145 1959 Menri Richard W WhitecrossSamten KarmayYasuhiko

145 1959 Menri Richard W WhitecrossSamten KarmayYasuhiko

ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
DOI:10.6152/jaa.2016.6.0005
ӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ც
ᇄҡԆ๊౱*
ቓ!৆!ࣟ∗∗!
ᄢ! ौ!
ӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡ‫ོޥ‬ϛ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃۖತ೎ܻӻএ᠌Ψᜰ߽ϛ‫ޟ‬৵༖Ȅӵᙠ
Ρܻ 1959 ԑࢺιӟ࡙Ȃ‫ٮ‬ӵӟ࡙࡚ҳࢺιࢇ‫ࡣۺ‬Ȃনҏ༉ԆܻჄߵ໦ቹ໢ᄇॄȃ
գᜰ߽‫ޟ‬ఀဎ‫ތ‬፣Ȃ໌Ι؏ี৤ԙ࣏ᚖП߬Ӊ‫ོޥڥތޱ‬ၥྛ‫ޟ‬кौᏵᙤȄЎ
‫ڏ‬Ȃࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬஠ȶᙠ༈գఀȷຜ࣏ȶ୽ఊȷМϽᇄᐣѬғಛ‫ޟ‬፣क़ȂоЅ‫ྱٷ‬ȶۢ
Пᇯۡȷ‫۠ޟ‬ఀఀࣂϷ଩Өᆍ‫ོޥ‬ၥྛ‫๊ࢇޟ‬Ȃ‫ॄٺ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬໠ۖཎᜋ‫ڗ‬Ȃ୲Ԥ
ᡱॄఀӵՙᙠ୽ఊ፣क़ϛ‫ڥ‬ுȶғ࿋ȷиȶਯЖȷ‫ޟ‬՝ညȂϗுо‫ڏڥތ‬ҡԆ‫ܚ‬
ሯ‫ޟ‬ӨᆍධօၥྛȄҏМ։ӵᔮຜႆўߖϤΪԑ‫پ‬Ȃࢺιӟ࡙‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ԃդ
ӵ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬೎ცϛၼҢϚӣ᠌ΨкᡝȞѓࢂࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ȃӟ࡙ࢇ‫ۺ‬оЅ୽ሬΡ᠌ಢᙑ
้ȟ໢‫ޟ‬ҭࣽ‫ܖ‬ፐएȂี৤ཱི‫ོޥޟ‬ᜰ߽‫ٮ‬१ཱིၛភ‫ޥڏ‬တᇯӣȂо‫ڥތ‬ശӻᒵ
໶‫ݽࢇޟ‬ȃငᔼȃ۠ఀ้ၥྛȂӵᆍᆍ३‫ޟڙ‬ҡࣀϛȂ༭അ‫؁‬ӻџоȶкଢ଼ᒵᐅȷ
‫ޟ‬ᐠོȄ
ᜰᗤԅȈ᜞ጢϽȃࢺιᙠΡȃॄఀȃॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȃ୽ఊ፣क़!
*
∗∗
ҏМ‫ׇޟ‬ԙȂॶӑौཐᗂѕӟ࡙ॄఀАᏪୢ‫ܚޟ‬Ԥۨҕᇄ Menri ԋ଱‫ޟ‬ჄߵঈȂЎ‫࢐ڏ‬ఀ
Ᏺ‫ר‬ᙠᇭਪቸᇄРலᄇၗ‫ޟ‬ՂৱঈȄଶԪȂζ੫տཐᗂӵҤഏၥਟᇔ໱ȃߑገእቸȃ፣М
‫ׇ‬ԙ‫׽ڗ‬ቸ‫ޟ‬Ϛӣ໦ࢲϛȂञЖࡾᏲȃࡾᘈ‫ٮ‬๝Ϡ፝ӻ१ौ࡚ដ‫ޟ‬ՂৱᇄࠉᎆȈRichard W
WhitecrossȃSamten KarmayȃYasuhiko NaganoȃShinichi TsumagariȃCharles RambleȃPer
KværneȄശࡣࠌौߨலཐᗂ‫ڍ‬՝ୡӪቷࢥ‫ۏ‬ষ‫ޟ‬᝘ິও‫׽‬ཎَȄ
୽ҳҺ೽σᏰΡМ‫ོޥ‬Ᏸ‫ف‬օ౩ఀ௲Ȅ
145
Ʉ Ĉ
Ʉ
Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology 84 145-190 2016
The Marginal Situation and Survival
Strategiesof the Tibetan Bonpo in India
Yu-shan Liu ∗
ABSTRACT
This article presents a study of a marginal group among the marginalized,
the Tibetan Bonpo in Dolanji, North India. The Bonpo are a distinctive religious
minority within the Tibetan refugee population. Contemporary Bon and
Buddhism share many similarities when it comes to philosophy and forms of
ritual practice. However, adherents of the Bon religion believe that their founder
is different from that of Buddhism, and assert that Buddhism has incorporated
some elements from the earlier Bon religion as it developed within Tibetan
societies. When the Tibetan Government-in-Exile was established in North
India in 1960, it emphasised the Buddhist heritage as being central to Tibetan
national identity. This discourse, which represents the Tibetans as being
homogeneously Buddhist, marginalized the adherents of the Bon religion. As a
result, the Bonpo have been compelled to adapt, whilst resisting the
