo interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi bunebis marTebuli
gagebisaTvis
ufro
arsebiTia
masze
dakvirveba Signidan, im yofasTan erTianobaSi,
sadac is asrulebs Tavis funqcias, vidre am yofas mowyvetili teqstis mxatvruli Tu struqturuli analizi. cxadia, amgvari kvlevis warii
samarTavad realurad unda arsebobdes kidec
iseTi sazogadoeba, sadac mTeli ZaliT `muSaobs~ miTosi, rom mkvlevars SeeZlos miTologiur gadmocemaTa dadastureba xsenebuli
funqciiT.
saqarTveloSi fSav-xevsureTi, TuSeTi da
mTiuleT-gudamayari swored is sazogadoebebia,
sadac ukanasknel xanamde cocxlad iyo Semonaxuli da dRemde met-naklebi cxovelmyofelobiT
ganagrZobs arsebobas tradiciuli yofa Tavisi
atributebiT, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani
adgili zepirsityvierebas uWiravs. saqarTvelos
barisgan gansxvavebiT, am mxareebSi miTosi warmodgenilia ara calkeuli siuJetebisa Tu motivebis saxiT, aramed erT organul mTlianobad,
romelic myarad Sekrul sistemas qmnis. aq funqciur moqmedebaSi dasturdeba miTologiur gadmocemaTa erTiani sistema. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sazogadoebaTa miTologiuri
teqstebi, romelTa erT nawilSi Gans zogadqarTuli (zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mwignobrulidan
momdinare) tradicia, Seiqmna an gadamuSavda
adgilobriv niadagze, adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis _ mTaSi Sexiznuli mosaxleobis konsolidaciisaTvis,
maTi
saerTo
rjulis
Sesanaxad
da
saerTo
warsulis
xsovnis
gansamtkiceblad.
miTosi
udamwerlobo
sazogadoebis zepirsityvieri, adamianis arcTu
xangrZliv maxsovrobas mindobili istoriaa, sadac realuri movlenebi Taviseburad aris areklili da garkveul tipobriv siuJetebSia moqceuli. miTosi Rrmad aris GabeWdili ara
mxolod xalxis cnobierebasa da cxovrebaSi,
iii
aramed garesamyaroSic _ im landSaftSi, im miwawyalze, sadac istoriuli bedisweriT, nebiT Tu
uneblieT mouxda cxovreba am xalxs.
`andrez marTal as~ _ ambobs tradiciuli
sazogadoebis anu saymos wevri da, marTlac, am
sityvebis dasturad is xedavs Tavis qveyanaSi,
Tavis
sofelSi,
romelic
misTvis
mTeli
qveynierebis xatia, andrezSi gadmocemuli, istoriamdeli Tu istoriuli movlenis kvals. es
kvali, romelic xSirad maTTvis warmoadgens zebunebriv arsebaTa moqmedebiT aRbeWdil tvifars
maT miwa-wyalze, aqve aris, maT Tvalwin, maT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, ara cxramTas iqiT da
odesRac, adgilis saxelwodebebSi Tu reliefis
ucnaur moxazulobaSi, mdinaris iwroebSi Tu
gabzarul kldeebSi. tradiciulad moazrovne
adamians ara aqvs safuZveli eWvi Seitanos mis
Taobamde Semonaxuli andrezis WeSmaritebaSi.
piriqiT, mas sruli safuZveli aqvs, rom yvelaferSi, rac mis garSemoa da xdeba, andrezis WeSmariteba dainaxos.
dRevandeli fSavisa Tu xevsureTis miwawyalze aRbeWdilia RvTisSvilebis (wm. giorgis,
kopalas Tu iaxsris) istoriamdel qmedebaTa
kvali.
adgilTa
saxelebi
(avisgori,
karatiswveri, iremTkalo, abudelauris tba...) inaxavs
xsovnas im Jamisa, roca RvTisSvilni, jer kidev
xorcielni, adamianTa gadasarGenad dev-kerpebs
ebrZodnen. es adgilebi mowmea im brZolebisa da
gamarjvebebisa. am ciklis andrezTa utyuarobis
gadamwyveti dasturia salocavebi da maTi niSebi,
romlebic swored im adgilebzea daarsebuli,
sadac dev-kerpni mkvidrobdnen da sadac ganadiv
gurdnen sabolood. aseve `marTal as~ da sinamdviliseul faqtad aris aRiarebuli rwmeniT,
raki isini rjuldebis faqtebia, andrezebSi
moTxrobili
hierofaniis
(siwmideTa
Genis)
SemTxvevebi _ wmida saganTa (jvari, Tasi, Sibi)
cidan cvena, an ifnis amosvla keriidan salocavis daarsebis niSnad, an `mfrinavi xatis~ mogzauroba adgiliTi-adgilad, an mtredis, jvaris
macnis, gamocxadeba monadirisTvis WiuxebSi, an
RvTisSvilTagan qajaveTis dalaSqrva da gaxua
megrelauris `fantastiuri~ Tavgadasavali. ukanasknel, maTi WeSmaritebis dasturia Tavad
arseboba mosaxleobisa, rogorc saymosi, radgan
andrezis Tanaxmad, saymoc RvTisSvilis mier
aris Seqmnili. Tumca bevri msgavsi andrezuli
movlena, rac saymos SegnebaSi WeSmaritad sinamdviliseulia,
mkvlevarma
SeiZleba,
da
Gveulebriv asec xdeba, aryofilad da gamonagonad miiGnios. magram mkvlevari xom ara sakuTari,
aramed saymos cnobierebis faqtebs Seiswavlis,
im cnobierebisa, sadac isaxeba andrezi da romelic
Tavad
andreziTvea
nasazrdoebi.
gansxvavebiT im mkvlevarisagan, romelic realurad momxdar movlenebs eZiebs da visTvisac
sruliad usargebloa mematianis cnoba imis
Sesaxeb, rom, magaliTisaTvis, didgoris omSi
`wmida mowame giorgi gancxadebulad da yovelTa
saxilvelad winauZRoda mas [qarTvelobas, z.k.]
da mklaviTa TvisiTa mosrvida zedmowevnulTa
warmarTTa~ [73,341], _ wmida giorgis saymosaTvis
savsebiT realuri movlenis, rogorc am uTanasworo omSi gamarjvebis gadamwyveti faqtoris,
utyuari amsaxvelia. WeSmariti midgoma amgvari
v
movlenebisadmi is iqneba, Tu mkvlevari maT
gareSe ki ar dadgeba, aramed Signidan Sexedavs
maT da dainaxavs imaTi TvaliT, visTvisac es
yovelive ueWveli WeSmaritebaa. rogorc cnobili
Teologi vl.loski wers, arsebobs sferoebi, sadac
is,
rasac
Gveulebriv
`obieqturobas~
uwodeben, aris mxolod da mxolod ganurGevloba da sadac ganurGevloba gaugebrobis tolfasia.
oriode sityva `andrezisa~ da `saymos~ ganmartebisaTvis, raki am cnebebs gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs Gems naSromSi.
XIX s-is miwurulSi erTi eTnografi werda;
`aq,
am
samSobloSi
fSav-xevsurma
aqamde
Seucvlelad daicva Tavisi Zveleburi, mamapapuri
zne-Gveuleba, cxovreba, warsuli gardmocema.
fSavi ufro qarTvelia (Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas),
vidre TiTon qarTleli. qarTleli scocxlobs
ufro awmyoTi, momavliT. warsuls man Tu zurgi
ar Seaqcia, Tvali mainc aarida. sul sxva unda
iTqvas fSav-xevsurzed. erTic da meorec cxovrobs warsuliT, gardmocemiT; qarTlelisaTvis
gardmocemam didi xania dahkarga Tavisi mniSvneloba,
Tavisi
aRmzrdeli
Zala.
fSavxevsurisaTvis ki es gardmocema aqamde RvTiuri
madlia, romelic asuldgmulebs, acxovelebs am
muWis odena xalxs~ [104,1]. rogorc vxedavT,
n.xizaniSvili
(igive
urbneli)
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTasa da bars erTmaneTs tradiciulobis niSniT upirispirebs. es niSania `gardmocema~ da igi GaTvlilia `RvTiur madlad~ da,
amrigad, sakraluroba aqvs miniWebuli.
vi
cnobili eTnografi r.xaraZe amgvarad ganmartavs axlaxan damowmebul teqsts; `swored es
gardmocema, romlis mniSvnelobisaTvis miuqcvia
yuradReba 80-iani wlebis mkvlevars, warmoadgens
xevsurul andrezs~ [101,387]. cxadia, mkvlevars
`andrezi~
`gardmocemis~
tolfard
cnebad
miaGnda: mas ar SemousazRvravs `andrezi~ oden
samarTlebrivi SinaarsiT. Tumca misi gamokvleva
andrezis, rogorc terminisa, erT kerZo sferos
eZRvneba. `gardmocema~, romelic `RvTiuri madlad~ aris Seracxili, ar SeiZleba SemovfargloT xalxuri samarTlis sferoTi. andrezis
Sinaarsi gacilebiT farToa. is uTuod gulisxmobs
miTologiuri
xasiaTis
gadmocemebsac.
saerTo mis samarTlebriv da miTologiur gagebas Soris is aris, rom orive SemTxvevaSi (samarTalSi da miTosSi) maT fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba aqvT.
mogvyavs
ramdenime
magaliTi
`andrez~
sityvis xmarebisa miTologiuri teqstebidan.
xmalas
mTavarangelozis
mironmdinare
alvisxis cnobili miTosi _ erT-erTi centraluri gadmocema xevsureTis miTosuri warsulisa `andrezad~ aris wodebuli TviT im simReraSi, sadac es ambavia gadmocemuli;
`erTic etana Ruleli, ariSauli beria,
saxels sumeljas etyodes, andrezSi
egre sweria~
[88,# 541].
amave simReris sxva variantSi miTosuri
Suriscixis mSeneblis dakargul `andrezzea~
laparaki:
`gawires Suris cixei, simagre iyo Zvelia,
vii
visagan agebuliyo, andrez ar ari, Zvelia~
[88,# 541-d].
adgilobrivi
tradiciuli
mniSvnelobiT
iyenebs am sityvas vaJa-fSavela [30,152]. igive dasturdeba v.bardaveliZis SromebSi [6,58,78, 106,108],
qs.
sixaruliZis
[81,
#43-i,
#43-k]
da
el.virsalaZis [12, #522,524] eqspediciebis masalebSi. xevsuris naTqvami `eg andrez naqadagar
as~ [22,15] adasturebs, rom naqadagari teqstebic,
romlebic jvaris qadagis xilvebs gadmoscems
da, Gveulebriv, miTologiuri xasiaTisaa, andrezad SeiZleba yofiliyo GaTvlili.
analogiisaTvis, rasac ufro Rrma mniSvneloba
aqvs,
vidre
formalur
analogias
SeiZleba hqondes, movixmob `rjul~ cnebas, romelic `andrezis~ msgavsad ar Semoifargleba samarTlebrivi SinaarsiT da sakralur sferosac
moicavs. `rjuli~ gulisxmobs xalxur samarTalsac da religiasac. ufro metic: aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTaSi `rjuli~ erTaderTi sityvaa
religiis, sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis aRmniSvnelad. gavixsenoT Tundac sayovelTaod
cnobili gamoTqma `rjulian-urjuloT salocavi~ da xevsuruli sadideblis dasawyisi
sityvebi; `dideba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa,
dideba dRes dResindelsa, rjul[s] qristianTasa...~ [15,13]. roca eTnografiul masalaSi
vkiTxulobT cnobas, rom gudanis jvarSi `muSavdeboda xevsureTis rjuli da aq SemuSavebuli rjuli gadadioda saTemo da sasoflo
salocavebSi~ [60,143], `rjulSi~ adaTis tradiciebTan erTad unda vgulisxmobdeT jvarxatebis religiasac, romelic muSavdeba ra saviii
zogadoebis sakralur SuagulSi, talRasaviT
efineba mTels sazogadoebas misi danawilebis
yovel safexurze (Temi, sofeli...).
rogorc rjuli-adaTi emyareba andrezs (andrezul gadmocemas), Tavis wyaros, aseve rjulireligia Tavisi genezisiT da mTeli sakulto
yofa-qcevis wesebiTurT andrezis siuJetSia
daculi, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi sakraluri
xasiaTi eqneba. sakraluroba, ueWvelad, is niSania, romelic andrezis Sinaarss, Tundac fantastiurs, utyuarobis avtoritetiT mosavs misi
Semnaxveli sazogadoebis SegnebaSi. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom is suli, romelic STaberilia andrezSi misTvis WeSmaritebis misaniWeblad, igive
sulia, romelmac adamianebis gancalkevebuli
jgufebisagan saymo Seqmna.
`saymoc~
adgilobrivi
terminia.
masSi
igulisxmeba
ganuwyvetel
tradiciaze
dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba religiuri SuaguliT,
romelsac misi mfarveli jvari anu ymaTa (moymeTa) saerTo salocavi ganasaxierebs. saymos aqvs
saerTo rjuli da saerTo andrezi. mas aqvs
saerTo warsulis Segneba, cxovrebis erTnairi
niri, yofa-qcevis erTnairi yaida. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTis, gansakuTrebiT, fSavxevsureTis saymoebs vadasturebT im mdgomareobaSi, romelsac cnobili rusi eTnologi
lev gumiliovi `eTniur myudroebas~ uwodebs. es
imgvari mdgradi mdgomareobaa, roca sazogadoebis yoveli Taoba imeorebs winamavali Taobis
sasicocxlo cikls, rac, Gveulebriv, izolaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli [118,45]. magram saymos
genezisSi Gven SegviZlia kvlav andrezis wyaloix
biT davadasturoT mdgradobis sawinaaRmdego
mdgomareoba, romelic l.gumiliovis naazrevSi
`pasionarul afeTqebad~ aris wodebuli.
aristoteles fiqriT, idealuri polisi
(qalaqi) adamianis Tvalsawiers ar unda gascdenoda da mis mcxovrebsac piradad unda scnobodaT erTmaneTi (`politika~ 1326). am moTxovnebs
akmayofilebs jvaris garSemo Semokrebili saymoc: misi teritoria da mosaxleoba advilad
Tvalgadasawvdomia da ar scildeba misi salocavis zaris xmasawiers.
`avisgors SamikidodiT Gemi patara
zario.
dahkran, xma axads gavardes, pirs
daiweron jvario~,
mReris saymo amis dasturad sakulto simReraSi.
Gveni amocana ar aris saymos istoriuli
warmoSobis kvleva. erTia raime movlenis warmoSobis obieqturi mizezebi da pirobebi, meorea
maTi gadaazreba miTosur-religiur cnobierebaSi. Gven gvsurs davinaxoT, Tu rogor warmoudgeniaT Tavad saymos wevrebs _ ymebs, moymeebs saymos warmoSoba. amaze Gven mTeli wyeba
andrezebisa gvcems pasuxs. magram mainc ismis
kiTxva, Tu ras warmoadgens obieqturad saymo?
niSandoblivia, rom saymos cneba zogadad da
bevri kerZo kuTxiT emTxveva berZnuli polisis
ganmartebas, romelic miRebulia mecnierebaSi.
Gvenc SegviZlia, polisis mkvlevarTa kvalze
[146-a,90-1], ganvmartoT saymo, pirvel rigSi, rogorc organizacia, romelic Gamoyalibda da
arsebobs pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis nivTieri
x
da sulieri cxovrebisTvis saukeTeso pirobebis
Sesaqmnelad. saymo iseve, rogorc polisi, SemozRudulia teritoriulad da demografiulad.
yma, iseve rogorc polivth", aris mesakuTre, romelsac ekuTvnis saymos teritoriis raRac
nawili da amis safuZvelze aqvs xma agoraze Tu
safixvnoze. polisis, iseve rogorc saymos, miwis
fondis SezRudulobis kvalze SezRudulia mis
wevrTa ricxobriobac, rac iwvevs ganTesvas:
polisebidan kolonizacias qveynis gareT (mcire
azia, Savi zRvis sanapiroebi), saymoebidan _
qveynis SigniT, kerZod, TianeTsa da kaxeTSi. rogorc polisi ar aris mxolod politikuri
gaerTianeba, aramed religiuri da sulieri, aseve
saymoc. sabolood, saymoze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
is religiur-politikuri da samxedro organizaciaa, mowodebuli yvelafris imis gansaxorcieleblad, SesanarGuneblad da dasacavad, rac
adamianis ara mxolod yofa-cxovrebas, mis
sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebs, aramed mis Sinagan
Rirsebas, sulier mxares mis yovel gamovlinebaSi, Seadgens.
berZnul polisur sistemasTan Gvens saymoebs isic anaTesavebs, rom saymoebsac aqvT
erTi centri, romlis garSemo arian isini Semokrebilni. kerZod, fSavis SemTxvevaSi msgavseba
kidev ufro Sors midis: rogorc berZnuli
polisebi Tormet-Tormetad erTiandebodnen amfiktioniaSi
romelime
religiuri
centris,
vTqvaT, delfos garSemo, aseve laSaris jvris
garSemoa Semokrebili fSavis-xevis Tormeti
saymo (aseve Tormeti saymoa dadasturebuli mulax-muJalis TemSi). aseve TvalsaGinoa tixi
pologiuri naTesaoba israelis Tormettomovan
krebulTan, romlis Suaguli ierusalimi da misi
taZari
iyo.
vaJa-fSavela
laSaris
jvarSi,
ierusalimis taZris analogiiT, fSavis Tormeti
Temis `wmidaTa wmidas~ xedavda (es `Tormeti~
calke problemaa).
1770 wlis demografiul nusxaSi vkiTxulobT: `ars xevsureTi, kerZo qristeane, Gvenis
mouclelobiT da JamT viTarebiT sjulzed
wamPdarni. komli aTas orasi~ [16,153]. statistikur dokumentSi erTgvari mobodiSebiT sinanulia gamoxatuli dakarguli samwysos mimarT.
magram Tu, erTis mxriv, centraluri samefo
xelisuflebis `moucleloba~ izolacias da
`sjulzed waxdenas~ iwvevs, meore mxriv, imave
izolaciasa da `JamT viTarebaSi~ sul raRac
ramdenime aseuli komlisgan Semdgari mosaxleoba
barisagan
gansxvavebul
kulturulreligiur sazogadoebad yalibdeba. aq aris
saymo da aq Seiqmna misi andrezi.
`andrezisa~ da `saymos~ gamoyeneba terminebad am naSromSi ar aris mxolod terminologiuri momenti. mas meTodologiur-SemecnebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, razec aq vrceli saubari ar
xerxdeba. davZen mxolod, rom es cnebebi moicaven im sazogadoebis sulieri kulturis niSnebs, romelTa SegnebaSi gamomuSavdnen isini. andrezi, rogorc garkveuli funqciis matarebeli
zepirsityvieri movlena, mxolod iq SeiZleba
arsebobdes, sadac Gamoyalibebulia saymo _ mosaxleobis garkveuli socialur-religiuri tipi.
roca am sazogadoebaTa struqturis kvlevisas
avtoxTonur terminebs veyrdnobiT, amiT Tavidan
xii
vicilebT kvlevis im mankier meTods, roca
mkvlevars garedan Semoaqvs terminebi da Tavze
axvevs maT masalas.
andrezis moqmedebis are saymos sazRvrebiT
aris Semofargluli. aq aris misi dabadebis
adgili. saymos gareT gasuli, Tavis masazrdoebel niadags mowyvetili andrezi hkargavs sakralurobas da namdvilmomxdaris avtoritets,
rac mas Tavis miwa-wyalze, Tavisi xalxis SegnebaSi aqvs miniWebuli. is hkargavs Tavis andrezulobas da, Sinaarsisa da struqturis
Seucvlelad, sityvierebis mxatvrul JanrSi
gadadis (analogiuri movlenis Sesaxeb miTosisa
da zRapris magaliTze ix. e.meletinskis naSromi
[130]). mokled ganvmartav naTqvams: wmida giorgis
an sxva romelime RvTisSvilis, kopalas Tu
iaxsris Rvawli _ dev-kerpTa Semusrva an maTi
gandevna adamianTaTvis gankuTvnili miwa-wylidan
Tu ar ukavSirdeba am konkretuli sazogadoebis
geneziss, am `saqmeTa sagmiroTa~ Semcveli teqsti
ar GaiTvleba andrezad, anu iseT teqstad, romlis wyalobiTac TaobebSi inaxeba sazogadoebis
warsuli. am niSniT unda ganirGes erTmaneTisagan, miuxedavad Sinaarsobrivi igiveobisa, mTaSi
da barSi gavrcelebuli siuJetebi dev-kerpebze
da maT Semmusrvel gmirebze. aqedan gamomdinare
bunebrivi Gans, rom amiranis Tqmulebam ver hpova
adgili mTianeTis saymoTa andrezul sistemaSi.
amirans, saxelganTqmul devTmorkinals, ver
vxedavT RvTisSvilTa Soris, romelTa upirvelesi Rvawli devebis winaaRmdeg brZolaa.
amirans, gansxvavebiT RvTisSvilTagan, ara hyavs
saymo, igi ar aris romelime mosaxleobis paxiii
troni, radgan saymos wmidani an angelozi patronobs, amirani ki arc erTia da arc meore.
saymos andrezuli cnobierebis struqturisaTvis
niSandoblivia, rom amiranis Tqmulebebi, iseve
rogorc jadosnuri zRaprebi, naklebad aris
gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis
zepirsityvierebaSi, Tumca mosalodneli ki iyo,
rom swored am, rogorc miaGniaT, `arqaul~ sazogadoebebSi
Semonaxuliyo
Tqmulebis
arqetipuli versiebi. piriqiT ki aris. aq swored
mis arasrulyofil variantebsa da zRapradqceul fragmentebs vadasturebT. xevsureTSi,
`amiranianis~ mkvlevaris SeniSvniT, daviwyebulia gmiris Tavgadasavlis iseTi gadamwyveti da
aucilebeli epizodi, rogoric mijaWvaa [93,412].
es ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi _ `JamT viTarebiT~
gamowveuli daviwyeba. mizezad `daviwyebisa~ is
garemoeba unda viguloT, rom saymoTa mexsierebaSi naklebad `Sedis~ iseTi teqstebi, romelTac
uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT saymos sakralur istoriasTan da, amrigad, arc sazogadoebis momawesrigebel funqcias asruleben. marTalia,
wigns mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis masala udevs safuZvlad da misi saxelwodebac swored amaze metyvelebs, mas zogadqarTuli safuZvelic unda hqondes, radgan
avtoris Rrma rwmeniT, sazogadoebrivi da sulieri kultura, romelic qveynis erT mxareSi
iqmneba, savsebiT gamoxatavs mTliani eris dafarul SesaZleblobebs, mis potencias da, rasac
Tavis miwaze romelime tomi an tomTa kavSiri
qmnis, mTeli eris saxeliT qmnis.
xiv
ufro metic: yoveli kulturis fesvi adamianSia da, yvelgan, sadac ki mas uxdeba cxovreba,
Tundac miuval mTebsa da udabnos xriokebs iyos
Sexiznuli, rasac qmnis, kacobriobis saxeliT
qmnis. is yvelgan Tesavs sakacobrio Tesls, romelic nayofs iRebs konkretul sazogadoebriv
yofaSi, sakacobrio kulturis yovel kerZo gamovlinebaSi. qveynis miyruebul adgilebSi SeyuJulT ar uSenebiaT monumenturi taZrebi da
srasasaxleni, xSirad kvalic ki ar dautovebiaT
miwaze TavianTi arsebobisa, magram es ukvaloba
iqneb
maTi
Rirsebac
iyos,
radgan
kvali
nivTieria, es xalxi ki sulier Rirebulebebs
qmnida.
naSromi ZiriTadad, sakuTriv avtoris mier
mopovebul masalasTan erTad, emyareba al.
oGiauris (1892-1972) eTnografiul Ganawerebs,
romlebic saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
iv.javaxiSvilis
saxelobis
istoriis,
arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis eTnografiis ganyofilebis arqivSia daculi. es Ganawerebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, miuxedavad am
kulturaTa Seuwonadobisa msoflio masStabiT,
SeiZleba SevadaroT berZeni mogzauris pavsanias
(II s. qr-mde) monumentur naSroms `eladis
aRweras~, sadac Zvelma avtorma dokumenturad
warmosaxa gadaSenebamde misuli Tavisi mSobliuri kulturis suraTi. al. oGiauris Ganawerebis
gareSe SeuZlebelia raime garkveuli da swori
warmodgenis Seqmna fSav-xevsureTis sazogadoebriv-sakulto yofaze. bevri movlena da realia,
rogorc yofa-cxovrebis faqti, ise andrezuli
tradicia, rac gadmocemuli aqvs al.oGiaurs,
xv
saymoTa cocxali, tradiciuli sinamdvilis
momswres
da
monawiles,
dResdReobiT
an
sruliad gamqralia `JamTa viTarebiT~, an dakninebuli da mwiri saxiT aris moRweuli.
al.oGiauris saarqivo masalidan mxolod
samiode wignia jerjerobiT gamocemuli: `stumarmaspinZloba
xevsureTSi~,
1980,
`qarTuli
xalxuri
dReobebis
kalendari~
(xevsureTi,
arxotis Temi), 1988, `qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi~
(fSavi), 1991. danarGeni elis dRis sinaTles.
dasasrul, vixseneb aw gansvenebul giorgi
(iura) jafariZis wvlils am naSromis SeqmnaSi.
masTan saubrisas, kamaTSi ibadeboda bevri mosazreba da, SesaZloa, naSromis mTeli mimarTulebac. is erTaderTi iyo folkloristTagan,
romelic Signidan xedavda saymos da SeeZlo
sxvisTvisac daenaxvebina misi Sinagani xati. mas
SeeZlo efiqra, ganecada, moqceuliyo jvarSi Tu
nalaxSi ise, rogorc nebismieri yma moiqceoda
saymoTa
cxovrebis
klasikur
xanaSi.
is
ganicdida saymos da mis andrezs, rogorc erTi
misi `uymo ymaTagani~. mis xsovnas eZRvneba es
wigni.
1985-1995
xvi
daarsebis andrezebi
kosmogoniuri miTosis kvali (Tuki is saerTod arsebobda saymos andrezul sistemaSi)
mxolod da mxolod epiTetis saxiT SeiZleba
davadasturoT. `Seni gamGeni morige RmerTi^~ ase
mimarTaven sakulto teqstebSi RvTisSvils (56,
14).
magram
morige
RmerTi
ara
mxolod
RvTisSvilTa gamGenia, aramed is mTeli samyaros
Semqmnelic aris: `Tqvenis gamGenis RvTisgan, romelmac ca-qveyana gaaGina^~ (56, 26). morige RmerTi
yoveli xilulisa da uxilavis, ca-qveynisa da
kacobriobis dambadebelia, Tumca siuJeturad es
`dabadeba~ Tu `Sesaqme~ ar aris dadasturebuli.
kosmogoniuri miTosis ararsebobis sazRaurad saymos andrezul sistemaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs sociogoniur Tqmulebebs, romelTa Sinaarsi RvTisSvilTa mier Seqmnil kacobriuli sazogadoebebis anu saymoebis teritoriebis mopovebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am
saxis andrezebSi morige RvTis mier dabadebuli
da miwaze Gamogzavnili RvTisSvilebi moqmedeben
da ara TviT morige RmerTi.
miwa-wylis mopoveba
teritoriis Seqmna umniSvnelovanesi epoqaa
saymos istoriaSi. es aris sakraluri xana da
ekuTvnis preistorias, raki amis Semdeg iwyeba
xvii
saymos, rogorc mkvidri mosaxleobis, sakuTari
istoria; istoria sazogadoebisa Tavisi miwawyliT, am wyalze ganlagebuli jvar-xatebis
sabrZanisebiT; istoria, romelsac avsebs am
wminda adgilisa da sakuTari sicocxlis SesanarGuneblad warmoebuli brZolebi, brZolebi
yovelgvari devuri gamovlinebis winaaRmdeg.
sanam es yvelaferi ar momxdara, sanam Tavs ar
gadaxdomia adamianebs, isini, Tundac erTad
mcxovrebni da mWamelni erTi purisa, ar
Seadgenen saymos. ras warmoadgens adamianTa sazogadoeba, romelsac ar axsovs, rogor iqmneboda misi sacxovrebeli miwa-wyali, rogor
gauGnda mas patroni da mfarveli, romlis ZaliTac is iwodeba saymod. adamianTa sazogadoeba
swored imitom iwodeba saymod, rom mas aqvs
saerTo warsulis xsovna, rom TiToeuli yma erTiandeba am sa-erToSi, rac Seiqmna warsul
cxovrebaSi am miwa-wyalze. yvelaferi isaxeba da
inaxeba sa-erT-o cnobierebaSi. adamianTa sazogadoeba wyvets arsebobas, rogorc saymo,
roca es yvelaferi daviwyebulia, roca _ asec
xdeba yovelive amgvari ramis warsulSi arsebobis xsovnac ki gamqralia.
saymos axsovs, rom is miwa-wyali, sadac is
saxlobs istoriul xanaSi, RvTisSvilebma devebs
gamoglijes xelidan, rogorc Zvel miTosSi
soflisaTvis wylis damkavebel gveleSaps. am
brZolebis xsovna Senaxulia ara mxolod saymos
xviii
cnobierebaSi, aramed miwa-wylis reliefzec: maTi
kvali atyvia saymos miwa-wyals, SeiZleba iTqvas,
`nadevar~ teritorias. andrezi gamagrebulia
nivTieri sabuTiT _ anabeWdiT miwa-wyalze da is
samaradisod aris darGenili TaobebSi. es niadagis
maxsovrobac
aris,
romelic,
rogorc
sayrdeni, mxars uWers xalxis mexsierebas. avisgori, ninaxi, karatiswveri, ubisTavi, abudelauris tba _ asparezi iaxsaris Rvawlisa; iremT
kalo, cixegori, roSkis Tavi _ gmiri kopalas
samaxsovro
adgilebi;
wyarosTauli
wminda
giorgis gza ukanafSavamde da fuZis angelozis
Serkinebis adgili devebTan sakerpoze da sxva
uamravi adgili, sadac samudamod aris aRbeWdili preistoriuli brZolebis tvifari.
Tavad buneba savsea andrezebSi moTxrobilis
damadasturebeli niSnebiT, cocxal saswaulTa
gaqvavebuli naSTebiT, rac saymos TvalSi met
sarwmunobas sZens im istoriamdel ambebs, _ rom
es yovelive `mas Jamsa Sina~ marTlac moxda da
moxda aq, swored am adgilebSi, da ara sxvagan
sadme,
cxramTas
iqiT,
rom
es
namdvilad
momxdaria, rom preistoriuli faqti istoriaSi
gadmosulia, rom es uryevi faqtia, rogorc
kopalas qva da aragvSi gaZabuli devis kldedqceuli tani.
RvTisSvilebma, angelozurma arsebebma, romlebsac dRes saymo Tavis patronad da mfarvelad aRiarebs, moupoves adamianebs sacxovrebeli
xix
adgili da am adgilze adamianuri cxovrebis pirobebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT TavianTi sisxliT gamoisyides maTTvis miwa-wyali. m.-r. rilkes
erT prozaul TxzulebaSi, romelic wminda
giorgis Rvawlis Tavisebur gardaqmnas warmoadgens,
Tavganwiruli
mxedari,
romelmac
qalaqi urGxulisagan gadaarGina, ar indomebs
Tavis gacxadebas da yvelasagan ucnobi stovebs
qalaqs. qalaqma icis, rom is Tavdaxsnilia,
magram ar icis, vin ixsna, vin aris misi mxsneli.
mxsneli, romelic misi mfarvelic unda iyos samaradisod.
magram
is
midis,
is
ikargeba
qalaqisaTvis, romelmac Tumca moipova Tavisufleba, magram ver moipova rjuli, religia, romelic xsnasTan erTad unda mosuliyo masTan.
ase ar aris Gvens andrezebSi.
RvTisSvilTa Rvawli uSedegod Gaivlida, rom
teritoriis gamosyidvasTan erTad imavdroulad
maT adamianebisaTvis ar miecaT religia, anu
rwmena maTi mcavi-mfaravi angelozisadmi, romelic Secnobili unda hyavdeT maT saxeldebiT
mTeli misi TavgadasavliT. Tu andrezebis Sinaarss davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom miwa-wylis
devTagan gaTavisuflebas uSualod
mosdevs
salocavebis
daarseba, rac gamoxatulia devebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol wmidanTa
`gaangelozebiT~ anu xorcieli
xx
arsebobidan uxorco arsebobaSi gadasvliT. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mTeli es brZola, romelic dev-kerpebTan aris gamarTuli adamianTa
miwis dasaxsnelad, saRvTo omia, romelic axali
rjulis, mxsneli religiis damyarebiT unda
dagvirgvindes.
yuradReba unda mivapyroT im faqts, rom Gvens
andrezebSi
dev-kerpebs
upirispirdebian
RvTisSvilni, romlebic `jvaris~ saxelwodebiT
arian cnobilni; isini arian jvarni, romlebic
devebis ganadgurebis Tu gandevnis Semdeg maT
nasadgomarebSi arsdebian, ara sxvagan sadme,
aramed swored iq, sadac devebs hqondaT bina. is
faqti,
rom
`jvari~
sarwmunoebriv-sakulto
azris Semcveli terminia, gvaiZulebs vifiqroT,
rom am dapirispirebaSi mTavar rols swored
religiuri momenti asrulebs, miT umetes, Tu
`devis~ cneba aseve religiur (da damatebiT,
eTiur) warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba.
jvaris da dev-kerpTa dapirispireba, romelic
sagmiro
eposis
Temas
Seadgens,
ar
aris
SemTxveviTi Gvens andrezebSi. is mniSvnelovan
tradicias efuZneba: jvari da dev-kerpni, vidre
Gvens andrezebSi dapirispirdebodnen, erTmaneTs
adreqristianul xanaSi Seetaknen da am Setakebis
eqo didxans gahyva Gvens sasuliero mwerlobas.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, magram saWirod miviGnev
ganvmarto, Tu ras niSnavs `devi~. `daeva~
iranuli
sityvaa,
romliTac
aRiniSneba
xxi
ahuramazdas (ormuzdis) anu naTeli RmerTis
mowinaaRmdege arsebaTa dasi, romelic mxarSi
udgas mis saukuno antagonists _ angri-mainus
anu arimans). mTeli kacobriobis istoria, zoroastruli religiuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, aris
brZola ahuramazdas angelozebsa (ameSa-spentebs)
da angri-mainus daevebs Soris; brZola, romelic
zoroastruli esqatologiiT naTlis RmerTis
gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes. am saukuno omSi
adamiani ar aris, verc iqneba neitraluri: adamiani aris, unda iyos, naTlis RmerTis mxareze
dedamiwis, mTeli qveynierebis mopovebisaTvis
brZolaSi, ebrZodes, ewinaaRmdegebodes yovelgvar daevur gamovlenas gare samyaroSi da sakuTar TavSi. is Tavisi gaGenis dRidan Tavisi
bunebiT daevas mowinaaRmdegea.
daevas
Tavisi
istoria
aqvs
iranSi.
ahuramazdas religiis damkvidrebamde iranSi
daevaTa kulti iyo gavrcelebuli. axali religiis gamarjvebis Semdeg daeca Zveli kulti.
daevam, rogorc luciferma, erT dros naTliT
mosilma angelozma, sruliad Seicvala Tavisi
buneba. paradoqsia, rom sityva, romlis Ziri
indo-iranul da, saerTod, Zvel indoevropul
enebSi aRniSnavs `naTels~, `Suqs~, `brwyinvalebas~, `dRes~ da zogan ki safuZvladac udevs
RmerTis saxels (berZn.
laT. deus),
gadaiqca yovelive bnelisa da borotis aRmniSvnelad. iranSi aRmocenda ahuramazdas, naTlis
xxii
axali kulti da man Tavisi dapirispirebiT gaamruma naTlis Zveli RvTaeba.
Zveliranul enaze Semonaxulia mniSvnelovani
religiuri dokumenti aqemenianTa xanisa, e.w. `antidaevuri warwera~, romelic auwyebda iranis
xalxs ahuramazdas religiis gamarjvebas daevas
kultze. ai, ras vkiTxulobT warweraSi, romelic qvazea Sesrulebuli: `^ da am qveyanaTa
Soris iyo iseTi qveyana, sadac adre daevebs
scemdnen Tayvans. mere ahuramazdas nebiT davamxe
es sadaeveTi da gamovacxade: `nu Tayvanicemian
daevebi!~ sadac adre daevebs scemdnen Tayvans, iq
ahuramazdas veci Tayvani arTasTan erTad^~ (142,
367).
rogorc warweridan Gans, ahuramazdasa da
daevebis saxiT erTmaneTs daupirispirda iranul
samyaroSi WeSmariti da araWeSmariti, cru religia _ ara mxolod keTili da boroti, aramed
marTali da mtyuani (SemGneulia, rom svanurSi
`davs~ (devs) upirispirdeba `tkic~, rac marTals niSnavs (94, 89). qarTul enaSi SeTvisebulma (cxadia, zoroastrul elementebTan erTad) `devma~ miiRo WeSmariti sarwmunoebis
sapirispiro da sawinaaRmdego kultis mniSvneloba. amave mniSvnelobiT Semodis `devi~ qristianul SegnebaSi da teqstebSi. SuSanikis cnobil sityvebSi varsqenis mimarT: `mamaman Senman
wmidani Semoixuna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen devni
Semoixuen~, devni cru sarwmunoebis zogadi
xxiii
mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari da ara sakuTriv
mazdeanurisa, romelic aRiara varsqenma, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria sayveduri varsqenis mimarT, rom man `devebi Semoiyvana Tavis
saxlSi~, rasac pitiaxSi, Tu is namdvilad gamazdeanda, ar izamda im mizezebis gamo, rom devebi iseTive arsebani arian mazdeanisaTvis, rogorc eSmani qristianisaTvis.
V saukuneSi warmoTqmul am frazas paradigmuli JReradoba aqvs: es paradigma siuJeturad
aris gaSlili mogviano xanis qarTvel mTielTa
andrezebSi, romlebic mogviTxroben samkvdrosasicocxlo brZolebs wmidanebad wodebul
RvTisSvilTa da devTa Soris.
qristiani mematiane axali religiis damkvidrebas SekumSuli saxiT TiTqmis miTologemurad gadmogvcems:
`da viTarca aRemarTa niSi juarisaY queyanasa
mas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa daecnes
yovelni kerpni, romelni iyunes sazRuarTa
qarTlisaTa da Seimusrnes da sakerponi dairRues. viTarca ixiles ese sakvirveli saqme da
saswauli, romeli qmna Zlevismyofelman man niSman juarisaman kerpTa zeda, ufroYs ganukvirdeboda saqme ese da adidebdes RmerTsa da sixaruliT Tavyuaniscemdes patiosansa juarsa. da
yo mirian mefeman da yovelman erman mcxeTisaman
Sesawiravi didi mas dResa Sina patiosnisa
xxiv
juarisa da daaweses Sesawiravi ZleviT Semosili juarisa^~ (90, 351).
jvari _ axali religiis niSani, angrevs sakerpoebs da aRimarTeba maT adgilas; sadac aRimarTeba, iq daarsdeba jvaris religiis salocavi. am faqtSi sWvivis is modeli, romelic safuZvlad aqvs dadebuli fSav-xevsureTis andrezebs. aq ukve mocemulia is Tesli, romelic
saukeTeso niadagSi, rogoric aris xalxis cnobiereba, moxvedriT aRmocenda jvarTa da devkerpTa brZolebis epopead aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis zepirsityvierebaSi. TavisTavad
is tipiuri sagmiro eposis qargazea agebuli;
masSi,
rogorc
sagmiro
ambavTa
TxrobaSi,
araferi ar aris sakraluri da sagangebod sakuTriv sakulto mniSvnelobisa. is aris xalxis
eposis fragmentebi, romlebic sxva epoqaSi da
sxva kulturul wreSi SeiZleba romelime bards
erT mTlian, kompoziciurad Sekrul eposad Seeqmna, sadac ramdenime siuJeturi xazis warmarTviT Tanamimdevrulad iqneboda gadmocemuli
calke iaxsaris, calke kopalas, calke wyarosTavelis
Tu
fuZis
angelozis
da
sxva
RvTisSvilTa saqmeni sagmironi. sxva kulturul
wreSi, araTu sxva qveyanaSi, aramed isev GvenSi,
Gvens barSi igive siuJetebi, romelTa personaJebi zemoT naxsenebi RvTisSvilnia, dakargaven
TavianT sakralur xasiaTs da aRqmulni iqnebian
Gveulebriv,
saero
suliskveTebis
sagmiro
xxv
Tqmulebebad, romelTa namdvilobis aRiarebas
maT msmenelT veravin aiZulebs. es imis gamo
iqneba,
rom
RvTisSvilni
da
maTi
ambebi
mowyvetili iqnebian TavianT niadags, sadac maT
aqvT sakraluroba, rac maT eniWebaT imis gamo,
rom isini ara mxolod andrezul siuJetebs
ekuTvnian, arian ara mxolod TqmulebaTa personaJebi, aramed isini cocxloben sakraluri
sicocxliT am TqmulebaTa farglebs gareT,
Rrmad GafuZnebulni maT mierve gaTavisuflebul
miwa-wyalSi da iq mcxovrebi xalxis SegnebaSi,
rogorc am kacobrivi mikro-kosmosis mcavimfarveli angelozebi.
maTi Tavgadasavali, mTeli maTi Rvawli dawnexilia epiTetebad, romlebic gaismis maT saxelebTan erTad im adgilebSi, sadac andrezis
Tanaxmad iZlivnen devebi. `gamarjvebuli~ `devkerpTa gadamsxvavebeli~, `laRi laxtiani~, `svetad Gamosuli~, `dev-dedaberT meomari~, `xTisgan
mxaraxsnili~, `abudelaur simurGi natyvevari~,
`sagmiros msreveli~ da sxvani. es sityvebi gaismis maTi Rvawlis gasaxseneblad salocavebSi
msxverplis Sewirvisas, roca maT mier gadarGenili, erT adgilze Semokrebili da zrunvili
saymo am Sesakrebel adgilze adasturebs Tavis
erTianobas da, rac mTavaria, RvTiuri patronisadmi erTgulebas. saymo avsilia imis cocxali
xsovniTa da SegnebiT, rom RvTisSvilebma maT
misces
sacxovrebel
teritoriasTan
erTad
xxvi
salocavi adgilebi da religia. rogorc im
qalaqs, sadac wmida giorgim Gaidina Tavisi
mTavari gmiroba, da mis kvalze mTels saqristianos axsovs es Rvawli wmidanisa; aseve saymos
axsovs, risgan ixsna is misma mfarvelma wmidanma:
rom ixsna devisagan, romlis Tavad arseboba da
xati iyo adamianis sulier-xorcieli gaWirvebis,
SiSis, dabeGavebis, kacebrivi saxis dakargvis safrTxis gamoxatuleba; gasagneba yovelive imisa,
rac daRupviT da warwymediT emuqreba adamians,
rac adamianur Rirsebas uqarwylebs mas, aviwyebs
Tavis warmoSobas, kavSirs awyvetinebs Tavis gamGen morige RmerTTan. Tumca swored ukiduresi
sasowarkveTis Jams (rogorc ionas didi Tevzis
mucelSi), roca devi warmoudgeba mas Tavisi
namdvili saxiT, mTeli saSinelebiT, ai, swored
maSin gaixsenebs kaci Tavis gamGens, ufro
sworad, gaixsenebs, rom hyavs gamGeni da rom is
daicavs mas mZlavrobisagan. am dros isaxeba
swored religia da kulti, rogorc cocxali
gancda sasoebisa, rom SesaZlebelia adamianis
xsna.
SegviZlia movitanoT ori RirsSesaniSnavi
epizodi, romelic asaxavs gardatexis wamebs adamianis SegnebaSi _ sasoebis dabadebas. jer
vnaxoT, vin arian devebi saymos warmosaxviT da
ra urTierToba aqvT maT adamianebTan, romlebic
jer ar Gamoyalibebulan saymod.
xxvii
devi adamianTa msgavsi arsebaa; Tumca es
msgavseba
moGvenebiTia,
magram
devi
arc
cxovelia. `Sasaxedavad yrol yofilan, bewvi
sxmivan pirsaxezedav, arc tanisamosiv, bewv
sxmivav. sxvadav kacTaviT yofilanav, saxe kacisav
xqoniaT, marto fexeb sdgomivav ukuRmav^~ (67,
166). erTaderTi, rasac floben devebi _ maT ar
ician xvna-Tesva da saqoneli _ es aris mWedlobis saqme, romlis saidumloebasac isini saguldagulod inaxaven: `Tu qal ar mividod,
kacebisad ar uWedav, Saiswavlianav xevsurebiv,
kacebs Tu gauWedeTav^~ (67, 170); maTi gaWedili
sasoflo-sameurneo
iaraRi
araGveulebrivi
Tvisebisaa:
`^imeebis
gakeTebul
saxnissakveTeliT maixvnod, erT feP yanas or TavTav
ebmod, egre xo erT TavTavs iboms erT feP yanai~
(iqve). devis arsebobis paradoqsi is aris, rom
devi inaxavs mWedlobis saidumloebas, magram
ver iyenebs Tavis mierve gamoWedil iaraRs:
`Taod devi rkineuls ver maxkidebd Pels~ (62,
588). adamianma ar icis saidumlo, saxnissakveTeli ki misTvis sasicocxlo iaraRia. devebis mezobeli adamiani mzad aris yvelaferi gaiRos am iaraRisaTvis; is mzad aris, Rirseba daTmos _ sTmobs kidec, oRond cocxali darGes da
es tradiciad aris qceuli devis mezobel adamianTa mosaxleobaSi, vidre moTminebis Tasi ar
aivso. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom devi imisaTvis
sWeds adamianisaTvis saWiro da TavisTvis usarxxviii
geblo iaraRs, rom daabeGavos, daimonos adamiani
(aseve zRaprul gveleSapsac ar sWirdeba wyali,
romlisTvisac adamianisagan msxverpls iTxovs).
devebis xelSi rkina da mWedlobis saidumlo
adamianTa damorGilebis iaraRia, rogorc erT
dros israelis istoriaSi: filistimelebma _
istoriulma mtrebma israelianebs mWedlebi gauwyvites, raTa maTTan evloT morGilad saxnisebisa da namglebisaTvis (1 mef. 13, 19-22).
Taobebi iTmenen, magram is ukanaskneli Tu
pirveli, vinc gamoGndeba, veRar aitans damcirebas. is xalxis cxovrebis uReltexilze dgas, is
Semoatrialebs Tavisi xalxis yofas, is qmnis
xalxis istorias. sababi amboxisa Sercxvenili
qalis
sasowarkveTili
Givilia,
romelic
aRviZebs adamianis gulSi Rirsebis Segnebas da
masTan erTad iRviZebs sasoeba uzenaesisadmi.
`erT kacs Zalian lamazi coli hyavda da
guTnis iaraRis gakeTebaSi is sTxoves. radgan
iaraRebi aucilebeli saWiro iyo, radgan uimisod simSiliT amowydebodnen, gaugzavna coli.
coli rom dabrunda, uTxra: iq rom ar gagegzavne da aqve mogekali, ukeTesi iyovo. da daiwyo
tirili. kaci Sewuxda, ar icoda ra eqna. mere
erTi TeTri xari hyavda da Tqva, modi am xars
RmerTisaTvis davklav da iqneba rame gveSveloso. morige RmerTma Seiwynara amdeni vedreba
da
xalxis
dasaxsnelad
gamogzavna
kopala. misca erTi didi laxti da mouloca
xxix
Zali da SeZleba, rom devebi, xalxis Semwuxeblebi, gaenadgurebina^~ (60, 119).
kacs agondeba, rom arsebobs
sicocxleze
ufro
metad Rirebuli ram; rom
SeiZleba adamiani SimSiliT
mokvdes,
magram
mokvdes,
rogorc adamiani; ufro metic: zogjer is valdebulia
mokvdes, Tundac SimSiliT,
rom adamianad darGes; rom unda gaiRos sasicocxlo msxverpli Rirsebis gadasarGenad, da is
swiravs xars, SesaZlebelia, erTaderT marGenals, msxverplad RmerTs, romlis sasoebam
gaiRviZa mis cnobierebaSi. andrezi ambobs, rom
xari TeTri iyo. es aris pirveli msxverpli,
gaRebuli adamianisagan ukidures gasaWirSi.
meore epizodi, sadac aseve gadmocemulia
RvTisSvilTa gamosvla sabrZolvelad, adamianis
saarsebo wyarosTan aris dakavSirebuli.
`^kopala mivida da jer fSavis mTaze uZilaurTis Tavs, iremT kalos rom eZaxian, iq
daarsda da adevnebda Tvalyurs, sad iqneboda
saWiro brZola devebTan. am dros erTi xornaulTeli kaci xnavda xornaulT soflis pirdapir, saxeldobr, WiSexSi, yanas. roSkis goraze
erTi devi wamodga da ise moaxdina saqme, rom
Rvari astexa da xari da kaci sul-yvela Rvarma
waiRo. kacs gagonili hqonda, rom sadRac gmiri
xxx
kopala daarsda, devebs xocavs da xalxs exmarebao. am gaWirvebis dros gaaxsenda da SemosZaxna:
`gmiro kopalav, miSvele, wyals nu wamaRebieba
da rasac vxnavdi, eg mamuli Send Semomiwirav^~
(60, 119-120).
aqac adamiani swiravs msxverplad Tavis ukanasknels, razec dafuZnebuli iyo mTeli misi
cxovrebis saxsari. magram saxsari iwireba sxva
ram ufro mniSvnelovanis gadasarGenad, amjerad
yana, romelic unda Seewiros teritoriis gamoxsnas devTa mZlavrobisagan. yana da TeTri
xari adamianTa gaTavisuflebis Semdeg istoriuli xanis sakralur yofaSi jvarisaTvis Sewirul msxverplTa Soris upirveles adgils
ikavebs. es aris religiis dasabami adamianTa sazogadoebaSi.
roca sasowarkveTil xornauTel kacs da lamazi colis patrons gulis siRrmidan aRmoxdaT
kvnesasTan erTad survili uflisaTvis SeewiraT
erTs marGenali mamuli, meores erTaderTi xari,
am dros isaxeboda religia _ kavSiri adamiansa
da RmerTs Soris, am drosve daiwyo Surisgeba
kopalam, iaxsarma da `dev-kerpTa gadamsxvavebelma~ sxva RvTisSvilebma. maTi brZolebis
dagvirgvineba ki, Gven viciT, miwa-wylis gamoxsnasTan erTad saymosa da kultis Seqmna iyo.
es kargad Gans iaxsris TavgadasavalSi.
iaxsari Tavis brZolas iwyebs Suafxodan,
ufro zustad, avisgoridan, sadac is gamxveura
xxxi
devs sasaxles ungrevs, da is aqve Semoikrebs
Tavis saymos. Gven gvinda andrezis safuZvelze
warmovidginoT, rogor Seiqmna devebisagan darbeul adamianTa jgufidan saymo, mwyobri sazogadoeba. ra roli ekisreboda im xalxs, romelic unda gardaqmniliyo saymod da damkvidrebuliyo `nadevar~ teritoriaze? sad aris am
dros
is
xalxi,
romlis
gulisTvis
RvTisSvilebma datoves morige RvTis kari da
ebrZvian devebs? xom ar arian isini ubralo
Semswreni am ambebisa da brZolis aRsasrulis
pasiurad momlodine mayurebelni?
rodesac adamianTa miwa-wylisaTvis mebrZolma
iaxsarma abudelauris tbaSi ukanaskneli devi
mokla da misi sisxliT Sekruli tbidan veRar
amodioda, ai, swored maSin _ am gadamwyvet viTarebaSi iqmneboda iaxsaris saymo da misi teritoria; saymo, romelsac, iaxsaris mier naSvels,
Tavad
unda
eSvela
`abudelauris
simurGi
natyvevari~ iaxsrisaTvis, Tavisi momavali patronisaTvis. es ambavi gadmocemulia erT sakulto simReraSi.
iaxsari edevneba ukanasknel, gaqceul devs:
^erTi isivac gameqca, aRar ubrune Tavia,
sagmiro wamauqadle, kldes maafara Tavia.
klde samad gavaglejine, erT gamovsTxare
Tvalia.
imasac karga scodniyva abelauris tbania.
mived da meac Tan Gavxyev, me, TviTon iaxsaria,
xxxii
Gaved da veRar amoved, sisxliT demebnes
mxarnia.
Gem ymaTac karga iZives oTxrqa, oTxyura
cxvaria.
maiyvanes da Gamokles, RmerTo, daswere
jvaria!
winwin ro kldeze Samavxe, Samovibertyen
mxarnia.
pirwaRma Samavtrialdi, gamasaxviyo jvaria.
`RmerTo, Sen mamec SaZleba, Senve amixsen
mxarnia!~
mandiT karates amoved, mand davaquGen ymania.
laxtzeda SamamikideT Gemi batara zaria.
davxkra da axads wamodges Gemi pirquSis ymania.
(77, #94-T).
abudelauris tbis napiras xdeba pirveli
misteria saymos sakralur istoriaSi: gamorGeuli cxvari ikvlis (pirveli saklavi, pirveli
msxverplSewirva _ dasabami mravalgzis Sewiruli msxverplisa). wmida sisxli uwevs iaxsars
da is ara mxolod mxaraxsnili, aramed fernacvali, mtredis saxiT amofrindeba tbis
siRrmidan, sadac man ukanaskneli devi Gatova.
magram oTxrqa, oTxyura saklavis sisxli ara
mxolod tbis Sekrul zedapirs gaxsnis, aramed _
rogorc am simReris erTi gudamayruli variantidan Gans _ casac gaxsnis da mtredi,
RvTisSvilis
niSani,
TiTqos
erTdroulad
xxxiii
tbidanac amodis da cidanac Gamodis, rogorc
naTlisRebis dros iordaneze, roca dasabami
mieca axal religias.
maiyvanes da damakles oTxrqa, oTxyura
cxvariao,
zeciT Gamodga naviao, gamexsnes sisxlis gzaniao,
Gamovjde brolis qvazedao, men xati iaxsariao,
trediviT SamovRuRundi, amovibertye
mxarniao.
(38, #255802)
rogorc vxedavT, iaxsris momavali saymo ara
mxolod mxilvelia am misteriisa. aramed misi
monawilec aris: misi SemweobiT gardaiqmneba
iaxsari jvrad da mtredis aRiT gafrindeba
Tavis saarso adgilisaken, sadac is waiyoliebs
Tavis saymos, rogorc ambobs:
mandiT karates amoved, mand davaquGen ymania.
`mandiT~, e.i. abudelauris tbis napiridan,
sadac adamianTa jgufma pirveli saklavis dakvliT saymod Seqmna Tavisi Tavi, miiRo ufleba
gahyoloda Tavis patrons devebisagan gawmedili
miwa-wylisaken.
karatiT karates mame Toki zed gasavalia,
ase gavide Tokzeda, vervin mamkidos Tvalia.
avisgors SamamkidodiT Gemi patara zaria,
davkra,
xma
axads
gavardes,
gamoisaxon
jvaria.
xxxiv
rom dadgen locva-wirvaze Gemis pirquSis
ymania.
miduReT salude qvabi, ymano, gewerosT
jvaria (77, #94-ig)
avisgorze,
iaxsris
saboloo
samkvidro
adgilze Gamokidebuli zari, romelic ityobineba mis dabrunebas fSavis xevze, dev-kerpTagan
gaTavisuflebul miwaze, es `patara zari~, saymos
momxmobi erT SesakrebelSi, Tavisi xmis bgeriT
mouxazavs saymos mis kuTvnil teritorias.
kvrivi
miwa-wyali, sadac saymo saxlobs, wmida
adgilia, radganac is jvaris mier aris mopovebuli da am mopovebis ZaliT gamokveTilia
danarGeni samyarosagan. is wmidaa erTianad,
magram saymo masSi ganicdis da aRiarebs iseT
adgilebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli siwmidiT
arian mosili. am adgilebs saymo kvrivs uwodebs.
ra Tvisebis realobas aRniSnavs kvrivi anu
samwerlo eniT, mkvrivi. `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~ Tanaxmad, mkvrivi aris `mWidro
da myari, mtkice, magari~. raimeTi `savse da gatenili~, anu iseTi Tvisebebi nivTisa Tu movlenisa, rac upirispirdeba dunes, cariels, fuRuros, da a.S. sabas ganmartebiT, mkvrivi aris
`uRruo da unaxvreto~. es sityva saymos sakralur leqsikonSi niSnavs rogorc fizikur
SeuRwevadobas, aseve zneobriv Seuvalobas, romxxxv
lis simbolod jvarTa teritoriaze dgas mkvrivad nagebi koSkebi, sadac Sesvla ubralod
SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom maT ar gaaGniaT
Sida sivrce. aseT koSkebs ewodebaT kvrivebi.
`kvrivi qvian imitom, rom is aSenebulia kvrivad
da Sesasvleli ara aqvs^~ (60, 41). fizikuri
SeuRwevadoba zneobrivi akrZalvis metaforaa.
Tumca, aseTi teritoria _ nakrZali ar aris SemozRuduli raime xiluli sazRvriT, magram mas
saymos cocxal gancdaSi aqvs uxilavi sazRvari,
romlis SigniT sruliad gansxvavebuli realoba
ganicdeba. `kvrivi~, rogorc `futuros~ sawinaaRmdego movlena, mrTelia, mTliania. es aris
WeSmariti sinamdvile. is aris romelic aris anu
namdvili arseboba.
kvrivi aris jvris kvali miwaze. jvari qmnis
kvriv adgils Tavisi daarsebiT, rogorc meteori, romelic tvifravs miwas, sadac is ecema.
amitomac kvrivi koSkebi dgas im adgilebSi, sadac saymo kultis dasabamSi jvarGenas xedavs:
`kvrivi adgilia, sadac pirvelad xati mosula,
iq mere Tass udgamen da zed xati dajdeboda.
kvrivs veZaxiT adgils, sadac ar SeiZleba adamianis Sesvla, gin koSki iyos, gin sxva adgili~ (6,
55). maTuris mTavarangelozis jvarGenis andrezis Tanaxmad, cidan svetad Gamosuli jvari
jer sayaWis wverze `ikidebs koWs~, mere eklesiaSi (adgilis saxelia), bolos ki iq, sadac amJamad kvrivebi dgas; iq adamiani ar Sedis, is imdexxxvi
nad wmida da miukarebeli adgilia, rom xucesic
ki ver uaxlovdeba mas da, roca misi ganaTvlaa
saWiro, sisxlian Tovlis gundebs esvris mis
kedlebs (38, #25502).
jvari avsebs Tavisi arsiT im adgilas, romelsac is saarsod irGevs; jvarGeniT is
`akvrivebs~ adgils, `uxrwnels~ xdis mas. Tavisi
ontologiiT jvaris kvrivs analogia jvarisave
ganZSi aqvs, romlis miTosuri saxe yovelTvis
oqrod aris warmodgenili (mag., Tamaris Sewiruli oqros Tasebi xaxmatis kultis dasabamSi
da laSa giorgis oqros jvari laSaris wmida
giorgiSi). s.averincevi wers, rom nivTierebis
simkvrive (ïëîòíîñòü) da simWidrove oqroSi uxrwnelobas aniWebs mas, rac SesaZleblad xdis mis
warmosaxvas xorcis ganRmrTobis emblemad (113).
marTlac,
kvrivi
SegviZlia
warmovidginoT
oqrod, raSic daunjebulia jvaris sakraluri
Zala; amitomac kvriv adgilebs, rogorc oqros,
mowiwebiT ekideba kaci, erideba mis dalaxvas,
Tuki jvarisagan ara aqvs neba miRebuli. `^verca
fSavi verca Pevsuri, ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu
vercxli, veraraid ixmareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSasjvarsa~ (75, 533), wers vaxuSti batoniSvili. aq aRniSnuli Gveulebis ukan imaleba
ontologiuri
kavSiri
oqro-vercxliT
warmodgenil ganZsa da kvrivs Soris, sadac jvaria
daarsebuli. rogorc oqros ver moixmars sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis moyme, aseve ver
xxxvii
dalaxavs is jvaris kvrivebs, ver moxnavs, ver
daTesavs kvrivs. dalaPva adamianuri moqmedebaa:
adamiani Tavis yoveldRiurobaSi Tavisi yofacxovrebis yoveli gamovlinebiT tvifravs im miwas, sadac is saxlobs. adamiani Tavisi nabijebiT, rac zneobriv Sinaarss iZens, warmoqmnis
nalaPs. misi sacxovrebeli, d. guramiSvilis sitvebiT rom gamovxatoT, `sawuTros fePiT nalaPi~
miwaa, romelic Tavisi rRvevadi struqturiT
upirispirdeba jvaris kvrivs. nalaxSi, rogorc
adamianis samyofelSi, aris ukiduresad dacemuli adgilebi, romlebic
Tavisi arsebiT
sruliad uaryofen jvaris kvrivebs. es aris miwis rioSi mdgomareoba anu Seryvnili da yalbi,
aranamdvili mdgomareoba.
nalaxidan, anu kacTa sacxovrebeli adgilidan kvrivSi Sesvla, rac yovelTvis dakavSirebulia zRurblis gadalaxvasTan, SeuZlebelia
ganwmedis gareSe. adamiani unda amaRldes nalaxidan, raTa kvrivSi SeRwevis ufleba mieces;
amisaTvis mas unda daesvas kvrivis anu siwmidis
beWedi, romelic SeiZleba jvris niSniT iyos gamoxatuli. saklavis sisxliT `Pel-mPar ganaTluli~ xevisberi Sedis kvrivSi, an qadagi, romelsac `Saiyvanen, saca kvrivi, beRelSi dasmen^~
(68, 66). rigiTi yma ganaTvliT ipovebs uflebas,
Tundac droebiTs, kvrivis dasalaxad. ardotis
saymos dReobaSi _ datiobaSi amgvarad iqmneba
`mezRvnis~, anu jvarSi ZRvenis mimtanis statusi:
xxxviii
`meZRvnes xucesi SublSi Tavis saklavis sisxliT jvars gaukeTebda. datioba iyo oTxi dRe
da am xnis ganmavlobaSi is pirs aRar daibanda;
ise ufrTxildeboda, rom sisxli ar gascloda
Sublidan da jvari ar Sereuliyo. am jvariT mas
ufleba hqonda yovel diliT misuliyo jvarSi,
daelia da eWama. Tu Sublze sisxlis jvari ar
eqneboda, ise jvarSi misvla akrZaluli iyo da
sisxlis jvari qonda marto mezRvnes. sisxlisjvrianebi ise Tavisuflad midiodnen da iqceodnen dReobaSi jvarSi, rogorc jvris gamZRoni
iqceodnen da dastur-xelosnebi^~ (63, 146).
kvrivSi Sesul adamians gansakuTrebuli qceva
marTebs. sinais mTaze asul moses, romelic
misda uneburad kvrivebSi moxvda, moesma uflis
gafrTxileba: `nu moeaxlebi aqa! wariPaden Pamlni ferPTagan SenTa, rameTu adgili ege, romelsa sdga Sen, queyana wmida ars~ (gamosvl. 3,5).
mose aRmoGnda `wmida miwaze~ anu, ufro zustad,
`wmida niadagze~ (ebr. admaT kodeS). qarTuli
`kvrivi~ kargad gadascems ebrauli sakraluri
cnebis _ `kodeS~-is Sinaarss. moses msgavsad
iqcevian
xadaSi
begoT
saRvToze
mimavali
mlocvelebi: `^vinc iq wavalis salocavad, im
adgilas fexSiSveli unda wavides, verc sartyel, verc qalmeb, egeTi wes-wyobilebaa^~ (40,
50). kvrivSi Sesuli adamiani gaiSiSvlebs fexs,
raTa sawuTros nalaxi mtveri ar Seitanos
kvrivSi. es simboluri qmedebaa. vaxuStis cnobiT,
xxxix
qvaTaxevis taZarSi `^arvin Sevals ferPcmulis,
aramed ferPSiSvelni, siwmidisaTvis~ (75, 340). ase
iqcevian meomarnic, roca wmida realobasTan
Sexeba moeliT: `^maSin ganiSiSvles ferPebi maTi
da wariZRuanes droSaY da aRemarTnes orsa mas
qedsa mTasa lomisisasa^~ (96, 108); xolo lomisis
mTa da xadas begoT saRvTo mTiuleTisa da
xadis saymosaTvis igive sinais mTaa, sadac
ufali ecxadeba maT. amitomac unda ganiwmidon
iq amavalni, rogorc is mRvdelni, romlebic sinais mTis kvrivebSi daapirebdnen asvlas uflis
saxilvelad mosesTan erTad (gamosvl. 19, 22).
kvrivSi mxolod `kvrivi~ adamiani Tu SeaRwevs
dausjelad. `sazRvari Semouwere xalxs irgvliv
da uTxari: ekrZaleT mTaze asvlas da nu
miekarebiT mis kalTebs. vinc ki miekareba mTas,
sikvdils ver gadaurGeba. xeli aravin miakaros,
Torem Gaiqoleba an SubiT ganigmireba. gind pirutyvi iyos, gind kaci, aravin gadarGeba cocxali~ (gamosvl. 19, 12-13). es sazRvari, rogorc
iTqva, uxilavia; is Tumca warmosaxviTia, magram
aranakleb STambeWdavi, vidre xiluli dabrkoleba gzaze, Tundac iyos igi mcveli qerubimi
iqcevisi maxviliT xelSi. uxilavi zRurbli saymos cocxal gancdaSia GabeWdili. is mijnavs
xiluls uxilavisagan, adamianurs RvTaebrivisagan,
xorciels
sulierisagan,
dasaxlebuls
dausaxlebelisagan. aq vawydebiT kvrivis paradoqss: kvrivi principulad dausaxlebelia _
xl
asea yvelgan tradiciul sazogadoebebSi. mag.,
aTenelni TavianTi qalaqis sakralur centrs _
wmida Walas, `Seuval~, `daulaxav~, `nakrZal~ da
sabolood, `dausaxlebel~ adgilad Tvlidnen,
sadac fexis dadgmac ki ikrZaleboda (ix. sofokles `oidiposi kolonebSi~), _ magram misi
arseboba, rogorc wmida adgilisa, aucilebelia
dasaxlebul
teritoriaze.
is,
WeSmaritad,
qveynis marilia, romlis ganqarebiT iSleba, irRveva miwa-wyali, niadagi, qveyana, adamianTa
sacxovrisi.
m. eliade wers, rom `kvrivi (The Sacred,
`wmida~), rogorc samyaros Suaguli, saukeTeso
adgilia,
saiTkenac
adamiani
miiswrafvis
sacxovreblad~ (154, 43). magram es ase ar unda
iyos. marTalia, Suaguli saukeTeso adgilia
mTels samyaroSi, magram saSiSi adgilia da iq
sruliad warmoudgenelia adamianis cxovreba; es
aris RvTiuri Zalis gamocxadebis adgili, romlis aura iakobma sizmarSi igrZno da gamofxizlebulma amgvarad gaiazra: `ars ufali
adgilsa amas da me ara vicode. da SeeSina da
Tqua: viTar saSinel ars adgili ese, ara ars
sxuai ese, garna saxli RmrTisaY da ese bWe
zecisa~ (dab. 28, 16-17). yofiTi adamiani aseTi
adgilis aRmoGenis Semdeg gardaiqmneba religiur adamianad da, misgan saRvTo SiSiT ukuqceuli, kvlav ubrundeba mas, rogorc Tayvanismcemeli. Tavs iGens wmida adgili anu kvrivi
xli
da ibadeba misi pirveli mlocveli. es adgili
taZris winasaxe xdeba. `aRdga iakob ganTiad da
aRiRo lodi igi, romeli edva sasTunalad, da
aRmarTa igi Zeglad da daasxa zeTi Tavsa mis
lodisasa. da uwoda saxeli adgilsa mas saxli
RmrTisa^~ (dab. 28, 18-19).am adgilze, romlis WeSmariti xati mxolod GvenebaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo xiluli, Gaisaxa am kacis, iakobis, piradi religia, romelic momavalSi mTeli misi
STamomavlobis religiad unda gamxdariyo, rac
Gans misave sityvebSi: `^da aRTqua aRTqumaY axali da Tqua: ukueTu iyos RmerTi Gem Tana da
damicves me gzasa mas, romelsa me mival da mces
me puri Wamad da samoseli Semosad, da momaqcios me cocxlebiT saxlsa mamisa Gemisasa,
iyos ufali Gemi RmrTad Gemda, da lodi ese,
romel aRvidgi Zeglad, iyos saxlad RmrTisa
Gemisa da yovlisagani, raodeni-raY momces me,
aTeuli mivsce mas~ (dab., 28, 20-22).
kvrivi adgili, am azriT, adamianis aRmzrdelia da amitomac aucilebeli elementia
teritoriisa. is religiis dasabamia, magram amave
dros samSoblos grZnobis dasabami da wyaroc
aris. kvrividan swavlobs adamiani im adgils, im
miwis siyvaruls, rogorc kargad SeniSnavs vaJafSavela erT Tavis moTxrobaSi: `es adgili
Tavis nangrevebiT Seqmnilia xalxis sulier,
zneobriv aRmzrdelad. erma Tu wminda adgilis
istoria kargad icis, ar aris saWiro daajero
xlii
xalxi da uqadago, rom es adgili wmindaa, Rirsi
xsovnisa, pativiscemisa, radgan TviTeuul maTgans didad swams, am nangrevebSi, am daxavsebul
lodebs Soris Zlieri, yovladSemZlebeli RvTiuri suli ganisvenebs da yvela imaTgan, vis winaparTac ulocniaT es salocavi, STamoebamac
ilocos _ miarTvas ZRveni _ xari Tu cxvari,
sanTeli, qada-xmiadi, raTa ar moevlinos xatis
risxva, ar `moamizezos~ (27, 84).
marTalia, kvrivi, rogorc iTqva, gamoricxavs
adamianis dasaxlebis azrs, magram is aucilebelia adamianTa sacxovrisisaTvis. magram kvrivis
paradoqsi is aris, rom is, adamianTa sacxovrisis antipodi, iqmneba swored adamianis dasaxlebis SuagulSi. es SeiZleba ar iyos wesi,
magram xSirad xdeba ase, ris gamoc amgvari xasiaTis kvrivGena erTi tipis sakmaod gavrcelebuli andrezis Sinaarsad aris qceuli.
saymos miwa-wyali kvrivGenis mudmiv molodinSia. potenciurad yoveli adgili SeiZleba
iyos kvrivi, radgan mTeli miwa-wyali jvars
ekuTvnis, sadac man Tavisi xeliT daasaxla
saymo. is xSirad Tavs iGens maT SuagulSi, gaarRvevs maT sacxovrebels, risi Sedegia nasaxlarebi (`naxolarebi~) da nacixvarebi, mitovebuli adgilebi, romelTa upatronoba aRZravs
fiqrs maT uxilav patronze, romelic saymos
warmodgeniT mxolod jvari SeiZleba iyos. adamianisagan mitovebuli saxl-kari da cixe inxliii
greva, magram is ar ubrundeba bunebas, ar iqceva
qaosad adamianuri kulturis mimarT, aramed,
piriqiT, misi arseboba ufro maRal safexurze
adis, raki mas saymos SegnebaSi atyvia jvaris
xeli. masze devs amieridan jvaris mZime xeli. es
mZime xelia, kvrivad rom xdis mas.
sadac wydeba adamianis cxovreba da aRebulia
adamianis xeli, iq iwyeba jvaris arseboba. aseT
adgilebs ewodeba buxreuli anu `gabuxrebuli~
adgilebi. SemGneulia, rom kvrivi adgilebi
xSirad swored buxreuli agilebia. buxreuli,
rogorc termini, or aspeqts gamoxatavs: adamianuri, yofiTi TvalTaxedviT, is aris dawyevlili adgili (Zveli aRTqmis xerem), jvaris
TvalTaxedviT ki wmida adgili (kodeS). jvari
arTmevs adamians adgils da wmidad aqcevs mas.
kvrivis mniSvnelobiT saymos metyvelebaSi ixmareba agreTve bortvi*
_ gabalaxebuli miwa,
yamiri, an uxnavi an naxnavi da mere gabalaxebuli (98, 195). adamianis sacxovrebeli an yana
ubrundeba xeluxlebel da yamir mdgomareobas,
gadadis iseT zonaSi, romlis gadalaxva samaradisod ekrZaleba adamians. kvrivi, buxreuli,
bortvi _ samudamod xelSeuxebeli da daulaxavia saymosaTvis, rogorc mis mier Tavisi patronisaTvis msxverplad gaRebuli samkvidrebeli, romelsac is ukan veRar daibrunebs uku*
kvriv adgils saneSi (gudanis `mTawminda~) `bortvis nakveTi~ ewodeba, romelic arc ixvneba
da arc iTeseba; mowmidaris garda veravin Seva iq, saqonlis gamosadenadac ki (64, 715)
xliv
niTi ukunisamde. Sewirvis Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobac xom imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saymos mier
salocavSi mitanili `gawirulia~ anu datovebulia iq jvris sakuTrebad, samaradisod.
kvrivis aRmoGena
kvrivi iseTi realobaa, romlis aRmoGena ar
aris damokidebuli adamianis nebaze. rogorc
aucilebels saymos miwa-wylisaTvis, mas aRmoaGens igive Zala, romelmac miwa-wyali misca saymos. es Zala aris jvari. kvrivi SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc monakveTi miwisa, romelzedac
dadebulia jvaris xeli. kvrivis gamoGena amitomac aris iracionaluri, adamianisaTvis gaugebari; is moulodnelia, TiTqos gaumarTlebelic
ki. teritoriis sruliad umniSvnelo, fizikuri
TvalisaTvis sruliad ganurGevel monakveTze
gadmodis xarizma da gamoarGevs mas sxva
adgilebisgan, rogorc jvari gamoarGevs saymodan Tavis rGeuls. iseve, rogorc adamiani Tavis
Tavs ver airGevs jvaris rGeulad, aseve ar
SeuZlia mas Tavisi nebiT, Wkua- gonebis moxmobiT airGios kvrivi, gamoarGios is miwa-wyali
sxva nakveTebisagan. Tu, cxadia, es adamiani
Tavad ar aris daWerili jvaris mier da ar moqmedebs jvaris nebiT; maSin is arc ekuTvnis
Tavis Tavs, rogorc bunebis movlena an pirutyvi,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, mTavari personaJebia
kvrivGenis andrezebSi. kvrivi adgilis migneba
xlv
minebebulia ugunuri arsebis gumanze, radgan
swored
gumania
erTaderTi
Seucdomeli:
cxovelis alRo, gumani, romelic cxaddeba mis
qcevaSi, moZraobaSi, svlaSi, xmaSi _ aris is
arxi, romelSic unda idinos RvTiurma nebam.
xari, yorani, mtredi _ ai, is arsebani, romelTac swored TavianTi ugunurebis ZaliT
ekisrebaT iseTi misia, rasac brZenkaci ver kisrulobs. amis saukeTeso magaliTebs iZleva eklesiebisa da salocavi adgilebis andrezebi,
romlebic farTod aris gavrcelebuli mTels
msoflioSi da, kerZod, saqarTvelos mTasa da
barSi.
Tavisuflad gaSvebuli uReli xari miagnebs
im adgils, sadac xalxma eklesia unda aagos an
xati unda daasvenos (amgvarad iqna aRmoGenili
kalis zemoT lagurkas adgili, svaneTSi), an
daarsdes romelime wmindanis salocavi (wm.
maqsimes salocavi leGxumSi); pirutyvis gauazrebeli moqmedeba-svla gadawyvets xalxis sagonebels, radgan pirutyvis svlaSi Tu dadgomaSi is
xedavs wmidanis nebis gamovlinebas. pirutyvis
qcevis uneburi sakraluroba ufro TvalsaGino
xdeba, rodesac is moulodnelad aRmouGens adamianebs wmida, kvriv adgils. ai, sruliad upretenzio, magram mniSvnelovani ideis Semcveli andrezi aWaruli folkloridan: jansaRi xari ver
aRwevs im adgilamde, sadamdisac xalxi saqonels
denis da sadRac, Sua gzaSi ecema. dacemis
xlvi
adgili sayurbane (msxverlis Sesawirav) adgilad
Seiracxeba. am tipis andrezebSi xSirad xaris
ara
mxolod
SeGerebis,
aramed
sikvdilis
adgilia gamocxadebuli kvriv adgilad. aseve
kvrivi da gamorGeulia is Sualedebi gzaSi, sadac yovndeba, isvenebs xari. am motivzea agebuli
lomisis, xevis sparsangelozis, Zarwemis wmida
giorgis da sxva motacebuli xatebis ukandabrunebis andrezebi. motacebulma xatma gza
unda gaikvlios ucxo qveynidan, unda moZebnos,
xelaxla aRmoaGinos Tavisi saarso adgili _
kvrivi. im Svidi aTasi kacidan, romelic xatTan
erTad unda dabrundes tyveobidan, aravin gamoGndeba, rom waruZRves xatsa da xalxs da
Seucdomeli gziT miiyvanos Tavis adrindel
saarsomde. andrezSi xatis transportad gamoGndeba xari, romlis rqebze unda iyos xati
dasvenebuli. aqedan unda Gandes, rom andrezis
Semoqmedis TvalsazrisiT xari gzas ikvlevs ara
sakuTari nebiT, aramed xatis nebiT. xats mohyavs
ukan xari da Svidi aTasi tyve qarTveli. xari
TiTqos gaivlis xatis sakralur gzas da SeyovnebiT moniSnavs kvrivebs, sadac mogzauri xalxi
mgzavri xatis niSebs aRmarTavs. `^gamouZRveba es
xari, sadac dawvebodis da daisvenebdis, yvelgan
niSi aaSenes. fasanauris aqeTacaa niSi, memre ro
movida, aqac (mleTas), aqac daisvena, aqac niSi
dadges. wverze ro movida, iq ganisvena suli,
gaYskda^~ (40, 114).
xlvii
analogiuria Zarwemis wminda giorgis xatis
dabrunebis andrezic: xati lekeTSia datyvevebuli da azaralebs xalxs. molas ecxadeba xati,
mozvris rqaze mimakariT da nebaze gamiSviTo.
`miakres xati mozvris rqebs da gauSves mozveri.
midis mozveri, xati gzas uGvenebs. miva ZarwemSi,
Tavis Zvel adgilze da erTi askilis ZirSi
daisvenebs. Zarwemel mRvdels daesizmreba xati,
romelic etyvis: momZebneT da sadac mnaxavT, iq
amiSeneT eklesiao. mRvdeli gagzavnis xalxs.
ipovnian rqebze xatmikrul mozvers. moxsnian Tu
ara xats, mozveri imwamsve mokvdeba (`gaskda~). im
adgilas aaSeneben eklesias da daasveneben wmida
giorgis xats~ (9, 212). amave motivebzea agebuli
rkonis RvTismSoblis xatis andrezic (3, 115). Tu
xari ar kvdeba, mas msxverplad swiraven; Tu
uremia, urems SeSad xmaroben saklavis mosaxarSad; msxverplis Sewirvis adgilze ki xati arsdeba (53, 252).
am tipis andrezebis arqetips vadasturebT
Zvel aRTqmaSi, sadac moTxrobilia filistimelTa qveyanaSi datyvevebuli RvTis kidobnis
dabrunebis ambavi: misanTa rGeviT filistimelebi
or mewvel Zroxas Seabamen uremSi, zed RvTis
kidobans daadeben da Tavis nebaze miuSveben pirutyvs. Zroxebi gadalaxaven israelis sazRvars
da erT-erTi israelianis yanaSi SeGerdebian;
xalxi kidobans gadmoasvenebs urmidan, urems
SeSad
daGexaven,
Zroxebs
ki
msxverplad
xlviii
Seswiraven. es adgili GaiTvleba kvriv adgilad,
sadac karga xans iqneba kidobani dasvenebuli (I
mef., 5-6).
miuxedavad im avbediTi reputaciisa, romelic
aqvs yorans xalxur sityvierebaSi da yofaSi,
erTi moxevuri Tqmuleba mas ukavSirebs xevis
upirvelesi siwmidis, samebis taZris aSenebas,
ufro sworad, sataZre kvrivi adgilis aRmoGenas.
rac samma qarTvelma (qarTlis, kaxeTisa da
imereTis) mefem ver gadawyvita, wyvets Savi
yorani Tavisi bunebrivi moqmedebis meSveobiT;
radgan is atarebs RvTiur nebas. brZeni mcxeTeli berikacic ki uZluria iracionaluris
(rac kvrivis mignebaSi mdgomareobs) winaSe.
magram berikacs Seswevs rGevis unari: man uwyis
yornis zne da is WeSmariteba, rom misi bunebrivi qcevis wiaR, mis ukan, wmida samebis neba
moqmedebs. mcxeTeli brZenkaci urGevs mefeebs:
`mefeno, furberwi dahkaliT da misi samgorveli
(menjis nawili) soflis bolos daagdeT, mova
Savi yorani da, sadac mas gamoxravs, samebac iq
aaSeneTo~. aseT ucnaur rGevebs mxolod brZeni
xalxi iZleva zRaprebSi an imgvari Segnebis sazogadoebaSi, sadac arsebobs rwmena imisa, rom
yoveli arsi Tu movlena _ qva iqneba, frinveli
Tu Weqa-quxili _ emorGileba uzenaesis nebas.
yorans miaqvs ganzrax dagdebuli samgorveli da
yvelgan, sadac igi mis gamosaxravad dajda,
xalxs jvari an niSi aRumarTavs samebis saxxlix
elze. mTavari taZari anu samebis mTavari kvrivi,
misi saarso iq aSenda, sadac am grZneulma frinvelma sabolood gamoxra Zvali da miagdo,
wavida ra Tavisi gziT (53, 226-7).
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebulia Tqmuleba yvavze, romlis Tavganwiruli
saqcieli `afuZnebs~ kvriv adgils, sadac saswaulis mxilveli xalxi aSenebs eklesias, romelsac am SemTxvevis aRsaniSnavad `yvavisaydari~
Seerqmeva (99, 247; 103, 126-7; 84, 304-5).
mtreds, rogorc jvaris niSans, da mis aRes,
pirdapiri da bunebrivi kavSiri aqvs kvriv
adgilebTan, maT aRmoGenasTan. sadac mtredi dajdeba, is ueWvelad gamorGeuli adgilia. mtredi
monawileobs alaverdis taZris dafuZnebis andrezSi, romelic Gawerili aqvT k.koxsa da
o.spensers saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis wignSi (48,
250).
moviyvan erT TuSur gadmocemasac danoelTa
xatis daarsebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT mogvagonebs xevis samebis daarsebis andrezs, oRond aq yorans enacvleba mtredi misi
bunebidan gamomdinare yvela cvlilebiT. roca
danos mosaxleobam gadawyvita soflis axlos
gadmoetana jvari, mimarTa mtreds, rogorc sajvare anu kvrivi adgilis `aRmomGen~ frinvels.
ai, Ganaweric, rogorc is mosmenili iqna: `winav
danoelebs soflis TavSi jvar ar hyvandiv. memr
meambv, romev aStoTa gamoviyvanoTav, soflis
l
TavSiiTaY kargada gvipatronebsav. erT tred
deWir danoelebs. geSv is aStoTaY. Yes siac dajdebav, iq davawesoTav cxva jvariv. is tredic
soflis TavSi, gorze damjdariyv, jvar kiden
Yagr gameyvan aStoTaY: erT kacs droSa gedv
mParze, sanTel-zedaSe eRv, erT beber diac ukven
gaxyoliv tyavis kalTaebis bartyuniT: `gamoqSi,
gamarjvebulov, gamoqSi, gamarjvebulov^~ im
dRiTaY xyavis danoelebs axaljvari~ (Gawerilia
sof. danoSi e.TaTaraiZis mier 1980 w.).
es scena Tavis moqmedebebiT da realiebiT _
mtredi, kaci droSiT mxarze, sanTel-zedaSe, beberi `nawminduri~ diaci da misi SeZaxili `gamarjvebulo~ (RvTisSvilTa epiTeti, romelic
gvaxsenebs im brZolebs, saidanac isini gamarjvebulni gamovidnen), mcire masStabiT warmogvidgens jvarTa daarsebis preistoriul suraTs. aq
kvrivis teritoriis aRmoGena emTxveva jvaris
daarsebas; sityvebi `im dRiTaY xyavis^~ migvaniSnebs, rom jvarma mignebuli adgili samaradiso
samkvidreblad airGia. Tu andrezis suliskveTebiT gavimsWvalebiT, unda vifiqroT, rom es aqti
saymosa da misi teritoriis dasabamSi pulobs
adgilsa da dros, anda amiT unda iwyebodes misi
ganaxleba.
jvarGena (ifani keriaSi)
is adgili, sadac salocavi aris daarsebuli,
saymos Suaguli adgilia, saidanac ifineba
li
siwmide mTel saymoze, romelic gansaxlebulia
jvaris Tvalsawierze, misi zaris xmis sawierze,
cxovrobs RvTisSvilis mier mopovebul miwawyalze, rogorc misi mkvidri anu namdvili yma.
aq mivadeqiT Gven Suagulis problemas saymos
ara mxolod sakralur, aramed yoveldRiur yofaSi.
am
Suagulis
klasikuri
gansaxierebania
mTeli fSavisTvis laSaris muxa da xevsureTSi
xmalas alvisxe, romelsac andrezis Tanaxmad
wmida mironi swveTda gamudmebiT da iqve, mis
Ziras Gamarxul qvevrebSi grovdeboda, raTa iqidan mTeli xevsureTis salocavebSi ganawilebuliyo. adgili, sadac mironis wyaroa, wmida saymos Suagulad unda viguloT, rogorc mTeli
qristianuli
saqarTvelosTvis
sveticxoveli,
romelic, saeklesio legendis Tanaxmad, mironmdinari alvisxis adgilzea agebuli. laSaris muxa ki imiT iyo SesaniSnavi, rom is
oqros SibiT iyo cas gamobmuli da am SibiT,
rogorc iakobis naxilvebi kibiT, morige RvTisadmi
ZRvenis
asatanad
adi-Gamodiodnen
RvTisSvilebi.
miwidan
saymosgan
ahqondaT
msxverplis kvamli da locva-vedreba, cidan GamohqondaT saymosaTvis madli da wyaloba.
cxadia, is xe, romelic aerTebs cas da miwas,
samyaros SuagulSia amosuli.
andrezulad ar SemorGenila xsovna imisa, Tu
rodis dairga an aRmocenda RvTis nebiT fSavisa
lii
da xevsureTis am SuagulSi muxa da alvisxe.
maT, SesaZlebelia, kosmosis dasabamSi udgaT
fesvebi. xolo es is xanaa, romelic saymos cnobierebis miRmaa darGenili, is ar ekuTvnis saymos
istorias, magram saymos axsovs sxva xeebis
amosvla, romlebic calkeuli saymoebis Suagul
adgilebSi dgas.
sofokles `eleqtraSi~ moTxrobilia moaxloebuli Surisgebis winaTgrZnobiT moculi
klitemnestres
sizmari:
`amboben,
unaxavs
mamaGveni, kvlav samzeoze gamocxadebuli. Turme
keraSi Tavisi kverTxi GaurWvia, romelic mas
odesRac xelT epyra, axla ki egisTes xelSia.
maRla azrdila totebSefoTvlili da mTeli
mikeni dauGrdilavs~ (str. 417-423).
