A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction

 A CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDY FOR THE
LAKE COMBIE MERCURY EXTRACTION PROJECT,
NEVADA AND PLACER COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for the Nevada Irrigation District
ASC
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
STUDIES CENTER
SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
A CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDY FOR THE
LAKE COMBIE MERCURY EXTRACTION PROJECT,
NEVADA AND PLACER COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA
prepared for Ron Nelson, General Manager Nevada Irrigation District 1036 West Main Street Grass Valley, California 95945 prepared by Mark D. Selverston, M.A., RPA, Staff Archaeologist Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Building 29 Rohnert Park, California 94928 phone: (707) 664‐2381; fax: (707) 664‐4155 www.sonoma.edu/projects/asc e‐mail: [email protected] 13 August 2008 Project QC001 – 44/08 This project was completed under the supervision of Dr. Adrian Praetzellis (Member, Register of Professional Archaeologists), Director, Anthropological Studies Center. CONTENTS
Introduction....................................................................................................................................1
Study Area Location and Description ........................................................................................1
Cultural Setting .......................................................................................................................5
Prehistoric Setting.............................................................................................................5
Ethnographic Setting........................................................................................................5
Historic Setting .................................................................................................................7
Study Methods...............................................................................................................................8
Records and Literature Search and Agency Contact .........................................................8
Field Survey .............................................................................................................................9
Findings and Recommendations...............................................................................................11
Survey Results .......................................................................................................................11
Preliminary Evaluations.......................................................................................................11
Encountering Unrecorded Cultural Resources.................................................................13
Encountering Human Remains...........................................................................................13
References Cited ..........................................................................................................................14
Appendix Primary Record ii
Figures 1. Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project Area ................................................................. 3
2. Study area showing channel for waterway excavated through sediment..................... 4
3. Survey coverage: all exposed ground within 20‐foot strip centered on high‐water line............................................................. 10
4. Cultural resources recorded on survey ............................................................................ 12
Table 1. Isolated Artifacts Identified on Lake Combie Cultural Resources Survey .................. 11
iii
INTRODUCTION
A cultural resources study of approximately 3.5 miles of shoreline in the northeast portion of Lake Combie, Nevada and Placer counties, California, was conducted by the Anthropological Studies Center (ASC) at the request of Nevada Irrigation District (NID). The study was conducted in preparation for a proposed mercury‐extraction project that will involve dredging mercury‐laden sediment from the northeastern portion of the reservoir and processing the material at new facilities within the existing Chevreaux Aggregates, Inc., plant. The entire exposed shoreline within the study area was surveyed. The purposes of the study, in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), were (1) to identify and record any prehistoric or historic‐era cultural resources in the study area; (2) to make preliminary evaluations of such resources’ significance according to the criteria of the California Register of Historical Resources; and (3) to recommend procedures for avoidance or mitigation of adverse effects to potentially significant resources. Several isolated prehistoric artifacts and an abandoned water‐conveyance ditch were identified. In the opinion of the author, the isolated artifacts do not constitute historical resources for the purposes of CEQA. A potentially important archaeological resource, the ditch, is located above pool and will not be affected by the project. As currently envisioned, the proposed project will have no adverse impacts on these discoveries. The methods and findings of the study are presented below. STUDY AREA LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION
The study area is located along the shoreline of Lake Combie in Township 14 North, Range 8 East (T14N/R8E), Section 36, and T13N/R8E, Section 1, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian in Nevada and Placer counties, California, as depicted on the USGS Lake Combie, Calif., 7.5‐minute map (USGS 1995; see Figure 1). The reservoir straddles Bear River, which demarcates the boundary between Nevada and Placer counties. NID retains easements around the reservoir, which is bounded by private property. Moderate to steep slopes with some terraces and ridgelines, interspersed with small drainages, characterize the topography of the study area. The low hills in the SW 1/4 of Section 36, specifically, have a much more gradual slope than the rest of the shoreline, and the area stretching northwest is open and arable. Warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters dominate the climatic pattern. Summers are generally dry, with average maximum temperatures around the reservoir between 75 and 96 degrees Fahrenheit (Storer and Usinger 1963:27). The Sierra Nevada catches moisture during the winter from the prevailing eastbound winds as rain and snow. This annual pattern has resulted in a lush environment over the broad western slope, which is dissected by A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 1 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University many deep stream valleys and numerous springs. The study area receives between 15 and 40 inches of rain annually, with average minimum winter temperatures between 29 and 42 degrees Fahrenheit (Storer and Usinger 1963:27). The area is below the snowline. The surrounding hills are within the transition zone of the Foothill and Yellow Pine Belts (Storer and Usinger 1963:6). The Foothill floral community extends from about 800 to about 4,000 feet amsl along this latitude, and consists of intermingled pine–oak woodland and chaparral or other brush types. Dominate tree species of this zone include grey pine (Pinus sabiniana), interior live oak (Quercus wislizenii), blue oak (Quercus douglasii), and California buckeye (Aesculus californica). Brush stands include redbud (Cercis occidentalis), chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), or ceanothus (Ceonothus leucodermis). The Yellow Pine Belt extends from about 1,200 to about 5,500 feet amsl. Dominate species of this zone include yellow and sugar pine (Pinus ponderosa and Pinus lambertiana), Douglas and white fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii and Abies concolor), incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), black oak (Quercus kelloggii), broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), and California dogwood (Cornus nuttallii). Common shrubs are kit‐kit‐dizze—also known as mountain misery (Chamaebatia foliolosa), prostrate ceanothus (Ceanothus prostratus), and western azalea (Rhododendron occidentale). The project area has been substantially altered over the past century. Construction in 1928 of the Van Giesen Dam across Bear River created Lake Combie, inundating an approximately 3.5‐mile‐long, 1/2‐mile‐wide natural river valley at elevations between about 1,520 and 1,600 feet above mean sea level (amsl). Currently there are numerous dwellings and private docking facilities around the reservoir. Chevreaux Aggregates’ gravel‐extraction activities in the northeast end of the lake, within the study area, have resulted in heavy sedimentation, development of a large sediment pond, and channeling. Combined, these alterations obscure some of the natural landform. As depicted in Figure 2, this is particularly evident in the NE 1/4 of Section 36, T13N/R8E, where it appears the present waterway flows through a channel excavated into decades of sedimentation along the left (east) bank, with excavated material re‐deposited as a levee to create the sediment pond. The 1995 Lake Combie topographic map (Figure 1) shows that the waterway flowed along the right (west) bank prior to building the pond levee, though it may have been redirected by sediment buildup. These developed areas will support much of the proposed project activity. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 2 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University 0
N
0
1/2 mile
1/2
1 km
SCALE 1:24000
base map: USGS 7.5' Lake Combie 1995
Study Area
Nevada and
Placer counties
Not to scale
Figure 1. Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project Area
3
source: U.S. Department of Agriculture FSA Aerial Photography Field Office, National Agriculture Imagery Program, MrSid Mosaic 2005
Levee
Sediment pond
Figure 2. Study area showing channel for waterway excavated through sediment .