marginalization of their religious identity and the constraints embedded in their
refugee status. Based on fourteenmonths of ethnographic fieldwork in Dolanji
in 2007-2009, this article illustrates how the Bonpo adapt to multiple factors of
marginality which constantly reinforce their powerlessness whilst, at the same
time, attempting to challenge and change their marginal situation. It provides a
different angle from which to understand the way of life of Tibetans in exile.
Through the lens of the Bonpo, this study rethinks the role of religion in
constructing Tibetan identity and in framing the official discourse of Tibetan
nationalism. It is contended that it is from the margins, where people have to
struggle to live under conditions determined by the centre, that the
contradictions embedded in the dominant discourse and the ambiguities which
constantly contest the practice of social relationships can be better approached
and observed.
Keywords: marginalised peoples, Tibetan refugees, Bon religion, Bonpo,
national discourse
∗
Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Chiao Tung
University
146
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
‫ॺך‬Ѹ໪ߚதλЈӦᔈჹǴӢࣁӵ݀ӧ೭္วғΑϙሶ٣௃Ǵ Bonpo
ȴश௲ߞһ‫ޣ‬ȵ΋‫҉཮ۓ‬ᇻ‫ࡰډڙ‬ೢǴᇥ‫ؒॺך‬Ԗྣ៝ӳၲᒘാ჊Ƕ‫ځ‬д
‫ޑ‬ᙒΓς࿶᝺ள‫ ॺך‬Bonpo ଺ࡐӭ٣௃೿Ȩၟεৎό΋ኬȩΑǴ‫ॺך‬ό
གྷाӧჹࡑၲᒘാ჊‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋ΢ǴΨ೏ᇡࣁࢂόӕ‫ޑ‬Ƕ‫ޑ္׸‬΋٤Γᇡࣁ೭
ኬགྷࢂӭቾΑǴՠдॺѸ໪ΑှǴ‫ॺך‬όளόλЈǴӢࣁ‫ޑॺך‬ೀნԋ‫ڙ‬
όΑҺՖ΋ᗺᗺ‫ޑ‬໾্ǶȐNamsayǴ40 ྃǴ2007 ԃ‫ޑ‬ೖፋȑ
Namsay юҡܻѕӟ࡙‫ޟ‬ᙠΡАᏪୢ DolanjiȞӻ៌ӡȟȂΰक़೻ࢲၗ௴Ռ๋‫ ޱ‬2007
ԑܻӻ៌ӡ໌՗Ҥഏ፡ࢥਢȂᇄ Namsay ‫ޟ‬ᄇၗȄ๋‫ޱ‬࿋ਢϗ‫ڗ‬ҤഏӴ‫ؠ‬ӻδȂԤЈӵ
؆ဣ‫ޟ‬૯۹Ѵᓞႄ‫ڗ‬ত௃ѕഋ Manali ୈ‫ׇ‬ь۟Щ՘ҡཎӱ؆‫ ޟ‬NamsayȂNamsay ԁ‫ۉ‬
๋‫ڗپޱ‬ӻ៌ӡ‫ޟ‬Ҭ‫ޟ‬Ȃၚ୰࢐֏࢐ौ‫پ‬ȶࣼႀᒦൌიȷ‫ޟ‬ȂӰ࣏಑ΪѲжႀᒦൌიӔ
ႆϚδ൷ौ‫ڗ‬೤ӻ៌ӡȂӒ؆ΰή഍ӵྥരϛȂЎ‫ؐڏ‬ИΡড়഍ौ१ཱི઱‫ࡐܘڕ‬Ѵ
ᕓȂՄт൷࢐ӰԪೝЮҔѩӱ‫پ‬ᔓԔȄ๋‫ޱ‬ᄇ Namsay ඪЅӵАᏪୢཐ‫ޟڗڧ‬ᆧ஻੉
‫ݥ‬Ȃԃԋ଱՞ࡻȞһ࣏АᏪୢሴᏲΡȟϐኵԩඪᒺ๋‫ޱ‬ᇄ‫ڏ‬т኷՞АᏪୢ‫ޟ‬Ѵ୽ΡȞӻ
ኵ࣏ॄఀ‫߬ޟ‬ಀȟȂߒҰӰ࣏ႀᒦൌი։஠‫پ‬೤Ȃߖ‫ོپ‬ԤϚЍӟ࡙ឌᄆᇄՙᙠࢺιࢇ
‫ۺ‬ȞTibetan Government-in-Exileȟ‫߳ޟ‬ԊΡষ‫ڗ‬АᏪୢጂᇯୢ୿ԊӒȂौ‫ר‬ঈϚौᓍཎ
ٖଢ଼ȂषϚѽႄ‫ڗ‬тঈਢࠌ҆໸ԤᙄиȶϚौᇳЊӻၗȷȄᄇ๋‫ޟޱ‬ཐ‫ڧ‬Ȃ Namsay ඪ
ЅӒ؆ӵᑹᏭϞᎷȂϚЍΡζࣺ࿋ᆧ஻ȂԃтՌϏȞ Namsay ᇄѪѴΜӪ؆ဣߧԑȂೝ
ࡾࣂ॒೰ႀᒦൌიΣ՞ਢԋ଱Ѵ൜‫ۇޟ‬໢٠ຜȟȂՄശσ‫ޟ‬౩ҥ൷࢐Ȉȶॄఀ‫ޟ‬೎ც࿱
‫ڧ‬ϚΟΙᘈᘈ‫ޟ‬༌৛ȷȄࣺխ‫ޟ‬ၗᇭӵ๋‫ޱ‬ᇄॄఀԋ଱Ⴤߵ‫ޟ‬Һፙϛζኵԩю౪ȂΙ՝
ჄߵࣥՍߒҰȂࣺᄇܻσഋϷ؆ҕ‫ޟ‬ᑹᏭЖ௑Ȃԋኂΰή‫ק࢐ࠌݥ੉ޟ‬བකৼ‫ܻࣥ؁‬
෈࡟ȂӰ࣏ȶσড়഍ӵࣼ๿ॄఀᄇ࡟ႀᒦൌი‫ޟ‬ᄘ࡙ȷȂ‫ܚ‬ᒝ‫ޟ‬σড়Ȃ։࢐‫ڏ‬тߨॄఀ
‫ࢺޟ‬ιᙠΡȄ
ΰक़ඪЅ‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙ឌᄆᇄࢺιࢇ‫߳ۺ‬ԊΡষȂᡗҰюӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡРலҡࣀϛ‫ڍޟ‬
এ‫᠌࡙ڙ‬Ψ‫ف‬ಛȂΙ࢐հ࣏ host society ‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙ࢇ‫ۺ‬ȂΠ࢐հ࣏ࢺιᙠΡ՗ࢇф౩Ρ‫ޟ‬
ՙᙠࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ȄՄ Namsay ᇄԋኂჄߵ‫ޟ‬ၗᇭࠌ࢐໌Ι؏ᘈюȂҡࣀӵӻ៌ӡ೻‫߬ٲ‬Ӊ