SemaSfoTebelia xis aRmoceneba keraSi, sadac
cecxli unda enTebodes. sizmari, cxadia, sabedisweroa da keTils arafers moaswavebs misi patronisaTvis. kverTxi agamemnonisaa da misi
ganedleba da SefoTvla imas unda moaswavebdes,
rom agamemnoni dabrundeba; rom mova patroni da
daepatroneba kvlav Tavis keras, romelic am
sizmarSi mTeli mikenis gansaxierebaa. magram
agamemnoni ar aris cocxalTa qveyanaSi, is miwaSia; da swored imis gamo, rom is miwaSia, man
aafesviana is xmeli kverTxi imis niSnad, rom
oreste _ misi norGi nergi _ gaswevs agamemnonobas, rom mikenis miwas agamemnoni moevlineba orestes saxiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, agamemnoni
liii
afoTlebuli kverTxis saxiT brundeba qveyanaSi,
rogorc misi RvTiuri patroni, rogorc gmiri _
heros (Zveli berZnuli mniSvnelobiT), rogorc
salocavi. kverTxis keraSi GarWoba da misi xed
aRmoceneba imasac niSnavs, rom adgilis cru patronma unda datovos kera da dauTmos mis WeSmarit patrons.
SesaZlebelia, am sizmris siuJeti damoukidebeli saxiT arsebuliyo elinur samyaroSi, rogorc garkveuli simbolizmis Semcveli miTosi;
Tumca misi kvali ar Gans dRemde SemorGenil
werilobiT wyaroebSi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
mas arc ki SemuRwevia mwerlobaSi zepirsitvierebis sferodan. misi arsebobis erTaderTi
dadastureba sizmris saxiT sofokles dramaSia.
im simbolizmis mixedviT, romelic mas sizmarSi
aqvs dakisrebuli, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is
mikenis daarsebis miTosi yofiliyo, rogorc
lokaluri gansaxeba kosmogoniuri miTosisa, sadac samyaros dasabamSi uzarmazar, mTels
qveynierebaze totebiT gadmomxobil xes vxedavT
(gavixsenoT Tundac skandinavuri iggdrasiliifani, rogorc saerToindoevropiuli arqetipis
erTi kerZo gamovlena).
klitemnestres sizmris igiveobriv siuJetzea
agebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi
gavrcelebuli erTi tipis andrezi, romelsac,
rogorc jvarGenis amsaxvel siuJets, saymos
dasabamSi gadavyavarT. mas martivi kompozicia
liv
aqvs da TiTqmis ar gaaGnia variantebi: misi arqetipuli saxe cxadad Gans nebismier variantSi.
sqema aseTia: keraSi amodis ifani (xSirad
gvelic amohyveba) imis niSnad, rom am adgils
RvTisSvili daepatrona da ojaxma unda dastovos saxli. es adgili jvaris kvrivi xdeba. ai, am
andrezis nimuSi cocxali monaTxrobis mixedviT
(ambavi exeba gudanis jvaris daarsebas):
`^iq did sofel yofilas. maSi jvar ar yofil. erTxan erTis kavkazauris saxlis yverfSi
ifn amasul. kavkazaurs ifn mauWrav. meores dRes
is ifn iqav amasula, isic mauWrav. mesame dRes
amasul ifni-d’ Tan gvel amaxyoliv. kavkazaurs
ifnic mauWrava-d’ gvelic aukafav^~ (91, 391).
yverfSi (keraSi) amosuli ifani gudanis
jvaris gamoGenis momaswavebelia. magram am Sinaarsis andrezi mxolod gudanis jvariT ar
aris Semofargluli. amaoa imis Zieba, Tu pirvelad romeli jvarisa da saymos daarseba gadmosca yverfisa da ifnis siuJetma, magram faqtia,
rom misi gavrcelebis sfero gacilebiT farToa,
vidre jvarTdaarsebis da jvarGenis sxva romelime tipis andrezisa. keraSi ifnis amosvliT
iGina Tavi da daarsda gudanis saRvTos garda _
xevsureTSi naParelas RvTismSobeli, Subnuris
wm. giorgis jvari (liqoki), roSkis mTavarangelozi, ukanPadus adgilisdeda, xaxabos wyarosgoruli
wm.
giorgi,
fSavSi
cabaurTis
RvTismSobeli, gogolaurTis dedaRvTismSobeli
lv
da sxvani. am andrezs aqvs tendencia gavrceldes
yvela mniSvnelovan jvarze da iqces jvarGenis
zogad andrezad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sinamdvileSi. v.bardaveliZis cnobiT, am
Sinaarsis
Tqmuleba
fiqsirebulia
zogierT
Grdilokavkasiel mTielTa Sorisac (5, 106, Sen.
30).
andrezis aucilebeli elementebia: kera, ifani
(iSviaTad naZvi) da gveli; ifnis samgzis amosvla
da saxlis patronis mier misi moWra, gvelis
akafva; ojaxis amowyveta. es ukanasknuli momenti
sxvadasxvagvarad
aris
warmodgenili
variantebSi. jvari sjis urG mosaxles an avadobiT,
an sxva ram faTerakiT; ojaxi ganwirulia dasaRupad, magram aris SemTxvevebi, roca is droulad gaecleba Zvel samosaxlos. matneli asaTaSvilebi, warmoSobiT ukanafSavlebi, am saxiT
inaxaven keraSi xis amosvlis andrezs, romelic
ganmartavs ukanafSavidan maTi gadmosaxlebis
mizezs: mama avalebs Svils cecxlis danTebas
saRamoxans. bavSvi midis cecxlis dasanTebad,
magram keraSi fiWvi (Tu naZvi) daxvda amosuli.
Svili mamis rGeviT wvers gadaugrexs fiWvs da
daanTebs cecxls. meore saRamos igive meordeba,
fiWvi ufro metad aris gazrdili, magram mainc
dainTeba cecxli. mesame Rames ojaxis ufross
sizmarSi jvari gamoecxadeba da ubrZanebs ayras;
ojaxi sxva adgilas saxldeba; mis nasaxlarSi
RvTisSvili gaiGens Tavis saarsos. mTxrobelni
lvi
am andrezul pirTa saxelebsac ki ar iviwyeben:
mama iyo berxundi, Svili _ giorgi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom jvaris daarsebis saerTo andrezi
erTi sagvareulos andrezad aris qceuli. aq ar
figurirebs gveli, romelic Gveulebriv keraSi
aRmocenebul xes amohyveba xolme. SesaZloa, amitomac
ara
aqvs
tragikuli
dasasruli
ukanfSaveli asaTaSvilebis monaTxrob Tqmulebas.
garkveuli azria imaSi, rom es andrezi Tavis
arqetipSi swored tragikuli ambis _ ojaxis Tu
sagvareulos gawyvetis gadmomcemia. iTqva, rom
jvaris urGi ojaxi sxvadasxvagvari sikvdiliT
iRupeba. rogorc Gans, gvelis amosvla mesame
dRes xesTan erTad ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi
epizodi. xSir SemTxvevaSi yverfisa da ifnis andrezs amgvari gagrZeleba aqvs: mas Semdeg, rac
moiWra mesamed amosuli ifani da aikafa masze
amoyolili gveli, ojaxi Sekrebilia yverfis
garSemo da elodeba kerZs, romelic ixarSeba
sakidelze Gamokidebul qvabSi. gveli zemodan
Gamoyveba sakidels, GaZvreba qvabSi da kerZTan
erTad ixarSeba. kerZi wamlavs yvelas, vinc ki
mas pirs daakarebs. gadarGebian mxolod misi uWmelni _ ojaxis rZali da akvnis bavSvi.
zogierTi variantiT, ueno bavSvi xedavs rogor
GaZvra gveli qvabSi, amitom ar ekareba kerZs.
sxva variantiT, dedac xedavs, magram ver arwmunebs ojaxis wevrebs, radgan isini jvarisagan
lvii
arian Tvalabmulni. erTmaneTs upirispirdebian
metyvelni, romlebsac TvalisGini warTmeuli
aqvT, da mxedveli Gvili bavSvi, romelic ver metyvelebs
(gavixsenoT
moris
meterlinkis
`brmebi~). es bavSvi, rogorc ucodveli, gvaris
gamagrZelebeli Seiqneba, im sagvareulosi, romelic axladGenili jvaris saymod unda Gamoyalibdes.
yverfis wiaRidan ifns amoyolili gveli, romelic akafes jvaris urGebma, axla im samgzis
moWrili ifniviT aRorZinebuli, zemodan Gamohyveba sakidels, rogorc sasjeli urGobisaTvis.
Tumca qvabSi GamZvrali gvelis ambavi damoukidebladac aris gavrcelebuli zepirsityvierebaSi, magram yverf-ifnis andrezs is organulad
ukavSirdeba.
andrezuli TvalTaxedviT sruliad bunebrivia, rom xe swored keraSi amodis, Tumca kera
cecxlis adgilia da ara xisa. magram, rogorc
cecxli, aseve xe, Suagulis cocxali niSnebi da
simboloebia. xis amosvla keraSi, cecxlis
adgilSi, kidev erTxel gaxazavs da warmoaGens
mis Suagulobas. Suaguli TvalsaGinohyo jvarma,
roca cecxlis adgilze Tavisi amosunTqviT
ifani aRmoacena.
arsebobda sofeli, mosaxleoba, arsebobda
saxli, arsebobda cecxlis adgili am saxlSi,
magram jer kidev ar arsebobda saymo, radgan
jvars kidev ar eGina Tavi, is ar iyo jer
lviii
daarsebuli. `^iq kavkazaur yofilas dasaxlebuli. iq did sofel yofilas. maSi jvari ar
yofil. erTis kavkazauris saxlis yverfSi ifn
amasul^~. es yverfi jer kidev ar iyo sakraluri
adgili, kulti mxolod potenciurad emarxa
masSi.
am winaistoriul, ufro sworad, kultamdel
xanaSi kera mxolod sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis adgili iyo, is ar gamxdara jer sakraluri adgili. magram es adgili, rogorc noyieri niadagi, aRmoacenebs kults Tavis wiaRSi,
vin icis ra droidan, Gamarxuli kvrivis Teslisagan. kera Tumca iyo sacxovrebeli teritoriis Suaguli, magram gancalkevebul ojaxs, rogorc atoms, ganuyofel erTeuls, jer kidev ar
hqonda is gacnobierebuli Suagulad, wmida fokusad (laT. kera), romlis irgvliv SemokrebiT
adamianTa yofacxovrebiTi erTianoba unda gardaqmniliyo saymod. mosaxleobas jer kidev ar
hqonia jvarGenis gamocdileba, rac arcTu
umtkivneuloa, rogorc yoveli gansacdeli, radgan is dakavSirebulia msxverplTan: mosaxleobam
unda dakargos raRac _ am kerZo SemTxvevaSi,
Zveli sacxovrebeli teritoria, raTa moipovos
RvTiuri patronis mfarveloba, Sevides misi
mfarvelobis GrdilSi, moeWidos mis kalTebs.
ufro metic: adamianTa jgufis saymod qcevas
ewireba garkveuli nawili am jgufisa, RvTiuri
nebis winaRmdgomni, jiutni, viTarca `krebuli
lix
koresi~ _ `kacni ficxelni~, romelTac piri uyo
miwam da STanTqa (ricxv. 16), raTa am gansacdeliT gamoxurvebuli da ganwmedili sazogadoeba uflis unj saymod gardaqmniliyo.
andrezis suliskveTeba is aris, rom kaci,
romlis `yudroSi~ amodis ifani, nebayoflobiT
unda
Tmobdes
Tavis
sacxovrebels
axali
cxovrebisaTvis; Tmobdes, rogorc msxverpls,
swiravdes mas. raki misi saxli Seiqmna jvarGenis
adgili, Tavad ki gaxda jvarGenis mxilveli, _
is kera, is saxli, is adamianebi bednierni unda
yofiliyvnen, rom jvarma swored maT SuagulSi
ineba daarseba, magram kaci jiutobs da andrezic gvamcnobs, Tu ra mosdevs am sijiutes.
kaci jiutobs, radgan is jer kidev ar aris yma.
andrezi gadmogvcems im viTarebas, roca adamianTa jgufebi jer kidev ar warmoadgendnen saymos, aramed arian `utni~, `umecarni~, romlebic
cxovroben RvTaebrivi patronis gareSe. JamTasvlis romeliRac monakveTSi jvarma iGina Tavi,
rogorc patronma, magram adamians masSi ver gamoucnia Tavisi momavali patroni da is erGis
mas, rogorc mters. da ai, gandevnilebi sakuTari
keridan, romelic teritoriis Suaguli aRmoGnda, isini kvlav Suagulisaken gaiweven,
magram es iqneba ara sayofacxovrebo, aramed
sakraluri Suaguli. saymo aris TiTqmis mzidan
gamosxletili dedamiwa, romelic iwyebs brunvas
Tavisi Zveli budis garSemo. istoriul xanaSi
lx
Tumca jvaris saarso adgili saymos sacxovrebeli teritoriis ganapiras imyofeba da ara mis
geometriul centrSi, magram is misi Suagulia.
im droidan, roca ifani aRmocendeba yverfSi da
mosaxleoba dastovebs nebiT Tu iZulebiT kvrivad qceul keras, uTmobs ra Tavis sacxovrebel
adgils RvTisSvils, amieridan adamianis samkvidreblad Seuferebels da gamousadegars, _
arsdeba kulti da mosaxleobac iwyebs Tavis
axal arsebobas, is axal safexurze adis; amieridan iwyebs arsebobas saymo. es metad mniSvnelovani momentia sazogadoebis istoriaSi,
romlis gariJraJze msxverplia gaRebuli.
x.ortega
i
gaseti
amgvar
Tvalsazriss
gvTavazobs Suasaukuneebis evropuli qalaqis
arsze da genezisze: `daumuSavebel, velur sivrceze vegetatiuri arsebobis xanas enacvleba
qalaqur garemoSi kulturuli koncentraciis
dro. qalaqi TiTqos zesaxlia; is kulturis
ufro maRal doneze dgas, vidre saxli, radganac saxli igive budea, romelsac, yvelas kargad
moexseneba, marto adamianebi ki ar ikeTeben, aramed frinvelebic. qalaqi ufro abstraqtuli da
ufro rTuli warmonaqmnia, vidre ojaxuri
.
qalaqi ukve respublikaa, ,
romelic qalebisa da kacebisagan ki ar Sedgeba,
aramed moqalaqeebisgan. qalaqis warmoSobasTan
erTad adamianuri arseboba axal ganzomilebaSi
gadadis^ imaT, vinc guSin mxolod adamianebi
iyvnen, xolo dRes ukve moqalaqeebi gaxdnen,
mouwevT mTeli TavianTi Zal-Rone moaxmaron
lxi
imas, rom ufro metad aamaRlon am axali arsebobis done~ (59-a,167).
aseTia saymoc, "mTis qalaqi", romlis "zesaxlobas" Tavad jvari Tavisi gardamqmneli moqmedebiT udasturebs mis `moqalaqeebs~.
jvarGena karatiswverze
keraSi ifnis amosvlis andrezi bevri jvarsalocavis daarsebas daukavSirda. bevrgan SexvdebiT jvaris teritoriaze, xSirad nangrevebs
Soris, amosul ifnis xeebs da gaigonebT misi
norGi nergebisagan moSlili, gangreuli keriis
tragikul ambavs. es tragizmi Zevs saymosa da
kultis genezisSi. am siuJetze agebul jvarGenis
andrezs
pirobiTad
SeiZleba
vuwodoT
`xTonuri~, raki jvari miwis gulidan amosvliT
adasturebs Tavs. magram Gven viciT, rom jvari
ciuri warmomavlobis aris, rasac SesaniSnavad
gvimowmebs erT-erTi jvaris epiTeti `ciT svetad
Gamosuli~, kerZod, Girdilis (xevsureTis) wmida
giorgis jvaris miTologemuri saxelwodeba _
`saGales svetad Gamosuli, samkibals Suqis
damkravi~. jvari, rogorc RvTisSvili, cis
Svilic aris, amitomac misi gamoGena ufro metad
maRal mwvervalebzea mosalodneli da saymoc
jvarGenas swored maRal mTebSi elis. jvaris
cidan warmomavlobis motivi mkveTrad gamoxatuli siuJetiT daukavSirda karatis jvaris
(liqokis kopalas) daarsebas karatiswverze. es
aris
sruliad
unikalur
qargaze
agebuli
lxii
Tqmuleba, romlis msgavsi ar gvxvdeba sxva
jvarTa warmoSobis andrezad. ai, misi Sinaarsi:
karatiswverze, romlis erT mxares xevsureTis sofelia _ Walaisofeli, xolo meore
mxares fSavelTa sofeli bulalaurTa, zafxulobiT erTmaneTs xvdeba Tav-Tavisi soflebidan
samwyesurSi amosuli ucodveli qal-vaJi, romelTac erTmaneTi uyvarT da-Zmuri siyvaruliT.
erT dRes qal-vaJs cidan moesmebaT wivilis xma,
rasac mohyveba saswauli: maT Tvalwin cidan GamoeSveba Tasi da vercxlis Sibi. qals Sexvdeba
Sibi, vaJs _ Tasi; waiReben samwyesuridan am
nivTebs
Tav-Tavis
saxlebSi
da
winaswar
daTqvamen, ar gaumxilon es ambavi mSoblebs. vaJi
Tass WerxoSi (zeda sarTulze) damalavs karsukan, qali Sibs _ puris kidobanSi. RamiT orive
saxlSi atydeba iseTive wivili, rogoric am
sagnebis gamoGenisas gaisma karatiswverze. meore
RamiTac
rom
igive
ganmeordeba,
bavSvebi
mSoblebs
gaumxelen
TavianT
saidumlos.
mSoblebi midian mkiTxavTan, romlis rGeviT Sibs
orad Wrian, erT naWers misi gamoGenis adgilas
marxaven miwaSi, meore naWers _ liqokSi da zed
koSks aageben; Tass ki karatiswverze marxaven. es
adgilebia jvaris saarso adgilebi (60, 126-128).
sxva gadmocemiT: cidan cecxlis Sibi GamoeSveba; Sibi jvaris saxes iRebs (`ciTav cecxli GamoGndav Sibis aRiTao, xatis aRe ki yofiliyvao~).
wilisyriT jvari qals Sexvdeba da gudiT saxlxiii
lSi waiRebs. Sinaurebs gudaSi frinveli egonebaT (`fxawa-fxuw idgav ai gudaSiav, _ frinvel
daiWiriaev? _ uTqom i qalisad~); gudas Tavs
moxsnian da jvari frinveliviT daiwyebs frTxials. qali gaqadagdeba da daawesebs karatis
jvaris kults (67, 180).
karatiswveri
_
fSavisa
da
xevsureTis
soflebis gamyofi, magram qal-vaJis Seyris
adgili, umaRlesi mwvervali am aremareSi da
misi Sesabami are weliwadisa gazafxuli, `weliwadis droTa dedofali~, rogorc mas uwodebs
erTi Zveli avtori, qali da vaJi siymawvilis
asakSi, maTi ubraloeba da siwmide, wmida haeri,
romlis wiaR SeiZleba uxilavis xilva^ _ ai,
jvarGenis saukeTeso pirobebi am andrezSi. es
iqneboda saSineli movlena, rogorc mexistexa;
magram qal-vaJs ar gasGenia SiSis grZnoba, maT
bunebaSi rom yofiliyo niadagi SiSis gaGenisaTvis, isini verc ixilavdnen am saswauls. cxadia,
maTi uSiSaroba maTive ucodvelobis niSania.
`imaT es dainaxes da aiRes, imitomao, amboben
xevsurebi, rom isini wmidad iyvnen, Torem Tu
maTi siwmide Selaxuli yofiliyo, maSin igini
verc dainaxavdnen da verc aiRebdnen Tassa da
Sibsao~ (60, 127). is qal-vaJi, romelic (ufro
qali)
saymos
genezisis
monawile
Seiqmna,
SeiZleba SevadaroT mxolod adam da evas _
samoTxis mkvidrT, romelTac jer kidev ar hqondaT nagemebi akrZaluli xili, da romelTa
lxiv
sicocxle, SeiZleba iTqvas, ganuwyveteli jvarGenis winaSe gadioda. im adam da evas anareklebi
iyvnen es vaJi da es qali; isini aSenebdnen koSks
karatiswverze TamaS-TamaSiT (67, 162) da ar
icodnen, rom jvarGenamde mignebuli hqondaT
kvrivi adgili, sadac isini, rogorc sinais
mTaze mayvlovanis saswaulis mxilveli mwyemsi
mose, fexSiSvelani idgnen.
jvarGenis sagnebze _ Sibze da Tasze _ sagangebod iqneba saubari. axla ki unda SeiniSnos,
rom mwyemsi qal-vaJi am sagnebs utyuari alRos
karnaxiT sawmido adgilas inaxaven, rogoric
aris puris kidobani da saxlis Werxo; Tumca am
wmida sagnebma, rogorc cocxalma arsebebma,
saswauliT aGvenes, rom adamianis sacxovrebeli
ar unda yofiliyo maTi adgil-samyofeli. isini
unda Gamarxuliyvnen miwaSi, raTa amozrdiliyo
kulti, Tundac ifnis saxiT (marTlac, erTi andrezis Tanaxmad, ifani amodis keriaSi Garguli
Tasidan (67, 185).
kultis dasabami iracionalurSia. es cxadia. magram misi
fesvi
bavSvur
ubraloebaSi
Zevs. andrezi gvamcnobs: is
qal-vaJi `mwyemsobas dadiana-d’
imaSi erT batara koSk gaukeTebav,
qvebisai.
meore
dRes
erTxan, rosam or misulan, i koSkze dayudebul
xat yofil^~ (67, 162). bavSvebis aSenebuli salxv
TamaSo koSki aris pirvelsaxe im kvrivi koSkebisa, romlebic miGneulia jvaris daarsebis
adgilze agebulad uxsovar droSi. bavSvebi aSeneben koSks jvarGenis gaucnobierebel molodinSi. aris soflebi _ ori sofeli _ karatiswveris orive mxares, aris mosaxleoba, aris
saqoneli, romelic yovel zafxuls ideneba saZovarze im aremaris umaRles mwvervalze, arian
mwyemsebic, magram es yvelaferi jer kidev ver
qmnis saymos, radgan am soflebs fSavisas da
xevsureTisas ara hyavT jvari, salocavi, ara
aqvT kulti. soflisTvis kulti, religia, araTu
axali, aramed saerTod religia, moaqvT am myemsebs saswaulebrivad cidan movlenili sagnebis
wyalobiT; am movleniT iwyeba istoria am
xeobaSi, rogorc skviTebis qveyanaSi oqros
nivTebis gamoGeniT, herodote rom mogviTxrobs
Tavis `istoriaSi~: `^targitaiss hyavda sami vaJi:
lipoqsai, arpaqsai da umrwemesi _ kolaqsai. maT
dros cidan GamoeSva oqros iaraRebi: guTaniuReli, culi da Tasi. da dacvivdnen skviTebis
qveyanaSi. pirvelad isini ufrosma dainaxa, axlos mivida asaRebad, magram miaxloebisas oqro
abrialda. is ukanve gabrunda. axla meore Zma
gaemarTa, magram igive ganmeorda. roca isini
oqrom Tavisi cecxliT moiSora Tavidan, mesamed
umrwemesi Zma mivida da cecxlic Gaqra da man
saxlSi waiRo es nivTebi. amis Semdeg ufrosma
lxvi
Zmebma scnes miniSneba da mTeli samefo mas
gadasces~ (IV, 5).
Zmebma samefo umcros Zmas gadasces, rogorc
zRaprebSi xdeba. magram aq mTavari is aris, rom
es oqros sagnebi, romelTac Semdeg `skviTi mefeebi didis mzrunvelobiT inaxavdnen da yovelwliuri msxverplSewirvebiT mowiwebiT scemdnen
Tayvans~ (IV, 7), qmnian skviTebis manamde udabur
miwaze kacobriul kulturas, simbolurad gamoxataven ra sam funqcias adamianuri moRvaweobisas: uReli-guTani _ miwaTmoqmedebas, culi _
meomrobas, Tasi _ kultmsaxurebas (124, 156). miwa
ixvneba, qurumi TasiT Rvris wmida saRvrels,
meomari culiT icavs miwis muSakis naWirnaxulevs da RvTismsaxuris mSvidobian sakralur
saqmes. mxolod am sagnebis aTvisebis Semdeg
SeiZleba laparaki skviTebSi adamianTa sazogadoebis arsebobaze.
aseve, karatiswverze movlenili wmida sagnebi
qmnian saymos _ karatis jvari gzavnis Tavis niSans Tasis saxiT da misi xelyofis uflebas
aniWebs ucodvel mwyemsebs. Tu siwmidis xelyofa
maTi privilegiaa, es imis niSanic aris, rom isini
amieridan jvaris mier `xeldebulni~ an `daWerilni~ arian. am sakralur sagnebTan Sexebam wertili dausva ara mxolod maT bavSvobas da pastoralur yofas, aramed sruliad moswyvita isini yofiT cxovrebas da sakralur sferoSi _
TiTqos kvrivSi, gadaiyvana. `memr gaxdil qadag
lxvii
is qali, gaqadagebul. gaugav xalxs, movklaTav,
uTqom. is qal xan sad malul, xan sad. i xats
Tan uyolebav. xat xan gafrindebis, xan mauv. im
qals arc meTveurobis wes xqonivas, arc qmrianobisa, arc mebosleobisa^ xalxs ar uyenebav i
qali^~ (67, 162).
es xalxi iseve ewinaaRmdegeboda qadags _
jvaris moenes da misi nebis gamomcxadebels;
iseve urGobs, rogorc is mosaxleoba, romlis
keraSi jvarGenis niSnad ifani amovida.
beTlemi _ jvarTa samSoblo
`pirvelad morigem xTiSvilni zecidan rom
gadmauSvna, maSin isini gergets daabinava^~ (60,
118), _ mogviTxrobs RvTisSvilTa am qveynad, adamianTa miwaze, gamoGenis andrezi. gergeti casa
da miwas Soris aris aRmarTuli, is dgas, rogorc duranqi _ `kavSiri cisa da miwisa~, romlis erTi kerZo, Zalze gavrcelebuli gansaxeba
aris swored mTa (46, 125-7). raki RvTisSvilni
gergetze arian dabinavebulni, SeiZleba is
RvTisSvilTa olimpod migveGnia, rom erTi
dabrkoleba ar iyos: zevsisagan, RmerTTa da
kacTa mamisagan, gansxvavebiT morige RmerTs,
RvTisSvilTa gamGensa da qveynierebis dambadebels, gergetze ar udgas taxti. mas arasodes
dautovebia Tavisi kari caSi, romlis maxloblad erTaderT RvTisSvils kvirias udgas
karavi. `dideba^ dids kviriasa, xTis maRlis
lxviii
makarvesa!~ (56, 14), ase adideben mas. isic gacnobirebulia, rom morige RmerTTan siaxlovis
Rirseba Tavad morige RmrTisgan aqvs miniWebuli:
`Sen gadidas, gagimarjos, kvirao xTisgan karaviano!~ (56, 26). rogorc `angelozT meufroses~ (56,
67), mas gansakuTrebuli misia akisria, rac gamoGnda kopalasa da devTa Serkinebisas, roca
didi kviraes maTraxis moqnevam gadawyvita sabediswero asparezobis bedi.
gergeti imiTac ar hgavs berZnuli RmerTebis
panTeons,
rom
is
RvTisSvilTa
droebiTi
samyofeli iyo, is iyo Suagza casa da miwas Soris da gergeti, rogorc duranqi, asrulebda am
funqcias. vidre udables sferoSi, adamianTa
samyofelSi daeSvebodnen, morige RmerTs isini
jer am Suagzaze unda daebinavebina, saidanac
unda moesminaT maT adamianTa ganwiruli Zaxili.
amis Semdeg unda daetovebinaT gergeti da Gabmuliyvnen devebTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi. asec moxda.
yvela RvTisSvils sakuTari gza hqonda Tavisi saymosken, romelic morige RmerTma winaswar
Gaabara maT. gergetidan wamosuli xaduelTa
sameba, `koWis mokidebiT~ aGens ra gzadagza
salocav niSebs, adis crolis wverze da `yinvris loginian, nislis kotorSi gaxveuli~
jvaris saxels imkvidrebs (60, 178). ase sxva
RvTisSvilebic moevlinen Tav-TavianT saymoebis
mTawmindebs,
jvarTa
pirvelGenis
adgilebs,
lxix
romlebic zemodan dahyureben saymoTa miwawyals.
rogorc Gans, gergeti ZvelTaganve siwmidiT
yofila mosili qarTvelTa TvalSi. im adgilze,
sadac dRes samebis taZari dgas, tradicia andria mociqulis kvals xedavs: pirvelwodebul
mociquls aq jvari aRumarTavs, riTac dasabami
miucia am aremaris sakraluri istoriisaTvis (71,
93). JamTa msvlelobaSi gergetis siwmides isic
aZlierebda, rom Znelbedobisas samebis taZarSi
inaxeboda mcxeTis sveticxovelis ganZi, maT Soris wmida ninos jvari vazisa (75, 357). qristianul udides siwmideTa saxizaris statusi
ukuifineboda gergetelebzec, samebis saymoze.
p.umikaSvilisaTvis uTqvamT gergetelT: `gergetelis sisxli sami kacis sisxlaTa Rirs. vaxtang gorgasali mefis Tarxani varT. yarauli
gviyenia mudam saydarTan _ zamTar-zafxulsa.
samTa mefis aSenebuli ymani varT. bagrationTa
nawyalobebi varTo~ (77, 351). gergetSi, rogorc
sveticxovlis saxizarSi, Tavad sveticxovlis
sakralizmi da madlia ganivTebuli misi saganZurisa da wmida ninos jvaris saxiT. aseTi
gaazreba aqvs saymos religiur SegnebaSi im istoriul
faqts,
rom
gergeti
mcxeTis
sveticxovlis saufloSi Sedioda (69, 196). isini
TavianT istorias gorgaslidan iwyeben, xolo
taZris aSenebas Tamaris andrezul xanas miaweren (unda aRiniSnos, rom saymos cnobierebaSi
lxx
Tamaris epoqa, rogorc sawyisi xana, win uswrebs
gorgaslis epoqas).
gergetis samebis wmida siZlieres misi saymos
piriT auwyebs sadidebeli:
didia wmida sameba,
cis kiduramde elavso^
sadideblis es sityvebi imasac gvauwyebs, rom
sameba qveynis SuagulSi dgas da aqedan afens
samyaros oTxiv kuTxisaken Tavis Saravands.
amitom ar aris moulodneli, rom jvris
uReltexilsaqeTa saymoebi TavianTi patroni
RvTisSvilebis `samSoblod~ gergets miiGneven.
v.bardaveliZes dadasturebuli aqvs gergetuli
koSkebi piraqeT xevsureTSi (barisaPos, buGukurTis, ukenaPos da oPerPevis mTebze), romelTa
ageba
ukavSideba
gergetidan
`TeTreulis~
(igulisxmeba vercxlis Tas-ganZis) gadmotanas (6,
34). gergeti maTTvis Zlierebisa da davlaTis
wyaroa, rogorc es ukanPaduuri simReridan Gans,
sadac Padus samebis ymaa Seqebuli:
meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao,
kivkav darbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao,
Tormetis Suris mZebnelo, Pelad momyvano
tyvisao
(38, #25441).
wmida mTaa gergeti da misi sameba _ qristianul siwmideTa saxizari; magram samebaze
maRla, gergetis kldeSi aris wmidaTa wmida,
romlis midamoebSi, berebis gadmocemiT, rasac
lxxi
xalxuri Tqmulebebi scems dasturs, oqros
mtredebi dafrinaven (114, 111). mtredebs, romlebic imaginaciuri xilvis meore `wams~ frTian
jvrebad gardaisaxebian, RvTisSvilis mkadre Tu
wmida beri beTlemis qvabSi Sehyavs. beTlemis
legendas qristianul tradiciamde mivyavarT,
romelsac safuZveli palestinis beTlemSi aqvs.
aqedan gamosuli wmida tradicia xevis beTlemis
garSemo
arsebul
TqmulebaSi
ganagrZobs
sicocxles. am tradiciuli, wmida andrezis uZvelesi Ganaweri vaxuSti bagrationis `aRweraSi~
moipoveba:
`^myinvaris kldesa Sina arian quabni gamokueTilni friad maRalsa, da uwodeben beTlemsa,
garna saWirod asavali ars, rameTu ars jaWvi
rkinisa, gardmokidebuli quabidan, da miT aRvlen. ityvian uflis akuansa mun da abrahamis
karavsa, mdgomsa usuetod, usablod, da sxuaTaca
sakvirvelTa. aramed me vdumeb^~ (75, 357-8).
beTlemis
qvabSi
dacul
sakralur
reliqviebs, romelTac vaxuSti GamoTvlis, sxva
cnobiT, emateba zeciuri mananis maragi da is
ZRveni, romlebic mogvebma axladSobil qristes
_ RvTis Zes anu RvTisSvils miarTves beTlemSi
(114, 112). TiToeuli realia aq mniSvnelovani religiuri simbolizmiT aris datvirTuli _ isini
moicaven Zveli da axali aRTqmebis sakralur
sinamdviles. abraamis, `mravalTa mamis~, karavi
aris igive wiaRi misi, saidanac gamovida uflis
lxxii
rGeuli eri _ kacobriobis saxe Zvel aRTqmaSi;
amave dros, usvet-usablod mdgari karavi igive
cargvalia, romelic moicavs mTel qvenierebas.
simbolizmi karvisa ufro meti sakralizmiT
imoseba, roca is RvTis Zis samSoblod aris Seracxili: abraamis karavi Zveli aRTqmis sxva
sagnebTan da movlenebTan erTad RvTismSoblis
winaswarmetyveluri xatia. daviT guramiSvilis
vedrebaSi RvTismSoblis mimarT, romelic misdevs tradiciul qristianul simbolizms, vkiTxulobT:
saxis* abramis karao, RvTis tevniT gulTa
myrdnobelo,
sjulT kidobano mosianT, RvTis mcnebis Gasawyobelo,
viT Seuwvelo mayvalo, saRmrTo cecxlgauqrobelo,
miPsen, nu damwvav saPmiliT, ieso qristes
mSobelo!
(ld, 421)
beTlemis qvabSi Tqmuleba adgils miuGens
saswaulebriv sakvebs _ mananas, romelic egviptidan gamosul ers kvebavda misi ufali udabnoSi ormoci wlis manZilze (gamosvl. 16, 15-35).
uflis gamocxadebiT mosem mananis dRiuri
maragi Seanaxvina oqros takukSi, romelic
rjulis kidobnis gverdiT unda mdgariyo uflis
*
albaT unda iyos: `saxiT~.
lxxiii
winaSe momaval TaobaTaTvis samaxsovrod. mogviano tradiciiT, mananiani es oqros WurWeli
Tavad rjulis kidobanSi inaxeboda: `^romelsa
Sina iyo takuki oqrosaY, savse mananaYTa~ (ebr. 9,
4).
beTlemis qvabSive, am sakraluri andrezis
Tanaxmad, inaxeba mogvebis mier qristes Sobis
dRes morTmeuli ZRveni `oqroi, gundruki da
muri~ (maT. 2, 11), axladSobil yrmis mefuri
(oqro), RvTiuri (gundruki) da kacebrivi (muri)
Rirsebis aRsaniSnavad. da, rac mTavaria, aq dgas
is akvani, oqros akvnad saxeldebuli, sadac iwva
RvTis Svili. (me-2 makabelTa wignSi moTxrobilia, rogor Seinaxes saidumlo gamoqvabulSi
Zveli aRTqmis rjulis siwmideni: `mivida iq
ieremia da ipova gamoqvabuli da Sig Seitana
karavi, kidobani da sakurTxeveli, da dabeWda
Sesasvleli. xolo roca mis kvalze iq mividnen
zogierTni mis Tanmxleb pirTagan, rom mieniSnaT
gza, ver ipoves is adgili~ (me-2 makab. 2, 5-6).
Tu gergetis sameba erovnul qristianul
siwmideTa (ninos jvarisa da sxvaTa) saxizaria,
beTlemis qvabi saerToqristianul siwmideTa
saidumlo Sesakrebelia; garda palestinuri
beTlemisa _ qristes samSoblosi, romelic aris,
amave ZaliT, qristianuli rjulis dasabami,
xevis beTlemi simbolurad warmosaxavs rjulis
kidobansac, romelic moses karvis _ uflis
taZris pirvelsaxis _ wmidaTa wmidaSi idga. `da
lxxiv
kidobansa Sina dahsxne saidumloni, romelni
migcne Sen~ (gamosvl. 25, 21), eubneba ufali
moses, rodesac sauflo kidobnis agebas ubrZanebda. kidobani inaxavda saidumlos da is amitomac unda mdgariyo saidumlo adgilze jer
karvisa da mere taZrisa, roca is aSendeboda.
amitomac beTlemi iseve miuwvdomelia, rogorc
ierusalimis wmidaTa wmida. `garna saWiro
asavali ars, rameTu ars jaWvi rkinisa, gardmokidebuli qvabidam, da miT aRvlen~ _ wers
vaxuSti. jaWvis arseboba niSnavs, rom adgili,
sadamdisac is aris gabmuli, Znelia misaRwevad;
is gulisxmobs ufskruls or sferos Soris.
magram amave dros, rac mTavaria, misi arsebobave
moaswavebs, rom kavSiri damyarebulia: jaWvi religiis simboloa, kavSirisa miwier da zeciur
samyaroTa Soris. aq isic sacnauri xdeba, rom
Znelad asaval jaWvze gadis gza mxolod
rGeulTa da wmidanTa, gza kvrivTa kvrivisaken,
sadac didi saidumloa damarxuli. beTlemSi
asvla
Seedreba
mRvdelmTavris
Sesvlas
ierusalimis wmidaTa wmidaSi. amitomac beTlemis
Tqmuleba
am
saidumlo
qvabSi
amsvlelad
mxolod erTaderT mowmidar bers asaxelebs,
romelsac
beTlemis
wmida
giorgis
nebiT
daulaxavs beTlemis kvrivi. mas iq unaxavs yinulis
brwyinvale
taZari,
romlis
Weri
varskvlavebiT yofila moWedili, iataki _ TvalmargalitiT; SuaSi oqros akvani mdgara, romellxxv
sac mtredi arwevda. sakurTxevelSi sakvirveli
ram unaxavs, magram misi gamocxadebis ufleba
ara hqonia (55). rGeuls boZebuli aqvs, cxadia,
misi siwmidis jildod, saidumlos xilvis
ufleba, magram zogierTi ramis gancxadebis neba
mas ara aqvs. aseTia kultis saidumlos wesi.
amasve gulisxmobs vaxuStis fraza, romliTac is
amTavrebs beTlemis qvabis siwmideTa GamoTvlas:
`^aramed me vdumeb~.
mainc gaxsnilia gza saidumlosaken, risi
nivTieri dasturia abrahamis karvisa da qristes
bagis xis naWrebi, romlebic Tqmulebis Tanaxmad,
beTlemidan dabrunebul bers mefe ereklesTvis
miurTmevia (11, 210-1; 129, 111,66). bagration mefes,
rogorc uflis naTesavs (`sadaviTo saxlis~
STamomavals) da RvTisSvilis, kerZod, gudanis
jvaris, moZmes, memkvidreobad gadaecema RvTis
ganxorcielebis niSani.
ai,
aseTi
saidumloebrivi
da
siwmidiT
mosili adgilidan, rogoric beTlemia, _ qristianul siwmideTa Sesakrebeli adgili anu wmida
saganZuri,
_
iReben
dasabams
xevsureTis
RvTisSvilni; morige RmerTma isini aq Sekriba,
raTa aqedan gamocxadebodnen qveyanas; isini aq
TavianTi simboluri saxiT arian warmodgenilni,
im saxiT, rogoriTac wmida mkadreebs SeuZliaT
maTi xilva. rac saymom icis maT Sesaxeb,
mkadreTagan
icis,
romelTa
gamocdilebaSi
beTlems
Suaguli
adgili
uWiravs,
Tavad
lxxvi
beTlemSi ki _ oqros akvans RvTiuri yrmiTurT.
xevsuruli andrezi gadmogvcems:
`^gaxua wauyvanav xTiSvils gergetis Tava-d’
Sauyvanav beTlemis saxlSi. ro SevediT, Tqvisav
gaxuamav, _ savse iyvav is saxliv xatebiTao-d’
TamaSobdesav. zog xatebiv tredebiviT iyvao-d’
ireodav erTmaneTSiav. imTven iyvav xatebiv, rom
buzvebiviT gad-gamodiodesav. erTiv oqros akavan
idgao-d’ Sigav ymawvil iwvav, tredeb daRbrunevdesav Tavzedao-d’ ifqlis marcvlebs aWmevdesav^~ (67, 191).
beTlemi
savsea
`xatebiT~
anu
jvrebiT
(igulisxmeba jvris niSani), romlebic wamierad
mkadris aRqmaSi mtredis saxes iReben. jvarica
da mtredic uxorco angelozebis aReebia. oqros
akvanSi mwolare mxolod imitom ar aris
Gveulebrivi yrma, rom masze mtredebi zrunaven;
saymos warmosaxvaSi angelozebi nebismier ymas
miakiTxaven, Tu is upatronod aris datovebuli.
erTi Tqmuleba mogviTxrobs: `dedas daviwyebia
samkalSi akvniT bavSvi. mofrenilan mtredebi da
angelozebi, Semsxdaran akvnis kamaraze. angelozebi Turme akvans arwevdnen, mtredebi naninas
daRuRunebdnen~ (57, 275). am andrezs efuZneba
akvanis simReris Semdegi striqoni: `tredan gaRuRunebdeso, angelosni garwevdeso~ (80, #561-b).
akvnis bavSvi angelozTa garemocvaSia, msgavsad
beTlems Sobili yrmisa (Sobis ikonografiaSi
isini aucilebeli personaJebi arian). oqros
lxxvii
akvanSi mwolare ymawvilis bedi saidumloebiT
aris moculi; andrezebSi ar Gans misi kvali, is
TiTqos unda warmosaxavdes RvTisSvilis Sobis
maradiul xats da arasodes gasula beTlemis
qvabidan. magram misi arseba unda vigulisxmoT
RvTisSvilTa meufrosis kvirias saxeSi. kviria
Tu kvirae igive `kvirios~ _ berZn. `ufali~, xom
morige RvTis mokarvea, rogorc viciT, msgavsad
misi marjveniT mjdomarisa _ misi Zali da samarTali. saymos religiur SegnebaSi mas gancalkevebuli adgili aqvs miGenili: `kviria ar
erevis jvrebSi^ sakuTrad udgas karavi, sakuTrad unda daeklas saklavi, sxva angelozebTan nawils ar iRebs^~ (38, #25405). arc mis saxels
acxadebs,
romelic
saidumlod
aris
damarxuli. ymaTa bage marxulia qristes saxelis
warmosaTqmelad, qriste mis berZnul epiTetSi _
`kvirae~-Sia Gasaidumloebuli.*
aSkaraa,
rom
qristianuli
tradiciiT
STagonebuli andrezuli `beTlemis saxli~ is
wiaRia, sadac damarxulni arian jvar-xatebi,
saidanac gamodian isini saymoebSi dasanawileblad. jvarTa am saganZuridan Tu saxizaridan
mkadres gamohyveba erT-erTi jvari da wauZRveba
RvTisSvils miwieri sabrZanisisaken. `beTlemis
*
aseve gasaidumloebulia wm. giorgis saxeli zogierT saymoSi: uZilaurTaSi da SuafxoSi (fSavisxevis TemebSi) wm. giorgi Sesabamisad kopalad da iaxsarad iwodeba. am naSromSi es sakiTxi ar aris ganxiluli.
lxxviii
saxlis~
zemoT
moyvanil
andrezs
amgvari
gagrZeleba aqvs:
`^gaxua iqiT ro wamosula, wamouyvanav erT
mfrinav xati. es xati nawiliani yofil, ro
RamiTav SuqT uSobdisav. ro mavidod gaxuai, xat
TavisTavad win wamimZRvebodisav, Tu(rme) icod
gaxuam, yoris wyalze ro mavediTav, icodis
gaxuam, bibin raim dadgao-d’ xatic kldis Tavze
Gajdav^ mavidesav tredis aRiTav reebimao-d’
SuqT
utevdesav.
oqroqsoil
maitanesao-d’
romenic gaxuas maxyvebod, im xats Gaacves, Tavad
gamaxyv gzas. ukan gaxua maxyvebod. iqiT wamasulT dRe da Ram viareTao-d’ gaTenebisad gudan
mavedidiTav, is beRelSi Savidao-d’, me karSi
davrGe. iqiT dawyebul gaxuaisa-d’ mfrinavis xatis erTad siaruli^~ (67, 191).
jvari manaTobeli mtredis saxiT mTidan barad eSveba. is stovebs ciur beTlems, beT-lexems
_ `saxls purisas~, sadac ifqlis marcvlebiT
kvebaven axladSobil yrmas, da Sedis gudanis
beRelSi, RvTisSvilis, amjerad wmida giorgis,
miwieri saarsos kvrivSi. es gza, romelic
gamoiara mfrinavma jvarma Tavis mkadresTan erTad, qmnis uxilav jaWvs am or beRels Soris.
mfrinavi jvrebi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTels mTianeTSi,
sadac ki xalxi RvTisSvilTa mfarvelobis qveS
saymoebad cxovrobs, gavrcelebulia andrezebi
e.w. `mfrinav jvrebze~. potenciurad TiTqmis
lxxix
yvela jvari (RvTisSvilis nivTieri niSani)
mfrinavia, magram zogierT saymoSi es Tviseba
jvaris (RvTisSvilis) mudmiv epiTets qmnis. mag.,
xadus saneba ase ixseneba sadidebelSi: `mfrinavi
angelozi crolis wverisa~ (62, 10). am mfrinav
angelozs anu samebas croliswverisas jvarGenis
da mgzavrobis Tavisi andrezi aqvs.
sxva jvarTa msgavsad crolis wveris saneba
(sameba) gergetis beTlemidan aris wamosuli,
magram vidre crolis Tavze daarsdeboda, is
manamde `mindorGi~ yofila daarsebuli; es misi
winaistoriaa, romlis andrezi SemorGenili ar
aris. rogorc amboben, barSi (anu mindorSi)
siwmide Selaxula imdenad, rom iq samebas aRar
daedgomeboda. `^bolos saneba iqamdin gamwyr, ro
aiyar mindorGiiTa, wamavid mTaGi siwmidis gulisad, sofels arc aq miekara-d’ maRals mTaze
crols daarsd, PmelT SuaGi^~ (62, 1-2).
aseTia am jvaris moZraobis ritmi: mTidan
(beTlemidan) barad (`mindorGi~), baridan kvlav
mTaSi (crolis wverze), Tumca rogorc davinaxavT, is crolis mTazec ar Gerdeba mudmivad. mis
am ritms istoriuli safuZveli, albaT, Znelbedobis xanaSi aqvs, roca barSi rjuli
ibRaleba da siwmideebi an idevnebian, an mtris
xels
ganridebulni,
saxizarebs
miaSureben
mTebSi. romeli saymos patroni iyo beTlemidan
barSi wamosuli saneba, an saqarTvelos romeli
kuTxe igulisxmeba am mindorSi, andrezs ar Selxxx
mounaxavs, radgan `mindorGiiT~ ltolvilma
xadus sanaxebSi sruliad axali saymo Seqmna,
saymo, romlis cnobierebaSi maTi Semkrebi
jvaris preistorias ar SeuRwevia. saymos axsovs
mxolod misi jvarGena crolis wverze, jvarGena
naTlisa da mtredis saxiT. saymos isic axsovs,
Tu vin iyo Semswre jvarGenisa anu misi `aRmomGeni~; es iyo Garglidan ukacriel xadus
sanaxebSi wamosuli kaci _ qeraulTa sagvareulos eponimi vinme qera. mas SeumGnevia naTeba
crolis wverze, wasula da unaxavs, `rom tredis
saxiT ijd maRals qvazed mfrinav angelozi-d’
TvalT ar iyrid. qeras gon aPdiva-d’ gonT ro
masul, iq aRara ibadebodao-d’ muPlmayril vijdiv im adgilzedav, sadac mfrinav angeloziv
vnaxev^~ (62, 2). marTalia, jvarGenis mtredi
gauGinarda, magram isaxeba kultis xiluli
mxare: qera crolis wverze aSenebs koSks anu
kvrivs jvarGenis niSnad da samaxsovrod, darbazs da saqvabes _ sakulto teritoriis aucilebel nagebobebs dReobaTa warsamarTavad.
ase arsdeba kulti xaduSi, rac amave dros saymos daarsebac aris.
is jvari, romelic freniT movida crolis
wverze, istoriul xanaSic ganagrZobs frenas.
jvaris
mogzauroba
adgil-adgil,
`koWis
mokidebiT~, dakavSirebulia saymos teritoriis
wmidayofasTan, rac imavdroulad aris misgan am
teritoriis daufleba. is, Gveulebriv, mkadlxxxi
resTan erTad mogzaurobs, magram kidobanSia
Gasvenebuli da mxolod maSin amoabrZaneben,
roca amis saWiroeba dadgeba. kidobani, cxadia,
SemTxveviTi sadguri ar aris jvarisaTvis: aq
unda gavixsenoT, rom swored kidobanSi malavs
qali karatiswverze gamoGenil niSs jvarisas _
oqros Sibs. kidobnis ideam SeiZleba uflis kidobnamde migviyvanos, sadac israelis umTavresi
siwmideebi iyo daculi. sanebis jvaris erTi andrezi aseT ambavs inaxavs: RilRvelTa mxareSi,
sadac sanebis jvarioni begaris asakrefad iyo
wasuli, misi mkadre wmidad ver daicavs Tavis
fiqrebs, ris gamoc jvari swyreba masze. Tumca
is ufro adre RilRvelebze yofila gamwyrali
da kidobnidan amofrenils aRar usurvebia arc
am mxareSi gaGereba da arc kidobanSi GabrZaneba.
`sTxoves pativeba, magram saneba Zalian gamwyral
iyva-d’ aRar dadg iq. gamaxyv mkadreica-d’ dasturebic. ro madiodes, mauZRvebodaT, ukan
jvarionn maxyvebodes. neTxiskar ro mavides, iq
erTi Zalian lamaz RilRvlis qal Saxvd
jvarionT, ro imisTana lamaz qal meore ar iqnebod. mkadre ar iyv xnier kaci-d’ am qalze gulSi
raicaR cud gaifiqr. aba saneba gulTa mxilavi
asa-d’ gaig es ambavi, ro Gemm mkadremav gulSi
cud raim ifiqrav qalzedao-d’ gawyra-d’ am mkadresa-d’ sxvaT jvarionTac TvalSiiT gauqr^~ (62,
208).
lxxxii
aq gamoGnda misi, rogorc `mfrinavi angelozis~, buneba. unda vifiqroT, am SemTxvevis
gamo mieca mas es saxeli. miTxodan freniT wamosuli jvari gzadagza `koWs ikidebs~, adgiladgil aGens kvrivebs, sadac mis salocavad
dReobebi dawesdeba: kaloTanaSi da SituSi
(arxoti), win-PaduSi, sadac is ifns gahkravs
frTas, PorielSi, maWexas muxis nergze, sadac
`baris sanebis~ saxeliT dawesdeba misi locva;
Sefrindeba sajangis tyeSi, sadac kvrivs auSeneben mas; bolos, dadgeba zais, sadac is irGevs
Tavis saboloo, saarso adgils. amrigad, mfrinav
angelozs _ sanebas ori sabrZanebeli aqvs: erTi
sofelSi, meore _ croliswverze; Tumca istoriul periodSi croliswveris sanebas safarveli aqvs dadebuli da mkadreebsac aRar ecxadeboda. siwmidis daklebam gamoiwvia misi gauGinareba.
rogorc iTqva, andrezis Tanaxmad, crolis
saneba baridan aris amosuli imis gamo, rom barad xalxSi siwmide SebRalula. crolis saneba
am mxriv ar aris gamonaklisi. baridan, dablobidan maRla afrena jvarisa sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa jvar-xatebis istoriaSi. jvars
aRar moswons Tavis saarso adgili da maRla
mifrinavs.
Sardeni
Tavis
`mogzaurobaSi~
mogviTxrobs xeTis mTavarangelozis xatis ambavs, romelic mas adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan
mousmenia: `^amboben, rom es xati Tavdapirvelad
lxxxiii
Waobis maxloblad mdgar eklesiaSi esvenao; aq
uamravi
bayayi
yofila,
romelTa
yiyinsac
gaubruebia;
moqanculi
xati
mTis
wverze
gaqceula^~ (89, 154).
es aris erTi uZvelesi werilobiTi dadastureba mfrinavi xatebis arsebobisa qarTvelTa
religiur warmodgenebSi. aseve dablidan maRla
aris afrenili zemo svaneTis ganTqmuli siwmide
_ e.w. Salianis xati (romelic warmoadgens
jvars macxovris gamosaxulebiT); Tamar mefis
naGuqari es xati jer sofel adgilas esvena,
magram raRac mizeziT am adgilidan afrenila da
kalis mTis mwvervaze dafrenila, sadac mas eklesia auges da Sig daasvenes (97, 149).
dablidan maRla afrenili da mTaze daarsebuli jvar-xatebis ambebi, gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis saymoTa andrezebSia Semonaxuli. jvari gaurbis am wuTisoflis `Waobs~, im adgils, romelic ukiduresad dalaxulia adamianis uwmindurobisagan.
xSirad adamianuri yofa, romelsac gaurbis xati,
mis mier moSenebuli, uwmiduri cxovelebiT aris
gasimbolurebuli. mag., xadis mTavari salocavi
xati _ `begoT saRvTo~ adre begoT-karis cixeSi
yofila dabrZanebuli, magram mamlebis yivilsa
da Rorebis Wyvitins ise Seuwuxebia, rom erT
maRal mTaze afrenila axali saarsos saZebnelad (50, 119). am axal, maRal sabrZanisSi daarsebuls unda mieRo axali saxeli `saRvTo
lxxxiv
maRali~, rogoradac cnobilia is xadis saymoebSi. `saRvTo maRalis~ saxeliT cnobil
salocavebs,
romlebic
mTiuleT-gudamayris
maRal mwvervalebze arian dabrZanebulni, yvelas
amgvari Tavgadasavali unda hqonodaT.
aris SemTxveva, andrezSi dadasturebuli,
rom adamiani Tavis nalax yofas upirispirebs
jvars da Segnebulad iWreba mis kvrivebSi;
iWreba ara sakuTari fexiT, aramed uwmiduri
cxovelis fexiT, romelic adamianis gauwmidurebuli, antijvaruli cxovrebis niSania. gudamayarSi yvebian ambavs vinme mirianeulze, romlis
jvarTsawinaaRmdego
qceva
gamxdara
mizezi
jvaris amaRlebisa soflidan mTis wverze.
`mirianeuli yofila erTi da Rorebi hyolia
mravali. es Rorebi, saca e xati brZandeboda,
wveris angelozi, iq uvlevia. uvlevia iq es
Rorebi da es xati gafrenila memre da iqaT
gadasula, gairidebia. iqac miurekav, iqidanac
afrenila da, koSkis maRals veZaxiT, _ iq ari
yore _ iq dabrZanebula. iqac gaurekav Rorebi.
memre aTnoxs gasula aqedan (aTnoxs ician axla
es wveroba)^~ (38, #25562). sxva GanawerebSi ufro
dazustebulia es adgili, sadac devnili xati
daarsda:
`^afrinda xati da su wverze avida, _ WalisTavis wvers. yamiria, iqeTac aravin ar gasTibs.
iq qvebia gaTlili, nasaydralia. iq Rorebi
veRar avidoda~ (67, 195).
lxxxv
mTis wverze asvlisas jvars xvdeba bunebrivad wmida, adamianisagan daulaxavi da tradiciiT ganwmedili adgilebi _ yamiri da nasaydrali, romelTa dasabamieri xeluxlebloba da
siZveliT gaZlierebuli siwmide gadaulaxav
zRurblad
iqceva
qvemodan
moZalebuli,
gauwmidurebuli sinamdvilisaTvis.
sazogadod,
Rori,
romelsac
ukanasknel
xanamde ar yoliobdnen saqarTvelos mTaSi,
siwmidis mtrad aris Seracxili saymos yofaSi
da cnobierebaSi. Rorebi, maTi andrezebis mixedviT, ara mxolod jvar-xatebs upirispirdebian da
uteven, aramed wmida berebsac. `sofel gvidaqeSi
ucxovriaT berebs. iq hqoniaT eklesia. iq aris
raRac daufvlilio berebis mier. Gven winapars
eTxara ormo da raRacam daiwkriala da guli
wauvida. unjia raRaca. mkiTxavi eubneba, is
adgili unda awmindoTo. rodesac nikalai Semovidnen, Samaiyvanes Rorebi, ese ityodake papaGemi. am uwmidurebis Samosvla ver aitanes
berebma da iq wverze dasaxldnen. aages eklesia
bua^~ (40, 100-1). sagulisxmoa, rom moxevuri andreziT, Roris xorcis uWmeloba da, sazogadod,
am
pirutyvis
uwmidurad
Seracxva
berebs
daudgeniaT: `wmida beTlemSi berebi ro cxovrobdes, iq Rorebi Txrides da berebma Tqves,
Rori aRar eWamaTo~ (19, #.29).
lxxxvi
vaxuSti batoniSvils xevis samebis garda
aRwerili aqvs sveticxovlis siwmideTa kide
erTi saxizari:
`^leGxumis samxriT da odiSis aRmosavliT
ars eceri. aqa ars eklesia suetiad wodebuli,
saxizari suetis cxovelis samkaul-saunjisa,
romelsa Sina ityvian suetis-cxovelis kanklis
yofasa dResaca, romeli moiRo gorgasal indoeTidam, wiTlis iagundisa qmnili. aramed saGinod arian awca xatni da juarni oqrovercxlisani da mooWvilni qviTa, mravalni da
patiosanni, didni da mcireni, romelTa zeda
aqusT sasoeba da pativ-scemen. aramed umjobesi
xati ubiaT ZewkviTa oqrosaTi da ityvian: `ukeTu
auSvaT, dalewavs yovelsave aqa myofsa xatjuarTa, da esoden ugunur arian TvisTa ucnobelobiTa, aramed Tu Sevides mun sasukiduno anu
tyue, veraraisaRa uyofen, garna ganuteveben Tavisuflad~ (75, 78-8).
Tumca tradiciulad yoveli qristianuli
taZari unda ifaravdes devnils (am mizniT Zveli
aRTqmis qveyanaSi sagangebod iyo gamoyofili
saTavSesafro, Sesaxvewebeli qalaqebi), magram
eceris svetias saxelwodebasTan erTad mcxeTis
sveticxovlisagan iseTi Zlieri sakraluroba
aqvs miniWebuli, rom mas Sexvewili damnaSave,
sikvdilis Rirsic rom iyos, samudamod Tavisufldeba bralisagan. damnaSaves ganwmeds aq
daunjebuli sruliad saqarTvelos erovnuli
lxxxvii
qristianuli
siwmideni.
maT
Soris
Gvens
yuradRebas ipyrobs oqros jaWviT dabmuli xati.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis saymoTa tradiciaSi jaWvi anu Sibi jvaris bunebrivi Tanmxlebi
elementia. karatiswveris andrezebSi cidan movlenil jvars axlavs oqros Sibi; ufro sworad,
jvari SibiT aris caze dakidebuli, rogorc
RvTisSvili wm. giorgi laSarisa, romelic ambobda: `cas vebi oqros SabiTa^~.
vidre jvari fenomenur samyaroSi, adamianTa
TvalsawierSi Semovidodes, is SibiT aris dabmuli. is varskvlavia, romelic varskvlaveTs wydeba da caze gadaivlis. asea jvarGenac. roca
karatiswverze mwyemsma qal-vaJma cidan GamoSvebuli jvari Tavisken moswies, is moswyda cas;
maT xelSi ki aRmoGnda jvari masze gamobmuli
Sibis naglejiTurT, romelic amieridan Tan axlavs jvars, rogorc aucilebeli atributi, misi
ciuri warmoSobis niSnad. Sibis nagleji xdeba
jvaris, rogorc sulieri arsebis, simbolo, rogorc es jvari, romelic gamoGnda adamianur samyaroSi, aris simbolo im jvarisa. Tu `beTlemis
saxli~ jvarTa RvTiuri samSoblos xatia am
qveyanaze anu morige RvTis kari, maSin iq
TavSeyrili jvarni SibiT unda iyvnen dabmulni,
rogorc dabmulni arian isini morige RvTis
karze. mkadrem, romelic RvTisSvilTa gangebiT
moxvdeba beTlemSi, unda axsnas jvari, rom mas
SeeZlos Tavisi unaris ganxorcieleba, radgan
lxxxviii
bunebiT is angelosuri arsebaa _ `mfrinavi angelozi~. axsnili jvari mxars gaSlis da win
waruZRveba Tavis gamZRos (es aris jvarisa da
mkadris urTierTobis paradoqsi, razec sxvaganac iqneba saubari: jvaris gamZRo sinamdvileSi
jvarisagan aris gaZRolili).
am paradigmis erT-erTi uZvelesi mcireaziuli varianti romaul mwerlobaSia dadasturebuli. tviroselebs apolonis qandakeba daubamT
kvarcxlbekze jaWviT, radgan erT maTgans
dasizmrebia, TiTqos RmerTs qalaqis datoveba
surso gasaWirSi, roca aleqsandre makedonelma
qalaqi aiRo, apolonic axsna da uwoda mas `aleqsandres megobari~.
jaWvze dabmuli jvar-xatebis legendebi elementarul movlenebzea damyarebuli: maT, rogorc dinamiur arsebaT, ar gaaGniaT simZimis
Zala, isini ar emorGilebian gravitaciis kanons.
rogorc haeriT savse burTebi, isini mudam
maRlisken miiswrafian da kidec dastovebdnen
adamianTa sferos, rom adamiani ar amZimebdes
maT, an Tavad sakuTari nebiT ar mZimdebodnen
adamianTaTvis.. isini `miwdebian~ TavianTi bunebis sawinaaRmdegod, raTa adamianebTan darGnen,
risTvisac `gadmouSvna~ isini morige RmerTma.
Tumca saymom SeiZleba ifiqros, rom axsnili
jvari dastovebs adamianur samyaros, an Tavad
Seecdeba Tavis daxsnas, raTa Tavdaxsnilma
amiraniviT dalewos iqauroba (Tu saymo mrisxane
lxxxix
aspeqtiT warmoidgens mas). magram andreziT saymos ar axsovs, rom odesme jvars gamoeGinos damangreveli
Zala,
garda
im
unikaluri
SemTxvevisa dasabamSi, roca is ifnis aRmocenebiT amoangrevs keras.
Gveulebriv, jvaris mkadre Tu gamZRo miwaze
dgas, gravitaciis Zalas damorGilebuli; magram
legendur mkadreebs levitaciis unari aqvT miniWebuli jvarisagan. gaxuaze, gudanis jvaris
mkadreze, aris Tqmuleba, rom mas jvarTan erTad
ufrenia (38, #25395); aseve dumacxos (gudamayari)
saRvTo maRalis dekanozze, focxveraze ambobdnen _ droSiT mxarze saRvTo maRalis
wveridan xatebis adgilamde frendao (38, #25536).
magram adamiani xorcielia da, is Tundac mkadre
iyos, mudmivad ver inarGunebs uwonadobis mdgomareobas; roca sxeuli mZimdeba, suli veRar aitacebs mas, veRar zidavs. gaxuaze is Tqmulebac
aris darGenili, rom pur-yvelis Wamis Semdeg,
rac marxvis gatexas niSnavs, jvars miutovebia
is. `mepuryvele~ ukve SeuTavsebelia mkadris
funqciasTan, mas ukve nawili aRar udevs jvarTan _ is damiwebulia. garda `mepuryveleobisa~
jvaris samkadreod SeuTavsebelia colSvilianoba (gavixsenoT gvelismWamel mindias tragedia), rac ufro metad amZimebs adamians, miT
umetes mkadres, wuTisoflis nalax realobaSi
GaflviT moswyvets ra mas jvar-xatebis wmida
xc
realobas. `megrelaur gasdgomiv col-Svilobas.
gascliv i xatic^~ (67, 194).
roca mkadre mZimdeba, _ amis mizezi xandazmuli asakic SeiZleba iyos, _ is veRar misdevs,
veRar swvdeba jvars; maSin mkadre da mfrinavi
jvari sxvadasxva realobaSi aRmoGndebian da
mkadre cdilobs jvaris damZimebas, rom man
veRar SeZlos frena. anatoris mTavarangelozis
mkadres, romelic liqokidan mtredis saxiT gamofrenilma jvarma mis mxarze `koWis mokidebiT~
Tavis wmida kacad airGia, ukve dauZlurebuls,
imis gamo, rom `veRar daxyvebod jvars, lursman
daukrav mParze xatisad~, risTvisac, cxadia,
`gaswyromiv xat^~ (38, #26084). sxva tradiciiT,
oqromWedels mxolod dauRirebia dasaWedeblad
lursmani _ is oqrosi yofila, xats mxolod
nalursmnali
datyobia
da
gaswyromia
ara
mxolod mkadres da oqromWedels, aramed mTel
saymosac. andrezi swored xatis daWedvis mcdelobas Tvlis anatorelTa tragediis mizezad:
anatori Jamma gawyvita, ris nivTier dasturad
anatoris akldamebs uGveneben dResac. magram,
rac mTavaria, ukanaskneli mkadris (andrezs misi
saxelic Semounaxavs: saRira, badurikaT papa) bediTi saqcieli amTavrebs erT periods saymos
sakralur istoriaSi: `daWril~ xats mouSlia
`mPriT
frinva~
da
Gveulebriv
salocavad
gadaqceula; anatorelTa nafuZarze sxva saymo,
SatilionTa saymo aRmdgara da mTavarangelozis
xci
Zveli kulti aRorZinebula, magram jvarGenebi,
roca jvari mkadres xelze mosdioda, Semwydara
samudamod (64, 728-729).
`mfrinavi jvaris~ devniT Tavmobezrebul,
qancgawyvetil zogierT mkadres uaresic Gaudenia: mas daumiwebia jvari am sityvis pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT. gudanis `mfrinavi jvari~, romelic, rogorc vTqviT, gaxuas hyavda `wamoyvanili~ gergetis `beTlemis saxlidan~ da romelic Tavis gamZRos gzasac unaTebda Tavisi
SuqiT, rogorc israels naTlis sveti misi
mgzavrobisas, _ mis mkadres, vinme bunvelas,
sadRac klde-RreSi daumalavs da zed qvebi
dauyria. `Sen damabnele da dagaboloebo~,
uTqvams xats mkiTxavis piriT ukanaskneli
mkadrisaTvis (38, #25395).
mkadre, romelic sulieri dacemisa Tu fizikuri uZlurebis mizeziT mxars veRar usworebs
`mfrinav jvars~, arsebas, romelmac mas Tavisi
Tavi Gaabara, rogorc gamZRos (sinamdvileSi ki
Tavad Seiqmna misi gamZRo), tragikuli pirovnebaa. adamiani, rogorc xorcieli, ver uZlebs
jvarGenas
Tavis
dasazRvrul
arsebaSi,
is
midrekilia dacemad. jvari mas gamoarGevs,
aRazevebs, magram adamiani daecema; aseTia misi
cxovrebis ritmi _ aRzeveba da dacema, ris gamovlenasac vxedavT vaJas `gvelis mWamelSi~.
Tumca mindia ar aris jvaris xelkaci, magram mas
aqvs mkadrisa da qadagis utyuari Tvisebebi da
xcii
unari; jvari gamovlenilia mis pirovnebaSi (anu
jvarGenilia) RvTiuri codnisa da davlaTis
saxiT, rasac sWirdeboda mzrunveloba da dacva
wuTisoflis nalaxi sferosgan, moiTxovda adamianisagan Tavganwirulobas da `soflis Tmobas~,
rac man ver SeZlo.
zogierTi saymos mexsierebam Semoinaxa andrezi erTgul mkadreTa, romlebic stoveben
yelafers anu sTmoben sofels da misdeven
jvars, rogorc dasTmo abraamma Tavisi sofeli
da gahyva idumal xmas ucnobi qveynisaken.
xSirad, roca siwmidis daklebis mizeziT jvari
stovebs, rogorc amboben, `baris baRdads~ da
mifrinavs mTebisaken, gauwmidurebuli saymodan
mas mosdevs erTaderTi mkadre, romelsac SerGa
siwmide, rogorc marTal noes _ warRvnis gmirs
sayovelTao katastrofis win.
ardotis mTavari salocavis (somxos goris
giorgis) daarsebis andreziT (63, 127; 38 #26041),
kaxeTidan mtredis saxiT gamofrenil jvars ukan
mosdevs mkadre Tu xucesi. Sua zamTaria. mkadre
koWlia da SiSveli. siSiSvle gveubneba, rom
jvaris erTguls uyoymanod, raime gansjis
gareSe _ es iqneboda erTi Zlieri GaZaxeba
SuaZilSi _ dautovebia Tavisi sofeli da mTeli
warsuli da gahyolia erTaderT Tavis saunjes,
rasac misTvis jvari warmoadgenda. meore bolodan Tu SevxedavT am ambavs, Tavad mkadre aris
jvaris unji, romelic man gamoarGia mTeli sayxciii
modan. mkadre perangisamara, zamTris susxSi
koWlobiT, WirTa TmeniT misdevs jvars, raki mis
gareSe
azri
ekargeboda
mis
arsebobas,
sicocxles Tundac mSobliur sofelSi. sadac
dadgeboda jvari anu dafrindeboda mtredi, iq
iqneboda misi samSoblo. amitom aseTi suliskveTebiT aRZruli gaudgeba gaqceul jvarTan erTad `yovladve ucnaursa da uvalsa
gzasa~, radgan mas ar ecodineboda jvaris
saboloo sadguri.
amave tipis aris xaxabos wyarosgoruli
giorgis
daarsebis
andrezi,
oRond
Zveli
adgilidan mTaSi garbis ara jvari, aramed kaci,
vinme bataria (eponimi xaxabos erTi sagvareulosi), romelsac Tvistomi Semokvdomia matanSi
(kaxeTSi). is garbis motacebuli jvariTurT, romelic gulze aqvs mixutebuli, rogorc sulze
utkbesi ram; an iqneb, Tavad iyo jvars mixutebuli Sevrdomebis niSnaT, rogorc SurismgebelTagan devnilni Seuvardebian sakurTxevlis
jvars; ltolvili Tan daatarebs Tavis msxnels,
Tu Tavad msxneli gadaatarebs mas mTagorebs
Suagul zamTarSi. jvari ganwmedis mizniT fexSiSvelsa da tanSiSvels daatarebs mas TovlSi,
yinvaSi aTbobs da amsubuqebs mas `^Turme Tovlze ise midioda, rom fexi dabla ar uvardeboda~. gzaSi TiTqos kaci frens da ara jvari,
magram xaxaboSi misvlisas jvari mtredis saxiT
xciv
gaufrindeba kacs
daarsdeba (63, 1).
xelidan
da
wyaros
gorze
garkveuli tipis andrezis
mixedviT, `mfrinavi jvari~
gzaSi irGevs Tavis mkadreebs,
romlebic arasodes stoveben
mas, erTgulad misdeven misi
axali
samkvidrebelisaken.
s.
makalaTias
moTxrobili aqvs xevis sionis RvTaebis jvaris
Tavgadasavali, romelic mravalmxriv ipyrobs
Gvens yuradRebas:
`sionelebi mRvTaebis am jvars taZridan arasodes ar gamoasveneben, radgan xalxs misi gafrenisa eSinia. xalxuri TqmulebiT mRvTaeba
erTxel Turme gafrenila da is angelozis
saxiT sisaursa da cofurs Gvenebia. orive es
gvari mas dasdevnebia da mRvTaeba martyofis
kldeSi dafrenila da isinic iqve dabinavebulan.
es berebs gaugiaT, martyofSi misulan da moxeveebisaTvis ukiTxavT maTi gadmosvlis mizezebi.
moxeveebs upasuxniaT, rom aq Gveni xatis
sabrZanisiao. berebi gamoqvabulSi Sesulan da aq
mRvTaebisaTvis Tayvani uciaT, Semdeg misTvis
malulad oqros Zewkvi SeubamT da es RvTaeba
tfilisSi waubrZanebiaTo, aq mis sabrZanisad
sionis taZari augiaTo. magram xati aqac ar
damdgara da isev martyofis kldeSi dabrunebulao. amitom xalxis rwmeniT misi mTavari
xcv
sabrZanisi martyofia, Semdeg ki xevis da
tfilisis sionio~ (53, 217).
am andrezSi gvecnaureba vaxuStis `aRweraSi~
dadasturebuli Tqmuleba svetis eklesiis dabmul jvarze, an ninowminduri legenda `dabmul~
da `axsnil~ wmindanze. xevis sionis RvTaebis
jvaric dabmuli unda yofiliyo, rom ar gafreniliyo; berebma Seabes mas Zewkvi, rom
daekavebinaT adgilze, magram amaod: is bunebiT
aris `mfrinavi jvari~, romelic miikvlevs gzas
Tavis mier arGeul adgilisken. RvTaebis (igive
macxovris) jvars miewereba ori wmida adgilis
gaGena: martyofSi aris misive saxelobis (RvTaebis) eklesia, xolo TbilisSi _ sionis taZari,
romelic saxelwodebas xevis im eklesiidan
iRebs, sadac is Tavdapirvelad esvena. am
xalxuri sakraluri TqmulebiT, Tbilisis sioni
xevis sionis gamoZaxilia, misi wiaRidan gamofrenili jvaris ZaliT aris daarsebuli, oRond
ara uSualod, aramed martyofis gamoqvabulis
gavliT. andrezi inaxavs, rogorc Gans, im istoriul faqts, rom martyofis RvTaebis (macxovris) xati 1752 wels Tbilisis sionis taZarSi
iqna gadmosvenebuli (114, 82), xolo xalxuri
warmodgeniT, siwmidis gadatana axal adgilze,
rogorc wesi, axali sakulto centris dafuZnebis niSania.
es anaqronuli andrezi asaxavs im tradiciul
kavSirs, romelic arsebobda mTis sakulto
xcvi
adgilebsa da baris saqarTvelos centralur
salocavebs
Soris,
gamoxatuls
siwmideTa
gadanacvlebiT erTi adgilidan meoreze. mTisa
da
baris
religiuri
konsolidaciisaTvis
udidesi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda im faqts, rom
mTis salocavebi tradiciulad saqarTvelos
qristianuli centrebis saxizarebad iyo ganwesebuli. magaliTisaTvis, wmida ninos jvari amodis
mTaSi, kerZod, xevSi da isadgurebs gergetis
samebaSi (es moxda monRolebis batonobis dros);
SedarebiT mSvidobian xanaSi es jvari, cxadia,
sxva siwmideebTan erTad brundeba sveticxovelSi, Tumca ki ver aRwevs Tavis bude adgilamde; `koWis mokidebiT~, mTielTa sakraluri
gamoTqma rom vixmaroT, gaivlis arSis cixes,
ananurs da gadis ruseTSi, raki im xanad
ruseTisken iyo daZruli qarTveloba. xevis
sionis RvTaebis jvaris (romlis gamosaxuleba
dabeWdili aqvs s.makalaTias Tavis wignSi `xevi~,
gv. 216) gamofrena barisaken, unda vifiqroT, andrezulad warmogvidgens siwmideTa dabrunebas
Tavis Zvel sawmidarebSi (unda vivaraudoT, rom
xevis sionic baris siwmideTa saxizari iqneboda).
aRsaniSnavia, rom martyofis udabur gamoqvabulSi dasadgurebuli sionis jvari Tavisken
izidavs berebs, romlebic, rogorc andrezidan
Gans, gamocxadebis ZaliT Seityoben mis `mofrenas~
am
udabnoSi.
RvTaebrivi
xilviT
STagonebuli berebi SeuWirveblad miagneben
xcvii
martyofis udabnos da jvars da Tayvans scemen
mas, rogorc saswauliT movlenil siwmides.
cxadia, jvaris gamoGena maTTvis mxolod imas
niSnavda, rom es udabno, sadac mTiT movlenilma
Tu dabrunebulma siwmidem moisurva davaneba,
samonastrod iyo gankuTvnili; rogorc xdeba
agiografiul TxzulebebSi, sadac eklesiebisa
da monastrebis daarsebazea laparaki; mag., rogorc martod myofma kacma, vinme Puediosma `ara
Tu Zilsa Sina, aramed cxadad~, GvenebiT ixila
is wmida adgili, sadac unda aSenebuliyo
xanZTis pirveli eklesia da dasabami miscemoda
samonastro mSeneblobas; an rogorc grigolsa
da sabas gamoecxadaT `iSxnisa pirveli didebulebaY~ imis niSnad, rom iq maTi RvawliT ganaxlebuliyo samonastro cxovreba (ix. `grigol
xanZTelis cxovreba~). martyofis udabnoSi mosul berebs da im moxeveebs, cofurs da sisaurs,
romlebic gzad Seeswren jvarGenas da am jvarSi
TavianTi salocavi Seicnes, saerTo siwmide aqvT
im `mfrinavi jvaris~ saxiT. is andrezuli faqti,
rom mTidan Gamosul jvars, romelzec macxovris
jvarcma da mociqulTa simboluri saxeebia gamoxatuli, cnoben berebi da aRiareben sakuTar
siwmided, ris niSnadac oqros Zewkvs Seabamen
(Tumca Zewkvi SeiZleba gaviazroT Sibad, rac
jvar-xatis erT gansazRvrul adgilze dakavebis
niSania) da mihyavT saqristianos centrSi _
TbilisSi, sadac mis dasamkvidreblad missave
xcviii
saxelze sioni igeba. es faqti barisa da mTis
tradiciul religiur erTianobas mowmobs.
mtredi-jvaris niSani
g.SaraSiZe wers: `RvTisSvilis `mfrinavi~
saxiT
gamocxadeba
TavisTavad
warmoadgens
RvTiuri arsis adamianisaTvis aRqmad manifestacias.
amgvari
aspeqtiT
imoseba
xati
mxolod imitom, rom daamyaros urTierToba adamianur samyarosTan an Gaerios saaqao movlenebSi~ (149, 671). meore mxvriv, `mfrinav jvrebs~
Gven saymos genezisSi vxedavT; is am saxiT gamoGndeba mxolod maSin, roca es-es aris iqmneba
saymo, roca irkveva misi dasaxlebis adgili da
pirobebi am miwaze. adamianis aramdgradi, daumkvidrebeli yofis gamomxatvelia xSirad `mfrinavi
jvari~,
romelic
moZraobs,
icvlis
adgilebs gzadagza `koWis mokidebiT~, vidre
Tavis mierve arGeul saboloo saarso adgils
moZebnides.
`mfrinavi
jvris~
cTomilisebri
moZraoba, daudgromloba, TiTqos xetiali, Seesatyviseba qmnadobaSi myofi saymos gaurkvevel
mdgomareobas.
xolo
roca
jvari
wyvets
`xetials~ da myardeba Tavis saboloo kvrivSi,
ai, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saymoc daarsebulia Tavis miwaze, Ruza GaSvebulia niadagSi.
gamocxadebuli jvari `mfrinaobiT~ avlens
Tavis mouxelTebel bunebas. marTalia, jvari
unda mofrindes transcendenturi sinamdvilidan
xcix
imisaTvis, rom, rogorc g.SaraSiZe wers, gamoecxados adamians, magram am gamocxadebaSi naklebia sicxade, metia bundovaneba, radgan angelozur arss ara aqvs myari garsi fizikur samyaroSi.
jvaris yoveli gamocxadeba kosmogoniuria,
misi xati TiTqos qaosSi ibadeba da isaxeba adamianisaTvis aRqmad sagnad; magram arc erTi sagani ar SeiZleba iyos misi saboloo gamoxatuleba, radgan Tavad jvari, rogorc sulieri
arsi, ver miiRebs erTxel da samudamod gamyarebul, obieqtur samyaroSi arsebul saganTa saxes.
is denadia, rogorc plazmuri sxeuli an nisli
da misi konturebis garGeva mxolod jvarisave
rGeul mkadreebs Tu SeuZliaT. am movlenis gamosaxatavad saymos SegnebaSi gamomuSavda metaforuli saxe `nislis kotori~. `gudanis jvari
roca xelze moudioda, maSin ToTia Soridanve
naxavda nislis kotors momavals. mere gudanis
jvari xelze mouvidoda. nislis kotori niSnavs
imas, rom roca gudanis jvari modioda, nisliviT korianteli mohyveboda. am dros ToTiac
moemzadeboda, xelze gadaifenda samkadreos^ da
gudanis jvari mtredis saxiT zed daajdeboda~
(60, 145).
nislis kotoris gamoGena jvarGenis niSania,
TiTqos jvari usaxuri nislidan unda gamoikveTos, is `daibadeba~ mtredis an jvaris niSniT da
mkadris xelze hpovebs adgils.
c
laSaris wmida giorgize gamoTqmul saweso
simReraSi aseTi striqonebia:
laSarelais lurjasa
fafar asxavis giSrisa,
Sajdeba, gaemarTeba
kotor gahyveba nislisa.
mTeli saymos Tu rGeuli mkadres Tvalwin
mxedrad gamocxadebuli wmida giorgi wasvlisas
nislis kotors stovebs Tavis ukan nislSi, nislis kotorad uGinardeba da roca kvlav fizikur samyaroSi Semodis, imave nislis kotoridan
ibadeba. nislis kotori TiTqos sizmareuli
saxea,
romelic
potenciurad
inaxavs
sxva
saxeebs, magram is ufro usaxobaa, romelic
RvTisSvilis manifestaciis mouxelTeblobas gamoxatavs. mxolod mkadrem icis, ra aRiT aris
damjdari mis samkadreoze RvTisSvili _ mtredis, xatisa Tu jvrisa. rodesac gaxua megrelaurs `beTlemis saxlidan~ `mfrinavi xati~
wamohyva, erT adgilas, albaT, Sua gzaze, xati
oqroqsoviliT Semoses. magram ras mosavda
gaxua, xats _ RvTisSvilis nivTier niSans, Tu
mtreds _ mis cocxal simbolos, es gaxuas, rogorc mkadres saidumloa. jvari, xati, Sibi potenciurad cocxalni da dinamiurni arian, maT
yovel wams SeuZliaT feriscvaleba. maT wamier
saxecvlilebebs mxlod mkadres maxvili Tvali
Tu daiWers.
ci
petre iberis cxovrebaSi aseTi epizodia
moTxrobili: ymawvilobisas, rodesac is bizantiis
imperatoris
sasaxleSi
izrdeboda,
ierusalimidan mosuli berebisagan patiosani
jvaris nawili SeiZina, romelsac oqros WurWelSi inaxavda, kviradReobiT da did dResaswaulebze
amoiRebda
xolme,
dailoceboda,
emTxveoda mas da isev Tavis adgilas Gaasvenebda.
erTxel, erT-erTi mesawoleTagani ymawvili ixmo
da sTxova, masac eloca jvaris nawilze da
mTxveoda mas, magram jvari mtredad gadaiqca,
xelebidan gausxlta patrons da sarkmlidan
gauGinarda (20, 273). aseve mtredis saxiT
amofrinda mwyemsis gudidan jvari Tu Sibi da
caSi gauGinarda karatis jvaris daarsebis andrezis erTi variantis mixedviT (137, 110).
`mfrinavi jvari~, marTalia, fizikur sinamdvileSi Semodis, raTa adamianma SeZlos misi
xilva,
magram
misi
mxilveli
ar
aris
Gveulebrivi adamiani. jvari ecxadeba mxolod
imas, visac RvTisSvili amoirGevs da daanaxvebs
Tavs. is rGeulia, masze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is
imave wmida realobaSi imyofeba, sadac mfrinavi
jvar-xatebi moZraoben. gareSe kacis TvalSi
SeiZleba arafriT gamoirGevian TavianT saqmeze
mimavali mwyemsebi, is cofuri da sisauri, romlebmac TiTqos SemTxveviT dainaxes axali saarsos saZieblad gamofrenili RvTaebis jvari. am
orma TavianTi patronis xilvisas datova cxvari
cii
da qveyana da sabolood damkvidrda martyofis
qvabebSi, sadac maTma jvarma isurva daarseba. am
dros maT daadastures, rom jvaris rGeulebi
arian an iyvnen SobiTganve da axla, roca Jami
dadga, gamoGnda maTi rGeuloba. maTze gadmovida
RvTisSvilis xarizma. amitomac maT ar SeeZloT
sxvanairad moqceuliyvnen. roca adamians jvari
axilvinebs Tavs, am xilviT gamowveuli gancda
waruxocelad rGeba maTSi. amieridan is sxva adamiania, misi ubraloeba uGveulo SaravandiT
imoseba, rogorc wers poeti:
iq, sadac aragvs uerTdeba mdinare
mtkvari^
Segvianebul
gziT
gaivlis
xevsuri
mwyemsi,
da misi suli, varskvlavebis sulze uvrcesi,
ocnebobs mTvaris siTeTreSi, viT qandakeba.
mas
Tan
mihyveba
ubraloTa
mSvidi
gangeba^
andrezi arasodes gvamcnobs jvaris rGeulis
gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs _ `mas Tan mihyveba
ubraloTa mSvidi gangeba~, _ wers poeti
rGeulze, romelsac zebunebrivi sinamdvilis
xilvis unari Seswevs. is xedavs wminda giorgis,
romelic Tavisi raSiT mis saSvelad aris wamosuli, magram es `mSvidi gangebis~ xalxi TavianTi cxovrebis dramatul fazaSi Sedian, roca
ciii
jvari akadrebinebs Tavis xilvas, Tumca mxolod
xilviT ar sruldeba maTi ambavi. xevsurul andrezSi anatoris mTavarangelozis jvarGena amgvarad aris gadmocemuli:
`liqokiT aris mosul, liqokiT gamamfrindalav, anator damjdar, aqiT gafrenil da Pones
damjdar mtredis saxiT. saRira yofil badurikaT papa, imanav, gaqceulm, aiarisav anatoris
kuWzev SaPdisav, mtred daujdisav mParzedav^~
(38, #26084).
jvari mxarze ajdeba kacs, is poulobs
sayrdens mokvdavis uZlur mxarze _ legenduri
mkadreni ar gamoirGevian fizikuri ZaliT (`Gixa
kac iyv~ _ ase amboben maTze). aq sxva Zala izidavs jvars, wmida adgili, wmida adamiani, rogorc `daulaxavi adgili~. ai, aseT adgils
irGevs jvari miwazec da adamianSic. mkadre
`mxarkvrivia~, anu misi mxari, romelzec `koWi
moikida~ jvarma an gahkra angelosuri frTa,
kvrivia. Tu kvrivis niSnad miwaze koSkia aRmarTuli, mkadreSi amis niSani mis mxarze Gamomjdari mtredi an jvaria; mkadres mxarze damjdari mtredi jvarisa da mokvdavi adamianis
SekavSirebis niSania, Tumca es kavSiri SeiZleba
warmavali iyos, radgan mtredi samudamod ar
rGeba mis mxarze. amaSi mdgomareobs sxvaTa Soris, mkadreTa tragizmi, rac calke saubris Temaa.
civ
rogorc crolis mTidan gamofrenilma samebam, gamoSurebulma Tavisi miwieri sabrZanisisaken, erTxel mxari gahkra ifns, wmindahyo ra is
ifani, aseve am kacis _ badurikaT papis mxarsac
gahkra Tavisi frTa liqokidan wamosulma jvarma
da gakvesa. amiT daavala mas siwmidis dacva, rom
ar warxociliyo misi mxridan jvaris Sexeba
(aseTi kontaqti RvTiur arsebasTan, sxvaTa Soris, aqadur onomastikaSia asaxuli: erT-erTi
mefe atarebs saxels lifiT-iSTar, rac niSnavs
`Sexeba iSTarisa~). amis gamo inaTlaven `mParmklavs~ xatis msaxurni imis niSnad, rom im
pirvel legendarul mkadreebs swored `mParmklavze~ Seexo jvari.
jvaris mxilvelni SemTxveviT ar arian mwyemsebi; is moxeveni _ cofuri da sisauri, mwyemsebi
iyvnen, romlebmac TavianT salocavis gulisaTvis gawires sacxovari da aRar mibrunebulan misken. beTlems _ qristes Sobis adgils, angelosebis GagonebiT, pirvelad mwyemsebi miadgnen.
mwyemsebi iyvnen am saidumlo Sobis pirvelmxilvelni. Gvens andrezul tradiciaSic mwyemsebs
vxedavT jvaris pirvelmxilvelebad da, unda
vTqvaT, maTi wridan arian gamosulni pirveli
mkadreebi. kistnis jvaris daarsebis andrezSic
mwyemsi monawileobs:
`kistnis mTaSi masul gamafrenil mtredi.
mtredi mavidav, gamafreniliv, mwyems unaxav,
mTaze dajdav, memre im mwyems xalxisad uTqomav:
cv
mtred zis gorzedav, aRar Sordebav, ori dReiav.
qadag wasul da saklav daukvlevinebav. rom
davxkaliv,
xucess
eTqv,
mtredmav
niskart
dahkrav sisxlsav samjerav da memre gafrindav
gudaniskedav. memre xalxs uTqomav, aq gadmovidav, dalocviliv, aRar gvindav gudan denaiv.
memre xalxs, mTaiv ician, kistnis Tav augebav
koSki. am xats ase iPseneben: TeTri mTis qoro
Tergvaulo^~ (38, #26082).
msgavsad noes kidobnidan gaSvebuli mtredisa, romelmac warRvnis damTavrebisa da xmeleTis gamoGenis niSnad zeTisxilis rto moitana
niskartiT, gudanis jvaridan kistans gamofrenili mtredi kvlav gudanisaken mifrinavs
saklavis sisxlSi amowebuli niskartiT imis
saswaulad,
rom
kistanSi
daikla
pirveli
saklavi, anu daarsda kulti. cxadia, am mtredisTvis mwyemss SemTxveviT ar moukravs Tvali;
mas frinvelma uxilavad gahkra frTa da mere
mTaze
Semojda
yvelas
dasanaxad.
mwyemsi,
SesaZlebelia, ar ekuTvnoda axaldaarsebul saymos, magram gorze sam dRes dayovnebul mtredSi,
romelic iq `koWs ikidebda~, mfrinavi jvari amoicno. mwyemsi potenciuri mkadrea, radgan is,
rogorc mdevneli da gamZRo Tavisi farisa
ukeTesi saZovrebisaken, im jvars emsgavseba bunebiT,
romelic
Tavisi
sasurveli
saarsos
saZebnad aris gafrenili. amave dros mwyemss
gansxvavebul
fizikur
sinamdvileSi
uxdeba
cvi
yofna _ maRal mTebze. am dros misi suli
marTlac
`varskvlavebze
uvrcesia~,
misi
samyofeli miwieri amaRlebulobis simboloc
aris. mose swored mwyemsobis dros airGia
RmerTma Tavis `mkadred~ da qadagad, roca man
sinais mTaze yvelaze maRal adgils miaRwia. ar
aris SemTxveviTi, rom begoT saRvTo (xadis erTerTi salocavi) mecxvaris napovnia. mas Semdeg,
rac mtredis saxiT Genili is monadires mxarSi
dauWria da, soflis xmaurisagan devnili, erTxans dakarguli iyo saymosaTvis, mwyemss unaxavs
mTebSi da miuyvania mis saboloo samkvidrebelSi. mwyemsisave xeliT yofila Sexveuli
oqroTi misi daWrili mxari (Gawerilia begoTkarSi, 1983 wels).
kistans daarsebuli Tergvauli isev mtredis
saxiT gadadis SatilSi _ `pirvelad gudaniT
jvar kistan gadasul, mere Satil^~, im saymoSi
dasaarseblad, romelic agreTve gudanidan _
samaganZuros Zireuli saymodan aris gadmosuli
(mtredis
gza
asaxavs
WinWaraulTa
svlas
gudanidan Satilamde _ kistani, sadac mtredi
`koWs ikidebs~, maTTvis Sua gza iyo).