4
CULTURAL SETTING
Prehistoric Setting
The prehistory of Lake Combie and the Bear River corresponds with the cultural sequence of the greater northern Sierra Nevada. Kathleen Hull (2007) recently summarized the archaeology of these rugged mountains, describing 10,000 years of occupation, drawing from culture histories of both the Great Basin and California’s Central Valley and coast. Denise Jaffke (2006) has presented this northern Sierra prehistoric cultural chronology as follows: Pre‐Martis (3000 B.C. and prior); Martis complex (3000 B.C. to A.D. 700); and Kings Beach complex (A.D. 700 to 1850). Both Martis and Kings Beach represent seasonal use of the uplands, with movement to the lower elevations below the snowline in the fall and winter (Markley and Henton 1985:13). Transitions between cultural units are marked by changes in sociopolitical complexity, trade networks, populations, and the introduction of artifact types (Fredrickson 1974, 1994). Prehistoric sites in the Lake Combie vicinity may consist of darkened midden soils containing deposits of ash, heat‐affected rock, flaked‐stone and groundstone artifacts, and obsidian, basalt, and chert tool‐manufacturing debris. Task‐specific bedrock milling stations, limited in the variety of features and artifacts present, may occur in the vicinity of occupation sites, or may occur isolated near‐resource procurement areas. Jenson and Associates (1996:2–4, 1999:6) and Wickstrom (1998:9) identified a cluster of occupations sites and nearby bedrock milling features on knolls in the open valley 3/4 mile west of the study area. Jenson and Associates (1996:57) postulated a relatively long occupation by multiple groups between 1500 B.C. and A.D. 1000, encompassing the transition from the Martis Complex to the Kings Beach Complex. Isolated bedrock milling stations have also been identified nearby, specifically consisting of four stations along an ephemeral drainage within a mile to the east (Peak and Associates 1983). Lastly, it is not uncommon to find isolated artifacts away from both habitation and bedrock milling sites. Basalt and obsidian flaked‐stone debitage as well as portable milling stone were discovered in isolated contexts in the hills to the northwest, somewhat surrounding the cluster of occupation sites and open valley in that direction (Wickstrom 1998:10). Ethnographic Setting
The study area is within the territory of the Nisenan (Wilson and Towne 1978:387). Stephen Powers’s (1877:316) ethnographic work in the 1870s indicated a very dense population of “Nishinam” along the Bear River, naming 18 villages between Sacramento and the mountains, and suggesting three times that number likely existed. Native informants interviewed by Hugh Littlejohn in 1928 named many additional villages (Carlson 1986:10). Carlson (1986) and Wilson and Towne (1978) have compiled substantial ethnographic data regarding the Nisenan. This group, also known as the Southern Maidu, claimed the Yuba, Bear, and American river watersheds, extending from the Sierra Nevada summit to the Sacramento River (Wilson and Towne 1978:388). Their word nisenan (nee‐ce‐non) means ’from among us’ (Chalmers 2006:9). The A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 5 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University Northern Hill Nisenan is the dialect of the Nisenan language spoken in the study area. Nisenan is a member of the Maiduan language family (attributed to the Penutian language stock), which also includes Konkow Maidu, Chico Maidu, and Mountain Maidu. The Maiduan languages were spoken throughout an area extending northward to the Feather River, Lassen Peak, and Honey Lake (Riddell 1978:371). Linguist Victor Golla (2007:77) proposed that Maiduan speakers migrated from the northwestern Great Basin into the Sierra Nevada, where they were cut off about 1,000 years ago, and that these Penutian speakers integrated elements of the preceding Hokan language similar to Washoe. Other Penutian‐speaking people form a contiguous block across the Central Valley and into the San Francisco and Monterey bay areas, with cousins in Oregon and as far north as southeastern Alaska, but these groups evidently migrated at different times. The Nisenan spoke three distinct dialects: the Northern Hill in the Yuba and Bear drainages; Southern Hill on the American River; and the Valley congregated by the Sacramento River, with further dialectical division evident. The Hill Nisenan based themselves in the foothills. Groups moved into the mountains during the spring and summer, and returned to below the snowline to collect acorns and hear the stories of their ancestors over the fall and winter (Carlson 1986:5, 28). Their settlements were transitory, with villages being relocated within a decade, and individual lodges perpetually being moved, especially on the death of one of the inhabitants. While ethnographic‐period Chief Wemah primarily resided in the vicinity of modern‐day Weimar, which was named for him, he traveled to “temporary villages” throughout his territory, which stretched from the South Fork Yuba River to Bear River, and from the High Sierra to the Central Valley (Chalmers 2006:13). A dwelling typically