ॄఀ‫ޟ‬ᙠΡȂϚ༉ሯौωЖᔖᄇӟ࡙‫ޟ‬ϴ᠌ΨȂ‫؁‬ሯौᙱབ೎౩ᇄգఀఀࣂሴ೟оЅ
ࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ᜰ߽Ȅ‫ۻڗ‬ϧቄ࢐ȶॄఀ‫ޟ‬೎ცȷȉ࣏ϧቄॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Шଔ‫ڏ‬т߬Ӊգఀ‫ޟ‬
ᙠΡȂሯौ‫؁‬ᙱབȃωЖӴ೎౩ᇄႀᒦൌიȞӵ࿋ਢȂႀᒦൌიϚ༉࢐գఀఀࣂϛਿᏇ
ࣂ‫ޟ‬ሴᏲ‫ޱ‬Ȃһ࢐ՙᙠࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ሴ೟ȟ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽ȉ
ҏМ‫ޟ‬кौ୰ᚠཎᜋ߯࢐ਲ਼ྛܻԪȈ։Ȃҡࣀӵӻ៌ӡАᏪୢ߬Ӊॄఀ‫ޟ‬೻Ιတ
147
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
ΡȂ‫ڏ‬հ࣏ӟ࡙‫ོޥ‬ϛࢺιᙠΡ‫٘ۨࡊޟ‬ϷȂЅ٘೎ܻ஼༖գఀᙠΡ‫ོޥ‬ϛ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬
Ӊ‫٘ޱ‬ϷȂԃԪᚖ१‫ޟ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცȂԃդ‫ל‬༭‫ڏ‬ӵႆўϤΪӻԑ‫ޟپ‬ҡԆ๊౱ȉӵՙ
ᙠ‫ོޥ‬ϛȂᄇॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Մِ‫ޟ‬ȶၭσড়ϚΙኺȷȂ‫ڏ‬ཎဎ‫ـ‬ത࢐ϧቄȉՄ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ȶϚ
ΙኺȷȂ࢐അԙॄఀ᜞ጢϽ೎ც‫ޟ‬নӰȂ‫࢐ܖ‬ೝ᜞ጢϽࡣ‫ޟ‬๖‫ݎ‬ȉӵ७ᄇՙᙠࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬
ྃΨี৤ȶоգఀ࣏൵ȷ‫୽ޟ‬ఊ፣क़ਢȂॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ԃդᔖᄇȃԃդညܹȃक़ᇳՌϏӵ
‫ڏ‬ϛ‫ޟ‬՝ညȉάȂNamsay ᇄჄߵ‫ܚ‬ඪЅ‫ޟ‬७ᄇႀᒦൌი‫پ‬೤҆໸ωЖȃᙱབ‫ޟ‬ᄘ࡙Ȃ
࢐֏ζІࢎӵॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ڏޟޱ‬тҡࣀ७ȉ
ࢺι௑ცϛ‫ݽࢇޟ‬ᇄ۠ఀُΨ
ॄఀȞBonȟάೝ࿋ф߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᆎ࣏ȶႦӆॄȷȞYungdrung BonȟȂᇄȶᙠ༈գఀȷ
ശ࣏Ρዣ‫ޟޣ‬ѲσЛࣂņჿᅴȃᙡख़ȃဪᖞᇄਿᏇȂӵఀဎϱৠᇄቈॗߒ౪ΰ֕౪ଽ࡙
ࣺխ‫ܒ‬ȂծࠓԤࣺ࿋Ϛӣ‫ޟ‬ଔྛᇄ༈‫ܛ‬፣क़ȞCech 1987, 1993; Kvæne 1985, 1995; Rossi
1999; Snellgrove 1967ȟȄԞӵࢺιӟ࡙ࠉȂॄȃգ‫ޟ‬Ⴤߵᄇܻ‫܄‬Ԫఀࣂ‫ྛޟ‬ଔᇄఀဎ༈
‫ܛ‬ȂϐငԤ೨ӻϷ‫׏‬иߖнፐए‫ޟ‬ၛភȄӵ 1950 ԑфϛ୽၌ܹॖ໥໌ΣՙᙠȃᙠΡσ
໔ଠι‫ڗ‬ӟ࡙ȃ1960 ԑՙᙠࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ӵѕӟ࡙‫ ޟ‬Dharamasala ࡚ҳࡣȂ೻‫ٲ‬নҏ༉Ԇܻ
Ⴤߵ໢‫ތޟ‬፣ȂӰࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ȶоգ࣏൵ȷ‫୽ޟ‬ఊ፣क़ȂЅ‫ڏ‬հ࣏ӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡ‫ޟ‬ȶᆓ౩ȷ
‫ޱ‬ȃಛᝰϷ଩ҡࣀၥྛ‫ُޟ‬ՓȂ໌Ι؏ี৤ԙ࣏‫ڍ‬П߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᝯ‫ތ‬Өࣨධօၥྛȃ៝፣
դ‫۠ޟޱ‬ఀ༈ಛശ‫ڎ‬ȶ୽ఊȷᇄМϽфߒ‫ޟܒ‬ᏵᙤȄ
ӵ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ᝯ‫ތ‬ϛȂఀࣂ‫ތޟ‬ដᙽϽԙ࣏ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ϛգఀඡ᠌‫ޱ‬ᙤо௶ଶॄఀ߬Ӊ
‫ޟޱ‬፣क़‫ٷ‬ᐃȄ ࢺιࢇ‫ྱٷۺ‬գఀѲσఀࣂϷ଩۠ఀᇄఀ‫้ى‬ၥྛȂ‫ٺ‬ுԞ෈ࢺιӟ
࡙‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȂலӰ‫ڏ‬ȶϚ឴գఀȷ‫۠ޟ‬ఀ٘ϷȂӵᇄ‫ڏ‬тఀࣂ߬Ӊ‫ޟۨ౅ޱ‬АᏪୢ
ϛȂԙ࣏᎑ΡࡾᘈȃϚ᜹ӣਹՄॵ‫ޟ‬ᄇຫȂ‫ٺ؁‬ഋϷॄఀ߬Ӊ‫࣏ޱ‬ΟᗗջೝᘪΣȶ౴
᜸ȷȂϚමᡗ౪ՌϏ‫ޟ‬ȶॄఀȷ٘ϷȂՄᗴܻ٘գఀΡတϛȂՌᆎ࣏ᇄσಀࣺӣ‫ޟ‬գఀ
߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȟchos paȟȄࢺι௑ც‫ࢅܚ‬ଔ‫ॄޟ‬ȃգ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵҡࣀϛ‫ܖ‬ᗴȃ‫ܖ‬ᡗ‫ޟ‬ፐएȂёΰ
ॄఀฒ‫ڥݲ‬ுࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ၥߜධօӵӟ࡙࡚ҳԋ଱Ȃತܻफ़‫ॄٺ‬ఀჄߵ࣏Οᗗջఀࣂ༈
‫ܛ‬ӰԪᘞນȃ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵᗴ‫ؠ‬ϞࡣംᅚੑѶȂܻ 1967 ԑആႆ‫ޢ‬௥፜ؑ୽ሬධօȂӵѕӟ