`Satil zen vakes, erT balRs unaxav mtredi.
agerav, Gitiv, uTqvams mamisad. mamas diacisad
uTqmav: wadiv, Pbo mamiyvanev. im kac Pbo dauklav
da koSk augav TeTr Tergvaulisad^~ (iqve).
aq gadmocemulia jvaris daarsebis tipiuri
scena: mtredis gamoGenis adgilze saklavis
cvii
dakvla da koSkis ageba. TiTqos iqmneba saojaxo
kulti, romlis SeqmnaSi monawileoben mama, deda
da Svili. magram yvelaferi bavSvidan iwyeba. is
aris jvaris frinvelis pirvelmxilveli. bavSvi
Tavis ubiwo mzeriT xedavs da gamoicnobs imave
frinvels, romelic urwevda akvans da kvebavda
mas uxilavi ifqlis marcvlebiT _ zeciuri puriT. aseTia bavSvi, romelic xedavs saymosaTvis
umniSvnelovanes movlenas, Tumca is bavSvuri
eniT metyvelebs. `agerav, Gitiv!~ _ ambobs is
jvaris
mogzavnili
mtredis
danaxvaze
im
bavSviviT, romelic sakidlidan kerZis qvabSi Gamavali gvelis danaxvisas afrTxilebs ojaxs:
`Wia,
Wia!~
Tumca
amao
aRmoGnda
misi
gafrTxileba, radgan jvarma am xalxs mzera
daubinda, rakiRa gadawyvetili hqonda maTi daRupva urGobisaTvis. aq ki, SatilSi, kulti unda
daarsebuliyo da amitomac bavSvis Zaxili `agerav, Gitiv!~ _ usaTuod unda gaegona mamas.
jvarGenis pirvelmxilveli bavSvis, iseve, rogorc mwyemsis suli, kvlav poetis sityvebi rom
gavimeoroT, `varskvlavebis sulze uvrcesia~.
imis gamo, rom is jer kidev ar amosula im akvnidan, romelsac angelozebi arweven da am
frTosanTa wreSia gareuli.
`mama-Svili ganTqmuli monadireni
iyvnen.
erTxel wavidnen sanadirod. erTi frinveli
dainaxes, romelic sakvirvelad anaTebda^~ es
jadosnuri zRapris dasawyisia, magram igi jvarcviii
Genis andrezis dasawyisadac gamodgeba. frinveli, romelic sakvirvelad anaTebs, jvarGenis
andrezSi mxolod da mxolod im frinvels
SeiZleba gulisxmobdes, romlis saSualebiTac
jvari acxadebs Tavs. es frinveli ki mtredia,
jvarGenis erT-erTi niSani.
gudanis jvarze, romelic mtredis aRiT gamoecxada xalxs, naTqvamia: `ro dajdav, iseT Suq
utevdisav, ro kaciv TvalT ver Saayridav^~ (67,
192). is zRapruli frinveli da andrezebis
mtredi erTnairi saxiT avlenen Tavs fizikur
samyaroSi. rasakvirvelia, im ganTqmulma monadire mama-Svilma unda moinadiron ucxo frinveli. andrezis monadirec, nadiris mZebneli,
sadRac mTebSi waawydeba ucnaur mtreds. monadire xelcarieli brundeba mTidan, magram mas
mtredi hyavs napovni. Tumca mtredma Tavad airGia monadire _ ipova WiuxebSi gzadakarguli da
Tavis mkadred aiyvana. mkadre jvaris gamZRos
niSnavs, magram amjerad Tavad jvaria monadiris
gamZRo, gzis maswavlebeli.
didgoris jvaris daarseba roSkaSi, adgilobrivi andreziT, monadire Turmans miewereba. andrezi inaxavs misave naambobs pirvel pirSi:
`SarvanSi rom Gavedi, mtredi amyvao. rom davisvenebdi, Sors wavidodao; rom avdgebodi, wasasvlelad, axlos modiodao. saZelis uReltexilze rom movedi, samjer Semohkra mPrebi erTmaneTs da gaenTo cecxli, cecxlis burjRumi
cix
wamovidao. wamovida cecxli da goraze, roSkis
samxreTiT Tavberaulis simagreSi cecxlis ali
Gaikrifao^~ (38, #25434). bunebrivia, rom monadires ahyva mtredi, radgan sanadirod wasvlamde
is marxulobda da iwmideboda jvaris msaxuriviT sulierad da fizikurad, rom ufleba
moepovebina nadirT patronis wmida samflobeloSi Sesvlisa da xeli Sewyoboda nadirobaSi.
amgvarad marxuli da gawmedili monadire,
TiTqmis jvaris mkadris mowmidarul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. garkveuli azriT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom wmida mTebSi Sesuli monadire igive
mkadrea, romelsac ufleba aqvs dalaxos kvrivi
adgilebi da jvar-xatTa cocxali simbolos _
mtredis gamocxadebis mxilveli gaxdes (127, 1378).
monadires ara marto ecxadeba jvari mtredis
saxiT, aramed mas SeuZlia (iqneb evalebodes
kidec) `gaqceuli~ jvaris moZebna da misi ukan
dabruneba. s.makalaTias aseTi andrezi aqvs Gawerili xevis sparsangelosze: raRac mizezis gamo
sparsangelozis xati Turme Tavis sabrZanebelSi
ar Gerdeboda (gavixsenoT xevis sionis RvTaebis
`mfrinavi jvari~) da erTxelac Turme yuris
mTisken gafrenila, veravis mouxerxebia misi
povna, garda monadirisa, romelsac miuxelavs
jvari da kvlav mis sabrZanebelSi mouyvania.
roSkioni monadirisa da mtredis urTierToba
mTels gzaze tipiuri urTierTobaa mkadrisa da
cx
jvarisa (ix. zemoT gaxuas mgzavroba gudanis
jvarTan erTad gergetis beTlemis saxlidan),
magram is wydeba mas Semdeg, rac mtredi, jvaris
frinveli, aGens Tavis namdvil bunebas da monadire soflis sazRvarTan ukve jvarGenis Semswre
xdeba: aqamde uwyinari da TiTqos mfrTxali
frinveli, romelic gzaSi gaurboda monadiris
siaxloves, cecxlis burjRumad gardaiqmneba mis
Tvalwin da nacixvarSi, potenciur kvrivSi, sadac jvari poulobs Tavis samkvidrebels, GaeSveba. am adgils ki, rogorc kvrivs, romelic
TiTqos cecxlis daRs atarebs, veRar miekareba
monadire. misi mowmidaroba, rac sanadiro
adgilebSi gzas uxsnida, kvrivis dalaxvisaTvis
sakmarisi aRar aris da am nacixvarTanve, sadac
man
ukanasknelad
Seaswro
Tvali
mtreds,
uTavdeba jvaris gamZRos efemeruli funqcia.
Tumca andrezis sxva variantis mixedviT mtredis
dafrenis adgilas monadire koSks agebs kvrivi
adgilis mosaniSnavad, riTac safuZvels uyris
kults (62, 340).
monadiresve miewereba Goxis wminda giorgis
daarseba gudamayrul andrezSi. aq monadire
itacebs jvars, radgan is devebis tyveobaSia.
`berasa YZaxebulan da Turme nadirobs.
wasula cirasebSi, mTazeda^ da erT patara
kldeSi jvari naxa; gaaneba nadirobas Tavi da es
jvari amoiRo. aiRo da gudaSi Gadva da wamovida. deedevna devio, deedevna ukanao da
cxi
moxyva, moxyvao da ver deewiva, saca exla Goxis
xatia, im adgilzed miitana da es jvari iq
dadva. da i devic mihyva da iqamde ver mivida,
saca is jvari idva^~ (38, #25560).
sxva variantebiT, jvari mtredis saxiT
amofrindeba gudidan da xeze Sefrindeba, riTac
soflis gzas gadauRobavs devs^ (38, #25552).
mtredma am adgilas gaaGina pirveli niSi da
gaavlo mijna sofelsa da gare samyaros Soris.
cirasebis kldeSi, vin icis, ra xnidan
gadamaluli jvari, ZvelTagan dafluli da
Tilismadadebuli ganZis kategoriaSi eqceva. mas
devi darajobs, Tumca ver ekareba, radgan misi
Sexebisagan devi unda iferflebodes. meore
mxriv, aq SeiZleba asaxuli iyos winaistoriuli
brZola devsa da RvTisSvils Soris. jvari devnilia devisagan, an tyved aris wayvanili, rogorc fSaur andrezebSi RvTisSvili kopala.
jvari
Tavs
aRwevs
devTa
tyveobas
da
Tavdaxsnili gadamwyvet brZolas gaumarTavs devebs. gudamayrul andrezSi monadires wilad
xvda dafaruli jvaris migneba. is TiTqos ganZis
aRmomGenelia, msgavsad farnavazisa da sxvaTa,
romelTac ganZi Tavad gamouGens Tavs. Gvens andrezSi jvari sakraluri nivTia, romlis xelyofa mxolod mowmidars da jvaris rGeulebs
SeuZlia. jvaris, rogorc sagnis, sakraluroba,
rac dauSvebels xdis mis xelyofas SemTxveviT
cxii
Tu
gareSe
pirTagan,
kargad
Gans
erT
gudamayrulsave TqmulebaSi:
`baGikelas Samauvlia RamiT, beqauri iyo is
kaci _ Rame modenila. mand jvari mouPelav
TorRaanT, jalabaurs, vercxlis jvari da saxlSi miitana. hoda, iqidan dauZaxnia, me vera
vxedavdio: _ `baGikelao, jalabaurs uTxar, roma
i jvari ro waiRoo, gamaitanoso, Torem ar
SevarGenTo, Gveniao~. ram damiZaxa, ver vxedavdio,
uPilavad,
egre^~
(38,
#25577)).
mTxrobeli
fiqrobs, rom muqaris xma devis xma iyo. devi am
SemTxvevaSi _ Tumca is uwmiduria da jvaris antipodi, SesaZloa, swored amitomac _ jvaris
sakralizmze,
mis
xelSeuxleblobaze
migviTiTebs. Tu am patara TqmulebaSi jvari sakuTar saxlSi miaqvs mparavs, rac sakraluri
nivTis profanuli mizniT gamoyenebis cdas warmoadgens, Goxis wmida giorgis andrezSi monadires jvari miaqvs ara sakuTar saxlSi, pirad
sakuTrebad, aramed soflisaTvis, romelsac is,
rogorc mkadre, kults ufuZnebs.
marTalia, monadire aTavisuflebs devisagan
datyvevebul jvars, magram mTels am gzaze,
cirasebidan soflis sazRvramde, sadac jvari
mtredis saxiT amofrinda gudidan, jvari icavda
monadires mdevari devisagan da man miaRwevina
uxifaTod saymos sazRvramde.
mTels
saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebulia
Tqmulebebi naeklesiar adgilebze, romelTac
cxiii
uRran tyeSi nadirs dadevnebuli monadire aRmoaGens. niSandoblivia, rom Zvel naeklesiarTan
yovelTvis ganZia Gafluli. monadire _ eklesiisa da ganZis aRmomGeni, salocavs ganaaxlebs da
iqve dasaxldeba (23, 10, 28). cxadia, am tipis andrezebSi eklesia da ganZi (sefi, ris gamoc Semdeg aRorZinebul sofels sefieTi ewodeba)
ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan. ganZi ueWvelad eklesiis sakralurobis nivTieri gamoxatulebaa.
Telavis RvTaebis eklesiis daarsebaze amgvari Tqmulebaa Semonaxuli: sanadiro tyeSi
rusiSvils sizmrad gamocxadebuli moxucis SegonebiT mouTxria is miwa, sadac iwva; miugnia
gamoqvabulisaTvis, sadac xati yofila dasvenebuli, xats win ori wmida sanTeli enTo.
moxucisve rGeviT am gamoqvabuls zemoT eklesia
unda aSenebuliyo RvTaebis saxelze. rusiSvilma
tye gakafa, eklesia aago da Tavadac Tavisi
sagvareuloTi aq gadmosaxlda (83, 5).
sxvaTa Soris, crolis sanebis `aRmomGenic~,
romelmac ixila jvaris naTeba croliswverze _
vinme qerauli, baridan amosuli monadire iyo.
man miagno sacxovrebel adgils da am adgilis
RvTiuri patronic gamoecxada.
mtredi _ eklesiis maSenebeli
mefe-patarZlis dalocvis erT teqstSi GarTulia striqonebi, romlebic pirveli qristianuli saidumlos simbolikas Seicavs:
cxiv
mtredma Tavis sindisiTa
elusamel koSkSi dadgao,
zed saydari aaSena,
Sig mironi gubed Gadgao^ (79, #550g).
sakiTxavia, saidan moxvda es fragmenti xsenebul dalocvaSi; is iwyeba mtrediT da
mTavrdeba mironiT. SesaZlebelia, mas gagrZelebac hqonoda, radgan mironi uqmad ar Gadgeboda
gubed.
yovel
SemTxvevaSi
es
striqonebi
gvagonebs sxva leqss, sadac mironis gubes Tavisi funqcia aqvs:
qalaqSi sion-saydari
bagrationT aagesa,
maRla caSi aiyvanes,
Tavs gumbaTi daadgesa,
qveS mironi gubed dadga,
ymawvilebi danaTlesa (100, #24).
mtreds aq cvlis bagrationi, ierusalims
(`elusameli~) _ qalaqi anu Tbilisi, romelic am
leqsSi uswordeba mcxeTas, romlis saydarSi,
sveticxovelSi, rogorc wyarosTvalidan, saeklesio andreziT, romelic sveticxovlis sagalobelSi aisaxa, mironi moedineboda. es iyo embazi qarTvelTa da is ymawvilebi, romlebic aq
gubed damdgar mironSi danaTles, pirveli qarTveli qristianebi iyvnen. mcxeTa meore ierusalimia, rasac eTanxmeba bagrationTa andrezi _
daviT ebraelTa mefis modgmidan maTi warmoSocxv
bisa. ai, am meore ierusalimSi, sadac xalxi
xedavs qristianuli religiis dasabams, kultisa
da, kerZod, naTlisRebis saidumlo ritualis
geneziss, xdeba saswauli: mtredi dgams koSks da
zed aSenebs taZars. aq vxedavT suliwmidis moqmedebis nivTier kvals fizikur samyaroSi.
mtredi _ suliwmidis frinveli _ dakavSirebulia naTlisRebasTan; is gamoGnda iordanes
Tavze gadaxsnili cidan da daadgra qristes
(maT. 3, 16-17). naTlisReba ki aris pirveli
saidumlo
qristianuli
religiisa
_
sxva
saidumloTa dasabami.
`mtredma Tavis sindisiTa^~ _ am mcire,
TiTqos umniSvnelo leqsSi asaxulia mtredTan
dakavSirebuli unikaluri simbolika, ramac
SeiZleba adreqristianuli xanis azrovnebamde
migviyvanos. II-III ss.-is apologeti tertuliane
qristianul taZars simbolurad `mtredis saxls~
uwodebda; `Gveni mtredis martivi saxlio~,
werda is, upirispirebda ra mas warmarTTa daxurul da labirinTebian sawmidarebs, romelTa
simbolod is gvels, `naTlis moZule~ arsebas
saxavda. gveli usinaTlo xvrelebSi iSenebs
sabudars, mtredi ki _ naTelSi, radgan mas, rogorc `suli wmidis xats, aRmosavleTi _ qristes
xati uyvars~.
Gven davinaxeT, rom mtredi aris kvrivi
adgilebis mimaniSnebeli frinveli; is jvaris
manifestaciaa
da
adamianebs
aRmouGens
im
cxvi
adgils, romelsac fizikuri TvalisaTvis safarveli afaria, da sadac jvars surs damkvidreba.
magram mTis saymoTa andrezebSi amiT ar amoiwureba mtredis funqcia: is ara mxolod auwyebs
saklavis sisxlSi samgzis amowebuli niskartiT,
rom axal adgils jvari daarsda, aramed aSenebs
kidec am niskartiT eklesiis saxes.
aseTi
andrezi
jerjerobiT
mTiuleTgudamayarSia dadasturebuli da dakavSirebulia
mxolod da mxolod erTi salocavis _ dumacxos
zegardis wmida giorgis daarsebasTan.
gadmovcem erT-erT variants, Gawerils dumacxoSi:
mTiuleTis sofel lakaTxevSi qarGaiZes xe
uWria saxlis asaSeneblad: `^xe uWria aqa da moa
tredi, dascems WoWsa da waiRebs. dafiqrda e
kaci, sad miaqvs e nafotio tredso. adga, roca
moWra e xe da gaxyva am tredsa. gafrindeba, dajdeba, gafrindeba, dajdeba. da Grdilia didi da
iq aquGebs, rogorc eklesia, ise agebs. amdgara,
gonieri kaci yofila, da eklesia uSenebia im
kacsa iq, wminda giorgisa. da wasula, misula
afciaurebTan da uTqom am afciaurebsa, ro
rasac mogvTxovT, mogcemT. xars mogvTxovT,
Zroxas mogvTxovT, Tu rasac mogvTxovT, mogcemT. uari ar ari. wasula, jalab devekiTxebio.
misula _ cxra Zmani yofilan. `jalafno, ese, ese
maZleveno da ra gamovarToo, fuli gamovarTo,
Tu Zroxao, Tu cxorio?~ zog cxori uTqom, zog
cxvii
Zroxa uTqom, zogs xari uTqom. patarZal hyolia
erTi da, modio, patarZalsac SevekiTxoTo, `ra
gamovarToTo~. uTqomT patarZlisaTvis. `me Tu
mkiTxavTo, arc cxori gindaTo, arc Zroxa gindaTo. saklavi ro daikvlis, uwin Tqveni daiklaso, Tu iq iqnebiTo da ro mudam xatobaSi:
`wyalobde qarGaiZesa! gamrevdes qarGaiZeebi! wyalobde!~ araferi gindaT magaze metio. da dResac ro ai _ mudam wels xatobaa _ Tu esenia mosuli, imaTi saklavi unda daiklas dRemdi, qarGaiZeebisi, `qarGaiZeebo! vin ari, moides! swyalobdes eklesiis amSenebelsa!~ (38, #25551).
qarGaiZe lakaTxevSi sacxovrebeli
saxlis
agebas
apirebs,
magram gangebam mas dumacxoSi
eklesiis aSeneba daakisra. saxlis
masalad gamzadebuli xis nafotebi mtreds miaqvs da maT erTmaneTze awyobs eklesiis saxed. mtredis moqmedeba saxlis mSenebels Gaagonebs, rom man
saxlis aSenebas unda mianebos Tavi da eklesiis
Senebas mihyos xeli. xe, romlis GamonaTali nafotebisagan mtredis mecadineobiT eklesiis saxe
iqmneba, ukve sakraluria da misi masalisagan adamianis sacxovrebeli saxli ar unda aSendes.
qarGaiZec sakralizmiT imoseba, is dumarcxosken
mfrinav mtreds mihyveba, rogorc mkadre mihyveba
Tavis jvars, da mtredic aGvenebs mas kvriv
adgils, romelic dafarulia adgilobrivi mocxviii
saxleobisaTvis. mtredi aGvenebs mas, TiTqos aswavlides eklesiis saxes anu models. namdvilad,
qarGaiZe, roca is Tavisi saxlisaTvis masalas
Wrida, misda uneburad monawileobda im eklesiis
modelis SeqmnaSi, romlis agebas RvTis gangeba
avalebda. es is modelia, romelic xelT upyriaT
xolme taZris kedelze gamosaxul ktitorebs,
romlebic TiTqos amboben: `ai, eklesiis saxe,
romelic Gven aRvaSeneT~.
ase GaiTrevs mtredi sakralur saqmianobaSi
ubralo kacs _ jer mkadred, mere eklesiis mSeneblad, rac kultis dafuZnebis badalia. da
Tumca qarGaiZe misTvis ucxo mosaxleobas aRmouGens jvars, magram is, rogorc am jvaris
uymo yma, mis kultSi sakargymo wils idebs.
gaibmeba
solidarobis
Sibi
lakaTxevis
saRvTo maRalsa da dumacxos wmida giorgis Soris. Sibi, rogorc religiuri kavSiris simbolo,
gahyavs mtreds, RvTisSvilis gina suliwmidis
macnes.
am andrezis sxva, SesaZloa, ufro gavrcelebuli variantis Tanaxmad, ambavi iwyeba ara
lakaTxevidan, sadac, rogorc davinaxeT, qarGaiZe
saxlisaTvis xes Wrida, aramed gzis meore
bolos, dumacxos mxareSi, saiTkenac qarGaiZe
sanadirod aris wasuli. es varianti agebulia
GvenTvis nacnob monadirisa da mtredis motivze
(38, #256196, #.25537, #25613).
cxix
monadire Rames aTevs tyeSi da esizmreba, rom
mtredi am adgilas budes iSenebs; sanadirodan
dabrunebuli, Rames aTevs berebis nasaxlarSi,
sadac cxadliv xedavs, rogor iwyobs mtredi
sabudars. rogorc vxedavT, monadire aRmoGndeba
ara
ubralo,
SemTxveviT
adgilze,
aramed
kvrivSi, iseT adgilas, sadac Sewyvetilia sakraluri cxovreba da axla, rogorc Gans, Jami
dadga misi aRorZinebisa, ris niSansac aq mofusfuse mtredi iZleva. mtreds Sehyavs monadire
didi xnis gauqmebul sawmidarSi, romelsac
adgilobriv mcxovrebTaTvis safarveli hqonda
dadebuli. mtredi monadires, rogorc Tavis
mkadres, Tvals auxels da Seiyvans am adgilis
saidumloSi.
Sio mRvimelis cxovrebaSi moTxrobilia epizodi, sadac monadire mtredis wyalobiT, misi
gamZRoobiT, _ cxadia, aq RvTis xeli moqmedebda,
_ aRmoaGens martomyofi beris wmida samyofels.
mtredis wyalobiT, safarveli exdeba saidumlo
adgils, raTa is wuTisoflisTvisac cnobili
gaxdes.
`^ineba zegardmoman gangebaman, raiTa ara
iyos dafarul brwyinvale igi varskvlavi.
amisTKs gamoacxada igi kacTa Soris, xolo saxe
gamocxadebisa misisa esreT iyo. rameTu mas Jamsa
iyo vinme mTavari, saxeliT evagre, qristes moyuare da saRrmToTa wignTagan swavluli da
dResa erTsa hrqua SvilTa TKsTa da monaTa:
cxx
`ganvideT nadirobad~. da ganvles mtkuari da
ganvides damarTebiT adgilsa mas, sada mjdomare
iyo beri. xolo yovelnive midamoibnivnes da evagre dgas marto da mimoixedvida, raYTa ixilos
nadirTagani raime. xolo miSuebiTa RmrTisaYTa
ixila tredi igi, romel muarTumida sazrdelsa
Sios. xolo evagre ganicdida mkKrsed da ixila,
sada-igi
Sevida.
xolo
viTarca
inadires,
warvides saxed TKsad, da xvalisa dRe kualad
ganvides. da viTarca yovelni movidodes da
mTavari evagre dga maxloblad quabisa mis, sada
mjdomare iyo beri. da, aha, kualad ixila tredi
igi da moaqunda sazdeli berisaTKs. da viTarca
ganicada netarman evagre tredi igi, gankKrda igi
da Seudga kualsa missa da ixila wmidaY igi Sio
mjdomare quabsa Sina^~ (95, 219).
hagiografi, msgavsad xalxuri andrezisa,
mogviTxrobs dafaruli siwmidis, rac igive
saidumloa, gamoGenis ambavs. dafarulis, anu
saidumlos gamocxadeba ki erT-erTi qristianuli esqatologiuri WeSmaritebaa. `saqme
uGino~, rogorc vkiTxulobT `qarTlis moqcevaSi~ mcxeTis eklesiis aSenebis gamo, `cxad
didebaSi~ unda gadavides. `cxovrebaSic~ da andrezSic mtredia monawile am gamocxadebebisa.
Tu andrezis mixedviT, mtreds Tavisi `WoWiT~
nafotebi miaqvs gangebiT miniSnebuli adgilisaken da Tan xis mWrels Tu monadires gaiyoliebs, `cxovrebaSi~ wmidanis mkvebav mtreds
cxxi
martod darGenilma monadirem, evagrem, Tvali
unda mohkras da mihyves mis kvals, `raYTa ara
iyos dafaruli brwyinvale igi varskvlavi~.
mtredi moqmedebs `miSuebiTa RmrTisaYTa~, radgan evagre SiosTan erTad eklesiis mSenebeli
unda Seiqmnas momavalSi, raTa `saqme qmnuli uGinoY~, rac martodmyofi beris sulier RvawlSi
(asketizmSi) mdgomareobda, `cxad didebad~ gamoGndes. gana aseve RvTiuri gangebis `miSuebiT~
ar moqmedebs andrezis mtredi, roca mas monadire Tu xis mWreli berTa Tumca gauqmebul,
magram maTi Rvawlis kvalwauSlel sadgomebisaken mihyavs, rom Zveli siwmidis gasaaxleblad eklesia _ mtredis saxli _ aaSenebinos?
zegardis wmida giorgis andrezis variantTa
Soris aris kidev erTi versia, romlis Tanaxmad
kvrivis aRmomGenia ara lakaTxeveli qarGaiZe,
aramed kacis kvlis mizeziT gadmoxvewili qisti,
romelsac sofelma wili ar misca Tavis miwawyalze. roca qistma xis Wra daiwyo saxlis
asaSeneblad, `qedani movida da, ramdeni nafotic
Seagdebina xesa, imdeni nafoti aiRo da daagrova
iqa, saca is salocavi ari. Gamovida da uTxra
sofelsa, ro eseTi ambavia^ waviden, naxes da
Tqves, ro albaT salocavi gvTxovso aqao, raRaca avaSenoTo^ sTxoves, ro vin aaSenebs,
xelosani vin ari, exla da _ qarGaiZe yofila
xelosani, waiyvanes is qarGaiZe, miiyvanes da
aaSenebines eklesia^~ (38, #25625).
cxxii
qisti, ucxoTesli, romelic sofelma ar miiRo Tavis wiaRSi, misda uneburad soflisaTvis
axali salocavis aRmomGeni xdeba. kaci erTdroulad wils idebs sofelSi da eymoba im
salocavs, romelic misi mizeziT soflis miwawyalze aRmoGnda. saidanRac mofrenili qedani
misi sacxovrebeli saxlisaTvis gankuTvnili xis
nafotebiT aSenebs eklesiis saxes, riTac gzas
uxsnis qists sofelSi dasasaxleblad. mopovebuli salocaviTurT, rogorc sasyidliT, is
Sedis sofelSi saymos sruluflebian wevrad,
amrigad qistis mier sacxovrebeli saxlis dafuZneba religiuri aqtia, raki igi dakavSirebulia kultis daarsebasTan.
`qalaqis damfuZnebeli, _ wers fiustel de
kulanJi, _ aris kaci, romelic asrulebs religiur aqts, romlis gareSe qalaqi ver iarsebebda. es is kacia, vinc daaarsa kera, sadac maradiulad unda enTos wmida cecxli; es is
kacia, romelic Tavisi locvebiT da ritualebiT
mouxmobs RmerTebs da samudamod amkvidrebs maT
axal qalaqSi. gasagebia is pativiscema, romelsac miageben am sakralur adamians. vidre is
cocxalia, masSi xedaven kultis Semqnels da
qalaqis mamas; sikvdilis Semdeg is xdeba saerTo
winaprad Taobebisa, romlebic mas misdeven;
qalaqisaTvis es igivea, rac ojaxis pirveli
winapari. misi xsovna iseve ar qreba, rogorc
keris cecxli, romelic man daanTo^~ (155, 161).
cxxiii
fiustel de kulanJis azriT, romelic dafuZnebulia Zvel romael matianeebze, qalaqis
daarseba yovelTvis religiuri aqti iyo, xolo
misi damaarsebeli _ sakraluri piri. dumacxos
masStabSi es gadmoxvewili qisti imave rols asrulebs, rasac im Zveli qalaqebis damfuZnebelni; isic maT msgavsad sakraluri piria _ man
axali sakulto cxovreba misca sofels, Seqmna
ra misgan axali saymo zegardis wmida giorgis
garSemo da gaxda misi pirveli dekanozi. man
dasabami daudo dumacxoSi afciaurTa erT Stos
_ aspanianT (Tavisi saxelis aspanis mixedviT),
saidanac gamodian zegardis wmida giorgis dekanozebi; maT Soris ki saymos axsovs legendaruli focxvera, romelic mxarze droSagadebuli
freniT
eSveboda
dumacxos
saRvTo
maRalis mwvervalidan soflis salocavamde.
jvarGena tyveobaSi
Semonaxulia
andrezebi
datyvevebul
da
tyveobidan Tavdaxsnil jvar-xatebze, romelTa
Tavgadasavali maTsave epiTetebSia gakvrivebuli.
jvarTa tyveoba ar aris fantaziis nayofi, is
istoriuli sinamdvilea, Gveni qveynis bedukuRmarTi warsulis gamoZaxil andrezebSi. ai, Tundac, erTi magaliTi: `qk s:sv: yaeni wamovida
ulusiTa saqarTvelosa; saqristianoTa xatTa da
jvarTa atyuevebdes^~ (69, 335). qarTlis cxovrebaSi
SeiZleba
davadasturoT
konkretuli
cxxiv
SemTxvevebi
jvarTa
datyvevebisa
Semoseuli
mtris mier: `^amsave Jamsa movides sarkinozni,
romelTa uxmobdes sajobiT da moatyuenes
kaxeTi, da dawues juari da mcxeTa, da Seiqces,
da warvides da waritanes Tana juari patiosani
daWrili^~ (73, 265). mteri, urjulo, ebrZvis
jvars, rogorc sulier arsebas, rogorc devi _
RvTisSvils, da is ara mxolod wartyvenilia,
aramed daWrilic aris.*
datyvevebuli jvaris Semdgom beds ucxo
mxareSi gvamcnobs garkveuli tipis Tqmuleba,
romelic mravali variantiT aris cnobili qarTul folklorSi. ai, am Tqmulebis fabula:
qarTvel tyveebTan erTad gatacebulia xatic.
mtris qveyanaSi xati saswauls axdens: Svidi
wlis manZilze miwa nayofs ar iZleva, adamianic
da pirutyvic gaberwebulia, epidemia anadgurebs
mosaxleobas. misani xvdeba ubedurebis mizezs;
xats sjian (wvaven, sakireSi agdeben), magram
verafers akleben: is uvnebelia. bolos, misnis
rGeviT, xats xaris rqaze miakraven da tyveebTan
erTad Tavisuflad gauSveben. xari moisaklisebs
erT koWl dedakacs da mxolod maSin daiZreba,
roca is dedakaci SeuerTdeba saymos. xari miuZRvis tyveebs samSoblosaken da Gerdeba im
adgilas, romelsac xati Tavis sabrZanisad amoirGevs.
*
daWril-dalewili xatebis Tavgadasavali moTxrobilia xatmebrZoleobis amsaxvel qristianul
legendebSi.
cxxv
aseTi
Tavgadasavali
aqvs
rkonis
RvTismSoblis (3, 115) da Zarwemis wmida giorgis
xatebs (92, 212). magram es istoria sayovelTaod
cnobili gaxada mTiuleTis saymoTa saerTo
salocavma _ saxelganTqmulma lomisis wmida
giorgis xatma, romlis Rvawli amgvarad ixsenieba sadideblebSi: `gaumarjos lomisas, xorasanT tyveTa damxsnelsa~ (56, 35). lomisis
wmida giorgis tyveobisa da misi Tavdaxsnis ambavi mraval variantad aris Gawerili da dabeWdili (50, 168-9; ##527-8; 40, 114). Tumca xorasans tyveTa mxsneloba ar darGa mxolod
lomisis wmida giorgis privilegiad; unda vifiqroT, rom lomisis wmida giorgis xorasnul
Rvawls hqonda tendencia Sesuliyo mTavarmowamis `saerToqarTul~ cxovrebaSi, rogorc erTi
mniSvnelovani epizodi. ra uSualo kavSiri unda
arsebuliyo warsulSi lomisis wmida giorgis
saymosa da ZimiTis (guria) wmida giorgis eklesias Soris, rom gvevarauda am miTologemis
gadasvla mTiuleTidan guriaSi. magram ZimiTis
wmida giorgis xatis kubos amSvenebs warwera,
saidanac
mogvesmis
mTiuluri
sadideblis
sityvebi: `q. eha, Sen dido mxneo mxedaro da
RvawliT
Semosilo
da
xvarasanT
tyveTa
mxsnelo, saswaulT moqmedo axovano da wmidao
mowameo giorgi^~ (36, 25).
XVIII saukunis werilobiT wyaros Semounaxavs
andrezi, sadac tyveTa mxsneli urjuloTa
cxxvi
qveynidan awyuris (samcxe) RvTismSoblis xatia.
beri egnataSvilis `axali qarTlis cxovrebaSi~,
sadac aRwerilia XV-XVI saukuneebis samcxis viTareba, vkiTxulobT: samcxis dalaSqvris Semdeg
`aiyara yaeni da warvida sayaenosa Tvissa da
tyue hyves xati awyurisa RmrTismSobeli, da
wariyvanes queyanasa maTsa. da iqmna didi glova
da mwuxareba miuTxrobeli sruliad mesxTa
zeda. aRdges yovelni da STavides qarTls,
vidremdis mwirobdes mun Svid wel^ maSin odes
movida uzun-asan mZlavriTa laSqriTa da wariyvana xati igi awyurisa RmrTismSoblisa queyanasa
mas ucxo TeslTasa, eseviTari risxva RmrTisa
miavlina; arca Soba dedakacman, arca pirutyuman,
arc hyo xeman nayofi, arca miwaman aRmoacena. da
iqmna didi gamoZieba maT Soris ucxosa amisTvis
saqmisa da ityodes: `raY-me ars ese?~ romelnime
ityodes: `SecTomiT iqmna~, xolo sxuani sxuasaca rasame mizezsa moiRebdes. xolo ubrZnesTa
kacTa mis queyanisaTa esreT Tques: `odes-igi
saqarTvelos vilaSqreT, maSin erTisa didisa
saydridaRmen ficari erTi, Semkuli mravliTa
pativiTa, vixileT da warmoviReT; da mgzavrobasa mas Guensa ucxo saswauli vixileT misgan,
rameTu
mwuxrsa
GavasueneT
uRrmessa
adgilsa bargisasa da, viTarca ganTendes, aRmovides siRrmidan da maRlad mjdomare ixilvebodis da viTarca mze brwyinevdis. da saqme ese
ueWvelad misgan iqmna queyanasa Guensa da, Tu
cxxvii
gnebavs ganrineba Wirisa misgan, igi moviZioT da
queyanasa maTsa ganuteoT~. maSin moiZies wmida
ese xati da, hpoves ra, esreT ganizraxes: `movediT da davakraT kicusa uPedsa da, ukeTu
warvides marTliad gzasa Tvissa, uwyodeT,
rameTu amisgan ars ese yoveli; da ukeTu miiqcios sxviT-kerZo, maSin SecdomiT rame iqmna
da ara amisgan~. da viTarca daakres kicusa mas
zeda ese xati, esreT marTliad warmoemarTa
gzasa samcxeT momyvanebelsa, viTarmca saGino
mPedari da aRviriTa mpyrobeli da mmarTebeli.
da viTarca ixiles ucxoTeslTa sakvirveleba
ese, ganixares sixaruliTa didiTa friad, da
warmogzavnes pativiTa. da Tanawarmohyva simravle cxenebisa friadi, romelsa zurgebi
Gadrekilebi dResca hqadagebs maSindelsa saswaulsa. xolo ucxoTeslTa maT ara-ra izrunes
cxenebisa maTisaTvis, vinaTgan uzomosa mis
Wirisagan
Psnasa
moelodes.
da
gangebiTa
saRrmToTa mciredTa JamTa samcxes moiwia
adgilsa, romelsa aw elavsi ewodebis, da iqmna
didebuli saswauli. rameTu myis ganaTlda
sruliad
samcxe
da
gabrwyinda
wesisaebr
pirvelisa. da viTarca ixiles yovelTa anasdaTi
igi Secvaleba bnelisa naTlad da mixedes
adgilsa mas da saxed elvisa brwyinvida xati
yovlad-wmidisa, gankvirvebulTa Tques: `ra-me
ars ese elvis saxed brwyinvale?~ da mieriTgan
ewoda adgilsa mas elavsi. da Sekrbes yovelni
cxxviii
da mivides da ixiles xati ese yovlad-wmidisa
RmrTismSobelisa brwyinvaled mjdomare kicusa
zeda da simravle cxenebisa garemosa missa;
gankvirdes ucxosa mas zeda sakvirvelsa da
adides RmerTi da yovlad-wmida RmrTismSobeli
da cremliTa mPurvaliTa RaRadyues missa mimarT: `kurTxeul ars mosvla Seni, dedao saxierisa RmrTisao, raYsaTvis dagviteven eseodenTa
JamTa bnelTa Sina, romelTa Sen mier vixileT
saRmrTo naTeli Zisa Senisa?~ da viTarca esma
xatisa saswauliTa mosvla mesxTa qarTls
myofTa, viTarmed samcxe ganaTlda, ganixares
sixaruliTa didiTa friad da Tques: `ueWvelad
xati yovlad-wmidisa mosuenda. aRvdgeT da
warvideT queyanasa Guensa~ (74, 479-481).
es vrceli monakveTi, romlis Sinaarsi arsebiTad igiveobrivia lomisis xatis andrezisa
(principul gansxavebas ar qmnis xaris Senacvleba uxedneli kviciT, romliTac brundeba ukan
RvTismSoblis xati), aq im mizniT aris motanili,
rom yuradReba mivapyraT arqauli miTosisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel
zogierT
moments.
rodesac
babilonelTa qalRmerTi iSTari stovebs qveyanas da qvesknelSi Gadis, dedamiwaze wydeba nayofiereba, rogorc cxoveluri, ise mcenareuli;
kacTa modgmasac ki gadaSeneba emuqreba, radgan
qveynidan wasulia gamravlebis impulsi. `arc
Soba dedakacman, arca pirutyvman, arca hyo xeman
nayofi, arca miwaman aRmoacena~ _ vkiTxulobT
cxxix
saistorio TxzulebaSi da es sityvebi Tavisuflalad SeiZleba gavimeoroT iSTaris gauGinarebiT qveyanaSi Seqmnili viTarebis dasaxasiaTeblad. Tumca es saswaulebi xdeba urjuloTa qveyanaSi, sadac xatia datyvevebuli, da
ara samcxeSi, xatis saymoSi, saidanac rogorc
iSTari _ radgan ucxo mxareSi wasvla qvesknelSi Gasvlis badalia _ wasulia xati; magram
arc samcxe, xatis saymo, ar aris dalxinebuli:
`da iqmna glova da mwuxareba miuTxrobeli,
aRdges yovelni da STavides qarTls, vidremdis
mwirobdnen mun Svid wel~ _ gvamcnobs saistorio Txzuleba savsebiT realur istoriul
faqts: mesxebis Gasvlas qarTlSi da droebiT
maT iq yofnas, anu mwirobas. mesxni stoveben mitovebul qveyanas rogorc israelianebi, romlebic gaurbian SimSils da Gadian egvipteSi.
SesaZloa, mesxTaTvis qarTli, sadac `STadian~,
simbolurad iyo egvipte, sadac maT Svidi weli
unda dahyon mwirad _ ganTqmuli Svidi weli
unayofobisa, romelic dgeba nayofieri Svidi
wlis Semdeg. arc `Stasvla~ da arc `Svidi
weli~
ar
unda
iyos
SemTxveviTi
mesxTa
TavgadasavalSi, romelic SeemTxvaT maT maTi
mfarveli RvTismSoblis xatis datyvevebis Semdeg. gadis Svidi weli da samcxeSi brundeba gamarjvebuli, uxednel kvicze, rogorc erT dros
misi Ze, amxedrebuli RvTismSobeli, kidev ufro
gabrwyinebuli da meti didebiT mosili, da
cxxx
mesxnic
brundebian
Tavis
qveyanaSi.
RvTismSobeli kvlav Semoikrebs Tavis saymos,
romelic Svidi weliwadi `ucxo~ qveyanaSi mwirobda, sadac mas qarTlis mefe konstantine, rogorc faraoni iakobis naSierT, akavebda (`xolo
knstantine ayenebda da ara utevebda warsvlad;
da viTarca hpoves Jami marjue, aRdges Ramesa
erTsa da warmoemarTnes yovliT saxleuliT maTiTurT~ (74, 481). es aris ambavi mesxebis gamosvlaTa maTi mwirobis qveynidan da Sesvla
maTi RvTiuri patronis qveyanaSi. am TavgadasavalSi kargad Gans, rom am xalxisaTvis sacxovrebeli teritoria warmoudgenelia misi RvTiuri
patonis gareSe; aq isic Gans, rom xati Tavisi
dabrunebiT xelmered moupovebs Tavis saymos
dakargul miwa-wyals.
lomisis xati da misi ymebi erTad arian qveyanaSi datyvevebulni. TqmulebaTa am rkalSi Semodis xevis sparsangelozis andrezic, romlis
teqsti Gawerili aqvs s.makalaTias. ai, misi Sinaarsi:
sxva tyveebTan erTad sparseTSi erTi moxeve
qalic yofila akvnis bavSviT. aTengenobis wina
dRiT akvanTan mjdari wverisangelosze ocnebam
gaitaca. gamoecxada angelozi da uTxra: Tarodan Gemi sayure gadmoiRe da xevis gzas gaudeqio. dRe me gmalav, Ram-RamobiT Suqze gatarebo.
iqve gaGnda xaric, romlis rqaze Sejda wverisangelozi da qals win gauZRva. snoSi aTengenocxxxi
bas miuswro qalma da maSinve wverisangelozSi
avida, sayure xatisTvis Seuwiravs, xari dauklavs da angelozic am adgilas dafrenila (53,
252).
mTiuleTisa da xevis mTavari salocavebis
saswaulebi
ukavSirdeba
mniSvnelovan
gansacdelebs maTi saymoebis istoriaSi. SesaZlebelia, es gansacdeli maTi Seqmnis, saymod Gamoyalibebis safuZvelic ki iyos, vinaidan sadac ar
aris gansacdeli, iq xsnac ar aris; xsna ki,
gadarGena, Tavdaxsna, xelaxali Seqmnis da
xelaxali Sobis, gamococxlebis badalia. amitom
aris
mxsneli
macxovari,
ganmacocxlebeli.
tyveoba da sikvdili rom tolfardi movlenebia,
amis dasadastureblad aucilebeli arc aris
Zveli miTosis moxmoba; es cxaddeba sruliad
aramiTosur, yofiT gancdaSi, roca adamiani
mTeli sisavsiT ganicdis tyveobis gansacdels.
amas gvidasturebs erTi adgili nikoloz baraTaSvilis kerZo werilidan: `^xom ici, tyveoba
da sikvdili Gvens dedakacebs erTi hgoniaT,
metadre lekis tyveoba~ (1848 wlis 2 maisi).
`metadre lekis^~ amas Tavisi datvirTva aqvs:
leki* urjuloa da urjuloTa qveyanaSi tyveoba
(gavixsenoT guramiSvilis gansacdeli) gaZlierebul mniSvnelobas iZens, roca qristianis da
misi xatis tyveobazea laparaki.
*
lekebSia datyvevebuli, Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, rkonis RvTismSobeli (3,115) da Zarwemis
wmida giorgis xati (99, 212), romelTa Tavgadasavali `xorasnuli Rvawlis~ motivzea agebuli.
cxxxii
xats jojoxeTidan, qvesknelidan amohyavs
tyvedqmnili, damonebuli xalxi. magram xatic
xom tyvea, jer xom man unda daixsnas Tavi, rom
xalxis gaTavisufleba SeZlos? ufro meti: isic
usaTuod tyveobaSi unda iyos, rom ixsnas Tavisi
xalxi; is gveleSapis SiganSi unda moeqces,
STaenTqas gveleSaps, rom misi muclidan gamoiyvanos STanTqmulni. jer xatma unda daixsnas
Tavi da es misi TviTdaxsna aris swored jvarGena ucxo qveyanaSi.
SeniSnuli iyo, rom jvarGena sastiki movlenaa, sastiki Tavad sakuTari saymosaTvisac ki,
Tavisi unji ymisaTvisac ki, romelsac daadebs
Tavis Zlier xels. miT umetes, sastiki da daundobeli unda iyos is, roca datyvevebulia da
TavdaxsnisaTvis unda iGinos Tavi. jvarGenis
niSnebia _ da amas xvdeba ucxo qveynis misani _
nayofierebis Sewyveta qveyanaSi, adamianTa da
cxovelTa siberwe, Jamianoba da sxva epidemiebi.
jvari qveynis gamanadgurebeli saSualebebiT
iGens Tavs, rogorc israelis RmerTi egvipteSi,
roca faraoni akavebda damonebul xalxs da ar
uSvebda monobis qveynidan. xats saswaulebiT gamohyavs Tavisi saymo xorasnidan Tu lekebidan,
rogorc iahves Tavisi eri egviptidan iq datrialebuli sasjelebis _ gvemis, ganadgurebis, snebaTaSeyris, stiqionTa aboboqrebis, pirmSoTa
amoxocvis Semdeg; aqac da iqac xalxis patroni
aGenda Tavis marjvenas, romlis winaSe uZluri
cxxxiii
iyo damTrgunveli qveyana. ar SeiZleboda am
xalxis tyveoba, radgan is uflis sakuTreba iyo,
misi unji (segulah), rogorc Tavad eubneba maT:
`radgan Sena xar wmida eri uflisaTvis, Seni
RvTisaTvis,
Sen
gamogarGia
ufalma,
Senma
RmerTma, rom misi unji eri yofiliyavi^~ (2
rjl. 7, 6). rogorc ar SeiZleboda motaceba da
datyveveba RvTis kidobnisa da aki filistimelTa RvTaebis _ dagonis taZarSi gamomwyvdeulma Semusra maTi kerpi da mere, sadac ki
gadaitanes, yvelgan _ geTSi, ekronSi _ uwyalod
musravda xalxs da ase grZeldeboda Svid weliwads, vidre misanTa rGeviT or mewvel furSi
Sebmul uremze ar daasvenes da ar gagzavnes
Tavis wilxvdomil qveyanaSi; rogorc ar SeiZleboda datyveveba, xelis xlebac ki imisa, razec
devs uflis xeli, dawyebuli saSineli RvTis
kidobniT da adamianiT damTavrebuli. rac
uflisTvis wmidaa (kodeS), is xelSeuxebelia.
uflis siwmidis Selaxvis kerZo faqtad, rac
unda ucnaurad ar mogveGvenos, unda GavTvaloT
erTi SexedviT gaugebari istoria, rac saras
SeemTxva, Semdeg rebekasac, _ misi dakaveba jer
egvipteSi faraonis da mere gerarSi am qveynis
mefis mier, ris gamoc `didad SeaWirva ufalma
faraoni da misi saxli~ (dab. 12, 17) da `yvelas
dauxSo ufalma saSo abimeleqis saxlSi~ (dab.
20, 18). mis xelmyofelTa es `damizezeba~ gardauvali iyo, imis niSani iyo, rom sara unda
cxxxiv
dabruneboda Tavis patrons, radgan is iyo
aRTqmis aRsrulebis erTaderTi WurWeli, saidanac ufals Tavisi wmida eri unda warmoeSva.
xati da saymo erTad arian tyveobaSi. maTi
erTad yofna imas niSnavs, rom xati ar stovebs
Tavis xalxs upatronod, Tumca monobis qveyanaSi
xati jer farulad aris, is imarxavs Tavs, jer
ar gamoGenila, is sdums. roca is alaparakdeba,
ai, maSin xdeba jvarGena da iwyeba gamosvla,
magram jvarGena _ obieqturi faqti _ adamianis
suliskveTebazea damokidebuli.
gavixsenoT: mravali xani itanjeboda xalxi
egvipteSi,
magram
RmerTi
dumda.
xalxs,
SesaZloa, namdvilad ase iyo, daviwyebulic ki
hyavda Tavisi mama-papis RmerTi; aRarc ki axsovda, Tu odesme hyolia, magram roca ise
damZimda, rom metis atana adamians aRar SeeZlo,
xalxi akvnesda da RmerTs miswvda misi kvnesa,
radgan is ar iyo umisamarTo, ar iyo umweo, upatrono monis kvnesa, aramed adamianisa, romelmac
gaixsena Tavisi vinaoba da warsuli; sZlia satanis moqmedebas, romelic aviwyebda mas, rom is
ufliswuli iyo, rom is samyaros Semoqmedis
unji sakuTreba iyo (rogorc unda iyos yvela
xalxi). ai, swored maSin moxda jvarGena sinais
mTaze, sadac devnili mose mwyesavda Tavisi simamris faras.
unda movelodeT, rom yovel aseT dros _
ukidures gasaWirSi ibadeba, ufro swored,
cxxxv
aRdgeba gawyvetili kavSiri adamiansa da mis
mfarvels Soris. jojoxeTSi, veSapis mucelSi,
ibadeba sasoeba, rwmena; aq lbeba guli, ar
qvavdeba. qali swuxs ucxoobaSi, enatreba Tavisi
mTavarangelozis adgilsamyofeli da dReoba
(adgili da dro, rogorc erTiani Jam-kari _
kultis piroba) da natvraSi, roca is aRar
grZnobs Tavs umweod, aris religiis dasabami.
dasabami aris am qalSi, akvans rom uzis, rogorc
pirvel qadagSi _ minanSi, sanaTaSi, wmida ninoSi,
mariamsa da marTaSi. Gumi kvnesa natvrasTan erTad aRmomxdari aranakleb esmis mTavarangelozis xats, vidre egvipteSi damonebuli xalxis
ufals misi gamayruebeli godeba.
saymo aRdga kvlav, is Seikriba Tavisi xatis
garSemo, uklebliv yvela, im upatrono, yvelasagan daviwyebuli koWli dedakacianad, romelsac
_ ukanasknels _ elodeboda xati. saymo aRdga
tyveobis qveyanaSi, roca alaparakda xati, da
ganmtkicda gzaSi, roca is miuZRoda maT qveynisaken. isini mtkicdebian da kidev ufro erTiandebian gzaSi, radgan erTi mimarTulebiT
uxdebaT yureba. israeli xedavda Tavis win
dRisiT Rrubels, RamiT _ naTlis svets. eseni
xedaven dRisiT da RamiT mTavarangelozis an
wmida giorgis xats, aRmarTuls xaris rqebze, _
TavianT winamZRols da mxsnels, romelic samaradisod aRibeWda maT SegnebaSi.
cxxxvi
cxxxvii
qajaveTis ganZi `qajaveTi~, romlis kavSiri `qajeTTan~ eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, tradiciulad _
es tradicia, rogorc Gans, `vefxistyaosanma~
gaaZliera _ iseTi qeyanaa, sadac viRac unda
iyos datyvevebuli: is, vinc motacebulia Tavisi
qveynidan da xsnas elis. qajeTi tyveobis qveyanaa
da Tavad mTeli qveyana qajeTisa erTian cixed
aris warmodgenili, cixe ki unda gaitexos; amaze
TaTbirobs mis misadgomebTan misuli sami gmiri.
fSav-xevsureTis
andrezebSic
laparakia
qajaveTis gatexvaze _ `qajaveTi ro gautexav
RvTiSvilTa^~ _ rom ZaliT wamoiRon iqidan, rac
wamosaRebia, wamoiyvanon, rac wamosayvania; xolo
rac moaqvT Tu mohyavT, aucilebelia saymosTvis,
misi arsebobisTvis (rogorc nestani tarielisTvis), Tu ara da gaugebari iqneboda mis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebul RvTisSvilTa Tanganwirva.
cxxxviii
ras mogviTxrobs qajaveTis gatexis Tqmuleba?
xaxmatis jvaris winamZRolobiT xevsureTis
RvTisSvilni gaemarTnen qajaveTis dasalaSqravad; Tan iaxles erTaderTi mokvdavi, adamiani,
magram ara ubralo mokvdavi, aramed jvaris
mkadre, romelsac jvari `xelze moudioda~. is
xSirad, _ misi saxeli iyo gaxua megrelauri
(WormeSavidan), _ dadioda jvarTan erTad; amboben, `xandixan daikargisao. erT-ori TviTge
mavidisav,
safarvel
dadebul
daxyvandisav
xTiSvilTa Tanav~ (67, 193). kidev ambobdnen, rom
`jvarTan jvar yofil, xatTan xat yofil is
kaci~. miuxedavad jvarTan aseTi siaxlovisa,
RvTisSvilTa Soris gareva mas ar SeeZlo xorcieli saxiT, miT umetes, qajaveTSi SesaRwevad _
es axasiaTebs am qveyanas, rogorc gansxvavebuli
ganzomilebis sivrceSi mdebares _ mas unda
daeTmo sxeuli; suli misi unda gayroda mis
sxeuls, is uxorco unda Sesuliyo qajaveTSi.
amitom RvTisSvilebma misi suli amoaZvrines
misi sxeulidan. SeuZlebeli iqneboda am faqtis
mesame piriT gadmocema, rom is Tavidanve
pirveli piriT ar yofiliyo Tqmuli, ar gaecxadebina amgvari gansacdeli Tavad mis ganmcdels.
`^sul amamaZvrinesav, Tqvisav gaxuama-d’ gvamiv
qviSaSi GaRmarxesav~ (67, 190); `damawvinesav, sul
amamaZvinesav. mec angelozebTan viarev^~ (67, 18)).
cxxxix
mas Semdeg,
rac xaxmatidan daZrulebma gaxuas sulamoridebuli
gvami
velkeTilze,
daTvisjvaris
misadgomebTan, sadRac kldis `exSi~ damales Tu
miwaSi (`qviSaSi~) Gafles, Tu xeze miayudes, rom
ukan dabrunebisas kvlav GaeZvrinaT masSi suli,
is ki gauZaliandeboda RvTisSvilT, raki mis
gvams suni eqneboda adenili da mxarzec Tagvis
naWami eqnebda damGneuli, _ amis Semdeg Gven
vkargavT maT kvals. cnobilia gza xaxmatidan
daTvisjvaris uReltexilamde, radgan mas xorcielis nabijebis kvali amGnevia _ mokvdavi,
sanam xorcieli iyo, xom fexdafex misdevda
mfrinav xatebs, _ magram sruliad gamoucnobia
gza daTvisjvaridan qajaveTamde, radgan is uxilavma arsebebma gaiares ise, rom kvali ar daumGneviaT miwaze da verc veravis moukravs maTTvis
Tvali. es uxilavi gza, romlis toponimebi uccxl
nobia andrezisaTvis, sruliad sxva ganzomilebaSi mdebareobs. midioda gza, mere is gadatyda
daTvisjvarTan, gadavida piriqiTSi, irealurSi,
sadac xorciel gaxuas ar SeeZlo SeRweva. amitom
unda
vifiqroT,
rom
RvTisSvilTa
dasalaSqravi qajaveTi ar mdebareobs fizikur
samyaroSi, Tumca misken mimavali gza is gza
aris, romelsac tradiciulad adgas saymo,
rodesac piraqeTi xevsureTidan daTvisjvaris
gadavliT miTxos soflebis dasalaSqravad miemarTeba.
es
marSruti
asaxulia
sagmirosalaSqro poeziaSi: velkeTil amaiares, xania
SvaRamisao,
daTvisjvar
gadaiares,
nam
gadaGqvifes mTisao. miTxos pirdapir Gavides,
alagzed leven Gdilsao (75, #48). daTvisjvar
erTad Sagrovdes, damSvenda mTa da baria, daTvisjvars gadadioda Sav-nabadais jaria (78, #61).
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad qajaveTis TqmulebaSi asaxuli unda iyos qarTvelTa tomis mravalgzisi laSqrobebi uSualo
mezoblebis _ qistebis winaaRmdeg (67, 81-97. es
realisturi mosazrebaa, romelic eyrdnoba am
tomebs Soris saukunovan urTierTobas maTi mezoblad cxovrebis manZilze. magram ise ar unda
warmovidginoT,
TiTqos
andrezSi
qajaveTis
saxiT
qisteTi
igulisxmebodes.
realuri
laSqrobebi saymosi qisteTis winaaRmdeg iZleva
models qajaveTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobisaTvis, _
ai, am azriT unda iyos asaxuli istoriuli sinamdvile qajaveTis andrezSi, romlis mizandasaxuloba
sruliad
gansxvavdeba
sagmirosalaSqro eposisagan. amJamad interesis sagans
ar Seadgens sakuTriv brZola jvarTa da qajTa
cxli
Soris; gvainteresebs mxolod laSqrobis mizani
da misi saboloo Sedegi; Tu ra naxes molaSqreebma qajaveTSi, ra saidumlos aexada iq
farda. rogori qveyanaa qajaveTi? qajaveTs, rogorc qveyanas, aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, iseve, rogorc adamianTa sazogadoebas, saymos. Suaguli,
rogorc kera, sadac amozrdilia mironmdinari
alvisxe an oqros SibiT cas gamobmuli muxa
laSaris gorze. cxadia, jvari dgas saymos
SuagulSi. ras warmoadgens qajaveTis Suaguli?
es is adgili iqneba, sadac yvelaze adre unda
SeaWenos cxeni molaSqre RvTisSvilma. rodesac
zurab erisTavi ganizraxavs xevsureTis gatexvas,
is pirvel rigSi miadgeba xmalas salocavs da
mis alvisxes mosaWrelad; fSavis xevSi aseT
adgilad mas eguleba laSaris muxa, romlis
moWriT is darwmunebuli iqneboda, rom daimorGilebda laSaris saymos anu fSavis Tormet
Tems. momxdurma icis, ras daartyas pirvelad,
sad SeaWenos cxeni. qajaveTSic aris aseTi
adgili, es aris samWedlo. es aRniSnulia leqsSi: sinas SWeds qajTa mWedeli, mivaswver wurvazedao. qurTemul mauglejie, cxeni Savagdi
zedao^ qajaveTis centri samWedloa; Tu samWedlos gatexavs wmida giorgi, qajaveTic gatexilia, misi saidumlo amoxsnilia. amas niSnavs
`mivaswver wurvazedao^~ yoveli xeloba sakralur-saidumloebrivia,
gansakuTrebiT
mWedloba, romelic sakulto qmedebamdea ayvanili.
devebi
adamganebs
umalavdnen
mWedlobis
saidumlos. aseve es saidumlo saqme qajeTis uxilav da miuval qveyanaSia daculi, sadac xorcieli ver SeaRwevs. mWedloba qajaveTis religcxlii
iaa da samWedloSi, rogorc kvrivSi, gareSem ver
unda Seixedos. magram RvTisSvili _ xaxmatis
wmida giorgi Sedis samWedloSi; ufro metic:
gaxurebul grdemlze daamGnevs Tavisi cxenis
nals, rogorc qajaveTis gatexis niSans samaradisod (amboben, qajaveTidan wamoRebuli qurTemuli, romelsac nalis tvifari aqvs, xaxmatis
jvaris kvrivSi inaxeba dRemde). mainc ras warmoadgens qajaveTis ganZi _ nadavli, romelic
erTnairad esaWiroeba batonsa da mis saymos,
romlis xorcieli winamZRolia gaxua? cxadia, es
ar iqneba grova SemTxveviTi sagnebisa, romelic
qajaveTis Suagulis _ samWedlos afeTqebis Semdeg SeiZleba xelSi moxvedrodaT gamarjvebul
molaSqreebs. roca inana, uruqis qalRmerTi da
misi
patroni,
eriduSi
gaemarTa
Tavisi
qalaqisaTvis saWiro faseulobaTa _ nivTierTa
Tu univToTa wamosaRebad, man icoda, ra unda
wamoeRo da risTvis iyo saWiro es yvelaferi.
mas mohqonda saganTa da mcnebaTa mTeli erToblioba, sistema, romelic safuZvlad unda
dadeboda uruqis civilizacias (46, 161-6). es iyo
inanas ZRveni, Tavisi saymosaTvis boZebuli. man
xomaldiT mozida ganivTebuli `ideebi~, kultisa
da kulturis safuZvlebi, da uruqis navsayudelSi gadmotvirTa. Gveni RvTisSvilebis motanili ganZic Seadgens saganTa sistemas, romelic safuZvlad udevs saymoTa sakultosazogadoebriv yofas. qajaveTis ganZSi Semavali
sagnebi SeiZleba sam jgufad davyoT. sakuTriv
sagnebi: Tasi, sakideli, oqros fanduri, oqros
saceri,
qurTemuli
(grdemli),
furis
rqa.
saqoneli: xar-Zroxa. qajis qalebi, mTavari maT
cxliii
Soris _ samZivari. rogorc vxedavT, qajaveTuri
ganZi ar gamoirGeva saganTa mravalferovnebiT.
cxadia, isini arc Tanabari mniSvnelobisa arian
_ vgulisxmob sakuTriv sagnebs, romelTa Soris
Tass umaRlesi adgili uWiravs. is dgas saganTa
ierarqiis TavSi, rogorc yabaxze Semodgmuli
oqros Tasi, rogorc mizani, romliskenac aris
mimarTuli yvelas mzera. aseve miuwvdomelia sakulto yofaSi sakralizmiT Semosili Tasi, romelic, rogorc davinaxeT, simbolurad gamoxatavs mTels kults. SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom
RvTisSvilebs TavianTi saymoebisaTvis am sagnebis, maT Soris, Tasis, saxiT moaqvT sayofacxovrebo kultura; rom TiTqos es yvelasaTvis
cnobili
da
kargad
nacnobi
sagnebi
yoveldRiuri daniSnulebisani arian. magram es
ase ar aris. pirvel rigSi, imis gamo, rom isini
RvTisSvilTa mier arian wamoRebulni, maTi
xelmonakidia da jvarSia mitanili, raTa iq
imyofebodnen samudamod. maT azis jvaris uxilavi niSani, zogierTs xilulic (rogorc qurTemuls wmida giorgis cxenis nali), rogorc
jvaris sakuTrebas. sxva saWiroebisaTvis maTi
gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. sakraluria da jvaris
ganZSi imkvidrebs adgils is Tasic, romelic
moymes mtris qveynidan moaqvs. ase umRerian ukanxadus sanebis ymas, meSvelas, romelic motacebuli TasiTa (saxelad `sirma~) da tyviTurT
brundeba Tavis saymoSi, riTac is TiTqos qajaveTis gamtexi RvTisSvilis saqciels imeorebs:
meSvela milxauris Zev, niavo gergetisao, kivkav
darbazis gamtexo, mamtano sirmaisao, Tormetis
Suris mZebnelo, Pelad mamyvano tyvisao (38,
cxliv
#25441). (RvTisSvilTan analogiaze migvaniSnebs
moymis epiTeti `niavo gergetisao~: andreziT
viciT,rom crolis saneba gergetidan aris wamosuli). davaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani, vnaxoT,
ra rols asruleben isini, rogorc andrezebis
personaJebi, da ganvsazRvroT maTi sakulto
funqciebi erTmaneTTan damokidebulebaSi. Tasi
Tasi Zevs kultisa da kulturis dasabamSi. es
aris niSani, romliTac adamiani cxovelisagan
ganirGeva, rac kargad Gans `gilgameSis eposis~
gmiris, enqidus magaliTze. misi gankaceba, kulturuli cxovrebisadmi ziareba gamoxatulia
imiT, rom is swavlobs xelSi Tasis daWeras da
miT wyurvilis dakmayofilebas; roca is amas
SesZlebs, is ukve adamiania; misi arseboba
gadaizrdeba kulturul yofaSi, rasac is moklebuli iyo, roca udabnoSi `maradJams jogTan
erTad wyals ewafeboda~ _ arseboba, romelic
SeiZleba daxasiaTebuli iqnas, rogorc uTasoba,
rogorc kulturis nulovani mdgomareoba. roca
diogenma, romelmac uxsovardroindeli kulturis niSnad erTaderTi sagani _ Tasi daitova,
wylis peSviT amomRebelis danaxvisas isic moisrola, rogorc usargeblo ram nivTi; am aqtiT
man uari Tqva kacobriuli kulturis uZveles da
ukanasknel
elementur
niSanze.
diogeni
ukuagdebs, uaryofs Tass, enqidus xelSi aZleven
mas gankacebis niSnad. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom
lemnosis
ukacriel
kunZulze
mitovebul
filoktetes kacobriuli kulturis niSnad aqvs
erTaderTi WurWeli _ Tavisive xeliT gamoGorknili Tasi, rasac mravalnacadi odisevsi
ironiulad `ganZs~ uwodebs (ix. sofokles drama
cxlv
`filoktete~, str. 35-7). odisevsis ironiul
sityvebSi, maTi warmomTqmelis uneburad, WeSmaritebaa gacxadebuli: Tasi marTlac aris ganZi
kacobriobisaTvis, kerZod, misi umciresi ujredisTvis _ saymosTvis, romlis cnobierebaSi es
ori cneba ganuyreli erTianobiT aris GabeWdili
da qmnis kidec sakralur SenaduRs _ es aris
Tas-ganZi. roca kulti (da kultura) isaxeba, ai,
maSin gamoGndeba Tasi. an, piruku, roca Tasis
Gena (TasGena) xdeba, andrezi gvauwyebs sakulto
cxovrebis dasawyiss. SeiZleba asec iTqvas da es
dasturdeba Gvens andrezebSi: Tasi Tavad aris
saSo sakulto cxovrebisa; Tasidan, rogorc
keriidan ifani, aRmocendeba kulti. am dros
Tasi
TiTqos
kargavs
Tavis
uSualo,
Tavdapirvel funqcias da itvirTavs imaze mets,
rac yoveldRiur yofaSi akisria mas. am dros is
aRar ekuTvnis adamianis mier damzadebul saganTa rigs; is zeciuri warmoSobisaa, rogorc
sakulto sagani upiratesad. amitom aris, rom
Tasi kultis genezisSi cidan Gamodis, rogorc
mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin karatiswverze oqros
SibiT GamoSvebuli Tasi. am jvarGenis Tasi rom
amaRlebulia Tavisi yofiTi daniSnulebis donidan, iqidanac Gans, rom andrezis variantSi mas
enacvleba jvari, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara
RvTisSvilis niSani. karatiswveris jvarGenis
Tasi ara marto ganudga Tavis pirvelad, bunebiT
daniSnulebas, aramed sruliad gaeTiSa amqveniur
saganTa wres: cidan Gamosuli, is imarxeba miwaSi, efareba adamianis Tvals, rogorc Gamarxuli Tesli, rom iqidan kulti aRmocendes. aq
Tasi, rogorc fuZe da saSo, gvevlineba Tavisi
cxlvi
dedruli aspeqtiT, rac kidev ufro ikveTeba
Subnuri jvaris (liqokSi) daarsebis andrezSi.
gadmocemiT, am jvarma Tavi iGina ifnis saxiT,
romelic
aRmocenda
romeliRac
mosaxlis
keriaSi Gamarxuli oqros Tasidan (60,. 130). aseve
sof. GirdilSi (xevsureTi) vinme daTvias nacixvarSi darGenili sami Tasi Seiqna safuZveli
soflis SuagulSi RvTismSoblis jvarGenisa da
mosaxleobis ayrisa. Tasi miaqvs saymos erT
nawils, roca is axal teritoriaze esaxleba,
rom axal adgilze Zveli salocavi gadanergos.
am dros Taszea dakisrebuli kultis mTeli
simZime, misi sicocxlisunarianoba. Tasi kultis
aRorZinebis WurWelia. saidumloebrivia jvaris
aRmoceneba Tasidan; xiluli nivTidan uxilavis
warmoSoba _ vgulisxmob jvarGenas Tasis fuZeze, roca Tasi ara mxolod niSania jvarGenisa,
aramed misi warmoSobis wiaRic aris. jvaris
mkadreTa legendur xanaSi Tasi iyo andamati,
romelic
izidavda
`mfrinav
xats~,
RvTisSvilisagan Tavisi nebis gamosacxadeblad
movlenils. im xanaSi Tasi, rogorc saswaulmoqmedi WurWeli, TiTqos aGenda jvars da es iyo
jvarGenis demonstracia mcire masStabSi saymos
Tvalwin. `im mPriT mfrinav xats sxva xalxic
xedavd. mamaSGemic minaxav. sakadri xqondav.
gadaifinisav,
aimaSi
koWoba
Gadgisav.
ro
mavidisav, ciT mavidisav i xatio-d’ imasav
(koWobas) xan erT gverdze miekrisao, xan meorezedav. exvewisav, exvewisav e mkadreio, memr Sig
Gajdisav, ai koWobaSiav~ (68, 98). es `ciT mosuli
xati~ (anu jvarGenis niSani), romelic ekvris
saxuco koWobis kides, mtredis saxiTac ecxadeba
cxlvii
saymos. Tasi, rogorc jvarGenis WurWeli, andamativiT izidavs mtreds, jvaris manifestaciis
frinvels. `^sayeenos ro svemdes, am dros ucbad
gamocxadd Paxmatis jvaris xati mtredis saxiT,
sayeenos Tasis pirze dajd^~ (62, 569). zogjer
mtredi amofrindeba Tasidan, rogorc jvari saSodan: `PelSi naWer ludian TasGiiT winwel
amadiodisav tredi~ (1, 48). amgvari jvarGenis niSnad vercxlis sakulto Tasebis kides amkobs
wyvili mtredis vercxlisave figurebi, romlebic erTmaneTisaken arian pirisaxiT mimarTulni.
mtredebi Tasze imasac moaswaveben, rom Tasi
jvaris, RvTisSvilis sakuTrebaa. Tasis kideze
mjdar mtreds da mtredebs vxvdebiT adreqristianul xanaSi katakombebis kedlebze: mtredebi
ewafebian barZims da isini gamoxataven qristianTa sulebs, romlebic eziarebian ukvdavebis
sasmels (140, 176). katakombebis mtredebsac,
msgavsad jvaris Tasebis mtredebisa, Tavze jvari
aziT. mtredebiani Tasis uZveles nivTier dadasturebas warmoadgens mikenuri oqros Tasi, e.w.
`nestoris Tasi~ Zv.w. XVI s.-isa, romlis msgavsi
`iliadas~ XI simReraSia aRwerili (148, #1085)).
Tumca es mtredebi, rogorc fiqroben, ki ar ewafebian TasSi mdgar sasmels, romelic ambrosia
unda iyos, aramed Tavad arian misi momtanni. ras
gulisxmobs Tasi fSav-xevsureTis sakulto yofaSi? `sasmel WurWels (yanwi iqneba, Wiqa Tu
jami) fSaveli Tass uwodebs, metadre Tu xevisbers upyria xelT dasamwyalobeblad an xatis
dasadideblad. Tasi saRvTo sagania fSavelisaTvis~. _ martivad, magram amomwuravad pasuxobs
d.xizaniSvili am kiTxvaze (105). `Tasi samRvTo
cxlviii
sagania~ _ es ganmarteba meti siRrmis momcveli
xdeba,
roca
GavukvirdebiT
wina
frazaSi
naTqvams: `^metadre Tu xevisbers upyria xelT^~.
Gveulebrivi, yoveldRiurad saxmari WurWeli
iqceva Tasad mxolod maSin, roca mas xevisberi
daiWers xelSi. Tasi jvaris aris, magram mas Tasobas, rogorc funqcias, kultis msaxuri aniWebs. aq igulisxmeba e.w. saxuco koWobi, romelSic, rogorc xevisberis kuTvnil TasSi, daunjebulia misi sakraluroba, risi nivTieri gamoxatulebac aris Semowirulobani, romlebiTac
daxunZlulia saxuco koWobi. samkauli gamoxatavs Tasis pativs da amave dros mis kuTvnilebas jvarisadmi: jvrebi, mtredebi, Sibebi _ samkaulebia, magram isini jvarGenis niSnebic aris
da amitomac Tasi maTi bunebrivi Sesakrebelia.
Tasis sakralurobas mowmobs agreTve sakulto
praqtika, misi gamoyenebis wesi: mTavari Tasidan
svamen mxolod da mxolod jvarTan axlos myofi
pirebi _ jvaris xelkacni, romelTac ufleba
aqvT misi xelSi daWerisa. zogierT saymoSi imdenad Zlieria mTavari Tasis sakralizmi, rom
misgan `piriT Sasma ar SeiZlebda, vavsebdiT,
sanTel davakravdiT da iqidan sxvaSi gadaviRebdiT^~ es iyo xitaleSi (xevsureTi) petre mociqulis saymos Tasi (38). Tasi jvaris Tas-ganZis
nawilia, amitomac is iziarebs mis idumalebriv
bunebas (Tas-ganZi xom samalavSia, SeiZleba
iTqvas, safarveldadebuli), rasac warmoaGens
swored saxuco koWobi _ Tasobis umaRlesi gamoxatuleba, romelsac weliwadSi erTxel gamoabrZaneben (mxolod ase iTqmis Tasze) saymos
Tvalwin, romelic mas muxlmoyrili elodeba;
cxlix
mxolod
erTxel,
rogorc
Zveli
aRTqmis
mRvdelmTavari weliwadSi erTxel Sedis wmidaTa wmidaSi _ is Sedis saRvTo wyvdiadSi, es
ki, saRvTo TasiTurT gamodis dRis sinaTleze:
pirveli wardgeba uxilavi erTis winaSe, meore
ki warudgeba mTels saymos, romelic Sehyurebs
mas, Tass, sasoebiT, rogorc wmida graalis Tass
Sexedavdnen mrgvali magidis raindebi, graalis
saymo, rogorc sayovelTao jvarGenas. misi dakargviT xom gamoecleboda saymos sasoeba da
Suaguli, romelic uWiravs Tass mis sakulto
cxovrebaSi; iseTive Suaguli, rogorc sami angelozis winaSe trapezze mdgar barZims. moacileT es barZimi da iSleba samebac: isini xom am
WurWelisTvis sxedan, maT winaSe sicariele warmoudgenelia. aseve warmoudgenelia carieli
Tasi; is mainc, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi jvarGenis simboluri sagania, rGeba WurWlad, romelmac unda miiRos wmida sasmeli saymos saziareblad. Tasi ziarebis WurWelia upiratesad da
amaSia misi sakraluroba da simboluri daniSnuleba.
magram
es
simbolizmi
ar
aris
ganyenebuli. ziareba realuria saboloo aqtiT _
saRvTo ludis SesmiT saerTo Tasidan _ da misi
ganmapirobebeli saerTo SromiTi aqtebiT: mTeli
saymo realurad da potenciurad monawileobs
jvaris mamulebis damuSavebaSi, romlis Wirnaxulidan
mzaddeba
sadReobo
ludi.
jvaris
msaxurni da potenciurad mTeli saymo, warmomadgenlobis saxiT, svams luds saerTo Tasidan,
riTac isini erTianobas adastureben. saymos erTianobis gamomxatvelia dReobis dasasruls sagangebo ritualiT dadgmuli sayeino Tasi, pircl
Tamde savse, romelsac saTiTaod xelSeuxeblad
unda daewafos TiToeuli moyme. ra warmoSobac
ar unda hqondes istoriulad da eTnografiulad
sayeino Tasis dadgmis wes-Gveulebas, Tavad misi
Sesrulebis wesi migvaniSnebs, rom am ritualis
dros, riTac faqtiurad mTavrdeba dResaswauli
da iwyeba ferxisaiT Gamosvla salocavidan,
saymo erTxel kidev adasturebs Tavis erTiano-
bas.
saxuco
koWobs
eaxlebian,
iGoqeben
mis
winaSe
Tavdaxrilni, gulxeldakrefilni Seaxeben bages,
mosvamen; sayeino TasTan, romelic sipzea dasvenebuli, midian da aseve muxlmoyrilni ewafebian,
exebian mxolod bageebiT. am dros saymo TiTqos
stumaria Tasisa. Tasi dgas, saymo eaxleba mas.
magram Gven viciT da es isedac cxadia, rom Tasi
ar aris Tavisi bunebiT uZravi sagani, gansxvavebiT qajaveTidan wamoRebuli qurTemulisa, rocli
melic uZravad devs xaxmatis jvaris kvrivSi da
maszec, rogorc sxvagan sagangebo sipze, idgmis
sayeino Tasi. Tasi, rogorc meteori gamoGnda
karatiswverze; is gudiT purTan erTad waiRes
saxlSi da roca gudas Tavi moxsnes, mtredad
qceuli lamobda amofrenas Tu, sxva tradiciiT,
amofrinda da gauGinarda caSi. Tasi moZravia; is
graalis TasiviT xan aq gamoGndeba, xan iq. is Semouvlis saymos, rom yvela aziaros erTs. Zveli
aRmosavluri GveulebiT, romelic dResac moqmedebs aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, erTma Tasma
unda moiaros Tanameinaxeni da daubrundes mas,
vinc pirvelad Sesva da gadasca sxvas. ritualis
azri naTelia: erTi Tasi, romelic xelidan
xelSi gadadis, TiTqos erTiani jaWvis rgolebad aqcevs erT sufrasTan msxdomT. Tormeti mociquli moiara erTma Tasma da isini eziarnen
qristes sisxls. pavle mociquli wers: `puri,
romelsac Gven vtexT, gana qristes sxeulis
ziareba ar aris? vinaidan puri erTia, Gven ki
mravalni _ erTi sxeuli, radgan yvelani erTi
puridan veziarebiT~ (1 kor., 10, 17). mociquls
SeeZlo eTqva (radgan qristiani eziareba rogorc qristes xorcs, aseve sisxls): `vinaidan
Tasi erTia, Gven ki mravalni _ erTi sxeuli,
radgan yvelani erTi Tasidan veziarebiT~ (TasSi
aq, cxadia, igulisxmeba is sasmeli, romelic
wmida sulis moqmedebiT qristes sisxlad aris
gardaqmnili, _ Tasi ara rogorc mxolod Tasi,
aramed WurWeli, romelSic dgas ziarebis sasmeli). Tasze, rogorc sakulto saganze da erTianobis niSanze, uadgilo ar iqneba movitano
erTi elinuri legenda, romlis personaJebia
clii
Svidi brZeni da oqros Tasi. diogenes laertiusi
gadmogvcems,
rom
erTma
arkadielma
sikvdilis Semdeg datova oqros Tasi aseTi anderZiT: mieces mas, vinc yvelaze meti sikeTe gaakeTa Tavisi sibrZniT. misces Taless, rogorc
yvelaze brZens, Talesma sxvas gadasca da Tasma
moiara eqvsi brZeni. sabolood isev Taless
daubrunda Tasi, man ki apolons Seswira is (122,
71). sxva tradiciiT, oqros barZimi viRac
berZenma miiRo krezesgan im pirobiT, rom mas
elinTa Soris ubrZenesisTvis mieZRvna igi. man
barZimi miarTva Taless, romlis xelidan gasulma moiara yvela brZeni da bolos qilonis
xelSi rom moxvda, qiloni daekiTxa piTiel
apolons: `vin aris Gemze brZenio~ da miiRo
pasuxad: musoni (122, 72). ras gvaswavlis es legenda? pirvel rigSi imas, rom Tasi ar SeiZleba
iyos piradi sakuTreba vinmesi, Tundac yovlad
brZenisa. is gaivlis TiToeulis xelSi, magram
aravisTan ar dayovndeba. gamogzavnili Tasi aRmoaGens Svid brZens, daartyams wres da gava
wridan, dastovebs ra uxilav kvals, jaWvs, maT
SemakavSirebels erT sxeulad. Tasi ubrundeba
pirvels ara imitom, rom is yvelaze brZenia,
aramed imitom, rom Seikras wre. agreTve imitom,
rom am TasiT gamocxaddes maTi Tanasworoba sibrZnis winaSe, rogorc RvTiuri arsisa, romelmac adamianis xeliT mouvlina maT es Tasi. wridan gamosuli Tasi, romelic ar ekuTvnoda
aravis, legendis logikuri dasasruliT, Sewirul iqna sawmidarSi, iseve rogorc paraleluri
Tqmulebis (gviambobs igive diogenes laertiusi)
oqros samfexi, romelic meTevzeTa bades amoyva
cliii
da delfos orakulis gadawyvetilebiT elinTa
Soris ubrZness, Taless miekuTvna; Talesisagan
ki yvela brZenis gavliT solonamde mivida, romelmac delfos Seswira is, _ RmerTia yvelaze
brZenio. WeSmaritad, yvela nivTi ubrundeba
Tavis patrons. esec Zveli sibrZnea, oqros samfexi, romelic okeanis ufskrulidan amoisrla
sibrZnis RmerTma (misi taxti xom okeaneSi dgas
Zveli
aRmosavluri
warmodgeniT
sibrZnis
RmerTsve ubrundeba eladaSi. dabolos, Tasi,
xucesTa mniSvnelovani atributi, uSualod aris
dakavSirebuli xucobis, rogorc sakraluri
qmedebis, procesTan. rogorc savsea is ludiT
xucesis xelSi, aseve savse unda iyos xucesis
piri warmosaTqmeli sityviT, romelic daubrkolebliv unda moedinebodes misi bageebidan. rogorc Tasi moiTxovs wmida sasmels, aseve xucess
moeTxoveba wmida metyveleba. Tass ar uyvars dumili, arc maSin, roca saero sufris gamZRols
uWiravs igi, arc miT ufro maSin, roca xucesis
xels upyria. es kargad Gans sizmrebSi, romlebic
jvarisagan saxucod
amorGeul
kacebs
esizmrebaT: `^moida erTi gaTeTrebuli kaci^
xelSi vercxlis Tasi eWira^ moida, dawolili
viyav da marjvena xeli mxarze damado, mamawvada
is Tasi da me, locva ar vici-meTqi, vuTxari^~
(38, #25456). furis rqa `i cal rqa Zroxa ro
mauyvanav, imisTvis rqai mautexav, uTqvam i wmida
giorgis, ro Gems luds ro moxarSavTo, am qajaveTuri furis rqiT awyeviT salude forio. ai,
exla maSindel sawyav gvidgas, im furis rqis
wyei. is rqa ki, ai, cixeSi dgas, aRar iqnebis
axla, _ dalpeboda^~ (88, 595). rogorc vxedavT,
cliv
qajaveTuri furis rqas sakraluroba aqvs miniWebuli, ara mxolod imitom, rom es uzarmazari
furis erTaderTi rqa iyo. calrqiani furis
gamo verafers vambobT damatebiT, radgan is am
Tqmulebis gareSe arsad ar gvxdeba, rogorc miTologiuri personaJi. gaugebaria agreTve, Tu ra
kavSiri aqvs am furs suleTSi mxvnel `cal-rqa~
xarTan, romelic epizodurad gvxvdeba erT
xevsurul leqsSi: suleTs Pari Pnavs cala-rqa,
baraqa mestumreTia (88, #560). aris cda maT Soris igiveobis dadgenisa da am rqaSi cnobili
`siuxvis rqis~ danaxvisa (94, 49-50). rogorc Gans,,
cala-rqa xari Tu furi romeliRac miviwyebuli
miTosis personaJia, romlis mxolod uaRresad
gamkrTalebulma kvalma moaRwia Gvenamde. zemoTmotanili monaTxrobi xevsuri kacisa (xaxmatis
wmida giorgis ymis) metad mniSvnelovania miTosuri Segnebis TvalsazrisiT. mTxrobelis cnobierebaSi gabmulia Sibi andrezuli xanis
dasawyissa da mis dasasruls Soris. misi piriT
xaxmatis jvaris saymo aRiarebs, rom qajaveTuri
furis rqa `dalpeboda~, anu saymos es Taoba
Seeswro am sakraluri nivTis ganadgurebas.
magram isic faqtia, rom sagani ukvalod ar gamqrala: amis dasturia misi anabeWdi saymos sakulto cxovrebaSi _ es aris misi `wye~, romliTac saymos wmida giorgis GagonebiT evaleba
misTvis salude foris awyva. am `wyis~ saSualebiT saymos SeuZlia warmodgena iqonios qajaveTuri
furis
rqis
tevadobaze.
roca
mTxrobeli ambobs _ `dalpeboda~, es SesaZloa
misi kerZo azric ki iyos da ara saerTo warmodgena saymosi, erTgvari saxecvlileba im
clv
Sexedulebebisa, rom am andrezul sagans, realurad arsebuli `wyis~ arqetips safarveli
aqvs dadebuli da uxilavia imis gamo, rom misi
adgil-samyofeli iseT kvrivSia, sadac aravis
SeuZlia SeRweva. es Tvalsazrisi Gans vaJaseul
tradiciaSi: `im furis rqa, romelSiac erTi
kodi puri Gadis, exla xaxmatis jvaris monaSenobaSia Senaxuli, magram Tqven fereebs ki imas
ar vaGvenebTo~ (30, 155). magram miuxedavad imisa,
arsebobs Tu ara nivTierad dResdReobiT, saymos
cxovrebis istoriul xanaSi, es andrezuli WurWeli, is mainc ganagrZobs moqmedebas misgan `mas
Jamsa Sina~ awyuli `wyeebis~ saxiT. ludis meoxebiT, romelic jvaris dResaswaulis umniSvnelovanesi elementia, qajaveTuri furis rqa, rogorc
ganZis nawili, ukavSirdeba qajaveTursave warmomavlobis Tass. rqasa da Tass Soris unda warmovidginoT ludis damzadebis mTeli procesi,
romelic iwyeba salude foris awyviT da dasruldeba, roca ludi, xucesisgan nakurTxi,
TasebSi isxmis. amis gamo, unda vifiqroT, calarqa furis rqa ufro metad aris gasaidumloebuli; is imarxavs, SeiZleba iTqvas, ludis
damzadebis saidumloebas. SesaZlebelia ludis,
rogorc wmida sasmelis, idea, swored am calarqa furis motanili iyos, ufro sworad, misi
rqis, rogorc saswaulebrivi WurWlis, Tundac
`siuxvis rqis~ saxiT; analogiisaTvis SeiZleba
mivmarToT germanul, kerZod, skandinavur miTologias, sadac wmida sasmelis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia
salude
qvabis
mopovebasTan:
RvTaeba tori devur arsebas (xiumirs) mostacebs
am WurWels saRvTo nadimisaTvis (132, 175). raki
clvi
am rqasTan, rogorc salude foris `wyesTan~
aris
dakavSirebuli
sawyisi
etapi
ludis
damzadebisa, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT, misi dakargva
unda moaswavebdes am sakraluri saqmianobis
moSlas da, saerTod, kultis Seryevas, Tumca es
realurad ar momxdara xaxmatis jvarSi, imis miuxedavad, rom saymos SegnebaSi is rqa `dampalic~ iyo. isic SesaZlebelia, rom aseTi ganwyobileba andrezuli siwmidis mimarT jvaris
sakraluri organizaciis rRvevis niSanic iyos,
rac zogjer gamoixateba xolme poeziaSi, mag.,
laSaris jvaris mimarT: fSavelTa laSaris
jvari, neta, ar dauberdaa? amboben daberebasa,
netar, ar maukvdebaa? (77, #64)). cxraZaliani
oqros fanduri. vaJa fSavela `gvelismWamels~
aseTi
sceniT
iwyebs:
sastumros
isxdnen
xevsurni, ludi eduRa wiqasa, isxdnen banze da
Rreobdnen,
TasebiT
svamdnen
imasa.
zogni
ukravdnen fandursa ^ ludi _ Tasi _ fanduri^
yuradRebas vamaxvilebT imaze, rom es sami sagani
erTmaneTs
mezoblobs
poemis
am
umcires
monakveTSi, Tumca gansakuTrebuli araferi unda
iyos imaSi, rom isini saerTo konteqstSi gvxvdebian. stumrobisas, roca erTad iyreba saymo,
Tundac kerZo kacis saxlSi, magram mainc jvaris
dasturiT, es sami ram aucilebelia. Tasisa da
fanduris urTierToba jer wminda formalur
mxriT izidavs Gvens yuradRebas. arian Tasianebi
da arian uTasoni, romelTac fanduri uWiravT
xelSi da Tasianebs umRerian. es stumrobis erTerTi mniSvnelovani ritualia _ dialogi Tasianebsa da mefandureTa Soris. al. oGiauris
Sekrebili uxvi masalidan movitan sanimuSod
clvii
ramdenime adgils: `uTasoebi, vinc dganan iq, Tasianebs umRerian fandurze^ Tasianebi mReris
dros eubnebian imaT: ` daurGiT erTucs, didixanmc imRereT kai guliT~ da cot-cotas daleven.
bolos erTi Tasiani imRerebs da sxvebic
Gveulebriv ayvebian^ simRerebis mReriT TavianT
Tasebidan daalevineben pirvel momRerlebs da
etyvian dalevis win: `nasvam gaamas, Senis gamarjvebisa~ da cot-cotas daleven. bolos Tasis
patronebi TviTon gamoclian Tavis Tasebs da
Gveulebriv
muxlze
dajdomiT
GamoarTmeven
Tasebs. mere adgebian da Tasebs Tavis adgilze
dadgamen~ (61, 303). `^smis dros miscemen yvelas
xelSi Tasebs, erTs visme miscemen xelSi fandurs: is xalxis boloSi dajdeba (cal muxlze),
daukravs fandurs Zalian mZimed da romelime
sagmiro simReras daamRerebs. sagmiro simReras
jaris xalxi Zalian didis yuradRebiT usmenen
da xelSi TasebiT Zalian Gumad sxedan, rom TiToorola xandaxan ori sityviT daarRvevs
siGumes8 `didxansac imRer kai guliT~. Sua mReris dros erTi vinme Tasiani adgeba, momRerali
isev cal muxlzed zis da fandurs ukravs. Tasiani kaci imRerebs da wamova TasiT xelSi
pirveli momRerlisaken aseTi simReriT: Tofma
Tqva: GemTa wamalTa Svidrigad unda duRili,
maisis berGi ganayan, memr naxan Gemi quxili, memr
naxas Gemma patronma Gemis daWrilis wuxili. am
sityvebiT Tavis Tass miarTmevs pirTan Tavis
xeliT, is Tan fandurs ukravs da Tan ludsa
svams^ mere Gamovareba am simReris (moyvanilia
magaliTisaTvis sagmiro simRera, z.k.) irgvliv
saubari. erTi vinme moyveba am ambavs, raze aris
clviii
es simRera gamoTqmuli. magaliTad, zemoT moyvanili pirveli simReris irgvliv ase ityvian:
`gviambe, rogor iyv~. erTs visme ufross sTxoven
da igic siamovnebiT moyveba am ambavs: gorgani
yofilan Zalian monadireni^~ (61, 315-8). aq aRwerili wes-Gveuleba, Tumca is gacilebiT gvian
aris Gawerili, mxatvrul gamoZaxils poulobs
`gvelismWamelis~ Sesaval scenaSi. vagrZeleb
zemoT moyvanili teqstis citirebas: zogni
ukraven fandursa, zed damRerian didada, msmenelTa grZnobas udebdnen sagmiro ambebs xidada;
aRgznebiT gmirTa saxelebs leqsebSi sTvlidnen
wmidaTa; moxucni Gibuxebs swevdnen, boli exviaT
nislada, ganmartavdian maT ambavs, Sandoba
Tqvian gmirTada. axlebis sawurTnelada ixsenebdian qebiTa: `Tqven iciT, amas iqiTa kacad vinc
gamosdgebiTa!~
Tasi-fanduri-simRera-andrezi.
fanduri warmoSobs hangs, hangi gadadis simReraSi, simReras moaqvs sityva, sityva inaxavs
andrezs, saymos warsuls. fanduris xma aRviZebs,
ganaaxlebs saymos cnobierebaSi andrezs, pirvel
qmedebas, `mas Jamsa Sina~ momxdars, romelic
unda meordebodes Taobidan TaobaSi, yovel
`amas iqiT~, yovel Jams. fanduris xma amagrebs im
jaWvs, romliTac, rogorc sakideliT, yma Tavis
winaprebzea dabmuli. Tumca fandurs ar gaaGnia
is sakraluri muxti da simbolurobis potencia,
rogorsac atarebs, mag., Tasi, magram gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi is mainc itvirTavs jvaris sakralizms; mas SeuZlia amaRldes Tavisi utilitaruli sferodan jvarTa simaRlemde da moeqces maT wreSi. roca xaxmatis jvari qadagis
piriT mimarTavs romelime RvTisSvils, moxedos
clix
misgan
Serisxul
ymas,
avtoritetul
RvTisSvilebTan erTad is uxmobs oqros fandursac qajaveTidanve wamoRebul qurTemulTan
erTad, romelsac atyvia wm. giorgis cxenis
nalis anabeWdi: `^gaxvewebav xTis nasaxTav,
saxmTosav gudanurs gaxvewebav, karatis jvars
gaxvewebav, Subnursav, fandurs gaxvewebav oqrosasav, qurTemuls gaxvewebav sinisasav^~ (68, 42).
sakideli es sagani ar aris SemTxveviTi qajaveTis
ganZSi.
ganasaxierebs
ra
saxlis
siwmides da Suaguls keriasTan erTad, misi Gamoxsna da wamoReba mtris saxlidan gamarjvebis
niSania. keriis cecxlis Gaqroba da sakidlis Gamogleja Tanabari mniSvnelobis moqmedebebia,
romlebic moaswavebs mtris saboloo ganadgurebas. martias gamauvlian gare-kaxeTis mTania, erisTvianeb uxocav, cecxlzed dausxam wyalia, sakidel Gamouglejav, saxlis umtvrevav karia (88,
#29-g) ambobs xevsuruli leqsi. martias gmirobas, rogorc yovel aqts, Tavisi arqetipi aqvs
RvTisSvilTa qmedebaSi. qajaveTis gatexa simbolizebulia ori wmida sagnis _ Tasisa da sakidlis motacebiT, rogorc amas vxedavT fSavxevsureTis RvTisSvilTa sadideblebSi, sadac
miTologemurad aris warmodgenili maTi Rvawli:
dideba SenTvis, mgzavro PaPmatis jvaro, qajueTis gamtexelo, oqros Tasis wamamRebelo!