housed an extended family, with grandparents and unmarried relatives included. Six or so conical dwellings with one or more acorn granaries formed a village, along with a large assembly or dance house in the major villages. They selected open, flat ground on knolls, ridgetops, or crests, and on gentle slopes or mid‐slope benches with southerly exposure (Carlson 1986:8, 9, 11). Boundaries of village communities are not exact, and various factions shared resource areas. Groups from Auburn, Colfax, and Foresthill were apparently related to the tribelet around Grass Valley, evidenced by all of these groups using burial grounds between Grass Valley and Nevada City (Carlson 1986:16). The Maidu and Washoe reportedly shared the headwaters of the Yuba and Bear drainages above the snowline for hunting, although some informants reported that Hill Nisenan would attack small hunting parties of Washoe (Carlson 1986:7, 24). Alan Wallace, a cultural resource consultant and Nisenan‐Maidu artist, compiled a list of ethnographically known sites at Lake Combie, drawing from Riddell’s The Ethnography of the Hill Nisenan, along with information from members of his own family. His summary indicates that Wooley Creek—now a substantial portion of the southwest part of Lake Combie—was heavily settled, with four named habitation areas (Alan Wallace 2008, personal communication). His findings also point to settlements in the vicinity of Van Giesen Dam and Combie Crossing. With the possible exception of the extreme SW 1/4 of Section 36, T14N/R8E—the location of Combe Crossing (see A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 6 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University discussion under Historic Setting)—there is nothing indicating ethnographic settlements of Hill Nisenan in the study area. Nevertheless, the remains of less‐intensive ethnographic land use can be anticipated. Historic Setting
The Hill Nisenan territory experienced intermittent intrusions by non‐native people prior to the Gold Rush. Although events between 1770 to about 1830 would have had some impact on the Nisenan living along Bear River, any such effects have, in general, not been recognized in the archaeological record. Spanish, as well as Russian, exploration parties from the settlements along the coast had explored the interior as early as 1808. This phase of sporadic incursions into the interior ended with Jedediah Smith traversing the Central Valley and foothills in 1827. His route crossed ethnographic Nisenan territory. His descriptions of his travels opened the door to French‐ and English‐speaking fur trappers entering the valley from the northeast, ushering in an exploration and settlement period. Foreign disease entered the valley with these trapping parties. An estimated 75 percent of the indigenous population had died from epidemic diseases by 1833 (Cook 1955:311). Around the time of Work’s fur‐trapping expedition, the coastal Franciscan missions were undergoing a process of secularization, sparking an increase in land grants. Spanish‐speaking California under Mexican authority—beginning in 1822—increasingly participated in global trade and began to allow foreign settlement in order to populate the frontier (Nunis 1998). Rancho expansion reached into the interior, beginning with John Sutter in 1839, and more non‐
Hispanic immigration and settlement soon followed during the 1840s. Overland trails were beaten across the Sierra Nevada, with many taking the California Trail by way of the Truckee Pass (Hoover et al. 1990:239). The early snow in 1846 resulting in the well‐
known Donner Party tragedy illustrates the hazards of the overland trek. Tensions between the United States and Mexico mounted, with President James K. Polk announcing by proclamation in May 1846 that a state of war existed between the two republics. Two important and well‐known events occurred virtually simultaneously in the early months of 1848, affecting developments in the Sierra Nevada: first, Mexico and the United States signed a peace treaty that ceded California; and second, James W. Marshall discovered gold on the American River. The news of abundant gold spread across the globe in a well‐documented order: beginning locally in California; then to shipping ports across the Pacific; from Oregon to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands and throughout Central and South America. Migrations of people from each place headed in turn to the poorly known, often uncharted mountains of California. The enduring cycles of gold mining did not end with the initial Gold Rush. Gold mining in the Sierra Nevada followed the booms and busts typical of this industry throughout the West. It took about 15 years to exhaust the shallow surface sediment, but settlers continued to mine for all types of gold deposits into the 20th century. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 7 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University Auguste Combe settled on the banks of Bear River in the SE 1/4 of Section 35, T14N/R8E, and the NE 1/4 of the NE 1/4 of Section 2, T13N/R8E, eventually obtaining the land through scrip in 1875. His house and garden are depicted on the 1871 General Land Office Map (GLO) close to the river and next to the study area, and the property was under his name on Hartwell’s Map of Nevada County dated 1880. Lindgren’s (1895) early topographic map depicts a road and river crossing across his land, calling it Combie [sic] Crossing. By 1913 the property belonged to J. A. Robles, and the crossing name reverted back to the Combe spelling (Miller 1913). Another pioneer of the study area was Berry Cox, an African American gold miner born around 1809 in Missouri. He also used scrip to obtain his tract of land in 1873, located in the SE 1/4 of Section 36, T14N/R8E. STUDY METHODS