࡙࡚ҳΟՌϏ‫ޟ‬АᏪୢȶӻ៌ӡȷȞ‫ิڏ‬଄ܻӟ࡙ࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ғԒӪᆎ࣏ Tibetan Bonpo
FoundationȟȄ
೻এ࡚ҳܻࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᆓ౩‫࡙ڙ‬Ѵȃоॄఀ߬Ӊ‫࣏ޱ‬к‫ޟ‬АᏪୢȂ௃Ι໠ۖ൷ᡗ౪
1
148
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
юᇄ‫ڏ‬тᙠΡАᏪୢߨலϚӣ‫ޟ‬ȶՌ‫ݽ‬ȷ੫ՓȄ‫ྱٷ‬Ιૡ‫ݷޑ‬ȂᙠΡАᏪୢ‫ޟ‬πӴ࢐ҥ
ӟ࡙ࢇ‫ۺ‬નঅ๝ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ȂӔҥࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ಛᝰϷ଩Ȃծӻ៌ӡ‫ܚ‬឴‫ޟ‬πӴࠌߨԃԪȂ
ਲ਼ᐃԪӴॄఀۨҕ‫ޟ‬ᇳ‫ݲ‬Ȉȶ‫ר‬ঈ‫ޟ‬πӴ࢐ՌϏ‫ޟ‬ȷȄԪАᏪୢ‫ޟ‬πӴ࢐о Tibetan
Bonpo Foundation ‫ޟ‬ӪဎᗊີȂҥАᏪୢ‫ۏ‬ষོȞ the committee of Tibetan Bonpo
Foundationȟ‫ܚ‬ԤȞ๋‫ޱ‬ӵҏМ಑Ѳ࿽Ԥ‫؁‬၏ಠ‫ޟ‬ජक़ȟȄ1977 ԑ࿋ࢺιࢇ‫ܛۺ‬ᇯॄఀ
հ࣏ՙᙠ۠ఀ༈ಛȞreligious traditionsȟϞΙ‫ޟ‬ӫ‫ࡣܒݲ‬Ȃӻ៌ӡζೝᘪΣࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬
՗ࢇᡝ‫ف‬Ȃԙ࣏ӟ࡙έΪΤএᙠΡАᏪୢϞΙȂՄۨҕζ໠ۖᒵᖞՌϏ‫ޟ‬АᏪୢ՗ࢇ
фߒȞsettlement officer/representativeȟȄ೽லՄِȂ՗ࢇфߒ࢐АᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ശଽᆓ౩‫ޱ‬Ȃ
өΰѫөࢺιࢇ‫॒ۺ‬೰ȄณՄӵӻ៌ӡȂ՗ࢇфߒᗶณӵӪဎΰඡᆓԋ଱оѴ‫ޟ‬ж߹
‫ٱ‬୛Ȃծ‫ߨٮ‬АᏪୢᄂ፴‫ޟ‬ശଽሴᏲΡȂԪୢശଽ‫ޟ‬ሴᏲ‫࣏ޱ‬ୢϱ Menri ԋ଱‫ޟ‬՞ࡻ
Ȟάᆎॄఀ‫ݲ‬дȟȂо՞ࡻ࣏ॶ‫ޟ‬АᏪୢ‫ۏ‬ষོᄇୢϱπӴᇄ‫ޥ‬ୢ‫ٱ‬୛᏿Ԥശଽ‫ؚۡޟ‬
᠌Ȅ՗ࢇфߒࠌ࢐ӵ‫ۏ‬ষོϛȂᐊӈફਪȞsecretaryȟ‫ُޟ‬ՓȂۡ෈஠ୢϱ‫ܚ‬Ԥ‫ٱޟ‬୛
ᇄᆓ౩ө‫ۏ‬ষོൢ֙ȂЎ‫࢐ڏ‬१σ‫ؚ๊‬Ȃ՗ࢇфߒ҆໸ӑ‫ڥ‬ு‫ۏ‬ষོ‫ޟ‬ӓᜋᇄӣཎȂ
ϗ૖өࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ൢ֙Ȅӵ೻ኺ‫࡙ڙޟ‬೩ॎϛȂӻ៌ӡܻ࢐ี৤ԙ࣏ΙএᄇѴᗵ឴ܻࢺ
ιࢇ‫ۺ‬ȃᄇϱҥჄߵሴ೟ᄂ፴ሴᏲ‫ޟ‬ȶјՌ‫ݽ‬ȷ‫ޥ‬ୢȄ
೻ኺΙএҥॄఀ۠ఀሴ೟࣏ॶȃࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᗒή‫ޟ‬АᏪୢфߒ࣏ሄ‫ޟ‬ᆓ౩ᡝ‫ف‬Ȃ‫ٺ‬
ுӻ៌ӡ೻এӵӟ࡙୲Ι‫ॄޟ‬ఀАᏪୢȂԙ࣏ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȶࢋџԈȃһџ‫׾‬ȷ‫ޟ‬அӴȈ
ߒ७ΰȂࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᄇАᏪୢ‫ٱ‬୛‫ڎ‬Ԥ‫ޢ‬௥‫ޟ‬ᆓ౩᠌ȂณՄᄂሬΰȂ‫ܚ‬Ԥᜰн‫ޥ‬ୢี৤
‫ޟ‬१σ‫ؚ๊‬Ȃ഍҆໸ငҥॄఀ۠ఀሴ೟‫ޟ‬ӣཎϗ૖ஈ՗Ȅ඲ѯၗᇳȂᄇܻ‫ޥ‬ୢ‫ٱ‬୛Ȃ
Ў‫࢐ڏ‬ኇ៪۠ఀȃԋ଱ี৤‫ؚ๊ޟ‬Ȃԋ଱‫ޟ‬՞ࡻණԤߖн‫ׇ‬Ӓ‫ޟ‬ᐿҳඡ௡᠌Ȃࢺιࢇ
‫ۺ‬ϚுඨЙȃζฒ‫ݲ‬ඨЙȄ๋‫ޱ‬ӵҏМ‫ޟ‬ଆ፣ϛȂ஠Ԫຜ࣏ॄఀӰᔖ‫ڏ‬ӵࢺι‫ོޥ‬ϛ
ೝ᜞ጢϽ‫ޟ‬೎ცȂ‫ีܚ‬৤ю‫ޟ‬ȶՌ߳ȷ๊౱ȂՄ೻ኺ‫ݽࢇޟ‬೩ॎȂӵ࢚ᆍแ࡙ΰғԁζ
‫ڳ‬ᔖΟ Namsay ӵҏМ໠ᓞඪ‫ޟڗ‬ȶၭσড়ϚΙኺȷȂᡗ౪юȶϚΙኺȷ‫ڏޟ‬ϛΙএ७
өȄζ࢐ӵ೻এߖнȶՌ߳ȷȃҥჄߵ໦ቹሴᏲȃјᐿҳ‫ޟ‬ಢᙑၼհϛȂॄఀӵՙᙠᐣ
Ѭᇄ۠ఀМϽ༈ಛϛլᐃΙৰϞӴ‫ޟ‬፣क़Ȃ໠ۖᑖྃี৤ଔ‫پ‬Ȃԙ࣏‫ڏ‬өӨࣨȞѓࢂࢺ
ιࢇ‫ۺ‬ȃӟ࡙ࢇ‫ۺ‬ȃՙПᙠᏰं‫ޱـ‬ȃ୽ሬΡၾʝ۠ఀಢᙑ้ȟ‫ڥތ‬ҡࣀᇄ۠ఀ༈ಛ‫۽‬
៉‫ܚ‬ሯӨ໶ၥྛ‫ޟ‬१ौᏵᙤȄҏМौᖿक़‫ޟ‬Ȃ൷࢐ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵ࡚ҳଔՌϏ‫ޟ‬АᏪୢ
ࡣȂԃդएક‫ڏ‬৵༖٘Ϸ‫ܚ‬ள‫ޟپ‬Өᆍ३‫ڙ‬Ȃആႆ۠ఀȃМϽȃ‫้ོࣨޥ‬ጣȞboundaryȟ
ӵ᜞ጢ՝ည዁ᔣ‫ڍ‬џ‫ࢺޟ‬ଢ଼‫ܒ‬ᇄܾܻᙽ඲ȂӵϚӣ௑ცϛ࣏ՌϏี৤ཱི‫ོޥޟ‬ᜰ߽ᇄ
‫ޥ‬တᇯӣȄ
149
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
ҏМ௥ή‫پ‬஠ӑ௃ॄఀఀဎᇄᐣѬ༈‫ތޟܛ‬፣Ȃଆ፣ॄȃգϞ‫ތ‬ᄇ 1950 ԑфоࠉ
‫ޟ‬ᚖПჄߵȃΙૡσಀȞlaymenȟоЅ࿋фᙠᏰं‫ޱـ‬ȂӨфߒդᆍཎဎȄ௥๿಑έ࿽
஠௃ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬հ࣏ȶࢺιᙠΡȷӵӟ࡙‫ޟ‬೎ც྅‫ݷ‬ȂоЅॄȃգ߬Ӊ‫ۨ౅ޱ‬ӵӻএА
Ꮺୢ‫ܚ‬౰ҡ‫ޟ‬ፐएȂࡦՃԞ෈ࢺιࢇ‫୽ޟۺ‬ఊ፣क़ԃդ஠ॄȃգଔྛᇄ༈‫ܛ‬Ϟ‫໌ތ‬Ι
؏ȶҡࣀϽȷȂᏲमॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵ‫ڧܛ‬հ࣏ࢺι‫ޟޱ‬ҡࣀ३‫ڙ‬ϞѴȂάӰࢺι‫ོޥ‬ϱഋ
‫ޟ‬ҡԆᝯ‫ތ‬Ȃ७ᖝඁнೝᚖ१௶ଶ‫ڼޟ‬ၼȂԙ࣏ȶ᜞ጢϛ‫ޟ‬᜞ጢȷȄ಑Ѳ࿽ࠌᜰ‫ݧ‬ӵ೻