Pmalas wmidao giorgio, qajueTis jaWvis amglejelo! (38, #25460). sakideli unda yofiliyo qajaveTis mTavari kultis niSani, miT umetes, Tu
is dakavSirebulia mWedlobis saqmesTan. Gven ki
viciT, rom samWedlo qajaveTis Suaguluri
adgilia da, SeiZleba, mis sakulto centrad
clx
miviGnioT. qajaveTis Suagulidan RvTisSvili Gamoglejs sakidels da gamarjvebis niSnad moaqvs
Tavis sabrZanisSi, saymos SuagulSi. amasve
moelian martia misuraulisgan, roca is qistebis
dasalaSqravad aris wasuli: exla mogviva zafxuli, martia velad gagviva. saxelis moyvarulia,
qisteTs salaSqrod wagviva. WerTiT sakidels
moitans, sanes xatSiac mogviva (88, #29-b). xorcielic RvTisSvilis kvalze imsaxurebs, rom
misi Rvawli am qmedebiT iqnas aRniSnuli _
`martia misurauli, qisteTs sakidlis amglejeli~. qajebis samWedloSi gamoWedili sakideli
moaqvT, rogorc nadavli da gamarjvebis niSani,
an Tundac rogorc niSani momavalSi gamosaWedi
sakidlebisa, romlebic unda ekidon saxlebSi da
jvaris darbazebSi, _ magram is mainc ciuri warmomavlobisaa. osebSi gavrcelebuli Tqmulebis
Tanaxmad, sakidlebs kerisa da sakidlis mfarveli RvTaeba safa Wedavs caSi; man misca osebs
pirveli nimuSi anu arqetipi keriis jaWvisa. sxva
gadmocemiT, vasTirjis (wmida giorgis) zogierT
salocavSi (`ZuarSi~, igive jvari) arsebuli sakideli zecierma mWedlebma gamoWedes caSi da
safam Gamoagdo miwaze. vinme mTxrobeli imasac
gadmogvcems, rom misi sakuTari keriis sakideli
erT-erT mis winapars upovnia mravali Taobis
winaT, roca is safas Gamougdia (144, 174). Tu sakidlis,
rogorc
gansakuTrebuli
funqciis
matarebeli nivTis, idea jaWvSia mocemuli da
igi jaWvis erT-erTi saxeobaa, maSin rac andrezebSi jaWvs exeba, sakidelsac unda Seexebodes. kerZod, laparakia jaWvis, anu Sibis
zeciur warmoSobaze, rasac vadasturebT karaclxi
tiswveris andrezSi. am andrezis erTi variantis
mixedviT, Gven viciT, rom jvarGenis erT-erTi
sagani iyo Sibi, romliTac oqros Tasi (variantiT, jvari) cas iyo gamobmuli. roca qal-vaJma
Tass GasWida xeli da Tavisken mozida, Sibi
gawyda da wiviliT avarda caSi, saidanac iyo GamoSvebuli. aseve, pirvel rigSi, zeciuri warmoSobis aris is oqros Sibi, romliTac laSaris
wmida giorgi cas iyo gamobmuli (`cas vebi
oqros SibiTa~). roca muxa moWres, es Sibic aseve
wiviliT aiWra zecaSi. aseve keris Tavze saxlis
Weridan _ `cidan~ aris Gamokidebuli keriis
jaWvi anu sakideli. is TiTqos aerTebs keras,
dedrul sawyiss, casTan _ mamrul sawyisTan.
jaWvi am SemTxvevaSi aris duranqis gansaxiereba.
magram sakideli warmoudgenelia keris gareSe
da maTi erTianoba gamoxatavs dedrul-mamrulis
erTianobas; am dros sakideli mamruli bunebis
aris. amitomac, xalxuri warmodgeniT, sakidlis
Gamovardna mamakacis, xolo keris dangreva
dedakacis sikvdilis momaswavebelia (12, 112),
radgan sakideli mamakacis niSania, kera _ dedakacis; am warmodgenis ZaliT samkiTxao beWze diasaxlisis niSans `yverfi~ (kera) ewodeba (92, 185).
amave ideas kargad gamoxatavs erTi xalxuri
striqoni _ `yma gasul-gamosuli sjob, qali
keraGi najdomi~ (32, 107). magram, rogorc viciT,
sakideli eulad ar aris Gamokidebuli yverfis
Tavze: kera-sakidels enacvleba sxva wyvili _
sakideli da qvabi, romlebic aseve sqesuri
principiT upirispirdeba erTmaneTs da mamruldedrulis erTianobas gamoxatavs kompozituri
saxelwodebiT _ qvab-sakideli, sadac qarTuli
clxii
enis wesisamebr pirveli adgili dedrs uWiravs.
erTmaneTze mibmuli es ori sagani ojaxis erTianobis simboloa (128, 38). qvabi sakraluri
WurWlis iseTive kerZo saxea, rogorc Tasi,
Tumca misi siwmidis xarisxi naklebia (mag., is ar
SeiZleba iyos jvarGenis sagani). qvabisa da sakidlis dapirispirebisa da maTi erTianobis
analogias vxedavT karatis jvaris jvarGenaSi,
roca mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin gamoGnda Tasi
da Sibi. aq orni arian mxolod. saganic oria.
ganawilebis or SesaZlo variantSi, am saganTa
simboluri daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bunebrivia, vaJs Sexvdes Tasi, qals _ Sibi, rac amgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos: vaJs, bunebis wesisamebr, unda Sexvdes qali, qals _ vaJi. marTlac
andrezi gveubneba, rom `qalma aiRo Sibi, da vaJma Tasi^~ (60, 127). raki nivTebi Tavidanve TavianTi bunebisda mixedviT danawilda, isini imave
wesiT hpoveben Sesanax adgilebs: `^qalma Sibi
miitana da purian kidobanSi damala. vaJma ki
Tasi Tavis Werxos karebis ukan dadga^~ (iqve).
Werxo samamakaco da, amave dros, sawmidari
adgilia da, cxadia, Tasi mainc aq unda moxvedriliyo, Tu vaJi ar isurvebda masTan ganSorebas. magram niSandoblivia qalis mier Sibis
Senaxva
maincdamainc
kidobanSi,
romelSic
inaxeba puris Teslic, da ara sxvagan sadme. unda
vifiqroT, rom kidobani SemTxveviTi adgili ar
aris SibisaTvis, ufro sworad, Sibis naglejisaTvis (radgan jaWvis mTavari nawili ukanve aikeca caSi), romlis vaJur bunebas gvixatavs erTi
xalxuri leqsi: vaJao, dediserTao, gazrdilo
mindor-velTao, oqros Sibais naglejo, wamosarclxiii
tymelo welTa^ (47, 73). `oqros Sibais nagleji~
_ vaJis misamarTiT naTqvami, ar aris metaforuli azrovnebis nayofi; misi warmoSoba simboluri azrovnebis wiaRSia saZiebeli, rogorc
xvaramzes ganTqmuli striqoni, sadac is Tavis
Tavs, roca vaJs mimarTavs, Tasad warmoidgens:
vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi^ Tasis qalurobaze, da sazogadod, TasSibis, rogorc qal-vaJis, urTierTkavSirze Tavisi garegnobiT metyvelebs
adre naxsenebi
saxuco koWobi, romelic miviGnieT Tasis, rogorc Tasis anu Tasobis umaRles gamoxatulebad. saxuco koWobi anu, rogorc zogan, zog saymoSi uwodebdnen, mTavari Tasi, pativis niSnad
Semkulia Sewiruli samSvenisebiT, romelTa Soris Warbobs vercxlis Sibebi. asec ityvian,
saxuco Tasi vercxlis SibebiT aris Semkulio.
magram Sibi xom, rogorc yoveli samSvenisi gamonaklisis gareSe (cxadia, jvaris saymoSi)
qalis samkaulia, romelic qalis pirvel danaxvisTanave TvalSi unda eces kacs (swored es
aris
misi
daniSnuleba).
aseTi
wamieri
STabeWdilebiT aris Seqmnili qalis portreti
vaJas erT moTxrobaSi: `Tinas yelze vercxlis
Sibi edva, mTels gul-mkerds ufaravda. erTmaneTze vercxlis jaWviT gadabmuli vercxlis
fulebi _ abazian-uzalTunebi erTi meoreze iyo
akinZuli. Siga da Sig patara vercxlis jvrebi
hqonda datanebuli; am jvrebis totebzedac yunwiT hqonda dakidebuli vercxlisave fulebi^~
(25, 238). sxva TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: `^da waiyvanes tyved mSvenieri qali, romelsac imdeni
samkauli aqvs yelsa da gulmkerdze, rom qals
clxiv
uZneldeboda misi tareba: `yeli Gamoaqvs mZivsao,
SehxvdebiT leqsSi^~ (27, 83). aseve, misi simZimis
gamo mkadres uWirs saxuco koWobis xelSi daWera (miT umetes, roca is ludiT aris savse), romelic
Sewiruli
SibebiTa
da
vercxlis
sxvadasxva samkaulebiT aris daxunZluli. es
analogia ar gamoparvia gustav rades, romelmac
Tasebis SemkulobaSi qalis samSvenisebi amoicno;
mas Tavis wignSi dabeWdili aqvs kidec amgvarad
Semkuli Tasis gamosaxuleba SeniSvniT, rom
masze `vercxlis mTeli sadiaco mokazmuloba
aris dakidebulio~ (137, 99). vaJi amkobs Tassac
da qalsac: samkaulebi _ gansakuTrebiT, Sibi, vaJis niSania maT sxeulze. aseTia Sibi-sakideli
TasTan urTierTobaSi: jvarGenaSi isini erTad
gamoGndebian da erTadve arian sakulto yofaSi.
magram rogorc yovel sagans, sakidels aqvs damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac, rac ar aris ganpirobebuli sxva sagnebTan mimarTebiT. is am drosac ametebs Tavis uSualo daniSnulebas da simbolur mniSvnelobas iZens: `Gamomavloba Zalian
isi as. GvenSi ician kacisai: rkinis sakidliT
dabmuliao. gind sawyal kac iyvas, mainc maxPelavs Tavis Gamomavlobis sityvas~ (2, 60)). am
naTqvams, albaT, ar esaWiroeba ganmarteba.
SeiZleba davZinoT mxolod, rom aq sakideli
warmogvidgens ara marto STamomavlobis, aramed
tradiciis, andrezulobis saxesac. tradicia
aris uwyveti jaWvi, romlis TiToeul rgolSi
dgas adamiani; is ar gadis jaWvidan, radgan misi
gasvliT jaWvi wydeba da iqmneba xarvezi. ai, ra
misia akisria calkeul adamians, moymes Tavis
saymoSi: maszea damokidebuli jaWvis simrTele.
clxv
isic cxadia, rom mas erTaderTi adgili uWiravs
am jaWvSi da rom swored am adgilze asrulebs
is Tavis movaleobas saymoSi, rac `ginda sawyal
kac iyvas~. jaWvi da Sibi gzis metaforaa fSavxevsurul
dialeqtSi
(`Sibi~
niSnavs
mTis
biliks, romelic jaWviviT miuyveba kldes _
`Sibn gaiarna kldisani~); abudelauris tbidan
amosulma iaxsarma gaaba Sibi _ gzasavali
karatemdis, sadac airGia kvrivi da erTmaneTs
daukavSira es ori adgili. aeqiT karatemdina
ars Sibze gasavalio, egre gavivli Sibzeda,
vervin momkidos Tvalio. aseve uxilavi SibiT _
is xiluli xdeba jvarGenis dros _ ukavSirdebian erTurTs RvTisSvilebi, erTmaneTis stumarmaspinZelni: `dideba karatiswveris angelozo,
liqokiT karatemdina oqros jaWvze erTurTis
moarulo
stumar-maspinZelno~
(38,
#25460)
`fSaveli darwmunebulia, _ wers d.xizaniSvili,
_ rom imisi salocavebi Ram-Rame Gamodian cidan
Tavis sabrZanisebSi, saTav-dReobo sabrZanisidan
niSamde an erTi niSidan meoremde. fSavelis
azriT, xati Toks abams da zed gadis. Toki
naTlisaa da TiTon xatic naTlis burTis saxisad gadaiqceva da ise gasrialdeba gabmul
Tokze~ (106). konkretuli magaliTi am movlenisa
fSavis sakraluri sinamdvilidan mohyavs vaxtang
razikaSvils erT ifanTan dakavSirebiT, romelic vaJas mzrunvelobis sagani gamxdara: `^am
ifnis
Sesaxeb
Zveli,
xalxuri
gadmocema
mogviTxrobs, viTom es ifani iyos xatis ifani.
xevisberebis da moxuci kacebis saubridan Ganda,
TiTqos am ifanze laSarisken xat-xevidan momavali angelozi koWs ikidebda. xat-xevis saloclxvi
cavi aris Garglis mTis saSubis gadaRma, ivris
xeobaSi. aqedan aris oqros Sibi gabmuli ukana
fSavis SuagulSi mdebare laSaris salocavamdis, da es oqros Sibi gadis Garglis ifnis
wverze, sadac angelozi isvenebs. am ifans mamaGemma Tavisi xeliT Semoavlo qvis yore^~ (70, 311). jaWviT RvTisSvilTa kavSiri maTi moZmeobis
niSnad kargad Gans axielis (arxotSi) salocavebis magaliTze. arxotis mTavari jvari miqiel
mTavarangelozi, romelsac Tavisi adgilmdebareobis gamo `qveqvuri jvari~ Seerqva, jaWviT
aris dakavSirebuli gabriel mTavarangelozTan,
romelic ufro maRla mdebareobs da `mTis
jvari~ ewodeba, maT Soris gabmuli jaWvi miuyveba gors, romelzec erTmaneTis maRla ganlagebulia arxotis sxva salocavebi da jaWvi
maTac
akavSirebs
erTmaneTTan
(60,
41).
RvTisSvilTa gza uxilavia, magram, rogorc
iTqva, is jvarGenis dros xdeba xiluli: oqros
jaWvi aris nakvalevi, datovebuli RvTisSvilis
mier, romelic cecxlis saxiT dadis niSidan niSamde,
moZmidan
moZmemde.
ai,
moaruli
RvTisSvilis jvarGenis erTi magaliTi. vaJafSavelas deda igonebs Tavisi ymawvilqalobisdroindel xilvas: `me da Gems biZaSvils qals
sxlovans gareT derefanSi gveZina. SuaRame
iqnebda, dgandgari, brdgniali dadga iseTi,
megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao. SeSinebuli wamovje
loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca ganaTebuli iyo.
ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTi
Wiauris goridan, meore sxlovanis goriTa, gadabmulebi, zed cecxlis balRebi adiodnen da Gamodiodnen da iseT mwkepr (wminda) xmaze gaclxvii
lobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo, imaze kargs ras
gaigonebs kacis yurio~ (86, 55). es xilva imiTac
aris RirsSesaniSnavi, rom masSi Tavs iGens iakobis kibis motivi, xolo kibe, rogorc Sveuli
komunikaciis saSualeba, xSirad jaWvis saxiT
aris warmodgenili (mag., beTlemis TqmulebaSi);
jaWvis xidis rolsac asrulebs mag., mcxeTur
legendaSi, romlis Tanaxmad jvaris taZarsa da
sveticxovlis gumbaTs Soris gabmul `jaWvis
xidze~ wmida berebi gadadiodnen da gamodiodnen
(135-a, 21); SesaZlebelia, es Tqmuleba asaxuli
iyos jvaris monastris adgilobriv saxelwodebaSi _ `jaWvis saydari~ (18, 61). sagulisxmoa, rom
`jaWvis
gza~
_
es
poulobs
analogias
RvTisSvilTa gzasTan _ wmida gzaa, romelzec
berebs mxolod wmida fiqrebiT SeuZliaT mimosvla, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi jaWvi wydeba da
beri iRupeba (38, # 9815). vaJa-fSavelas dedis
naxilvebi jvarGena, eWvi ar aris, imave tradiciiT unda iyos nasazrdoebi, romlis wiaRSic
xmalas alvisxis andrezia Seqmnili: ^ RTis
karze sakvexurada zdgomian alvisxenia, wverzed
xqonia mombuli cxra-kecad Sibi grZelia, zed
isxdes angelozebi, mParT ebnes oqros Tbenia,
isen wvrili PmiT galoben, yureba sanatrelia
(88, #541). es `cxra-keci~ Sibic gamoxatavs
kavSirs, magram ara mxolod erT sibrtyeze myof
RvTisSvilebs Soris, aramed ierarqiuli kibis
safexurebs Soris. aq myardeba kavSiri Sveul
xazze RvTisSvilsa da morige RmerTs Soris,
kavSiri, romelic ufro gamokveTilad Gans laSaris TqmulebaSi, romelic xmalas alvisxis
Tqmulebis analogiuria: beri giorgi mec viyav,
clxviii
cas vebi oqros SibiTa; goraze medga bermuxa,
zed avdiodi kibiTa, Gems saymoT Samanazeni
RmerTTan amqonda iqiTa (77, #60). am patara leqsSi Warbad aris warmodgenili saSualebani,
romlebiTac ori samyaro erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba:
xe da mTa cisa da miwis kavSiris anu duranqis
klasikuri saxeebia (46, 125-131), kibe, cnobili
kibe iakobisa, romelic man sizmarSi ixila
(`esizmra, miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas wvdeba.
uflis angelozebi adi-Gamodian kibeze. aha,
ufali dgas kibis TavSi^~ (dab., 28, 12-13) da,
bolos, Sibi. aseTia suraTi laSarSi: mTaze dgas
muxa, muxaze kibea Sedgmuli, kibis TavSi
RvTisSvilia, romelic SibiT _ sakideliT cas
aris gamobmuli. RvTisSvili am gziT adis Tavisi
saymos mier Semowiruli ZRveniTurT RvTis
karze. mas aaqvs `Semonazeni~ _ locva-vedreba,
sasoeba Tu saklavis sisxli, ganatifebuli, rogorc sakmevlis kvamli. RvTisSvili Suamavalia
casa da miwas Soris; is aris Tavad Sibi, romelic am or sferos akavSirebs erTmaneTTan.
sabolood, unda iTqvas, rom raki jvarGena religiis gamocxadebaa adamianisaTvis, Sibi an sakideli, rogorc jvarGenis niSani, religiis simboloc
aris.
sityva
religia
(`kavSiris
aRdgena~),
iseve
rogorc
ebrauli
beriT
(`kavSiri~, romelic Zveli tradiciiT iTargmneba
`aRTqmad~), xom imasve niSnavs etimologiurad,
ra funqciac Sibs Tu sakidels akisria. davukvirdeT laSaris muxisa da xmalas alvisxis
andrezebs: RvTisSvili mistiris warsuls, roca
muxac iyo, oqros Sibic iyo
da saymos
Sesawiravic misdioda morige RmerTs. anu iyo
clxix
kavSiri, iyo religia _ Sibi, magram Sibi gawyda
_ amas gvamcnobs xmalas alvis xis leqsi: alvis
xe gadaaqcies, Zir ar gawires, wveria. Sib gawyda,
ciske wavida, wioda rogorc gvelia (8, #541). da
dedamiwis am adgilze gawyda cisa da miwis
kavSiri _ religia. cxraeniani zari Tu Tasi,
fanduri, sakideli sayofacxovrebo sagnebic
aris da adamiani iyenebs maT yoveldRiur, saero
yofaSi, rogorc elementuri kulturis sagnebs,
zari, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirwmidad sakulto sagania; is mxolod da mxolod sakulto daniSnulebiT Segvxvdeba saymoSi, maSinac ki, roca is
mavani ymis pirutyvis kiserzea Sebmuli, radgan
es zari, zanzalaki, miuTiTebs, rom es pirutyvi
samsxverplo pirutyvvia. sakulto cxovrebaSi
zars igive funqcia akisria, rac zemoGamoTvlil
sagnebs _ is mowodebulia gaaerTianos jvaris
ymebi, gaaxsenos, rom hyavT saerTo patroni, rom
isini saymos Seadgenen. erTi avtori, romelic
ikvlevs sazogadoebrivi Temis kulturuli garemos
problemebs,
sxvaTa
Soris,
wers:
`^SuasaukuneebSi Temi upiratesad religiuri
iyo, ris gamoc umTavresi misi instituti iyo
eklesia, eklesiasTan midioda yvela gza; ufro
metic, eklesia Tavze dahyurebda Temis yvela Senobas, uqmnida ra xalxs masze damokidebulebis
gancdas. eklesiis zarebic ki TamaSobda Tavis
rols, ramdenadac isini sazRvravdnen Temis
teritorias. cxovreba zarebis xmis smenadobis
farglebSi moqceuli Temis SigniT cxovrebas
niSnavda~ (148, 134). swavlulis es sityvebi
SesaniSnavi
ganmartebaa
iaxsris
leqsSi
daxatuli scenisa, sadac patara zaris xmas
clxx
ekisreba saymos teritoris SemosazRvra avisgors SamikidodiT Gemi patara zaria. davkra, Pma
aPads gavides, gamoisaxon jvaria (88, #542-z). Tu
Sibi gamoxatavs saymos mTlianobas droJamul
modenilobaSi, zaris xma akustikurad aerTianebs
saymos ara mxolod im azriT, rom is mouwodebs
mas jvarisaken, saerTo SesakrebelSi, raTa dadasturdes es erToba, aramed im azriTac, rom is
yovel moymeSi erT saerTo fiqrebs da sasoebas
aRviZebs. zogierT tradiciaSi zari Sibis vizualur saxes iRebs. saymos teritoriis umaRles adgilze aRmarTuli sazaris TiTqmis
usxeulo,
xSirad
euli
(rogorc
mag.,
iremTkaloze, uZilaurTis Tavs) silueti aris
erTaderTi mowme da niSani imisa, rom es adgili
wmida miwaa da jvars ekuTvnis. sadac zaria, is
wmida adgilia, radgan zari kultis genezisSi
aris Gawerili. abudelauris tbidan Tavdaxsnili
iaxsari gafrinda liqokisken da karatiswverze
moikida `koWi~, ris niSnad iq agebulia orad-ori
Senoba _ mcire koSki, romelic sinamdvileSi
qvis yorea, da sazare. aqedan, andrezis Tanaxmad,
ubisTavs misuli, iqac, karated saxeldebul
adgilze, `ikidebs koWs~, sadac Sendeba agreTve
koSki da sazare (65, 68). rogorc vxedavT, sazare
jvaris daarsebis niSnad dgas da sadac is dgas,
iq wmida miwaa anu kvrivi. amitomac kvrivs
xSirad ganmartaven rogorc iseT adgils, sadac
sazarea an ganZia dafluli. zaris gaTanabreba
ganZTan am ganmartebaSi ar aris SemTxveviTi.
zars Tavisi funqcia aniWebs ganZis statuss: rogorc jvaris xmis gamomtevebels, mas gaunaTlavi
xeli ver Seexeba dasarekad; da zog SemTxvevaSi,
clxxi
rogorc ganZi, samalavSi inaxeba. aseTi siuJetia
Seqmnili iaxsris zarze: xevisbers daaviwyda
zaris samalavi, ver moZebnes, ifiqres, iaxsari
daadebda safarvels. wavidnen zaris sayidlad.
jvaris kacebs RvTisSvili iq daxvdaT, sadac
zari unda eyidaT, iaxsari mtredad daajda erT
zars imis niSnad, rom swored es zari unda eyidaT mis xelkacebs (65, 79-80). mtredi _ jvaris
frinveli _ dabrZandeba zarze, rogorc legendaruli mkadris mxarze an sakadrisgadafarebul
xelze. xolo rasac mxars gahkravs jvari, _
SemTxveviT ki arafers ar gahkravs mxars _ is
wmida sagani xdeba. is, msgavsad Tasisa, SeiZleba
jvarGenis niSanic iyos (38, #25464). zari, rogorc
sakulto
sagani,
ukavSirdeba
kultmsaxurebis erT mniSvnelovan elements _
samsxverplo pirutyvs; ara mxolod im azriT,
rom zari mis Sewirvamde qedze hkidia mas. zari
da saqoneli _ es sagani da cocxali arseba _
Tavs iyrian xucesis ufleba-movaleobaTa erTobliobaSi. saymos klasikur xanaSi `ufros
Tavxevisberad is iTvleboda, visac zari da
saklavis dakvla evaleboda^~ (65, 387). naxiri
saqoneli, cxadia, adamianis sarGoa, misi cxovrebis saxsari. magram is SeiZleba ufro meti iyos,
vidre sazrdo. sakulto azriT, pirveladi masSi
swored is aris, rac sazrdoze metia. saqonelze
igive SegviZlia gavimeoroT, rac iTqva Tasze,
rom tradiciul kulturaSi is aris erT-erTi im
saganTagan, romelsac SeuZlia itvirTos imaze
meti, rasac bunebiT warmoadgens; amaRldes, adamianma aamaRlos is mis elementur daniSnulebaze maRla; ufro meti azri SesZinos saclxxii
zogadoebisaTvis, vidre aqvs sakvebs fizikuri
arsebobis SesanarGuneblad. es gacnobierebulia
indur kulturaSi, es Segnebuli hqondaT zoroastruli himnebis _ gaTebis Semqmnelebs, es
savsebiT gaazrebulia Gven saymoebSi. saqoneli
wmida, sapativebeli arsebaa. ras niSnavs es? robertson smiTi, romelmac Seiswavla mesaqonle da
mwyemsi
xalxebis,
kerZod,
semiti
tomebis
Gveulebani saqonelTan dakavSirebiT, wers Semdegs: `Sinauri cxovelebi pativiT arian mosilni
dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxis mwyems xalxebSi. isini, erTis mxriv, miGneuli arian adamianis megobrebad da Tvistomebad, meores mxriv, RvTiuri
bunebis arsebebad; maTi daxocva mxolod gansakuTrebul viTarebaSia nebadarTuli, da aseT
drosac ki ar gamoiyeneba kerZo, yoveldRiur
sakvebad, aramed mxolod da mxolod saerTo
dResaswaulebze. afrikis erT-erT momTabare
tomze amboben, rom maT erTaderT sarGos cxvris
farebi da saqoneli warmoadgens. roca saZovari
uxvia wvimebis Semdeg, isini ikvebebian rZeSi
Sezavebuli sisxliT, romelsac iseve, rogorc
arabeTSi, cocxal pirutyvs uReben; xolo
gvalvebis dros beberi an sneuli cxovelis
xorcs Wamen. magram pirutyvis damkvleli uwmidurad iTvleba maT TvalSi^ saqoneli wmida
arsebaa,
radgan
is
warmoadgens
adamianis
cxovrebis saxsars. mas klaven mxolod gasaWiris
dros da misi damkvleli uwmidurad iTvleba,
rac imas gulisxmobs, rom dakvla pirutyvisa
ukeTuri saqmea^ yoveldRiuri sakvebi afrikis
bevri mesaqonle xalxisa aris rZe an nanadirevi,
saqoneli ki, romelsac isini mwyesaven, iSviaTad
clxxiii
ikvlis sakvebad; mas mxolod gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevaSi klaven, mag., laSqrobis gamocxadebisas, bavSvebis winadacveTisas da qorwilSi; an
klaven samoselisTvis an imitom, rom pirutyvi
dasaxiGrebulia an beberi^~ (157, 277-9). TiTqos
paradoqsia: saqoneli adamianis erTaderTi sarGoa, risTvisac kaci Tavs dadebs, magram is ar
ikvlis yoveldRiuri purobisaTvis; ufro meti:
misi dakvla uRvTo aqtia. swored imitom, rom
saqoneli Gveni saymos sicocxlis saxsaria, misi
imedi am wuTisofelSi, is ar ikvlis yoveldRiuri sakvebisTvis, aramed rogorc mesaqonle
semiti tomebi iqcevian, is ikvlis laSqrobis win
jvarSi, jvaris dResaswaulebze, jvarSi gayvanisas, qorwilSi, micvalebulis xarjebSi. saymos
cxovrebis am mniSvnelovan, gardamtex periodebSi SeiZleba gaiwiros, Seiwiros saqoneli.
xari iwireba
clxxiv
saymos genezisSi, rogorc davinaxeT, adamianis
yofna-aryofnis zRurblze da es gasdevs mis
cxovrebas, Tavs iGens kerZo da saerTo mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSi. xari, Gven viciT, dgas
kultis dasabamSi: devebisgan Seuracxyofili,
sasowarkveTamde
misuli
kaci
gaixsenebs
Sesawiravad yvelaze saukeTesos, rac ki gaaGnia
qveyanaze _ TeTr xars, romelic aris pirvelgaRebuli msxverpli Gvens andrezebSi (60, 119) _
pirveli dakluli saqoneli adamianis Rirsebis
gadasarGenad. gana am zRurblze TeTrma xarma ar
itvirTa religiis dafuZnebis mTeli simZime,
roca adamiani eZebda xsnas uzenaesisagan? misi
sisxli iseve wmidaa da Zvirfasi, rogorc
winapris daRvrili sisxli, Sewiruli misi
keTildReobisaTvis. xars angelozebi unTeben
rqebze sanTels, jer angelozebi, mereRa adamianebi, roca is samsxverploze mihyavT. sxva dros
xars rqaze mtredi azis da miuZRveba mas jvaris
sabrZanisisaken, romelsac adamiani TavisiT ver
miagnebda. xaris rqaze asvenia mTavarangelozis
an wmida giorgis xati da miuZRvis samSoblosaken Svidi aTas Tavdaxsnil tyves. amis gamo
xari ar ikvlis mxolod da mxolod sakvebis
mopovebis mizniT. is religiuri aqtia Tavisi
warmoSobiT, aseve mizniT da ritualuri formiT:
xelxanjliani msaxuri kultisa simZimes sZens am
aqts, romelic ritualis gareSe mkvlelobad
GaiTvleboda saymos TvalSi; is damwyalobnebis
teqstis warmoTqmiT `akvrivebs~ drois monakveTs;
roca saklavi ikvlis, am dros iq Sekrebili
saymo ecnoba Tavisi religiis mrwamss, Tavis
rjuls; mis cnobierebaSi erTxel kidev ibeWdeba
clxxv
RvTisSvilTa saxelebi maTi dadgenili TanamimdevrobiT. iseve, rogorc ludiT savse Tasi
sadideblis gareSe mxolod Rreobis niSans
iZleva, aseve _ analogiurad xanjali mdumare
damkvlelis xelSi, roca ar ismis damwyalobnebis sityvebi, mkvlelobis niSania. saklavi ikvlis, unda daiklas, yvelas Tvalwin, sajarod,
ara farulad; is potenciurad ekuTvnis yvelas,
mTels saymos. es sajaroba ritualuri qmedebiTurT aniWebs pirutyvs saklavis statuss. rogorc religiur-zneobrivi realobis, daniSnuleba gamoxatulia saxelwodebaSi, romliTac
is damwyalobnebis teqstSi ixseneba: samsaxuri.
pirutyvi samsaxurSia _ xorciels eZleva saSualeba misi meSveobiT emsaxuros jvars. saqoneli
dgas adamiansa da RvTisSvils Soris. amitom is
ar SeiZleba ar iyos wmida. siwmidiT aris Semosili yvelaferi, rac masTan aris dakavSirebuli mis samsaxureblad moyvanisas: qsovilic,
romliTac Subli aqvs gakruli; zanzalakic,
qedze rom hkidia, rac jvarSi rGeba, da bolos,
sisxli. `^ moxsenebuli samsaxuri Sena samTavroi
as, Sena gasamarjod xTis karze mosaxmarad^~ (56,
14). `wamoyenebuli samsaxuri, moxsenebuli, RvTisad gindodes, RmerTs maaxsenidi, kvireisad gindodes, kvires maaxsenidi, ara _ TviTon miiTvaleT Rirsada, Rirseulada, Svidada, Svideulada, xsnilada, kurTxeulada^~ (38, #25449).
saklavis suli, romelic mis sisxlSia, adis
dedamiwidan maRla, RvTisSvilze maRla, morige
RvTis karamde. gana amis Semdeg es saklavi ar
aris duranqi _ `kavSiri cisa da miwisa?~
saklavi, romelic aris upiratesad xari, saymos
clxxvi
akavSirebs RvTisSvilTan, xolo RvTisSvilis
meoxebiT morige RmerTTan, radgan masTan aaqvs
RvTisSvils `wamoyenebuli samsaxuri~. magram
igive saklavi, rogorc msxverpli, saymos konsolidaciis, misi simtkicis erT-erTi pirobaa. es
kargad
Gans
`xar-qvabiT
Seyrilobisa~
da
mokveTilis
Semorigebis
ritualebSi,
sadac
saklavs gadamwyveti roli akisria. romelime
susti
gvaris
warmomadgenlebi
gaZlierebis
mizniT ekedlebian Zlier gvars, risTvisac, wesis
dayenebiT, aduReben luds (`qvabi~), jvarSi
daklaven saklavs (`xari~) da erTgulebis fics
sdeben, rom ar uRalateben Tavis axal gvareulobas, aRiareben ra mis salocavs da winaprebs.
es wesi moqmedebda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis TiTqmis yvela saymoSi, rac dadasturebulia saeTnografio literaturaSi (54, 79;
51, 71; 49, 91). xariT SeyrilTa Soris, iseve rogorc sisxliT naTesavTa Soris, qorwineba dauSvebeli iyo. am wes-Gveulebis fonze, romlis
drosac xaris dakvla aucilebeli aqtia ori
gvaris sisxliT danaTesavebaSi, niSandoblivad
ikveTeba sapirispiro wes-Gveuleba, romelic
erTi gvaris orad gayris da am gayrilTa Soris
sisxlis naTesaobisa da misgan gamomdinare valdebulebaTa gauqmebis dros sruldeba. gudamayarSi gavrcelebuli andrezis Tanaxmad, wiklaurTa da beqaurTa winaprebma _ wikvam da beqam, im mizniT, rom erTmaneTSi qorwinebis neba
hqonodaT, dakles ZaRli, orad gaglijes da maT
Sua gaiares. Tu ucxoTa erTianobisTvis wmida
saklavi ikvlis, raTa ori gvaris warmomadgenelT saSualeba hqondeT simbolurad ezclxxvii
iaron saerTos saklavis xorcis WamiT da amiT
samudamod daamowmon erToba, amis sawinaaRmdego
qmedebisas, roca gvari iyofa, klaven uwmidur
cxovels, anu, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, `antisaklavs~, romelic ar iWmeva, rogorc usurmagi
da, cxadia, ver Seasrulebs ziarebis funqcias.
analogiuria wesi, romliTac yma ikveTeba saymodan: `^ZaRlis mokvliT moikveTen maSin, Tu naTesavi SeirTo colad, an Tu aRar emorGileba
Tavis gvars da Gadis raime uwesobas^ erTi vinme
ZaRls moklavs tyviiT da iZaxebs: momikveTav am
ZaRlis sisxliT (mokveTilis saxeli), eg Gemi
aRarai as dReis Semdega-d’ me magis aRarai or^~
(66, 40). ZaRlis sisxliT mokveTili gvarSi Tu
TemSi mxolod wmida saklavis sisxlis meSveobiT aRdgeba (iqve, agr. 61, 356). mokveTilis Serigebis ritualSi xarTan da ludTan erTad, rogorc mniSvnelovani elementebi, monawileoben
qvabi da Tasi _ aseve qajaveTis nadavlis
sagnebi. `mokveTilma saTemo xats unda Seswiros
erTi qvabi da vercxlis Tasi, agreTve unda
dauklas erTi xari da ludic auduRos^~ (54, 97).
Tasi, qvabi, saklavi, ludi _ ai, es aris TiTqmis
yvelaferi, razec aris dafuZnebuli kultis
mTeli ritualuri mxare; es yvelaferi exmareba
mokveTils, aRidginos Tavi jer jvarSi, mere
saymoSi; aRidginos Tavi winaparTa salocavisTvis, rom kvlav hqondes ufleba, moisminos
jvaris karze damwyalobnebis sityvebi: `^ Sens
karze sanTeli aunTia, Tasi auvsia, samsaxuri wamouyenebia, RvTis karze maixmare, gamarjvebulo^~ (38, #25557). saklavad moyvanili xari,
romelic myar mdgomareobas uqmnis ymas saymoSi,
clxxviii
bunebrivia,
mniSvnelovan
rols
asrulebdes
mtris Semorigebis da, sazogadod, Zveli samkvdro-sasicocxlo mtrobis ganqarebis dros.
xari am dros _ sagangebod aris gaxazuli misi
feri da garegnoba _ Serigebis niSanic aris da
ficis ganmamtkicebelic. mkvleli, SurismaZiebeli, ase mimarTavs fSavis saymoTa saxeliT gabudayebul TorRvas: samjer mamixve, TrRvao, sami
dagikal cxvario, meoTxed mosuls dagikal
TeTri qorai Pario^ (88, #44). iyo saubari, rom
TeTri xari figurirebs kultis genezisSi, rom
misi wamoyenebiT daedo dasabami samxvewro
msxverplSewirvas, rogorc erT-erT umniSvnelovanes rituals sxva ritualTa Soris. roca istoriul
xanaSi
viTareba
meordeba
mcire
masStabiT, ganmeorebisas TeTri xari imave
daniSnulebiT aris `wamoyenebuli~. gansacdels
gadarGenili TuSi TiliZe, fSavelTa mosisxle
da maTi araerTgzis amklebi, aRTqmisamebr TeTr
xars swiravs laSaris wmida giorgis. `^TiliZes
fSavelebisaTvis Serigeba uTxovia da laSarobas
zvarakad TeTrqora xari miuyvania, sadac orive
mxare Zmad gaficula da Serigebis niSnad iqve
samanic GausvamT da TuSebs laSarSi Tavisi sajarec gaumarTavT~ (51, 200); `^ simtkicis niSnad
TiliZes laSaris droSa TuSeTSi gadmoutania
da aq GiRos mTaze aRumarTavs, sadac laSaris es
xatic augia~ (49, 199-200). rogorc vxedavT, TiliZe uarsebs TuSebs laSaris jvars, romelic man
Tavdapirvelad pirad salocavad airGia: madroveT, fSavelT Svilebo, maloceT Tqveni
jvaria, movsulvar saxvewnelada, momiyvania Paria^ (49, 92). sagulisxmoa isic, rom Serigeba or
clxxix
saymos Soris da salocavis daarseba erTdrouli aqtia da rom TiliZe Tavisi TeTrqora
xariTurT
Sesulia
damafuZnebel
andrezSi.
xaris sakulto mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebis
Semdeg unda davaskvnaT, rom sxva sakralur
sagnebTan (Tasi, sakideli, zari^) erTad qajaveTidan wamosxmuli naxiri sakulto daniSnulebis aris da is ekuTvnis jvars, kerZod, xaxmatis jvars, romelsac istoriul xanaSi hyavda
Tavisuflad gaSvebuli kuratebi, daukodavni da
uRelSi Seubmelni, jvaris sakuTrebis niSnad.
sagmiro leqsebSic ki, sadac gmiri RvTisSvilTa
arqetipul qmedebas imeorebs, _ saqonels itacebs qisteTidan (qajaveTis amqveyniuri oreulidan) _ motacebul saqonels ara sakuTar saxlebSi, aramed laSaris gorze arekaven, saidanac
daiZra laSqari. ^ modian nasaxelarni, gadmovlen sayaWisasa. xuTSabaTs dilas Gamovlen,
maabuqeben miwasa. Gamovlen laSaris gorsa, Gamaixdian binasa, xatis samRvTosa Gadian xarisasa
da RvTisasa, niSa xars rqaze uWdeven pirdapir
Tamarisasa (51, 86). saqoneli, rogorc jvaris
nadavli, raki misi ymebis xeliT aris modenili,
mis teritoriaze ikvlis. amas gulisxmobs
fSavelTa erT-erTi beladisa da xevisbris
sityvebi: gara var Turmanauli, me bevrgan miqnan
ziani, mixocavs laSaris gorsa qistis xarebi
rqiani (51, 84). da erTi xevsuruli leqsis fragmenti, sadac jvaris saqonlis gamtaceblad uSualod RvTisSvili gvevlineba: martuam gudanis
jvarma daanaxevra jaria, anadgurebda laSqarsa
lurjais natotaria. martuam amaibruna TereTegoelT cxvaria, beRel-beRlis kars uPdebis
clxxx
miTxoelT Paris rqania (62, 668). samZimari `qajaveT viarebodidio, naxirs aiqiT vadendidio~ _
am sityvebs aTqmevinebs Tavis qadags, meenes, qajaveTidan wamoyvanili qajis qali. xaxmatis
wmida giorgim samZimari gamoitaca Tu gamoixsna
qajaveTidan qajaveTur ganZTan erTad. axla ki
samZimari
ambobs,
qajaveTSi
davdiodi
da
saqonels iqidan movdenidio. zmnis xolmebiTi
kilo _ `viarebodidi~ _ TiTqos mowmobs, rom
samZimari xaxmatis jvaris msgavsad periodulad
mgzavrobs qajaveTSi. xom ase mimarTaven am
RvTisSvils _ qajaveT rad iarebi, giorgi
mglisa ferao? Gans, TiTqos, samZimari da wmida
giorgi drogamoSvebiT `iarebian~ qajaveTSi,
magram andrezi da simRera gadmogvcems mxolod
erTgzis mogzaurobas xaxmatis jvarisas qajaveTisaken da isic samZimaris gareSe, radgan am
dros samZimari qajaveTSia da, SesaZloa, elis
mxsnels. marTalia, wmida giorgi masTan erTad
brundeba ukan, magram ar Gans, rom qajis qali
modenides iqidan gamorekil naxirs, romlis
mwyemsad TqmulebaSi dasaxelebulia karatis
jvari kopala da ara samZimari. SeiZleba misi es
sityvebi (`qajaveT viarebodidio^~) misi biografiis romelime epizods gulisxmobdes, romelsac ukve mouswria daviwyeba. dRevandel
samZimars ki naklebi kavSiri aqvs qajaveTis naxirTan da, saerTod, saqonelTan. xaxmatis jvarSi
mas sruliad gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria
da Taviseburi Tavgadasavali aqvs, rasac is Tavisi qadagis piriT amxels. jer visaubroT mis
warmomavlobaze, romelic winaaRmdegobrivia da
ori urTierTgamomricxveli tradiciiT aris
clxxxi
cnobili. erTi tradiciis Tanaxmad, qajis qalebi
_ samZimari, mzeqali da aSeqali ZaliT arian
motacebulni. Turme ambobdnen: `aqve dagvxoceT
da TqvenTan (RvTisSvilebTan) ar wamovalTo~; ar
mohyvebodnen, vidre xaxmatis jvarma ar aRuTqva
maT saarso wilis micema xaxmatis miwa-wyalze
da `Zalisa da SeZlebis~ ganawileba maTTvis;
hpirdeboda maT, rom RvTisSvilTa uflebiT
iqnebodnen daarsebulni xaxmatSi anu iqnebodnen
jvarni. ai, am pirobiT gamoatacebina Tavi xaxmatis wm. giorgis samma qajma qalma samZimaris
ufrosobiT (60, 107-8). sxva tradiciiT, romelic
TiTqos xucesTa sityvebis _ `tyveno, eajeT, naPsarno~ _ ganmartebas warmoadgens, xaxmatis
jvaris `modeni~ qajaveTis tyveobidan arian gamoxsnilni, rogorc nestani. asec amboben: `qajeTis naPsroba kiden ase niSnavs, viTom datvevebulebi hyvandes da aPsnes am angelozebm da wamaiyvanes~. magram rogor moxvdnen tyveobaSi es
qalebi, amis andrezi ar Gans. zRaprebSi da sagmiro eposSi gamoxsnili qali, mzeTunaxavi, rogorc wesi, gamomxsneli gmiris sacolea. gmirs
sacole mohyavs qajeTidan, brolis koSkidan,
qvesknelidan, sadac mzeTunaxavs ar surs darGena da exmareba Tavis rGeuls, aswavlis gzasa
da xerxs ucxo qveyanaSi. Gveni andrezi sakraluri Tqmulebaa, radgan is exeba kultis dafuZnebas, amitomac gamoxsnili qali, Tundac is
iyos mzeTunaxavi (aseTadac aris miGneuli qajis
qali), ver iqneba sacole misi gamomxsneli
gmirisa, radgan es gmiri aris RvTisSvili, angelozi, uxorco arseba. xaxmatis wmida giorgis
tyve qalebi Tavis modeebad mohyavs xaxmatSi, maT
clxxxii
Soris pirveli da mTavari samZimari, xolo
samZimari ase alaparakebs Tavis qadags: `wamamiyvana giorgimao, me xo qal viyav qajisao, mamanaTvliva qriste RmerTsao, gavPe PorcielT
salocavio~ (60, 113). rogorc vxedavT, qajeTidan
wamoyvanas, iqidan daxsnas, gansakuTrebuli aspeqti aqvs: is niSnavs rjulis Secvlas, ufro
sworad, mas mohyveba gaTavisuflebuli qalwulis gaqristianeba. samZimarze kidev yvebian
aseT ambavs: `^ is samZimar qajT Pelmwifis qal
yofil. iq gveleSap yofil. imas Tu und SeeWam
erT vin sofelSiiT, wylispirSi dausvemdes. is
samZimar dausom. misul giorgi, uTqom, ro gagaTavisuflebav Senav. mamas uTxariv, ro wagiyvanav.
cxrajer wyalSi gaibanev, samiv saklav dakaliv^~
(67, 193). vavsebT am epizods sxva Ganaweris mixedviT (versia igivea, xaxmaturi, oRond odnav
gansxvavebuli redaqciiT): `^maSin Gven giorgis
daurtyams veSapisTvis Subi da wamouyvania samZimari. moiyvana Tavis jvarSi, mounaTlia samZimari
Tavis rjulze. dasdva safarveli da veRar naxa
samZimari xalxma~ (6, 79). ar aris Zneli am
monaTxrobSi wmida giorgis umTavresi saswaulis
danaxva. epizodi agebulia sayovelTaod gavrcelebul motivze, romelic adreve daukavSirda
kapadokieli wmidanis saxels da myari agili
daikava mis biografiaSi. wmida mxedari daixsnis
warmarTi mefis asuls gveleSapisagan, romelsac
miuyvanes is msxverplad da am saswaulis ZaliT
qristes rjulze moaqcevs qalwuls, mefes da
mTel qalaqs. eWvi ar aris, rom samZimaris epizodi qajaveTis TqmulebaSi wmida giorgis gmirobis xevsuruli variantia; rom is wmida giorclxxxiii
gis kanonikuri `cxovrebidan~ modis da ver
GaiTvleba saerTaSoriso siuJetis adgilobriv,
damoukidebel variantad. xaxmatis jvari _ xaxmatis wmida giorgi imeorebs Tavisi mosaxele
wmidanis arqetipul qcevas, qajaveTi enacvleba
im warmarTul qalaqs, romelic wmida mxedarma
gveleSapis Zaladobisagan ixsna, xolo qajis
qali im usaxelo ufliswuls, romelic man gveleSapis
xaxas
gamostaca
da
qristianul
rjulze moaqcia. xsna am qristianul andrezSi
WeSmarit sarwmunoebaze moqcevis tolfasia. qajaveTisa da warmarTuli qalaqis (lasiis)
igiveoba ufro TvalsaGinoa qajaveT-qisteTis
igiveobis fonze, radgan qistebs da, sazogadod,
Grdilo kavkasiis mezobel mahmadian tomebs
qarTvel mTielTa saymoebi upiratesad sarwmunoebrivi niSniT upirispirdebian, rogorc urjuloebs rjulianebi, romlebic wmida giorgis
religias aRiareben da amis dasturad, Zveli mematianis
TqmiT,
`juaris
msaxurni
arian~.
gansxvavebiT wmida giorgis mier moqceuli warmarTuli
qalaqisagan,
qajaveTi
qajaveTadve
darGa; amis sanacvlod qajTa xelmwifis asuli
samZimari xaxmatis wmida giorgis wyalobiT
RvTisSvilis rangSi amaRlda da sruliad unikaluri adgili daiWira sxva RvTisSvilTa Soris; is xaxmatis jvarma Tavis `moZmed~ wamoiyvana
xaxmatSi da ise Rrmad SeeTvisa mas, rom es axali moZme saymos warmodgenaSi `giorgi’ samZimar
erTni’ ~ (68, 42); saymos ar abrkolebs is garemoeba, rom giorgi mamria, samZimari _ dedri:
`giorgi’ samZimar erTni’ , erT xTiSvili’ ~. roca
axseneben xaxmatis jvars, saymos cnobierebaSi
clxxxiv
Gndeba
ori
piri
erTi
jvarisa,
erTi
RvTisSvilisa _ `giorgi naRvarmSvenieri~ da
`xeli samZimari, yel-Riliani~. saymo Wvrets erT
RvTisSvilSi,
erT
RvTiur
arsebaSi
animaanimusis
erTianobas.
qajaveTisken
gaemarTa
mxedari, `naRarSi meburTvali~, _ oboli animusi
da dabrunda iqidan animasTan erTad, raTa samudamod gaerTianebuliyvnen xaxmatis jvarSi. xaxmatis jvari yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs ara rogorc calke mamri da calke dedri, aramed Tavisi mTliani bunebiT, dedrulmamruli erTianobiT; dedri Wvirvalebs mis
mamakacur
gamocxadebaSi,
rac
TvalsaGinod
ikveTeba sxva RvTisSvilTa fonze, rogorc mag.,
am leqsSi: laRno, sad mizdiT, Pevsurno, sad
mixqriT qarebulasa. win gidgasT gudanis jvari,
yviroda Parebulasa, mogyvebasT PaPmatis jvari,
tiroda qaleburasa (88, #171), mamri iGens Tavs
raRac saxiT mainc mis dedrul gamocxadebaSi,
rogorc gvarwmuneben samZimaris naqadagarebi,
sadac misi ucnauri Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili.
samZimaris naqadagari da misi andrezi erTmaneTs
avsebs; erTi da meore sxvadasxva aspeqtiT gvimxels samZimaris bunebas da misi movlenis, anu
saymoSi misi gamocxadebis arss. andrezi aseTi
Sinaarsis aris: vaJs samZimari sruliad konkretuli qalis saxiT ecxadeba, cxovrobs mis saxlSi, diasaxlisobs. eWvs aiReben, rom is ar aris
Gveulebrivi qali, an sulac qali ar aris; samZimari saswaulsac Gaidens da saxlidan wava.
mogvyavs T. oGiauris Ganaweri: `PaPmatis jvar
qalis aRiT SGvenebiv xoligas kistan. imas sdobnivas saerboe kasris ZirSiiT oqro zaltisa da
clxxxv
beWdis gamaReba. Tavis nebiT masvlivas diacad,
juaT elene viTom orav. dedamTils Rgonebiv
Gemis Svilis diaciav. is ki ar vic, ramTven xan
yofil. erTxan dedamTilisad uTqom _ Sin mindav
wasvlaiv, masanTon* miqneniv. TviTon qneniv,
uTqom dedamTils. Sautyvav, ro esiv qal ar
TuklaR asav. i dedamTil wasul; ro masul, did
qvab idgav, oTx-xuT Gareqamde Gadiodisao. xaviw
duRdav, Gavxeneo, ai saerboe kasrSiav TiTa iyvav
amasmuliv. i zalteiod beWedaiv gverdi exsnesav.
is aba ras etyod. memr i masanTon ro uqnian,
samjer Gaudgam TiTi, uTqm _ eesr xqniTidav, eesiav Gem wesiv. maSi qoo gamacxadebul. jer cixeSi misul lebaiskar, masanTon maunTian, memr
iqiT gamafrindal, wovais wyal misul. iqac damjdara, iqiT gadamxtar aq masul. i xoligas
gastrelebivas _ esiv qal arTuklaR asav. RamiT
gulzed Pel Gamausom, kaciviT xqondav, qaloba
ar etyobodav. uTqom dedisad, romav es qal ar
unda iyvasav~ (68, 45). samZimaris efemeruli, viTom qmari da dedamTili, rwmundebian, rom es
`juaT elene~ sruliadac ar aris juaT elene;
ufro meti: is arc aris Gveulebrivi diaci.
dedamTili mis uGveulobas imaSi xedavs, rom es
`juaT elene~ erTi TiTis amoweba erboTi acxobs
masanToebs; xvdeba raRacas, magram frTxili
diaci arafers ambobs. `qmari~, xoliga, ufro
mets xvdeba. is atyobs, rom misi `coli~ araTu
juaT elene ar aris, aramed, SesaZlebelia, diacic ki ar iyos. `i xoligas gasatrelebivas~, e.i.
xoliga daeWvebula: misi coli qals hgavs,
*
`masanToni~ _ saweso namcxvrebi; naqadagarSi am sityvas enacvleba `salaRobelni~.
clxxxvi
magram qalis niSnebi ar atyvia. monaTxrobidan
ar Gans, iyo Tu ara maT Soris col-qmruli
urTierToba; xoligas ukvirda mxolod, rom mis
cols ratomRac mkerdi ar aGnda, `qaloba ar
etyobodav~. es niSani tipiuria samZimaris andrezebSi misi bunebis samxelad. vinme buloelas
samZimari uwveboda colis magivrad: `^mausom
Peli-d’ ara Rbadebiv imas gulzed. kaciviT yofila-d’ gamatrialebul~ (68, 49). `es qal ar unda
iyvasav~, gamofxizldeba sabolood gaognebuli
qmari, romelmac ver moaxerxa, rac col-qmars
Soris unda momxdariyo. erT monaTxrobSi aseTi
viTarebaa: `^dedakacTan ro dawvebian, is ro
unda meqnisav, daikargisav. kac-diac ro Sadgebian
aisra, daikargisav^~ (68, 49) `daikargisav~, _ ambobs gawbilebuli kaci, anu qrebodao, radgan
samZimari mouxelTebelia kac-diacis saqmisaTvis.
gadmocemidan ar Gans, ra mizniT maqcierobs xaxmatis jvari mokvdavis ojaxSi. nuTu mxolod
imisTvis trialebs iq nacnobi diacis saxiT ramdenime xans, rom gaaognos deda-Svili, an dautovos andrezad Tavisi wesi _ masanToSi TiTis
samgzis GaWdoba, rogorc naqadagarSi aTqmevinebs
Tavis meenes _ salaRobelni davacxvnidio, samkana TiTi Gavadgidio? nuTu aseTi saqcieli
mxolod qajuri naSTi da kvalia morjulebul
samZimarSi? gavecnoT samZimaris naqadagar teqstebs. naqadagarebSi, romlebic T.oGiauris mier
aris gamovlenili da GarTuli samecniero kvlevis sferoSi (68, 45-7), samZimaris Tavgadasavali
mokvdavis ojaxSi sxva kuTxiT aris danaxuli da
gadmocemuli. Gven saqme gvaqvs poetur teqstebTan, sadac didi STambeWdaobiT, sakmaod Zunwad,
clxxxvii
rac aZlierebs eqspresiulobas, gadmocemulia
samZimaris qcevebi, rasac is Tavis arGeuli
`qmris~ saxlSi sGadis. dedakaci trialebs
ojaxSi, saqmianobs: `sacersa, varclsa Gaujdidio~, `Wima-laxtaras vzidevdio~, is Tavs imkobs
da
keklucobs
dedakacis
wesisamebr:
`naoWiani Gavicvidio, qoqomon gavabrialnidio~,
`yurze sayursa videbdidio, qoqomiansa vicomdidio~, `davigruSnidi Tavmandilnio~^ cxadia,
ra mizniT irTveba da lamazdeba qali. mizansac
aRwevs, rogorc es Gans naqadagarSi: abuleTaurT saRirasao qali sacoled mavswondidio,
Gavexvividi,
Gauwvidio,
ZuZu-mkerds*
gamavixvividio^ magram am dros araferi ar xdeba.
samZimars zRurblamde mihyavs Tavisi rGeuli,
Tavad ki ukan ixevs; is ar aZlevs uflebas xorciels, gadalaxos zRurbli. rogorc ki vaJi
amas Seecdeba, rac naqadagarebSi odnav Sefarulad aris gamoxatuli _ `qali sacoled mamindomao~ an `colad wayvana mamindomao~; samZimari
garbis, saxtad stovebs ra vaJs da saidumlosac
safarveli exdeba. cxadi xdeba, rom aq samZimari
iyo, ris dasturadac misi nabijebisa da kidev
sxva ramis kvali rGeba. momyavs erT-erTi tipiuri naqadagari, sadac mokled aris gadmocemuli
es ambavi: abuleTaurT cixeSiao medges loginni
GardaxSiao.
abuleTaurT
xoligamao
qali
sacoled mamindomao. im Gemsa gamonafrindobsao
iqav aGnian nakoWarnio. pur-satan mamGnes ReleSiao, Pelis saponi wyaroSiao. momxyvebod SanacodrobiTao (77, #27). aqedan cxadad Gans, rom
*
Tumca prozauli gadmocemidan viciT, rom samZimars mkerdi `kaciviT xqondav, qaloba ar
etyobodav~.
clxxxviii
samZimaris logini abudelaurT cixis GardaxSi
srulebiT ar aris gamzadebuli col-qmruli
urTierTobisaTvis, is ar aris saqorwino sareceli. samZimari gaurbis axlo kavSirs vaJTan,
imaze mWidros, ris uflebasac Tavad qali
iZleva, stumaric garbis ukanmouxedavad; maTi
yovelgvari urTierToba wydeba, xolo vaJs zedmeti vnebis gamoGena, rogorc zneobrivi kanonis
darRveva, codvad da sircxvilad eTvleba,
razec migvaniSnebs teqstis bolo striqoni
`momxyvebod SanacodrobiTao~. ai, ras ambobs
mwyralad wasuli samZimari vaJze, romlisTvisac
ukve cxadia, rom Sescoda da amiT daarRvia
urTierToba; moindoma, risi ndomac gulSic ar
unda gaevlo. amitom ambobs samZimari mitovebul
vaJze,
_
codvis
GamdeniviT
momyvebodao.
moralur akrZalvas sqesuri urTierTobisas Tavisi gamoxatuleba aqvs am aqtis fizikur SeuZleblobaSi. prozaul andrezebSi, rogorc davinaxeT, vaJi qalis niSnebs ver atyobs samZimars an
urTierTobis zRurblTan misvlisas qali qreba
(`daikargisav~). es fizikuri ucnauroba Tavidanve
gacxadebulia naqadagarSi samZimaris piriT: `viarebodi
qaliviTao^~,
`memra
qalada
maviqcidio^~, `qalura Gamauaridio^~, `qalis
fafanag Gavicvidio^~ da sxva, rac mxolod imas
niSnavs, rom samZimari, rogorc jvari, angelozuri arseba, ar aris qali da mas, roca garemoeba moiTxovs, mxolod uxdeba qaliviT moqceva.
ras unda niSnavdes samZimaris es ucnauri
saqcieli, romelsac Znelia gamarTleba da axsna
moeZebnos Gveulebrivi, yofiTi TvalsazrisiT.
misi saqcieli iseve auxsnelia da bundovanebiT
clxxxix
moculi, rogorc xevsureTis saymoebSi erT
dros mtkiced gamjdari, TiTqos sazogadoebriv
institutad qceuli sworfrobis wes-Gveuleba,
romlis iniciatorad, damfuZneblad SeiZleba
gvevlinebodes samZimari Tavis naqadagarebSi.*
SesaZlebelia, amiT ar ixsnebodes sworfrobis
wes-Gveulebis gamocana (ar vcdilob misi istoriuli fesvebisa da warmoSobis kvleva-Ziebas),
magram es analogia saSualebas gvaZlevs gavdoT
Sibi sworfrobis realur sinamdvilesa da mis
miTosur sinamdviles Soris. safuZvliani aRweriloba am wes-Gveulebisa, romelic gamoricxavs
zerele damokidebulebas mis mimarT da gareSe
Tvalsazriss masze (4), gviGvenebs, rom is warmoadgenda, saymos arsebobis dekadansSic ki,
mkacrad dadgenili wesebis sistemas, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia yoveli wvrilmani da mosalodneli kazusi. am GveulebaSi iniciativa qals
ekuTvnis, is iwvevs vaJs masTan Seyrisa da
saubris surviliT, da erTad yofnis (konkretulad, wolis) drosac is ganagebs urTierTobas,
udebs ra zRvars vaJis vnebebs da sworfrobis
wesiT
akrZalur
gamoxdomebs.
iqmneba
STabeWdileba TiTqos am Gveulebis wesebi qalis
dadgenilia da mTeli Gveulebac misgan iRebs
dasabams, iseve rogorc qali dgas, xevsuruli
andrezis Tanaxmad, jvaris qadagebis institutis
genezisSi. sworferTa Soris _ es gardauvali
wesia _ ikrZaleba ara mxolod xorcieli
kavSiri, aramed kanonieri col-qmrobac. am Seuvali kanonis SemSlelni rjulis gamtexebad
*
aseTi Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia g.jafariZis TezisebSi `wminda dafebi~ (111, 11).
cxc
Seiracxebian da iseve moikveTebian saymodan, rogorc incestis Gamdenni. erTad `wola-dgomis~
ganmavlobaSi, rogorc adgilobriv uwodeben am
Gveulebas
(sworfrobas),
rogorc
ki
qali
Seatyobs, rom mis sworfer vaJs `sxva~ siyvaruliT uyvars igi, qali stovebs sworfrobis sawols da midis, raTa aRar dabrundes ukan, aRar
moixedos am vaJisaken. xorcieli qali iqceva,
rogorc samZimari, imeorebs mis arqetipul
saqciels, rom aRkveTos vaJis survili. vaJma ar
unda Seiyvaros Tavisi sworferi, rogorc dedakaci _ es kanoni gafrTxilebasaviT gaismis
samZimaris
sityvebSi,
romlebic
daJinebiT
gadadis naqadagaridan naqadagarSi: `abuleTaurT
imedasao qali sacoled mavswondidio~, `megrelaursa gaxuasao sacoled vewonebodidio~,
`abuleTaurT imedamao colad wayvana mamindomao~^ aSkaraa am sityvebis sayveduriani kilo,
romliTac is krZalavs sworferTa qorwinebas
da maT uxvedrobas awesebs. mas SeeZlo eTqva:
`eesiav Gem wesiv~, rogorc kistneli xoligas
ojaxSi misanToebze sami naWdevis gamo Tqva,
roca daawesa es Gveuleba: `eesr xqniTidav, eesiav Gem wesiv~, da moefara Tvals. amiT amoiwureba qajaveTis ganZi, romlis yvela sagani
sakraluria Tavisi bunebiT da sakulto daniSnuleba aqvs. daviwyeT TasiT da davasruleT
samZimariT,
romlis
mudmivi
epiTeti
`yelRiliani~ qaluri niSniT TasTan iGens msgavsebas,
da Tasi xom qalis samkaulebiT aris Semkuli.
droSa zogierT saymoTa andrezebis Tanaxmad,
erT-erTi im sam droSaTagani, romlebic aTangenobis dros gamoaqvT sajarod, xevsurebs qacxci
javeTidan moutacniaT (58, 9). iseve, rogorc sakidlis Gamogleja qajaveTis `keridan~ moaswavebda qajaveTis Suagulis dangrevas, aseve
droSis motaceba sruli gamarjvebis niSani unda
yofiliyo. es niSani axla jvaris umniSvnelovanesi atributia da gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs
saymos
cxovrebaSi.
sakralurobis
xarisxiT mas SeiZleba gavuTanabroT mxolod
Tasi, kerZod, saxuco koWobi, romlis Sesaxeb
iTqva, rom is qalis samkaulebiT aris Semkuli.
igive iTqmis droSaze, romelic Tumca ganwmedil
da xelmxar ganaTlul mamakacs uWiravs xelSi,
magram qaluri warmomavlobis sagniT aris agebuli. droSa aris sawmido-samamakaco sagani, is
brZolaSi win miuZRvis saymos da, SeiZleba, iRebebodes
sisxliT,
magram
mis
SeqmnaSi
monawileobs qalis xeli, romelic misi ganaTvlis Semdeg kvlav verasodes Seexeba mas.
droSas ebmis qalTagan Senawiri, raime mizezis
gamo Senawiri, _ beWedi, yelsabami, Sibi, magram,
rac mTavaria, droSas `aSenebs~ sakadrisebi (an
samkadroebi),
romlebic
qalis
Sesamoselis
nawils Seadgens. qsovilis is naWeri, rasac Gven
mandils vuwodebT, droSis ZiriTadi elementia.
`droSa Semosilia feradi TavSaliT. droSis
Sesamoss qalebi swiraven^~ (54, 262); `Sexvewilebi
xats swiraven TeTrsa da Wrel sadroSe xilabandebs, romlebsac dekanozi arTmevs da droSaze Seabams~ (49, 199). erTi aqvT samoseli droSasa da qals. qalis mandili potenciuri sakadrisia da, sanam qali mas Tavze moixvevdes,
rogorc samZimari ambobs qadagis piriT _ `davigruSnidi Tavmandilio~, is, SesaZlebelia, drocxcii
Sis alami gaxdes. aq TiTqos paradoqsia: erTsa
da
imave
sagans
vxedavT
or,
erTmaneTis
sapirispiro adgilze _ droSaze jvaris niSnad
da qalis Tavze pativis niSnad. ra ufskrulic
ar unda iyos siwmidis mxriv dedakacsa da jvars
Soris, aris erTi viTareba, sadac isini erTi da
imave funqciiT gvevlinebian: es aris SuRli saymoSi, rasac Tanabrad ver iTmenen jvari da qali
da, ai, mandili da sakadrisi maT xelSi mSvidobisa da Tanxmobis niSania. sakmaod cnobilia eTnografiuli yofidan qalis mier mandilis
Gagdebis Gveuleba moSuRarTa Soris. ai, ras
wers vaJa-fSavela Tavis narkvevSi `xevsurebi~: `^
Tu Gxubi gaZlierda da cudis Sedegis momaswavebeli Seiqmna, moGxubrebs qalebi gadaudgebian Suaze, mandilebs moixdian da imaT win gadisvrian: `emas dasdeviT pativi, geyoT, daSveldiT~^ xSirad xalxis gasaSveleblad xevisberebi droSebs gamoitanen xolme~ (35, 49; ix.
agreTve besarion gabuuris `xevsuruli masalebi~, ori nakveTi saTauriT `SuRli da
droSa da SuRli da qali~ (17, 123-4). jvaris
droSis Tavisebureba, Gveulebrivi droSisagan
gansxvavebiT, is aris, rom igi im saxiT ar aris
daculi, ra saxiTac mas moqmedebaSi vxedavT,
roca is gamobrZanebulia saymos win dResaswaulis dros. yoveli gamobrZanebisas droSa
xelaxla unda `aSendes~, `aibas~, `Seikazmos~, _
moirTos da Seimkos rogorc dReobaze gamosuli
qali. misi samkaulebi inaxeba sagangebo zardaxSSi, rogorc Tas-ganZi. droSis `aSenebis~ anu
`Sekazmvis~ ufleba mxolod imas aqvs, visac
xelT unda epyras is dResaswaulze da brZocxciii
laSi. es Sedis medroSes anu mkadris sakralur
movaleobaSi. es pirni, roca moawevs droSis abmis dro, fexSiSvelni da qudmoxdilni, GoqiT
mieaxlebian im adgils, sadac droSis `samoseli~
da samkauli _ baRdadebi, jvrebi, zanzalakebi,
Sibebi da sxva. _ inaxeba, da exvewebian
RvTisSvils, visi droSis asaSenebladac arian
misulni: `dalocvilo wyaros gorisao, Senis
droSais sabrZanisis karisa-d’ kamalais dalaPxvisa-d’ nu gagviwyrebi~ (63, 7-8); magram vidre
mkadre Tu medroSe droSis Sekazmvas Seudgebodes, is samgzis unda iyos ganbanili wyaros
wyalSi (62, 174). droSis abma saidumlo ritualia, romelic srul mdumarebaSi mimdinareobs
(62, 275). mkadreebi TiTqos amzadeben, qmnian
RvTisSvilis amqveniur sxeuls, rom misi xilva
yvelas SeeZlos; droSa TiTqos jvarGenis saxea,
romelsac adamiani amzadebs, iwvevs Tavisi
xeliT. droSis gamobrZaneba saymosaTvis marTlac jvarGenis movlenaa, is ufro mets xedavs
jvarSi, vidre gareSe kacma SeiZleba dainaxos:
`Pmalais droSaiv iseT marTul iyvisav, ro
SoriT gaigonebdiTav imis zarebis Jrialsav.
aisrav baRdadebiT iyvisav marTuliv, ro Tvali
ar iyridisav~ (62, 572). `TvalT ar iyridisav~ _
rogorc
xdeba
jvarGenis
dros,
roca
RvTisSvili Tavisi brwyinvalebiT acxadebs Tavs
xorcielis Tvalwin: `^ auPdav kidobnisad Tavid’ kidobanSiiT amamxtar xati-d’ damjdar kidobnis Tavze tredis aRiT. ro dajdav, iseT SuqT
utevdisav, ro kaciv TvalT ver Saayridav~ (68,
192). rogorc vxedavT, saymos religiur SegnebaSi
droSa uTanabrdeba jvarGenis bunebriv sagans,
cxciv
romelsac jvari irGevs Tavis manifestacisaTvis.
saymos da jvaris msaxuris (medroSaes) mizanic
es aris: droSaSi dainaxos da ganicados jvaris
Zala. amitomac is ara mxolod sakraluri
nivTia, aramed cocxali arsebac aris, Tumca adamianis xeliT Seqmnili, romlis mimarT xorcieli iseT sityvebs moixmobs, mxolod adamianebis mimarT rom ixmareba. droSa ki ar gamoaqvT,
aramed mas gamoabrZaneben, ki ar dasdeben, aramed
daabrZaneben da a.S. analogiuri viTarebaa Zvel
qarTul teqstebSi _ am niSniT erTmaneTs
upirispirdeba sakraluri da saero nivTebi: `da
moiyvannes mijnaZorTa xatni wmidaTa mociqulTa
petresi da pavlesi da nawilni wmidisa barTlome mociqulisani da moixunes sigelni^~ (96, 8).
droSas, rogorc cocxal arsebas, romelSic
suldgmulobs RvTisSvili, SeiZleba hqondes
Tavgadasavali, iqces andrezis gmirad, iyos sakuTari Tavis gamomxsneli tyveobidan, riTac
mogvagonebs wmida giorgisa Tu mTavarangelozis
saswaulebs urjuloTa qveyanaSi. aseTia droSa
vaJa-fSavelas moTxrobaSi `droSa~, sadac mcire
masStabiT is marTlac imeorebs RvTisSvilTa
saswaulebriv Tavgadasavals, Tumca nawarmoebi
savsebiT realisturia da erTgvarad publicisturic ki, mimarTuli imaT Sesagoneblad, vinc am
sakralur
saganSi
`ubralo
joxis~
mets
verafers xedavs, rogorc is moxeleebi, xevisbers rom ZaliT gamoglejen xelidan droSas.
avtori Tavis moTxrobaSi, rogorc ambis gadmomcemeli da Tavad mTavari gmiris _ droSis
Sinagani bunebis aRmwereli, saymos poziciaze
dgas da Signidan ganicdis mis yovel sakralur
cxcv
realias. momyavs amonawerebi `droSadan~, rogorc saymos Tavisi siwmidisami damokidebulebis
pirvelwyaro. `arc erTi deda Svils ar ufrTxildeboda ise, rogorc beki droSas ufrTxildeboda, mTeli Zala da dideba xatisa _ da
xalxisa _ bekis warmodgeniT am droSaSi iyo
SaerTebuli. droSis waRebasTan erTad waRebuli
iqneboda fSavis xevis iRbali, wasuli iyo imis
saqme^~. `^ vidre droSa arsebobs qveyanaze,
xevisberic unda iyos da xatoba-dReobebic im
saxiT, ra saxiTac dRes vxedavT; droSa Tavia,
xolo danarGeni yvelaferi da yvelani mxolod
tani. roca tans Tavi mohSordeba, maSin tanica
kvdeba usaTuod. maSasame, mRvdlisa da boqaulis
sazrunavi iyo wartyvena droSisa. xalxi imas
dasdevs Tan, rogorc cxvris fara namarilevs~.
droSis datyvevebis Semdeg: `yvela grZnobda
Tavs uTavouxelfexod, _ hgrZnobda ise, rom darajebma mohkveTes naxevari aso da ise gauSves
TviTeuli maTgani. gzakvalareul weroebsaviT
aRar icodnen, ra eqnaT, saiT wasuliyvnen _
ganegrZoT gza, Tu ukan dabrunebuliyvnen; droSam gaiyola Tan imaTi suli da guli; droSa,
rogorc Gangali masze mibmul Tevzs, ise izidavda Tavisken xalxis ocnebas. saca droSaa,
RmerTic iq aris, Tunda boselSi Seitano. da
amitom mlocavT droSa rom GixaurSi daJangebul TofebTan erTad dayudebuli daenaxaT,
iseve muxls mouyridnen, rogorc wmida giorgis
salocavSi. dRes es droSa mtrisagan Seuracxyofilia, javri ar amoiyares^ `Gven Turme Gvenis
uZlurebis gamo veraferi vuSveleT droSas,
magram araferi uSavs. is TavisTavs uSvelis~. _
cxcvi
es fiqri uelavda yvelas TavSi da gulSi imedi
esaxeboda, rom droSas, roca iqneboda, daepatroneboda xevisberi da xalxic Gveulebrivad
gahyveboda Tan mis sadideblad da sasaxelod^~.
droSis Tavdaxsnis Semdeg: `xalxi, rogorc
kruxs wiwilebi, ise misdevda ukan xevisbersa,
yvela didad bednierad hgrZnobda Tavis Tavsa,
rom eRirsa droSis gayolas^~. droSa _ xalxis
winamZRoli, droSa _ gafantuli saymos Semomkrebi da misi erTianobis sulis Gamdgmeli,
droSa _ vnebuli da gamarjvebuli, sakuTari
Tavis mxsneli tyveobidan, _ ai, rogorc aqvs
warmosaxuli poets es mniSvnelovani sakulto
sagani, misi cxovelmyofeli da dinamiuri buneba.
aq iRebs sityvier gamoxatulebas tradiciad
qceuli religiuri gancda, romelic eufleba
saymos droSis gamoGenisas, roca is avlens Tavisi sakralurobis maqsimums. poeti, cxadia, gamoxatavs saymos cnobierebaSi gamomuSavebul
warmodgenebs, magram is azrovnebs im simbolikiT, romelsac mimarTaven adreqristianul
xanaSi religiuri WeSmaritebebis gadmosacemad
(igulisxmeba warmodgena qristeze, rogorc eklesiis anu qristianTa `saymos~ Tavze da Tevzis
simbolika mamaTa nawerebSi da katakombebis
kedlebze). arasakulto leqs-simRerebSi droSa
gaTanabrebulia gmirTan, romelic brZolaSi miuZRvis saymos; droSa ganuyrelia winamZRolis
saxisagan, mas xedaven mxarze droSagadebuls,
xolo es iseTi mdgomareobaa, roca adamians
davlaTi dahbrunavs Tavze. davnatri dabadebasa
xoSaras xaxaisasa, aisxams iaraRebsa, angelozsa
Rgav cisasa, mxarze gadidebs droSasa laRis
cxcvii
laSaris jvrisasa, gamauZRveba fSavlebsa, saxels axsenebs RvTisasa (37, 123). medroSe centraluri figuraa laSqarSi da misi dacema
laSqris damarcxebis tolfasia: RmerTma icodes,
mewyina sikvdili ereklisao, darGoma narovanzeda medroSe bRaraisao, lekebisagan waReba
bRarais borayisao (88, #60). mefis sikvdili, medroSis daRupva, droSis motaceba _ ai, sruli
damarcxebis niSnebi. rogorc brZolaSi bedis
simbolo, droSa gamoGndeba simReris bolos
brZolis dasasrulis sauwyeblad: yvelais sawyinaria dadgoma borayisao, aRar xuodas droSai
laRis karatis jvrisao (88, #59). aq laparakia
karatis jvris anu kopalas droSis dadumebaze,
rogorc marcxis niSanze. ai, ras gviamboben
gudanis
jvris
salaSqro
droSaze:
`Gveni
laSqari gamarjvdisao, ahyvirdis, ahyvirdis es
droSaio da Tu PevsurT laSqari ver imarjvebdao, dasGumdiso^~ (38, #23121). droSa Zalas
matebs
mis
xelSi
damWers.
vaJas
imave
moTxrobaSi
xevisberi,
romelsac
devebTan
Widili daesizmra, ase ambobs: `^ xanjalma
Zalian miSvela da droSac rom mWeroda xelSi,
iqneba gavlaxavdi~. matebs ara mxolod Zalas,
aramed gansakuTrebuli siwmindiT mosavs mas,
droSasTan kontaqti sakralurs xdis pirovnebas.
aleqsandre yazbegis `xevisber goGaSi~ amgvarad
aris gadmocemuli es movlena: `xalxma gakvirvebiT Sehxeda xevis beris xelis Semxebs, nametnavad im dros, rodesac mas xevis siwminde, droSis Tavi, xelSi eWira*~. erT fSaur andrezSi
*
ix. g. jafariZis statia (110, 24-25).
cxcviii
droSa monawileobs TasTan erTad da oriveni
saerTo ZaliT saswauls axdenen xevisberis
xelSi**. cabaurTis mTavarangelozis xevisberze,
gamaxare
xoxordaulze
aseTi
ambavia
SemorGenili. momyavs aleqsi oGiauris Ganaweri:
`erTxel uZveles dros mTawmindas mekvleT didi
Tovli mouvida. litania dRes cota Seicvala
amindi, magram mekvleni mainc avidnen mTawmindaze. yvela wesebi Seasrules. daiwyo Rame Tova,
dilisaTvis yelamdin Tovli daiqca da wamosvla
aRar icodnen rogor moexerxebinaT. sadReobo
mTawminda iseT goraze aris, rom garSemo sul
sazove adgilebi axvevia da daqanebuli gverdali kldeebi. xan erT mxares moemzaden da xan
meores, magram wamosvla ver gabedes. bolos Pevisberi gaaqadaga mTavarangelozma. Pevisberi gamaxare iyo xoxordauli. aiRo xelSi sami
vercxlis Tasi, mxarze droSa gaido da qadagobiT pirdapir sazove kldeze daeSo pirTavqve.
xalxi ver gadayva, gatyda mTis didi zovi da
wamoiRo Pevisberi. zovma erTi didi klde
wamoiRo, Tavze ganieri iyo es klde da Pevisberi
am kldeze zed moxvda damjdariviT. zovma klde
versnaxevarze ise waiRo, rom gverdi ar gadauqcevia da Pevisberic Tan Gamoiyolia. Gamovida
xatis pirdapir adgilobriv mzilas. Pevisberi
ise mSvidad Gamovida, rom gulic ar SeSinebia.
zovi da klde gaGerda, Pevisberi mSvidad gadmovida zovis Gamotanil kldezeiT da droSis
wkaruniT gamovida xatSi. droSac mxarze edo da
**
a. zisermanis gadmocemiT, dadanaSaulebul pirs ficis warmoTqmisas marjvena xelSi droSa
unda eWiros, marcxenaSi _ vercxlis Tasi (125,231). am ritualSi Gans erTad Seyrili droSisa
da Tasis sakraluri Zala, romlis winaSe adamianis neba uZluria.
cxcix
Tasebic isev xelSi eWira^~ (65, rv. 19)*. droSa
Tavisi sakraluri Zalis maqsimums xevisberis
xelSi aRwevs, anu im piris xelSi, romelsac
jvarisagan aqvs ufleba miRebuli xeli hkadros
jvaris siwmides _ droSas. amitomac medroSes
meorenairad mkadre ewodeba. `samkadreos droSas
eZaxian^ mkadreeb avleven~ (68, 109). amrigad, arsebobs garkveuli analogia droSasa da im legendur mkadreebs Soris, romelTac xelze samkadreo (anu sakadrisi) efinaT RvTisSvilis
dasabrZaneblad. `^roca gudanis jvari modioda,
nisliviT korianteli mohyveboda. am dros
ToTiac moemzadeboda, xelze gadaifenda samkadreos. gaidauri Tavs gverdze daiWerda, ise
elaparakeboda gudanis jvars^~ (60, 144). ase
iqceoda ToTia gaidauri, gudanis jvaris mkadre
da sxva mkadreebi, romelTa saxelebi SemorGa
saymoTa xsovnas. samkadreo qsovili maSin amoqmeddeba Tavisi funqciiT, roca mkadre amoiRebs
mas da xelze gadaifens. aseve droSis samkadreo
maSin iGens Tavis Zalas, roca amoRebulia tagrucidan, sadac is inaxeba, da droSis tanzea
Sebmuli. amrigad, mkadre, romelsac gawvdil
xelze samkadreo aqvs gadafenili, SeiZleba
SevadaroT imave samkadreoebiT Sekazmul droSas. maT Soris sruliad garkveuli analogia
arsebobs istoriul WrilSi; aq mxolod analogiaze SeiZleba iyos laparaki. g.SaraSiZes, romelic sagangebod ikvlevs droSis funqciebs,
*
es cabaurTuli andrezi vaJas, romlis gvari cabaurTis mTavarangelozis saymoSi Sedioda, gamoyenebuli unda hqondes moTxrobaSi `beriZe gautexeli~. oRond moTxrobis finali tragikulia: xevisbers stovebs davlaTi, romelic arwivis saxiT dahbrunavda xolme Tavze, da mas
zvavi daitans.
cc
dasaSvebad miaGnia misi gaigiveba rogorc mis
mtvirTvel
adamianTan,
aseve
RvTisSvilTan,
romlis manifestaciasac is warmoadgens (149, 671).
marTalia, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, droSa sakadrisiT aRWurvili kultmsaxuris _ mkadris
saxes warmoadgens, magram is Tavisi sakralurobis maqsimumSi Tavad jvaris Semcvlelia, rogorc es kargad Gans erT leqsSi: netavin GamagviGinna
baburaulni
Zmanio,
anamc
is
liqokelebi, erTis droSais ymanio (60, 152).