RECORDS AND LITERATURE SEARCH AND AGENCY CONTACT
On 30 April 2008 an expedited records search was conducted at the North Central Information Center (NCIC) of the California Historical Resources Information System, located at California State University, Sacramento, California (File No. NEV‐08‐21). The NCIC, an affiliate of the State of California Office of Historic Preservation, is the official state repository of archaeological and historical records and reports for a 6‐county area that includes both Nevada and Placer counties. The search included examination of all sites and studies on file at the NCIC for within a 1/2‐mile radius of the study area. Additional research was conducted using the files and literature of the ASC and on‐line sources. The records search and literature review for this study was done (1) to determine whether known archaeological or historical resources are within the study area; (2) to determine the likelihood of unrecorded resources based on historical references and the distribution and environmental settings of nearby sites; and (3) to develop regional background and context information for making preliminary evaluations of identified resources. Included in the literature review were the California Inventory of Historic Resources (California Department of Parks and Recreation 1976) and the Office of Historic Preservation’s Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (1988), California Historical Landmarks (1990), California Points of Historical Interest (1992), and the Historic Properties Directory (2008). The Historic Properties Directory (HPD) includes updated listings of the National Register of Historic Places, the California Historical Landmarks, the California Register of Historical Resources, and the California Points of Historical Interest. No archaeological sites or other cultural resources are recorded within the study area and no cultural resource studies have been filed at the NCIC. Two isolated artifacts A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 8 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University have been identified within 1/2 mile of the study area (P‐29‐000830 and P‐29000831). These consist of a single basalt flake and a single obsidian flake to the northwest. Five cultural resources studies have been conducted within 1/2 mile of the study area: three were conducted in association with the Dark Horse housing development that extends to Lake Combie in the northwest portion of the project (Jenson and Associates 1996, 1999; Wickstrom 1998); one documents a Timber Harvest Plan survey on a 22‐acre parcel that extends to the reservoir in the SE 1/4 of Section 36, T14N/R8E (Ferrier 1995); and the last a survey report for a subdivision to the east (Peak and Associates 1983). Combined, the results of these studies demonstrate prehistoric settlement in the valley to the northwest and limited land use in the hills to the east. The ASC contacted the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on 10 July 2008, requesting a review of the Sacred Land Files for information on Native American cultural resources that might be within or adjacent to the study area. The NAHC responded on 15 July 2008, stating that their files do not indicate the presence of Native American cultural resources in the immediate study area. FIELD SURVEY
A field survey of the study area was conducted on 23 July 2008. ASC Staff Archaeologists Mark D. Selverston, Michael Stoyka, Bryan Mischke, and Sandra Massey were joined by Alan Wallace, a member of the local Nisenan‐Maidu community, and Hugh Gordon, NID’s Combie Lake ombudsman and boat captain. A pedestrian survey was conducted along all of the shoreline in the study area that was natural and not too steep to traverse. A boat supplied by NID and operated by Hugh Gordon ferried crew around the study area. All exposed ground surfaces along about a 20‐foot strip centered on the high‐water line were inspected, including the entire right bank (northwest shoreline) and about half of the left (southeast), as depicted in Figure 3. The surveyed area was closely inspected, with particular attention given to cuts created by shoreline erosion in order to examine subsurface conditions. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 9 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University N
0
200
400
600
800 1,000
feet
0
60
120
180
240
300
meters
base map: USGS 7.5' Lake Combie 1995
High-water line
Figure 3. Survey coverage: all exposed ground within 20-foot strip centered on high-water line.