ኺ‫ޟ‬௑ცϛȂॄఀАᏪୢȶӻ៌ӡȷ‫࡚ޟ‬ҳЅ‫ڏ‬ၼհ‫ޟ‬੫ՓȄശࡣȂ಑Ϥ࿽௃ॄఀᇯӣ
፣क़‫ีޟ‬৤ȂࡦՃॄఀჄߵԃդആႆȶ༈ಛȷ‫ޟ‬Ӕ౪ȃ፣क़‫ޟ‬ӔၛភȃήΙф‫ॄޟ‬ఀ‫ޣ‬
ᜋఀ‫ى‬Ȃ‫ٮ‬๖ӫӟ࡙ᇄ୽ѴӨ୽‫ޟ‬Ψ໔Ȃၐყ‫׽‬ᡐॄఀЅ‫߬ڏ‬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵࢺιࢇ‫୽ۺ‬ఊ፣
क़ᇄࢺι‫ོޥ‬ϛ‫ޟ‬৵༖Ӵ՝Ȅ
ॄఀఀဎᇄᐣѬ༈‫ތޟܛ‬፣
‫ޢ‬ՍϬРȂϚ༉ॄఀᇄգఀ‫ޟ‬ჄߵϞ໢Ȃᄇܻȶॄఀȷ࢐ϧቄȃॄఀᇄգఀ‫ޟ‬ᜰ
߽ȂᗙԆӵ೨ӻϚӣཎَȂ։߯ՙПं‫ॄـ‬ఀᇄգఀ‫ޟ‬Ᏸ‫ޱ‬ᄇܻॄఀ‫ޟ‬ଔྛȃॄᇄգ
Ϟ໢‫ޟ‬৯౴Ѕ‫ޟޱڍ‬ᜰ߽ȂζԤ೨ӻϚӣ‫ݲࣼޟ‬ᇄ౩፣Ȅ೻‫ތٲ‬ដϞ‫ܚ‬оԆӵȂкौ
࢐Ӱ࣏ॄఀᇄϬРգఀ‫ޟ‬Ѳσఀࣂņჿᅴȃᙡख़ȃဪᖞᇄਿᏇȂЎ‫ี࢐ڏ‬৤ശԞ‫ޟ‬ჿᅴ
ࣂȂӵ۠ఀቈԒȃડईߝࣺȂࣥՍ۠ఀఀဎΰȂࣱԤ೨ӻࣺխ‫ܒ‬ȇณՄȂӵࣺխ‫ޟ‬Ѵ
ߒήȂॄఀᇄգఀӨࣂ໢ȂάԆӵ೨ӻ৯౴Ȟَ Cech 1987, 1993; Kvæne 1985, 1995;
Rossi 1999; Snellgrove 1967ȟȂԃȈգఀ൵ភख़ԹѻȞShakyamuniȟ࣏‫ڏ‬ഺఀ‫ޱ‬Ȃᆎт
࣏ BuddhaȞգȂও՗ϐႀ੡ᅅცࣨ‫ޱ‬ȟȂॄఀζᆎ‫ڏ‬ഺఀ‫ ࣏ޱ‬BuddhaȂծ‫ڏ‬Ӫԅࠓ࢐
Tonpa Shenrab ȇάȂգఀᙽငᇄቈԒᙓ՗‫ޟ‬Пөࣱ࣏໷ਢមȂॄఀࠌ࣏ଛਢមПөȇ
ଶԪȂ‫ޱڍ‬ӵડईӪᆎᇄቈԒଔྛȃ༈‫ޟܛ‬၌ភΰȂζӻԤϚӣȄ
ॄȃգϞ໢ࢋࣺխάԤ৯տ‫ޟ‬੫ՓȂϚծ‫ٺ‬೨ӻߖф‫ޱـंޟ‬Ȃᜲо஠ॄఀᙏ൐
ᘪΣоភख़ኞѻ࣏߬Ӊਲ਼அ‫ޟ‬ȶᙠ༈գఀȷ‫ۻ‬ήȂ‫ޱڍ‬໢ଽ࡙‫ࣺޟ‬խ‫ܒ‬ȂζӵॄȃգჄ
ߵ໢௸ଔఀဎင‫ޟڐ‬ȶғಛȷȞauthenticityȟϞ‫ތ‬Ȅᜰܻ።‫ޟ‬ఀဎင‫ڎ؁ڐ‬নഺ‫ܒ‬ȃ።‫ޟ‬
ഺఀ‫ޱ‬ၶԞю౪้៝፣ȂՌ಑ΪȃΪΙжकଔȂ൷Ι‫ޢ‬Ԇӵ‫ڍ‬ПჄߵ໢ȞKarmay 1998;
Kvæne 2001ȟȄᄇ೨ӻգఀჄߵՄِȂॄȃգϬР‫ࣺޟ‬խ‫ܒ‬Ȃ࢐ॄఀ஠գఀင‫ڐ‬ёо१
ཱིಢᙑࡣ‫ޟ‬๖‫ݎ‬ȂഋϷգఀ‫ᝲڐ‬ᇄჄߵࣥՍӰԪᆎ‫࣏ڏ‬༒ᡅȃ‫ש‬᠛‫ޱ‬Ȟbsgyur bon, the
‘translated’ or ‘plagiarised’ BonȟȞBjerken 2001: 56; Cech 1993: 40; Karmay 1998: 161;
150
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
ȟȇณՄȂӻ៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵࠓ஼፡Ȃॄఀଔྛܻգఀ༈ΣՙᙠϞࠉȂ
ϬРॄȃգ‫ࣺޟ‬խ‫ܒ‬Ȃ࢐գఀӵ༈ΣࡣȂ‫ॄڧ‬ఀኇ៪Մี৤‫ޟ‬๖‫ݎ‬Ȟһџَ Dakpa 2005;
Karmay 1972, 1998; Kvæne 1972; Namdak 2007; Snellgrove 1967ȟȄ
๋‫ޱ‬ӵҤഏ‫ࠉޟ‬јԑȂலၚ୰಑Ιф՞ӵӻ៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃॄఀᇄգఀ‫ـ‬ത
Ԥϧቄ৯౴Ȃᄇ೻এ୰ᚠȂσഋϷߝ‫ޢޱ‬௥‫ޟ‬Іᔖ഍࢐፜‫ר‬ўၚ୰ԋኂჄߵȂ࿋‫໌ר‬
Ι؏ଡ୰ȂԤ‫ٲ‬ΡོࡾюȂॄఀᇄգఀ߬Ӊ‫ ޟ‬BuddhaȞգȟ࢐ϚӣΡȃ‫ᙽޱڍ‬င‫ޟ‬П
өϚӣȂԤΡࠌ၌ភȂӰ࣏೻‫ٲ‬ϚӣȂоࠉգఀலலຜॄఀ߬Ӊ‫࣏ޱ‬ȶϚԁ‫ޟ‬ΡȷȞbon
po yag po min ‘dugȂthe followers of Bon are bad peopleȟȂ೻ζ࢐тঈཨ‫ڗ‬ӻ៌ӡ‫ޟ‬ন
ӰȇณՄȂ‫؁‬ӻ‫ޟ‬ՂΡོҢॄȃգჄߵ‫݈ޟ‬၆ȃԋኂѴᢎᇄቈԒ࿽ኊ‫ࣺޟ‬խȂоЅт
ঈζᇯӣႀᒦൌი้Ȃө‫ר‬၌ភ‫ڏޱڍ‬ᄂ࢐ȶΙኺ‫ޟ‬ȷȞgcig pa redȟȂஅҏΰ‫ؠ‬ԤЊσ
‫ޟ‬৯౴Ȃ೻லᡱࡨభ౩၌ȶॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ಁϛॄȃգ৯౴ȷ‫רޟ‬Ȃ‫؁‬ё֨උȂՄ‫ܖ‬೨ཐ‫ڧ‬
‫֨ޟרڗ‬උȂ೨ӻՂΡོર๿ᇳȶ‫ר‬ঈϚᔗȷȂ஼፡Ⴤߵঈȶϗ࢐ઍғᔗு‫ޟ‬ΡȷȄ‫ר‬
ംᅚี౪Ȃ೻‫ٲ‬ІᔖϚծᡗ౪юॄఀჄߵӵॄȃգ৯౴ᇄȶॄఀ࢐ϧቄȷ‫ޟ‬፣क़ΰᐊӈ
ሴᏲ‫ُޟ‬ՓȂ‫֕؁‬౪юᄇж߹߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ՄِȂॄȃգ໢‫ࣨޟ‬ጣխн࢐խԤषฒȂࣥՍџ
ԤџฒȄ
ᄇσഋϷϚᜋԅи‫ٮ‬Ϛ౩၌ఀࣂ༈‫ܛ‬ᇄఀဎϱৠ‫ޟ‬ж߹߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȞlaityȟՄِȂॄᇄ
գȶѴᢎȷ‫ࣺޟ‬խ‫܁܁ܒ‬ӻܻ‫ޱڍ‬໢‫ޟ‬৯౴ȂӰԪᄇܻтঈȂϚծ૖ሆܾၮູॄȃգϞ
໢‫ࣨޟ‬ጣȂ‫؁‬ৠܾ‫܇‬౱‫ڏ‬৯౴ȄณՄȂᄇჄߵՄِȂॄȃգ௃ྛଔ‫ڗ‬ఀဎቈॗ‫ޟ‬ୢ
տȂϚծϚৠ‫܇‬ຜȂ‫࢐؁‬ԙ൷‫܄‬Ԫ༈‫ܛ‬ȶғಛȷᇄ֏‫ޟ‬१ौᏵᙤȞCech 1987ȟȄ๋‫ีޱ‬
౪ȂғӰ࣏ॄȃգϞ໢ࢋࣺխάϚӣ‫ޟ‬੫ՓȂ‫ޟޱڍ‬ᜰ߽ϗԙ࣏џо໌Ι؏ೝ፭Ϡࢇ
‫ݽ‬ཎဎȃџᐇհ‫ޟ‬ΡတࣨጣȄԞ෈оਿᏇࣂჄߵ࣏ॶ‫ࢺޟ‬ιࢇ‫ۺ‬൷࢐ցҢ‫ޱڍ‬໢‫ޟ‬৯
౴Ȃ஠ॄఀ௶ଶӵՙᙠ༈ಛ߬ӉϞѴȂՄॄఀჄߵӵөࢺιࢇ‫ॄڥތۺ‬ఀԆӵ‫ޟ‬ȶғ࿋
‫ܒ‬ȷਢȂᗶณ஀ࡻॄఀ༈‫ޟܛ‬ᐿ੫‫ܒ‬ȂࠓζலցҢ‫ޱڍ‬ఀဎগ౩ȞԃȂϚమҡȃࣺ߬ȶέ
᝘ȷȂᇄ੡ᅅ‫ޟ‬ও՗้ȟ‫ࣺޟ‬խ‫ܒ‬Ȃ ‫پ‬ᇳ݂ॄఀᇄգఀѲࣂ‫ڎ‬Ԥࣺӣ‫ޟ‬МϽቋ঄ᢎȂ