`droSis
yma~
aq
`jvaris
ymis~
sinonimia.
liqokelebi
kopalas
ymani
arian.
kerZod,
kopalaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom droSa misi arsebiTi atributia. erT TuSur leqsSi vkiTxulobT:
nogiris wverze dabrZanda giorgi dobiliani,
mTis ZirSi Semoegeba kopale bovrayiani
(49, 34). rogorc xaxmatis wmida giorgia
dobiliani (`dobilSi~ samZimari igulisxmeba),
aseve kopala `bovrayiania~ (droSiania). mTels
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis saymoebSi
ganTqmulia
kopalas
droSa,
romelSic
am
RvTisSvilis Zalaa daunjebuli. aris kidev erTi
sagani, sadac samkadreos anu sakadriss Tavisi
myari adgili aqvs miGenili. es aris xe, romelic,
iseve rogorc legenduri mkadre, droSis rolSi
SeiZleba mogvevlinos. wmida adgilas mdgari xe
iqceva marTlac droSad, uzarmazar uZrav droSad, roca mis totebze mlocvelebi sakadrisebs
Seabamen;
es
maTi
mciredi,
magram
wmida
Sesawiravia. amgvarad Semkul xeebs mgzavri
saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Sexvdeba. Gven viciT,
rom droSis samkadroebi, rogorc wesi, qalebis
Senawiria; aseve qalebi swiraven ubralo qsocci
vilis naWrebs xats da hkideben maT samudamod
xis totebze. niSandoblivia, rom qsnis xeobaSi
Sesamosels (TavSals, yelsaxvevs da sxv.), romliTac dedakacebi amkoben xatis teritoriaze
mdgar xeebs, `droSas~ uwodeben (13, 130). xis
totebi
wmida
SesawiraviT
imkoba
da
es
Sesawiravi _ sakadrisi, raki is wmidaa da xatis
sakuTrebaa, SeiZleba Seexsnas xes da droSis
tanze Seibas. is Tu moscildeba odesme xes,
mxolod im mizniT moscildeba, rom misgan
droSa Seikazmos. am dros saymo eswreba TiTqos
droSis geneziss, `mas Jamsa~, roca droSa
ibadeba. v.bardaveliZes naSromSi `ivris fSavlebSi~ vkiTxulobT: `^Tamarisadmi Sewiruli
feradi (TeTri, yviTeli/wiTeli da erTi Savi)
`sakadrisebi~,
romlebic
Tamaris
xatis
galavanSi totebze ekida, Gamoxsnes, droSis
tarze aabes, Semdeg tars zemodan Gamohkides da
Tavze oqrosfrad moelvare liTonis jvari
daamagres. ase gaGnda laSarobaze `xatis droSa~
(9, 134-5). sakadriss Gven kidev erT adgilze
vxvdebiT: sakadrisiT rqebi aqvs gakruli jvarSi
miyvanil samsxverplo pirutyvs. sakadrisi pirutyvis rqebze imis niSania, rom pirutyvi jvaris
aris da sakadrisic misi dakvlis Semdeg iqve
mdgar xeze gadainacvlebs, an, SeiZleba, mas
droSaze miuGinon adgili sxva sakadrisebTan
erTad. saklavs yelze zanzalaki aqvs Sebmuli,
romelic xmianebs imis sauwyeblad, rom is
jvarisaa; misi dakvlis Semdeg zanzalaki jvarSi
rGeba*, rogorc jvaris kuTvnileba. xatSi Sewi*
ukan-axos (xevsureTi) fuZis angelozis sazareze da iqve mdgar xeze uricxvi amgvari warmomavlobis zanzalakia Gamokidebuli.
ccii
rulma
zanzalakma
SeiZleba
droSaze
gadainacvlos, radgan is droSis erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia; radgan is droSis xmaa,
romliTac RvTisSvili auwyebs saymos Tavis gamoCenas.
F
saymo
saymo jvris karze
hegeli wers: `amgvarad moqmedebs xalxis
suli: is aris gansazRvruli suli, romelic
Tavisi Tavidan qmnis namdvil samyaros, romelic
mocemul droSi myofobs da arsobs Tavis religiaSi, Tavis kultSi, Tavis GveulebebSi^
Tavis dawesebulebebSi, Tavis qmedebebSi da
Tavis saqmeebSi. es aris misi saqme, es aris es
xalxi~ (117, 71).
es xalxi, romelic qmnis Tavis Tavgadasavals, Tavis istorias, Tavis andrezebs, saymoSia
gaerTianebuli, arsebobs rogorc saymo. cxadia,
is erTianobaSi moqceuli sazogadoebaa, magram
termini `sazogadoeba~ ver gamoxatavs am ercciii
Tianobis azrs. es termini gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi gaerTianebulni arian raRac zogadis safuZvelze, magram es zogadi upirovnoa da, amdenadve, efemeruli. adgilobrivi termini `saymo~
gulisxmobs dinamiur da pirovnul Zalas, romelic erT organizmad kravs adamianTa jgufs.
es Zala ar aris maTi gamogonili an maTi miRweuli, is maT gareSea.
termini sa-ym-o imdagvaradve aris agebuli,
rogorc sa-Zm-o; maT Soris sruli morfologiuri da semantikuri paralelizmia: yma-saymomoyme: Zma-saZmo-moZme. is Zala, romelic qmnis da
azrs aniWebs saymos, aris patroni (an batoni),
romlis ymebic arian saymoSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi; aseve, saZmoSi Zmebi erTiandebian mamis
irgvliv, mamis mfarvelobis qveS. rogorc ymebi
gulisxmoben patrons, aseve Zmebi gulisxmoben
mamas. sabolood, patroni da mama erTi da imave
mniSvnelobis Semcveli sityvebia (patroni pater
`mama~), iseve rogorc `ymis~ amosavalia `yrma~ da
`Svili~. avTandili _ rostevanis yma, imavdroulad Tavisi patronis Svilic aris, maTi
urTierToba mamaSviluria patronymulTan erTad:
patroni
Gemi
gamzrdeli,
RmrTiTa
da
RmrTeebr cxoveli,
mSobluri, tkbili, mowyale, ca wyalobisa
mToveli^
amasve ityoda yoveli jvaris yma Tavisi patronis, RvTisSvilis mimarT, radgan saymo, rocciv
melsac
is
sisxlxorceulad
ekuTvnis,
RvTisSvilis Seqmnilia da organizebuli, rogorc cocxali TviTSegnebiT avsili arseba. saymos genezisSi, rogorc viciT, Zevs patronobisa
da mfarvelobis idea; saymo gaGnda, Gamoyalibda
maSin, roca devebis Zaladobam ukidures zRvars
miaRwia, ufro sworad, roca adamiani mixvda,
rom is kargavda adamianis saxes. am dros moxda
xorcielTa
pirveli
konsolidacia,
maTi
Sekvriveba erT sxeulad, maTi gamoRviZeba jvris
saymod. rogorc kvrivi adgilebi Seqmna jvarma,
aseve Seqmna xorcielTagan Tavisi unji saymo,
rogorc jvaris ganZis (unjis) cocxali oreuli.
jvarma xorcielni gamostaca devebs, rogorc
ganZi, msgavsad israelis RmerTisa, romelmac
mTeli kacobriobidan gamoarGia israeli da
Tavis unj (ebr. segulah) xalxad Seracxa: `iqnebiT GemTvis unjad yvela xalxs Soris, radgan
Gemia mTeli qveyniereba~ (gamosvl. 19,5); `iakobi
TavisTvis gamoarGia ufalma, israeli _ Tavis
unjad~ (fs. 135, 4)*; `radgan wmida xalxi xar Sen
uflis, Seni RvTisaTvis; Sen agirGia ufalma,
Senma RmerTma, rom yofiliyavi misi unji xalxi
yvela xalxs Soris, vinc ki aris dedamiwis
zurgze~ (me-2 rj. 7,6).
am ukanasknel
muxlSi `me-2 rjulidan~
yuradReba unda mieqces Sesabamisobas wmidasa da
*
Zvel qarTul TargmanSi ikiTxeba: `rameTu iakobi Tvisad gamoarGia ufalman da israeli _
sabrZaneblad Tvisad~.
ccv
unjs Soris: unjad anu ganZad arGeuli xalxi
wmida xalxia. Gven davinaxeT, rom adgilis
siwmidis erT-erTi piroba masSi Gamarxuli ganZia; aseve jvaris mier arGeuli, saymod Seqmnili
adamianTa sazogadoeba wmidaa dasabamiT, Tavis
pirvel birTvSi. unji ymani, unji saymo _ istoriis genezisis xanis qmnilebaa, im xanisa, roca
jvari anadgurebda adamianis mtrebs. es aris saymos
sakraluri
istoriis
umniSvnelovanesi
faqti, iseTive, rogoric aris israelisTvis misi
egviptidan gamoxsna da aRTqmul qveyanaSi damkvidreba. `da misca qveyanaY maTi samkvidreblad,
samkvidreblad israelsa ersa Tvissa~ (fs. 134,
12). jvars gaRebuli aqvs msxverpli Tavisi saymosaTvis da am msxverplis sazRaurad saymo unjis kategoriaSi gadadis.
da axla jvari icavs, ifaravs Tavis ganZs _
saymos, rom is ar moitacos devma, romelic
yovelnairi xerxiT cdilobs mis xelSi Gagdebas.
jvari aris is Zala, romelic ugeriebs saymos
devTa Semotevas da amave dros misi meoxebiT
saymo ukavSirdeba morige RmerTs, romelsac
dedamiwaze, saymos teritoriaze, arsad ara aqvs
samkvidrebeli. jvaris es funqcia kargad aris
gamoxatuli cnobil sakulto leqsSi:
beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa;
goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa.
Gem saymoT Samonazeni RmerTTan amqonda
iqiTa^
ccvi
jvari Suamavalia saymosa da morige RmerTs
Soris. saymosagan Sewiruli msxverpli jvars
aaqvs morige RmerTis karze _ es aris Semwirvelis
davaleba,
rogorc
xsenebulia
saklavis dakvlis win xucesis piriT:
`wamoyenebulni macxovarni, buRaurni da rqajangianni, danarGeni ZRveni, moxsenebulni, RvTisad gindodesT, RmerTs maaxseneT, kvireisad gindodesT, kvires maaxseneT. ara _ TviTon aiReT
da miiTvaleT Rirsada, Rirseulada, xsnilada,
kurTxeulada^~ (38, #25450). `Tu ara da Tavad
Tqven aiReTo~, _ sTavazobs saymo jvarT, magram
jvarni arafers itoveben TavisTvis; rasac Seiwiraven, maRla miaqvT, RvTisaken, raTa wyaloba
da madli gamoiTxovon misgan xorcielTaTvis.
dedamiwaze jvars emsaxurebian xorcielni samsaxuris wayenebiT, rogorc ymani Tavis batons,
maRla caSi ki, morige RvTis karze, igive jvari
Tavis saymos msaxuria. rogorc xorcielni
ikribebian jvaris karze misi samsaxurisaTvis da
erTgulebis dasadastureblad, aseve jvarni
ikribebian morige RvTis karze. `rogorc Porcielni Gven gvloculoben, egre Gven vloculobT marigesao~ _ ambobs RvTisSvili. safexurebriv adis locva da ZRveni uzenaesamde;
dedamiwidan zecamde adis locva, gaivlis
RvTisSvils da miaRwevs morige RvTis smenas.
RvTisSvilT ase mimarTaven damwyalobnebisas: `^
Tqven Tqveni gamGeni RmerTi ar mogiwyinesT, ar
ccvii
mogiZulebsT; Tqven Tqven saymos nu maiwyenT, nu
maiZulebT^~ (56, 24). xorcielTa saymo xedavs
uxorcoTa samyaroSi Tavis analogs _ jvarTa
saymos, oRond maT `saZmo~ unda vuwodoT, radgan
jvarni erTurTis moZmeni arian.
Zveli formaciis miTologiebSi adamians da
mis sacxovrebels Suaguli adgili uWiravs
samsknelovan samyaroSi. asea Suamdinarul, indur, alTaur, skandinavur miTologiebSi; amgvarive dayofa universumisa gvxvdeba agreTve
xalxur zRaprebSi, sadac Suaskneli zRapris gmiris samSobloa,
magram
mas
sxva
sknelebSic
uxdeba yofa. adamiani cxovrobs
SuasknelSi, saidanac mas gza exsneba ori mimarTulebiT _ zecisaken da qvesknelisaken. am gzas,
xSirad samyaros RerZad warmodgenils, ganasaxierebs samyarouli xe, romelic msWvalavs sam
sknels. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es xe Tavisi aRmocenebiT, rogorc indra Tavisi sami gadabijebiT, qmnis samsknelovan samyaros. xis Ziri
Suasknelia, adamianis sacxovrebeli; xis fesvebi
_ qveskneli, romelsac gveli ganasaxierebs; xis
kenwero zesknelis xatia da mas frinveli warmogvidgens. aseTia, kerZod, SumerelTa miTosuri
xeebi (46,127-9) da skandinavelTa iggdrasili,
bumberazi ifani (131, 249; 133, 478; 134, 22).
Gvens samyaroSic dgas xe, magram misi Ziri ar
aris saymos sacxovrebeli adgili. xe, xSirad
ccviii
ifani, kvrivzea aRmocenebuli, mis GrdilSi
ikribeba saymo sakulto dResaswaulebze da rac
aq xdeba, yvelaferi RvTisSvilis winaSe xdeba,
mis teritoriaze, mis ezoSi, rasac jvarTa enaze
kari ewodeba. saymo aq modis da moaqvs Tavisi
samsaxuri im imediT, rom mas daxvdeba jvari _
am adgilis patroni. saymo aq stumrad modis
Tavis patronTan, rogorc maspinZelTan. ymis
stumroba da RvTisSvilis maspinZloba xis Ziras
amgvarad aris gamoxatuli erT sakulto leqsSi:
Gvenis RvTisSvilis karzeda xe alva amosulao,
wverad mausxam yurZeni, saWmelad Gamosulao.
magis uWmeli qal-vaJi udrood daSaulao.
saymo elis sawauls Tavisi RvTisSvilis
karze, saswauls, romelic andrezul xanaSia
dadasturebuli, roca xe-alva ukvdavebis nayofs
isxamda. am nayofis gemeba ver moswres adamma da
evam, pirvelma qal-vaJma, magram mas eziarebian
qristianul xanaSi, rogorc qristes sisxls, romelic sulier da xorciel simrTeles aniWebs
maT. es funqcia akisria xis kenweroze saswaulebrivad mosxmul yurZens.
alvisxesTan dakavSirebuli realiebis safuZvelze, romlebic gvxvdeba sakulto simRerebsa
da andrezul prozaSi, SesaZlebelia, alvisxis
simbolikis aRdgena (112). Tu zemoT motanil
simReraSi alvisxis kenweroze ukvdavebis ziarebis yurZens elis saymo, sxva simReraSi is angeccix
lozebis budea, saidanac maTi xmatkbili galoba
moismis:
zed isxdes angelozebi, mParT ebnes oqros
Tbenia.
isen wvrili PmiT galoben, yureba sanatrelia
(88, #541).
xolo xis im nawilSi, sadac Zveli miTologiis Tanaxmad xTonuri samyaro igulveba
gvelisa Tu gveleSapis saxiT, saymos mistiuri
Tvali anu saymo mkadres TvaliT xedavs mironiT
savse qvevrebs, saidanac angelozebi anawileben
qristianebis udides siwmides mTeli xevsureTis
salocavebisaTvis sakulto saidumlos warsamarTavad. mironi wveTavs, rogorc viciT, am
alvis xidan da, aha, is im siRrmemde aRwevs, sadac qveskneli eguleba Zvel miTologiebs. aq ar
aris wyvdiadi, aq naTelia; manZili wmida sinaTlis wyaroTi _ anTebuli sanTliT izomeba:
cxra-cxra fexi sanTeli sWirdeba iq Gasvlas da
imdenive iqidan amosvlas. es aris kvlav jvris
samkvidrebeli da ara SaveTi, xTonuri samyaro.
amrigad, jvars xis mTeli vertikali uWiravs
misi kenwerodan fesvebamde da kenwerodan maRla,
morige RvTis karamde. xolo xe _ alvisxe, muxa
Tu ifani _ dgas kvrivSi, rogorc sveti, cisa da
miwis SemaerTebeli.
Tu alvisxesa da laSaris bermuxas andrezul
warsulSi
gadavyavarT,
TiTqmis
kultis
genezisSi, istoriuli xana icnobs ifans (Sdr.
ccx
skandinavuri miTologiis iggdrasili _ odinis
ifani), romlis gareSe iSviaTad SevxvdebiT
jvaris kvrivebs. ifani wmidaa, mxolod maSin,
roca is jvaris teritoriazea aRmocenebuli,
rogorc viciT, jvaris iq myofobis niSnad. ara
yvela ifanze, aramed mxolod kvrivis ifanze
xdeba saGino mkadrisaTvis sakraluri realoba.
ifnze boinobs nasaxi, safarvel Gamodgeboda,
mesamsaxure gamZRoTad SuqiTa daadgeboda
(38, #1051).
naTqvamia erT fragmentul sakulto simReraSi. `nasaxi~, srulad `RvTisnasaxi~, jvaris
erT-erTi saxelwodebaa _ `RvTisSvilis~ sinonimi. leqsSi gadmocemuli suraTi _ `ifnze
boinobs nasaxi~ _ gamoxatavs RvTisSvilis
naTel da dinamiur bunebas da im saxes, rogorc
is ecxadeba mkadres. nasaxi, romelic Tavze
dahbrunavs ifnis GrdilSi Sekrebil Tavis saymos, mosalodnelia, gafrindes maRla, morige
RvTisaken, saiTkenac ifns, iseve rogorc laSaris muxas, awvdili aqvs totebi. magram, rogorc leqsidan Gans, `moboine nasaxs~ safarveli
aqvs dadebuli am adgilis sakralurobisa da
saidumloebis niSnad. saymom icis, rom aq raRac
uxilavi xdeba; da rac xdeba, imis sityvieri xati
gadaecema saymos. aseve laSaris bermuxas exdeba
safarveli mkadris winaSe da aGens Tavis
saidumloebas, rac xatovnad gaecxadeba saymos.
ccxi
es leqsic mkadres mistiuri gamocdilebis
Sedegia, es misi xilvaa:
beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,
goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa,
Gem saymoT Samonazeni RmerTTan amqonda
iqiTa^
xe mTlianad ekuTvnis RvTisSvils, is misi
gzaa saymos sakulto Sesakrebeli adgilidan
morige RvTis karamde; isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
xe RvTisSvilis, anu jvaris tania, romelic miwidan zecamdea aziduli; is, rogorc sveti, cisa
da miwis SemaerTebelia. aqedan Gans, rom mas
uWiravs Suaskneli adamianur da RvTaebriv samyaros Soris.
yoveli xidan, romelic jvaris teritoriaze
dgas, iwyeba es gza, jvaris gza. es aris xis Ziri,
romliskenac
miemarTeba
yma
`samsaxuriT~
(saklaviT) Tavisi soflidan, Tavisi karidan.
xolo misi sofeli, misi kari nalaxi adgilia;
yvelaferi _ wuTisoflis av-kargi, rac xdeba, aq
xdeba. roca dResaswaulis Jami dgeba, yma
GamoiferTxavs wuTisoflis mtvers da iwmideba
imisaTvis, rom Rirsi gaxdes jvaris karis
dalaxvisa, radgan jvaris kari wmida adgilia. am
wmida adgilze erTad modian yma da misi cxvari,
misi samsaxuris cocxali gansaxiereba, misi
xorcSesxmuli samsaxuri. garedan ise Gans,
TiTqos adamians mohyavdes aq pirutyvi. magram
sinamdvileSi, Tu jvaris mxridan gamovixedavT
ccxii
jvaris karze amomaval mlocvelebisken, mivxvdebiT, rom swored cxvars mohyavs Tavisi patroni, romelic am samsaxuris gareSe ver warudgeba jvarsa da xucess. yma codvilia, cxvari
_ ucodveli. ucodveli itvirTavs Tavisi codvili patronis ganmwmedelis rols. am pirutyviT, ufro misi sisxliT, moipovebs is jvaris
karze amosvlis uflebas.
aris kidev ufro wmida adgili, sadac
mouwevs ymas asvla Tavisi gamomsyidvelis samsaxuriT: es aris mTawminda. mTawminda wmidaTawmidaa, aq ymas da mis `gamZRos~ _ sacxovars daxvdebaT
zRurbli,
romlis
maRla
iwyeba
RvTisSvilis gza miRmurisaken, sadac ukve
morige RvTis saufloSi, mis karze wardgeba
RvTisSvili Tavisi ymis samsaxuriT.
mTawminda
fSavis xevSi sami mwvervali atarebs mTawmindis saxels. arsebobs cabaurTis mTawminda,
WiGos mTawminda, axadis mTawminda. magram Gven
SegviZlia pirobiTad vuwodoT mTawminda sxva
mwvervalebsac, romlebic dahyureben Tav-TavianT
saymoTa teritorias da sadac maTi samTo salocavia dasabamidan. es is adgilia, sadac pirvelad daarsda jvari, amitomac is yvelaze kvrivi
adgilia; iq asvla evaleba ymas `muxlis dasaRlelad~, muxlis daRla ki aris misgan atanili
msxverpli mwvervalze wmida saklavTan erTad.
ccxiii
sadidebelSi Girdilis (xevsureTi) wmida giorgis jvari (anu `qvena jvari~) amgvarad iwodeba:
`saGales svetad Gamosuli, samkibal(s) Suqis
damkravi~. am frazaSi lakoniurad, miTologemuri saxiT aris gadmocemuli jvaris daarsebis
anu jvarGenis misteria. saGale Girdilisa da
kidev sxva jvarTa pirvelGenis adgilia, is maTi
mTawmidaa. svetad Gamosulma jvarma odesRac, sakulto cxovrebis dasabamSi, romelic saymos
preistoriaSia sagulvebeli, Tavisi gamoGeniT
wmida hyo mTa, aqcia ra is sinaid, sadac moses
gamoecxada Tavisi xalxis ufali Weqa-quxilSi.
Gvenc viciT, rom jvari etaneba maRal mwvervalebs, rogorc mexi; Gven es davinaxeT karatis
jvarGenis andrezis magaliTze. is, rogorc mexi,
ecema umaRles mwvervals da misi Suqi anaTebs
qvemoT aremares. saGalidan wamosulma Suqma
dahkra samkibals da mTawmindis siwmides aziara
igi; samkibali ki adgilia sofel Girdilis
teritoriaze, sadac jvaria daarsebuli.
aseve maTuris mTavarangelozze amboben, rom
is svetad Gamosula sayaWis wverze, aqedan gamofrenila da `qusli moukravs~ eklesiaSi
(adgilis saxelia), sadac kvrivSi Gamarxula (38,
#25502). sayaWis wveri maTuris saymos mTawmindaa.
ccxiv
yovel mTawmindas aqvs Tavisi wminda warsuli, romelic dRemde fragmentulad SemorGa
saymos mexsierebas. is, rac dRes SeiZleba
Seikribos saymoSi, aris mxolod naSTi erT
dros arsebuli wmida andrezisa, romelSic
daculi iqneboda mTawmindaze kultis, sakulto
cxovrebis dasabamis ambavi. ai, gadmocema WiGos
Temis mTawmindaze, rogorc is v.bardaveliZes
aqvs Gawerili:
`mTawminda aris sul maRali mTa, misrianT da
WiGoelT zeviT, sul maRali mwvervali. TiTqmis
iq Tovli mkaTaTveSic aris da mariamobis TveSi
axalsac GamosTovs. rogorc gadmogvcemen, aq
yofila erTi beri, zamTar da zafxul iq
ucxovria. hqonia patara samlocvelo eklesiis
msgavsi da TviTonac Turme Sig cxovrobda. misi
samlocvelos xeebi da ficrebi isev ariso^ ficrebic da xeebic iseTi wiTelia, rogorc
cxvarT sisxlio. puri am berebs albaT zafxulSi mihqondaT samyofio, Torem iq zamTarSi
misvla yovlad SeuZlebeliao. iq erTi qvevri
yofila, ar viciT wyali iqneboda Sig, Tu Rvinoo. imisi saxeli daviwyebulia. daviwyebulia
salocavis mfarveli angelozis saxelic, xolo
mTawmindas eZaxian da im beris nadgomSi kacis
misvla ar SeiZlebao~ (5, 179).
mTawminda da iq mcxvrebi martosuli beri
wmida andrezis saukeTeso elementebia, magram
andrezi TiTqos daviwyebulia, maSin tradiciac
ccxv
gawyvetila; Tumca mTawmindas, viTarca wmida
berTa samyofels, siwmide mainc SerGenia, rac
imas niSnavs, rom tradicia raRac saxiT, safarveldadebuli an faruli dinebiT, ganagrZobs
arsebobas. siwmide Zlierad da Rrmad aris Gafesvili mis niadagSi da misi miwa atarebs
siwmidis kvals, rac samudamod SerGa mis saxelwodebas. zemoT motanili gadmocema Tumca fragmentulia, magram is Seicavs mTawmindis saerTo
andrezis mniSvnelovan elementebs, romelTa Sinaarsi SeiZleba sxva monacemebis meSveobiT
aRdges. rodesac laparakia imaze, rom berebi
mTawmindaze zamTar-zafxul cxovroben, Gvens
cnobierebaSi aRdgeba maradiuli gazafxulis
(Tu zafxulis) xati: mTawminda iseTi adgilia,
sadac an maradiulad grZeldeba zafxuli, an
zamTari ar avlens pirquS bunebas. crolis
mTaze, romelic ukan-xadus (xevsureTi) sanebis
samTo samkvidrebelia, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, zamTarSi `sicive ar scodniv, iseT Tbil yofilaisav xalxiv, ro mTel Ramesav ofl
gadazdiodisav^~. aseTive saswaulebrivia staruniSis mTa (svaneTSi), sadac ZvelTagan agebuli
jgragis saydari mdgara da Tovli da sicive ar
scodnia, maradiuli zafxuli yofila (59, 37).
zemoT motanil gadmocemaSi laparakia purze,
romelic berebs zamTar-zafxul samyofi hqoniaT.
am purTanac saswauli unda iyos dakavSirebuli:
marTlac, WiGos mTawmindis andrezSi, ufro
ccxvi
sworad,
dakarguli
andrezis
fragmentSi,
naTqvamia, rom erT xevisbers mTawmindaze erTi
naWeri puris amara gamouzamTrebia: ramdensac
mostexda am purs naWers, imdeni emateboda.
mTawmindaze ori qvevris arsebobas mivyavarT
qristianuli sarwmunoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
saidumlosTan, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakulto cxovrebis cxovelmyofeli wyaroa: erTSi
zedaSea, meoreSi _ wyali, ziarebis aucilebeli
nivTierebani. magram is wyali, romelic ziarebis
elementad grovdeba erT-erT qvevrSi, ar aris
Gveulebrivi wyali; is ukvdavebis wyalia, romelic axadis mTawmindis andrezis Tanaxmad
kldidan mosGqefs, rogorc macxovris gangmiruli ferdidan.
yovel mTawmindaze, saymos GvenebiT, berTa
nasaxlarebia, daxavsebuli muxis ficrebi an
`cxvarT sisxlis~ feri ficrebis naSTi, rasac
veravin ekareba, rogorc buxreuls. yoveli
nasaxlari kvrivia, magram kvrivze kvrivia is
buxreuli adgili, sadac wmida berebs ucxovriaT odesRac: es wmida miwaa, radgan aq aris
religiis dasabami; es aris saymos sinai, rogorc
iTqva, sadac mosem miiRo rjulis gamocxadeba,
ris niSnadac SemoisazRvra misi Ziri, rogorc
akrZaluli zona (es iyo, Tu ar vcdebi, pirveli
kvrivis Gena saRvTo istoriaSi): `moerideT mTaze
asvlas da nu miekarebiT mis kalTebs. vinc ki
ccxvii
mTas miekareba, ver gadaurGeba sikvdils ^~ (gamosvl. 19, 12).
mTawminda Zveli da axali aRTqmis religiebSi amqveyniuri samoTxis xatia; aq amodis,
aq ikribeba samoTxidan gandevnili adamis STamomavloba. Gveni mTawmindebic atareben am sayovelTao, msoflio mTawmindis anu samoTxis niSnebs; mTawminda daculia dro-Jamis gamanadgurebeli moqmedebisagan, aq ar SemouRwevia wuTisoflis anu bunebis kanonebs; aq sruli Sesabamisobaa adgilsa da am adgilze mcxovreb
berebs Soris _ oriveni siwmidiT arian mosilni.
aq unda gavixsenoT Tamaris samefo, romelic
agreTve samoTxis xats atarebs: Tamars taxti
maRal mTaze udgas da iqidan ganagebs Tavis
samefos. maRal mTaze maradiuli gazafxulia
dasadgurebuli, ganxorcielebulia sakraluri
qronotoposi: maRali adgili _ weliwadis
maRali dro: adgilisa da Jamis sakraluri erTianoba (43, 156); gazafxuli _ weliwadis droTa
dedofali batonobs umaRles mwvervalze da es
imis gamoa, rom Tamars dro-Jamisa da tarosis
momtani frinveli hyavs datyvevebuli. Tamari,
msgavsad mTawmindis berebisa, saswaulSi cxovrobs da ar emorGileba bunebis kanonebs, is wuTisoflis gareT dgas. magram sakmarisia Tamari
barad Gavides, rom frinvelma Tavi daixsnas da
gazafxulis dedofalma dastovos taxti, Tamaris samefoSi zamTari dadges. aseve icvleba taccxviii
rosi staruniSis mwvervalze. Tumca svanur
TqmulebaSi samoTxis dakargvis miTosi Semofarglulia kerZo-sagvareulo istoriiT, magram amis
sanacvlod
masSi
religiuri
momenti
monawileobs: jgragis mulzonma (wmida kacma,
sityvidan `monazoni~), romelic Tavisi xalxiT
staruniSis maRal mTaze jgragis eklesiis
gverdiT saxlobda, ver daicva misTvis mibarebuli skivri, romelSic zamTris momyvani frinveli iyo gamoketili; frinveli amofrinda
skivridan da staruniSis mwvervalze pirvelad
movida Tovli. mulzoni Tavisi sagvareuloTi
iZulebuli Seiqna daetovebina staruniSi da barad Gamosuliyo. rogorc Tamaris, ise staruniSis TqmulebaSi mkafiod ikiTxeba miTosi
adamianis dacemisa, misi gandevnisa samoTxidan.
ra moxda mTawmindaze? mTawmindac daikarga
adamianisaTvis da miuwvdomeli Seiqna. berebi
gadaSendnen im saswaulebTan erTad, romlebic
maT cxovrebas axlda. maradiuli gazafxuli,
ukvdavebis wyaro, zedaSis qvevrebi, dauleveli
puris arseboba _ es iyo umaRlesi religiuri
cxovrebisa da siwmidis gamoxatuleba. mTawmindaze Sewyda es cxovreba da amis mizezad andrezi siwmidis daklebas miiGnevs. andrezi
gveubneba, rom adamiani daeca, ris gamoc misTvis
daikarga samoTxe mTawmindaze. magram is ar gamqrala, is ar STaunTqavs wuTisofels; is, marTalia, fizikuri TvaliT ar ixilveba, magram
ccxix
cocxlobs mkadreTa da rGeul pirTa xilvebsa
da idumal gamocdilebaSi, radgan, msgavsad
jvaris saidumlo ganZisa, masac safarveli aqvs
dadebuli.
samagaliTod
mogvyavs
ukanxadus
sanebis
mTawmindis _ croliswveris andrezi, rogorc is
al. oGiaurs aqvs Gawerili:
`winav crols yofil darbasic, saqvabeic
sanebis jvarisai. iq udenav PaduelTac, kalaTonelTac
zamTar-zafxul
sadReobod.
iq
wasuls xalxsav arc sciodisao-d’ arc zvav mauvidisav. iq tye ar asa-d’ zamTris SeSa vercaiT
uzidav’ Porciv ucecxlod duRdisav darbasSiav.
saklav ro migvyvandisav, Tovlzed isr gaiarisav,
ro Tovl ar gautydisav. iq wasayvan saklavi
xalxs win Tu daudgisa-d’ Tao SaPdis crols
zamTris. sxvakan ro qarbuqv iyvisav, iqav Tbil
iyvisav, rosac dReoba iqnebod. iq yofil gamarTul yvelai _ qvabi, saqvabe, darbasi, suyvelai.
weliwadSi (axal wels) mekvleTac iq udenava-d’
manamden iqiT mekvlen ar mavidodes, xalx Sin
yofilas patimari^ mekvleT mixqoniv marto sanTeli-d’ Rame iq uTenebavis. sicive ar scodniv.
iseT Tbil yofilaisav xalxiv, ro mTels Ramesav ofl gadazdiodisav. Pel migexlaTav, qvaic
Tbil iyvisao-d’ miwaicav. mixqonebiv sefeebi rogorc mekvleT wesi asa-d’ sefeebze dakrul sanTlebsac Taod gaekidisav. Tu vin an wmidad
namyof ar mividao-d’ an sofelGi namyofs naRaccxx
latar ra visad eqnebod, imis sanTels ar
meekidisav
cecxlio-d’
mTel
mekvlen
Tu
masTxovdes madlsa-d’ Saexvewebodes^ sanebis
jvar raxan mavidisav, ganaTdisav iqaobaiv,
TvaliT ki verai vnaxidiTav, scodniv winaT, naxisav an mkadremao-d’ an xucesmaod, imas gamaucxadisav Tavis brZanebai. maSin Zalian wameba
yofilas, Zalian siwmide^ memr is wameba TanTan
daikarg, aRar swams xalxsa-d’ xTiSvilic TanTan
axPd. aRarc Porcm daiwy ucecxlod duRili,
aRarc sanTlebs ekidebod cecxli. xalxsac
scioda-d’
qarbuqvisgan
veRar
dadiodesa-d’
daanebes Tavi wvers siarulsa-d’ gaaGines dabla
salocavi^ imis memr maikargnes darbasi, saqvabeic crol, ro aRarc vin icis sad iyvnes, verc
vin midiod iq, sadac eWvi iyvad^ mainc amobdes,
ro safarvel daedvav^~ (62, 203-4).
andrezSi aRwerilia saswaulebi, romlebic
atareben amqveyniuri samoTxis niSnebs, amave
dros gvixataven saymos religiur yofas mis
umaRles arsobriv gansaxierebaSi. aq gadmocemulia kultis pirvelsaxe, misi Seuryvneli
mdgomareoba da yovelive es ymaTa rwmenaze da
siwmideze dgas. siwmidisa da rwmenis daklebis
Sedegad saswaulebi wyvets moqmedebas crolis
wverze da sakulto nagebobebs, rogorc graalis
Tass an uwmides ganZs rasme, safarveli efareba.
es ki imis imeds iZleva saymos SegnebaSi, rom es
yvelaferi _ wmida warsuli sabolood ar gamccxxi
qrala da odesme mainc iGens Tavs. saymo mudam
elis jvarGenas, is elis agreTve sakraluri
warsulis Semobrunebas. ar arsebobs dafaruli,
rom ar gacxaddes. es xom mis rwmenaze da
siwmidezea damokidebuli. es icis saymom. ai, es
principi _ dafarulis saboloo gacxadeba _
udevs safuZvlad andrezs guroel monadireze,
romelic sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze miRweuli,
Seiqna mxilveli saymos sakraluri warsulisa.
grZeldeba crolis wveris `mTawmindis~ andrezi
al. oGiauris GanaweriT:
`erT menadires guroels kananaT mangias daRamebiyv nadirobaGia-d’ uGin Rame yofiliyva-d’
ar scodniyv, sad iyv. misuliyva-d’ ex Rgonebiyv.
Sasuliyv RamiTa-d’ damdgariyv. sizmarGi maSGvenebiyv kaci. Taodac TeTri iyvav, ro TvalT ar
iyridav. maTraP eWirav PelSiao-d’ wamamkrav maTraPis wveriv _ Senav aq ra gindodav, raad
Samaxvediv aqav. amav Rames unaxav sizmarSi Tavis
verZi oTxrqai. uTqom sizmarSi sxva kacs, ro eg
verZiv aq unda maiyvanao-d’ daxklav. ro gamaRviZebiv mangias, isiT Tbilad viweviv, ro ofl
gadamdiodao-d’ gaTenebuliyvav kidevac. amdgar
maSiva-d’ mauTxovav madli-d’ SauTqom is oTxrqa
verZi, ro zafxulis aq maviyonao-d’ ro kargad
gasinaTlebula, dauazreio-d’ darbasSi sadam ki
vweorav, Tqvis mangiam. yvela iyvav gawyobiliv
skamebiv, sacecxluriv, sakideliv, zedganic iyvav.
suyvela gamarTuloba iyvav spilenis qvabccxxii
tablebiv. gakvirvebul davrGiv, aq mavsulorav.
gamasul iqiTao-d’ unaxav meore karni Sasavalni.
Sasula-d’ aq saqvabe yofil gamarTul, qvabsakideli. did salude qvabi, SeSanic iqav iyvnesav qvabis ZirGiav^ mapativev, ro Sens karGia-d’
kamalaSi Samavvardnilorav Ramis sibnelis gamoTao-d’ aTengenas Gemi oTxrqaiT verZiT SamavPdebiv^~ (62, 205-6).
sizmari da cxadi gadadis erTmaneTSi da es
ori mdgomareoba qmnis monadiris, viTarca
mkadris, gamocdilebas. Gven viciT, rom monadireni xSirad jvarGenis mowmeni arian: isini aRmoaGenen jvaris niSnebs da axali jvari moaqvT
saymosaTvis. es imis gamoa, rom monadire Tavisi
mowmidarobiT TiTqmis mkadris statuss aRwevs.
am andrezSi ki vxedavT, rom mis winaSe garRveulia wuTisoflis sinamdvile da sakraluri
warsuli aGens Tavis realiebs, rogorc im legendur mkadreTa winaSe, romelnic RvTisSvilebs
suliT aRtacebuli dahyavdaT jvaris safarveldadebul siwmideTa saxilvelad. safarveli, romelic adevs didi xnis winaT gauqmebul sakulto nagebobebs, niSnavs, rom sakraluri sinamdvile ganagrZobs arsebobas Tavis gansakuTrebul dro-JamSi da Senaxulia im saxiT, rogori saxiTac is moqmedebda warsulSi (monadirem ixila ara naSTebi, aramed dauzianebeli,
mrTeli sinamdvile kultisa) da rom iq SeRweva
da iqidan ambis gamotana SesaZlebelia; im siccxxiii
namdvilis TviTmxilveli da ganmcdeli mkadre
Tu monadire sakuTari gansacdelisa da gamocdilebis safuZvelze qmnis mTawmindis andrezs. mxolod am gziT iqmneba andrezi da iZens
sayovelTaobas.
saymo da ganZi
`^ aq fSavsa Sina ars eklesia laSasagan aSenebuli, romelsa Sina arian mravalni xatni da
jvarni oqro-vercxlisani, WurWelni da wignni,
da uwodeben laSas jvars, da aquT sasoeba mas
zeda friad, rameTu verca fSavi, verca Pevsuri,
ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, veraraid ixmareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas-jvarsa~
(75|, 533).
vaxuSti batoniSvilis es sityvebi zustad axasiaTebs fSavel-xevsurTa da sxva kuTxis saymoebis damokidebulebas napovni ganZisadmi. ganZi
jvars ekuTvnis, iseve rogorc misi sakuTrebaa
is teritoria, sadac mkvidrobs saymo. jvarma
saymos teritoria moupova, devebs gamohglija
miwa-wyali da adamianebs gadasca; amitomac yvelaferi, rac ki am miwa-wyalze moipoveba, jvaris
sakuTrebaa. am WeSmaritebis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa kvrivi adgilebis arseboba saymos
teritoriaze. adre iTqva, rom saymos teritoriis
nebismieri adgili potenciurad atarebs kvrivis
gamovlinebis (kvrivGenis) SesaZleblobas. da ai,
aseTi SesaZlebloba Tavis ganxorcielebas pouccxxiv
lobs ganZis gamoGenis saxiT. m.eliade wers:
`ganZi aris sakraluris _ absoluturi realobis
grZnobadi xati~ (154, 135).
rogorc jvars hyavs Tavisi unji ymani, unji
saymo, aseve mas aqvs ganZi, nivTieri faseulobis
saxiT (Zvirfasi liTonebi, Zvirfasi samsaxurebeli WurWeli da sxv.); `unji~ da `ganZi~ sinonimebia; zogierT saymoSi RvTisSvili iwodeba `unjis yaraulad~ an `unjis angelozad~. ukanxadus
mTavari jvari moixsenieba rogorc `sajanges
unjis angelozi, gmiri saneba~ (62, 56); aseve qmostisa da Rulis kopala iwodeba `unjis angelozad~ (6, 103, 107); SatilSi erT-erT jvars ase mimarTaven: `laRo ganZis angelozo~ (6, 75).
jvari patronobs, yaraulobs Tavis saymosac
da ganZsac, romelic Tavis mxriv, rogorc kvrivi
materiis umaRlesi gamovlineba, RvTisSvilis
erT-erTi niSania.
amitom aris, rom `verca fSavi, verca Pevsuri,
ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, veraraid ixmareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas-jvarsa~.
vaxuStiseuli daxasiaTeba fSav-xevsurTa imiTac
aris sagulisxmo, rom igi gvimxels ganZis sakralur aspeqts. am sakralurobis Segnebis ZaliT
ymas
ekrZaleba
ganZeulis
gamoyeneba
sayofacxovrebo saWiroebisaTvis: is wmidaa da
mxolod da mxolod jvarSi unda inaxebodes da
jvaris samsaxurs xmardebodes. es Seuvali
kanonia jvaris saymoSi. da ara marto jvaris
ccxxv
saymoSi. `^Tu vinme miwaSi raime samkauls ipovnida, eklesiaSi mihqonda da iq xatTan debda~,
adasturebs am Gveulebas s.makalaTia qsnis
xeobaSi (52, 8). am dauwerel kanons, romelsac
rogorc TavisTavad cxads, asrulebs jvaris yma,
akrZalvis saxiT vxvdebiT saeklesio samarTlis
dokumentSi `did sjulis kanonSi~: `WurWelTa
oqroYsa da vercxlisaTa da tiloTa nuRaramca
vin miixueWs saPmarad Tvissa, rameTu usjuloeba
ars^~ (21, 146).
rogorc yvela sakralur realobas, ganZsac
safarveli aqvs dadebuli; is miuwvdomelia
rigiTi ymisaTvis; is saidumloebiT aris moculi
da am viTarebis gamoxatulebaa jvaris ganZis
samalavebis arseboba. is dafarulia ara mxolod
gareSe TvalisaTvis da ara mxolod mparavis
SiSis gamo, aramed TviT saymos TvalisTvisac,
romelsac misi xilva mxolod did dResaswaulebSi SeuZlia. adamianis mier dawesebuli
samalavi warmoadgens jvaris mier Tavis saganZurze dadebuli safarvelis imitacias. ra
mizeziTac ar unda SemoRebuliyo samalavebi
jvaris ganZisaTvis, es idumaleba, rasac ganZs
aniWebs samalavi, ganZis arsebiTi, miucilebeli
Tviseba Seiqna. jvaris ganZi saymos ver warmoudgenia samalavis gareSe, romlis adgilsamofeli saymoSi mxolod orma kacma SeiZleba
icodes. es ori kaci jvaris daniSnulia am samsaxurSi. maT ewodebaT meganZurebi. aq, sxvaTa
ccxxvi
Soris, unda SevniSnoT, rom arsebobs uTuo
kavSiri meganZuris daniSnulebasa da gudanis
jvaris saymos Zireul saxelwodebas Soris:
gudanis jvaris saymos ewodeba samaganZuro, albaT, imis niSnad, rom is, rogorc Tavisi jvaris
unji yma, jvaris ganZis mcvelia; saxelwodeba
TiTqos gvauwyebs, rom mTeli saymo maganZurebisgan aris Semdgari, Tumca istoriulad da realurad ganZTan siaxlovis privilegia jvaris
mier arGeul ramdenime pirs aqvs miniWebuli.
ganZi, rogorc sakraluri ram, gareSeTagan
xeluxlebeli da miuwvdomeli unda iyos. is ar
unda Gandes, is saimedod unda iyos daculi da
dafaruli; ar unda Gandes miwis zedapirze, ar
unda iyos gamoqveynebuli am sityvis pirveladi
mniSvnelobiT. rogorc saidumlo, is miwaSi
marxia da ar unda enaxvebodes mzis naTels, rogorc mzeTunaxavi. amitom ganZis miTosuri
adgilsamyofeli
miwisqveSeTia
an
mdinaris
fskeri (rogorc, mag., nibelungTa oqrosi), an gamoqvabulebi, xelovnuri Tu bunebrivi, mitovebuli nasaxlarebi da nacixvarebi, sadac amqveyniuri yofa-cxovreba karga xnis Semwydaria.
ganZi dafarulia, magram ar arsebobs dafaruli,
rom sabolood ar gamocxaddes. oRond dafaruli yvelas ar gamoecxadeba, ganZi yvelasaTvis
ar iGens Tavs. Zvel eposebSi Zieba ganZisa, misi
xilva da mopoveba gansakuTrebuli warmoSobis
gmirTa xvedria. xSir SemTxvevaSi es epizodi
ccxxvii
ZiriTadi
gamocdilebaa
maT
cxovrebaSi.
SemTxveviTi
ar
aris,
rom
`gilgameSianis~
prologSi sagangebod aris naxsenebi `saunjis
migneba da dafarulis gaxsna~ (aq `saunje~ da
`dafaruli~, rogorc vxedavT, sruliad identuri realobebia). germanul-skandinavuri miTosis
sigurd-zigfridi
Tavis
saxelovan
Tavgadasavals swored ganZis xelSi GagdebiT
iwyebs, Tumca ganZis floba misTvis tragikuli
aRmoGndeba. aqedan unda dagveskvna, rom sigurdi
Tu zigfridi da nebismieri eposisa Tu miTosis
gmiri, romelsac Rupavs oqro, ar aris misi WeSmariti patroni. farnavazma miagno uxsovari
drois ganZs da am ganZma gaamarjvebina mas, radgan is iyo STamomavali `TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~.
Gveni saymoebis andrezebSi ganZis Zieba, rogorc wesi, jvaris mier aris STagonebuli.
jvaris rGeulni _ mkadreni midian jvaris
davalebiT saxifaTo laSqrobaSi ganZis wamosaRebad, romelic devebis sakuTrebaSia (an,
SesaZloa, devebisgan iyos mitacebuli da misi
dabrunebis dro dgeba). mkadre Tavs swiravs
jvaris davalebis Sesasruleblad, is safrTxeSi
igdebs sicocxles, Zlevs SiSs, romelic mas eufleba im ucxo, araadamianur samyaroSi moxvedrisas, rogoric SeiZleba iyos devTa saxli,
sadac devebis qorwilia, an qajTa cixis nangrevebi, `cixei qajTa Zveleburi, eexla yoreni.
ccxxviii
iqiT amasataneb Tvaleb asav, uTqom gaxuas, jvar
meubnebisav, ialgundebiav^~.
mkadres gansacdeli
Tu ganZis qona aucilebelia jvarisaTvis, _
mkadrisaTvis, raTa is jvaris mkadre iyos, aucilebelia gansacdeli, romelic dakavSirebulia ganZis xilvasTan da mopovebasTan. es gansacdeli, romelSic misi sicocxle bewvze
hkidia, sadac is sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnamdea
misuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris mkadreobis skola
da man es unda gaiaros, Tu surs, rom iyos
mkadre. man unda gadaabijos zRurbls iqiT da
gadavides sxva samyaroSi, jvris samyaroSi. mas
SemTxveva eZleva aRmoGndes safarvelaxdili ganZis winaSe anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, uxdeba
gareSeTaTvis uxilavis xilva. adgili, sadac
kacma
unda
ixilos
ganZi,
gansakuTrebuli
adgilia; is, SeiZleba iTqvas, arc ki ekuTvnis im
sivrcul
sinamdviles,
romelSic
cxovrobs
saymo. misi gansakuTrebuloba, rac axasiaTebs
kvrivs, dauyovnebliv iGens Tavs, rogorc ki adamiani dalaxavs mis zRurbls. yvelaze gavrcelebuli adgili ganZis Genis adgilTa Soris Zveli
nacixvarebia. maTi mxolod arsebobac ki warmoSobs Tqmulebebs, romlebic SeiZleba sruliadac ar asaxavdes sinamdviles, raime kavSirs
realur viTarebasTan. TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac ki
nacixvaria, mis mezoblad mcxovrebis SegnebaSi
ccxxix
is raRac saidumlos inaxavs, rac xSiroad ganZis
saxiT aris warmodgenili.
nacixvari yvelafrianad, rasac is inaxavs, uxilav-xilulianad, ara mxolod sxva sivrceSi
mdebareobs, aramed is sxva droSia moqceuli. es
adgilebi, romlebic soflis zemoT mdebareobs,
buxreulia, rogorc ganmdgari wuTisoflis sinamdvilisagan; amitomac aq ikrZaleba yofiTi
saqmianoba. es iseTi adgilebia, sadac, vaJas
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT _
iq xom xvniT aravina hxnavs,
arc vin ras sTesavs TesiTa^
isini mitovebulni, `dawirulni~ arian jvarGenis molodinSi.
arxotions, vinme aliaT uSiSas aseTi ambavi
SeemTxva nacixvarSi. saymo ucvlelad inaxavs mis
monaTxrobs:
`aliaT uSiSa ityoda: erTxel vxnavdi cixis
kiserao (nacixvari nasoflaris Tavze). saPnisi
rasam gamedo, da daJRarundao. Gavxene da qvabi
idga oqro-vercxliT savseo da zed wiTeli
oqros feri Pbo iwva da Tvalebs abobinebdao.
mere aRaraferi maxsovda, ra damemarTao da gonT
ro movedi, me da Gemi Par-guTani WalaSi GavsuliyaviT areul-dareulio^~ (66, 61).
adgili, sadac oqro-vercxliT savse qoTani
emarxa, dakargula; unda vifiqroT, rom am aremareSi xvna-Tesva Sewydeboda da warmoiSoboda
akrZaluli sivrce. ai, sad ebjineba erTmaneTs
ccxxx
andrezi da sinamdvile. kvrivma oqrosferi xbos
Tvalebis brialiT moisrola Tavisagan cnobamixdili
xorcieli,
ucabedad
mxilveli
saidumlosi,
romlis
xilva
mokvdavisaTvis
autanelia. nacixvaris ganZs, romelic `qvesknelSi mavalma~ saxnisma aRmoaGina, _
saxnisma Tqva: qveSknels daval,
mzisa Suqi menatreba^
_ yarauloben ara devebi da qajebi, an qvewarmavalni (skandinavelTa poetur enaze oqros
metaforaa `gvelis sawoli~), aramed gamoucnobi
xbo, romelic Tavzardamcemia swored Tvinieri
arsebisagan moulodneli Tvalebis bobiniT*.
ganZi, oqrosferi xbo, cnobis mixda _ am motivebze agebuli kidev ori andrezia fiqsirebuli aleqsi oGiauris GanawerebSi. Tu aliaT
uSiSa SemTxveviT, xvnis dros waawyda ganZs, qvemoT motanil andrezebSi RvTisSvils mihyavs
Tavisi mkadre saSineli saganZuris saxilvelad.
pirveli exeba karatisjvaris mkadres omas.
`oma jvaris Pel-kaci iyva-d’ rwmunebuli. oma
koWla kac iyvisao-d’ codviT davidodisav.
magram karatis jvarsav xan sad daxyvandisao-d’
xan sadav. winav koWla ar yofilao-d’ gveleTSi
dakoWlebulav. masvliv omas karatis jvari Pelzeda gamaucxadebav, ro gveleT unda wavidaTav.
iqav samalaviao-d’ is unda amaiRav. gamaxyolios
*
oqros ganZi rom Tavisi Sesatyvisi feris cxovelis (Txis, xbos, xaris, cxenis, Zroxis da sxv.)
saxes iRebs, es dadasturebulia slavur folklorSi (113-a, 365-6).
ccxxxi
omai-d’ win liqokis xati gamazRoliv. aragvze
isr Gamauvlav, ro vervis unaxav; safarvel zdebiv omaisacao-d’ karatis jvaris xatsac. gveleT
ro misul, sadac samalav iyv, imis karze gaGerdav xativ, iwro GasaZrom yofila-d’ GazRoliv
xati-d’ Gasul omai. Sig ro Sasulan, unaxav, ro
didZal Tas-ganZ yofil dadgmuli. Taro iyvao-d’
sru eWirav Tasebsav. vercxlis suraeb idgav
erTs Tarozedav, sru Sibianebi. erTiv vercxlis
yavarjen uyudav erTs kuTxeSiav. meores kuTxeSiav did qvab idgav saludei-d’ zedav oqros
feriv yviTel Pbo iwvav. raira asav am qvabSiav,
aim qvabsav jox Samavxkariv, dadgav jRar-jRuriv
qvabSiacao-d’ raic Tas-ganZ iyvav, suyvela Zirs
daecao-d’ dadgav jRrialiv. im jRar-jRurze
maibrunav Tavi, zed ro iwvav, im Pbomao-d’ SamamibRvirav. oma SaSinebula-d’ gamavardnil gareTi, gonT axPdiv, gamagorvil, gadavardnil
kldeTa-d’ damrGal aiq. gonT ro mavediv,
icodisav omamav, kldeT ZirSi vegdio-d’ erTs
fePsac veRar viyolebdiv. aRarc xati iyvav iqaod’ aRarc angeloziv. memr mwyemsebs mauPelav
omai-d’ gaugebiebav xalxisad^~ (62, 563)).
analogiuri
gansacdeli
gaiara
xaxmatis
jvaris mkadrem SiSiam:
`^erTxel uTqom SiSiaisad PaPmatis jvars,
ro waedio-d’ ukanamSav (ukanafSavs) mamicadevo-d’
miac iq maolav, iqav erT saqmei gvaqvav
gasakeTebelio-d’ is gavakeTaTav. wamasul SiSiccxxxii
aio-d’ masul ukanamSav. ucdav aq ors dResa-d’
arcad masvliv jvari. mesames dRes Pelze masvliv tredis aRiT. unaxavs ukenamSavlebsaca-d’
mauyvanav kvamlis saklavi; saklaveb ro dauPocav
SiSiaisad gauwevav wyarosTaviske* jvars. wyarosTav ro misulan, erT beRel yofil, sadac arvin
ar midiod. misul mfrinav xati-d’ mixyoliv,
Sasul xat beRlis nangrevSia-d’ Saxyoliv SiSiaic. iqav erT did sip idvao, jvarma saiT damiyenav, ro eg sip axPadev. auPdav sipi-d’ erT qvab
amaGenil oqro-vercxliT savse. zedav erT Pbo
iwvav yviTelio-d’ abobinebdav wiTelT TvalTav.
SiSias ro Pbo unaxav, daSinebula-d’ gonT aPdiv.
gonT ro mavediv, gamoveyvanev mSavlebso, wyals
masxemdesav. memr aRarc vin mixParebiv am beRels^~ (62, 567-8).
erTi
SexedviT,
am
mkadreTa
Tavgadasavali TiTqos marcxiania: adamiani ver uZlebs jvaris ganZisadmi
Tvalis gasworebas da mis pirispir
dgomas. Tumca mkadre xelcarieli
brundeba, magram mis SegnebaSi samudamod aris
GabeWdili jvaris ganZis xati _ es aris am gansacdelis Sedegi. gansacdelma unda aRzardos,
Seqmnas mkadre. amitomac gansacdeli, romelsac
jvari SeamTxvevs maT, ar aris SemTxveviTi. arc
aliaT uSiSa wawydomia xvnis dros miwaSi
*
adgili ukanafSavSi, sadac daarsebulia ukanafSavis saTemo xati giorgi wyarosTauli.
ccxxxiii
Gaflul ganZs SemTxveviT. aseTi gansacdeli,
rogorc Zlieri gamocdileba, jvaris rGeulebis
privilegiaa da mas TavisTavadi Rirebuleba aqvs,
imisgan damoukidebliv, Tu rogor damTavrdeba
Tavgadasavali. rasac mkadreebi xedaven, sxvebisaTvis uxilavia an ekrZalebaT dasanaxad. ras
xedaven isini? oma liqokelis xilva srul suraTs iZleva imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens jvaris
saganZuri: sakraluri sagnebi isea ganlagebuli,
rogorc asvenia isini dReobidan dReobamde
samalavSi, sadac oma moxvda viwro GasaZvromiT,
romlis siviwroves simboluri daniSnuleba aqvs.
erTis mxriv, samalavi gvagonebs darbazs da oma,
liqokis jvaris mkadre, nacnob garemoSia moxvedrili, amitomac aq misTvis TiTqmis moulodneli da saSiSi araferi unda iyos. magram Tu
gavixsenebT, rom liqokis jvaris saarsodan viwro samalavamde mTels gzaze xorciels safarveli aqvs dadebuli, unda vifiqroT, rom oma
miRma samyaroSia moxvedrili. iseve rogorc
gaxua megrelauris kvals vkargavT mas Semdeg,
rac RvTisSvilebma mas suli amoarides da
usxeulmyofeli gaiyolies qajaveTis gzaze,
aseve omas fizikur sxeulze dadebuli safarvelic migvaniSnebs mis gadasvlas sxva samyaroSi.
omam, SiSiamac unda gadalaxon, dalaxon
zRurbli,
romelic
mijnavs
erTmaneTisagan
nalax da sakralur sivrceebs. gasasvleli ki,
anu, rogorc gadmocemaSia naTqvami, `GasaZromi~,
ccxxxiv
viwroa, rogorc bewvis xidi da is Gven gvagonebs
qvesknels, sadac Gadian (es maTi aucilebeli gamocdileba unda iyos) Zveli miTologiuri
eposebis gmirebi. Gveni mkadreebic maT ricxvs
ekuTvnian, e.w. `maZiebel gmirTa~ ricxvs, romelTa Ziebis Sedegi, sabolood, raRac WeSmaritebis aRmoGenaa. maTgan gansxvavebiT Gveni
mkadreebi kultis msaxurni arian da Tu isini
raime WeSmaritebis aRmomGenni xdebian, es WeSmariteba jvarTan aris dakavSirebuli da isini
mas miwis gulSi daunjebuli ganZis saxiT Wvreten. ganZi, rogorc WeSmariteba, saidumloebrivia
da is ar Zevs miwis zedapirze, is miwis siRrmeSia saZiebeli. es aris jvaris WeSmariteba da is
Tas-ganZSia ganivTebuli.
xaxmateli mkadre SiSia Tavis jvars sruliad
sxva sazogadoebis, sxva saymos teritoriaze
mihyavs ganZis saxilvelad. amasac Tavisi mniSvneloba aqvs andrezSi: jvarma icis da SiSiamac
unda ixilos da icodes is, rac ukanfSavelebma
ar ician, saxeldobr, ras imarxavs maTi mitovebuli, ukve nangrevebad qceuli beReli (`erT
beRel yofil, sadac aravin ar midiod~); beReli
xom wmida nagebobaa, sadac jvaris mkadre fexSiSvela GoqiT Sedis; masze ufro wmidaa nabeRlari, sadac aravin ar Sedis.
saganZuris xilvas Tan axlavs SiSis gancda,
radgan mxilveli grZnobs, rom mas sakralur realobasTan aqvs saqme. aq Gven vawydebiT iseT viccxxxv
Tarebas, rodesac SiSi, saRvTo SiSi, religiuri
Semecnebis dasabamia. cnobil germanel mistikoss
iakob boemes aseTi gansacdeli hqonda siWabukeSi: samwyesurSi yofnisas is moulodnelad
aRmoGnda gamoqvabulis win, romelSic oqroTi
savse uzarmazari WurWeli idga. am saxilvelma
iseTi Tavzari dasca ymawvils, rom is ukanmiuxedavad sirbiliT gaecala iqaurobas. mas Semdeg gamoqvabuli Ria aRarasodes unaxavs (141,
185). gamoqvabuls masSi daunjebuli ganZiTurT,
mkadreTa eniT rom vTqvaT, safarveli daedo.
magram iakob boemesaTvis es ganumeorebeli
xilva mis momaval mistiur gamocilebas, RvTiur
WeSmaritebaTa gamocxadebas moaswavebda.
mkadre jvaris saidumlos da WeSmaritebas
ganZis saxiT ixilavs, radgan jvaris WeSmariteba
mis ganZeulobaSia ganivTebuli. magram mkadris
gamocdilebaSi oqro-vercxli da sxva ganZeuloba _ materialuri faseulobani, ar aris erTaderTi realoba, raSic daunjebulia jvaris
sakraluroba. kidev ufro Rrmad, vidre ganZi,
inaxeba mironi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kultis uxrwneli esencia, romlis unikaluri andrezi dakavSirebulia erTaderT jvarTan xevsureTisa _
xmalas
mTavarangelozTan,
odesRac
budexevsureTis
SuagulTan,
sadac
ikazmeboda
saerTo-saxevsureTo salaSqro droSa, vidre
gudanis jvari gamoGndeboda asparezze da
aRzevdeboda.
ccxxxvi
ai, es andrezic im saxiT, rogorc is Gawerili aqvs al. oGiaurs:
`^ am PmalaSi mdgar erTi Zalian maRal
alvis xe. im alvis xes mironi gamazdeniv. am
alvis xes ZirSi darani xqoniva-d’ maRla alvis
xis gverdze didi cixei mdgar, alvis xis Ziri
Sig am daranSi yofilasa-d’ am darans safarveli
zdebiv. gaxua ro yofil PeTaSauri, is angelozTan wilnayar yofila-d’ imaTTan uvlav. erTxan
gudanis jvar miuyvanav gaxua PmalaSia-d’ Gauxdenav daranSi. im siRrme Gasaval iyvav, icodisav
gaxuamav, ro cxra feP sanTeliv Gasaes damWirdao-d’ cxra feP sanTeli amaesasav. ro GavPediv,
iqaobaiv sanTlebiT iyvav garaprapebuio-d’ aTasis rigis xTiSviln ad-Gadiodesao-d’ gaxqondiv
mironiv. alvis xes daWkdeuli xqondao-d’ iqiT
gadmadiodav mironiv. ZirSiav qoTan edgao-d’ Sig
ewveTebodav ais mironiv. erT angeloz edga
Tavzedao-d’ romenic xTiSvil mavidodav, maxqondav samirone oqros boTlebio-d’ is angeloziv
usxemdiv
mironsao-d’
istumrebdav
yvelasav.
oqros sawyavi xqonda-d’ imaT uwyevdav. mia-d’
gudanis jvarsac magvcesav mironio-d’ wamavediTav. sakvirvel sanaxaoba iyvav iqaobaiv, ro sru
raprap iyvao-d’ Pma amauReblad Sad-gadiodesav
xTisnasaxniv^~ (62, 572).
xmalas salocavi da mironmdinari alvis xe
aGens Tavs mkadres Tvalwin, rogorc religiuri
cxovrebis Suaguli. es aris yvelaze mniSvneloccxxxvii
vani gamocdileba mkadresi, ufro mniSvnelovani,
vidre ganZis xilvaa. am dros mkadre Wvrets, rogorc mistikosi, religiis dasabams _ mironis
wyaros _ da RvTisSvilTa saidumlo saqmianobas
miwis gulSi, saidanac maT amoaqvT Tav-TavianTi
saymoebisaTvis mironi, rogorc kultis macocxlebeli wmida nivTiereba. andrezi inaxavs
im xanis xsovnas, rodesac mironi iyo ara
mxolod niSani Tu simbolo kultisa, aramed
misi
aucilebeli
elementi,
romelic
monawileobda mniSvnelovan saidumlo ritualebSi. xmalas mironis andrezi qristianuli
eklesiis wiaRidan iRebs dasabams. Zneli ar aris
xmalas mironmdinar alvis xeSi gamovicnoT
mcxeTis mironmdinari sveti, romelic idga
sveticxovlis pirvel taZarSi _ qristianuli
saqarTvelos sakralur SuagulSi; aq duRda mironi da aqedan nawildeboda is mTels saqarTveloSi, rogorc xmalas mironi xevsureTis
salocavebSi. mirons, iseve rogorc Tas-ganZs,
vxedavT kultis genezisSi, rasac gvidasturebs
erTi xalxuri leqsi:
qalaqSi sion-saydari
bagrationT aagesa,
maRla caSi aiyvanes,
Tavs gumbaTi daadgesa.
qveS mironi gubed dadga,
ymawvilebi danaTlesa
(100, 13).
ccxxxviii
rogorc iTqva, mironis gamoyeneba saymos realur
sakulto
cxovrebaSi
preistorias
ekuTvnis, amitom istoriul xanaSi is iZens simbolur mniSvnelobas, gardaiqmneba ra jvaris
ganZis sublimur saxed. magram ganZis sublimacia
Tavis umaRles zRvars aRwevs, roca is mkadres
jvaris saxiT gamouGens Tavs. es aris jvaris niSani, romelsac xevsurulad ewodeba xati.
gudanis jvaris mkadris, gaxua megrelauris samkadreo biografiaSi amgvari gamocdileba dasturdeba. momyavs al. oGiauris Ganaweri:
`^ gaxua wauyvanav xvTiSvils gergetis Tava-d’
Sauyvanav beTlemis saxlSi. ro Sevediv, Tqvisav
gaxuamav, _ savse iyvav is saxliv xatebiTao-d’
TamaSobdesav. zog xatebiv tredebiviT iyvao-d’
ireodav erTmaneTSiav. imTven iyvav xatebiv, ro
buzvebiviT gad-gamadiodesav. erTiv oqros akavan
idgao-d’ Sigav ymawvil iwvav. tredeb daRbrunnevdesav Tavzedao-d’ ifqlis marcvlebs aWmevdesav. gaxua iqiT ro wamasula, wamouyvanav erT
mfrinav xati. es xati nawiliani yofil, ro
RamiTav SuqT uSobdisav. ro mavidod gaxuai, xat
TavisTavad win mamiZRvebodisav, Tu icod gaxuam.
yoris wyalze ro mavediTav, icodis gaxuam, bibin
raim dadgao-d’ xatic kldis Tavze Sajdav.
mavidesav tredis aRiTav reebimao-d’ SuqT ki
utevdesav. oqroqsoil maitanesao-d’ romenic
gaxuas maxyvebod im xats Gaacves Tuad’ gamaxyv
gzas. ukan gaxua maxyvebod. iqiT wamasulT dRe
ccxxxix
da Ram viareTao-d’ gaTenebisad gudan mavediTav.
gudanis jvaris beRelasTan ro mivediTav, is
beRelSi Savidao-d’ me karSi davrGiv^~ (67, 191).
mkadre, RvTis suliT ayvanili, msgavsad
Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa Tu qadagTa,
Wvrets _ es misi mistiuri samkadreo gamocdilebaa _ RvTisSvilTa `samSoblos~, romelsac gergetis mTaze aTavsebs Tqmulebebi:
`^pirvelad morigem rom RvTisSvilni zecidan
gadmouSvna, maSin isini gergets daabinava, gergetis mTis ZirSi^~ (60, 118). SesaniSnavia mkadres
suliT mogzaurobis diapazoni _ miwis siRrmidan (`cxra feP sanTeliv Gasaes damWirdao-d’
cxra feP sanTeliv amaesasav~) da wyaros Tavis
beRlis imave siRrmidan, TiTqos miwis gulidan
gergetis mTis mwvervalamde, sadac saymos cnobiereba aTavsebs beRels, radgan `beTlemi~ niSnavs `saxls purisas~, imasve, rasac beReli. gergetis beTlemi is adgilia, sadac xalxuri gadmocemebiT
uwmidesi
relikviebia
daculi,
SeiZleba iTqvas, safarveldadebuli, raTa gareSemoTa mzera ar miswvdes maT.
beTlemSi, xalxis warmodgeniT, marxia qristianuli dasabamieri siwmideni da saidumloebani, romelTa xilva mxolod wmida berebs da
mowmidarebs Tu SeuZliaT. aq aris qristianuli
sarwmunoebis,
mTeli
qristianuli
samyaros
mTavari ganZi. pirvelad werilobiT am sakralur
andrezebs vxvdebiT vaxuStis `aRweraSi~: `^ myinccxl
varis kldesa Sina arian qvabni gamokveTilni
friad maRalsa, da uwodeben beTlemsa, garna
saWirod asaval ars, rameTu ars jaWvi rkinisa,
gardmokidebuli qvabidam, da miT aRvlen. ityvian
uflis akvansa mun da abrahamis karavsa, mdgoms
usvetod, usablod, da sxvaTaca sakvirvelTa.
aramed me vdumeb~ (75, 533). uflis akvani da
abraamis karavi metyveleben beTlemis mniSvnelobaze xalxis SegnebaSi: isini qristianobis
dasabamis simboloebia. axla cxadia ra akvania
xevsuruli andrezis `oqros akvani~ da vin aris
Sig mwolare ymawvili, romelsac mtredebi
dahbrunaven Tavze da ifqlis (beTlemi xom
ifqlis beRelia) marcvlebiT kvebaven. adre
iTqva, rom gergetis beTlemi xalxur warmodgenaSi jvarxatebis samSobloa; axla vityviT,
rom is RvTisSvilis, axali yrmis, mesiis samSobloa. beTlemSi erTdroulad vxedavT dasabams da am dasabamis nayofs abraamis karvisa da
uflis akvnis saxiT, _ akvanSi mwolare yrma
abraamis karavidan aris gamosuli, rogorc
gvamcnobs qristes genealogia maTes mixedviT
(`abraham Sva isaak, isaak Sva iakob^~).
vaxuStiseul gadmocemaSi SesaniSnavia fraza
`ityvian^ sxvaTaca
sakvirvelTa.
aramed
me
vdumeb~. es is sityvebia, romelTac ambobs
mkadre, roca mas surs Tavisi samsaxuris sakralurobis gamoxatva; rom saidumlos xilva
moiTxovs dumils mxilvelisagan garkveul Jaccxli
mamde, Semdeg ki gacxaddeba dafaruli. roca
jvari auSvebs xels Tavis mkadres, ai, maSin
eZleva mas saidumlos gamocxadebis ufleba. am
mistiur gamocdilebas mkadresgan Tu Seityobs
saymo, misi gadmocemis bunebrivi forma pirvel
pirSi monaTxrobia, rogorc gaxua megrelauris
magaliTze vxedavT.
gergetis beTlemi, rogorc saganZuris sublimuri saxe, rogorc kvrivis kvrivi, gamouGens
Tavis idumal wiaRs mxolod mas, vinc mowmidarobis maRal xarisxs aris miRweuli: gergetis simaRle moiTxovs adamianisagan zneobriv simaRles. moxevur andrezebSi beTlemis wiaRis mxilvelebad dasaxelebulni arian wmida berebi da
mowmidari mRvdelebi: `ioseb moxeve, mRvdeli. ese
iyo friad siwmidis moyvare da memarxule, romel yovelgan ganiTqva saTnoeba misi. ese nebiTa
RvTisaTa aRvida myinvarsa Sina, kacTagan Seuvalsa; da mun ixila karavi da akvani abraamisa
mamamTavrisa^~ (11, 210)*. Tqmulebis sxva versiis
mixedviT, beTlemis saidumloebaTa mxilveli
yofila vinme mamuka beri, romelsac beTlemis
wmida giorgi gamocxadebia da Rirs uyvia igi
Tavisi sabrZaneblis saxilvelad. mas unaxavs
oqros akvani, misi mrweveli mtredi da kidev
iseTi sakvirveli ram sakurTxevelSi, romlis
gamxelis ufleba mas ar hqonia (85). am siwmideTa
*
`kalmasobis~ avtors Secdoma aqvs daSvebuli: cnobilia da simbolur-alegoriuli mniSvnelobisaa
mxolod karavi abraamisa, akvani ki mxolod qristesia.
ccxlii
xilvis dasturad Tu rame moaqvT am wmida
berebs, es aris an karvis naWeri, an akvnis xis
nawili, ZRvnad mefe ereklesaTvis, rogorc
nawili ganZisa, wmida relikviebi (11, 210-1; 129, 111,
66).
amrigad, jvaris ganZi, romelic sxvadasxva
saxiT aGens Tavs mkadris winaSe _ is xan oqrovercxlia, xan Zvirfasi Tvali, xan mironi, xan
jvar-xatebis gamosaxulebani, xan qristianuli
religiis simboloebi, _ damarxulia dedamiwis
or, erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego sferoSi _ miwis
siRrmeSi da mTis mwvervalze; is qvesknelSiac
aris da caSic, orivegan miuwvdomelia gareSeTaTvis; dadebuli aqvs safarveli, romlis wiaR
mxolod mkadris Tvali Tu ixedeba mistiuri
WvretiT. am unars mkadre wmida cxovrebiT
ipovebs; sxvanairad, mkadre arsebobis imave rigSi
unda imyofebodes, raSic imyofeba jvaris ganZi
_ es aris siwmide anu gamocalkeveba yofiTi sinamdvilidan. mxolod am pirobiT Seeyrebian
urTierTs mkadre da jvaris ganZi.
mkadre mieaxleba ganZs mowiwebiT, an cnoba
exdeba misi Zlieri sakraluri `Zabvis~ winaSe, an
is garbis SeSinebuli, rogorc ymawvili boeme.
Tumca Gveulebriv mkadre, romelic daniSnulia
jvaris mier meganZurad, unda itandes ganZis
metafizikur Zalas: am SeZlebas mas jvari unda
aniWebdes misi mowmidaruli cxovrebis wil. an
Tu is mkadre ar aris da ar gauvlia mowmidaroccxliii
bis gansacdeli, maSin samefo STamomavloba mas
nebas aZlevs Seeyaros ganZs, romelsac safarveli exdeba mis winaSe. Tavisi da qveynis
cxovrebis sabediswero Jams farnavazi mze-irmis
wyalobiT miagnebs uxsovari droidan safarveldadebul saganZurs da miT ixsnis sakuTar Tavs
da, rac mTavaria, qveyanasac (44). herodotes
skviTur andrezSi mxolod umcrosi Ze mSoblisa,
umrwemesi sam ZmaSi, SeZlebs miuaxlovdes da
xelhyos cidan Gamocvenil oqros nivTebi, romelTac cecxlis ZaliT ganirides ori Zma.
umrwmesis, kolaqsaisis, winaSe cecxli GCaqra da
oqros nivTebma `Tavi dauTmes~ mas; Zmebma aRiares umrwemesi da mTeli Zalaufleba mas gadasces. misgan daiwyo skviTebis samefo dinastia,
romlis saRvTo relikviad es oqros sagnebi gamocxadda (istoria, IV, 5, 7).
rogorc skviTuri Tqmulebidan Gans (amas
Gveni andrezebic adastureban), ganZi mxolod mas
`nebdeba~, visac is imTaviTve ekuTvnis anu mis
kanonier mflobels _ an mefed Sobils, rogorc
kolaqsaisia an farnavazi; an jvars, romelic mis
mosapoveblad gzavnis Tavis amorGeul mkadres,
mowmidars jvarisas. araRirsTa mimarT ganZi
aGens Tavis Sinagan, empiriulad gamouvlenel
bunebas, rac safarveliT aris dafaruli; am
dros, roca mas mparavi uaxlovdeba, ganZi brialebs da amiT icavs Tavs; is cecxls isvris,
radgan cecxlovani bunebisaa. amitomac misi
ccxliv
damarxvis adgilebSi, xalxis warmodgeniT, RamRamobiT cecxlis naTebis xilva SeiZleba (113-a,
363). Zvel miTologiebSi ganZs miGenili hyavs
gveleSapi, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi cecxlismfrqvevelia da ganZis Sinagani cecxlovani
bunebis gasagnebas warmoadgens, imis gamovlinebas, rac ganZSi saSinelia; ufro sworad, ganZis
saSineli cecxli iRebs gveleSapis saxes momxvduris winaSe da momxvduri ukan ixevs. Gvens andrezebSi ganZis saSiSi buneba gasagnebulia
oqrosferi (yviTeli) xbos saxiT, romelic risxviT
abrialebs
Tvalebs,
cnobis
mixdamde
afrTxobs ra TviT jvaris mkadresac. analogiuri warmodgena cnobilia slavi xalxebis
folkloridan: ganZi iRebs cxovelis _ xaris,
Txis, cxenis saxes, im Seferilobisas, ra ferisac aris ganZi (Tu is oqroa, cxoveli yviTeli
ferisaa); ganZis Txris dros yviTeli ZaRli
amoxteba da aSinebs adamians (113-a, 365-6).
aramiTologiur, yofiT sinamdvileSi gveleSapi _ ganZis modaraje drakoni gvelis saxes
iRebs; xToniuri arseba icavs ganZs, radgan is
mis
samflobeloSia
damarxuli,
xToniuria.
gvelisgan dacul saganZurebs xalxis cnobiereba
aTavsebs nacixvarebSi, nasaydralebSi, buxreul
adgilebSi, sadac yofiTi Tu sakulto cxovreba
Semwydaria didi xnis winaT da, rogorc viciT,
maTi warmosaxviTi an realuri arseboba uqmnis
am adgilebs siwmides, kvrivad xdis maT. `is unji
ccxlv
sad inaxveba, mxolod ufrosebma ician, TiToorolam. iq gveli sdarajobske~ (40, 104); `oqros
guTnebia iq Galagebuli. isa Txares, fuZiskari,
ro veZaxiT. `iq gveli mogveGvenao~, daanebes
Tavi^~ (40, 111), _ amboben mTiuleTSi.
Gven andrezebSi ganZis Zieba, rogorc wesi,
jvarTan aris dakavSirebuli. jvaris rGeuli
mkadreebi jvaris davalebiT midian saxifaTo
eqspediciaSi ganZis mosapoveblad, romelic devebis sakuTrebaSia; mkadre devs gamohglejs
ganZs, rogorc jvarma, RvTisSvilma gamohglija
erT dros Tavisi saymosaTvis sacxovrebeli
teritoria. am gziT mopovebuli oqro-vercxliT
da Zvirfasi TvlebiT ivseba an axlad iqmneba
jvaris saganZuri, romelic, rogorc Tavis
adgilze iTqva, kultis gulisguls Seadgens;
ganZi qmnis Tavis garSemo jvaris kvrivs, romelsac mkadre Tavisi siwmidis ZaliT uaxlovdeba.
ganZi TavisTan axlos uSvebs mkadres, radgan is
jvaris mowmidaria. magram jvaris ganZis (saubaria jvaris teritoriaze dacul ganZze) paradoqsi is aris, rom misi Sinagani cecxlovani
buneba uZluria uwmiduri Zalis winaSe. fSavxevsureTSi da gudamayar-mTiuleTSi gavrcelebuli rwmena-warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mparavi manam
ver miekareba jvaris Tas-ganZs amosaRebad, sanam
katas ar daklavs da mis sisxls ar asxurebs
mas. al. oGiauris masalebSi moipoveba amis dasadastureblad Tavad mparavis naambobi, aRiareba:
ccxlvi
`^ manamdin axlos ver miudegiT amosaRebad im
Tas-ganZs*, manam kata ar davkaliT da sisxli ar
davasxiTo. ase rom miviqeciT, raRacam wivili
waiRo da Gven neba mogveca axlo misvlisa da
ganZis amoRebisao. manamdin ki, rom miuaxlovdebodiT, im Tas-ganZidan cecxli amovardeboda da
zed gadmogvefineboda alio da dawvas gvipirebdao~ (62, 160).
aq moTxrobili ambavi Zlier gvagonebs skviTur Tqmulebas, mTieli mparavi da kolaqsaisis
ori Zma msgavs situaciaSi arian moxvedrilni:
ganZi Sinagani cecxlis GeniT iSorebs maT, radgan ganZi ver Seicnobs maTSi Tavis WeSmarit patrons, aramed xvdeba, rom isini mparavni arian:
xelyofen imas, rac maT ar ekuTvnis dasabamidan,
SobiTganve, an risi xelyofis dasturi jvarisagan ar miuRiaT. Gveni andrezis mparavni ganZis
xelSi Gagdebis mizniT mimarTven Sav magias _
klaven uwmidur cxovels, raTa misi sisxliT
gaauwmiduron ganZi da mere xelyon. analogiuri
saSualeba ganZis mignebisa Tu mopovebisa dadasturebulia germanuli da slavuri modgmis
xalxebSic: im adgilas, sadac ganZia Gamarxuli,
klaven Sav Txas an Sav qaTams, rac Semdeg xToniuri
sulebisadmi
msxverplSewirvad
iqna
gaazrebuli (113-a, 373). Gveni andrezebis mparavni
katas uklaven ara qvesknelis sulebs an eSmaks,
*
igulisxmeba bacaligos jvaris, pirquSis jvaris Tas-ganZi.
ccxlvii
aramed klaven mas, rogorc `antimsxverpls~,
romlis
sisxlmac
unda
warxocos
wmida
saklavis sisxli, riTac ganaTlulia, rogorc
wesi, jvaris Tas-ganZi. mparavi aq iyenebs im
ZvelTaZvel saSualebas, romelic moiSvelies
laSaris muxis moWrisas: zurab erisTavma manam
veraferi daaklo laSaris muxas, sanam mis ZirSi
kata ar dakles da misi sisxli ar asxures mis
tans.
mparavi, romelic uwmidur cxovels, usurmags* swiravs msxverplad, eTiSeba Tavis saymos
da jvars. ufro meti: is mtrobs, uaryofs jvars,
eziareba ra eSmakeul Zalas. man uari Tqva adamianobaze da devur samsaxurSi Gadga. jvarisa da
Tavis TavSi adamianuris uaryofis gareSe is ver
Gaigdebs xelSi jvaris ganZs, is usaTuod
danaSaulebrivi saqcielis Gamdeni unda iyos.
zogierTi xalxis warmodgeniT, ganZis mopoveba
mxolod iseT adamians SeuZlia, romelsac
garkveuli raodenobis kaciskvla aqvs Gadenili
(113-a, 364), an suli aqvs eSmakisaTvis miyiduli
(113-a, 374). aseTi adamianis bedi ki yovelTvis
tragikulia, rogorc murmanisa, romelmac Savi
magiis gamoyenebiT Gaigdo xelSi eTeri, romelic
abesaloms
ekuTvnoda,
rogorc
nadirobisas
mopovebuli ganZi. Tas-ganZis mparavis ukuRmar*
usurmagi _ cxoveli, romlis xorci ar iWmeva (cxeni, ZaRli, kata da sxv.) (87, 410). usurmagi
rom ar iWmeva, swored amitom ar SeiZleba misi msxverplad Sewirva. usurmagi, rogorc
msxverpli, uwmidurTa msxverplia.
ccxlviii
Toba kargad aris gamoxatuli sityvebiT, romliTac is saxuco teqstebSi ixsenieba: `oqrovercxlis PelukuRm gamtani~.
`oqros Rili~
rogorc jvari aris morige RvTis Svili da
amitomac mas ewodeba `RvTisSvili~ (RvTisnasaxi,
RvTisnabadebi), aseve yma aris Svili Tavisi
jvarisa. garkveuli azriT, yma xom Tavisi patronis Svilia; avTandili rostevanis ymac aris
da Svilic. SesaZlebelia `yma~ gulisxmobdes
`Svilsac~, rogorc `yrmas~. SesaZlebelia, saymos
enobriv cnobierebaSi jer kidev ar waSlila am
ori terminis semantiuri identuroba. akad.
n.berZeniSivili varaudobda, rom `Svili~, rogorc socialuri termini, Sesatyvisi unda yofiliyo `ymisa~, romelic, misi azriT, gvian damkvidrda enaSi (15, 124). am azris dasturi
SeiZleba iyos is faqti, rom mTis leqsikaSi
orive es termini Semonaxulia erTi da imave
ierarqiuli damokidebulebebis gamosaxatavad:
damokidebuli wevrebi ierarqiisa gamoxatulia
terminebiT `Svili~ da `yma~ (`RvTis Svili~ da
`jvaris yma~).