10
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SURVEY RESULTS
Five isolated prehistoric artifacts and four segments of a single ditch were identified, all along the right (northwest) bank of the study area, as shown on Figure 4. The ditch elements are above the sediment pond along the slope, in heavily overgrown condition. This resource was temporarily designated ASC‐Combie‐1, and has been documented on DPR 523A and 523J Historic Resources Inventory forms and filed with the NCIC (see appendix). The isolated artifacts were observed across an area of about 1,000 feet of shoreline, from about 650 to 1,250 feet from where the now‐inundated Combe Crossing is located. Research indicated that Combe Crossing is sensitive for ethnographically known Hill Nisenan settlement, and these artifacts may represent outlying land use; they are summarized in Table 1; shaped artifacts were drawn to scale but not collected. Table 1. Isolated Artifacts Identified on Lake Combie Cultural Resources Survey No. Description Length Width Thickness Material Color 1 Awl or Punch 31.8 mm 22.2 mm
(bifacial) 6.4 mm 2 Possible Handstone fragment 63.5 mm 38.1 mm
38.1 mm Granitic Light with dark flecks Found in erosional cut bank 3 Assay or Core 63.5 mm 50.8 mm
12.7 mm Basaltic Dark bluish black 4 Core Tool 95.3 mm 69.9 mm
31.8 mm Basaltic Dark navy blue With cortex 5 Flake 1 mm Basaltic Dark navy blue Non‐cortical 7 mm 4 mm Chert Comments Dark forest Possibly reworked green to olive projectile point green PRELIMINARY EVALUATIONS
In the opinion of the author, the isolated artifacts are neither eligible for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) nor are they unique archaeological resources. Pursuant to CCR Section 15064.5(c)(4), the CEQA Guidelines, no further study of these artifacts or their proveniences appears necessary at this time. The historic‐era ditch remains, ASC‐Combie‐1, may be eligible to the CRHR. However, the resource will not be affected by the project as it is presently conceived. If project plans change to potentially affect this resource, it should be formally evaluated and treated. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 11 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University ENCOUNTERING UNRECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES
The possibility exits that unidentified buried or inundated cultural deposits are present in the study area. A major component of the proposed mercury remediation project involves dredging sediment buildup within Lake Combie. The now‐inundated historical ground surface at the bottom of the lake is sensitive for cultural resources; for obvious reasons, the area could not be investigated through pedestrian survey. Archaeological sensitivity is particularly high for the southwest corner of the study area, in the vicinity of the historic Combe Crossing (NE 1/4 of the NE 1/4 of Section 2, T13N/R8E). If feasible, dredging operations should be limited to reservoir sediments and avoid disturbing the natural ground surface below. ENCOUNTERING HUMAN REMAINS
There is a remote possibility that human remains might be encountered during dredge operations. Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code states that it is a misdemeanor to knowingly disturb a human burial. If human remains are encountered, work should halt in the vicinity of the remains and, as required by law, the County Coroner should be notified immediately. At the same time, an archaeologist should be contacted to evaluate the situation. If human remains are of Native American origin, the Coroner must notify the Native American Heritage Commission within 24 hours of that determination. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 13 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University REFERENCES CITED
Alt, David D., and Donald W. Hyndman 1975 Roadside Geology of Northern California. Mountain Press, Missoula, Montana. Arguello, L. A. 1992 The Diary of Captain Luis Antonio Arguello, 1821: The Last Spanish Expedition in California. Translated by V.C. Fisher. University of California, Berkeley. California Department of Parks and Recreation 1976 California Inventory of Historic Resources. State of California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. California Office of Historic Preservation 1988 Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California. State of California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 1990 California Historical Landmarks. State of California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 1992 California Points of Historical Interest. State of California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 1998 California Register of Historical Resources. State Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento. 2008 Historic Properties Directory Listing by City. State Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento. Carlson, Anne 1986 Tahoe National Forest Cultural Resources Overview, Part II: Ethnography. Tahoe National Forest, Cultural Resources Report Number 19. Nevada City, California. Chalmers, Claudine 2006 Images of America: Grass Valley. Arcadia, San Francisco. Cook, S. F. 1955 The Epidemic of 1830–1833 in California and Oregon. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 43(3):303–326. Berkeley. Ferrier, Douglas C. 1995 Archaeological and Historical Resources Survey and Impact Assessment for a THP. Study No. 1622. On file, North Central Information Center, California Historical Resources Information System, California State University, Sacramento. Fredrickson, David A. 1974 Cultural Diversity in Early Central California: A View from the North Coast Ranges. Journal of California Anthropology 1(1):41–53. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 14 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University Fredrickson, David A. (continued) 1994 Archaeological Taxonomy in Central California Reconsidered. In Toward a New Taxonomic Framework for Central California Archaeology: Essays by James A. Bennyhoff and David A. Frederickson, assembled and edited by Richard E. Hughes, pp. 91–103. [Original Manuscript 1992, revised 1993.] Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 52. Berkeley. General Land Office 1871 Survey Plat for Township 14 North, Range 8 East, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian. Microfilm on file, North Central Information Center, California Historical Resources Information System, California State University, Sacramento. 1885 Survey Plat for Township 13 North, Range 8 East, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian. Microfilm on file, North Central Information Center, California Historical Resources Information System, California State University, Sacramento. Golla, Victor 2007 Linguistic Prehistory. In California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, edited by Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, pp. 71–82. AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland. Hoover, Mildred Brooke, Hero Eugene Rensch, Ethel Grace Rensch, and William N. Abeloe 1990 Historic Spots in California. Fourth edition, revised by Douglas E. Kyle. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Hull, Kathleen L. 2007 The Sierra Nevada: Archaeology in the Range of Light. In California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, edited by Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, pp. 177–190. AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland. Jaffke, Denise 2006 Archaeological Survey Report and Extended Field Investigation for Memorial Trail, Empire Mine State Historic Park, Grass Valley, California: Memorial Park Trail Connector Project, District Tracking No. 383‐2004‐07. Department of Parks and Recreation, Sierra District, Tahoma, California. Jenson and Associates 1996 Archaeological Inventory Survey: Darkhorse [sic] Residential and Golf Course Development Project, Approximately 1,047 Acres between Lake of the Pines and Lake Combie, Lake Combie Road East of State Route 49, Nevada County, California. Jensen and Associates, Chico, California. Prepared for Edwin B. Fralick, Granite Bay, California. 1999 Eligibility Evaluation, Determination of Effect, and Historic Properties Treatment Plan: Cultural Resources within the Dark Horse Golf Course and Residential Subdivision Project, near Lake of he Pines and Lake Combie, Nevada County, California. Jensen and Associates, Chico, California. Prepared for Fralick Brothers Construction, Inc., Granite Bay, California. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 15 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University Kroeber, A.L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78, Washington, D.C. Reprinted 1976 by Dover, New York. Lindgren, Waldemar 1895 Smartville, California. United States Geological Survey Folio 18. Markley, Richard, and Gregory Henton 1985 Tahoe National Forest Cultural Resources Overview, Part I: Prehistory. Cultural Resources Report Number 20. Tahoe National Forest, Nevada City, California. Miller, Fred M. 1913 Nevada County, California, Official Map. Copyright by Fred M. Miller. Nunis, Doyce B., Jr. 1998 Alta California’s Trojan Horse: Foreign Immigration. In Contested Eden: California before the Gold Rush, edited by R. A. Gutierrez and R. J. Orsi, pp. 299–330. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Originally published as California History 76(2 & 3). Peak & Associates, Inc. 1983 Cultural Resource Assessment of the Proposed Land Division of the 240 Acres of the Huisman‐Naef Property, Meadow Vista, Placer County, California. Peak & Associates, Inc., Sacramento, California. Prepared for Randall W. Dawson, Auburn, California. Powers, Stephen 1877 Tribes of California. Contributions to North American Ethnology, Volume III. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. Reprinted 1976 by University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Riddell, F. A. 1978 Maidu and Konkow. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 370–386. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Storer, Tracy I., and Robert L. Usinger 1963 Sierra Nevada Natural History. University of California Press, Berkeley. United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1949 Lake Combie, Calif. 7.5‐minute topographic quadrangle. 1995 Lake Combie, Calif. 7.5‐minute topographic quadrangle. Wallace, Alan 2008 Cultural resource consultant and Nisenan–Maidu artist. Personal communication with M. D. Selverston at the study area, 23 July 2008. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 16 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University Wells, Harry L., and W. L. Chambers 1882 History of Butte County in Two Volumes. Harry L. Wells, San Francisco. Reprinted 1973 by Howell‐North Books, Berkeley. Wickstrom, Brian 1998 Supplemental Archaeological Survey Report for the Dark Horse Residential and Gold Course Development Project, Nevada County, California. KEA Environmental, Inc., Sacramento, California. Prepared for Environmental Science Associates, Sacramento, California. Wilson, Norman L., and Arlean H. Towne 1978 Nisenan. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 387–397. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A Cultural Resources Study for the Lake Combie Mercury Extraction Project 17 Anthropological Studies Center Sonoma State University APPENDIX
Primary Record