ӵᡝ౪୽ఊᆠડ‫ޟ‬ཎဎΰȂᔖ၎ೝӣ้ᄇ࡟Ȅ
ਲ਼ᐃॄఀ‫ᝲڐ‬कၷȂॄఀഺఀ‫ ޱ‬Tonpa Shenrab юҡܻՙϯࠉ 16,017 ԑȂຽϬघ
18,000 ԑȞKvæne 1985: 3-5ȟȂሉԞܻភख़ኞѻ‫ޟ‬ԑфȞ 623 B.C. - 544 B.C.ȟȂTonpa
Shenrab юҡ‫ޟ‬Ӵᘈಀӻિ઼ȂԤ‫ٲ‬Ᏸ‫ޱ‬Ճᜌ‫࣏ڏ‬ϬР‫ޟ‬ϛ‫ٳ‬ΙளȂԤ‫ࠌٲ‬ᇯ࣏࢐ӵՙ
ᙠՙഋᇄ‫ݍ‬ѕѻ‫ހ‬ᅭ‫ޟ‬Һࣨ೎ȞKarmay 1972: xxvii-xxxi, 1998: 104-105; Namdak 2007:
4-5; Snellgrove 1967ȟȄӵॄఀင‫ޟڐ‬଄ၷϛȞKarmay 1972: 18; Namdak 2007: 15-17; һ
Kvæne 2001: 12
2
151
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
џَ Snellgrove ‫ܚ‬ᙚឍ‫ ޟ‬Tonpa Shenrab ༈଄Ȃ1967: 12-13ȟȂTonpa Shenrab ෆࡶ೤ՙ
ᙠՙഋȂఀᏲԞ෈ᙠΡҢឨ᝴ᇧհԨᅴȞgtor maȟ‫ڥ‬фమҡᝦಊȃҢॳ଻ᄯȞrlung rtaȟ
इᆋоЅྐྵ਺ቈԒȞbsang ritualȂΙᆍ౑ϽቈԒȟ้ߑ໦‫ޟ‬ቈॗȞ“Bon of Cause”ȟȂၶ
࣏ଽ౏‫ޟ‬ఀဎቈॗȞ“Bon of Effect”ȟȂࠌ࢐ӵ Tonpa Shenrab ႆжԁඁжकࡣȂϗҥ‫ڏ‬
ߞ৶ᙤҥຫ໰д୽Ȟthe kingdom of Zhang Zhungȟ‫ޟ‬ᘗ஻Ȃ༈ΣՙᙠȞibid.ȟȄ
ᜰܻຫ໰д୽‫ޟ‬ଔྛਢ໢ᇄี৤Ȃҥܻ‫ؠ‬Ԥ੼ήӈդМԅᜌᐃȂ ϚЍᏰ‫ޱ‬კၐ௃
ՃѠȃᇭِȞѓࢂϬР௴໱‫ޟ‬Пِȟȃ‫ں‬᜞ҕఊ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬ଄ၷ้ᑛ௤‫ڏ‬Ԇӵ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬЅΡҕ
ҡࣀ‫ޟ‬ПԒȞَ Bellezza 2005; Honda 2009; Jacques 2009; Karmay 1998; Kvæne 1972;
3
Nagano 2009; Nagano and Karmay 2008; Nishi and Nagano 2001; Ramble 1999; Takeuchi
ȟȂณՄȂ‫ܚ‬ு‫ޟ‬ᜌᐃϫณߨலЍȂ‫ތ‬፣ζࣺ࿋ӻȂ୲Ιၶ૖ႀ‫ޟڗ‬ӓ
ᜋȂ࢐ຫ໰ӵ಑Μжक‫ޟ‬ਢঐȂᔖ၎ϐငᇄ‫ݍ‬᜞‫ޟ‬໯㗆д෉ȞYarlung Dynastyȟ‫ٮ‬ԆΙ
ࢲਢ໢ΟȂഋϷᏰ‫ޱ‬ȞDriem 2001: 32; Karmay 1998: 114-115; Nishi and Nagano 2001;
Rossi 1999ȟࠌᇯ࣏Ȃຫ໰༖Ψശσਢᔖ၎ѓࢂϬР‫ޟ‬ՙᙠՙഋȞ Tsang ୢȟȃѻ‫ހ‬ᅭՙ
ഋоЅӟ࡙ѕഋȄᗶณᄇܻຫ໰‫ޟ‬ю౪ᇄี৤ϫԤ೨ӻ‫ތ‬ដȂծΰक़Ᏸ‫ޱ‬ලႇᇯ࣏ຫ
໰ȃ໯㗆೻‫ڍ‬এд୽ȂΙ໠ۖ࡞џ૖ѫ࢐ፏᙠӴୢȞU-Tsangȟ‫ޟ‬ಀӻഋఊϞΙȂᓍ๿
༖ΨቨߝȂ໠ۖ‫ޟߖߣ֍ځ‬ഋఊȂϗᅚᅚᘗσ‫ڏ‬ኇ៪ጒ൜Ȃຫ໰࡞џ૖ี৤ၶԞȂՄ
஧ଔܻፏᙠ‫ݍ‬ഋ‫ّݬ‬Ӵୢ‫ޟ‬໯㗆д෉ࠌี৤ၶఏȂӵ಑Μжकਢϗԙ࣏Ιএџоၭՙ
ഋ‫ޟ‬ຫ໰ࣺ‫ת‬ᒋȃ༖֯Ψኳ‫ޟ‬ԆӵȄ
ຫ໰ᇄ໯㗆‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽ӵॄఀᇄգఀ‫ᝲڐޟ‬ϛ഍ԤඪЅȂਲ਼ᐃ଄ၷȂຫ໰ᇄ໯㗆Ϟ໢
Ԥႆᏽ‫ތ‬ȂζԤ೽ஔȂ࿋಑Μжक໯㗆д෉໠ֵۖσ‫ޟ‬ਢঐȂຫ໰‫ޟ‬༖Ψࠌംᅚӵ૾
৵Ȃ‫ڗޢ‬ೝ໯㗆д෉‫֍ځ‬ȞKarmay 1998: 114; Samuel 1993: 49-51ȟȄ໯㗆д෉൷࢐ϬЈ
ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᇯ࣏‫ޟ‬ՙᙠȶМ݂ȷᐣѬ໠৤‫ޟ‬ଔᘈȂϚծϬР‫ޟ‬ՙᙠМԅӵԪਢю౪Ȃζ࢐
ӵ‫ᜓݘ‬ϓҀਢ෈ȂգఀೝғԒЕΣՙᙠȞBjerken 2001; Mills 2003ȟȄॄఀင‫ڐ‬कၷ
ȞKarmay 1998; Rossi 1999; Kværne 2001[1993]ȟȂӵຫ໰ೝ໯㗆д෉‫ࡣ֍ځ‬Ȃॄఀϫᑹ
౾ΟΙࢲਢ໢ȂࣥՍө‫ݍ‬༈ኬ‫ڗ‬ϬР‫ޟ‬ԊӻȞAmdoȟӴୢȄϞࡣȂՌ಑ΤжकґȂգ
ఀ༖ΨРᅚ஼σȂգఀಛ‫௶࣏ޱݽ‬ଶ౴ఀȂඁ࡙҈ᔆॄఀȂ‫ॄٺ‬ఀ‫࡙ڍ‬ᛔᖝೝྞఀ‫ޟ‬
‫ڼ‬ၼȇӵྞఀ՗ଢ଼෈໢Ȃσ໔‫ॄޟ‬ఀငਪᎏ‫ڗ‬ฏᕏȂЍኵ‫ࠌᝲڐ‬Ӱೝৄᙠܻ౏όՄு
оࢺ༈ՍϬȂ೨ӻॄఀჄߵЅж߹߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȂϚ࢐ೝफ़‫߬׽‬գఀȂ൷࢐ᎏ‫ܹࢺڗ‬ȂϚЍ
Ρ᎐ூՍϬР‫ޟ‬ѻ‫ހ‬ᅭȃᓂߜЅϚϝΙளȂॄఀӰԪඁн‫ׇ‬ӒੑѶȂ‫ڗޢ‬಑Ϊȃ಑Ϊ
ΙжकȂϗά१ཱིю౪ȞKarmay 1998: 118ȟȄ
and Nishida 2009
152
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
೻এ१ཱི஧ଔ‫ॄޟ‬ఀȂԤ๿ᇄգఀࣺխ‫ޟ‬ԋ଱ಢᙑȃቈԒቈॗᇄఀဎগ౩ȂᄇϬ
Р೨ӻգఀჄߵՄِȂ࿋ф‫ॄޟ‬ఀӵ೻ਢϗઍғю౪Ȃ೻‫ٲ‬գఀჄߵᇯ࣏Ȃ೻এཱི஧
ଔ‫ޟ‬ఀࣂȂ࣏ΟᡗҰ‫ڏ‬ᐣѬோδȂӰԪঅ‫ڥ‬໯㗆ਢ෈லᇄգఀჄߵ࣏ኳ‫ޟ‬ȶॄ‫ݰ‬ȷȞbon
poȟಊѧϞӪȂҢȶॄȷ
ȞBonȟհ࣏‫ڏ‬ఀࣂӪᆎȞKarmay 1998: 116-117; Kværne 1985: 3-5;
Snellgrove 1967: 15; Stein 1972[1962]: 230-232ȟȄณՄȂӻ៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵᗶณ‫ܛ‬ᇯ೨