`mamaSvilur~ urTierTobas jvarsa da mis
ymas Soris adasturebs Tavad rituali jvarSi
miRebisa: saymoSi dabadebul dediSobila vaJs
droSis qveS Seagoreben, saidanac is meored
ibadeba (57, 261). droSa ki, rogorc viciT, jvars
ccxlix
ganasaxierebs. v.bardaveliZe am ritualSi samarTlianad xedavs jvaris mier Tavis saymoSi dabadebuli bavSvis Svilad ayvanis misterias (115,
61). rogorc Gans, fizikuri dabadeba saymoSi sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis, rom yrma saymos sruluflebiani wevri anu jvaris yma Seiqnas. ufro
meti: fizikuri Soba Svilis statussac ar aniWebs Sobils. SatilSi ambobdnen da es naTqvami
nebismier saymoze vrceldeba: `kistan Svils miubarebsav Svil nu giqvianav, icodian Satil~ (38,
#26085).
xatSi gayvaniT yrma Seiqneba Temis sakuTari
wevri da Temis salocavis yma, oqros Rili (106).
am sityvebis avtori fSavis sinamdviles agviwers.
oqros Rili fSauri terminia, romlis xevsuruli Sesatyvisia vercxlis Rili. jvaris droSis
sakadrisebidan
Sobili
oqros
Rilad
iwodeba. droSidan is ibadeba sruluflebian
ymad, `droSis ymad~, da mas am dros jvari, misi
`mSobeli~
`Rils~
uwodebs;
is
jvarisTvis aris `Rili~, radgan yma
TiTqos RiliviT unda iyos mikerebuli kalTas Sevrdomebis niSnad.
xolo Rili oqrosia an vercxlis im
azriT, rom axladSobili yma amieridan aris
jvaris ganZi, RvTisSvilis unji yma, iseTive
Zvirfasi sakuTreba, rogoric mas aqvs jvaris
saganZuris (Tas-ganZis da sxva `TeTreulis~)
saxiT.
analogia,
SesaZlebelia,
Soreuli
ccl
mogveGvenos, magram mainc aRsaniSnavia, rom indoeTSi ufro maRali xarisxis mosapoveblad
adamiani sagangebo ritualis gavliT ubrundeba
saSos, raTa iq `oqros embrionad~ Gaisaxos.
`oqros embrionad~ gardaqmniT adamiani oqros
Tvisebebs eziareba (152, 56). jvaris droSis saSoSi Gasaxuli oqros Rilic aseve nawiliani
xdeba jvarisa, romlis niSani aris oqro.
`fSavelebs TavianTi Tavi am xatebis ymebad
miaGniaT, xatebi ki fSavelebs `oqros Rilebad~
Tvlian~ (51, 184). aqedan Gans, rom saymoSi orjer
Sobili ori mxridan aris gansazRvruli da saxelwodebuli: yma gulisxmobs ierarqiul damokidebulebas patronisadmi, rac upiratesad gamoxatavs adamianis Tvalsazriss Tavis mdgomareobaze am urTierTobaSi; oqros Rili ki is
metaforuli saxea, romliTac RvTisSvils surs
gamoxatos es urTierToba. am metaforiT ganelebulia is simkacre, rac SeiZleba axldes patronymul damokidebulebas. roca RvTisSvili ambobs Tavis ymaze (qadagis piriT): `vercxlis
Rili me myavs ayvanili, Gem kalTas vafarebo~ (57,
262), yma ismens patronis mzrunvel xmas, ara
mkacrs, radgan Rili da kalTa mSobliur
gancdas badeben masSi. Gveni mizani ar aris am
metaforis warmoSobis garkveva, magram unda
SeiniSnos, rom Gven saymoebs gareT, sxva tradiciaSi, erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba yma da
ccli
oqros Rili, romelic amjerad ymis samkaulia.
xalxuri leqsi Tamars aTqmevinebs:
aTasi kaba yma myavda, yvelani oqros RiliTa,
vaWmevdi dedal xoxobsa, vasmevdi brolis
WiqiTa.
vinc ki Semeba, Sevebi alaliTa da jiqiTa^
awi Tqven iciT, mefeno, vinc darGiT amas
iqiTa
(81, #76).
cxadi unla iyos, rom oqrosRilkabian ymebSi
Tamaris unji saymo igulisxmeba, romelsac
bagrationi dedofali iseve patronobs da icavs
mtrebisagan,
rogorc
mTis
saymoebs
maTi
RvTisSvili. xolo bagrationi, Gven viciT, moZmeobis
kavSiriT
aris
Sekruli
mTis
RvTisSvilebTan.
`Rili~ migvaniSnebs ymaTa Tanasworobas saymoSi, radgan is gulisxmobs saerTo kalTas, romelsac akeria Rilebi. `Rili~ emblemaa Tanasworobisa, romelsac gamoxatavs sityva mo-yme
Tavisi morfologiuri agebulebiT: TavsarTi
`mo-~ atarebs ymaTa Soris Tanasworobis ideas.
oqros RilTa Soris jvari aravis aniWebs upiratesobas (yvela Rili oqrosia), aravis anebivrebs, aravis amyofebs fufunebaSi; Tu vinmes
gamoarGevs, es gamorGeuloba ufro tvirTia da
sakmaod mZimec, vidre privilegia. jvari ar arGevs ymebs qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT; realuri
gansxvaveba
mdidarsa
da
Raribs
Soris
cclii
gaqarwylebulia jvaris TvalSi. es Segneba
asuldgmulebs saymos, radgan man icis, rom materialuri dovlaTi da sulieri dovlaTi
jvaris boZebulia ymisaTvis imis pasuxad, rasac
`samsaxuris wayenebiT~ anu msxverplis Sewirvisas moiTxovs: `^ rasac wyalobas geTxoebodanT,
gamGens moriges, damriges RmerTs SaaxvewnidiT,
winpira kacis mexvewurni kacsa kas dros maumatidiT, Rone-qones maumatidiT. velT vin gavidodas Tqvenis mexvewuris yudroGi, bedsa-d davlaTs Tqvens axsenebdas, Tqven bedi davlaTi
daaxmaridiT, Sors myofn axlos dauxvdidiT,
Tqvens
kabis
kalTa
GaufaridiT,
miwrielqvecriel daulagmidiT, mterze, nadirze gaumarjvidiT^~ (56, 19).
nivTieri dovlaTi, romelsac flobs yma saymoSi, im Txovnis ganaRdebaa, jvaris SuamdgomlobiT morige RvTisadmi rom aris mimarTuli.
amitomac mdidar ymas ara aqvs safuZveli da
ufleba iamayos SeZenili simdidriT. amgvari siamayis yoveli gamovlineba da misgan gamowveuli
survili gamocalkevebis da gamorGeulobisa saymos samarTlian guliswyromas da undoblobas
imsaxurebs, radgan es safrTxes uqmnis saymos
erTianobas. dovlaTidan, rac upiratesad warmoadgens pirutyvs, madlieri ymis mier gaiReba
msxverpli, rogorc sazRauri moniWebulisa, rogorc naTqvamia erT sakulto simReraSi _
ccliii
cxvarsaR
jangianio
umate,
Tevdore,
Tu
ginda
rqa-
(77, #73).
sadac rqa-jangiani niSnavs sakuTriv im pirutyvs, romelic saklavad aris miyvanili jvaris
karze. msxverpli msxverplia _ ymisgan Sewiruli
erTi cxvari Tu hekatomba Tanabari Rirebulebisa aris jvarisaTvis, radgan is moelis
TiToeulisagan Tavisi dovlaTis mixedviT. hekatomba, rac `andrezad ar modis~, jvaris winaSe
ampartavnobad GaiTvleba; jvari risxavs gabudayebuls, vinc gadadis Gveulebriv normas,
gadalaxavs
dasazRvrul
(Tu
damsazRvrel)
zRurbls. jvari ar `ixdens~ iseT ymas, romelic
cdilobs qonebrivi upiratesoba socialur da
sakulto upiratesobaSi gadazardos, anu qonebrivi dovlaTiT gamowveuli prestiJi aqcios
pativad da saymosagan zedmeti pativi moiTxovos.
saqciels, romelic mdgomareobs simdidris niSniT saymosagan gamocalkevebis tendenciaSi, gabudayeba ewodeba. es mTiuluri kilokavis sityvaa da is amgvarad ganimarteba eTnografebis
mier:
`^ Temi ikveTda iseT wevrebs sazogadoebisas,
romelic qonebis dagrovebisaken miiswrafoda da
Temisagan gamocalkevebas cdilobda. Temi amas
g a b u d a y e b a s eZaxda da gabudayebuls imiT
sjida, rom srul izolaciaSi aqcevda^~ (102, 64).
aRniSnulia, rom gabudayebulis mokveTa saymoccliv
dan aris `Temis SigniT Seqmnili prerogativebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erTi saSualeba~ (iqve),
`aseT sasjels Temi maSin mimarTavda, rodesac
Temis SigniT vinme ekonomiuri Tu sxva raime
upiratesobis mopovebas Seecdeboda~ (102, 67).
rogorc vxedavT, gabudayebuli Tavisive nebiT emijneba saymos, _ oqros Rili Tavs iglejs
jvaris kabidan, _ rasac saymo misi mokveTiT
adasturebs. jvaris kalTas Tavisi nebiT aglejili Rili ukve mokveTilia, saymo mxolod
ritualurad adasturebs amas.
gavecnoT oriode siuJets, romelic Seqmnilia
gabudayebis motivze. fSavSi (GargalSi), ivris
fSavelebSi (artanSi, arxalSi), gudamayarSi
gavrcelebulia Tqmuleba gamdidrebul kacze,
romelic cxvar-Zroxas maRla mTaSi wvelis da
rZe milebiT dabla sofelSi misdis. saymos cnobierebaSi aseTi viTareba anomaluria; es aris
ukiduresi simdidris niSani da gaiazreba jvrisadmi mtrobad, risTvisac gabudayebuli pirebi
isjebian sruli gadaSenebiT, saymos sasikvdilo
ganaGeni gamoaqvs maTTvis da es jvaris dasturiT xdeba. xma RvTisa _ xma erisa _ es Zveli
devizi aq srul moqmedebaSia. es kargad Gans
sulasa da kurdRelas _ Garglel ZmaTa andrezSi. `^ im sula kurdRelaT xalxi ar uSobav
aragvis Walaze, arc fSavelebi, arc Pevsurebi^
im sula kurdRelaT ise Sauwuxebav xalxi, ro
amdgara luxumis Svili, cabaurTaSi wasula da
cclv
welwad dilas sasoveT Tavis maRalze saparavis
yelisas nabdis PluGiaT gadaulalav xalxi da
RalatiT dauPocnebav iseebi^ xalxi Gausafrebav,
Tavad mekvled misula. miiRes rogorc dediZmis
Svili. roca daiTvrnen, adga da Saatyobina im
xalxsa, deeca es ori sofeli im or kacsa. sulai axunis SasamarTs mauklav, kurdRela gamahqcevia da Garglis karT mauklav^~ (67, 116). niSandoblivia, rom gabudayebul Zmebs erTobili
sofeli klavs, mTeli sofeli kisrulobs pasuxismgeblobas, rom iZulebulia daarRvios zneobrivi kanoni _ axalwlis dilas RalatiT daxocon Zmebi. Tumca sofeli unda grZnobdes jvaris
dasturs am sisxlian saqmeSi. jvaris neba maT
daRupvaSi
iqidan
Gans,
rom
sulasa
da
kurdRelas nasaxlars GargalSi jvari daepatroneba. maTi, rogorc jvarisagan SerisxulTa
da ganwirulTa, nasaxlari buxreuli xdeba.
`GargalSi
laSaris
jvaris
niSia.
sulakurdRelaT eZaxian, imaT nacixvarSia^~, `^ isen
dauPocian laSaris jvaris ymaTa da raki imis
ZaliT momPdara, maukidebav iq koWi da beReli
dauarsebav iqa^ laSaris jvars maadidebs (Pevisberi), laSaris jvarsa da Tamaris jvars iq
beRlebi aqv^~ (67, 122).
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gabudayebulebs, romelTac mTaSi nawveli rZe dabla sofelSi
GaudiT, erTdroulad uswordebian Tav-TavianT
saymoSi: `rogorc sula da kurdRela GargalSi,
cclvi
ise arxalSi arxali yofila, artanSi TaRlaura^ im axalwels suyvelani samganve amouwyvetiaT fSavelebsa^~ (67, 116). Tu Gargleli
sula da kurdRela, artneli Tagva TaRlaura da
arxleli arxali saymos upirispirdebian TavianTi gamorGeuli simdidriT, uZilaurTeli vinme
da gogolaurTeli yartaula jvarTac aRar
epuebian da `metoben~ maTze. uZilaurTels
dautrabaxnia: kopalas ymebs wyali ara aqvT sasmelad, Gemi muSebi ki ludSi banaobeno. jvari
ase uswordeba mas: qvabSi sakidlidan gveli Gadis, kerZi iwamleba da mis mWamels imsxverplebs
yvelas; gadarGeba mxolod deda-Svili (38,
#25606). aseve iRupeba gogolaurTeli yartaula,
romelsac uTqvams, Gems mamulSi ufro meti kaci
muSaobs, vidre mTavarmowameSio (65, 34-35)*.
roca dovlaTiT gabudayebuli saymosagan damoukideblad grZnobs Tavs, is jvarsac uaryofs,
rogorc RvTiur patrons, da devnis mas. es aris
gabudayebis mwvervali, rac ukidures individualizmSi
gamoixateba.
am
dros
`Rili~
mowyvetilia miwas da cas da is ar SeiZleba ar
ganadgurdes. gudamayarSi aseTi andrezia SemorGenili:
`^ am wveris angelozis samkvidro aqa yofila. soflis (igulisxmeba sof. gamsi, z.k.)
Tavze. erTi kaci _ mirianeuli gamdidrebula
*
sxva variantiT, yartaula cabaurTelia, romelic `metobs~ mezobel saymoze, gogolaurTis
mTavarmowameze (18, #122).
cclvii
Zalian. es xati ar iPdens Turme Rorebis yolas.
mividnen es Rorebi (xatSi), sTxrian, gadmoTxares
iqauroba. is Zalian mdidari kaci yofila. erT
dRes ori qorwili unda hqondes. amaitana kaxeTidan Rvinoebi, maaqvs da gzaSi deeca didi
qariSxali, gaafuWa yvelaferi. _ macale, me mirianeuli varo, kidev viyidio. wavida da kidev
maitana. gzaSi aRara xifaTi ar mosvlia.
gaamzada es mayrebi. wavidnen. ori qali unda maiyvanon ojaxSi da qorwili gadaixadon. roca
modian mayrebi da mohyavT qalebi, iseTi warRvna
movida, wamovida miwa, moimzRvla, moxvda da
mTeli
waiRo
mayrioni
niaRvarma,
xalxic,
patarZlebica. is xati imaze gajavrda, Rorebma
rom amoTxares. afrinda es xati, zeviT vloculobT, sagulebels eZaxian, iq daarsda. am mirianeulma gaigo da iqac areka Rorebi. iqidan afrinda (xati) da su wverze avida, WalisTavis
wvers. yamiria, iqeTac da aqeTac aravin gasTibs.
ar aPsonT mama-papas, veravin ver gasTibs. iq qvebia gaTlili, nasaydralia. iq Rorebi veRar avidoda. imaze gajavrda da amitom daRupa. roca
eseni dauRupav, memre gameecxada Tu rogor iqneboda da uTxra mirianeuls: `gageride, zeviT
wavedi da Samamyev, mirianeulo. migayeneb da
mogayeneb,
qalis
qalze
dagayenebo.
su
gawyvetila is xalxi; marTlac qalis qali
damrGala, sxva naTesavebi su gawyvetilan~ (67,
195).
cclviii
adre gavecaniT iseT andrezebs, sadac jvari
keraSi ifnis amosvliT an sxva ram saswauliT
devnis mosaxleobas mis adgil-samyofelidan,
axla ki vxedavT, rom Tavad jvaris yma gamodis
jvaris mdevnelis rolSi; Tu sxvagan, jvarGenisa
da jvarT daarsebis andrezebSi sakraluri
ipyrobs profanul teritorias, aGens ra adgiladgil kvrivebs, gudamayrul andrezSi mirianeuli kvrivebis dalaxviT ifarToebs saarso
teritorias im sazRvramde, sadamdec ki fizikurad SesaZlebelia. ingreva jvaris Senebuli,
Sendeba adamiani, magram Tu adamianis aSenebas
zRvari aqvs dadebuli, jvari usasruloa da mis
winaSe sabolood nadgurdeba adamiani. mirianeulis modgma saymodan amoiricxa (qalis STamomavali, miT umetes, `qalis qali~ ver agrZelebs gvars), gvarma ki `koWis mokidebiT~ gaaGina
axali
kvrivi,
romelsac
fizikurad
veRar
miswvdeba adamianis xeli. `WalisTavis wveri~,
sadac devnilma xatma samkvidrebeli adgili amoirGia, fSavis mTawmindaTa analogiuri mTa
aris, aqac mTeli aremare miukarebelia kacTagan
(`yamiria, iqeTac da aqiTac aravin gasTibs~) da
mosaxleoba aqac adasturebs nasaydralebs, sakulto yofis niSnebs.
gabudayebulTa aRsasruli tragizmis mwvervals aRwevs, roca iRupeba cxra Zmisagan Semgari
didi ojaxi. cxra kurTxeulobis niSania, masSi
Gadebulia
gamravlebis
usazRvro
potencia.
cclix
marTlac, cxra Zma, cxra patarZali, cxra vaJi _
es aris ukve sofeli sofelSi. magram swored aq
marxia gabudayebis Tesli.
cxras avbediTi mxarec aqvs. Tumca qorwilSi
usurveben `cxra vaJi da erTi qalio~ (40, 75),
magram am sakraluri da kurTxeuli ricxviT gamoxatuli simravle sabediswero xdeba, roca
cxra Zma emsgavseba im cxra gamxvivnebul anu
gamravlebul-gaZlierebul cxra Zma devs, romelTa uzomo simdidrisa da dausazRvreli
eqspansiurobis niSani `cxraTavianobaa~.
cxra Tava devi hyoliyo, cxra SvilT
gamzdeli qalia
(67, 151).
cxraSi marxia gabudayebulTa bediswera:
kurTxeva wyevlad icvleba, roca cxra Zma
upirispirdeba sofels. isini uteven sofels, mis
xarjze ifarToveben TavianT teritorias; amiT
eTiSebian sofelsac da jvarsac, uromlisodac
isini cdiloben Seadginon sakuTari, jvarisagan
damoukidebeli `saymo~. gabudayebis, mZlavrobis
da sxvaTagan gamorGeulobis niSnad am cxra Zmas
hyavs TeTri xarebi (Tu ar eyolaT, TeTr mitkals acmeven), romliTac xnaven TavianT yanas an
anadgureben soflis yanebs. es TeTri feri, romelic (msgavsad cxrisa) SeiZleba kurTxeulobis
niSanic ki yofiliyo, maTi avbediTi niSania, da
ai, gabudayebis mwvervalze myofT, maT ecxadebaT
sabediswero saswaulebi _ TiTqos jvarGenis
cclx
niSnebi, romlebSic isini amoikiTxaven TavianT
aRsasruls, saTibSi wyali eyinebaT, saxlSi rZe,
akvanSi bavSvis Sardi. `rZe gamyarda, Gveni
tazari (wesi) asruldao~. da albaT jvaris SegonebiT, rom codvilianTa sarGo-sabadebliT
sofeli ar gauwmidurebuliyo, saTiTaod Sedian
gamzadebul akldamaSi da cocxlad isamareben
Tavs, stoveben ra buxreuli adgilis xsovnas
darGenilTa TaobebSi (40, 100-1; 109-a, 150, 159; 67,
195-6).
sxva cxra Zma, kvlav mTiuluri andrezis
Tanaxmad, sofel gvidaqeSi cixe-koSks aSenebs
babilonis godlis mSenebelTa kvalze. `exla xo
gagiswordiT, saRvToo!~ _ SesZaxeben TavianT
jvars, ris gamoc jvari pirwmindad gaswyvets
cxra Zmas, romelic mTels sofels Seadgenda.
ase gadaSenebula gvidaqes erTi modgma (40, 101).
aseve gadaSenebulan jaunarni lakaTxevSi (mTiuleTi); saRvTos mexi daukravs cixis mSenebeli
cra ZmisaTvis, jvarTan gasworebas rom eswrafodnen, roca uTqvamT _ `erTi SemovlaRa gvakliao~ (109-a, 192).
aseve cxra Zmis `dalevis~ ambavs mogviTxrobs
midelaurTa andrezi. xadaSi erTi sofeli
eWiraT
gamdidrebul-gabudayebul
cxra
Zma
midelaurT. erT-erT Zmas droSiTa da anTebuli
sanTliT Semouvlia mTeli xadisaTvis teritoriis dauflebis mizniT. es sakraluri moqmedebaa. ase iqceva qadagi kultis genezisSi. roca is
cclxi
xatis wmida teritorias SemosazRvravs. gabudayebis gamovlenaa midelauris mxriv sakralur
sferoSi SeWra _ sakraluri ritualis uzurpacia. (Sdr. aludas mier kuratis TviTneburad
Sewirva jvaris karze)*. maT dasasjelad es
saqcielic sakmarisi iqneboda. magram andrezs
kidev sxva danaSauli aqvs Semonaxuli. andrezi
agebulia GvenTvis nacnob mtredisa da monadiris
motivze.
`^ yofila sofeli da cxra Zmani yofilan da
erTi monadire yofila. da wavida es monadire da
saRamos moida da iaraRi aiyara da dahkida
boZze^ hoda, Gamacvivnila is iaraRi, kidev daukidnia, Gamacvivnila da mamas uTqvia, ro sad
iyav, Svilo, dRes sad iareo? sada, ra naxeo da
_ araferi ar moutania _ da begoT xatis tyeSi
viyavio da mtreds vesroleo, davWer frTaSio
da wavida isio. gagiwyra RmerTio, begoT saRvTo
dagiWriao^~ (gagonilia xadaSi, ix. agreTve 40,
51).
jvarT daarsebis andrezSi monadires mohyavs
mtredi _ Tumca arc ki icis, rom is jvaris niSania _ Tavis saymoSi da Tavisda uneburad
salocavis daarsebis monawile xdeba. aq monadire ar moqmedebs, rogorc monadire _ is ar
nadirobs, Tumca wmida `nanadireviT~ brundeba
*
es iseTive codvaa, rogorc TviTneburad, jvaris dasturisa da mowodebis gareSe dekanozoba.
`Tavis mowadinebiT dekanozad wasvla cudia, daiRupeba. xats Tavdidi kaci ar unda, Gven
dabali varT~ (gagonilia gudamayarSi, 1982w.).
cclxii
ukan. midelauris tragikul andrezSi ki monadire cdilobs im frinvlis monadirebas, romelzedac ar nadiroben. is Seeyreba mtreds (es
misi bedisweraa!), magram ver Seicnobs masSi xatis wmida frinvels (esec misi da misi Zmebis
bedisweraa!) da dasWris mas. es sabediswero gasrola midelaurTa daqcevis niSania. jvari maTive
sakuTari xeliT uswordeba gabudayebul ymebs.
metismeti simdidre ar aris gabudayebis erTaderTi mizezi. xSirad xdeba, oqros Rils
aviwydeba, rom materialuri dovlaTi, romelsac
is flobs, jvaris miniWebulia, rogorc nadirT
patronis nawyalobebi misi kerZi nanadirevi.
magram saymoSi SevxvdebiT iseT ymasac, romelsac
ar axsovs, rom jvaris kalTazea dakerebuli da
misi davlaTiT (xarizmiT) aRwevs yvelafers,
rasac aRwevs.
cabaurTis
saymoSi
SemorGenilia
ambavi
mTavarangelozis xevisbris, gamaxare xoxordaulis saswaulebrivi gadarGenisa (es xevisberi
erT-erTi cxra gabudayebul ZmaTagania). Gven es andrezi vaxseneT,
roca saubari iyo jvaris ZiriTad
siwmideebze. axalwlis dilas xevisberi, romelsac xelSi droSa da
Tasi (sxva variantiT: droSa da
wilobebi, romlebic jvarSi, beRlis karze unda
mietana xevisbers, rogorc axali wlis mekvles)
eWira, gamoitaca zvavma da uvneblad Gamosva
cclxiii
soflis axlos, mzilas, sadac axla kvrivia.
cxadia, droSac da Tasic da Tavad xevisberic
jvaris sakuTrebaa, misi unji, rogorc oqros
Rili. magram xevisberi ufro metia jvarisaTvis,
vidre rigiTi oqros Rili. Tu rigiTi yma jvaris
unjia, xevisberi, rogorc misi daWerili, misi
unjis unjia. amitomac jvari daicavda gansacdelSi Tavis unjis unjs da wmida sagnebs,
romlebic xelT epyra mas. es icoda xevisberma
xoxordaulma, roca jvari axsena da erTaderTma
jvarionidan gabedulad dadga fexi sazvave
adgilze. is gadarGa jvaris davlaTis ZaliT,
magram samSvidobos Gasulma es saswaulebrivi
xsna
sakuTar
Tavs
miawera
da
daamadla
mTavarangelozs: `mTavarangelozo, Gemma davlaTma giSvela, Toro droSac dagekargeboda,
Tasnic da Pevisberic mogikvdebodao~ (65, 228).
aseTi suliskveTeba unda amoiZirkvos saymodan mis matarebel pirovnebasTan erTad, miT
umetes, Tu is xevisberia da ara rigiTi oqros
Rili, kultis msaxuri, romelic warmarTavs saymos religiur Segnebas da cxovrebas. andrezis
erTi variantiT, xevisbers mis ZmebTan erTad,
romelTa daRupva (`daleva~) daupirebia maT
jvars,
cabaurTis
mTavarangelozs
laSaris
jvari, rogorc fSavis RvTisSvilTa Tavi, gamosarGlebia da erTi koWli mWedeli miucia maT
gamosasyidad. ase moaSora isini im jvars da saymos, sadac gabudaydnen. sxva tradiciiT, da es
cclxiv
ufro damaxasiaTebelia, cabaurTis jvari Rupavs
Tavis gadidgulebul msaxurs.
davlaTi
xoxordaulis
ambavi
adasturebs
vaJafSavelas sityvebs:
`^ fSavels zogi kaci zog xatze iRbliani
hgonia~ (33, 12). es azri, romelic albaT raRac
realur gamocdilebas emyareba, aqa-iq bJutavs
saymos cnobierebaSi. zog pirovnebas Tavis saxelovan momavals sakuTari davlaTis cocxali
gancda
awinaswarmetyvelebs.
andrezad
SemorGenilia laSaris jvaris xevisberis, gara
Turmanaulis Gveneba, romelic mas siymawvileSi
araerTxel unaxavs: nisla xari erkineba wiTel
xars da am SerkinebaSi yovelTvis wiTeli xari
gamodis gamarjvebuli. nislaSi laSaris jvaris
davlaTia gansaxierebuli, xolo wiTeli garas
gancdaSi misi davlaTis gansaxierebaa (19, #121).
rogor xdeba, rom laSaris jvaris davlaTs mis
ymis davlaTi sZalavs? laSaris jvari xom
`zogi~ jvari ar aris? Tumca arc gara Turmanaulia ubralo yma, magram is mainc ymaa. da
mainc misi momavali am Gvenebam Tu gancdam gadawyvita. aqedan iwyeba misi gabudayeba, romliTac
aRbeWdilia misi cxovrebis yoveli gadamwyveti
wuTi. am wuTebSi gabedvis gareSe, roca is endoboda Tavis davlaTs, gara ver miaRwevda misaRwevs, rom ar ganecada Tavis TavSi wiTeli
cclxv
xaris Zala, romelic mis ymawvilur ocnebaSi
Tavis davlaTad esaxeboda. magram miuxedavad am
gabudayebisa da Tavis Tavze uzomo warmodgenisa, rasac amarTlebda kidec, garas aRsasruli
ar yofila tragikuli; man Rrma da brZnul siberemde miaRwia _ laSaris jvari Tavis nebas
acxadebda misi piriT. laSaris jvars ar dausjia Tavisi yma jvarTan gatolebaze ocnebisaTvis. es gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa gabudayebulTa
istoriaSi. amis mizezs mivxvdebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT garas warmomavlobas da im imedebs,
rasac sabediswero gansacdelSi mis Sobaze amyarebda saymo.
gara TurmanaulTa gvars ekuTvnoda, xolo
Turmanaulni Seadgenen gogolaurTa saymos erTerT gvars. TurmanaulTa sagvareulos saxelovani, SeiZleba iTqvas, davlaTiani warsuli aqvs.
misma eponimma _ Turmanma, romelic, andrezis
Tanaxmad,
batonis
usamarTlobas
gamoqcevia
baridan, daaarsa roSka-qmostis saymo xevisbereTSi da jvaric `aRmouGina~ mas. is, rogorc
monadire, jvarGenis mxilveli Seiqna WiuxebSi da
jvari, mtredis aRiT gamocxadebuli, mohgvara
saymos (38, #25434). es iyo misi davlaTi, romelic
gadadis mis STamomavlebSi, rogorc sakuTreba,
da es xdeba am gvaris gabudayebis safuZveli.
rogorc gara aris gabudayebuli TurmanaulT
sagvareulodan, aseve TurmanaulTa sagvareuloa
gabudayebuli gogolaurTa saymoSi, romelic
cclxvi
Tavis mxriv, gabudayebulia mTels fSavis xevSi,
laSaris jvaris Tormet saymoSi. Gven ki viciT,
rom jvari da saymo ar `xdeniloben~ gabudayebas, amitomac jvarma samgzis miiyvana calke
Turmanaulni, calke gogolaurni `dalevamde~
(mizezad andrezi wmidobis daucvelobas asaxelebs). saymo `ileoda~, magram raRac saswauliT
kvlav aRorZindeboda. andrezi mogviTxrobs, rom
Turmanaulni jvarma erT kacze daiyvana, oTxmoci wlis berikacze, romelsac sxva gvaris
warmomadgenlebma
maTdami
gaweuli
sikeTis
sazRaurad TavianTi qali SerTes. Turmanaulebi
mesamed aRorZindnen, kvlav gamravldnen da im
berikacisgan mesame TaobaSi iSva gara (65, 300),
aSkarad gamoxatuli gabudayebis niSnebiT.
sxva gadmocemis Tanaxmad, raRac danaSaulisaTvis fSavis TerTmetma Temma gogolaurebs
Gaqolva gadauwyvita; moaquGes kidec saqolavi
qva, rom dReoba dRes yvelani erTad GaeqolaT.
am saqmeSi mTeli pasuxismgebloba garas ekisreboda, rogorc gansakuTrebuli metobis gamomGens
sagogolauroSi. (`metobas akeTebs, Tavs wavida~
_ ase xasiaTdeba mTxroblis sityvebiT misi
qceva). pirveli dartyma mas unda mieRo, magram
garam Tavis gvarisa da gogolaurTis sxva ymebTan erTad gastexa maisti, qistebis gautexeli
cixe, rac qajaveTis gatexas edreboda, da gamoreka iqidan uTvalavi cxvar-Zroxa laSaris
jvarisaken, rom wesisamebr jvarisaTvis SeewiraT
cclxvii
naTavari da mere gaenawilebinaT nadavli. garas
da Turmanaulebs da, saerTod, gogolaurebs, es
qmedeba davlaTSi GaeTvalaT da xevisberebma
apaties garas da mere gogolaurebs danaSauli:
`raki maisti gatexao, _ uTqvams maTuris xevisbers, _ gogolaurs me ki virigebo, danarGen Temebma Tavad iciano~ da gatyda. vercaRa sxva Temebma qnes~ (38, #25451).
SesaniSnavia, rom maistis gatexa provocirebuli iyo laSaris Tavxevisberis mier misda
uneburad, romelsac garasTvis, jer kidev pirtitvela yrmisTvis uTqvams _ `aqao, ra didi
guliTa xaro, ra maistis cxvar-Zroxa mamitaneo~
(iqve). am sityvebma aanTo garas suli, gaaxela
`wiTeli xari~ da, rogorc Tqmuleba gadmogvcems, TxuTmeti wlis Wabukma xeli daavlo
laSaris jvaris droSas, aragvisaken daeSva,
samgzis ibana aragvSi da droSac gabana. mere
jvarSi avida da xalxs gamoucxada: qisteTs
mivdivar, maisti unda gavtexoo (38, #25457). es
sruliad dauSvebeli saqcieli iyo _ xevisberis
funqciis uzurpacia, droSis xelyofa (kvlav gavixsenoT
aluda
qeTelauris
analogiuri
qmedeba). magram gara ar isjeba; man Tavisi davlaTiT gaamarTla, rac gabeda: droSiT xelSi,
rogorc xevisberma da meomarma, gatexa maisti.
Tumca gara gamonaklisia, misi gabedva ar aris
andrezad dadebuli; mis saqciels veravin
gaimeorebs dausjelad. garas saqcielis ancclxviii
drezad amRebs igive Gveneba unda hqonoda, rac
garas; exila jvarTan morkinali sakuTari davlaTi, an raRac sxva niSani gamocxadeboda, rac
gaabedvinebda.
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi winapris saqcieli
magaliTia, romlis mixedviT unda iqceodes STamomavloba. ras vityviT gara Turmanaulze? gara,
cxadia, andrezis gmiria, magram is srulebiT ar
aris andrezuli, masSi aris raRac gansakuTrebuli, ganumeorebeli, rac gamoarGevs mas im winaprisagan, romelTa
qcevani safuZvlad udevs STamomavalTa qcevebs. garas SaTamomavali xevisberi ver daiwyebs Tavis
sakulto moRvaweobas imgvaradve,
rogorc daiwyo garam _ TviTneburad ver daavlebs xels jvaris uwmides sagans, da ver gamoacxadebs Tavs sakuTari nebiT xevisbrad. aseTi
saqcielis gambedavs unda esmodes davlaTis xma,
rogorc xma jvarisa, da albaT maSin SeiZleba
xevisbrad dadgomis tradiciuli wesisgan gadaxveva. ase xdeba maSin, roca dgeba amis gardauvali aucilebloba, roca sxva gza ar Gans; roca
ar Gans kaci, romelic gabedavs gautexavi cixis
gatexas, rom saymos ocneba aRasrulos. amis sakuTari
nebiT,
saymos
dasturis
gareSe
aRmsrulebeli xarizmatuli (davlaTiani) pirovneba unda iyos; masze unda gadmovides xarizma _
madli, rac sruliad norG asakSi aucilebeli,
cclxix
tradiciulad mimdinare ritualTa gverdis avliT SeaZlebnebs xevisbrobas da saymos winamZRolobas. davlaTiani gara upirispirdeba
tradicias, magram is, SesaZloa, axal tradicias
uyrides safuZvels.
garas upiratesoba is aris, rom gara saymos
genezisSi ibadeba, dalevamde miyvanili saymos
xelaxal genezisSi. iq aris misi fesvi. is bebris
Svilia, rogorc zamTris daleuli mzis Svili,
romelic Tavis droze dauval mzed iqceva. aRmavali Zala Gans mis pirovnebaSi, mis rwmenaSi
da imedSi davlaTisadmi. magram garaSi ar aris
pirovnuli individualizmi, rasac ebrZvis jvari
da saymo. gara iqceva ise, rogorc sWirdeba saymos Tavis arsebobis gadamwyvet Jams, sikvdilsicocxlis zRurblze. garas individualizmSi
ganaxlebuli da aRorZinebuli saymos individualizmia,
riTac
is
ucxo
sazogadoebebs
upirispirdeba. aseT dros saymos sulieri
Zalebi, rwmena, imedi, davlaTian pirovnebaSia
daunjebuli. unda iTqvas, rom gara afuZnebs
Tavis pirovnul andrezs, romelsac SeiZleba
erTeulebi mihyvnen saymos istoriis gadamwyvet
gansacdelebSi. magram misi saqcieli ver damkvidrdeba sayovelTao wesad.
niSandoblivia, rom garas davlaTi misi
sikvdilis Semdegac etoqeba laSaris jvaris
davlaTs. aseTi Tqmulebaa darGenili: gara rom
momkvdara, misianebs veRar gaumarjvniaT erTxans.
cclxx
mere laSaris jvars meenis piriT gamoucxadebia:
gara amoeTxaraT, marjvena beWi aeTalaT da laSaris droSisaTvis SeebaT. asec moqceulan _
SeubamT droSaze da kidec gaumarjvniaT (38,
#25458).
pirovnebani, romlebic mkveTrad gamoxatuli
davlaTiT arian aRZrulni, mwvervalebiviT Ganan
saymoSi. isini davlaTis meoxebiT arian atyorcnilni oqros Rilis Gveulebrivi, yofiTi
donidan. mwvervalze yofna gansacdelia da davlaTis paradoqsi is aris, rom davlaTi kacisa
cxaddeba mxolod da mxolod ukidures gansacdelSi, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze, roca
kacis arseboba bewvze hkidia. ai, am dros iGens
Tavs davlaTi, rogorc saswauli. rogorc jvari
ecxadeba mkadres gadamwyvet viTarebaSi, aseve
gamouqrolebs davlaTi kacs cdaSi, gansacdelSi
da maSin mixvdeba kaci, rom is davlaTiani yofila. Gveulebriv, wynar `amindSi~ davlaTi ar
Gans, mas TiTqos safarveli aqvs dadebuli.
fSav-xevsuruli davlaTi imave tipis movlenaa, rogorc aris islandiuri hamingja, romelic
xSirad ixsenieba islandiur sagebSi, roca
konungis gabedul nabijzea saubari. ai, rogor
ganmartavs am cnebas a.gureviGi:
`mefeTa sagebSi iRbali (óäà÷à), bedi _ aris
Tviseba, romelic, pirvel yovlisa konungs, belads miewereba. sazogadod, rac ufro warGinebuli da keTilSobilia kaci, miT ufro meti
cclxxi
iRblis mqonea is, miT ufro advilad ixveWs gamarjvebas da simdidres^ yoveli konungi flobs
Tavis sakuTar `iRbals~, `nawils~ (äîëÿ), amave
dros is yvela Tavisi winapris iRblis memkvidrea^~ (120, 55).
`iRbali vlindeba adamianis moqmedebebSi,
amitom
aqtiuri,
uyoymano
moqmedeba
misi
saqcielis imperativia. yoymani da zedmeti gansja
Sefasebulia, rogorc iRblis uqonlobis niSani.
amas garda, da es arsebiTia, iRblis kategoriis
gagebisaTvis skandinavelebTan, iRbali ar warmoadgens individis iseT ganuSorebel da marad
Tanmxleb Tvisebas, rom is ar saWiroebdes
ganmtkicebas da sistematur gamocdas moqmedebaSi. iRblis xarisxze, mis xasiaTzea damokidebuli adamianis qcevis sasikeTo bolo, magram
mxolod moraluri da fizikuri Zalebis mudmivi
daZabviT SeuZlia mas miaRwios Tavisi iRblis
cxadyofas^~ (120, 52-3).
aq Tqmuli savsebiT gamoxatavs davlaTis cnebas; amave dros, davlaTis cneba aris is sasinji
qva, romelic amxels Zireul gansxvavebas Zvel
skandinaviur sazogadebasa da Gvens saymoebs Soris. skandinavuri davlaTi mxolod konungTa da
warGinebulTa Tvisebaa, ubralo mokvdavs, rigiT
mebrZols is ar SeiZleba hqondes. Tavis
genezisSi konungoba swored davlaTzea damokidebuli. mas moaqvs adamianisTvis warGineba
da mefoba, xalxis winamZRoloba.
cclxxii
Gven saymoSi, ramdenadac jvarma moymeni
oqros Rilad SobiT gaaTanaswora erTmaneTTan,
yoveli maTgani potenciurad atarebs davlaTianobis SesaZleblobas. yvela SeiZleba iyos
davlaTiani _ rigiTi ymac da mefe ereklec,
RvTisSvilis moZme, Tundac erTxel Tavis
sicocxleSi gamoavlens rigiTi moyme davlaTs
da es yofnis mas saxelisTvis: `WabukaT GaGaurasa davlaT daajda mParzeda^~ mefis davlaTi marTlac grandiozulia Tavisi masStabiTa
da ZaliT, magram mainc davlaTia _ zeadamianuris SemoWra mokvdavis dasazRvrul sicocxleSi
da SesaZleblobebSi, roca RvTiuri gaarRvevs
adamianuri SezRudulobis farglebs. `erekle
batoniSvili RvTisgan as davlaTiani~, ambobs
simRera. WabukaT GaGauras an vinme uTurgaT
giorgis davlaTi (`ardots uTurgis giorgi,
giqris davlaTis qario~, 88,#100), Tumca viwrod
SemosazRvrul asparezze, sadRac miyruebul
xevSi vlindeba, magram Tavisi arsiT is sruliadac ar gansxvavdeba mefuri davlaTisagan.
davlaTma SeiZleba yvelas gamouqrolos,
oRond mxolod maSin, roca moyme moqmedebs,
xolo misi moqmedeba brZolaa anu cda. es aris
misi mniSvnelovani saqmianoba, sadac Tavs iGens
misi egzistencia. moymis davlaTi Tavs ver iGens
mSvidobiani Sromis dros, gansxvavebiT bibliuri
iosebisa, romelsac Tavis egvipteli batonis
saxlSi `yvelaferSi xeli hqonda momarTuli~
cclxxiii
(dab. 39, 2). SesaniSnavia, rom saymos enaze brZolas ewodeba cda, sadac moyme cdis Tavs, sadac
unda ganicados davlaTis qrolva, romlis
molodini arasodes stovebs mas. am molodiniT
elis is Jams, rodis Gaebmeba cdaSi da swuxs
mTeli arsebiT, roca ar eZleva cdis saSualeba:
bralia mindiaisad, xan ro ar eqna cdisao
(88, #103).
is sizmrad xedavs cdas da mouTmenlad elis
gaTenebas, rom ar gauSvas xelidan cda, romelic
misi davlaTis saunjea:
kldis ZirSi daZinebulsa sizmar unaxavs
cdisao,
meelis gaTenebasa, masvla uxaris mzisao
(88, #193).
magram moymem isic icis, rom cdaSi mxolod
Tavganwirvisas
modis
davlaTi,
romelsac
sikvdilis sunTqva moaqvs Tan; is Tavs iGens iseT
gansacdelSi, sadac moyme sikvdil-sicocxlis
zRvarzea, magram gadarGenaze ar unda fiqrobdes, radgan `Wkvians~ gaurbis davlaTi; misi
fesvi iracionalurSia. is zena samyarodan aris
mofrenili da, rogorc jvaris mtredi, mxarze
ajdeba moymes, rom Tavisi uxilavi frTis SexebiT erTi wamiT mainc aswios wuTisoflidan da
maradiulobas aziaros.
vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi `martooba~, romlis
dasawyisi sityvebia `aRar mestumra arwivi~,
gvecnaureba xalxuri warmodgena davlaTis bunecclxxiv
baze, Tumca xalxur poeziaSi versad davadasturebT, rom davlaTi frTosani arwivi iyos.
albaT es vaJas piradi warmosaxvis nayofia.
amasTanave isic SesaniSnavia, rom davlaTi
brZolis velidan mis leqsSi STagonebisa da Semoqmedebis (am sityvis farTo azriT) asparezzea
gadanacvlebuli. poeti eZaxis arwivs, rogorc
mkadres SeeZlo miemarTa jvaris macnisaTvis:
modi, arwivo, sada xar?
SoriTve gicnob xmazeda.
Sens mosvlas roca ki vigrZnob,
gamovicvlebi wamzeda;
myis vtoveb dedamiwasa,
gadavsaxldebi cazeda.
xan fandurs SavaJRaruneb,
xan davamRereb Tarzeda.
xan vtiri, xana vloculob,
xan brazs, Sxams vanTxev Sxamzeda.
roca arwivi Tan maxlavs,
mizis marjvena mxarzeda, _
mefisa madga gvirgvini,
vzivar samefo taxtzeda!
Seuracxyofas vin mkadrebs?
salams miZRvnian cdazeda.
roca arwivi wamiva,
Gvari var mcire Gvarzeda.
dammaleT, nu gamomaGenT,
ar SescdeT, damsvaT jarzeda.
cclxxv
poeti sakuTar cdaSi ganicdis davlaTis mimoqcevas; am mimoqcevaSi, romelic edareba zRvis
ritms, gadis misi cxovreba. zogjer es Sinagani
cda sivrcul-droJamul gamoxatulebas poulobs
mTa-barisa da gazafxul-zamTris monacvleobaSi
(42). mTa da gazafxuli gancdilia, rogorc sulieri aRzevebis da STagonebis dro da adgili;
am dros da aq davlaTis frinveli arwivi aRwevs
Tavis mwvervals. xolo bari da zamTari dacemaa,
miwier tyveobaSi yofna, roca arwivi uGinardeba;
SesaZlebelia, samudamod gauGinardes.
davlaTi tragikuli fenomenia.
davlaTis gauGinarebis, misgan ganwirulobis
mudmiv safrTxeSi gadis davlaTianis cxovreba,
romelic mTavrdeba tragikulad, radgan davlaTma ar SeiZleba ar gaswiros, an ar daayenos
gabudayebis gzaze da daRupos. an is ver aitans
davlaTis gancdas da gabediTebamde midis, radgan adamianis buneba SezRudulia da ver uZlebs
davlaTis usasrulobas, Tumca misi moqmedebis
dro wamisyofaSia moqceuli.
ai, TorRva, romlis davlaTianobis amomwurav
daxasiaTebas iZleva masze Seqmnili xalxuri
leqsebi da prozauli gadmocemebi.
oblobiT amaizarda TorRva Zaganis gvario,
amaes amaiyola navTi da nakvercxalio.
iorSi amaiGqvifa, SoriT vin uga Tvalio.
didebuloba dauTqves, beWebs unaxes jvario.
cclxxvi
marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvaris
nalio^
oblobaSi imaleba misi gansakuTrebuloba,
misi davlaTi. es Zveli xalxuri warmodgenaa _
oblebad daizardnen amirani da Zmani misni,
oboli iyo farnavazi, romelic Semdeg didebas
ewia Tavisi davlaTiT, obolia zRapris bevri
gmiri, romelic sabolood xelmwifebas aRwevs.
magram TorRvas obloba faravs mis warmoSobas
bagrationisagan (gadmocemiT, is aleqsandres Tu
romeliRac batoniSvilis nabiWvari yofila);
amaTgan gamohyolia mas, rogorc zemoT moyvanil
nawyvetSi Gans, sagvareulo didebulebis niSnebi,
romelTa Sesaxeb qristofore kasteli laparakobs Tavisi naxatebis minawerebSi (41, #3, #9). es
aris saidumlo daRi, romelic mSobeli dedis
garda aravis ar unda exila; magram viRacam
Tvali mohkra (`vin uga Tvalio~), roca nabanavebi
TorRva ivris wylidan dedaSobila amodioda.
Tu adre `xTisagan davlaTian~ TorRvas tyvia ar
ekareboda, am saidumlo niSnebis gamoaSkaravebis
Semdeg Svid weliwads naavadari kacis mier nasroli isris msxverpli xdeba.
meore
versiiT,
TorRvas
ifaravda
ara
saidumlo niSnebi, aramed gveleSapisgan naGuqari
jaWvis perangi, romelic albaT misma davlaTma
Gaagdebina xelSi:
sanadiroSi TorRvama TeTr jiPvs maxkida
Tavlio,
cclxxvii
fePi gausxlta TorRvasa, myinvarm gauRo
kario,
veSap myinvarSi namyofi gauxda megobario,
TorRvasa Gasacmelada aGuqa samanqanio
(88, #44-d).
*
TeTr jixvs , rogorc irems farnavazi, mihyavs
TorRva im adgilamde, sadac dasabamiTve eloda
mas jaWvis perangis saxiT ginivTebuli misi
davlaTi. misi es gamocdileba amgvarad aris
gadmocemuli prozaul TqmulebaSi: `TorRva
sanadirod yofila, erT alagas yinulSi Gavardnila, iq veSapi wolila da imas dascemia. Turme
siciviTa da simSiliT kvdeboda TorRva. Seecoda
veSaps, amoiRebs Tvals, alokebs, gaaZRobs da
gaaTbobs. gauZmobildeba. im veSaps miucia jaWvi,
_ begTari, _ tanze Gasacmelad. Turme iseTi
Tviseba
hqonda
im
jaWvs,
sadac
xmals
daartyamdnen, an tyvia da isari moxvdeboda, sul
iq miixveteboda Turme da veRarafers aklebda
iaraRi^~ (88, 351).
didebuloba, davlaTianoba, saswaulebrivi
jaWvis perangi _ es yvelaferi pirad siGauqesTan
erTad avalebda TorRvas, rom daecva fSavxevsureTis da TuSeTis saymoebi, rogorc icavdnen maT maTi kanonieri patronebi _ bagrationebi,
raki is imaT naSierad aRiarebda Tavs. poeturi
fragmentebidan Gans, rom TorRva cdilobs Tav*
amave epizodis amsaxvel sxva leqsSi TeTr jixvs enacvleba TeTri yorani, romelic Tan Gayveba miwis napralSi gauGinarebul jaWvis perangs (88, #44-v).
cclxxviii
isi didebuli warmoSobis ganaRdebas xevsureTis
sinamdvileSi _ is TiTqos ikrebs Tavis garSemo
saymos, is batonobs; is cdilobs teritoriis
dapatronebas:
vaJkacni eegeTani TorRvasa xyvandes ymanio
(88, 44-d).
gamigonian Pevsurni, TorRvas ro xyvandes
ymania,
TorRva ikvlevda adgilsa, batonis nabiWvaria
(88, #44-v).
TorRva cdilobs daiWiros bagrationi batonis adgili mTis saymoebSi da, raki bagrationi
RvTisSvilTa moZmed aris Seracxili, TorRvac
TiTqos `jvarobs~ Tavis TanamemamuleTa Soris,
rac SeumGneveli ar darGenila. xalxuri poezia
gansakuTrebiT ar aviTarebs am Temas, magram
zogierTi detali TorRvas garSemo Seqmnil leqsebSi aSkarad metyvelebs am suliskveTebaze:
SamoZugZugebs TorRvai, ro ZuZauri jvario,
romelsac, rogorc marTlac jvars*, sauflo
saklavs uklaven:
meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai
Pario^
magram
nacvlad
imisa,
rom
davlaTiannawiliani da Seuval-jaWvis-perangosani TorRva
yofiliyo Tavisi saymos patroni da mcavi*
`koSki dgas ielovanSi, TorRvais naburTvalio~ (88, #44-b) _ rogorc vxedavT, TorRvasac
gauGnda `koSki~, rogorc jvaris kvrivi, sadac `burTaobs~ jvari; gavixsenoT jvarTa gavrcelebis epiTeti `moburTvali~.
cclxxix
mfaravi,
rogorc
bagrationT
naSieri
da
RvTisSvilTa moZme, is xdeba maTi mtarvali da
moZalade; is vardeba gabudayebaSi, risganac misi
saxelis sadidebel leqsSic ki afrTxileben:
Sagaqi, nu gazdiddebi, mama meca myav Pmliani,
samT Saxkravs SenisTanaTa jaWvianT perangiani
(88, #43-g).
`maTqvami~ qali am ukanaskneli sityvebiT
gaaxsenebs TorRvas, rom davlaTi ar aris misi
pirovnuli Tviseba, rom mis gareSe is ubralo
mokvdavad iqceva da misi momrevic moiZebneba
saymoSi.
roca TorRvas gabudayeba mwvervals aRwevs,
is iTxovs damatebiT begars, TiTqos umniSvnelos erTi SexedviT:
mSavleb,
umateT
begarsa
TiTo
tarigi
cxvario,
TiTo
nacrian
tomara,
mTaze
davyara
mSralio.
sakar-ymod
SamikrifodiT
laRis
arwivis
mPario
(88, #44).
TiTqos ra aris erTi tarigi, tomara nacari
da arwivis frTa, magram es gaxda ukanaskneli
wveTi moTminebis TasSi, _ swored am dros iwyeba misi dacema da is, davlaTwarTmeuli, xdeba
msxverpli iseTi kacisa, romlis xeliT srulebiT ar moeloda daRupvas. SesaZlebelia, im
cclxxx
kacis mxarze gadainacvla davlaTma, rom gabeda
da TorRvasTana kacs daumizna isari. mkvleli
ase mimarTavs mokluls:
TorRvav, nu damemdurebi, Zalisa moge Zalio.
Svid wels var naavadari, samsa ki _
nacivario.
muPliT movziden boZalsa, _ PelSi ara maqv
janio^
(88, #44-T).
naavadari da aqamde usaxelo GonTa, ase erqva
TorRvas mkvlels, marTlac ver SeZlebda am
saqmes, rom misi msxverpli maT Sexvedramde ar
yofiliyo ganwiruli davlaTisagan. davlaTma
gawira gabudayebuli* iseve, rogorc aRTqmis
gamtexeli
gvelismWameli
mindia,
romelsac
waerTva zebunebrivi sibrZne, rac sabolood misi
tragikuli daRupvis mizezi Seiqna.
ucxo Tvali, romelic yovelTvis mtrulia,
SeniSnavs TorRvas beWebze aRbeWdili jvris,
mzisa da mTvaris gamosaxulebebs _ misi
nawilianobis piktografiul niSnebs, romelTa
arseboba mis tanze saidumlod unda darGeniliyo sikvdilamde. es niSnebi, rogorc Tilisma, icavda mas gansacdelSi, vidre dRis sinaTle ar ixiles maT. TorRva hkargavs veSapis
naGuqar `samanqanur~ jaWvis perangsac, romelSic
*
gabudayebas erTvis Ralatic: `Zmobilis moRalatesa RmerTm giyvas samarTalio~ (88, #44-T).
oRond gaurkvevelia, vin aris es Zmobili. jaWvis perangis mGuqebeli veSapic mis Zmobilad
ixseneba (Ralatis epizodi ucnobia).
cclxxxi
msgavsad vaxtang gorgaslis vigris tyavisa, arc
isari da arc tyvia ar atanda. SesaniSnavia, rom
es orive sabediswero danakargi banaobis dros
SeemTxva TorRvas: erTxel iorSi `amoGqvebisas~,
roca `Tvali uges~ mis SiSvel tans; meored,
roca
arWilos
wyalSi
sabanaod
Gasulma
uyuradRebod miatova jaWvi. ai, rogor gamoiTqva
leqsad es epizodi:
Gamodidnen andaksa monadireni rvania.
TorRvaic amand Gamaxyva, ro yvirilobis Paria.
beGavad rasam maRbijavs, emGnevis natiralia.
_ `jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, Zmobilis naGuqaria?~
_ `sanadiroGi gadavel, nadirT movavle
Tvalia;
Gavedi arWiloSia, movPele Tbili wyalia.
me Gaved sabanaoda, jaWvs gavanebe Tavia.
maSin davkarge tiali, veRar movxkide Tvalia.
egre gacurda e jaWvi, rogorc mdinare wyalia.
gamauyene mdevari, ver mauPeles kvalia.
wamoved, raRas viqmodi? imad var natiralia~
(88, #44-z).
banaoba Zveli miTologiuri motivia; mobanave
TorRva, romelic kargavs SobiTgan boZebuls Tu
gansacdelSi mopovebuls, Zveli miTosebis personaJebs enaTesaveba, mag., gilgameSs, romelic
banaobis dros kargavs uyuradRebod migdebul
cclxxxii
siWabukis balaxs, didi wvalebiT rom amoitana
okeanis fskeridan. aseve evfratidan SiSvlad
amosul gmirebs _ gilgameSsa da enqidus _
daadga Tvali qalRmerTma iSTarma, rac erTerTi maTganisTvis sabediswero Seiqna (ix. kari
VI). qaosis frinvelma, anzudma, banaobis dros
mohpara samyaros ufals, enlils, bedisweris
dafebi (46, 90).
wodebulni da rGeulni
Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,
mTibelni gixarianRaeo?
mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodao
dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?
bevrais jiPvis gamgoresao,
Tofsa Pirimsa zidavRaeo?
mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao,
welze frangulsa ibamRaeo?
stumris bevrisa masaxursao,
tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?
bevrais mtrisa gamrigesao,
enasa bWeSi zidavRaeo?
(79, #149).
am xevsuruli xmiT natiralSi paradigmulad
aris aRnusxuli yoveli saqmianoba, romelTa
aRsrulebaSi gadis TiToeuli ymis wuTisofeli.
motirali saTiTaod GamoTvlis maT daRupulis
cxedarTan Sekrebili xalxis gasagonad da sagulisxmoa, rom yovelive amas saymo, TiToeuli
cclxxxiii
moyme, diacis piriT ismens. romc ar ganmeordes
naTqvami, am sityvebs Rrmad ibeWdavs maTi maxsovroba. SromaSi, nadirobaSi, brZolaSi, maspinZlobaSi, saymos TanxmobisaTvis zrunvaSi gadis
cxovreba
Sarmanaulisa.
natirali
Tavisi
lakoniurobiT da amomwuravobiT arqetipul
mniSvnelobas iZens rigiTi ymis amsofliuri
yofierebisaTvis, Tumca is, rogorc natirali,
damwuxrebuli gulis uSualo amoZaxilia: dai
tiris Zmaze, dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris moqceul erT sicocxleze, rogorc wuTisoflis
dasasrulze, romlis tragizms itvirTavs oriode TiTqosda umniSvnelo marcvali _ Rae.
aq GamoTvlil xuTi rigis saqmianobas unda
eweodes adamiani, Tu mas surs (da ar SeiZleba
es ar surdes) iyos saymos sruluflebiani wevri
_ yma saymoSi, moyme moymeTa Soris. es niSnavs:
saymos warsulSi (ufro dasabamSi) Seqmnil yaidaze unda warmarTos man Tavisi cxovreba. am
TvalTaxedviT, es natirali mamaTa andrezis
saukeTeso gadmomcemia, is saymos kodeqsia, sasowarkveTili diacis piriT Tqmuli; amoZaxebuli
usasoo mwuxarebaSi. ai, es andrezia STabeWdili
Svilis cnobierebaSi, mas unda asrulebdes is,
Tuki surs, ekuTvnodes mamaTa saymos. is unda
fiqrobdes, moqmedebdes, ibrZodes, maspinZlobdes, saklavs klavdes, qorwindebodes, kvdebodes,
imarxebodes^ imgvaradve, rogorc iqceodnen `mas
Jamsa Sina~ mcxovrebi mis winaprebi anu `wina Jacclxxxiv
mis gmirni~, rogorc saymoSi uwodeben maT. rac
moxda erTxel da xdeboda winaT, xdeba axlac
da momavalSic unda moxdes, is aris namdvili;
is unda xorciedebodes ganuwyvetliv, rogorc
mouwodebs simReris striqoni:
ar xkargavT, berdiSvilebo, naqnarsa mampapisasa!
(78, #61).
naqnari ymis moRvaweobis yvela sferos
gulisxmobs, magram yvelaze mkveTrad is brZolaSi gamoixateba. es `naqnari~, upirveles yovlisa,
aris
cda,
romelic
mama-papas
aqvs
gancdili da rac misma STamomavalmac unda
ganicados.
baraqal, PevsurT Svilebo, winaTac egre qniano!
Pmalni nacadni winani, franguleb ufro Wriano
(78, #440).
is, rac ar aris nacadi, rasac cdaSi ar gamouvlia, saymosTvis moklebulia mniSvnelobas
an arc ki arsebobs. xmali aq maRldeba Tavis
pragmatul daniSnulebaze; is aris ara mxolod
brZolis iaraRi, aramed ganuwyveteli tradiciis,
modenilobis materialuri gamomxatveli, rogorc mamaTa cdis matarebeli. is anivTebs saymos
tradiciulobas. xmali iseTive niSania saymos
saero aspeqtisa (Tumca brZolac saRvTo xasiaTs
iRebs xSirad), rogorc droSa da Tasi _ sakcclxxxv
raluri yofisa. rac ufro Zvelia xmali, rac
ufro metis xelSia gamotarebuli, miT ufro
mWrelia _ `Pmalni nacadni winani, franguleb
ufro Wriano~; an roca mas lesaven, yvela sxva
axal xmalze ufro mWrelia:
winaTa mamaT naqonni dalesnes, ufro Wriano
(78, 186).
am `dalesvaSi~ Gans aucilebloba Zveli
modenilobisa, tradiciisa, drodadro ganaxlebisa. xmali, gamoWedili `wina Jams~, mas Jamsa
Sina, momdevno Taobebma unda leson da leson.
es aris TaobaTa saqme dro-Jamis denaSi. `winaTa
mamaT naqoni~ xmali ara mxolod imarjvebs, aramed qmnis istorias. is aris droTa kavSiris niSani, amave dros is unda iyos niSani saymoTa
konsolidaciisa, rogorc gvicxadebs erTi cnobili simReris striqonebi:
xmalo, xevsureTs naWedo, alvanSi TuSma gagfera,
mefe
ereklem
dagloca,
saomrad
jvari
dagwera.
es xmali aris istoriuli xmali, am sityvis
Rrma gagebiT.
saymo gamsWvalulia im suliskveTebiT, rasac
m.eliade xedavs tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, rogorc mis arsebiT safuZvels: rom `obieqti an
moqmedeba imdenad aris realuri an namdvili,
ramdenadac is hbaZavs an imeorebs arqetips^~ rom
tradiciuli kulturis kaci Seicnobs Tavis
cclxxxvi
Tavs, rogorc realurs, mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac is wyvets TavisTavadobas da hbaZavs an
imeorebs sxvis qcevebs^~ (153, 64). es `sxva~ aris
ara viRac sxva, aramed misi winapari, romelic
man unda aRiaros Tavis TavSi, Tavis fiqrebSi,
Tavis moqmedebaSi, qcevaSi. winapari mas akeTebinebs, rasac is akeTebs da rogorc akeTebs.
saymo savsebiT, Tavis mTlianobaSi, gamouklebliv patriciulia anu iseTi sazogadoeba, romelmac icis mama (155, 273). yovel SemTxvevaSi, is
eZebs mamas: `GvenSi ician kacisai: rkinis sakidliT dabmuliao. gind sawyal kac iyvas, mainc
maPelavs Tavis Gamamavlobis sityvas^~ (22, 60).
romelime Zlier sagvareulos Sekedlebuli,
masTan xar-qvabiT Seyrili susti gvari aRiarebs
naTesavad ara mxolod Tanamedrove naSierT am
gvarisas, aramed mis winaprebsac, Tvlis ra maT
pirvel-mamas Tavis winaprad. axali mamis aRiareba gulisxmobs, unda gulisxmobdes, sagvareulo andrezebis gaTavisebas, maT GabeWdvas
cnobierebaSi da, albaT, qcevaTa gardaqmnas am
sagvareulos zne-GveulebaTa mixedviT.
zemoT motanil xevsurul Tqmas kacze da sakidelze, romelic winaprisagan modenilobis
uwyvet jaWvs gamoxatavs simbolurad, exmaureba
erTi cnobili gamoTqmis a.gureviGiseuli parafrazi, riTac man scada daexasiaTebina Zveli
germanelis (am terminis farTo gagebiT) TviTSegneba: `miTxari, vin aris Seni winapari da gecclxxxvii
tyvi, vina xar Sen~ (121, 140). sazogadod,
a.gureviGis dakvirvebebi Zvel germanelTa Tu
skandinavelTa, kerZod, islandielTa sazogadoebisa da maT warmomadgenelTa cnobierebis struqturaze, Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Gveni
saymoebis dasaxasiaTeblad. is wers: `islandieli ar aris mowyvetili Tavis organul koleqtivs da misi gageba SeiZleba mxolod rogorc
am koleqtivis wevrisa. misi cnobiereba (Segneba)
ar
aris
individualisturi,
is
azrovnebs
mTlianis _ Tavis jgufis kategoriebiT, is
xedavs sakuTar Tavs TiTqos garedan, sazogadoebis TvaliT. radgan ar SeuZlia Seafasos Tavisi Tavi sxvagvarad, Tu ara ise, rogorc
mas sazogadoeba afasebs~ (iqve).
`organuli koleqtivia~ swored Gveni saymo,
romelic iqmneba vercxlis (an oqros) RilTa dabadebiT jvaris droSis sakadrisebidan, saerTo
wiaRidan, rogorc wiaRidan abraamisa. jvarSi
gayvanis ritualis azric swored is aris, rom
ymebi gaTanaswordnen patronis winaSe erTmaneTis mimarT, rom gamarTldes maTi saxelwodeba _ mo-ym-e. marTlac, isini ar ganirGevian
erTmaneTisagan damwyalobnebis teqstSi, romliTac xucesi _ Suamavali saymosa da jvars Soris
_ akanonierebs maT wamoyenebul samsaxurs, da
romlis erTaderTi misamarTi aris jvari; romelsac ismens jer jvari, mereRa mis karze Sekrebilni. yvelasaTvis erTia warmosaTqmeli, upicclxxxviii
ratesoba aravis eniWeba. jvars surs, rom misi
ymani Tanasworni ibadebodnen da, raki es ase ar
xdeba, is Tavis karze saRvTo ritualiT aTanasworebs maT. misTvis mis karze yvelani wodebulni arian, magram maT Soris jvari gamoarGevs
Tavis rGeulT, raTa Tavisi samsaxuris mZime
tvirTi daakisros.
a.zisermanma mTis saymoebs `meomruli sazogadoebebi~
uwoda
(125,
208).
magram
es
calmxrivi daxasiaTebaa. saymoebi, pirvel rigSi,
sakraluri sazogadoebebia, radgan maTi erTianobis uzenaesi gamoxatuleba aris sakraluri
realoba _ jvari, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs
meomrul aspeqtsac. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebis meomrul mxares, esoden aucilebels
da bunebrivs mis cxovrebaSi, sanqcias aniWebs
jvari _ Tavad meomari, ris gamoc brZola aRqmulia saymos cnobierebaSi rogorc wmida saqme:
is iwyeba jvaris karze jvaris gadawyvetilebiT
da mTavrdeba jvaris karzeve, sadac jvaris
droSasTan erTad brundebian nabrZoli moymeni.
jvari iRebs monawileobas maT brZolebSi, rogorc RvTiuri sardali, romelic cxenze amxedrebuli win miuZRvis maT da Telavs mtris rigebs. Tu jvaris karze jvari uwyinari mtredis
aRiT ecxadeba mkadres, velze, moymeTa cdaSi is
cxaddeba rogorc uwyalo mxedari, romlis
saxiT saymo cnobs Tavis mfarvels _ wmindans
Tu angelozs: Zlevamosil wmida giorgis da
cclxxxix
miqael mTavarangelozs. es ar aris subieqturi
Gveneba, romelic mxolod saymos warmosaxvaSi
asebobs; ara, Gveneba sayovelTaoa, obieqturi:
jvars mxedris saxiT saymos mtrebic xedaven
brZolis qar-cecxlSi, rogorc didgoris omSi
orive mxare _ Zlevamosil wmida giorgis (73,
341).
ar dagcildaa, RilRvlebo, samans ro dgemdiT Zvlisasa,
TeTrtaiWosans
xedevdiT
saxes
arxotis
jvrisasa?
jvari saymos genezisSi, roca is gamouGnda
patronad saymos, xom meomari iyo; is axlac, istoriul xanaSi, asrulebs am saqmes: ebrZvis saymos mtrebs, rogorc `mas Jamsa Sina~ ebrZoda devebs, da saymos mtrebi xom im devebis saxes warmoadgenen sakraluri sazogadoebis TvalSi.
mterTan brZola Tu gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba,
jvaria am gamarjvebis sulisGamdgmeli. magram
uSualod cdaSi, romelic aRniSnavs ukanasknel,
sabediswero Setakebas, monawileoben rGeuli
moymeni, `kai ymebi~, romlebic jvaris `saRvTo
laSqris~ mowinave razms warmoadgenen. isini
jvaris raindebi arian, iseTive Tavganwirulni,
rogorc Tavad jvarni iyvnen `mas Jamsa Sina~.
vaJa wers: `gmiri imdenad Tavis TavisTvis ara
cocxlobs da imdens ar akeTebs, ramdensac TemisTvis, magram am samsaxurisaTvis saxelis meti
araferi hrGeba. mxolod xatobis dros xevisberi
ccxc
gansakuTrebul didis TasiT gmirs sakargymos
(kai yma) asmevs. sikvdilis Semdeg mTeli Temi
hglovobs, xatobis dros oficialurad ismis
gmiris Sesandobari. jer xevisberi ityvis da
mere didi da patara moayolebs Sesandobars.
diaR, gmiri msxverplia soflisa: sxvas aZRobs,
TviTon mSieria, sxvis sicocxlisaTvis TiTon
sikvdils eZleva pirSi~ (26,87).
cdaSi saxelmoxveWilni, rogorc saymodan gamorGeulni, sakraluri pirni arian da maTi es
sakraluroba kidev ufro matulobs, roca isini
sakuTari
sisxliT
gainaTlebian,
rogorc
`msxverplni soflisa~. maSin isini axlos dganan
jvarTan. sxvisi sicocxlisaTvis Tavganwirul
moymeTa apoTeozi, maTi amaRleba Gveulebrivi
donidan, kargad Gans laSaris jvaris `piroflianTa~ SemTxvevaSi: piroflianni arian cdaSi
daRlili moymeni, sulieri STamomavalni im
Svidi piroflianisa, romelTac gara Turmanaulis xanaSi daRvares cdaSi ofli da TavianTi daRupviT ixsnes laSqari. es aris erTaderTi SemTxveva, roca jvari iTmens (`ixdens~)
adamianis ofls, radgan is dadenilia brZolis
velze Tavganwirulis mier, mas sisxlis fasi
aqvs miniWebuli; radgan es ofli ar aris adamianis sxeulis zedapiruli gamonadeni; is iRvreba
misi arsebidan, romelic mis ZvalSia SenivTebuli; is aris misi mironi, rogorc mefe erekleze gvamcnobs Tqmuleba, rom `mironi nefe
ccxci
erekles Zvlebs Gamohdiso~ (82, #10). rigiT kai
ymebze ki vaJa idumali gancdiT ambobs `baxtrionis~ SesavalSi, rom
aRar SfoToben saflavSi
gmirT oflis mRvreli Zvalebio.
`kai yma~ rom jvaris wmidaa, amis dasturia
ara mxolod misTvis gankuTvnili sakargymo Tasi
sicocxleSi da Sesandobari sikvdilis Semdeg,
romlebic xatobaze Seismis; aseve laSaris piroflianTa saxsenebeli sasmisi, moyolebuli
uSualod `Pelmwife-laSaris jvris~ sadideblis
Semdeg (87, 438), aramed qalTa sqesisadmi maTi
damokidebulebac, rac gamoxatulia erT-erTi
maTganis, `sisxlis wvimebis~ droindeli gmiris,
mamuka qalundauris saxelSi: qal-undauri, anu
kaci, romelic qalis undomelia, `undauri~*.
moviSveliebT vaJas dakvirvebas gmiris bunebaze:
`Tumca kargad viciT, rom qalis siyvaruli
gmirs gmirobas ar uSlis, aramed umatebs kidec
mxneobas da simamaces, magram xalxi diacis miyolas uSlis gmirs, rogorc misi Rirsebis
damamcirebel saqmes. amgvars Sexedulobas xalxisas sakuTari mizezi aqvs, romelic sul sxva
saTavidan momdinareobs. vgoneb, rom fSavlis
romantiuli
buneba
qristianul
elements
dauZlevia. gmiri erTsa da imave dros mtris
sixlis mqcevelic aris da wmindanic, rogorc
*
Sdr. `qmar-undauri~ (88, #654).
ccxcii
mfarveli Tavis Temisa. raki igi madlis momqmedia, bevrs sikeTesa da madlsa sTesavs qveyanaze;
rogorc vaJkaci wmindani, Tavis siwmindisa da
vaJkacobis dasagvirgvineblad qalebsac unda
eridos~ (25, 86).
SesaniSnavi sityvebi aqvs Tqmuli vaJas Gveni
gmiris dasaxasiaTeblad: `gmiri erTsa da imave
dros mtris sisxlis mqcevelic aris da wmindanic^~ TiTqos paradoqsia: rogor SeiZleba
iyos wmindani sisxlis, Tundac mtris sisxlis,
damRvreli; gamanadgurebeli sicocxlisa, romelic sisxlSia (lev. 17, 11-14). magram siwmide
mebrZoli gmirisa ar aris zneobiTi kategoria;
siwmide aq unda gavigoT Zveli aRTqmis sakraluri eTikis azriT: wmida aris is, vinc
yoveldRiur
yofas
da
adamianis
bunebriv
Gveulebebs aris ganridebuli; is, vinc Tmobs am
cxovrebas da siameTa ama soflisa, rom saRvTo
saqmis aRsrulebis ufleba moipovos. sakralur
sazogadoebaSi
saRvTo
saqmea
omi,
RvTismsaxureba da nadiroba, rac sisxlis
daRvrasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitom am saqmes
unda asrulebdes an Seudges iseTi kaci, visac
GamoferTxili aqvs wuTisoflis mtveri da gaTavisuflebulia miwier vnebaTagan. xolo erTerTi
uZlieresi
vnebaTagan
dakavSirebulia
qalis sqesTan, rasac gaurbian meomarni da monadireni TavianTi saqmis aRsrulebis win ara
ubralo kdemamosilebis an zneobrivi patiosneccxciii
bis gamo, aramed im mizniT, rom sqesma, rogorc
bunebiTma stiqiam, ar Seryvnas, ar `dalaxos~
saRvTo saqme, radgan es saqme _ msxverplis Sewirva iqneba is, mtris kvla Tu nadiris xocva _
saSiSia, rogorc yoveli sakraluri. aseTi wmidani, mowmidarni iyvnen Zveli aRTqmis gmirebi _
samsoni, gedeoni da sxvani, msajulni da
mxsnelni israelisa gasaWirSi. aseTive mowmidarni arian Gveni `kai ymani~, Zveli `piroflianni~, romelTa cxovrebis wesSi `qalundauroba~ Sedis, rogorc erT-erTi ZiriTadi
Tviseba.
am
sferoSi
`kai
ymani~
baZaven
RvTisSvilT, romelTa wreSi araTu sakraluri
andrezi, aramed xalxis laRi fantaziac ki ver
warmoidgens
sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebs.
piriqiT: erT-erTi RvTisSvilis biografiaSi
aris epizodi, roca is, misi silamaziT moxiblul diacTagan daRwevis
mizniT, morige
RmerTs SesTxovs saxis damaxinjebas, rasac usrulebs kidec dambadebeli da amgvarad, ulamazesi angelozi `pirquSad~ gadaiqceva (am saxels atarebs fSavSi axadisa da xevsureTSi
bacaligos jvari). jvaris saxeli, ufro sworad,
fsevdonimi `pirquSi~ SeiZleba kai ymis epiTetadac gamodges, radgan is garegnuli silamaziT
ar aris gamorGeuli. gmiri garegnobiT ar hgavs
mzesa da mTvares. igi Taviseburad aris lamazi:
`svilisferi, Savgvremiani~, _ wers vaJa (26, 83).
ccxciv
`svilisferi~ ki, rogorc cnobili leqsidan
viciT, wmida giorgis saqebari epiTetia:
qajaveT ras iarebi, giorgiv, svilisferao?..
`kai yma~ da `cudai~ yvelaze ufro mkveTrad
swored
diacur
sawyisTan damokidebulebiT
upirispirdebian erTmaneTs xalxur SairebSi.
kai yma laSqar mokvdeba,
sworebis mjobinobasa.
cudai _ boslis yuresa,
qalebTan loginobasa.
xiluli paTosi, rac zedapirulad ganicdeba,
am striqonebisa aris `kais~ da `cudas~ zneobrivi saxis Gveneba; magram mis miRma gamokveTilia am zedapiruli dapirispirebis ufro
Rrma da mniSvnelovani safuZveli: erT mxares
vxedavT kai ymas brZolis velze, cdaSi, sadac
is sikvdils elis, sadac wmida sisxli iRvreba;
meore mxares vxedavT `cudas~ boselSi, mireul
adgilas, sadac is gancxromaSia, sadac uwmiduri
sisxlia daRvrili. erTaderTi RvTisSvili, romelTanac romanuli epizodia dakavSirebuli
xalxis warmosaxvaSi, laSaris jvaria. magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs imis aRniSvnas, rom laSaris jvaris `romanuli~ buneba srulebiT
gamoricxavs niSansac ki xorciel-vnebiTi siyvarulisas. andrezi ambobs, rom laSas dauwesebia
sworfrobis wes-Gveuleba. SesaZlebelia, sworfrobis wesi, romelsac ritualis cxadi niSnebi
aqvs, swored `mowmidari~ (am terminis pirobiTi
ccxcv
gagebiT) kai ymebisaTvis iyo dawesebuli da
droTa viTarebaSi gavrcelebuliyos mTels saymoSi. SesaZlebelia, am wes-Gveulebis idumalebiT
moculi genezisi kai ymis anu jvaris raindis
`kults~ ukavSirdebodes*. sworfroba unda yofiliyo mowmidaris gamocda, romelsac jvari
uwyobs mas; jvarma gansacdelSi unda gaataros
Tavisi raindi, rom moamzados im cdisTvis, romelic mas brZolis velze moelis. sworferTan
urTierToba unda davsaxoT cdad, romelic win
uZRvis im sabediswero, samkvdro-sasicocxlo
cdas (brZolas), rodesac man Tavisi davlaTis
gamovleniT unda daRvaros sxvisi sisxli an
gaiRos
sakuTari.
sworferTan
moqcevis
dadgenili wesebis darRvevis (daulaxavi zRurblis dalaxvis) SemTxvevaSi is gaiuwmidurebs
Tavs da usaxelo damarcxebas hpovebs am cdaSi.
sworfrobis yofaSi cnobilni arian `dRiani~
sworferni (4), rac cxadi analogi unda iyos
brZolis cdaSi gamoGenili davlaTisa da saxelianobisa. sworfrobaSi SemTxveul marcxs
aranaklebi sircxvili unda moetana moymisaTvis,
vidre brZolis cdaSi damarcxebas. Tu erTgan,
erT cdaSi, Tavganwiruloba unda gamoeGina
jvaris rainds, meoregan, sxva cdaSi, mas jvari
ukidures TavdaWeras (am sityvis Zlieri azriT)
avalebda.
*
sworfrobis sxva aspeqtebze mkadreebTan dakavSirebiT ix. naSromis 11,7.
ccxcvi
ai, jvaris rGeuli mamuka qalundauri, romlis metsaxeli (gvarad is gogoWuri iyo,
guroeli) gvicxadebs kaiymis erT mniSvnelovan
niSans, namdvili mowmidari, msgavsi israelis
nazorovelTa, romlis xanmokle sicocxle saswaulebSi gadis. oRond es saswaulebi Tavs iGens
mxolod da mxolod cdaSi da ara yoveldRiur
yofaSi, sadac is rigiTi yma iyo jvarisa, ojaxis
gamosakvebad `xifxolais~ (veluri sakvebi mcenare) mTxreli. misi xmali iseve gamorGeulia
sxvaTa xmlebisagan, rogorc Tavad aris gamorGeuli sxva ymebisagan; xmali aris xiluli niSani misi nawilianobisa*. besarion gabuuri gadmogvcems:
`^
rosac
qalundaurs
gamarjvebis
dRe
mauidod mterze, maSin Tu qalundauris Pmali _
nawilian yofilas da _ qarqaSGigiT Tu amaiwevd,
amiT gaagebiebd patrons gamarjvebis dRes. Pmal
rosac amaiwevd, im dros qalundauri sada ginda
saqmeze namyof gaigebs Pmlis amowevas, sxonairad
gaxdebod^~ (17, 158).
gadmocema gveubneba qalundaurze, rom xmlis
amoweva qarqaSidan, _ rac leqsadac aris aRbeWdili _ `qalundauris frangulma qarqaSiT
amaiwiva~, _ omis dawyebis niSans aZlevda Tavis
patrons da isic `sxonairad gaxdebod~. Tu rogor unda gavigoT es `sxonairad~ gaxdoma anu
*
nawilianobis Taobaze ix. a.arabulis sadisertacio naSromi (1).
ccxcvii
feriscvaleba misi, movitan kvlav besarion gabuuris Ganawers: `mamuka qalundaur nawilian
yofilas: rosac salaSqrod sad geemarTebod,
win maskvlaviviT Tu gauZRvebod sveti, anu Suqi~
(17, 159), rogorc uflis rGeul xalxs miuZRoda
win gzis saGveneblad naTlis sveti. qalundauric jvarisagan daculia am Seuvali SaravandiT, rogorc naTqvamia leqsSi:
Samaubrunda, faravda pirze mze, beWebs faria
(81, #152).
am fernacvali saxiT Sedis is cdaSi:
Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni
mzisani (81, #125),
ambobs leqsi.
aseTni arian rGeuli moymeni, cdis kacni, romelTa ofliTa da sisxliT jvari icavs Tavis
vercxlis RilTa Tavisuflebas da erTianobas.
isini jvaris rGeulni arian, raki vercxlis
RilTa dacviT jvars emsaxurebian da aucileblobiT inawileben mis siwmides.
kai ymis saxeli garegan cdaSi vlindeba; misi
sarbieli aris veli, xolo Jami rbolisa _ is
xana, roca velad gasvlaa SesaZlebeli (amitomac
uwodeben
saymoSi
salaSqrod
gasvlas
`velobas~); es aris brZolis qronotoposi: dro
gazafxul-zafxuli, asparezi _ gare sivrce. es
viTareba aris aRbeWdili erT xalxur leqsSi
WormeSion kai ymaze, martia misuraulze:
ccxcviii
gazafxul raxan
gagviva (88, #29).
movidas,
martia
velad
jvaris patimarni
kai yma cdaSi sikvdilis Tu sisxlis daRvris
wil saxels ixveWs, magram arsebobs iseTi cdac,
sadac saxeli ar aris saZiebeli. piriqiT, aseTi
cdis wiaR gavlilT aravin miiGnevs saxelian adamianebad. aseTi cda ar aris SemozRuduli
weliwadis droiT da arc sivrciT; is SeiZleba
iTqvas, droisa da sivrcis gareSe mimdinareobs.
es aris Sinagani cda, romelsac ganicdian
jvaris msaxurni. mkadre an qadagi; jvaris
msaxurTa ierarqiis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli,
cxovrobs Sinagani cxovrebiT, misi moRvaweobis
wyaro _ dasabami Sinagan cdaSia; is SigniT aris
Sebrunebuli, risi garegani gamoxatulebaa misi
gza-savali beRlisaken an darbazisken, saiTkenac
mas gza exsneba zRurblis dalaxvis wesis Sesrulebis
Semdeg.
GvenTvis
cnobilia,
rom
mkadreTa xilvebi beRelTan da siRrmeebTan aris
dakavSirebuli: xaxmateli SiSia wyarosTauli
xatis beRelSi Sedis jvaris ganZis mosaxilavad;
aliaT uSiSa jvars Gamohyavs miwisqveSa maranSi
mironiT savse qvevrebis saxilvelad. beReli,
rogorc jvaris erT-erTi nageboba, cxadia, SemozRudulia sivrceSi, magram sakraluri azriT
misi sivrce ganusazRvrelia; manZili iq ar
izomeba iseve, rogorc xmalas salocavis miccxcix
wisqeSa daranSi, sivrculi sazomiT. manZilis
erTeulad aq aRebulia anTebuli sanTeli, romelic erTsa da imave dros zomavs da anaTebs
kidec
mkadris
gzas
sakraluri
siRrmis
Suagulisaken; wmida sanTeli zomavs sakralurs
da ara fizikur sivrces. ai, sad aris, ra
siRrmeebs swvdeba mkadris Tu qadagis cda. maTi
gza-savali iseve uxilavia, rogorc gaxua megrelauris gza daTvisjvaridan qajaveTis samWedlomde.
gaxua megrelaurze da sxva legendarul
mkadreebze amboben, rom isini angelozebSi iyvnen
`garTulni~ da rom isini maT TavianT wreSi
SehyavdaT da daatarebdnen. esec maTi sulieri
cxovrebis amsaxveli andrezuli faqtebia. rogorc maT beRlidan da mironis daranidan gamoaqvT jvar-xatebis saidumlo, aseve ucxadeben
isini saymos angelozTa saidumlos. maTi amgvari
gamocdilebidan modis yvelaferi, rac saymom
icis Tavisi patroni RvTisSvilebis samyaroze.
mkadre Tu qadagi, Tavad STagonebuli jvaris
mier, andrezebis STamagonebelia saymoSi; mas
moaqvs is dvrita sakraluri sferodan, romelzedac `fuvdeba~ siuJeti da iqmneba andrezi.
naTqvamia: `eg andrez as (aris) naqadagari~, (22,
15).
mkadris moRvaweoba savsebiT sulieria, maSinac ki, roca mas jvaris siwmide _ droSa upyria
xelSi. is ar gamoirGeva fizikuri ZaliT, am `beccc
Gav~ da `Gixa~ kacis, rogorc saymo moixseniebs
maT, sidiade uxilavia, iseve, rogorc uxilavia
misi cdis asparezi. am mxriv mkadre, romelic ar
eZebs saxels da verc hpulobs, kidec rom eZebos, rom hqondes amis ufleba, sruli antipodi
unda iyos kai ymisa. mkadre Tu qadagi sisxls ar
Rvris da arc aravin moiTxovs misgan Tavganwirvas, magram misi cda aranakleb saxifaToa velobis cdaze, imdenad saxifaTo, rom is, miuxedavad
jvaris mxardaWerisa, cnobas kargavs jvaris
siwmideTa WeSmariti saxis xilvisas, roca idumalebiT moculi `oqrosferi xbo~ Tvalebs
risxviT ubrialebs mas; is drkeba sakralurobis
winaSe. mkadris cda-gansacdeli, romelSic gadis
mTeli misi cxovreba mowifulobis xanidan
sikvdilamde, erTi satanjvelia; masSi TiTqos
tanjuli kacobriobis drama ixateba.
erT-erTi saxelwodeba jvaris samsaxurisa,
romelic miesadageba am samsaxuris ierarqiis
yovel wevrs, gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc axlos arian jvarTan, aris patimari. `dideba Senda qveynis
gamaGinaro, wyalTa da PmelTa damdgmelo,
dideba Senda, giorgiv wyaros gorze daarsebulo, giorgi, Sen uSveli SenT patimarTad^~ (63,
4).
patimari sabas ganmartebiT aris `Seukravad
Sepyrobili~; raki jvaris msaxurs `patimari~
ewodeba, es imas niSnavs, rom jvaris msaxuri
jvaris mier pyrobilia Seukravad, jvaris patimccci
rebs ar aGneviaT fizikuri niSnebi borkilebisa,
riTac Seborkilni unda yofiliyvnen isini.
jvars patimrad hyavs ayvanili Tavisi msaxuri,
raki jvaris samsaxuris aRsruleba mxolod im
adamians SeuZlia, romelic gamocalkevebuli
iqneba sazogadoebidan, saero yofidan; romelic
ar iqneba gareuli sxvebSi, anu mireuli, romelsac nalaPSi ar eqneba fexi dadgmuli. qristianuli terminologiiT rom gamovTqvaT, patimari aris igive beri, gandegili, romelic RvTis
samsaxuris
daubrkoleblad
aRsrulebisTvis
ganmdgaria
wuTisofels
da
udabnos
gamoqvabulebSi `ipatimrebs~ Tavs. aq is ufro axlos
aris Tavis salocavTan, mxolod aq aris misi
cda, mxolod aq gadis is aucilebel gansacdels.
sakralur patimars aqvs erTi gadamwyveti niSani, romelic ucxoa saero tusaRisaTvis. es niSani kargad Gans sityva `patimaris~ im mniSvnelobaSi, romelic dadasturebulia qarTlur
dialeqtSi: patimari niSnavs wmida, sufTa Rvinos, wyals an erbos (76, 348). Zneli ar aris axsna
semantikuri gadasvlisa patimridan wmidisaken:
is, rac gamocalkevebulia saerTodan, saerodan
an sajarodan, wmidaa. raime nivTi rom wmida
gaxdes an SeinarGunos siwmide, mas unda moSordes wuTisoflis mtveri. is ar unda iyos
`sawuTros fexiT nalaxi~ (guramiSvili); is patimari unda iyos. patimroba acilebelia imisTcccii
visac, rom jvaris msaxurma moipovos Sinagani
cdis SesaZlebloba, radgan namdvili patimari
Sinagani cxovrebiT cxovrobs; is Tavis SigniT
unda iyos Gabrunebuli. patimrobaSi ecxadeba
adamians Tavisi jvari da salocavi, rogorc
guramiSvils _ xaroSi, sadac is Tavisi RvTaebrivi patronis STagonebiT WeSmarit gzas poulobs; aq ibadeba is sulis kacad da poetad.
xolo vin aris mkadre an qadagi, Tu ara bibliuri sulis kaci~ (`iS ha-ruax~, osia, 9, 7), romelic swvdeba saymosaTvis miuwvdomel realobebs da sityvis ZaliT gareSeTaTvis misawvdoms xdis maT.
`patimari~ Tavisi xevsurul-qarTluli mniSvnelobiT zusti adekvatia ebraeluri sityvisa
nazir (qarTuli bibliis `nazoroveli~), romlis
Ziri nzr Seicavs gamocalkevebis, gandgomis
ideas, saidanac viTardeba konsekraciis da Sewirulobis mniSvneloba, ase rom `RvTis naziri~
(nazir ha-elohim, msaj. 13, 5) imasve gulisxmobs,
rasac `RvTis patimari~, gina `RvTis mowmidari~,
rogorebic iyvnen samsoni, gedeoni da sxvani,
msajulTa epoqis `erismTavrebi~, romlebsac
mowifulobis
asakidanve
sulier-xorcieli
siwmidis
dasacavad
(Tu
mosapoveblad)
akrZalvebSi unda gaetarebinaT cxovreba. isini,
rogorc mowmidarni, nazorovelni, marTlac,
patimarni iyvnen (ufro sworad, unda yifiliyvnen), ar unda gadaelaxaT is sazRvrebi, romleccciii
bic maT mSoblebs hqondaT maTTvis dasazRvruli
jer kidev maT dabadebamde RvTisadmi aRTqmis
dadebisas. bibliur `RvTis patimars~ mSoblebi
Tavisi nebiT swiraven RmerTs, romelic xangamoSvebiT avsebs maT Tavisi suliT da amarjvebinebs israelis mterze; RvTis sulis gardamosvla aris erTaderTi jildo maTi patimrobisa, maTi dasazRvrul-SezRuduli mowmidaruli
cxovrebisa. magram amis sazRaurad aris wamebi
maT cxovrebaSi, Tumca arcTu xSiri, rodesac
isini ganicdian davlaTis qaris qrolvas, silaRes da Tavisuflebas, radgan Tavad suli,
romelic maTze gardmodis am wamebSi, Tavisuflebis sulia. gandgomili, TiTqos gariyuli,
akrZalvebiT Seborkili, wuTisoflis siameTa
mTmobeli, mxolod aseT wamebSi ganicdis Tavisuflebas da misgan gamowveul netarebas.
bibliuri nazoroveli aris nebayoflobiTi
msxverpli,
mSoblebisgan
gaRebuli
(yovel
SemTxvevaSi, es ase Gans Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi
SemorGenili cnobebis mixedviT); jvaris patimars
ki Tavad jvari irGevs sakuTari nebiT; mkadre
rom rGeulia, is jvaris nebiT aris rGeuli. yma
Tavisi nebiT ver Gadgeba jvaris samsaxurSi,
Tavisi nebiT ver mouwodebs Tavs am samsaxurisTvis, radgan es sakraluri samsaxuria,
rogorc mRvdelmTavrobis pativi, ris Sesaxebac
wers pavle mociquli erT-erT epistoleSi: `da
arvin TaviT TvisiT miiRos pativi, aramed roccciv
meli wodebul arn RmrTisa mier, viTarca-igi
ahron. egreTca qriste ara Tavisi Tvisi adida
yofad igi mRvdelT moZRvrad, aramed romeli-igi
etyoda mas: `Ze Gemi xari Sen da me dRes miSobie
Sen~ (ebr. 5, 4-5).
yma daWerili unda iyos jvaris mier _
mxolod am gziT Gayenebuli mis samsaxurSi. daWeras, romelic adgilobrivi terminia sakraluri
mdgomareobis gamomxatveli leqsikidan, kvlav
`patimrobis~ ideamde mivyavarT. es termini
jvaris moqmedebis ufro farTo asparezs unda
moicavdes, vidre pirovnebis sazRvrebia; radgan
Gven viciT, rom jvari Tavis sakralur Zalas
bunebaSic avlens; GvenTvis cnobilia jvarGenis
faqtebi, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara jvaris mier
im teritoriis `daWera~, sadac is iGens Tavs.
jvarGenis mizani swored es aris: gamoacalkevos
adgili sirceSi da SemozRudos is uxilavi
sazRvriT, romlis yarauladac dgeba jvari.
jvaris kvrivi anu `daWerili~ adgili jvaris
`patimari~ adgilia am sityvis qarTluri gagebiT. iseve, rogorc saymos teritoriaSi iWreba
jvari da iWers am teritoriis adgils, `patimarhyofs~ mas, aseve iWreba is saymoSi, saidanac gamoarGevs Tavis rGeuls, rom Tavis `patimrad~
gaixados. Tu kvrivi adgili aris Sedegi jvarGenisa saymos miwa-wyalze, mkadre an qadagi jvarGenis anabeWdia saymoSi. rogorc adgilia daWerili jvaris mier da am daWeriT wmidaqmnili,
cccv
aseve adamiania daWerili da wmidaqmnili anu
ganridebuli yoveldRiur yofas. ai, ras ambobs
Tavad jvari (isev qadagis piriT, radgan qadagia
misi moene) Tavis `patimarze~:
`^ Gem ayvaniliav vercxlis Riliv, ar vaZlevav sxvis ojaxSi Sasvlis nebasav, ar vaZlevav
gareT myofebsTan aZraxdomis nebasav^~ (58, 19).
sxvisi ojaxi da gare samyofeli, rogorc
nalaPi adgili, jvaris patimrisaTvis akrZaluli
zonaa, romlis zRurblis gadalaxvasac mas ar
anebebs jvari, misi `damWeri~; jvari ukrZalavs
mas Signidan gareT anu `ulaPidan~ `nalaPSi~ gamosvlas ara mxolod gauwmidurebis safrTxis
Tavidan asacileblad, aramed im saidumlos
saimedod damarxvis mizniTac, romelsac qadagi,
jvaris gamocxadebis WurWeli, unda inaxavdes
`rioSi~ xalxis uqmi cnobismoyvareobisagan. `ar
vaZlevav gareT myofebsTan aZraxdomis nebasav~, _
brZanebs jvari.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jvaris patimari iseTive
idumalebrivia
xorcielTa
Soris,
rogorc
jvaris ganZi gareSe saganTa Soris. radgan ganZic, rogorc jvaris ayvanili kaci, jvaris patimaria da saidumlod aris dacul-damarxuli sagangebo samalavebSi, rom gareSem ar hkidos
Tvali. Tu xorcielni erTobliv TavianT patroni jvaris unji ymebi arian anu mis saunjes
Seadgenen, am saunjeSi jvaris uSualo msaxurni
misi unjis unjni arian.
cccvi
jvaris patimars, rogorc Tavisuflebadakargul ymas, marTalia, akrZaluli aqvs gareT gamosvla da yvelgan yofna, is erTi mniSvnelovani
upiratesobiT sargeblobs saymoSi: mas SeuZlia
Sevides iq, sadac mis garda yvelas ekrZaleba
Sesvla; da Seexos iseT sagnebs, romelTa xelyofas mis garda veravin bedavs. es `Sesvla~ da es
`xelyofa~ asimboliurebs mis mowodebas Sinagani
cxovrebisaken
da
jvaris
saidumloSi
monawileobas. es aris misi Tavisufleba, rasac
jvaris garda veravin waarTmevs mas, radgan
jvarisagan aqvs miniWebuli, rogorc mis rGeuls.
patimari, daWerili, rGeuli _ sinonimuri saxelwodebebia im pirovnebaTa, romlebsac jvari
iaxlovebs, raTa amsaxuros Tavis kults. amitomac, cxadia, jvaris saidumlo adgilebis
dalaxva ar aris uqmi cnobismoyvareobis sagani;
es samsaxuria, upirveles yovlisa, anu begara,
jvaris mier Tavis ymaze dadebuli, romlis mosaxdelad is mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT aris
momzadebuli. es mzadeba ki misda uneburad iwyeba, rogorc wesi, mowifulobis asakidan, roca
adamiani fsiqo-fiziologiurad da socialurad
axal stadiaSi Sedis, gadalaxavs ra zRurbls,
romelic
or
asaks
mijnavs
erTmaneTisgan.
swored
am
gardatexis
Sualedur
xanaSi
GasWidebs Zlierad jvari xels da daiWers adamians. adamianSi xdeba jvarGena da is miyenebulia zRurblTan, sadac profanuli da sakcccvii
raluri erTmaneTs emijneba. gardamtexi asakis
siZneleebs da mniSvnelobas da erTgvar satanjvels,
rasac
grZnobs
yoveli
adamiani,
aZlierebs da mkveTrad warmoaGens jvari Tavisi
GeniT adamianSi. jvaris rGeulSi erTmaneTis
paralelurad mimdinareobs fsiqo-fiziologiuri
momwifebisa da jvaris msaxurad Gamoyalibebis
procesi. iseve, rogorc kvrivTan miaxloeba,
kvrivSi Sesvla amizezebs adamians, aseve jvaris
Sesvla adamianSi iwvevs Zvrebs mis sulier samyaroSi; adamiani gadis mZime gansacdels, romelic
grZeldeba
iqamde,
vidre
adamiani
sabolood ar gadalaxavs asakobriv zRurbls
da amasTan erTad jvaris msaxurad ar igrZnobs
Tavs. T. oGiaurs mopovebuli aqvs unikaluri da
uxvi masala jvarisagan daWerilTa gamocdilebidan. momyavs zogierTi amonaweri:
`ufroc balRobidge daiWers. daiwyebs avadobas, tanjvas, Ronobas, itanjebis, gulis wuxili. vinc xucesi*, is qadagisgan gaigebs. vinc
qadagi as, imas imTvnad Saawuxebs, ro TviTon
unda gaaqadagos isi. balRs daiWers, magram rosac imTven iqnebis, ro yvelafer gaigas, jvarisa
da xalxis Jamkar ro SauZlav, maSi gaaqadagebs
imas. manamde sru itanjebis. sizmarGi ecxadebis,
awvalebs _ ise unda maiqcav, me unda damyvav. is
ise daiwyebs, ro vervin gaigebs tanjvasa Tu sxva
*
e.i. vinc xucesad unda jvars.
cccviii
rame SWirs imas. is SaiZlebis, ro TviTon icodas, ro jvarn awuxeben, magram Taod ar ityvis.
arc jvarT swadiana, arc Taod und, ro Tqvas,
ar swadian~ (68, 17-18).
`is giJdebis, is qadagobas daiwyebs, RabuSobas. is gonT aRar iqnebis, is iqnebis areuli. ras
iZaxebs, Tao ar icis iman. rasac aZaxebiebs, imas
iZaxebs. pirvelad iman araferi ar icis, ras
iZaxis~ (68, 18).
`uTurgam iambis: aod viyvidiv, Zalian cudad
viyvidiv. sru gamecale Tavzedav Tmaiv, sru
meGvenebodianav. arafer ar mtkiodisav, _ eegr
aod viyvidiv. dRe-Rames ver vigebdiv, goni mPdebodav, naxevarTxan ar viyvidiv gonTav, sru
ugonT viyvidiv. kopala meGvenebodisav, sacxadac
meGvenebodisav, ZilGiacav. sru imaTTan, _ angelozebsTan viyvidiv. mZinaricav sru imaTas viZaxdiv. ocis wlisav viyvidiv. diac ar myvandav
mayvaniliv. winwinav ro angeloz gameGvenav, maSi
diac ar myvandav~ (68, 18-9).
`manam enas gamaiRebs, daiwyebs sizmarSi
xedvnas, sizmarSi qadagobas. maSiadav gaawmidebs.
Sin as, nalaPSi ar gaivlis, arc sworfroba
SaiZlebis. colis moyvanamde as sawamebeli~ (68,
19).
avstraliisa da afrikis Zveli formaciis sazogadoebebSi
srulwlovanebas
miRweul
ymawvilebs, romlebic tomis sruluflebiani
wevrebi unda gaxdnen, xelovnurad uqmnian `micccix
Tosur garemos~, soflis gareT, sadme wmida
tyeSi Tu tramalze, sadac isini tomis mfarvel
sulebsa da winaprebs Soris arian `garTulni~,
raTa eziaron maT sibrZnes (126, 251). am sazogadoebebSi iniciacia koleqtiuri RonisZiebaa
da masTan mravalferovani wes-Gveulebebia dakavSirebuli. Gvens saymoebSi `iniciacia~ individualuria, is ukiduresad pirovnul xasiaTs
atarebs, is iwyeba sruliad spontanurad pirovnebaSi da grZeldeba sxvis Gaurevlad; am dros
adamiani martod aris darGenili angelozTa Tu
RvTisSvilTa winaSe. rituali mxolod maSin Semodis Tavis ZalaSi, rodesac yvelaferi ukan
aris:
Widili
damcxralia,
gansacdeli
ganvlilia, gadatanilia. es rituali cnobilia
saxelwodebiT _ zRurblis dalaPva, romelic
zustad gamoxatavs mis arss, radgan zemoT gadmocemuli gansacdelebis gmiri ori samyaros
zRurblze cxovrobs: xorcielad fizikur samyaroSi myofi cnobierebiT is im samyaroSi
gadadis,
romelic
angelozebiT
gina
RvTisSvilebiT aris dasaxlebuli. is ganuwyvetel GvenebebSia, misTvis waSlilia zRvari
cxadsa da sizmars Soris, dResa da Rames Soris.
es
aris
gardamavali
mdgomareoba
Tavis
ukidures gamoxatulebaSi, roca adamianis cnobiereba qaoss moucavs, rac sulieri SeSlilobis niSans adebs mis pirovnebas. am dros gamZafrebulia mozardis gardamtexi asaki, roca
cccx
masSi iRviZebs uGveulo SegrZnebani da gancdebi,
sxva samyarodan SemoWrili realobebi xdebian
xilvis obieqtebad, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi, roca
saqme gvaqvs mkadris gamocdilebasTan, mistiur
xilvad miiGneva, xolo am dros, Wabukis maWrobis periodSi, sigiJed da `ugonTobad~ ganicdeba.
orive SemTxvevaSi saymo jvarGenis Zalas xedavs
adamianSi. cnobierebis aseT viTarebas Tavisi
dasasruli aqvs da zRurblis dalaPvis rituali
simbolurad gamoxatavs qaosis dasrulebas,
roca isev gamoGndeba ori samyaros gammijnavi
zRurbli, realuri zRurbli darbazisa _ `iq
darbaz as, saca ufro angelozebi sxdebian~ (22,
16), _ raTa erTxel da samudamod moipovos masSi
Sesvlis ufleba.
am gardamaval asakSi myofs, SeSlili cnobierebis mqone ymas, romelic jvars tyved hyavs
Gagdebuli da awvalebs, RabuSi ewodeba. es
adgilobrivi teqnikuri terminia jvarisagan gamowveuli SeSlilobis* gamosaxatavad _ `is giJdebis, is qadagobas daiwyebs, RabuSobas~. magram
RabuSobis xana, rogorc yoveli gardamavali
xana,
efemerulia
da
is
unda
daiZlios,
gadailaxos
ise,
rogorc
garkveuli
asaki
gadailaxeba. es xdeba maSin, roca, rogorc
T.oGiauri SeniSnavs, `avadmyofobisagan Sewuxebuli
RabuSi
bolos
far-xmals
yris
da
*
es problema Seswavlilia pirvelad n.mindaZis monografiaSi `qarTuli xalxuri medicina~, Tb.,
1981.
cccxi
RvTisSvils morGildeba. amis Semdeg igi `enas
gamoitans~ (gaqadagdeba). avadmyofoba sustdeba,
axlad `damdgari~ qadagi TandaTan ukeT Seiqneba
da
dakisrebul
movaleobas
jvaris
karze
sikvdilamde asrulebs~ (68, 20).
RabuSoba dionisuri mdgomareobaa, romelic
miiswrafis apolonurisaken, sulieri wonasworobisa da plastiurobisaken. es aris mdgomareoba maWrisa, romelic duRilSi cdilobs
Rvinod qcevas; is, rac aRar aris `tkbili~ da
jer ar aris Rvino _ maWari sruliad gamousadegaria
sakulto
daniSnulebisaTvis,
magram warmoSobs wmida sasmels, romelic
ibadeba vnebuli dionises sxeulidan.
RabuSi gvagonebs e.w. `mfrinav jvrebs~,
moxetiale xatebs, romelTac jer kidev ver aRmouGeniaT TavianTi mudmivi saarso adgili, jer
kidev ar damagrebulan kvrivze, fesvi ar gaudgamT miwis wiaRSi. amgvari jvar-xatebis `Gveulebaa~ mudmivi xetiali adgilidan adgilze, ris
gamoc isini jaWviT arian dabmulni, rogorc,
magaliTad,
xevis
sionis
xati,
romlis
Tavgadasavali moTxrobilia s.makalaTias `xevSi~
(53, 217), an eceris (svaneTi) eklesiaSi daculi
erTi xati, romelic `ubiaT ZewkviTa oqrosaTi
da ityvian: `ukeTu auSvaT, dalewavs yovelsave
aqa myofsa xat-jvarTa~ (75, 788). aseve daudgromeli xasiaTisa iyo anatoris mTavarangelozis
xati, `mfrinavi jvari~, romelsac fexiT dascccxii
devda
qancgawyvetili
misi
mkadre,
vidre
lursmniT ar dauWeda frTebi, ris gamoc jvari
Semoswyra mas da gauGinarda.
RabuSobis, rogorc gansacdelis, gavla aucilebeli wesia sakraluri Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad jvaris karze. magram isic aucilebel
wesad aris qceuli, TiTqos ritualad, rom adamiani gaurbodes Tanamdebobas jvaris karze,
radgan is mZime da sapasuxismgeblo movaleobad
miaGnia; radgan mas mouxdeba jvarTan da mis
kvrivebTan siaxlove, rac, SesaZlebelia, misi
daRupvis mizezi Seiqnas, Tu sakmarisad wmidad
ar Seinaxa Tavi; Tu ar iwmida da mireuli miuaxlovda siwmides, mas ueWveli ganadgureba
moelis. gaigonebT xucesad dadgomaze uaris
Tqmis
mizezad,
_
vicodi,
wmidobas
ver
SevZlebdi, amitomac vuZaliandebodio jvars (38,
#25386). jvaris mier niSanSi amoRebuli xSirad
mzad aris gadaitanos jvaris risxva, vidre dahyves mis nebas da daudges msaxurad. gansacdeli,
romelic zemoT aRiwera, mxolod mowifulobis
zRurblze rodi elis adamians; is, Gveulebriv,
am asakSi iGens Tavs, magram jvari, Tu mas
sWirdeba, ar dagidevs asaks adamianisas, romelic man Tavis rGeulad gamoacxada. potenciurad adamiani, jvaris yma, nebismier asakSi unda
elodes jvaris Zaxils, mis Genas; xSirad jvari
sulierTan erTad fizikuri avadobis saxiTac
iGens Tavs adamianSi; yma xvdeba batonis niSans,
cccxiii
magram urGobs, misTvis `sikvdili da Pevisbroba
bedena ar aris~ (38, #25456). ai, xevisberis naambobi, romelic tipiuria am movlenisaTvis:
`^ avad viyav sami weli. arc wamali mamidga,
araferi. da miTxres, ro unda iyo dekanozadao.
meti gza ara mqonda ra. me ki ar mindoda, magram
ras vizamdi. Gavardi loginad. Gavardnili viyavi
da arc wamali mamidga, araferi ar mamidga.
giorgi ro iyo, dekanozi, naxulobda sizmars:
samjera Sen gadmogabare droSao. sizmari vnaxeo,
ro samjera Sen gadmogabareo. me sizmari ese
vnaxe, ro xatSi mivdiodi da xalxi mxvdeboda
gzaze da ver miWerdnen gzaze, mainc mivdiodi^
mere cecxli gamiGnda fexebSi. fexebSi ro gamiGnda cecxli, ali wamovida da gadamiara da
veRar gavige memre, ra vqen, rogora vqen. memr
gonT mamivida. memre wavedi, meti gza ara mqonda~
(38, #25545).
`^Rame sizmarGi dekanozoba daviwyidi. i xatGi
unda vyofiliyavi da mexuca, martua veyudi.
damiwyo TvalebSi kleba. eqvs wels brmad viyavi.
madloba angelozebs, Tvali amexila. dekanozi
unda vyofiliyavi. aravin iyo aq dekanozi^ xucoba mesizmreboda xatSi _ sufra, Tas-ganZi,
anTebuli sanTlebi^~ (38, #25386). Rameul GvenebaSi is dgas garigebuli Tasebisa da anTebuli
sanTlebis win dekanozis pozaSi; jvari Tavis
msaxurad asizmrebs Tavs, magram dRisiT rigiT
ymobas arGevs jvaris karze adgils da gaurbis
cccxiv
mis nebas, rogorc sakuTari Tavis uRirsad Semracxveli qristiani beri gaurbis mRvdelmTavrad kurTxevas, rac TiTqos tradiciad aris
qceuli qristianul sinamdvileSi.
qadagad an xucesad daWerilis urGoba jvaris
mimarT, amboxi xorcielisa Tavisi batonis winaaRmdeg da Semdeg Widili ori, erTmaneTisadmi
Seuwonadi nebisa aucilebeli momentia jvaris
msaxurad dadgomis dramatul siuJetSi, namdvil
dramaSi, romelic sabolood xorcielis damarcxebiT mTavrdeba. jvari mainc miiyvans daWerils
Tavisi darbazis zRurblTan.
zemoT naxsenebi iyo SesaniSnavi adgilobrivi
(xevsuruli) termini _ zRurblis dalaPva, romlis simboluri azri sanaxevrod miviwyebulia
saymoSi. mis ganmartebas mxolod tavtologiurad an ritualis empiriulad aRweriT Tu axerxeben. `zRurblis dalaPva is aris, rom kaci
an gabeGavdeba, an gairyvneba; mkiTxaveebTan gaikiTxaven, isini etyvian, Pelosnad ginda misvla,
zRurbl unda dalaPoo^~ (24, 47). am ganmartebaSi
mainc mkrTalad Gans, rom zRurblis dalaxva
mdgomareobis Secvlis momaswavebeli ritualia;
rom is akanonebs ritualad saero mdgomareobidan sakralurSi Sesvlas. zRurblis dalaPva
TavisTavad simboluria, rogorc yoveli ritualuri qmedeba, magram mas Tavis mxriv aqvs simboluri gamoxatuleba sxva qmedebaSi. zRurblis
dalaPvis rituals, romelsac asruleben piraqeT
cccxv
xevsureTSi, Seesatyviseba piriqiT xevsureTis
saymoebSi gavrcelebuli saPeloSi Gadgomis*
rituali, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `saPelos purebs~ wriulad daawyoben `bortvze~,
jvaris teritoriis wmida adgilze, da erT
adgilas am wres Riad dastoveben Sesasvlel
`karad~. purebze `Pelosnis samxvewrod~ dakluli saklavis xorcis naWrebs awyoben, dadgamen ludis Tasebs zed damagrebuli sanTlebiTurT. xelsanTliani xucesi da is piri, vinc
`saPeloSi~ unda Gadges, Sesasvleli `kariT~
Sedian wreSi da sanTlebs anTeben. yovelive imis
mniSvnelobis dasturad, rac aq xdeba, mamakacebi
quds ixdian, jvarisagan moSorebiT mdgari dedakacebi
fexze
wamoiSlebian,
`mesaPeloes~
mSoblebi ki muxlmoyriT arian, vidre maTi
Svili wreSi dgas. xucesi xucobs, wamoTqvams
Tavis saTqmels (24, 43-4).
cxadia, rom am ritualSi samsxverplo purebiTa da saklavis xorciT Semoxazuli wre
jvaris bortvze sakralur sivrces moicavs. Tu
jvaris bortvi, rogorc kvrivi, wmida adgilia,
wreSi moqceuli sivrce wmidaTawmidaa, rogorc
jvaris darbazi, sadac ufro angelozebi sxde-
*
`saPelo~, iseve rogorc `Pelosani~ feodaluri saqarTvelos saxelmwifo aparatis terminebia,
romlebic mTaSi sakralur Tanamdebobas da mis matarebels aRniSnavs. qarTulidan nasesxebi
es sityva formiT `Palsuan~ svaneTSi `salocavis msaxurs~ niSnavs (8, 43, 60, 62)
cccxvi
bian. am wmidaTa wmidaSi Sedis mesaPeloe. es
aris misgan zRurblis dalaPva*.
im
saymoebSi,
sadac
jvaris
samsaxurSi
Gadgomis rituals zRurblis dalaPva ewodeba,
darbazis realur, fizikur zRurblTan ikvleba
saklavi _ zRurblis samlaPao, romlis sisxliTac
unda
gainaTlos
darbazis
zRurbli.
mxolod amis Semdeg aqvs ufleba axalbeda
jvaris msaxurs dalaxos zRurbli da Sevides
darbazSi, romelic, vaJas ganmartebiT, warmadgens `ierusalimis wmida-wmidaTas, sadac Tavi
xevisberi weliwadSi mxolod erTxel Sedis,
rogorc mRvdelmTavari wmida-wmidaTaSi~ (33, 27).
poeti, SesaZlebelia, aWarbebdes, _ xevisberi
weliwadSi ramdenjerme, dReobebis dros, Sedis
darbazSi, _ magram arsobrivad is zustad warmoaGens darbazis mniSvnelobas saymos jvaris
kultSi. ai, aq Semodis jvaris daWerili, patimari. zRurbli simbolurad gamoxatavs xiluli
da uxilavi samyaroebis sazRvars, darbazi _ uxilav samyaros, romelic angelozebiT aris
dasaxlebuli.
magram zRurblamde mosvlas da mis gadalaxvas win uZRvis simboluri qmedebani, romlebic
mis pirovnul gardaqmnas, mis axal adamianad
Sobas gamoxataven. is TiTqos eTiSeba gare sam*
`zRurblis dalaxvis~ wesi vainaxTa saqorwino ritualSi sruldeba: roca siZe pirvelad Sedis
sacolis saxlSi anu gadalaxavs karis zRurbls, valdebulia samwliani cxvari dauklas ojaxs (1456
5). siZisTvis sacolis saxli sakraluria
cccxvii
yaros, gadis sawmidarSi anu wmidobs, icavs
akrZalvaTa mTel wyebas; am dros is cxovrobs
jvaris teritoriaze an Tavisi saxlis WerxoSi,
romelic yovelTvis wmidad aris daculi da
TiTqos jvaris adgils warmoadgens adamianis
sacxovrebelSi. xatobis dRes is cxra wyaros
wyalze ganibaneba cxragzis, Seimoseba axalSekerili, uxmari samoseliT da usmel-uWmeli
(`unayro~) midis jvarSi (24, 40-1), raTa iq darbazis zRurblis dalaxviT ritualurad moipovos
sakraluri statusi.
jvaris mkadreebze amboben, rom isini angelozebSi arian garTulni (67, 188); maTive gadmocemiT isini mkadreobis mowodebas angelozebisagan iReben. iqidan modis STagoneba, saxeldobr,
xucobis dros warmosaTqmeli sityvebi. sizmrad
xedaven garigebul tablas _ ludiT savse
Tasebs da anTebul sanTlebs, magram duman, radgan jer ara aqvT gamoRebuli `sakraluri ena~.
ecxadebaT `gaTeTrebuli kaci~, romlis saxeSic
xSirad gamoicnoba gardacvlili xucesi, awvdis
Tass da GasGurGulebs xucobis sityvebs (38,
#25456). iRviZebs mkadre da sizmridan gamoiyolebs am sityvebs, romlebic ukve GabeWdilia
mis mexsierebaSi. `zogjer Zaxebas ver vaswreb,
damartyams raRac~ (38, #25402). es dartyma iqidan,
im STagonebis wyarodan modis.
boslidan jvaramde
cccxviii
jvaris msaxuri sakralurobis maqsimums maSin
avlens, roca misi samsaxuris Jami dgeba; roca
is dgas iq, sadac unda Seasrulos es samsaxuri.
arsebobs SesaniSnavi adgilobrivi termini Jamkari, romelSic SeiZleba vigulisxmoT jvaris
Jami da jvaris kari; Jami, rodesac sruldeba
kultmsaxureba, da kari anu adgili, sadac
sruldeba igi. es aris sakraluri qronotoposi,
erTianoba sakraluri droisa da sivrcisa; aq, am
adgilze da axla, am dros unda xorcieldebodes es samsaxuri, xelaxla ibadebodes `Jami
igi~ anu cocxldebodes is dro, rodesac pirvelad dafuZnda kulti. Jam-karis gareSe kulti ar
arsebobs, magram is mxolod konkretul JamkarSi isxams xorcs.
wmida Jam-kari, imisaTvis rom kultis potencia amoZravdes, aucileblobiT moiTxovs mesame
elements _ es aris msaxuri, romlis zogad saxelwodebad Gven Tavidanve viyenebdiT arqaul
mkadres, romelic Tavis TavSi iTavsebda istoriuli xanis da dRemde arsebuli qadagis, xucesis da medroSis funqciebs (68, 113). mkadre, iseve,
rogorc Jam-kari, wmida unda iyos. Gven viciT,
rom man, ganaTlulma da gawmedilma, dalaxa
darbazis zRurbli, romlis miRma is transcendentur samyaros eziara, angelozebis wreSi
Sevida. am aqtiT xorcieli jvaris siwmidesTan
xdeba naziarebi; siwmide ar aris misi Sinagani
da
mudmivi
mdgomareoba,
amitomac
jvaris
cccxix
msaxuri Rirsi rom Seiqnas wmida Jam-karisa, is
periodulad
unda
ganiwmidebodes;
Tu
ar
ganiaxla Tavisi siwmide, is ver miva dReobis
dRes jvaris karze Tavisi sakraluri movaleobis Sesasruleblad. is unda dadges jvaris
teritoriis yvelaze wmida adgilas, sadamdec ki
xorciels miesvleba. aseTi adgili jvaris
teritoriaze aris jvaris beReli, romlis
zRurblze gadabijeba da Sig Sesvla mxolod
jvaris gamZRoT anu xucesebs SeuZliaT, Tumca
iq Zilis neba ara aqvT (62, 655). beRels mxolod
ukiduresi gansacdelis Jams miaSurebs rigiTi
yma: bacaligvelma vaGem devi mokla; sxva devebisagan devnili vaGe pirquSis beRelSi afarebs
Tavs, sadac devebi ver bedaven Sesvlas (62, 588);
Tumca
vaGes
uwmiduri
Zalisagan
jvaris
galavanic daicavda, magram devnilma uwmides
adgils miaSura _ is uSualod jvaris ubes Seexvewa.
qadagis, rogorc umaRlesi mowmidarobis
matarebeli piris, funqcia jvaris beRelTan
aris dakavSirebuli: `qadags Saiyvanen, saca
kvrivi; beRelSi dasmen~ (68, 66). aq, beRlis
wiaRSi ecxadeba jvari qadags da ucxadebs Tavis
nebas. jvaris gamocxadebis scena aRwerilia
`baxtrionis~ V TavSi, sadac qadagi uambobs
xalxs Tavis mistiur gamocxadebas:
win momegeba siciliT,
beRlis kars modga mzebura,
cccxx
tanT ecva lurji beqTari,
Tavze GaGqani exura.
didia Gveni batoni^
beRlis kari jvaris wmida nagebobis konkretuli saxec aris da amave dros bevr saymoSi is
jvaris
karis
aRmniSvnelicaa,
riTac
misi
siwmidea gamoxatuli. rogorc sabrZolo poeziidan Gans, mteri swored beRlis kars utevs, rogorc zurab erisTavi laSaris bermuxas da
gudelas alvisxes:
maS cabaurTas GavideT, vamtvrioT beRlis
kario (109, 35).
ai, am wmida beRelSi Sesasvlelad, romlis
mistiuri siRrme cxra fexi wmida sanTlis SuqiT
izomeba, qadags sWirdeba pirvelmopovebuli
siwmidis
xelaxla
mopoveba,
rom
kvlav
aRorZindes jvaris mkadred.
sauflo dRis dadgomamde, roca msaxuri
jvaris karze unda gamocxaddes, is ramdenime
kviriT adre iwyebs wmidobas. is sawmidarSi gadis, iwyebs cxovrebas jvaris teritoriaze, kerZod, saberoSi, marxulobs, ekrZaleba dedakacTan
araTu siaxlove, galaparakebac ki; is dadis
misTvis gankuTvnili savali bilikebiT, romlebic `ulaP~ adgilebze gadis; sxvis ojaxSi saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi
misvlisas
(wesiT
ki
ekrZaleba: `^ar vaZlevav sxvis ojaxSi Sesvlis
nebasav,
ar
vaZlevav
gareT
myofebsTan
aZraxdomis nebasav^~ (68, 19) bans an Werxos miaScccxxi
urebs,
rogorc
saxlis
wmidad
Senaxul
adgilebs; wmida wyaros, ara mdinaris, wyalSi
ibaneba yoveldRe, ragind civi zamTari iyos.
zog saymoebSi sawmidarSi gasulni sruliad
wyveten ojaxTan kavSirs da jvaris koSkSi
gadasaxlebulni
umanko
bavSvebis
mitanili
sakvebiT ikvebebian (53, 209). winasadReobo periodi Tormetjer (Tu wliur dResaswaulTa maqsimalur ricxvs aviRebT) unda modiodes weliwadSi da jvaris msaxuric am dros, rogorc
beri da gandegili, Tmobs wuTisofels da
TiTqos udabnoSi gadis gansawmedelad. is fizikurad cxovrobs saymoSi, saymos teritoriaze,
magram sulierad sxva samyaroSia gadasuli;
saymo nalaPSi cxovrobs, is ulaPSi; saymo
xsnilia, is marxuli; saymo Tavisufalia, is
patimari. is Tmobs bevr rames mTeli wlis
manZilze, rom jvarTan axlos misvlis ufleba
moipovos; sulierad emzadeba, `ipatimrebs~ Tavs,
rom Sevides jvaris wmidaTa wmidaSi.
akrZalvebSi,
marxulobaSi,
patimrobaSi,
gandegilobaSi gadis jvaris msaxuris cxovrebis
meti wili. is ar aris Semosili sagangebo talavariT, romelic mas rigiTi ymisagan ganasxvavebda; magram mas uxilavi samoseli, rogorc
sqima monazvnisa, gadafarebuli aqvs jvaris mier.
Tu mis miwmidarobis reJims mis ukiduresobaSi
warmovidgenT, jvaris msaxuri am periodSi gareSeTagan uxilavi unda iyos da mxolod Jam-karze
cccxxii
unda Gndebodes Semokrebili da misi momlodine
saymos winaSe xelxanjliani, Tu is xucesia, damwyalbnebis sityvebis warmosaTqmelad da wamoyenebuli samsaxuris (anu saklavis) Tavis
gzaze dasayeneblad. aq unda iTqvas, rom rac
ufro mniSvnelovani movaleoba akisria jvaris
msaxurs jvaris karze, miT ufro mkacri unda
iyos mis cxovrebis wesi. xucesi Tu dekanozi,
igive xevisberi, romelsac akisria wmida da
saSineli samsaxuri _ sisxliani msxverplis Sewirva saymosa da calkeuli ymebis saxelze,
cxadia, meti siwmidiT unda iyvnen mosilni,
vidre dasturebi, romlebsac evalebaT sadReobo
ludis moxarSva da amave dros sawmidarSi gasuli xevisbrisaTvis saWmelis momzadeba, radgan
xevisbrebi mxolod ganaTluli xeliT momzadebul saWmels Wamen. dasturs Tavisi arcTu xangrZlivi mowmidarobiT ufleba aqvs mopovebuli
zvarakis dakvlisas miexmaros xevisbers (fexebi
gaukavos saklavs, darbazSi Sehyves xevisbers da
sxv.). amitomac is garkveul xans gandegilobs
ojaxidan da sagangebo SenobaSi, sadasturoSi
cxovrobs.
dasturi ver Seasrulebs Tavis funqcias, Tu
Sultam (Tu GanGxma) ar moutana mas salude qeri
da SeSa. raki am naklebad mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobis pirebsac uxdebaT monawileoba dResaswaulis, wmida Jam-karis momzadebaSi, isinic wmidoben, magram maT ar evalebaT gansakuTrebuli
cccxxiii
akrZalvebis dacva da maTi mowmidarobis vadac
xanmoklea.
rigiTi ymebi, romlebic jvars ar amourGevia
raime samsaxurisaTvis jvaris karze an arc wilisyriT evalebaT samsaxuri, an arc raime
aRTqma aqvT dadebuli, Tavisufalni arian
akrZalvebisagan yoveldRiur yofaSi, magram
swored es Tavisufleba arTmevs maT uflebas
Tavisuflad moiqcnen jvaris karze _ idgenen da
Sevidnen iq, sadac dastur-xelosnebs da xevisbrebs uxdebaT yofna. jvaris karze aSkaravdeba
patimris upiratesoba Tavisuflis mimarT _
rigiTi ymisTvis
dafarulia
saidumlo, is
mxolod garedan Sescqeris wmida sanTlebis
cimcims beRelSi Tu darbazSi an kvrivis sipebze
da ar SeuZlia uxilavad Semowerili sazRvris
gadalaxva, radgan mas ar daulaxavs simbolurrealuri zRurbli darbazisa. es uTanasworoba,
rac jvarTan mimarTebaSi aSkaravdeba, gawonasworebulia imiT, rom jvarisagan Tavisufal
rigiT ymas, magram profanuli yofis patimars,
sxva realobaSi aqvs upiratesoba daTmobili. ai,
ras wers d.xizaniSvili: `xevisberi Tumca xatis
maxlobeli piria da xalxisagan pativcemuli,
magram kargi iRbalis mqoned, `davlaTian~, bednier kacad is mainc ver GaiTvleba fSavelebSi.
xevisberi da mowmindarebi xatis `tusaRebi~ da
`monebi~ arian, iRbali ki ver amoirGevs TavisTvis xevis-brad da mowmindarad ver daamonavebs,
cccxxiv
radgan misi winaaRmdegi kacis mosarGle am
SemTxvevaSi isev kacis iRbalia. fSavlis azriT,
yvela xevisberi, qadag-mkiTxavi da sazogadod
xatisagan damonavebuli kaci uiRbloa da Tavisufal xalxze nakleb bednieri~ (108). marTlac,
ra davlaTi da yismaTi uSvelis mas, vinc jvarTan siaxlovis gamo mudmiv xifaTSi imyofeba,
visac misi samsaxuris mZime tvirTi awevs, xolo
sazRaurad saklavis tyaviRa rGeba xelSi. yofacxovrebiTi TvalsazrisiT jvaris msaxurze
ubeduri adamiani ar moiZebneba mTels saymoSi.
SesaZlebelia, mas ifaravdes kidec jvaris davlaTi, adamianur davlaTze ganuzomelad Zlieri
(rogorc cabaurTis mTavarangelozis mkadres,
romelic zvavidan uvneblad gamoiyvana jvarma),
magram jvarive anadgurebs mas an `dalevs~ monagariTurT mciredi ampartavnobis gamoGenisa Tu
siwmidis uneburi SebRalvisaTvis. `rodis iyo,
jvaris tyve-tusaRni kargad iyvnen da kargad
kvdebodnen? _ kiTxvas svamda qadagi da Tavadve
pasuxobda, _ arasodes. radgan jvarni uyismaToni iyvnen da maT varskvlavze dabadebulebma
kargi ra unda naxon?~ (38, #25468).
saymo ar Sedgeba dedrovanTagan, magram saymoSi cxovrobs dedrovani da mas garkveuli damokidebuleba aqvs jvarTan. jvari icavs dedrovans, Tavis biJionas, rogorc Tavad jvari
uwodebs mas (rogorc mamrovans _ vercxlis
Rils), magram icavs ara iseTi TavgamodebiT, rocccxxv
gorc mamrovans, romelic qmnis saymos `sxeuls~.
dedakaci, mowmidaric ki, ver utoldeba siwmidiT
aramowmidar mamakacs (107). ase rom, sawmidarSi
yofna savsebiT ver warxocavs bunebiT uwmidurebas, rasac dedakacSi xedavs tradiciuli kulti.
dedakacis saSodan mravldeba saymo, magram
swored
saSos
gamo,
romelic
Sobs,
mas
ekrZaleba jvarTan siaxlove. jvaris mTels samyaroSi dedrovani calke sazogadoebas, biJionaTa calke krebuls qmnis, romelic Jam-karze
garidebulia mamrovanTa krebuls. magaliTad,
laSaris jvarSi yvela saymos dedrovani erT
sajareSi iyris Tavs, maSin roca mamrovanT TavTavisi
sajareebi
aqvT
saymoebis
mixedviT.
zogierT jvarSi, mag., xaxmatis wmida giorgis
(naRvarmSvenieris) jvarSi, dedakacebis sajare
da maTTvis nebadarTuli teritoria bunebrivi
sazRvriT, stequras xeviT aris gamijnuli
jvaris teritoriis im nawilisagan, sadac maT
gadasvlis ufleba ara aqvT. dedakacs ekrZaleba
araTu jvaris siwmideTa xelisxleba (mis xelSi
ki gadis sadroSe baRdadi, magram mas Semdeg,
rac is droSaze Seibmis, misTvis miuwvdomeli
xdeba), aramed jvaris saxelis xsenebac ki: saubarSi mas SeuZlia Tavis Tu xelis moZraobiT
migvaniSnos jvarze, an gansazRvros is Tavisi
qmris an mamis saxeliT (`Gemi kacis jvari~, `Gemi
mamis jvari~), an zedwodebiT (`qvena jvari~,
`zena jvari~), an nebismieri narTauli gziT.
cccxxvi
dedrovanSi gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvT
ori ukiduresi asakis qalebs _ moxucebulT,
romlTac Semwydari aqvT dedaTwesi da gogonebs,
romelTac ar miuRweviaT mowifulobamde. maT ar
ekrZalebaT
xevisberTa
da
mowmidarTa
samyofelSi Sesvla (51, 181); ufro metic: isini
saWironic ki arian jvarSi. rogorc davinaxeT,
zogierT saymoSi uasako gogonebis
xeliT misdiT sawmidarSi gasul
xevisberebs sakvebi (mag., xevSi),
sxvagan ki (arxotisa da gudanis
jvrebSi)
dasturebis
damxmared
jvari xnier dedakacebs moiTxovs (62, 693).
dedrovanTa Soris arian or mdgomareobaSi
myofi qalebi _ dedaTwesSi myofni anu mebosleni, romlebic sagangebo SenobaSi (samreloSi)
an boselSi ganiwmindebian; da ukanasknel TveSi
Gamdgarni, romlebic aseve sagangebo qoxSi
imyofebian mSobiarobamde da mSobiarobis Semdeg.
Tavad isini da maTi samyofeli adgili usasrulo manZiliT (sakraluri azriT) arian daSorebulni jvars, rogorc misi antipodebi.
boslis gamoGena aseT viTarebaSi ar aris
moulodneli.
misi
funqcia,
rogorc
uwmidurobaSi
myofi
dedakacis
droebiTi
sadgomisa, erT-erTi uZvelesi da mTels dedamiwis zurgze farTod gavrcelebuli realiaa, romelsac miTosur-simboluri gaazrebebi aqvs.
amave dros is SeiZleba kulturaTa ganmasxvavecccxxvii
beli erT-erTi niSanic iyos. SuamdinareTis sakralur yofaSi da miTosSi boseli wmidaTa wmidad aris Seracxili swored imis gamo, rom is
Sobis adgilia, sadac ibadeba ara mxolod
taZris
wmida
naxiri,
aramed
mefec
da,
sabolood, es Senoba RvTis saxlis mniSvnelobas iZens miTosSi, ramdenadac kosmiuri boseli RmerTebis saSod aris warmodgenili (46,
77, 212, 186). is sakraluri realobaa. aseTive sakraluria, oRond sawinaaRmdego niSniT (laTinuri sityvis sacer `wmida~ meore mniSvneloba _
`uwmiduri~)* boseli Gven saymoebSi, sadac mas
simboliuri datvirTva aqvs, rogorc siwmidis
nulovan adgils, saidanac iwyeba ganwmedis gza,
mimarTuli jvarisaken, romelic siwmidis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa. boseli imis gamo, rom is
Sobis adgilia an momSobiarebulis droebiTi
samyofeli, uwmiduria; magram misgan, rogorc
dedis muclidan, gamomavali jvarisken aris mimarTuli.
yma ibadeba `qoxSi~, romelsac zogierT sazogadoebaSi `boseli~ ewodeba, Tumca zogan is
realuradac boselia. momSobiarebuli qali
ramdenime xnis Semdeg axladSobili yrmiTurT
(is jvaris momavali ymaa) gamodis samSobiaro
qoxidan da Sedis saqonlis sadgomSi, sadac xans
dahyofs
axladSobilTan
erTad,
vidre
ar
*
ix. 147, 187-9.
cccxxviii
ganiwmideba da samyof saxlSi Sesvlis ufleba
ar miecema. ganwmedis Semdeg is stovebs bosels
da Sedis saxlSi, magram jer kidev ekrZaleba
WerxoSi asvla, radgan Werxo sawmidari adgilia,
rogorc jvaris adgili jvaris ymis (is SeiZleba
dekanozi iyos) sacxovrebel saxlSi. es gza, romelsac gaivlis dedakaci axladSobilTan erTad
boslidan Werxomde, simbolurad gamoxatavs
jvarisaken mimaval ganwmedis gzas, aRmaval gzas
Sobis adgilidan jvaramde, sadac unda mivides
Tu unda miiyvanon saymoSi dabadebuli yvela
vercxlis Rili. boseli, rogorc saSo, dedrulia _ aq dedakacebi trialeben da wvebian
dasaZineblad; Werxo mamrulia da wmidaa, rogorc jvari _ aq iZinebs mamakaci (54, 136; 55, 187).
aqve imyofeba ojaxis `jvari~ anu mekeziswvre angelozi. siwmide moemarTeba Werxodan qvemoT,
rogorc emanaciis naTeli, da iklebs uqvemoes
sarTulSi, sadac jvaris msaxurT da mowmidarebs Sesvla ekrZalebaT.
adamiani roca ibadeba, is uwmiduri ibadeba;
roca kvdeba adamiani, is kvlav uwmiduri xdeba.
`civi~, rogorc micvalebuls uwodeben tabuirebul enaze, jvarisagan ganridebulia; iseve Sors
aris jvarisagan, rogorc boselSi Tu qoxSi axladSobili yrma. uZilaurTis saymoSi `civs~
araTu jvaris xelkaci, rigiTi ymac ki ver
ekareba; micvalebuli sxva soflidan mosulma
xalxma unda miabaros miwas (65, 202). dammarxcccxxix
velni tans ganibanen, rogorc axladmologinebuli da axladSobili iwmidebian. zogierT
saymoSi, mag., arxotSi, `micvalebuls asveneben
boselSi~ (59-b, 44). Gans, saymo raRac saidumlo
kavSirs xedavs adamianis Sobasa da sikvdils
Soris.
qadagi qalebi
dedrovani, marTalia, uwmidurad aris Seracxili da Sors dgas jvarisagan, magram
zogierTi saymo swored masSi xedavs sakulto
cxovrebis dasabams. xevsuruli andreziT, Tamar
mefes xaxmatSi augia eklesia da Seuwiravs misTvis qristianuli religiis upirvelesi niSani
oqros jvari da vercxlis Tasebi.
erTi leqsi ambobs:
qalma Tqva Tamar mefema: xaxmats avage saydari,
vercxlis Tasebi SeviRe, Sig davayene bermRvdeli (143, 97).
gadmocemiT `PaPmatis jvari winaT ar iyovo
da Tamar mefem eklesia aaSena wminda giorgis
saxelze da bolos gaGnda giorgis locva da
gadakeTda Pevsurul religiur sadReobod^~ (60,
116). Tamari, saeklesio wmindani, xevsureTSic
wmindanad aris Seracxili da misi nasadgomaris,
rogorc wminda adgilis xsovna, ukanasknel
dromde iyo SemorGenili xaxmatSi. XIX saukunis
dasasrulis
mogzauri
aseT
epizods
cccxxx
mogviTxrobs xaxmatSi agebul axal eklesiasTan
dakavSirebiT: `^ PaPmatSi kacebi da dedakacebi
ris vai-vaglaxiT Sevidnen saydarSi; dedakacebs
kenWebi GaedoT pirSi. imitom ar Sedian, rom
TviT adgili, razedac saydari dgas (saydari
iqve xatis gverdzea), wminda adgilad miaGniaT:
`aq Tamar mefis nasadgomari asav^~ (39). rogorc
vxedavT, Tamaris nasadgomari jvaris teritoriaze egulebodaT da iseve ekrZalebodaT misi,
rogorc jvaris `daWerili~, kvrivi adgilebisa.
Tamari aGens saymoSi kvriv adgils, es ki kultis
dafuZnebis badalia.
Tumca Tamari kultis damaarsebelia ara rogorc sakuTriv qali, aramed rogorc RvTiuri
warmoSobis mefe; is axorcielebs Tavis TavSi
princips
bagrationTa
modgmisa,
romelic
RvTisSvilTa moZmed iyo dasaxuli garkveuli
xanidan dinastiis mTeli arsebobis manZilze
vidre ukanasknel mefe ereklemde. amrigad, is
afuZnebs Tu ganaaxlebs Tavisi RvTiuri moZmis
religias mTaSi, ukve arsebul kults, romlis
`aRmoGenaSi~ ar miuRia monawileoba, ar yofila
jvarGenis mxilveli da ganmcdeli, rogorc am
rjulis pirvelqadagni, romelTac jvari irGevs
Tavisi WeSmaritebis saqadageblad.
xevsureTsa da fSavSi arsebobs andrezebi,
romelTa
mixedviT
jvarGenad
gamzadebulma
RvTisSvilma mTels saymoSi qali gaixada Tavis
rGeulad da patimrad. jvarGenis erT-erT ancccxxxi
drezs qalis monawileobiT Gven ukve gavecaniT;
es iyo karatis jvaris anu kopalas liqokSi gamoGenis andrezi. misi gmirebi iyvnen ubralo
mwyemsebi _ mowifulobis zRurblamde misuli
qal-vaJi, romelTac ubiwo siyvaruliT uyvardaT
erTmaneTi. eseni iyvnen jvarGenis mxilvelni da
uSualo ganmcdelni, maT fsiqikaSi gaiara jvarGenis faqtma da erT-erT maTganze _ es iyo qali
_ samudamo tvifari aRbeWda. andrezi ambobs,
rom qal-vaJi ver iqneboda jvarGenis mxilvelni,
rom ubiwoni ar yofiliyvnen (60, 127); qali
imyofeboda sulier-xorcieli siwmidis im mdgomareobaSi, romelSic uqorwinebeli andrezuli
Tamari imyofeboda, roca is Tavis siwmides
levitaciis unariT da mzis sxivis saswauliT
amowmebda (43). Tu jvarGenis pirvelxilvisaTvis
saWiro iyo siwmide, is aucilebeli unda yofiliyo Semdegac da ar unda wabilwuliyo
qalSi, raki jvarma is airGia Tavis mkadred.
qalSi unda gagrZelebuliyo sulier-xorcieli
siwmidis asaki, masSi ar unda eGina Tavi im niSnebs, romlebic jvarisa da saymos TvalSi uwmidur arsebad xdis qals. andrezi sagangebo
yuradRebas aqcevs am moments: `^ im qals arc
meTveurobis wesn xqonivas, arc qmrianobisa, arc
mebosleobisa^~ (67, 162). mxolod aseTi qali
SeeZlo aetana RvTisSvils Tavis mkadred; meore
mxriv, mxolod aseT qals SeeZlo `ekadrebina~
(gaebedna) jvaris siaxlove.
cccxxxii
xeli me mkadra minanma, zaltian-saTiTianio
(60, 135),
ambobs karatis jvari erT sakulto leqsSi,
sadac aRwerilia jvarisa da minanis _ ase erqva
pirvel qadag qals, karatis jvaris `aRmomGens~ _
mogzauroba mTis TemebSi begaris asaRebad, rac
axali rjulis ganmtkicebis niSania (iq, sadac
jvari begaras awesebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi misi
kultic aris dawesebuli). am striqonSi aRsaniSnavia, rom jvaris mkadre qals qalurobis niSnad
mxolodRa samkauli _ `zalte~ (salte, samajuri) aqvs SerGenili samZimariviT, romelic
aseve daclilia qalurobis xorcieli niSnebisagan (68, 45).
jvars surda, rom `zaltian-saTiTian~ diacs
gamocxadeboda da misi xeliT daefuZnebina Tavisi salocavi; magram qalSi aRmofxvrili unda
yofiliyo sqesi. es aris jvaris paradoqsi. jvari
ar eZebs Tavis rGeuls anomaliebSi, magram Tavis
`daWerilSi~ is waSlis fiziologiur niSnebs,
riTac dedakacs gadaiyvans im kategoriaSi, sadac mowmidari mamakacebi da jvaris xelkacebi
iricxebian. mxolod amgvarad ganwmedili qalis
xeliT, romelsac ar emuqreba uwmiduroba, jvari
avrcelebs Tavis religias urjulo mosaxleobaSi, raTa gaixados is Tavis saymod.
cccxxxiii
pirvel qadag qalze andrezi gadmogvcems: `^
pirvel imas autexav qadagoba mTel PevsureTSi,
gudanac, PaPmatac. im qals sru mudam xatSi uvlav salocavad. memr eklesia daudgam, darbas
gaumarTebav, memr dReobeb dauwesebav: aTengena,
amaRleba, sxvai^ im qals ar uxucebav, eegr
saqadago uubnav~ (67, 162). rogorc vxedavT, qali,
romelmac Seqmna religiuri cxovrebis safuZvlebi, ar yofila uflebamosili xucesis
movaleobis Sesasruleblad; is SeiZleba qadagi
yofiliyo, magram ver iqneboda xucesi, Tumca
qadagis religiuri statusi gacilebiT maRalia
da sakraluri xucesisaze, radgan kultis
genezisidanve mTels istoriul xanaSi mas jvari
swored qadagis piriT irGevs saymodan. `im qals
ar uxucebav^~, iseve rogorc wmida ninos, romelmac mxolod uqadaga qristes sityva mcxeTis
ers da misca saxe pirveli eklesiisa, magram misi
momnaTvleli
mRvdlebi
saberZneTidan
gamoiTxova, raki mas, rogorc qals, naTliscemis
ufleba ar hqonda.
andrezis sityvebi, rom `im qals ar uxucebav,
eegr saqadagod uubnav~, garda imisa, rom qadagobis pirveladobas da xucobis meoradobas
adasturebs (radgan jer gamocxadebaa, mereRa
warmarTva kultisa), sxva mxrivac aris sagulisxmo: is faqti, rom qali qadagobda, xolo
xucoba ar SeeZlo, rac mamakacs unda ekisra istoriulad, migvaniSnebs qadagobis unaris decccxxxiv
drul, xolo xucobis funqciis mamrul warmomavlobaze, risi safuZvelic dedakacis pasiur
da mamakacis aqtiur bunebaSi unda iyos Gamarxuli.
qadagsa da xucess Soris Zireuli gansxvaveba,
cxadia, jvarTan maT mimarTebaSi unda Gandes;
maTi
warmosaTqmeli
teqstebi
da
funqcia
sruliad gansxvavebuli warmomavlobisaaa. maTi
SedarebisaTvis SesaniSnav masalas iZleva al.
oGiauris
Ganaweri
mowmaos
(xevsureTi)
mTavarangelozis jvarSi, sadac xucesi da
qadagi erTi da igive piria.
mimdinareobs kultmsaxureba jvaris karze
axali dasturebis dasayeneblad. `am dros
xucesi gainaTleboda-d’ daakrevd anTebul sanTlebs darbazSi. Tan SasZaxnebd: `dalocvilo
mTavaro angelozo, SamaZaxilze nu gamiwyrebi,
uti-d’ umecari or, Porcieli or. Sen uSveli
SenT ymaT, Sen nu maiwyen, nu maiZuleb Send samsaxurad, Tavis samSvidobod^~. am SaZaxils ro
gaaTavebd, gamava-d’ xalxis saTaveSi dajdebod.
cotaixniTges daiwyebd mTqnarebas. xalxi daGumebul dasxdeboda-d’ elodes gaqadagebas^ amTqnarebd mal-maled, Tan creml dauwyebd madenas. bolos daikivlebd: `hai, hai, me or
mTavarangelozi, me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai. Gem
maT aRaraad gavaGnior. mPari mPars gamisworesad’ kiser kisers. maTreven simurSia-d’, roSianSi.
aRaraad vis gavaGnior, magram me aisiv mTavarcccxxxv
angeloz or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv. Gem
ymaT urGev, ro WkviT iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben,
Tore vanan; Gems wess me ar daviyri, raic xTisgan maqv malocvili^~ (68, 68-69).
saymos Tvalwin xdeba xucesis gardaqmna
qadagad; am saxecvlilebis garegani niSani aris
mTqnareba,
rogorc
transis
pasiur
mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis simptomi. roca is, rogorc
xucesi, warmoTqvamda saTqmels, misi sityva qvemodan zemoT iyo mimarTuli; es iyo xorcielis
mimarTva RvTisSvilisadmi, adamianuri warmoSobis sityva, romelsac warmoTqvamda xucesi
sruli SegnebiT Tavisi piriT, rogorc xorcielTa saymos warmomadgeneli, jvarisagan sakraluri uflebebiT aRWurvili, rogorc Suamavali saymosa da jvars Soris. xucobaSi xucesis mosaxsenebelia is, rac saymom icis Tavis
Tavze _ rac uWirs, rac trialebs saymoSi, Tavis
sibriyvesTan erTad, rom is `utia da umecari~,
rom mas wamoyenebuli hyavs samsaxuri imisaTvis,
rom jvarma ixsnas is `laRis mtrisgan, mwaris
sikvdilisgan~,
rom
miiRos
es
sacxovari
`xsnilada, kurTxeulada~; yvelaferi es _ warmTqmulic da wamoyenebulic, roca daiRvreba misi
sisxli, adis maRla, ufro sworad unda miaRwios jvaramde, radgan is mis karze warmoiTqmis
da keTdeba, rom jvarma uxilavi SibiT Tu kibiT
morige RmerTTan aitanos. ase dgas xucesi _
xorcieli uxilavi jvaris winaSe da Tavisi saxcccxxxvi
eliT laparakobs; Tumca misi warmosaTqmeli
sityvebi misi SeTxzuli ar aris, is Seiqmna mas
Jamsa, sakulto cxovrebis genezisSi da mis
SeqmnaSi
am
xucesis
winaprebi
iRebdnen
monawileobas. es xucesi swavlobs xucobis
sityvebs cxadSi Tu sizmarSi Tavis winamorbedisagan;
sityvebi
jvarisagan
ar
aris
STagonebuli, xucesi warmoTqvams adamianur
saTqmels, rogorc xorcieli, da es procesi xucobisa savsebiT aqtiuria da cnobieri.
Tu xucesis sityvebi RvTisSvilis gasagonad
iyo
warmoTqmuli,
qadagis
naTqvams
sawinaaRmdego daniSnuleba aqvs: is saymom unda
Seisminos, mis gasagonad aris naTqvami. xucesis
sityvebi, rogorc yoveli locva-vedreba, xorciel samyaroSi ibadeba da aRivlineba sulierisaken; naqadagari ki Tavisi arsiT jvaruli warmoSobis aris da zemodan gardamodis saymoze,
xorcielze. raki uxorco jvars ar SeuZlia warmoTqvas
saymos
xorcieli
yurTasmenisaTvis
gasagoni sityva, Tavis saTqmels is qadagis sametyvelo organoebiT warmoTqvams; warmoTqvams
imas, rac ar icis saymom da verc Seicnobs Tavisi WkuiT, radgan xorcieli `utia da umecari~,
misTvis momavals, mosaxdens Tu mowevnads safarveli aqvs dadebuli. Tavad RvTisSvili
rasac xedavs momavalSi, morige RvTis karze
xedavs, roca mas iq asvla mouwevs; amitomac
naqadagari xSirad gaismis rogorc gafrTxileba:
cccxxxvii
`gamimTxildiTav, ymano, cud saqmei maqvav xTis
karzedav maxiluliv. mTxilaT iyveniTav, Gemno
ymano^~ (68, 70). jvari, rogorc `preistoriuli~,
im Jamis gmiri, mistiris Tavis warsul didebas
da qadagis piriT amxnevebs saymos: `sadaR maqv
Zali-d’ SaZlebai, sadaR maqv! Gamameyar suyvelaferi, _ qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRvenulufanic, Par-kuretnic. maSin mqond Zali-d’
SaZleba, rosac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, cxra
adl miwa-myars vaxviebdi. magram eexlad ymaT
saSvelada saxoiSnod iqav xTis karze davdior
imiT ro mimiZvirdes ymani. qer-oqron ver gamaviRen srulad. mzeqal Sagvijd maRalzed,
magvayoln
cis
xorxoSni,
gaminadgurn
Gem
xodaburni, Gem ymaT qer-oqronic. merigem RmerTm
damiZrn bageni da jiPvis Tav-rqan gadmamayoln
sam pirad. umTxildiT Tavs, ageb gadavicil Gemma
gamarjvebamaca da meriges RmerTisamac. Savesrev
Par-maniST, ageb gadavilocav, davimProb kviraes,
davxqrTamav bnel-siskris TeviT, zRven-samsaxurT
SasroliT. giorgis Savexvewebi, giorgis mode
yel-RilianT _ daxmareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTav
laqardianniv. giorgim PaPmatis jvarm Saxkazm
Tavis nislisferi, cis gidel-gidelT daawyvit,
gaSal wyalobis maskvlavni. nuRar geSinisT,
imedianad iyveniT^~ (68, 70).
rasac saymo ismens qadagisgan, ar aris mocemuli qadagis cdaSi; mTeli naqadagari warmoadgens RvTisSvilis cdas, mis xilvas morige
cccxxxviii
RvTis karze. es xilva rom misawvdomi gaxdes
xorcielTaTvis, jvarma is unda Gaagdos xorcielis wiaRSi, rogorc Tesli, da aSobios mas,
rogorc sityva. es wiaRi aris qadagis mTeli
arseba da ara mxolod misi sametyvelo organoebi, radgan jvari aris Gasaxlebuli qadagSi
da Signidan metyvelebs misi bageebiT, rogorc
delfuri misani piTia (150, 70), romelTanac Gveni
saymoebis qadags bevri ram aqvs saerTo, Tundac
is, rom apolonis winaswarmetyveleba Gveni
naqadagaris msgavsad, rogorc wesi, pirveli
piriT aris gadmocemuli (150, 70-1). es piri delfoSi apolonia, GvenTan jvari. qadagi instrumentia, sayviria jvris xelSi, romliTac jvari
axmianebs Tavis xilvebs. amitomac qadagi, Tundac
igi mamakaci iyos (da esec aris istoriul
xanaSi), pasiuria, rogorc saSo, saidanac jvarma
dedruli keriidan aRmocenebuli ifniviT unda
amouSvas Tavisi sityva.
wmida ninos, romelic misdami miZRvnil kondakSi
naxsenebia
rogorc
`qadagi
sityvisa
RvTisa~, troparSi mimarTaven `sulisa wmidisa
qnaro~, rac niSnavs, rom wmida nino aris qnari
suliwmidis xelSi, romliTac is axmianebs Tavis
WeSmaritebas. es metafora sxva ramesac gulisxmobs, oRond albaT ar aris gacnobierebuli
troparSi, saxeldobr, qadagobasa da poetur
STagonebas Soris Zireul kavSirs, rasac kvlav
dedrul sawyisamde mivyavarT. naqadagari ar
cccxxxix
aris ubralo prozauli gadmocema imisa, rasac
jvari xedavs morige RvTis karze an risi cnobebac
mas
surs Tavisi saymosaTvis; qadagi
midrekilia leqsiTi metyvelebisaken, rogorc
yoveli eqstaturi metyveleba, romlis fesvi
aracnobierSi Zevs (mag., yuranis ukanaskneli
surebi, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, transisa
Tu Sepyrobilobis mdgomareobaSia warmoTqmuli
muhamedis mier), magram GvenTvis mniSvnelovani is
aris, rom tradiciul naqadagarebSi igive sazomi
dasturdeba, rac xmiT natirlebSi; es aris
uriTmo cxramarcvliani leqsi, `mTiblurad~
wodebuli. xolo xmiT natirlebi, romelTa Soris bevri poeturi Sedevria, dedakacebis mier
aris Seqmnili, iseve rogorc es Zvel civilizaciebSi aris dadasturebuli (mag., Sumeris
qalRmerTis, inanas natirlebi dumuzize, 46, 2445).
naqadagarTa
formismieri
igiveoba
xmiT
natirlebTan, cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos
da Gven sruli ufleba gvaqvs vilaparakoT, ara
mxolod analogiis gziT, maT dedrul warmomavlobaze; miT ufro, Tu andrezic qadagobis
`amtexad~ mTels xevsureTSi qals asaxelebs.
bunebrivia, qadagoba ukve gulisxmobs garkveuli
teqstis realur arsebobas `mas Jamsa~, romlis
kvali, albaT, dResdReisobiT gamovlenil da
cnobil tradiciul naqadagarebSia saZiebeli.
sanimuSod momyavs naqadagaris teqsti, sadac
cccxl
qadagis
piriT
laparakobs
arxotis
jvari
(miqiel mTavarangelozi), romelic aq ymisa da
masze gamwyral RvTisSvils Soris Suamavlis
rolSi gamodis:
gexvewebio, miqielio,
apativeo, autieo,
uti asa da umecario,
Sen gexvewebis Porcielio,
Sen apative umecarsao,
me gamaviTxov buRaursao,
Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,
nu GauPureb sagebelTao,
Tor dagWirdebis miqielio,
rosac SavPdebi xTis karzedao,
iq me maqv Zali SaZlebaio,
iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio
(60, 11).
(am sazomis _ mTibluris _ sakulto warmomavlobaze isic unda mowmobdes, rom karatis
jvaris daarsebis andrezis erTi variantis
Tanaxmad im vaJs, romelic Tavis `modesTan~,
pirvel qadagTan erTad, kopalas jvarGenis
damswre Seiqna, mTibluri erqva saxelad: `^ im
kacs mTiblurs Zaxnilan, qals minan qvivnebul^~
67, 180).
sanaTa. dedakacis saxels ukavSirdeba erTerTi
saerTo-fSavuri
salocavis
jvarGenac.
d.xizaniSvili aseT andrezs gadmogvcems:
cccxli
`Relis gorze, sadac Tamar mefis salocavia,
vidre igi `Tavs iGenda~, gabidaurebis Temis
fSavlebs ucxovriaT. roca Tamar mefem `Tavi
iGina~, gabidaurebi sxva sofelSi, xoSaraSi
gadausaxlebia.
salocavis
gamoGena
sanaTas
`unari~ yofila. pirvelad mas dauwyia sanTlebis
anTeba am adgilSi da Tamar mefis xevisbrulad
dideba, mas urGevia aq mcxovrebTaTvis, daeTmoT
es adgili Tamar mefisaTvis da sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyvnen. maT ar daujerebiaT sanaTasTvis,
ris gamoc Tamar mefe ganrisxebula: erTmaneTi
irmebad mouGvenebia da SvildisriT amouwyvetia.
ramdenime komli gadarGenila, ar gasaxlebulan,
uTqvamT: sanam gasalewad gaSlil kalos TavisTavad cecxli ar waekideba, fiwlis totebze da
xaris rqebze kelaptris aliviT ar gamoGndeba,
ar gadavsaxldebiTo. Tamar mefes es saswaulic
mouxdenia, maSin iZulebuli gaxdnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen~ (108). igive andrezi, oRond jvaris
`aRmomGeni~ dedakacis saxelis mouxsenieblad,
gadmocemuli aqvs al. oGiaursac (65, 8).
soflis mTels mosaxleobaSi erTaderTi
qali grZnobs, rom sofeli kvriv adgilzea gaSenebuli; rom is adgili, sadac sofeli dgas,
wmida miwaa (rogorc moses afrTxilebda uflis
xma sinas mTaze, mayvlovanSi); kvrivis anu sakraluris gancda aris swored is `unari~ sanaTasi,
rogorc
dedakacisa.
karatis
jvaris
daarsebis andrezisagan gansxvavebiT, fSavuri
cccxlii
Tqmuleba soflis axal teritoriaze dasaxlebis
andrezic aris. ase rom, dedakaci _ sanaTa dgas
xoSaris dasaxlebis genezisSi. mis mier `aRmoGenili~ jvarisagan gabidourTa soflis dakavebis Semdeg mosaxleoba gadadis xoSaraSi,
romlis teritoria saimdrood wmida giorgim
(xoSaris `saxuTmetom~ an `saxuTmeto Zelis angelozma~) devebisagan gaaTavisufla (65, 1). Tamaris jvarGena uSualod mosdevs xoSaraSi saymos
daarsebas da am dasabamier aqtSi lomis wili
udevs sanaTas.
xevsur minanisgan gansxvavebiT fSaveli qali
ar kmayofildeba imiT, rom is qadagebs Tamaris
kults da afrTxilebs sofels _ winaaRmdegoba
ar gauwion axladGenil jvars; sanaTa itvirTavs
xevisberis funqciasac _ anTebs sanTlebs,
adidebs RvTisSvils, rasac ver `kadrulobda~
(ver bedavda) minani, Tumca is karatis jvarisagan arGeuli pirveli mkadre iyo. SesaZlebelia,
aq cxaddebodes fSavis tradicia, romelic
dedakacebs gansakuTrebul Rirsebas aniWebs, rac
maT gamoarGevs xevsureTisa da mTis saymoTa dedrovanTagan. vaJa wers: `Tumca dedakaci daGagruli iyo, magram zog-zogis sagvareulos
qalebs sapatio adgili sWeriaT. zepirgadmocema
mogviTxrobs, rom laSaris `sabWeo~ skamze ori
Taoba mjdara goderZaulebis gvaris qali: `sabWeo~ skami Tavxevisbers ekuTvnoda^~ (35, 75). am
tradiciis Suqze, Tumca `sabWeo skami~ mainc
cccxliii
saero samsaxurSia, moulodneli ar unda iyos,
rom sanaTa iWreba sakralur sferoSi da TiTqos
misi saxelic (sanaTa) sanTlis danTebiT gamoxatul kultmsaxurebaze migvaniSnebs. magram unda
vifiqroT, rom mamakacis roli _ saero Tu sakraluri _ dedakacs mxolod kritikul viTarebaSi ekisreba.
xalxuri poezia icnobs xoSarel sanaTas _
`eniT, sityviT gamamxnevebel diacs~ (vaJa), romelic vaJasave TqmiT, `ekuTvnis im Savsa da bnel
dros, roca fSavelebi da TuSebi erTi meoresa
hlaSqravdnen, ar iyo maT Soris Zmoba da Tanxmoba~ (31, 322). es aris xoSarisaTvis sabediswero
xana, roca saymo `saxuTmeto Zelis angelozisa~
dalevis zRvaramde iyo misuli; saymo ixsna ramdenime gmirma, romelTa Soris leqsi axsenebs
sanaTas:
dagvlivna xoSaris gorma,
iq wylis ar gamodenama,
viwro-viwroma xev-xuvma,
mokled fSavlebis denama,
wowkoraulis isarma,
sanaTaisa enama^
arc leqsi, arc prozauli andrezi ar
azustebs, ra sityvebs wamoTqvamda xoSareli
qali moisarTa Tu xmliT mkveTebelTa gasamxneveblad, romelTac albaT esaWiroebodaT gamxneveba, rogorc erT dros israelis msajuli
qalis, deboras TanamemamuleT. `sicocxle Gakvda
cccxliv
israelis daba-soflebSi, Gakvda, vidre ar
aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, deda
israelSi!~ (msaj. 5, 7). ai, am kritikul Jams,
roca yvelaferi Gamkvdaria, gamoGndeba deboras
`unari~, rogorc xoSareli sanaTasi, romlis
enam `daliva~ mteri.
aris kidev erTi sanaTa, `baxtrionis~ gmiri,
marTlac `deda fSavSi~, romlis gmiruli ojaxi
_ brZolaSi daRupuli aTi Svili da qmari _ ganasaxierebs xoSaris `daleul~ saymos. `sicocxle Gakvda israelis daba-soflebSi!~ es
sityvebi zustad gamoxatavs xoSaris (anu fSavis,
ganzogadebulad) mdgomareobas da sanaTas suliskveTebas. sicocxle Gamkvdaria xoSaraSi da
es yvelaze ufro cxadi xdeba dResaswaulis
dRes, roca
aq arc xevisbris xma ismis,
arsad fSauri Rreoba,
vin giJi ityvis imasa,
rom dRes aq iyo dReoba?!
bralada bJutavs sanTeli^
es erTaderTi sanTeli danTebulia sanaTas
mier, qmarSvilamowyvetili diacis mier, romelic
kisrulobs sakulto cxovrebis aRorZinebas uymod darGenil jvarSi:
martos aunTav sanTlebi,
da xatic udidebia,
martos dauklav saklavi,
TviTonve utyavebia,
cccxlv
martodmartosa diacsa
xat-RmerTi uxsenebia.
sanaTa sGadis iseT saqmes, romlis ufleba
mas, rogorc dedakacs, tradiciulad ara aqvs;
misi saqcieli gaugonari saqcielia saymos
TvalSi, romlis Tvalsazriss aq gamoxatavs
avtori poemisa da am uGveulo scenis erTaderTi
Semswre _ kviria. avtori gakvirvebiT kiTxulobs
_ `sajares diacs ra unda, ar Tu eSinis davisa?~
kviria ki qveynis dasasrulad aRiqvams am viTarebas, roca yvelaferi Tavdayiraa:
diacs vin mogca is neba,
saqme akeTo mamrisa?
vfiqrob, droeba damdgara
im meormosvlis wamisa.
kviria ar cdeba: xoSaraSi katastrofis Semdeg damdgaria `meormosvlis wami~, roca yvelaferi Tavidan unda iwyebodes, unda ganmeordes
im pirvel sanaTas qmedeba, romelmac jvari da
sacxovrebeli adgili aRmouGina `dalevamde~
misul xoSaris winaprebs. `baxtrionis~, am esqatologiuri poemis, dasawyisSi am sanaTas es
erTi SexedviT uGveulo, magram andrezulad
Gveulebivi, arqetipuli saqcieli imeds iZleva,
rom xoSaraSi aRdgeba saymo.
`sisxlis wvimebis droebi~
cccxlvi
saymos Tavgadasavali _ warsuli cxovrebis
mTeli gamocdilebis rGeuli, rogorc ganZi, andrezebSia daunjebuli. es aris winaparTa, `wina
Jamis~ gmirTa, jvaris unj ymaTa Rvawli, upiratesad, saqmeni sagmironi, romelnic maT Gaidines ukidures gansacdelSi, roca saymo _ da es
periodulad xdeboda _ dalevis pirze iyo
misuli. am dros Tavs iGenda Zala, romelic
mtruli garemocvis mimarT winaRdgomiT ixsnida
da kvlav aaRorZinebda saymos. es is Zalaa, romelmac Tavis droze, `mas Jamsa Sina~ Seqmna
saymo; is jvaris saxiT iyo maSin gamoGenili.
saymos SeqmnasTan erTad, rogorc davinaxeT, iqmneboda kulti _ sakralur-zneobrivi Suaguli,
romlis, rogorc keriis irgvliv, Tavs iyrida
adamianTa sazogadoeba. ar aris paradoqsi _ es
saymos istoriul cdaSia mocemuli, _ rom am
Suagulis SenarGunebas an xelaxla ganmtkicebas
xels uwyobda misi dangrevis mowadine mtruli
Zala,
perioduli
Semotevebi.
adamiani
fxizlobda, is ar iZinebda `magari ZiliT~, rom
keraSi cecxli ar Gaqroboda. ai, aseTi mRviZarebis periodebi aris aRbeWdili andrezSi. aq ver
naxavT mSvidobian droebas _ isini ar Semounaxavs saymos cnobierebas, ar aRubeWdavs andrezSi,
radgan am dros samagaliTo araferi xdeboda.
saymosaTvis, misi momavlisaTvis, mniSvnelovani
da STambeWdavi mxolod didi velobis pericccxlvii
odebSi xdeboda, cdebSi, romlebic mwvervalebiviT mosGans maT warsul TavgadasavalSi.
saymos
mexsiereba
gadaarGevs
warsuli
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan faqtebs da maT safuZvelze qmnis andrezul istorias, romelic
Zlieri epoqiT aris aRniSnuli. Zlier xanas safuZveli realurad momxdar movlenaSi aqvs, moqmedi pirebic savsebiT realurni da istoriulad cnobilni arian; magram andrezuli istoriis droJamul-sivrcul asparezs kvebaven sxva
xanidan moxmobili pirovnebanic da realiebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnebis gamo veRar etevian
TavianT warmaval epoqaSi. yoveli saukeTeso adamianuri aqti, rac odesme Gaudenia saymos erTobliv da mis calkeul warmomadgenels, gadmodis am Zlier xanaSi da kidev ufro aZlierebs
mas. SesaniSnavia, rom saymos mexsiereba ar gaurbis
da
ar
iSorebs,
aramed
samaradisod,
SesaZloa sagangebodac, aRbeWdavs marcxsac da
Ralatsac, rac ki odesme SemTxvevia da Gaudenia
moymes;
rasac
Tavisi
bedisweruli
niSniT
SeuZravs odesme saymos Segneba da sinidisi, da
warmosaxva. warsulis faqtebis SemarGeveli,
magram obieqturi mexsiereba saymosi inaxavs
mtris saxels, rogorc Seunaxavs adamis Zis
mterTa _ dev-kerpTa _ saxeli da sruliadac ar
cdilobs mis damcirebas, rom ar gaufasurdes
momavlis TvalSi mis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
daRvrili sisxli.
cccxlviii
dRemde SemorGenil zepirsityvier masalaSi
SeiZleba sami Zlieri xana gamoikveTos:
I. RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebis xana,
roca RvTisSvilni morige RvTis gangebiT
gandevnian
devebs
adamianTaTvis
gankuTvnili
miwa-wylidan
da
aarseben
jvaris TayvanismcemelTa anu rjulianTa
saymoebs gaTavisuflebul teritoriaze. am
xanaze ukve iyo saubari.
II. zurab erisTavTan brZolebis epoqa; xana,
rodesac saymoebs uxdebaT maTTvis mopovebuli
miwa-wylisa
da
rjulis
dacva.
zurabisa da misi laSqris saxiT isini
TiTqos preistoriidan movlenil devebs
igerieben.
III.xana Tavganwiruli brZolebisa mefe ereklesaTvis; xana, roca sisxliT mopovebul
Tavisuflebas da sicocxles saymoebi uangarod miuZRvnian bagration batons, romelsac isini TavianT RvTisSvilTa moZmed
Tvlian.
samive es xana `sisxlis wvimebis droa~.
pirvel xanaSi iRvreba RvTisSvilTa sisxli, adamianTa
xsnisaTvis
morige RvTis
gangebiT
daTxeuli. meore xanaSi saymo Rvris sisxls sakuTari Tavis gadasarGenad; saymo am xanaSi dgas
adamianis saxiT movlenili imave Zalis winaSe,
romelTanac
preistoriaSi
omi
hqonda
RvTisSvils gamarTuli. mesame xanaSi sisxli
cccxlix
wmida msxverplia, sazRauris umolodinoT gaRebuli, radgan unda gasworebuliyo preistoriuli vali RvTisSvilTa winaSe. am sisxlis
sanacvlod, romelic daRvares RvTisSvilebma
saymos Sesaqmnelad. saymo Rvris Tavis sisxls
erekle mefis saSvelad, radgan is, maTi rwmeniT,
mfarveli RvTisSvilis moZmea.
devebis mobruneba
zurabis Semosevebi mTis saymoebSi ormniSvnelovania: erTis mxriv, isini safrTxes uqmnida
saymoTa damoukideblobas da maT fizikur arsebobasac ki; meore mxriv, da es gadamwyvetia amgvari
movlenebis
Sefasebisas,
isini
xels
uwyobda saymos Sinagani struqturis ganmtkicebas da calkeul saymoTa konsolidacias. am
`sisxlis wvimebis~ xanas ufro naklebi mniSvneloba ar hqonia saymoTa istoriaSi, vidre
RvTisSvilTa
brZolebis
upoqas.
Tu
maSin
RvTisSvilebs awvaT mTeli tvirTi devuri
Zalebis mogeriebisa, axla maTi ymebi istoriul
xanaSi igerieben devur Semotevebs, swored
devurs, raki saymos aRqmaSi zurabis saxiT devebi emuqrebian jvaris saymos. preistoriaSi
jvari ebrZoda devs, istoriul epoqaSi misi
xorcieli ymebi imeoreben batonis saqmes, icaven
ra RvTisSvilTa monapovars _ saymos. zurabTan
brZolebis paralelurad mimdinareobs saymos
konsolidaciis procesi, analogiuri im aqtisa,
cccl
romelic devebis damarcxebis Semdeg saymoTa
daarsebaSi gamoixata.
zurab erisTavi aragvisa imave batonis ymaa,
visac xevsurebi da fSavlebi arian Sevedrebulni, vis saymosac isini Seadgenen. es aris
bagrationi mefe, romelic Tavis Tavs Tvlis
gudanis saRvTosa da laSaris jvaris moZmed
tradiciulad, rac saistorio werilobiT dokumentebSic aris asaxuli. ase rom, zurab erisTavi da saymo saerTo batonis mimarT ierarqiis Tanabar safexurze dganan. da ai, saymoTa
andrezul istoriaSi zurab erisTavi Gawerilia,
rogorc Tavisi batonis winaaRmdeg aRmdgari yma,
gabudayebuli yma, romelic cdilobs Tavi
gauTanabros batons. gabudayebuli ymis janyi
gamoixateba imaSi, rom is cdilobs Tavis gavlenaSi Semoiyvanos samefo domeni, `saxasoni mefisani~.
`zurab erisTavi uZlieresi feodali iyo
Teimurazis
samefoSi.
Zlieri
safeodalo
zurabma memkvidreobiT miiRo. jer kidev misi
mama nugzar erisTavi Zlivs cnobda patronad
qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs. zurab erisTavi kidev
ufro gaZlierda.
1618 wels erisTavis winaaRmdeg mTiuleTi da
xevi ajanydnen (ZvelTaganve mefe am qveynebs
Tavis sakuTrebad sTvlida da erisTavi aq mefis
didmoxele iyo. Tavisuflebis moyvare mTielebi
aqamdisac araerTxel ajanyebuliyvnen, araerTi
cccli
erisTavi gaestumrebinaT `saiqios~ da batonobis
uReli TavianT ficxeli qedidan araerTxel
gadaegdoT,
magram
arc
mefis
feodaluri
xelisufleba cdilobda naklebis daJinebiT am
mniSvnelovani qveynebis damorGilebas. gvianfeodalur xanaSi mefis xelisuflebis dasustebasTan dakavSirebiT aragvis erisTavebma mTiuleTisa da xevis dasakuTreba ganizraxes).
ajanyebul mTis winaaRmdeg zurab erisTavma
did Tavads baraTa baraTaSvils sTxova daxmareba. feodalis laSqarma gatexa mTis winaaRmdegoba. zurabma daimorGila, mZimed daxarka
da sabolood gaisakuTra mTiuleTi da xevi.
1620 wels zurab erisTavma fSav-xevsureTis
damorGileba ganizraxa. mrisxane feodali sastik winaaRmdegobas waawyda. zurab erisTavi Tavisi aznaurebiT SeiWra fSav-xevsureTSi, dabuga
soflebi, daangria salocavebi, magram ar iqna da
fSav-xevsureTi ver daimona. sastiki brZola ramodenime wels grZeldeboda. mravali lomguli
vaJkaci Seawyda zurabis xrova-aznaurebs, magram
Tavisuflebis
gmirebma
mters
aranakleb
`awiTlebines qviSani~.
mediduri erisTavi advilad ar daexsneboda
Seupovar mTielebs, rom TviT ar gadahyoloda
dausrulebel SfoTs~ (15, 248).
ai, sul es aris, rac SeiZleba arsebiTad
iTqvas zurab erisTavze, rogorc istoriul pirovnebaze. saqarTvelos istoriis masStabiT misi
ccclii
movlena epizoduria, magram mTis, gansakuTrebiT,
fSav-xevsureTis saymoebisaTvis mas sabediswero
mniSvneloba hqonda. zurabis brZolebi, rogorc
adreve iTqva, Seadgens am saymoebis istoriis
birTvs, mis Suagul nawils, romlis Semdegac
bevri ram ganisazRvra maT momaval cxovrebaSi.
mefis saymoSi gabudayebuli erisTavi mefes
utolebs Tavs _ is cdilobs misi unji ymebis
damorGilebas da maT batonad Tavis gamocxadebas. unji saymoebis SegnebaSi ki es niSnavs imas,
rom erisTavi upirispirdeba ara mxolod xorciel batons _ mefes, aramed uxorco batonsac,
angelozs, jvars. erTi osuri andaza ambobs:
`mTaSi bevri jvrebia, barad _ bevri batonebio~
(136, 300); mTieli Tayvans scems da emorGileba
jvars, da ar scnobs baridan amosul batons,
romlis winaaRmdeg brZola mas rjulisaTvis
brZolad
miaGnia.
zurabis
`erisTaoba~
am
bZolebis konteqstSi iZens ufro Rrma mniSvnelobas, vidre mas socialur planSi aqvs miniWebuli; saymos Segnebuli aqvs, rom `erisTaoba~
profanuli Zalauflebaa, romelic lamobs sakralur
saymoSi
damkvidrebas
anu
jvaris
kanonieri morige RvTis gangebiT dadgenili
Zalauflebis dasakuTrebas.