ӻࢺ༈ή‫ॄޟپ‬ఀင‫ڐ‬഍࢐ӵ಑ΪȃΪΙжकϗೝȶ१ཱིȷี౪‫ޟ‬Ȃծϫณ஀ࡻॄఀԞ
ӵգఀ༈ΣՙᙠࠉȂ൷ϐငี৤ԙΙএԤಢᙑиఀဎϱৠ‫ׇ‬ᐌ‫۠ޟ‬ఀȂиࣺ߬‫ᝲڐ‬ϛ
ᜰܻॄఀȶԞ෈ȷȞӵ಑ΪȃΪΙжकࠉȟ‫ีޟ‬৤଄क़Ȃ‫ڎ‬ԤϚৠ‫܇‬ຜ‫ޟ‬ઍᄂ‫ܒ‬Ȅ࣏Ο
፣ᜌ೻‫ٲ‬଄ၷȂӻ៌ӡ‫ޟ‬೨ӻჄߵӵႆў೻‫ٲ‬ԑ‫پ‬഍ࣺ࿋ֆΨȃमΨܻ௃ӨᆍၥਟȞѓ
ࢂ೨ӻϬРച៉ೝี౪‫ޟ‬ՃѠᜌᐃȃᇭِМԅ‫ޟ‬௰ᅋ้ȟՃᜌ೻‫ٲ‬ϱৠ‫ޟ‬џ࡙߬Ȃ๋‫ޱ‬
ӵ಑Ϥ࿽஠ᄇԪԤ‫໌؁‬Ι؏‫ޟ‬ଆ፣Ȅ
ࠉक़ॄȃգჄߵᄇܻ‫܄‬Ԫఀဎྛࢺ‫ތޟ‬፣Ȃζኇ៪ΟՙПं‫ޟޱـ‬ᢎᘈȞKværne
1995ȟȂЎ‫ڏ‬о 1960 ԑ࣏ࣨȂџоี౪ 60 ԑфϞࠉȂσഋϷՙП‫ޱـंޟ‬഍࢐೽ႆգ
ఀჄߵоЅգఀ‫ޟᝲڐ‬፣क़ўᇯᜋॄఀ‫ޟ‬ȂζӰԪ೻ਢ෈‫ޟ‬ՙП፣๿ӻј஠ॄఀຜ࣏
௥ߖᙡᅖ߬Ӊ‫ޟ‬Ռณ۠ఀȂ‫ܖ‬஠‫߬ڏ‬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ජक़࣏൉ԁమҡᝦಊȃத‫ۦ‬Өᆍડ᡹ୀ܏‫ޟ‬
ϽѴϞҕȄPer KværneȞ1995: 9-10, 2001[1993]: 9-19ȟ‫໌ٮ‬Ι؏஠ 1960 ԑфϞࠉՙПᏰ
‫ޱ‬ಁϛ‫ޟ‬ȶॄఀȷȞBonȟᘪઽ࣏έএ᜸տȈ಑ΙȂᇯ࣏ॄఀ࢐Ԟ෈ᙠΡ‫ޟ‬Ιএҕ߹۠ఀ
Ȟfolk religionȟȂӵգఀ༈ΣϞࡣȂംᅚೝ‫ڥ‬фȇ಑ΠȂᇯ࣏Ԥင‫ڐ‬፣क़ᇄԋ଱ಢᙑ‫ޟ‬
ॄఀȂ࢐ӵգఀܻՙᙠ‫ོޥ‬ᑹ౾ࡣϗю౪‫ޟ‬ȂӰԪϷ‫ٴ‬೨ӻգఀ‫ޟ‬੫Փȇ಑έȂᇯ࣏
Bon ࢐ՙᙠ‫ོޥ‬σಀ߬ӉȞpopular beliefsȟ‫ޟ‬೽ᆎȂѓ֤ᄇӴПડ‫߬ޟ‬Ӊȃᄇ᡹ቀ‫ޟ‬྅
‫܈‬Ȃ഍឴ܻ‫ڏ‬ጒᛟȄ
60 ԑфհ࣏ΙএԤཎဎ‫ޟ‬ୢϷȂкौӵܻ೻এਢ෈໠ۖȂ೨ӻॄఀჄߵӰ࣏ࢺι
੕ѴȂᇄಀӻՙПᏰ‫ޱ‬ԤΟ‫ޢ‬௥௥ញ‫ޟ‬ᐠོȂӰՄߴ‫ٺ‬ՙПᄇॄఀ‫ݲࣼޟ‬ᇄं‫ـ‬౰ҡ
एક‫໌ޟܒ‬৤ȂЎ‫ڏ‬Ȃ໠ۖԤᏰ‫ޱ‬ᜰ‫ॄݧ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᄇ‫ڏ‬Ռ٘ఀဎᇄఀࣂᐣѬ‫ޟ‬፣क़Ȃ
ԃ David L. SnellgroveȂ‫ ܻڏ‬1967 ԑю‫ ޟގ‬The Nine Ways of Bon Ȟ1967ȟೝ೨ӻᏰ‫ޱ‬
оЅϬР‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵຜ࣏࢐ॄఀ‫ᝲڐ‬༈ΣՙПжࣨߨல१ौ‫ޟ‬ଔᘈȞ Bjerken 2001;
Kværne 1995ȟȄ೻ҏਪ࢐ Snellgrove ᇄӻ՝ॄఀᏰ‫ޱ‬ӫհȞ‫ڏ‬ϛάо Tenzin Namdak ᇄ
Samten Karmay ࣏кȟȂՃᜌॄఀѠᝲ gZi-brjidȞॄఀഺఀ‫ ޱ‬Tonpa Shenrab ‫ߝޟ‬ጕ༈଄ȟ
‫ޟ‬ԙ‫ݎ‬Ȃਪϛ၏क़Οॄఀ‫ޟ‬ଔྛȃ‫ޣ‬ᜋ༈‫ޟܛ‬ПԒЅ೨ӻఀဎϱৠȂ࣏ߖфॄఀ‫ࣺޟ‬
ᜰं‫ـ‬Ȃඪ‫ټ‬Οߨலᙴ൲и࣢ິ‫ޟ‬؅ਟȄSnellgrove ӵҏਪ໠ᓞ߯஼፡Ȃौઍғᕣ၌Ι
153
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
এ۠ఀȂ҆ۡு௃‫߬ڏ‬Ӊ‫ُ࡙ޟޱ‬юีȂϗ૖౏‫֕ړ‬౪тঈᄇՌ٘۠ఀ‫ޟ‬౩၌ᇄၛភ
ȞSnellgrove 1967: 2ȟȄSnellgrove ᇯ࣏Ȃ಑ΜȃΤжकࠉӵՙᙠ‫ོޥ‬౾՗‫ޟ‬ȶॄȷᔖ၎
࢐௃ϬР‫ޟ‬Бஅ඼‫ۄ‬ȃൂϧԽᅭΙள༈Σ‫ޟ‬Ԟ෈գఀȞSnellgrove 1967: 15; Driem 2001:
33ȟȂ೻এԞ෈‫ל‬Ԓ‫ޟ‬գఀȂӵႄ‫ڗ‬໯㗆д෉ਢ෈ЕΣ‫ޟ‬ఏ෈գఀਢȂ‫ޱڍ‬໠ۖӵࢇ‫ݽ‬
ᇄ۠ఀ‫ޟ‬ሴ୿౰ҡፐएᇄᝯ‫ތ‬ȄSnellgrove ‫໌ٮ‬Ι؏ࡾюȂӵ೻এᝯ‫ތ‬ᜰ߽ϛȂΙП‫ޟ‬
‫ޣ‬ᜋඡ௡‫ޱ‬ೝᆎ࣏ bonposȂѪΙПࠌ࣏ chos-pasȂᅋᡐՍࡣ‫پ‬Ȃ೻‫ڍ‬এຠംᅚԙ࣏ॄఀ
߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȟbon poȂ߬ӉȶॄȷϞΡȟᇄգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȟchos paȂ߬Ӊ chos ϞΡȂchos ኄဎ
ࡾ۠ఀȂծ‫ڏ‬ѪԤ੭Ⴃ‫ޟ‬ཎࡦ࢐ࡾភख़Թѻ‫ޟ‬ఀဎȟ‫ޟ‬ఀࣂᇄΡတϷ᜸Ȅ
Snellgrove ᇯ࣏ॄȃգ‫ޟ‬৯౴Ȃᔖ၎൷࢐ӵ೻এࢇ‫ݽ‬ȃ۠ఀ᠌Ψ‫ޟ‬ᝯ‫ތ‬૕๜ϛȂ‫ڍ‬
П࣏Ο‫ڎ؁‬ᡝୢᒱ‫܄‬ԪՄംᅚี৤ю‫ޟپ‬ȄᄇтՄِȂ‫ތ‬፣ॄȃգଔྛ‫ޟ‬ӑࡣ‫ؠٮ‬Ԥ
ཎဎȂт‫ࡾٮ‬юȂ‫ר‬ঈᔖ၎஠೻‫ีޟޱڍ‬৤ຜ࣏࢐‫ٮ‬՗‫ޟ‬ȂӰ࣏тঈӓ‫ٴ‬Ιএ‫؁‬σ‫ޟ‬
МϽҔᡝоЅਪቸᇭཊȂζӰԪ‫ޱڍ‬ᗶณၐყୢտ‫܄‬ԪȂࠓฒ‫ݲ‬ϸസߝδо‫پ‬ᑖಣȃ
ӓ‫ޟٴ‬ᐣѬᇄМϽϯશȞSnellgrove 1967: 21ȟȂ ԃԞ෈౾՗ӵՙᙠ‫ޟོޥ‬Өᆍ༈ᇳȃ
ቈԒᇄ߬ӉȂӵϬРᙠΡȞѓࢂॄఀᇄգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȟ‫ޟ‬ҡࣀϛϫณџоᑛَ‫ڏ‬౷ၬȂζ
࢐‫ל‬༭ϬРՙᙠգఀᐿ੫‫ޟܒ‬१ौϯશȄSnellgrove ‫ٮ‬ඪюȂᗶณգఀӨࣂ഍ӓ‫ٴ‬Ο೻
‫ٲ‬МϽϯશȂծӵငᐣႆӻԩ‫ޟ‬ఀࣂ१ᐌоЅఀဎȃቈԒቈॗ‫ޟ‬ϚᘞᆠᙏࡣȂԞ෈ՙ
ᙠ‫ོޥ‬МϽᢎ‫ׇޟ‬ᐌኺᇼȂԞϐฒ‫ݲ‬௃ϬРᙠ༈գఀӨఀࣂ‫ޟ‬င‫ڐ‬ϛࣼ‫ڗ‬ȂІই࢐ӵ
ॄఀင‫ڐ‬ϛȂϫณ߳ԆΟσഋϷ‫ޟ‬নኺȄ඲ѯၗᇳȂSnellgrove ᇯ࣏ॄఀင‫ڐ‬ඪ‫ټ‬Ο౩