PevsureTia, zurabo, ver iqam erisTobasa.
gagiwvrildebis kiseri, ver SesZleb qveiTobasa
(81, #114),
cccliii
_ mimarTavs zurabs saymo. zurabi ver
SesZlebs
`erisTobas~,
radgan
saymoSi
erisTaobas axorcielebs ganuzomlad Zlieri batoni, _ is erTaderTi, vinc am tituls imsaxurebs warmomavlobiT, _ vidre baridan amosuli uzurpatori. dapirispireba Seuwonadia,
magram erisTavi ar aris warmodgenili ususur
mtrad. ara, zurabi imdenad Zlieria, rom saymo
mzad aris TiTqmis `jvarad~ daisaxos is, Tumca
WeSmariti jvaris teritoriaze SemoWrils mainc
`gauwvrildeba kiseri~. gamoTqma gulisxmobs,
rom erisTavi msxvilkiseraa anu Zlieri qedis
mqonea, rogorc himnebSi arian daxasiaTebulni
SuamdinareTis mbrZaneblebi (`msxvili qedi~
Zlierebis metaforaa Sumerul-aqadur enebSi);
zurabs, rogorc jvarsa da mefes, hyavs Tavisi
saymo: `rogorc erekles Pevsurn, egr zurabs:
osi da moPeve zurabis yma yofila~ (88, 316). es
sityvebi sagrZnobi mowiwebiT aris naTqvami
zurabze: visac sakuTari yma hyavs, visac eymobian
(nebiT Tu daZalebiT), is pirovneba vercxlis
Rilis TvalSi ar aris ubralo mokvdavi. leqsebSi salaSqrod mimaval zurabTan erTad misi
ymebic arian naxsenebi:
zurab Gamojda roSkis gors, Tanaxyon Tavis
ymania
(81, #140-b).
damarcxebuls (jvaric xom marcxdeba) Tan mihyveba Tavisi saymo:
cccliv
adga, wavida zurabi, morTuli Tavis ymiTao
(81, #143).
zurabis gamoGena saymos teritoriaze marTlac jvaris, oRond mtruli jvaris, gamoGenaa,
rac SeiZleba saymos TvalSi aRqmuli iqnas
devuri Zalebis Semobrunebad preistoriidan _
devTa Genad:
roSkis gor zurab Gamojda, Suq Gamutivna
mzisani.
roSkas awiwdes cixeni, blos banni qviTkirisani:
~gveSinos, dagvecemian nazlobni saZelisani~
(81, #125).
mtruli jvari devuri niSnebiT, rogorc aremaris damangreveli Zala, ecxadeba roSkas da
mezobel saymoebs, sadac, andrezis Tanaxmad,
saxlobdnen isini, vidre maT iaxsari, kopala,
wmida giorgi Tu mTavarangelozi ar ahyrida.
zurabi cdiloba jvaris nebiT dasaxlebuli saymoebis ayras da maTi adgilebis dakavebas; is
iqceoda rogorc jvari, magram is antijvari iyo:
is ver aGenda Tavis fexis danadgamze kvrivs,
misgan gabuxreulebuli adgili sakralurobas
ver iZenda, iseve rogorc misi efemeruli ymebi
ver gardaiqmnebodnen unj ymebad mis xelSi, im
batonis xelSi, romelsac mxolod sabatonod
hyavda isini daWerili, ara sapatroneblad. ai,
sad iyo gansxvaveba WeSmarit jvarsa, romelSic
ccclv
bagrationi mefec igulisxmeba, da zurabs _ antijvars Soris.
antijvarma ahyara ukanaxovlebi _ beqaurTa
da wiklaurTa winaprebi, romlebmac Tavi Seafares gudamayris xeobas; aseve aoxrebul buGukurTidan gadarGenilni zurabis veragul xmals,
gaifantnen xevsa da mTiuleTSi; magram verc erT
buxreul adgilze zurabma ver moikida fexi, ver
Gaasaxla Tavisi damonebuli ymebi, anu ver misca
teritoria Tavis antijvarul saymos.
am wris sagmiro poeziaSi is xanaa asaxuli,
rodesac saymo `dalevis~ zRvaramdea misuli;
zurabis perioduli (`zurab ratisSvils samjer
daulaSqrav PevsureTi meSvide-meSvide wels^~ 88,
298) Semotevebisagan Sewuxebulni imgvaradve mimarTaven mas, rogorc SeiZleba miemarTa saymos
Tavisi mrisxane jvarisTvis, romlis `magari
xeliT~ is dalevamde iqneboda misuli. saymos
sityvebi samarTliania:
dadeg, dagvexsen, zurabo, narGomn orT Senis
Pmlisani.
magram am sityvebSi _ `narGomn orT^~ _ gaismis tragizmic da muqaris xmac, muqaris garda
siamayec saymos ukeTesi nawilisa. narGomni
Pmlisani warmoadgens, SeiZleba iTqvas, sisxliT
gadarGeul da Seqmnil erT muWa unj saymos,
narGoms anu rGeuls. tragikulia, magram amave
dros samomavlod imediani `narGomni xmlisani~.
es exmaureba im esqatologiur viTarebas, roca
ccclvi
RvTis rGeulebSi sisxlis wvimebis dros mravalTa dacemis Semdeg rGeulTa Soris rGeulni
rGebian. ezekielis wignSi ufali mimarTavs Tavis
ers: `da daecemian daxocilni Tqvens Soris da
gaigebT, rom me ufali var, magram dagitovebT
maxvils gaarGenilT^~ (6, 7-8).
`maxvils gadarGenilni~ (feliteY xereb) aris
Seumusvreli nawili saymosi, romelsac vera
Zala ver sZlebs am wuTisofelSi, romelic gastans wuTisoflis dasasrulamde. ai, misi unjobis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. magram es narGomni Pmlisanic mzad arian daixocon, oRond darGnen unj
saymod TavianTi jvarisa samaradisod. l.m. gumiliovs gamoTqmuli aqvs azri: `yvela eTnosi
rodia Tanaxma SeinarGunos sicocxle mtrisadmi
morGilebis fasad~ (119, 87). aseT eTnosad Gamoyalibda da ganmtkicda jvaris saymo. aseTi iyo
narGomTa suliskveTeba zurab erisTavis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi.
jvari, romelic saymos genezisSi anadgurebda
mosaxleobas, aRar erGis Tavis gamorGeul narGoms RvTiuri kanonis ZaliT, saidanac dasabams
iRebs adamianuri kanonic: rogorc erTi TofiT
asi jixvis mokvlis anu azaris Sesrulebis Semdeg Tofi imarxeba, rom codva ar daedos mis
patrons, aseve ikrZaleba erTi Setakebisas Tormetze meti mtris mokvla; mecamete mokluli
codvad daawveba meomars, Tundac es iyos
qalundauri _ begengoris gmiri (17, 160). magram
ccclvii
zurabi, rogorc antijvari, ar exsneba misgan
daleul saymos; is misdevs ara RvTisSvilur da
kacur, aramed devur kanons, romlis Tanaxmad
kacma kacs Zmis xorci unda aWamos mis dasaZlevad, an niSnad Zlevisa. es aris ukiduresi RonisZieba, rasac mimarTavs antijvari. kacis xorcis Wama kacisaTvis devuri stumar-maspinZlobis
wes-Gveulebaa, romelic sruldeba maT qorwilSi:
devebsa hqondaT qorwili, simRera amodioda.
SegvipatiJes, SevediT, amirans puri hSioda,
dedobilebis nacxobi qada kecebSi Sxioda,
SamahWres, Samaayenes, kacis Tav-fexi dioda^
(93, 318).
ufro Zlierad es jojoxeTuri viTareba gadmocemuli aqvs vaJas erT leqsSi _ `devebis qorwili~, romelsac safuZvlad mTiuluri warmodgenebi dasdebia, rogorc leqsis qvesaTauridan
(`mTiuluri~)
Gans;
devebis
stumari
mogviTxrobs Tavis jojoxeTur gansacdels:
^devebsa aqvis qorwili, didi darbazi zrialebs.
mec dampatiJes, Sevedi, _ ra mqise suni trialebs?!
sam pirad cecxli daenToT, zed sami qvabi
Sxioda,
stumrebis wina xonGebzed kacis Tav-fexi dioda,
ukvenas yureSiiTa kvnesis xma gamodioda:
ccclviii
`Zmis xorci rogora vsWamo?~ _ yma vinme gamohkioda^
T.Gxenkelis ganmartebiT, msgavsi gansacdelebidan is azria gamosatani, rom devebi adamians
ugvano da saSineli saqmis aRsrulebas aiZuleben, raTa daTrgunon maTSi kacuri da miT
devurs aziaron (94, 116). zurabSi devi moqmedebs, roca is Zmis xorcis WmeviT xevsur
buGukurTa motexas cdilobs (72, 511); amasve
Gaadeninebs erT fSavel moymes _ laSaris muxis
moWris saidumlos gacxadebaze uaris mTqmels,
riTac es moyme Tavis kacur Rirsebaze maRla
jvaris saidumloebas ayenebs.
zurabs misi xmlis narGomni ebrZvian. narGomni imasac niSnavs, rom saymo saboloo Zalis
xmeviT ebmis ukanasknul brZolaSi. es sabediswero momenti _ narGomTa tragikuli suliskveTeba gamoxatulia saymosave sityvebiT,
romliTac is mimarTavs momxdurs:
amagiT giTxar, zurabo, `Pevsuri kaci utia~,
ager begen-gors gaxene, futkar Rgav, gamautia
(81, #126).
sagulisxmoa, rom saymo am muqaris sityvebSi
imave saxiT _ `uti~ _ warmoudgens Tavs mosisxle mters, rogorc mas surs aGvenos Tavi
Tavis jvars, roca xucesis piriT mimarTavs mas
jvaris karze: `^ Gven Porcielni orT, utni, umecarni, Gvens ucodrobas nu Saafereb, magivec
rGeva-darigebani^~ (64, 743); saymo `utad~ da `umeccclix
crad~ warmosaxavs Tavs, rac imas gulisxmobs,
rom saymo Tavze xelaRebulia, SeiZleba iTqvas,
da savsebiT ixsnis pasuxismgeblobas: jvars is
SesTxovs apatios mas utoba-umecrebiT Gadenili
codva; mters emuqreba, rom Se-utevs, rogorc
u t i , rogorc TavzexelaRebuli.
saymos sityvebSi `gaxene, futkars Rgav~,
romliTac is asuraTebs Tavis Setevas, `futkari~ simravles ar gulisxmobs, _ xevsurTa
laSqari mcirericxovania zurabis, SeiZleba
iTqvas, urdos (rogorc is Gans saymos TvalSi)
winaSe, _ futkari niSnavs maT Tavganwirulobas,
rom isini mzad arian ugmiron nestari da
Seakvden mters.
futkari niSnavs agreTve saymos wevrTa
mWidro kavSirs da mimarTebas saerTo Suagulisadmi, magram garkveul zRvaramde: sakmarisia
futkari gadascdes am Suagulis gavlenis zonas,
is iRupeba. aseve saymo _ gamova Tu ara Tavisi
jvaris mfarvelobis zonidan, is eqceva zurabis
momnusxavi gavlenis qveS da maSin Zlevs mas
zurabis davlaTi. saymo Zlieria iq, sadac
vrceldeba misi jvaris kvrivebis Zala, berZenTa
anteosiviT, romelic mSobel dedamiwasTan SexebiT ikrebs Zalas. jvari Tavis teritoriaze,
Tavis dedamiwazea Zlieri da is uZlurdeba,
roca Sordeba mas. jvaris mfarveloba klebulobs, Zlierdeba mtris davlaTi. ase moxda
TrusoSi, jvaris kvrivebidan Sors, roca sanadiccclx
mod mipatiJebul xevsurebs, rogorc stumrebs,
RalatiT
iaraRi
aaxsnevina
da
amoxoca.
xevsurebma iaraRi Seixsnes, TiTqos jvaris karze
yofiliyvnen saRvTo sufraze, rogorc iqcevian
jvaris stumrebi; maT yuri ar aTxoves mrGevels,
romelic winaTgrZnobda zurabis Ralats:
gaxua keTeSauri PevsurT kargs eubnebao:
_ `Pmlebs nu daiPsniT, Pevsurno, zurab ar
daindobao~.
ar daijeres, SaiPsnes, etli zurabis revdao
(82, #141-l).
`etli zurabis revdao~ _ igulisxmeba, rom
zurabis etli anu davlaTi, sZlevda saymos
etls anu davlaTs, rac igive jvaris etli da
davlaTia. Trusomde veRar swvdeba xevsurTa
jvaris gavlena. aq sxva Zala moqmedebs, aq antijvaria mbrZanebeli.
ai, es Trusos narGomni uweven winaaRmdegobas
zurabs, ibrZvian sanam dganan maTi salocavebi:
xevsureTSi xmalas mTavarangelozi da fSavisxevSi _ laSari. zurabma icis, rom is ver daimorGilebs saymoebs, sanam am salocavebs ar SebRalavs:
zurabs javri klavs orisa: zen mTisa, qvemoT
barisa,
PevsureTs
WormeSavisa,
fSavSi
laSaris
jvarisa^
(81, #113-b).
an, rogorc ambobs is sxva leqsSi:
ccclxi
ageb javrs amoviyridi fSavSi laSaris
jvrisasa (81, #136).
Gven viciT, ras niSnavs jvari, mfarveli
RvTisSvili saymosaTvis; axla warmovidginoT,
ra aris, kerZod, laSaris jvari fSavis Tormeti
saymosaTvis.
Tu calkeul saymoebSi jvaris TayvaniscemiT,
roca dgeba mis karze misvlis da mis winaSe samsaxuriT wardgomis Jami, roca srulqmnilia Jamkari, moymeni adastureben TavianT erTianobas da
cocxlad, TvalnaTliv ganicdian, rom Seadgenen
da ekuTvnian erT saymos, aseve xmel gorze
`Saxdomili~ fSavis Tormeti saymo, saidanac ar
unda iyvnen isini mosulni, Tavisi uzenaesi patronis winaSe adasturebs Tavis erTianobas, rom
Tormetive saymo laSaris wmida giorgis did
saymoSi aris gaerTianebuli. saTemo jvaris
mfarveloba vrceldeba mxolod misdami morige
RvTis mier gangebiT rwmunebul saymoze, magram
laSaris jvari, rogorc ierarqiulad masze
maRla mdgomi, Tavis mfarvelobas da Zalauflebas avrcelebs fSavis xevis Tormetive saymoze
da im teritoriaze, sadac isini daasaxla maTma
RvTisSvilma. laSaris jvari, igive wmida giorgi,
mTeli fSavis xevis patronia, ris gamoc ewodeba
mas `xelmwife laSaris jvari~, rogorc is moixsenieba fSavis xevisberTa sityvebSi. amrigad, is
fSavisxevis
saymoebis
Suagulia,
rogorc
ierusalimis taZari, rogorc sioni, israelis
ccclxii
Tormeti tomisaTvis da misi miwisaTvis; Tumca
laSaris adgili ar aris raRac gansakuTrebuli,
raime niSniT gamorGeuli masze daqvemdebarebul
saymoTa jvarebis adgilebisgan, _ is arc
maRalze mdebareobs, rogorc calkeul saymoTa
mTawmindebi da arc fSavisxevis geografiul
centrSi; is erTi xrioki adgilia, sruliad SeumGneveli gareSe TvalisaTvis, rac Tavad mis
saxelwodebaSia asaxuli _ `xmelgori~ (aseTive
xriokia anu xmeli gori sinais mTa, sadac moses
hqonda uflis gamocxadeba da sadac miiRo
rjuli. es sixmele mis erT-erT saxelSi Gans:
xoreb). rogorc erTi avtori wers, `laSaris
jvars Tavisi xriokoba sayvedurad miaGnia. igi
xSirad ubrZanebs Tavis `ymas~, rom man ar
daiviwyos laSaris jvari da erTs an ors welSi
mainc `Sexdes imis xmel gorzed~ (106). `Tu dagiviwye, ierusalim, damiviwyos marjvenam Gemma!~ _
Tundac kedlis nangreviRa iyos darGenili misgan. am amoZaxilis suliskveTebiT unda yofiliyo gamsWvaluli TiToeuli yma Tavisi diasporis mxareSi. is yma Soridanac modis, brundeba
rogorc futkari Tavis skaSi, radgan is aris
misi ierusalimi.
laSaris xmelgorze, rogorc ierusalimSi,
ikribeba Tormeti saymo; es xdeba axalkviras. am
dros Tavs iyris Tormeti saymos Tormeti
droSa, romelTac laSaris droSa egebeba, rogorc maspinZeli. magram vidre xmelgorze
ccclxiii
`Saxdebodnen~, isini gzadagza xvdebian erTmaneTs erTurTis salocav adgilebSi. xmelgorze `amomxdarni~ kvrivSi dabrZandebian, sadac
adastureben rogorc TavianT erTianobas, ise
erTianobas laSaris jvarTan (65, 359). laSari
saerTo Sesakrebelia, droSiT aq warmodgenilia
RvTisSvili da misi saymo. xolo TiToeul saymos am SesakrebelSi Tavisi sajare aqvs. `sajareebi ise iyo moyolebuli, mrgvlad, rogorc
Temebi aris moyolebuli fSavis_Pevis gaRmagamoRma mrgvlad~ (65, 369). xmelgorze, rogorc
aqedan Gans, mTeli fSavisxevis topografia iyo
asaxuli. aq uxilavad, weliwadis yvela dros
aris warmodgenili mTeli fSavisxevi; xmelgorze
misi tvifaria aRbeWdili.
laSari aris ara mxolod is Suaguli, sadac
erTianobas ganicdian fSavis saymoebi, aramed,
qveynierebis Suagulic, sadac garRveulia ca
morige RmerTsa da saymos Soris kavSiris dasamyareblad. erTxel kidev gavixsenoT leqsi _
legendur mkadreTa xilva, sadac es zebunebrivi
realobaa asaxuli:
beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,
xmel gorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi
kibiTa,
Gem saymoT Semonazeni RmerTTan amqonda
iqiTa^
am sakulto leqsis yoveli elementi mowmobs,
rom xmelgori im adgilad aris warmodgenili,
ccclxiv
sadac gadis samyaros RerZi. aq gamavali RerZi
imas niSnavs, rom am adgilas Seiqmna samyaro da
samyarosTan erTad fSavis Suagulic. ase rom,
qvenierebis Suaguli fSavis Suagulic aris, sadac
Gamarxulia
laSaris
jvaris
kultis
saidumlo. laSaris bermuxasTan, rogorc misi
kultis simbolosTan, aris dakavSirebuli es
saidumlo, romelsac
inaxavs
saymo Tavisi
simtkiciTa da daurRvevlobis sawindrad.
Tu laSaris jvari Tavisi bermuxiT avlens
Suagulis
ideas,
xmalas
mTavarangelozs
xevsureTSi
udgas
alvisxe,
romlis
wveri
agreTve cas aris gamobmuli oqros SibiT angelozebis
anu
RvTisSvilTa
samimosvlod.
Suagulis idea kidev ufro Zlierdeba imiT, rom,
andrezis Tanaxmad, am alvisxidan Gamonadeni mironi mis ZirSi Gamarxul qvevrebSi grovdeboda,
raTa Semdeg mTeli xevsureTis salocavebs ganawileboda. mironi kultis saidumloa da amitomac mis miwisqveSa darans `safarveli zdebiv~
(62, 572). laSari, misi xmelgori, fSavis xevis
centria, rogorc sazogadoebrivi, ise sakraluri; aseTive centria xevsureTis TemebisaTvis gudela, sadac es `mirvnis xe~ izrdeba.
magram xevsuruli andrezebisaTvis es Sori warsulia, imdroindeli xana, roca gudani, samaganZuros adgili, jer kidev ar iyo gamoGenili
xevsurTa istoriis asparezze. gudela, xmalas
alvisxe, _ winarewarsulia, romelic uSualod
ccclxv
ebmis am adgilebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis
danergvas, rac mironis simboluri xiT aris gamoxatuli. aq aris mironis wyaro, rogorc
sveticxovelSi da, rogorc sveticxovelia qristianuli saqarTvelos Suaguli, aseve gudela
Tavisi mironmdinari alvisxiT aris xevsureTis
Suaguli. `aqiT Tu ebmod winav salaSqro droSaic, manam gudanis jvari gaZrivldeboda--d’ is
gadaiqceod saerTo xevsureTis salocavad~ (62,
570). Jami Seicvala da axla gudanSi daiwyes
saerTo saxevsureTo droSis abma, axla gudanis
wmida giorgis jvari (ufro cnobili saxelwodebiT: gudanis saRvTo) uZRveboda laSqars,
radgan xmalas salocavma Sewyvita arseboba,
rasac andrezi zurabis laSqrobebTan, ufro
sworad,
erT
gadamwyvet
laSqrobasTan
da
Sinauris RalatTan akavSirebs.
am sakralur Suagulebs _ xevsureTSi xmalas
da fSavisxevSi xmelgors _ utevs zurab erisTavi, kacis saxiT gamocxadebuli devi Tu
qaji, Tu antijvari, raTa misi dangreviT daangrios saymo da aiRos misi miwa-wyali. vaJa wers
amis Taobaze: `yvela, visac ki fSavis damorGileba edva gulSi, rogorc sxvadasxva zepirgadmocema
gveubneba,
brZolas
usaTauod
Tavdapirvelad laSaris jvarTan iwyebs. ase
moiqca zurab erisTavi; iman ganizraxa xatis Semusrva,
maSasadame,
umTavres
mowinaaRmdege
Zalad imas laSaris jvari miaGnda, risTvisac
ccclxvi
mosWra didi muxa, romelsac hqonda kenweroze
`cidan mosuli oqros jaWvi angelozebis asavlel-Gasasvlelad^~ (28, 236).
mteri fiqrobs da xSirad mas umarTlebs
fiqri, rom Tu is daesxmis sakralur Suaguls
sazogadoebisas, brZola mogebuli aqvs. es momenti gaielvebs TiTqos naklebmniSvnelovani SinabrZolebis amsaxvel leqsSi, epizodurad:
maS cabaurTas GavideT, vamtvrioT beRlis
kario^
(82, #148).
sad unda miemarTa saymos ganadgurebis
msurvel mters Tavisi maxvili, _ maSinac ki,
roca mteri calkeuli moymis kar-midamos esxmis
Tavs, is pirvel rigSi saxlis sakralur
Suaguls _ Werxos utevs:
nakveTauris Werxosa Sen Sexsen rkinis kario
(82, #146),
_ ras unda dascemoda pirvelad, Tu ara beRels, romelic, rogorc viciT, jvaris kvrivis
kvrivia, sadac araTu ucxo kaci, Sinauri rigiTi
ymac ki ver bedavs Sesvlas. raki beRlis daxSuli kari simbolurad gamoxatavs kultis
saidumlos, gasagebi unda iyos, ras niSnavs
beRlis karis mtvreva.
mosaxleobis dasamorGileblad mteri ise
iqceva, TiTqos ucxo miwaze ucxo rjulis xalxs
eomebodes:
jimSer, aragvis patroni, Saubralebi ymisao,
ccclxvii
PevSi cixeebs mtvreveli, aragvze saydrebisao
(40, 70).
saydris mtvreva ukiduresi saSualebaa saydris saymos dasamorGileblad; mteri am gziT
eZebs gamarjvebas. is SeiZleba imarjvebdes
kidec, magram imarjvebs gadarjulebis fasad,
radgan am dros mteri hkargavs adamianur saxes:
is devur gzas adgas. jimSer aragvis erisTavi
zurab erisTavis gzas misdevs, magram zurabis
ltolvaSi laSaris muxisaken sxva Suri Gans.
zurabi Tavisi `javriT~ fSavisxevis siwmidis mimarT mogvagonebs aqadel naramsins, romelmac
Sumeris
damoukidebel
qalaq-saxelmwifoTa
(`saymoTa~) xelSi Gasagdebad Seutia qveynis
Suaguls nipurSi, romlis mTavar taZarSi,
SumerelTa rwmeniT, msoflio uxilavi RerZis
niSnad didi sveti (dim-gali) iyo aRmarTuli.
erTi Sumeruli poemis Tanaxmad aqadis mefem saxuravi axada SumerelTa taZars, `gaaSiSvla~ is,
raTa aqadels, gareSe kacs, Gaexeda mis saidumloSi (46, 29). niSandoblivia, rom SumerelTa
SegnebaSi aqadis dinastiis dacema am uRvTo aqts
_ siwmidis Selaxvas daukavSirda.
laSarisa
da
xmalas
xeTa
(muxisa
da
alvisxis) simtkice, rogorc kultis simtkice,
sazogadod, saidumloebasTan aris dakavSirebuli: vidre saidumlo ar gasula saymos farglebidan, am xeebs mteri ver moereva. saidumlo
saymoSia daculi, rogorc saidumlo Tas-ganZisa,
ccclxviii
misi samalavisa, romelic mxolod maganZurma
icis. ase mTels saymos SeiZleba scodnoda bermuxis Tu alvisxis saidumlo, rogorc zRaprebSi
ician romelime personaJis sulis saidumlo
adgil-samyofeli, Tu sad inaxeba misi suli. ai,
dgas saymos SuagulSi _ fSavSi muxa, xevsureTSi
alvisxe, romelTa arseboba, rogorc sakralur
xeTa, mxolod saymom icis: maTi arseboba
saidumloebrivia, gareSe Tvali ver xedavs maT,
ver unda dainaxos, TiTqos mas safarveli aqvs
dadebuli. magram, rogorc erTi xalxuri leqsi
ambobs, `Jami moalis, kar gaiRebis Tavada~, aseve
dgeba dro am saidumloebriv xeTa gacxadebisa.
maT arsebobas Tavad maTive foToli gascems.
fSauri andrezis Tanaxmad, laSaris muxas foTolic sxvanairi hqonia; aragvis mier Gamotanili foToli zurabs JinvalSi unaxavs da
mimxvdara, rom xeze oqros Sibi iyo da moundomebia xis moWra^ (65, 251). aseTive Tqmulebaa
dadasturebuli xevsurul alvisxeze: `^ am
alvisxes sTvelT rom foToli Gamauyrav, erT
foToli aragvGi Gavardnila-d’ qalaqGi wauRav
wyals^~ (62, 573).
mironmdinari da oqrosSibiani xeebi, romelTa
saidumlo arsebobas maTive foToli gascems, _
kultis sasicocxlo simboloebia, _ mtrisaTvis
xelSi Gasagdebi ganZia. is cdilobs mis mopovebas, radgan, Gven viciT, qveynis dapatronebis
ccclxix
mowadine mis ganZs unda eZiebdes, rom misgan
dacarielebiT daauZluros qveyana.
magram zurabi fizikuri ZaliT ver aiRebs
ganZs, muxaSi Tu alvisxeSi daunjebuls; man
SeiZleba fizikuri ZaliT `dalevis~ zRvaramde
miiyvanos saymo, magram is ver moWris sakralur
xes. `daxkrianav xesad culio-d’ iqav gaikurnisav~ (62, 573), ambobs xevsuruli gadmocema xmalas
alvisxeze. amitom zurabi cdilobs gamostyuos
saymos kultis saidumlo, risTvisac is laSaris
saymoebs saTiTaod sabediswero gansacdelSi
agdebs. zurabis `xmlis narGomni~ unda gamoicadon laSarisadmi erTgulebaSi _ gascems Tu ara
saymo muxis moWris saidumloebas , Tu rogor
unda
moiWras
aTaswlovani
xe.
muqus
RvTismSoblis
ymebi _
wowkoraulni umal
gvelis
Wamas
arGeven,
oRond
ar
gascen
saidumlo; zurabi gvelis xorcs aWmevs maT,
risTvisac
`mucelgvelianebis~ saxeli daimsaxures. cabaurni mzad arian ZaRlis xorci Wamon, vidre uRalaton jvars; jvaris erTgulebaSi gamocdilni arad agdeben damcinav Sairs:
iqiT mimideg, cabauro,
ZaRlis mWamelo gogoWuroo,
mesamed romeliRac _ andrezi ar asaxelebs _
saymos ymas, tragikuli dilemis winaSe mdgars,
araadamianur saqciels _ Zmis xorcis Wamas
aiZulebs devuri qorwilis wesiT (65, 309). aseTi
ccclxx
arGevanis fasad ujdebaT ymebs laSaris bermuxis
saidumlo.
saidumlos gascems Sinauri kaci; Sinagamcemi
aRmoGndeba axadis TemSi, pirquSis saymoSi, vinme
Salikauri, romelic muxis moWris xerxs afciaurs aswavlis (65, 251). swored misi saxeli
Semoinaxa simReram:
sul-krulma afciaurma amamibruna ZiriTa^
mainc ra iyo es saidumloeba, romlis gareSe
zurabis razmeli _ gudamayreli afciauri ver
axerxebda oqrosSibiani muxis, xolo xevsureTSi
sxva vinme mironmdinari alvisxis moWras? ra
saidumlo gasca fSavSi axadelma Salikaurma da
xevsureTSi, rogorc andrezs Semounaxavs, vinme
berma areSaulma, jvaris xelkacma?
xevsuruli andrezi mogviTxrobs:
`erT Rulel kac yofil gvarad areSauli,
xnieri-d’ jvaris Pelkaci. masulebs gaugav, ro
magan icisav rogor meeWrebisav eg xeio-d’
dauqrTamav es areSauli. imas uswavlebav: erT
cica maiyvaneTav, imiT ganaTleTao-d’ xTiSvil
axPdebisao,
memr
meeWrebisav.
Tore
manam
xTiSvili xpatronobsav, magas sul ar gaSWrisav~. mauyvanava-d’ dauklav cicai xis ZirSi.
axPdomiv xTisSvili-d’ mauWrav xei. xe ro
waqceul, wverze gambul jaWv gawyvetila-d’
wiviliT caSi wasul^~ (62, 573.
es ambavi amgvarad aris gamoTqmuli simReraSi:
ccclxxi
^ erTic etana Ruleli, ariSauli beria.
saxels sumeljas etyodes, andrezSi egre
sweria.
angelozT ecxadeboda, gasTeTrebiyo wveria^
albaT aswavla Rulelma alvis xeT dasaWrelia:
`Tqven maiyvaneT katai xeT ZirSi dasakvlelia!~
xeni
danaTles
sisxliTa,
eg
ufro
sakvirvelia.
alvisxe gadaaqcies, Zir ar gawires, wveria.
Sib gawyda, ciske wavida, wioda rogorc
gvelia^ (88, #541).
analogiur andrezs yvebian fSavSi laSaris
muxaze:
`^ bolos axadelma Salikaurma aswavla (afciaurs): muxis qveS cica dakali da mere moiWrebao. dakla cica. oqros Sibi moswyda muxas da
zecaSi wivili waiRo. muxa waiqca da wveri gaRma
mxares sakviraos dakra^~ (65, 251).
zurab erisTavi (radgan is aris maTi
saqcielis wamqezebeli da maiZulebeli, mTels
pasuxismgeblobasac is unda kisrulobdes) iseve
iqceva, rogorc jvar-ganZis mparavi, roca is
wmida ganZisa da kvrivi adgilis `gamonaTvlis~
mizniT, _ raTa misi xelyofa SeZlos _ usurmag
cxovels swiravs msxverplad. erT-erTi usurmagi
cxoveli kataa, romlis sisxli, rogorc antimsxverplisa, Zalas ukargavs siwmides, is
ccclxxii
`afrTxobs~ jvars, im angelozs, davanebuls mis
kvrivSi; usurmagis sisxli ganaqarvebs im Zalas,
romelic wmidad xdis wmidas da kvrivs _ kvrivad. katis sisxlnasxurebs muxas stoveben angelozebi, wydeba Sibi _ kavSiri cisa da miwisa da
morige RmerTs ubrundeba, raki is, rogorc religia, zeciuri warmoSobisaa. Sibis gawyveta
religiis, kultis gauqmebis simboluri gamoxatulebaa, radgan Sibi, rogorc duranqi, Tavad
religiis simboloa, cisa da miwis kavSiris ganmaxorcielebeli. sakulto cxovrebis, Tavad
kultis Gaqrobasve gamoxatavs simbolurad mironis wyaros dawyveta xmalas alvisxis moWris
Semdeg; am aqtma gaauqma kulti gudelaSi,
xevsureTis Tavdaripirvel SuagulSi.
laSaris muxis mosisxle zurab erisTavi moqmedebs, rogorc Tas-ganZis mparavi. magram is
kidev gvagonebs im qajebs, romlebic `cicas~ TavfexiT igerieben Semoteul RvTisSvilebs qajaveTis misadgomebTan, da warmatebiTac, radgan
RvTisSvilebs afrTxobs da auZlurebs usurmagis mikareba, rogorc maTgan sxurebuli
sisxli. usurmagi qajTa (da albaT devTac)
iaraRia angelozTa winaaRmdeg. amitomac, raki
zurab erisTavi usurmagis msxverpls swiravs,
eweva Sav magias, rogorc qajTa samyarodan movlenili, fSav-xevsureTis saymoTa warsawymdelad,
mis winaaRmdeg brZola saRvTo omia, sadac unda
gaimarjvos jvaris Zalam. zurab erisTavi unda
ccclxxiii
damarcxdes,
rogorc
marcxdeba
andrezuli
mteri, magaliTad imave `sisxlis wvimebis~
droindeli Sah-abasi, romelic zurabiviT Tavs
esxmis fSavis siwmides, laSaris ganZs, raTa misi
dapatronebiT saymos batoni Seiqnas (51, 23).
marTalia, andrezis Tanaxmad, zurab erisTavi
eweva sawadels _ Wris laSaris muxas da xmalas
alvisxes, magram is mainc ver imorGilebs
RvTisSvilTa saymoebs. is mainc ver Gaigdebs
xelSi oqros Sibs, verc alvisxisas da verc
muxisas, religiis wmida niSans; xis wvers
mowyvetili Sibi Tumca daubrunda cas, saidanac
is, rogorc karatisjvaris andrezi mogviTxrobs,
iyo warmoSobili (msgavsad osuri andrezebis
sakidlebisa, romelTac caSi amzadebs RvTaebrivi mWedeli safa); Tumca Sibi gauGinarda,
rasac unda moeswavebina religiis gaqroba am
miwa-wyalze, da masTan erTad saymoebis dacema,
magram mis garSemo Semokrebili xalxi darGa
isev saymod, radgan im muxis kunZSi, `narGomi~
zurabis xmlisa (msgavsad ymaTa) iqve darGa, rogorc wmida, Tumca daxavsebuli naSTi samyaros
Suagulisa da kultis simbolosi, romelsac
kvlav Zvel pativs miageben, rogorc TviTmxilvelis Ganaweridan Gans (125, 231), laSaris gorze
amxdarni `narGomni~ zurabis xmlisani anu gamarjvebuli (es RvTisSvilTa cnobili epiTetia),
aRmdgari saymo. laSaris kultis aRorZineba, andrezis Tanaxmad, ukavSirdeba bermuxis nafotebs,
ccclxxiv
romelTagan erTi ivris kudebisken gadavardnila, sadac man dasabami misca laSaris xatis
jvarGenas ivris fSavlebSi; meore iqve dacemula,
adgilobriv, rogorc Tesli, romelic unda
aRorZinebuliyo; mesame nafotis bedi ucnobia,
gadmogvcems andrezi (9, 106), magram cxadia, im
ucnob nafots sadRac unda mieca dasabami axali
salocavisaTvis. bermuxis nafotebis andrezi
imis gamomxatvelia, rom miuxedavad sakulto
muxis moWrisa, saymos ar daukargavs kulti, rom
sakulto cxovreba ar Sewyvetila da, rogorc
TviTmxilvelis sityvebidan Gans Zveli laSaris
kultis ganuwyvetlobis simboluri niSani yofila muxis nafotebi, romlebic wmidad iyo Seracxili da didi sasoebiT, rogorc saidumlo,
xatSi inaxeboda (125, 232). zurab erisTavma laSaris muxis moWriT, marTalia, ver daangria
saymo, magram misi gafantva mainc moaxerxa. Tu
birTvi isev laSaris teritoriaze darGa, rogorc
moWrili
muxis
kunZTan
davardnili
mTavari nafoti, rogorc sawindari saymos
aRorZinebisa, danarGeni nawili am saymosi muxisgan asxletil sxva nafotebs gahyva fSavisxevis
gareT; Tumca sxva miwaze gadatyorcnilni mainc
ar kargaven kavSirs Zireul salocavTan da, rogorc vaJa wers, `mudam wels barelebis mosvla
salocavad laSaris jvarisa umizezo ar aris.
aSkaraa, rom isini gadasaxlebaSi arian fSavidan
da ar iviwyeben Tavisis mama-papis Zvels saloccclxxv
cavs. es daujerebelia miT umetes, rom fSavSi
aris sof. yvara. gadasaxlebulT Tavisis soflis
saxeli Tan wauRiaT. xalxic amtkicebs am
gadasaxlebas da mizezad zurabs asaxelebs, romelsac dauwiokebia xalxi da gaubnevia, dauqsaqsia^~ (29, 57).
sxva andrezis Tanaxmad zurabis mier muxis
moWra aris is mijna, romlis Semdegac axali sakulto cxovreba iwyeba xmelgorze: Tqmuleba ambobs, rom laSaris gorze jvaris muxis moWramde
mxolod berebi cxovrobdnen, gareSe kaci iq ver
adioda da dablidan ilocavda jvars (65, 251).
axal epoqaSi laSaris gorze, sadac aRar dgas
oqrosSibiani Zveli muxa, magram RvTisSvilis
gza jvaris karidan morige RvTis karamde mainc
arsebobs (Tumca safarveli aqvs dadebuli),
gareSe kacic adis Tavisi samsaxuris misatanad
da Tavis saymosTan erTianobis dasadastureblad.
verc xmalas alvisxis moWriT daimorGila
xevsureTSi zurabma saymoebi, sabolood ver
amoZirkva kulti; Tumca aqac moswyda oqros Sibi
da caSi gauGinarda, safarveli gadaefara mironis wyaros, romlis xilva mxolod da mxolod
jvaris mkadreTa mistiur gamocdilebaSi gaxda
SesaZlebeli;
magram
saerTo
saxevsureTo
(igulisxmeba bude-xevsureTi) sakulto cxovrebis Suagulma gudanSi gadainacvla, sadac
keriaSi amosulma ifnma auwya RvTisSvilis
ccclxxvi
jvarGena axal adgilze. axla gudanSi ibmis
salaSqro droSa da aq muSavdeba, raTa gavrceldes sxva saymoebSi savaldebulo rjuli.
miuxedavad ngrevisa da ganadgurebisa, rasac
samgzis yoveli Svidi wlis gamoSvebiT mohyveboda xolme saymoTa nawilis an zogierT saymoTa mTliani gafantva, zurabis laSqrobebma
saymoTa Soris dabada solidarobis Zlieri
Segneba, romelic Zunwad, ara myvirala sityvebiT
gamoiTqmoda im `sisxlis wvimebis~ epoqis amsaxvel simRerebSi, Tumca kerZod, ara ganzogadebuli saxiT, rac, SesaZlebelia, met Zalas da
sarwmunoebas aniWebda naTqvams:
uTurgi mewyinaisZe xevsurT gulisad kvdebao,
amRas esxdian colSvilni, magas ra wauxdebao
(81, #124).
arxotioni, vis saymosac ar emuqreba zurabi,
Tavs swiravs aragvel xevsurTa gadasarGenad;
uymo yma sisxls Rvris im saymos jvarisaTvis,
romelic ar moiTxovs misgan Tavganwirvas da
sisxls. aseTi gmiri, rogoric aris naklebad gamoGenili uTurgi, amRioni, romelic sxva saymosaTvis swiravs Tavs, ar aris gamonaklisi am
epoqaSi,
am
brZolebSi.
iyo
qalundauri,
guroeli, romlis saxl-kars guroSi, mTis iqiT,
albaT ver miswvdeboda zurabis xeli; swored is
gaxda am epopeis gmiri, gmiri begengorisa, sadac
mterze gamarjvebis niSnad aragvidan motanili
riyis qva `Gaayuda~ samanad, _ es ki rogorc isccclxxvii
toriul-andrezuli aqti, simReris sityvebiTac
aRibeWda samaradisod:
Tan maxyves
qalundaursa
mamukas Suqni
mzisani,
begengor Gamoewiva, yman GaWrna zurabisani.
amandiT amabrunvilma samann Gaxyudna qvisani
(81, #125).
ccclxxviii
Sewirulni
is epoqa aRbeWdili iyo mtris niSniT, amas ki,
romelzedac axla iqneba saubari, patronis
beWedi adevs; patronisa, romlisTvisac Tavs
swiravs gadarGenili saymo. es epoqebi saymos
SegnebaSi ar emijnebian erTmaneTs qronologiuri niSniT; isini, SesaZlebelia, erTdroulad
arseboben andrezul warsulSi. Gven ganvixilavT
maT droul monakveTebad, raki viciT, rom erekles xana mosdevs zurab erisTavis xanas; magram
saymosaTvis es epoqebi, erTmaneTSi SeRwevadni,
ufro modaluri mdgomareobebia saymosi, romelTac
qmnis
devurisa
da
RvTaebrivis
(T.Gxenkeli)
urTierTmonacvleoba
saymos
TavgadasavalSi. roca RvTaebrivi, jvaris saxiT
warmodgenili, ukan ixevs, maSin wamoiweva `mas
Jamsa Sina~ daTrgunuli devuri Zala. zurab erisTavi maSin aRzevdeba, roca bagrationis
xelisufleba dauZlurebulia. jvari _ batoni
ukan ixevs da stovebs saymos bedis an misi adamianuri davlaTis anabara.
ccclxxix
zurab erisTavi imave batonis ymaa, visac
fSav-xevsurni arian Sevedrebul-Sexvewilni. is
aris yma bagration mefisa, romelic Tavis Tavs
Tvlis (rasac saymoc adasturebs) gudanis
saRvTosa da laSaris jvaris moZmed, romelsac
konkretul istoriul periodSi mefe Teimurazi
warmoadgens. zurab erisTavi sxva aravinaa, Tu
ara gabudayebuli yma, romelic cdilobs Tavisi
batonis adgilis daWeras, rac mxolod misi
dauZlurebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli:
dalivna bagrationni, Tavad batonad zisao
(88, #54).
es sityvebi sxva istoriul viTarebazea
naTqvami, magram isini kargad miesadageba gabudayebuli ymis suliskveTebas da saboloo survils.
zurab erisTavis batoni (yofacxovrebaSi misi
simamri) Teimuraz mefe amgvarad aris Seqebuli
erT xevsurul poetur fragmentSi, romelic
zustad gamoxatavs saymos SegnebaSi arsebul
warmodgenas Tavis xorciel batonze:
aim adgilis Wirime, sad Teimurazi bzandeba:
daicems wiTlis karavsa, zed oqros sveti
dadgeba
(98, #34).
es `oqros sveti~ aris gamoZaxili im `naTlis
svetisa~, romelic RvTisSvilTa jvarGenis erTerTi saxea. Teimurazs, rogorc bagration mefes
da RvTisSvilis moZmes, Tan axlavs RvTisSvilTa
ccclxxx
anu jvarTa, `ciT svetad GamosulTa~, atributebi. wiTelic xom RvTisSvilTa gansakuTrebuli niSania:
saneba xkazmebs zerdagsa, samwyarsa, samis
wlisasa,
daaxvevs masarTavebsa wiTelis atlasisasa^
(6, 97).
`wiTeli atlasi~ jvaris upirvelesi siwmidis
_
droSis
masalad
gvevlineba
erT
xmiT
natiralSi:
droSaT qve vinaR agvibemdao,
Pmalas wiTliTa atlasiTao^
(79, #157).
cxadia, atlasis wiTeli ar aris ubralo,
bunebrivi feri, romelic Gveulebriv sagnebs mosavs; is sakraluri feria, rogorc Zoweuli.
Teimurazi, zurab erisTavis batoni (da mere
simamri misi), erTi warmomadgenelia im modgmisa,
romlis Zirs bagrationTa dinastiuri legenda
israelis mefeSi _ daviTSi xedavs. am modgmaSi
iSva qriste, ase rom bagrationebi Tavad macxovris naTesavebi arian. am legendas, romelic werilobiT aris dadasturebuli qarTul saistorio
wyaroSi (70, 371-2), exmaureba erTi xevsuruli
epizoduri andrezi mefe erekleze, romelic
sveticxovlis taZarSi sulis ZaliT zeatacebuli loyiT exuteba gumbaTze gamosaxul
ccclxxxi
qriste-pantokratoris loyas (38, #25401)*. saistorio wyarom Semoinaxa xalxuri warmoSobis
gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmad pirveli bagrationi
guarami, `erisTavi qarTlisa da mama bagrationTa~, irmis ZuZunawovaria, msgavsad Sumeris
legendaruli mefeebisa, romlebic RvTaebrivma
furebma gamozardes TavianTi `madliani rZiT~
wmida boslebSi Tu mTebSi. vaxuStis `aRweraSi~
es legenda amgvarad aris gadmocemuli: `vgoneb,
viTarca sityva ars iverielTa Sina, rameTu iremman ganzardao bagrationi; iyo ese guaram raJams
moukles mama da miuRes berZenTa bolo klarjeTisa, amas eZiebdnen da damales gamzrdelTa
da mwirobasa Sina yrma ese Seegua iremsa,
awovebda da aRivsis da avlinebda. Semdgomad
ixiles sakvirveli ese klarjTa, hscnes bagratovaneba misi, miiyvanes da hyves kvalad erisTaverisTavad^~ (75, 694, Sen.1).
gadadis bagrationTa Taobebi _ legenda
rGeba
ucvleli,
oRond
icvleba
saxeli
dinastiis damaarseblisa, irmis ZuZunawovari yrmisa, ikargeba xsovna gvaramze, `bagrationTa
mamaze~, da xalxis cnobierebaSi Tavs iGens
laSa-giorgi pirvel bagrationad, romelsac
Sobs Tamari ubiwo GasaxviT mzis sxivisagan; Tamari Sobs yrmas, romelsac aseve gamozrdis
iremi _ mziuri cxoveli (gavixsenoT mze-irmis
*
locvis dros levitaciis unars miaweren qristianobis istoriaSi wm. ekaterines, wm. Toma
aqvinels da sxv., xolo qarTul andrezebSi _ Tamar dedofals, vidre is qalwulobas inaxavda.
ccclxxxii
simbolika farnavazis gamefebis andrezSi (44).
pirveli bagrationis mziur warmoSobas, saidanac xalxuri andreziT dasabams iRebs saqarTvelos istoria da, sazogadod, dro-Jami (43),
adasturebs Tamaris mematianis (`istoriaTa da
azmaTa~ avtoris) sityvebi, rom `laSa~ afsarTa
enaze `soflis ganmanaTlebels~ niSnavs (74, 58).
legenda bagrationTa rGeulobaze dasturdeba kastelis GanawerebSi, sadac vxvdebiT
RmerTTan maTi wilnayarobis ideis gamoxatulebas. italieli beri imereTis mefeTa (aleqsandre
III da bagrat IV) naxatebis qveS aTavsebs
warwerebs, romlebic Taviseburad gadmoscemen
dinastiur legendas: `yovel qarTvels sjera,
rom rodesac mefe bagrati qudmoxdili loculobda taZarSi, cidan GamoeSva xiluli Suqi da
Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili oqros gvirgvini Tavze
daadga^ imasac amboben, rom marjvena beWze
jvris niSani aqvso, rasac sajarod acxadeben am
samefoebSi^~ (41, 75); aleqsandre mefeze is wers:
`dabadebisTanave mas zurgis orive mxares jvari
hqonia gamosaxuli^ amboben, rom beWebze patara
jvari aqvso~ (41, 76). beWebze gamosaxuli jvari
aris erT-erTi xiluli niSani bagrationi mefis
wilnayarobisa Tavis RvTiur naTesavTan; es aris
misi nawilianoba, rac naxsenebi iyo TorRvasTan
kavSirSi, romlis Sobas xevsuruli andrezi
akavSirebs erT-erTi bagrationis yofnasTan Satilis Tu mucos saymoSi. Tavisi mamisgan hqonda
ccclxxxiii
mas gamoyolili sagvareulo niSani nawilisa _
jvari da heraldikurad ganlagebuli mze da
mTvare beWebze _
didebuloba dauTqves, beWebs unaxes jvario,
marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvaris
nalio^
bagrationis moqmedebis kvals vxedavT fSavxevsureTis saymoTa kultis genezisSi, saxeldobr, roca samefo taxtisgan ganmdgari
fxovelni, romelTa religiuri aRmsarebloba
amgvarad aqvs gamoxatuli XIII s-is meistories _
`fxovelni juaris msaxurni arian da qristianobasa iGemeben~, kvlav daimorGila Tamarma, rasac
unda mohyoloda maTi xelaxali moqceva qristes
rjulze _ maT mier aRiarebuli jvaris TayvaniscemaSi jvaris WeSmariti religiis aRdgena
(74, 111). am istoriul-politikuri aqciis gamoZaxili unda iyos tradiciuli cnobebi Tamaris
mier xevsureTis sazogadoebebSi eklesiis agebaze da Tas-ganZis Sewirvaze, rac kultis
daarsebas niSnavs; an mis nabinavarze zogierTi
jvaris, mag., gudanSi naxarelas RvTisSoblis
daarseba (38, #25967); da gansakuTrebiT, Tamaris
kultis _ Tamar-aqim-dedoflis saxeliT, da
laSa giorgis jvaris arseboba fSavis xevSi, sadac isini centraluri salocavebia, romelnic
Tavis garSemo ikreben fSavis Tormet saymos.
fxovSi waruSlel kvals stovebs bagrationi _
mis erT nawilSi (xevsureTSi) is kultis damaccclxxxiv
fuZnebelia,
xolo
fSavSi
Tavad
aris
gadaqceuli salocavad, RvTisSvilad, jvarad,
romelic hpatronobs fSavis xevis saymoebs, rogorc erT mTlian saymos.
fSav-xevsureTis saymoebi pirovnulad icnoben
erTaderT warmomadgenels bagrationTa dinastiisas _ es aris mefe erekle meore. erekle savsebiT realuria maT warmodgenaSi, is maTi xorcieli batonia, romelsac dahyvebian brZolebSi,
magram misi warmoSoba iseve legendarulia, rogorc laSa-giorgisa. isic SobiTganve gadagdebulia tyeSi da irmis ZuZuTia gazrdili:
batoniSvils ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia,
wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia,
dakargula saGaleSi, monadires upovnia
(82, #1).
yrma erekle araTu imeorebs Tavis winapris,
laSa giorgis andrezul Tavgadasavals, aramed
mis adgilsac ki ikavebs, gvevlineba ra, xevsuruli andrezebis Tanaxmad, Tamaris Zed da
pirvel bagrationad (82, ##43-i, 43-k). is aris
pirveli da amave dros ukanaskneli: is iwyebs
istorias da isve amTavrebs mas; Tamarsa da
erekles Soris ukiduresad SekumSulia wuTisoflis dro-Jami; ise rom, erekles garda,
bagrationTa dinastiis sxva warmomadgenels ar
rGeba adgili. saymos cnobierebaSi Tamari da
erekle erTJamobaSi arian moqceulni: `xalxs
swams, rom mefe erekle da Tamar-mefe cocxlebi
ccclxxxv
arian RmerTTan da roca gauWirdeba saqarTvelos, mieSvelebiano^~ (88, 365). Tamari da
erekle erTi RvTaebrivi siwmidiT arian mosilni
da erTgvarad adastureben am siwmides; Tamarze
amboben, rom locvisas iatakze ar idga, aramed
naxevari adlis simaRleze haerSi iyo gaGerebuli (81, 239), rom `misi tanisamosi ekida
sarkmlidan SemonaTebul sxivze~ (81, 81); aseve,
`erekle roca locvaze dadgeboda, xmals mzis
Suqze dahkidebda xolmeo da locvas roca
gaaTavebda, i sxividgan iseve aiRebda Pmalsa~ (88,
365); sveticxovelSi locvisas is zeaRitaceboda
da macxovris xats exuteboda (38, #25468).
sveticxovlis
taZari,
kultis
genezisis
adgili, sadac misi saflavia, aris is adgili,
saidanac mefe cad amaRlda:
cxeTas dgas TeTri saydari, Sig naTobs
kelaptario,
Sig idga oqros kuboi, gamoxatuli jvario.
Sig iwva nefe-erekle, bagrationTa gvario.
zecas wavida erekle, qristesTan wilnayario
(88, #58-g).
`Sig iwva~^ axla zecas aris wasuli da
dabrundeba, rogorc mesia _ amgvarad unda gamoxatuliyo bagrationTa RvTiuri warmoSoba,
maTi qristesTan naTesaoba im konkretul warmomadgenelSi, romelsac, rogorc ukanasknels,
unda etvirTa Tavisi dinastiis mTeli simZime.
ccclxxxvi
ar mokvda, RmerTTan wavida, Zma ari, wilnayaria
(88, #58-i).
mefis, rogorc RmerTTan wilnayaris, arseba
warmodgenilia mironis wyarod _ `mironi nefe
erekles Zvlebs Gamohdiso~*, gvauwyebs xalxuri
Tqmuleba,
romelsac
istoriuli
mefe
sveticxovlis an kultis dasabamSi gadahyavs, im
andrezul xanaSi, roca sauflo kvarTze aRmocenebuli xidan mironi wveTavda, am adgilas ki
axla misi saflavia. xolo xevsuris religiur
SegnebaSi sveticxovels swored am saflavis gamoc eniWeba sakraluroba, rogorc salocavs.
laSa giorgisa da Tamar mefis saflavebze aRmocenda, fSavelTa rwmeniT, laSarisa da TamarRelis salocavebi; isini iq marxian, amitomac iq
aris daarsebuli maTi jvrebi. `kalmasobaSi~ es
Tqmuleba amgvarad aris gadmocemuli: beri ioane
ase eubneba fSavlebs, gaaxsenebs maTsave andrezs, rac maT unda scodnodaT: `^ iman (laSa
giorgim, z.k.) mogaqcivaT Tqven, romelic axla iq
fSavSi marxia da Tavis unj ymaT gamogelodaT^~
(10, 82).
erekle,
rogorc
RvTis
cxebuli
mefe,
xevsureTisa da fSavis saymoebSi RvTisSvilis
RirsebaSia ayvanili. misi povnac iseTivea, rogorc RvTisSvilis jvarGena.
*
qristianobis istoriaSi cnobilni arian mironmdinareni _ wm. dimitri Tesalonikeli (III-IV ss.) da
Rirsi svimeon serbeTis mTavari (XII-XIII ss.).
ccclxxxvii
batoniSvil ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia,
gadugdiaT saGaleSi, monadires upovnia.
saGale (xevsureTSi) cnobilia rogorc jvarGenis mTa, sadac daarsda erT-erTi jvari wmida
giorgisa _ `saGales svetad Gamosuli, samkibal
Suqis damkravi~. monadiris xsenebac ar aris am
fragmentSi moulodneli: gavixsenoT is monadire, romelsac, rogorc mkadres, Gamohyavs napovni jvari Tavis saymoSi. asevea napovni erekle
RvTisSvilad xevsureTisa da fSavis saymoebisaTvis.
erekle napovnia, rogorc andrezuli patroni
saymoebisa, magram mas Tavad hyavs mopovebuli
saymo, is Tavad qmnis Tavis sapatronebel saymos,
rac realuri istoriuli faqtiT aris gapirobebuli.
`qronikons umg (443) = 1755 w. ama xanTa Sina
xevsuris qveyana aRar daemorGila kaxs batons
da pirvelisamebr aRar monebdnen. GamobrZanda
kaxeTidam kaxi batoni erekle qalaqs da mosTxova farvani mamasa Tvissa qarTvels batons
mefes Teimurazs, ineba xevsureTisa dalaSqvra,
gaistumra mamaman cxebulman Zei Tvisi mefe
erekle da gasca brZaneba TavadTa qarTlisaTa,
raTa iaxlnen Tan: mobrZanda mefe erekle
ananurs, Semoeyarnen iq qarTvelni amorGeviT
didebulTa Svilni da aznaurSvilni zemo
qarTlisani da erisTavebi orive daviT da jimSer, wabZanda ananuridam, mibrZanda TianeTs, iq
ccclxxxviii
Semoeyarnen jari kaxeTisa. zamTari iyo, Tovli
didi da gza saWiro. daiqveiTes yovelTa,
Tvinier mefisa da imanca bevrjer iaris qveiTad.
mividnen, fSavni miegeben, fSavelni daxvdnen, rac
im qveyanas gaewyoboda, moarTves mosarTmevi. enebaT iqidam gadasvla qveyanaSi xevsureTisa. ra
Seityves xevsurT, Semoexvewen xevsurni da
iTxoves danaSaulisa miteveba. Seundo cdoma
maTi da Semoiriga. iaxlnen ufrosni kacni da
moarTves jorni, Zroxani da cxvarni feSqaSad
da daidves Tavs samsaxuri, raca ZvelTagan kax
batonebisagan sdebodaT, gamoarTo mefeman mZevlebi da ganuteva xevsurni mSvidobiT~ (54, 39).
mefe erekle _ Tamaris andrezuli memkvidre
realuradac imeorebs Tamaris qmedebas, rogorc
arqetipul saqciels winaprisas: meordeba XIII sis viTareba, roca Tamars mouxda fxovis Semomtkiceba da iq jvaris sarwmunoebis ganaxleba,
rasac Tavis mxriv arqetipuli magaliTi aqvs IV
s-Si, roca wmida nino gaemarTa mTielTa (kerZod,
fxovelTa) mosanaTlavad.
erekle ganaaxlebs, xelaxla qmnis qristianul Tems xevsureTSi, aRadgens saymoebs, rac
bunebrivad religiuri aqtiT aris ganmkicebuli:
am
laSqrobis
dros
erekle
(jer
kidev
ufliswuli) naTlavs ormocdaoTx xevsur bavSvs
(54, 40) da, amrigad, naTlis mamad evlineba kvlav
Semomtkicebul saymos. is uwesebs maT yofacxovrebis sakralur reJims; tradiciiT, erekles
ccclxxxix
dauwesebia xevsureTisaTvis orSabaTis uqme _
`kvirais sapatio dRe~ (37, 59) da Tavisi wili
daudevs maTi kultis uwmides saganSi: igi zars
Seabams gudanis saRvTos droSas. arsebobs gadmocema, rom erekles gudanis wm. giorgis jvarisaTvis miuZRvnia ganTqmuli droSa _ `gaJekauri~,
romlis xma aragvis WalaSi ismoda sanedan (4, 6).
erekle, rogorc sakulto cxovrebis amaRorZinebeli xevsureTis saymoebSi (rac andrezuli xanis pirveldamfuZneblis Rvawlis
ganmeorebad unda davsaxoT istoriul xanaSi),
Seracxilia gudanis jvaris moZmed, rac imas
niSnavs,
rom
xorcieli
mefe
ierarqiulad
RvTisSvilisa da jvaris safexurze dgeba. is
axorcielebs RvTisSvilebsa da bagrationebs
Soris adriTganve dawesebul moZmeobas, rasac,
Tavis mxriv, RvTisSvilTa moZmeobis institutSi
aqvs safuZveli (7). zemoT iTqva, rom am urTierTobas Tamarisa da laSa giorgis xanaSi daedo
safuZveli, rac asaxulia andrezul gadmocemebSi. mogviano xanis werilobiTi dokumentebi
mowmoben am tradiciuli moZmeobis sicxoveles
bagrationTa dinastiur SegnebaSi. kaxeTis mefeebi wyalobis wignebSi laSaris jvars TavianT
moZmed, xolo laSaris jvaris ymebs, fSavlebs,
TavianT ymebad ixsenieben, riTac adastureben
TavianT Tanasworobas RvTisSvilTan, laSaris
wmida giorgisTan, romelTanac pirvelad, `mas
Jamsa Sina~, laSa-giorgim daamyara moZmeoba. am
cccxc
tradicias kaxeTis TviT gamahmadianebuli mefeebic ki inaxavdnen: `^ Gvensa didaT erTgulaT
Wirnaxulad namsaxursa Gvenis Zmis laSarisjvris ymaT, erTobiT fSavelT^~ vkiTxulobT
erekle pirvelis Zis daviTis (imamyuli-xanis,
1703-1722) wyalobis wignSi (5, 400); konstantine
erekles Ze (mahmadyuli-xani, 1722-1732) mimarTavs
laSaris
jvars:
`^
mouSleli
ZRveni
da
Sesawiravi mogarTviT da SemogwireT Tqven yovlad didebulsa da yovlad qebulsa mxedarsa
RuTisasa, moZmesa Gvensa wmidasa giorgis laSaris jvarsa da kvalad miuboZeT moymeTa, molaSqreTa, dekanozTa, qadagTa da sruliad
fSavelTa^~ (5, 42).
erekle II fSavis salocavs Tavisi `moZmis
kars~ uwodebs: `es ganaGenis wigni dagvidvia Gven,
mefe erekles: ase rom grigol saxlTuxucesi
gavgzavneT fSavs, Gveni moZmis karze iyo da
fSavelT stumari iyo^~ (5, 44)).
kanonzomieria, rom laSaris jvars, rogorc
mefis moZmes, Tavis batonad aRiarebs mefis yma,
qveSevrdomi erisTavi:
`^ Tqven didsa da amaRlebuls da aRmatebulsa, zRviTi zRvamde gaTqmulsa, mTisa da barisa salocavsa, patiosansa da mravaljer mesasoesa, keTilad gamarjvebulsa didsa laSaris
jvarsa giorgisa da sul erTobiT Tqvens salocavsa da Tqvens kargs ymaT fSavelTa: ase rom
Gveni mama-papamdin Tqvenis erTgulebisa da samcccxci
saxurisa me da Seni vyofilvarT^ arc Gvens
sicocxleSi manamdin Gvenis mamis Tesli am qveyanas viyvneT, arc Tqvens samsaxurzed da erTgulobazed Peli aviRoT^~ (5, 41).
bagration mefeTa moZmea agreTve xevsureTis
(kerZod, samaganZuros) Zlieri salocavi gudanis
wmida giorgis jvari, ber baadurad wodebuli
adgilobriv tabuirebul enaze. Tumca cnobili
ar
aris
maTi
moZmeobis
amsaxveldamadasturebeli samefo werilobiTi dokumentebi, magram saymoSi Tavis droze Zlierad
hqonda fesvi gadgmuli am rwmenas da, rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, bagration mefeTa Soris erTaderT erekleSi xedavdnen gudanis wmida giorgis xorciel moZmes. erekles pirovnebaSia daunjebuli dinastiuri krebiTi pirovneba, romelic
axorcielebs moZmeobis princips. rogorc sakraluri pirovneba, erekle zedroulobaSi myofobs, erTis mxriv, TamarTan erTad, romelTa
Soris gasuli realuri dro-Jami warxocilia an
ukidures zRvramdea SekumSuli; meore mxriv,
gudanis wmida giorgis gverdiT, romelTanac
morige RvTis gangebiT wils hyris. `RTis nasaxT
batoni romeni viyoT, da xorcielTi romenio.
xorcielT batonoba erekles rgebia da RTisnasaxTi (xatebisa) ber baadurs^~ (77, 303), ambobs
andrezi.
rogorc vxedavT, TiTqos SemTxvevis (wilisyris) wyalobiT gadawyvetila, rom erekles
cccxcii
rgeboda gudanis xorcielTa saymos batonoba.
wilisyris faqti maT Soris adasturebs saymos
TvalSi maT potenciur Tanasworobas, kerZod
imas,
rom
erekle
potenciurad
flobda
RvTisSvilTa batonobis unars, rogorc Tavad
RvTisSvili. erekles, rogorc xorcielT saymos
patronis, bedi caSia gadawyvetili; aq Gaabares
da miiRo man Tavisi unji saymo _ Tavisi wmida
mxedroba, laSqari.
mefe periodulad adis gudanSi, da, rogorc
qadagi, Sedis jvaris wmidaTa wmidaSi Tavisi
moZmis winaSe pirispir Sesayrelad. al.oGiauris
GanawerebSi amgvarad aris gadmocemuli xorciel-uxorco moZmeTa urTierToba:
`xevsurebs mefe iraklic ise miaGnda, rogorc
RvTaeba da eZaxodnen gudanis jvaris moZmes.
igic amodioda xevsureTSi, xevsurT gudanis
jvarSi mouyrida Tavs da TviTon beRelSi Sevidoda da ismoda xmamaRali laparaki. xevsurebs
egona, gudanis jvars irakli piradad elaparakebao, Gven ver vxedavT gudanis jvars, radgan safarveli aZevso da rogorc misi moZme da TviTonac wmida kaci, rogorc RvTaeba, irakli TvaliT
xedavs da erTad baasobeno^~ (60, 143-4); `^ is rom
xevsureTSi movidoda xevsurT gasayvanad jarSi,
maSin pirvelad gudanSi avidoda, Sevidoda
gudanis jvaris beRelSi da iqidan saubari ismoda iraklisa da gudanis jvarisa erTad. igini
saubrobdnen xevsurT saWirboroto da agreTve
cccxciii
saqarTvelos sakiTxebze. gudanis jvars xevsurni
ver xedavdnen, iraklis ki piradad ecxadeboda
da rogorc moZmes esaubreboda. saubars rom
gaaTavebdnen, irakli gamovidoda da gudanis
jvaris survils Seyril xevsurT uambobda.
xSirad yofila SemTxveva, rom gamosuli gamoacxadebda irakli: `gudanis jvari brZanebs,
Gemni ymani xevsurni moemzadeniT, Gemi droSa
aabiT, saqarTvelos mteri Semoeseva, unda davexmaroT. xTisgan gamarjveba viTxove da miboZa. me
Gems fxasisxlian xmals Semovirtyam da TqvenTan
erTad omSi viqnebio. rogorc dambadebelma miboZa, gamarjveba da davla me da Gem ymaT dagvrGebao~ (62, 662).
xorciel da uxorco batonebs erTi saerTo
saziaro saymo hyavT: gudanis wmida giorgis
saymo imavdroulad erekles unji saymoc aris
da iseve emsaxureba mas, rogorc jvars. unji yma
valdebulia miaSuros, gahyves Tavis patrons
pirvelsave daZaxilze; magram es valdebuleba
patronis nebiT ar aris nakarnaxevi, is bunebrivad, raime gansjis gareSe ibadeba saymos SegnebaSi, rogorc misi Sinagani moTxovnileba. is
ivalebs, sisxli daRvaros Tavisi patronisaTvis
da saxelis garda ar elis sxva sazRaurs
daRvrili sisxlis wil. am suliskveTebiT aris
gamsWvaluli fSav-xevsuruli sagmiro poezia im
`sisxlis wvimebis~ droebisa, roca maTi sagmiro
cxovrebis sulisGamdgmeli da maTi istoriis
cccxciv
warmmarTveli mefe ereklea; roca is, rogorc
jvari, gars ikrebs Tavis unj saymos da gahyavs
igi Tavisi mxaris viwro sazRvrebidan ucxo
qveyanaSi
saqarTvelos
mtris
winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad; isini, rogorc wmida mxedrebi,
uangarod emsaxurebian batons da ar kadruloben, rom raime nivTier dovlaTze mihyidon
mas TavianTi erTguleba. ai, epizodi patron-ymis
urTierTobisa, romelic gulmarTlad gamoxatavs saymos uSualo gulispasuxs:
`miSveleT, Gemo Pevsurno, unjni ymani xarT
Gemnia.
fuls magcemT magodenasa, ro ar zidavdes
cxenia~
PevsurT swyenios es sityva, romav `Gven mefemav es raad gviTxrav, ro `fuls magcemTav~? Gven
gana fulis gulisad vomobTav~? maSin erTPmad
uTqom xalxs:
`Tavs ver gagixriT Pevsurni, _ unjni ymani
varT Sennia;
TeTrs vinc aiRebs Pevsuri, vinac maxkidas
Pelia,
gauwyras, nefev ereklev, is salocavi Gvenia!~
(17, 162-3).
am dros is sruliad qarTvelTa jvarisaTvis
ibrZvis, jvarisaTvis, romelic saymos istoriis
am epoqaSi erekles saxiT warmoudgeba mas; is am
dros ar ibrZvis Tavis gadasarGenad, radgan mas
arc devebi da arc gabudayebuli feodali ar
cccxcv
emuqreba; is gadarGenilia winamaval `sisxlis
wvimebis~ xanaSi; is `laRis mtris~ maxvilisagan
aris `narGomi~ da swored aman gaxada Tavisi
jvaris unj saymod , romelsac amieridan mfarvelobs misi RvTaebrivi patroni. patronis vali
saymos mimarT gadadis erekle mefeze, uxorco
patronis moZmeze, da isic ar stovebs maT gasaWirSi: `gafrindi, Gemo cxeno, sadac ymani
iPocebian, ereklec iq iyos!~ _ uTqvams mas.
bagrationi mefe Tavisi moqmedebiT saymos cnobierebaSi aRviZebs Tavisi moZmis da naTesavis,
laSaris wmida giorgis xats, romelic amgvarad
aris aRbeWdili erT xalxur leqsSi:
laSarelais lurjasa fafar asxavis giSlisa,
Sajdeba, gaemarTeba, kotor gahyveba nislisa,
Tavis ymaT mieSveleba xan rom ar iyos misvlisa^
literatura
1. arabuli a., miTologiuri sawyisebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis xalxur poeziasa da vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. Tb., 1882
(sadisertacio naSromi, inaxeba SoTa rusTavelis sax. qarTuli literaturis istoriis
institutis biblioTekaSi).
cccxcvi
2. ardaSir papakis Zis saqmeTa wigni. falauridan
Targmna, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo
Teo GxeiZem. "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.
3. arjevaniZe e., anotirebuli bibliografia
"ÑÌÎÌÏÊ"-Si gamoqveynebuli qarTuli xalxuri
sityvierebis masalisa. "mecniereba", Tb., 1971.
4. baliauri n., sworfroba xevsureTSi. Tsu, Tb.,
1991.
5. bardaveliZe v., aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto
Zeglebi, t.I, "mecniereba", Tb., 1974.
6. bardaveliZe v., aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto
Zeglebi, t.II, mecniereba", Tb., 1982.
7. bardaveliZe v., mTisa da baris mosaxleobis
urTierTobis istoriidan saqarTveloSi (moZmeobis instituti) ("macne", istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1971, #3).
8. bardaveliZe v., qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-bazar), Tb.,
1941.
9. bardaveliZe v., ivris fSavelebi, enimkis
moambe, XI, 1941.
10. batoniSvili ioane, kalmasoba, t.I, tf., 1936.
11. batoniSvili ioane, kalmasoba, t.II, Tb., 1948.
12. bedukiZe l. xalxuri aveji aRm. saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1973.
cccxcvii
13. bezaraSvili c., ritualuri samoseli (kreb.
"qsnis xeoba", Tb. 1975).
14. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni III, "mecniereba", Tb., 1966.
15. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni VI, "mecniereba", Tb., 1973.
16. gamrekeli v., cqitiSvili z., 1970 wlis 5
aprilis demografiuli nusxa ("macne", istoriis, arqeologiis, eTngrafiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1, 1973).
17. gabuuri b., Pevsuruli masalebi prof. akaki
SaniZis redaqciiT, qarTuli saenaTmecniero
sazogadoebis weliwdeuli, I-II, tf., 1923-1924.
18. gvasalia j., aragvis xeobis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi (saqarTvelos istoriuli
geografiis krebuli, V, "mecniereba", Tb., 1975).
19. gigineiSvili i., Tofuria v., qavTaraZe i., qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tsu gamomcemloba,
Tb., 1961.
20. georgika,
bizantieli
mwerlebis
cnobebi
saqarTveos Sesaxeb, t.II, "mecniereba, Tb., 1965.
21. didi sjuliskanoni, "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.
22. doliZe g., xevsuruli teqstebi, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 1975.
23. eliava g., abaSisa da martvilis raionebis
toponimika, "mecniereba", Tb., 1977.
24. eriaSvili J., uZvelesi socialur-religiuri
institutebi saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1982.
cccxcviii
25. vaJa-fSavela, berdixa (suraTebi fSavelebis
cxovrebisa), TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,
t.VI, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.
26. vaJa-fSavela, gmiris ideali fSauri poeziis
gamoxatulebiT, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,
t.IX, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.
27. vaJa-fSavela, droSa, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.VII, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.
28. vaJa-fSavela, laSaris jvaris dReoba anu laSaroba, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.IX,
"sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.
29. vaJa-fSavela, laSaroba, TxzulebaTa sruli
krebuli, t.IX, "sabWoTa
saqarTvelo", Tb.,
1964.
30. vaJa-fSavela, rame-rume mTisa, TxzulebaTa
sruli krebuli, t.IX, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo",
Tb., 1964.
31. vaJa-fSavela,
fiqrebi
"vefxistyaosnis"
Sesaxeb, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.IX,
"sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.
32. vaJa-fSavela,
fSaveli
dedakacis
mdgomareobada ideali fSauri poeziis gamoxatulebiT, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.IX,
"sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.
33. vaJa-fSavela, fSavlebi, TxzulebaTa sruli
krebuli, t.IX, "sabWoTa
saqarTvelo", Tb.,
1964.
cccxcix
34. vaJa-fSavela, fSavlebis Zveli samarTali da
saojaxo wesebi. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,
t.IX, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.
35. vaJa-fSavela, xevsurebi (sazogado SeniSvnebi),
TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.IX, "sabWoTa
saqarTvelo", Tb., 1964.
36. TayaiSvili e., arqeologiuri mogzauroba da
SeniSvnebi, "iveria, 1901, #2.
37. TevdoraZe g., xuTi weli fSav-xevsureTSi, tf.,
1930.
38. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi (folkloristikis kaTedra).
39. iqauri, erTi kvira xevsureTSi, "iveria", 1892,
#163.
40. kaiSauri l., mTiuluri teqstebi, "mecniereba",
Tb., 1978.
41. kasteli don kristoforo, cnobebi da albomi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, "mecniereba", Tb., 1977.
42. kiknaZe z., vaJas mTa da bari ("qarTuli ena da
literatura skolaSi", 1980, #3).
43. kiknaZe z., Tamaris andrezuli xana ("mnaTobi",
1982, #10).
44. kiknaZe z., farnavazis sizmari ("macnke", enisa
da literaturis seria, #1, 1984).
45. kiknaZe z., qarTlis moqcevis folkloruli
variantebi ("macne", enisa daliteraturis seria, 1982, #1).
46. kiknaZe z., Suamdinaruli miTologia, "mecniereba", Tb., 1979.
cd
47. kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, "sabWoTa
mwerali", Tb., 1961.
48. koxi k., spenseri o., cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb, "mecniereba", Tb., 1981.
48-a. lekiaSvili a., kviria-macxovari ("mnaTobi",
1982, #???).
49. makalaTia s., TuSeTi, tf., 1933.
50. makalaTia s., mTiuleTi, tf., 1930.
51. makalaTia s., fSavi, tf., 1934.
52. makalaTia s., qsnis xeoba, Tb., 1968.
53. makalaTia s., xevi, tf., 1934.
54. makalaTia s., xevsureTi, tf., 1935.
55. masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da
xelosnobis istoriisaTvis, "mecniereba"., Tb.,
1976.
56. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, 1,
ssrk mecn. akad. saqarTvelos filialis gamomc., tf., 1938.
57. maWavariani e., bavSvis movla-aRzrdis wesebi
mTiuleTSi (s.janaSias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t.XIX-A da XXI--B,
1957).
58. molodini d., jalabaZe g., saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis droSebis katalogi, Tb.,
1962.
59. oniani a., svanuri miTologiisaTvis, Tqmulebebi RvTaebaTa Sesaxeb qvemo svaneTSi, 1939
(saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis istoriis institutis eTnografiis ganyofilebis arqivi, M 21).
cdi
59-a. ortega i gaseti x., masebis amboxi, espanuridan Targmna b.bregvaZem, Tb., `xomli~, 1993. ,
59-b. oGiauri al., stumarmaspinZloba xevsureTSi,
"mecniereba", Tb., 1980.
60. oGiauri al., Tqmulebebi xevsurul RvTaebaTa
da RvTisSvilTa Sesaxeb, 1938 (saqarTvelos
mecn. akademiis istoriis institutis eTnografiis ganyofilebis arqivi, M 15).
61. oGiauri al., xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebis
kalendari (arxoti), 1938, (iqve, M 16).
62. oGiauri al., xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebis
kalendari (bude-xevsureTi), 1939, (iqve, M 17).
63. oGiauri al., xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebis
kalendari, VII (piriqiTi xevsureTi, xaxabo,
ardoti), 1939 (iqve, M 18).
64. oGiauri al., religia budexevsureTisa da Satilis TemSi, 1940 (iqve, M 32).
65. oGiauri al., fSauri xalxuri dReobebi (iqve,
M 83).
66. oGiauri al., xevsuruli masalebi, I (iqve, M 86).
67. oGiauri T., miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTveos mTianeTSi, "mecniereba, Tb.,
1967.
68. oGiauri T., qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis
istoriidan, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis
gamomcemloba, Tb., 1954.
69. Jordania T., qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, w. II, tf.,
1897
cdii
70. razikaSvili v., mamaGemi vaJa-fSavela, "sabWoTa
saqarTvelo", Tb., 1966.
71. sanikiZe T., gergetis xuroTmoZRvruli ansambli, "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.
72. qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba, mTiuleTgudamayari, teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, gamokvleva da SeniSvnebi el. virsalaZisa,
saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemoba,
Tb., 1958.
73. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, saxelgami, Tb., 1955.
74. qarTlis cxovreba, t.II, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo",
Tb., 1959.
75. qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, batoniSvili vaxuSti,
"aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa", "sabWoTa
saqarTvelo", Tb., 1973.
76. qarTluli dialeqtis leqsikoni (masalebi),
"mecniereba", Tb., 1981.
77. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.I, miTologiuri
leqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1972.
78. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.IV, sagmiro leqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.
79. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.V, sawesGveulebo
leqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1976.
80. qarTuli
xalxuri
poezia,
t.VIII,
sayofacxovrebo leqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1979.
81. qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, t.I,
teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, Sesavali da
SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa, saqarTvelos
ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1961.
cdiii
82. qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, t.II,
teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, Sesavali da
SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa, saqarTvelos
ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1964.
83. RvTaebis eklesia TelavSi ("mwyemsi", 1887, #16).
84. Rlonti al., qarTuli xalxuri novelebi (teqstebi), Tb., 1956.
85. yazbegi sol., yazbegis mTa ("iveria", 1895,
#197).
86. yubaneiSvili sol., vaJa-fSavela, saxelgami,
Tb., 1937.
87. SaniZe akaki, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t.I,
"mecniereba, 1984.
88. SaniZe akaki, qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I,
xevsuruli, saxelgami, tf., 1931.
89. Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTisa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb), "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.
90. Satberdis krebuli, "mecniereba", Tb., 1979.
91. Gitaia g., eTnonimikuri xalxuri gadmocemebi
(istoriis institutis Sromebi, I, saqarTvelos
ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1955).
92. Gitaia g., xevsuruli saxlis sene (analebi, iv.
javaxiSvilis
sax.
istoriis
institutis
Sromebi, I, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis
gamomcemloba, Tb., 1947).
93. Giqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 1947.
cdiv
94. Gxenkeli T., tragikuli niRbebi, "ganaTleba",
Tb., 1971.
95. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.), "mecniereba", Tb.,
1964.
96. Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t.II, "mecniereba", Tb., 1965.
97. ZiZiguri v., maswavleblis mogonebebi, Tb., 1957.
98. WinWarauli al., xevsureTis Taviseburebani,
teqstebi da indeqsi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1960.
99. xalxuri sibrZne, t.III, qarTuli eposi, "nakaduli", Tb., 1964.
100.xalxuri sityvierebis masalebi, Sekrebili
j.sonRulaSvilis mier, saqarTvelos ssruli
mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1955.
101.xaraZe r., xevsuruli andrezi - xalxuri samarTlis wyaro (saqarTvelos ssr mecn.
akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis mimomxilveli, t.II, Tb., 1951).
102.xaraZe r., robaqiZe al., mTiuleTis sofeli
Zvelad, "mecniereba", Tb., 1965.
103.xaxanaSvili a., qarTuli sityvierebis istoria
(uZvelesi droidgan XVIII sauk. gasulamde),
tf., 1904.
104.xizaniSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, ssrk
mecn. akademiis saqarTvelos filialis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1940.
cdv
105.xizaniSvili d., fSaveTi da fSavlebi ("iveria", 1899, #140).
106.xizaniSvili d., fSaveTi da fSavlebi ("iveria", 1899, #178).
107.xizaniSvili d., fSaveTi da fSavlebi ("iveria", 1899, #179).
108.xizaniSvili d., fSaveTi da fSavlebi ("iveria", 1899, #183).
109.xizaniSvili d., fSauri leqsebi, tf., 1887.
109-a. xornauli g., mTebi da saxelebi, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 1983.
110.jafariZe g., Soris naTelsa da Soris bnels
("qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi", #2,
1981).
111.jafariZe g., wmida dafebi (enisa da literaturis gany. arsebuli folkloris sakoordinacio sabWos XXIII samecniero konferenciis
Tezisebi, Tb., 1984).
112.jayeli T., sauflo xe alva (`jvari vazisa~,
#2, 1990).
113.Àâåðèíöåâ Ñ.Ñ. Çîëîòî â ñèñòåìå ñèìâîëîâ ðàííåâèçàíòèéñêîé
êóëüòóðû, Âèçàíòèÿ þæíûå ñëàâÿíå è Äðåâíÿÿ Ðóñü,
Çàïàäíàÿ Åâðîïà. Èñêóññòâî è êóëüòóðà. Ñá. ñòàòåé â ÷åñòü
Â.Í. Ëàçàðåâà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1973.
113-a. Àôàíàñüåâ À. Ïîýòè÷åêå âççðåèÿ ñëàâÿí íà ðèîäó, ò.2, Ì.,
1868.
114.Áàêðàäçå Ä. Êàâêàç â äðåâíèõ ïàìÿòíèêàõ õðèñèàñòâà,
Òèôëèñ, 1875.
cdvi
115.Áàäàâåëèäçå Â. Äðåâíåéøèå ðåëèãèîçíûå âåîâàèÿ è îáðÿäîâå
ãðôè÷åêîå èñêóññâî ãðóçèíñêèõ ïëåìí, Èçä. ÀÍ ÃÑÑÐ, Òá.,
1957.
116.Áóáåð Ì. Èçáðàíûå ðîèçâåäíèÿ, Èåðóñàëèì, 1979.
117.Ãåãåëü Ã.Â.Ô. Ôèëîñîôèÿ èñòîðèè, Ñî÷èíåíèÿ, ò.VIII,
Ãîññîö. -ýê. èçä., Ì.-Ë., 135.
118.Ãóìèëåâ Ë.Í. Âíóòðåííÿÿ çàêîíîìåíîñòü ýòíîãåíåçà (Ëàíäøàôò è
ýòíîñ), Âåñòèê ËÃÓ., ¹6, 1973.
119.Ãóìèëåâ Ë.Í. Ýòíîãåíåç è áèîñôåðà çåìëè, ÂÈÍÈÒÈ, 1979.
120.Ãóðåâè÷ À.ß. Èñòîðèÿ è ñàãà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1972.
121.Ãóðåâè÷ À.ß. Ýääà è ñàãà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1979.
122.Äèîãåí Ëàåðòñêèé Îæèçíè, ó÷åíèÿõ è èçîå÷åíèÿõ çíàìåíèòûõ
ôèëîñîôîâ, “Ìûñëü”, Ì., 1979.
123.Äðåçäåí Ì. Ìèôîëîãèÿ äðåâíåãî Èðàíà, Ìèôîëîãèÿ äðåâíåãî ìèðà,
“Íàóêà”, Ì., 1977.
124.Äþìåçèëü Æ. Îñåòèíñêèé ýïîñ è ìèôîëîãèÿ, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1976.
125.Çèñåðìàí À.ß. Äâàäöàòü ïÿòü ëåò íà êàâêàçå (1842-1867),
Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1879.
126.Èîðäàíñêèé Â.Á. Õàîñ è Ãàðìîíèÿ, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1982.
127.Êàâêçñêèé êàëåíäàðü íà 1851 ãîä. Òèôëèñ, 1850, îòä.III
(Êîíñòàíòèíîâ Î.).
128.Êèêíàäçå Ç. Æåðòâà, æðåö, îõîòíèê. Êàâêàçñêîáëèæíåâîñòî÷íûé ñáîðíèê, VII, “Ìåöíèåðåáà”, Òá., 1984.
129.Êîâàëåâñêèé Ì. Çàêîí è îáû÷àé íà Êàâêàçå, ò.I, Ì., 1890.
130.Ìåëåòèíñêèé Å.Ì. Ìèô è ñêàçêà, Ôîëüêëîð è ýòíîãðàôèÿ,
“Íàóêà”, Ì., 1970.
131.Ìåëåòèíñêèé Å.Ì. Ïîýåòèêà ìèôà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1976.
132.Ìåëåòèíñêèé Å.Ì. Ýääà è ðàííèå ôîðìû ýïîñà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1968.
133.Ìèôû íàðîäîâ ìèðà, ò.I, “Ñîâ. Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ”, Ì., 1980.
134.Ìëàäøàÿ Ýääà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1970.
cdvii
135.Íàòðîåâ À. Ìöõåòà è åã ñîáîð Ñâåòöõâåëè, Òèôëèñ, 1900.
136.Îñåòíñêèå (Äèãîðñêèå) íàðîäíûå èçðå÷åíèÿ, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1980.
137.Ðàäå Ã. Õåâñóðÿ õåâñóðû, Òèôëèñ, 1881.
138.Ñîáðàíèå äðåâíèõ ëèòóðãèé, âîñòî÷íûõ è çàïàäíûõ, âûï.3, Ñ.Ïåòåðáóðã, 1875.
139.Ñòóðëóññí Ñíîðè, Êðóã Çåìíîé, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1980.
140.Óâàðîâ À.Ñ. Õðèñòèàíñêàÿ ñèìâîëèêà, ÷.I, Ì., 1908.
141.Ôåéåðáàõ Ë. Èñòîðèÿ ôèëîñîôèè, ò.I, “Ìûñëü”, Ì., 1967.
142.Õðåñòîìàòèÿ ïî èñòîðèè Äðåâíåãî Âîñòîêà, ïîä. ðåä. àêàä. Â.Â.
Ñòðóâå è Ä.Ã. Ðåäåðà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1963.
143.Õóäàäîâ Í.À. Çàìåòêè î Õåâñóðèè, Çàï. Êàâê. Îòä. ÈÐÃÎ,
êí.XIV, âûï.I, Òèôëèñ, 1890.
144.×èáèðîâ Ë.À. Îñåòèíñêîå íàðîäíîå æèëèùå, Öõèíâàëè, 1970.
145.Øàìàëîâ À. Ðåëèãèîçíûå êóëüòû ÷å÷åíöåâ è èíãóøåé è ïóòè èõ
ïðåîäîëåíèÿ, Ãðîçíûé, 1963.
146.Øåéôåð Ä.Ï. Êóëüòóðíàÿ ñðåäà îáùèíû, æ. “Êóëüòóðà”, ¹1,
1983 (Ïðîñòðàíñòâî è êîììóíèêàöèÿ), Þíåñêî.
146-a. ßéëåíêî Á.Ï. Àðõàè÷åñêàÿ Ãðåöèÿ è Áëèæíèé Âîñòîê,
“Íàóêà”, Ì., 1990.
147.Benveniste E. Le vocabulaire des institutions indoeuropiennes, 2. Pouvoire, droit, religion, P., 1969.
148.Buchholz H.-G., Karagerghis V. Altagais und Altkypros,
Lpz., 1972.
149.Charachidze G. Le Systeme Religieux de la Georgie paienne,
P., 1968.
150.Dodds E.R. The Greeks and the Irrational, University of
California Press, Berklay, 1970.
cdviii
151.Eliade M. Patterns in Comparative Religion, New American
Library, New York, 1974.
152.Eliade M. Rites and Symbols of Initiation. The Mysteries
of Birth and Rebirth, New York, 1965.
153.Eliade M. Le Mythe de l’eternal Retour, Archetypes et
Repetition, Galimard, 1949.
154.Eliade M. The Sacred and Profane, The Nature of Religion,
New York, 1959.
155.Fustel de Coulanges. Le Cite Antique. Etude sur la culte, le
droit les institutions de la Greece et de Rome, P., 1908.
156.Harwood Fr. Myth, Memory and Oral Tradition, “American Anthropologist”, vol.78, ¹4, 1976, pp. 783-796.
157.Robertson Smith W. Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, Edinburgh, 1889.
cdix
cdx