၌Ԟ෈ՙᙠМϽᇄ‫ߨོޥ‬ல१ौиᙴ൲‫ޟ‬؅ਟȄ‫ ڗڧ‬Snellgrove ‫ޟ‬ኇ៪Ȃ೨ӻՙПᏰ‫ޱ‬
໠ۖ஠‫ݧ‬ཎΨᙽಋ‫ॄڗ‬ఀင‫ޟڐ‬ՃᜌȞRossi 1999: 33-34; Kværne 2001[1993]: 13ȟȂЎ
‫࢐ڏ‬ᄇቈԒቈॗ‫ـंޟ‬Ȟԃ Canzio 1986; Kværne 1985; Schrempf 1997, 1999, 2000ȟоЅ
ఀဎྛࢺ‫ޟ‬ՃᐃȞԃ Bellezza 2005; Bjerken 2001; Martin 1997, 2000; Rossi 1999ȟȄ
๋‫ޱ‬ᇯ࣏Ȃ1960 ԑфϞࠉȂॄȃգჄߵᄇ‫܄‬Ԫఀဎྛࢺ‫ޟ‬৯౴ᗶณϐငี৤юӻ
ᆍၛភȂณՄȂ‫ࢺڗޢ‬ιӟ࡙ȃՙᙠ୽ఊཎᜋᑹଔȂգఀ‫ޟ‬ᢎᘈᇄ፣क़ԙ࣏࢜ᄺ୽ఊ
ᐣѬᇄМϽ੫Փ‫ޟ‬அᙃࡣȂॄఀᇄຫ໰‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃϗӵಀӻॄȃգ‫ޟ‬৯౴ϛ៚ณԙ࣏ॄ
ఀჄߵၛភ‫ڏ‬ఀࣂ੫Փᇄ१ौ‫ޟܒ‬໅ጣȄᇄຫ໰МϽ‫ޟ‬೿๖Ϛծԙ࣏ॄఀԞ෈ఀࣂี
৤‫ޟ‬१ौ੫ՓȂഋϷॄఀჄߵӵө๋‫ޱ‬၌ភ‫ڏ‬ఀࣂᐣѬਢȂ‫࢐؁‬லҢຫ໰д୽ᇄ໯㗆
д෉‫ޟ‬ᄇШȂ‫پ‬ങक़ॄఀᇄգఀ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃ‫ٽ‬ԃȂඪ‫ڗ‬գఀᇯ࣏໯㗆д෉࢐ȶՙᙠМ݂ȷ
ȞTibetan civilisationȟ‫ޟ‬ଔᘈਢȂॄఀჄߵོ‫໌؁‬Ι؏ࡾюȂ‫ٱ‬ᄂΰຫ໰д୽ϗ࢐ՙᙠ
М݂‫ޟ‬໠ۖȂԞӵϬР‫ޟ‬ՙᙠМԅю౪ϞࠉȂຫ໰൷ϐี৤юՌϏ‫ޟ‬МԅȂՄॄఀശ
4
154
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
Ԟ෈‫ޟ‬င‫ڐ‬Ȃ൷࢐оຫ໰Мԅਪቸ‫ޟ‬Ȅ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ᄇШ፣क़ȂଶΟᡗҰю‫ޟ៉ࡻޱڍ‬ᝯ‫ތ‬
ᜰ߽Ȃ‫֕؁‬౪юॄఀჄߵၐყ௃ॄఀϞܻຫ໰д୽ԃӣգఀϞܻ໯㗆д෉‫ޟ‬ᢎᘈȂ‫پ‬
၌ភॄఀ‫ޟ‬१ौ‫ܒ‬Ȃ։Ȃॄఀϗ࢐၌໠Ԟ෈ՙᙠМ݂ņຫ໰д୽Ϟᖼ‫୲ޟ‬ΙᢒୠȄ೻ζ
ᇳ݂Ο࣏ϧቄӵႆўѲΪӻԑȂӻ៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵֆΨདौᜌ݂ຫ໰Ԇӵ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬȂӰ
࣏୲Ԥᜌ݂ຫ໰ෆငԆӵႆȂи‫ڏ‬Ρҕ‫ޟ‬ҡࣀПԒᇄॄఀင‫ܚڐ‬क़࢐ࣺӣ‫ޟ‬Ȃϗ૖І
ሻգఀჄߵᇯ࣏ॄఀင‫ڐ‬༉࢐‫ש‬᠛‫ܖ‬ຎᄺϞհȂ‫໌ٮ‬Ι؏ᇳ݂ॄఀ‫ڎ‬Ԥᇄգఀӣ้१
ौȞ‫؁ܖ‬ёᐿ੫ȟ‫ܛ‬ၷȶՙᙠМ݂ȷ‫ޟ‬ଓᝦȄ๋‫ޱ‬ᇯ࣏ȂࢺιϞࡣȂॄȃգӵ୽ఊ፣क़
՝ညϛ‫ޟ‬ᝯ‫ތ‬Ȃ‫ٺ‬ுॄఀჄߵี৤ю஠ॄఀᇄຫ໰‫؁‬ᆧ஝๖ӫ‫ޟ‬፣क़ȂӰ࣏ҥԪȂϗ
૖Іᙽॄఀȶѫ࢐ᇄգఀѴᢎࣺխ‫ޟ‬ఀࣂϞΙȷ‫ُޟ‬ՓȂ‫ٺ‬Ϟԙ࣏‫ڎ‬Ԥᐿլ‫ܒ‬ифߒ‫؁‬
Ԟ෈୽ఊᐣѬᇄМϽ‫ޟ‬१ौ༈ಛȂՄᡱࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ϚுϚғຜ‫ڏ‬ԆӵȄᄇԪȂ೨ӻ೤ፙ
‫ٮޱ‬ඪ‫ڗ‬ȂषϚ࢐ॄఀ‫ܚ‬ង֤‫ޟ‬џо‫ړ౏؁‬၌ភՙᙠМϽᐿ੫‫ޟܒ‬Ԟ෈ϯશȂȶՙᙠМ
݂ȷ൷༉࢐ΙএՌ௴অ‫ޟ‬ȶѴ‫پ‬ȷМϽี৤Մԙ‫ޟ‬ಀӻգఀ‫ོޥ‬ϞΙȄ๋‫ޱ‬ӵҏМ಑Ϥ
ഋӋ஠ᄇԪ፣क़‫ีޟ‬৤Ԥ‫؁‬ӻଆ፣ȂήΙ࿽ࠌ஠ӑ൷ՙᙠ୽ఊཎᜋ‫ޟ‬ᑹଔЅ‫ڏ‬ཎဎհ
Ιএᙏ൐ᐌ౩Ȅ
ՙᙠ୽ఊཎᜋ‫ޟ‬ᑹଔȈ௃Ӵ୿ᇯӣ‫୽ڗ‬ఊᇯӣ
ՙᙠࢺιࢇ‫ ܻۺ‬1960 ԑӵ Dharamsala ԙҳࡣȂՙᙠΡҕ‫ۏ‬ষོȞCommission of
Tibetan People’s DeputiesȂϬ‫؁‬Ӫ࣏ Tibetan Parliament-in-Exileȟ ζܻӣԑ౰ҡȂ಑Ι
۩‫ۏޟ‬ষོфߒӓԤ 13 ΡȂѓࢂΟፏᙠȞU-TsangȟȃஶȞKhamȟȃԊӻȞAmdoȟέ
ୢ‫ޟ‬фߒȂоЅգఀѲσఀࣂ‫ޟ‬фߒȄ೻এ୽ོԙষ‫ޟ‬ಢԙȂ఼ཿᡗ౪юࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ӵ
ߑ࡚ҳਢȂᄇܻȶ୽ড়ȷጒ൜‫ޟ‬ད჋ᇄۡဎȈ։Ȃࢇ‫ݽ‬ᛠ୿ѓ֤ΟፏᙠȃஶᇄԊӻέୢ
Ȟَყ 1ȟȂՄఊတМϽ‫ޟ‬੫ՓȂࠌ࢐գఀѲσఀࣂ࣏ॶ‫۠ޟ‬ఀ༈ಛȂॄఀфߒᗶณӵ
1977 ԑёΣȂԙ࣏Ϥσఀࣂ༈ಛϞΙȂծඁн‫ؠ‬Ԥኇ៪೻এоգఀቋ঄ᢎ࣏к໅‫୽ޟ‬
ఊ፣क़Ȅӵࢺιࢇ‫ۢޟۺ‬ПᆩॲΰȂհ࣏ȶ୽ఊȷӪᆎ‫ ޟ‬TibetȞbodȟζೝԃԪۡဎȈ
ȶTibet ࡾ‫࢐ޟ‬ѓ֤ፏᙠȃஶᇄԊӻ‫ޟ‬ᐌএୢ୿ȷ
ȞCentral Tibetan Administration 2014aȟȄ
άȂਲ਼ᐃࢺιࢇ‫ޟۡڙۺ‬ᏴണȞCharter of the Tibetans-in-ExileȂ1991ȟ಑ΤనȂюҡӵ
೻έএӴୢ‫࢐ܖ‬ငҥଡྗี౪ЮҔ‫ܖ‬ઠӑਲ਼ྛܻԪ‫ޱ‬Ȃࣱ࣏ՙᙠ‫ޟ‬ϴҕȞ citizens of
TibetȟȞCentral Tibetan Administration 2014b; The Eleventh Assembly of Tibetan People’s
Deputies 1991ȟȄ
5
155
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
ყ 1 ՙᙠࢺιࢇ‫ࡇۺ‬ᆎ‫ޟ‬ȶ୽ড়ȷӴყ
Ȟၥਟ‫ྛپ‬Ȉࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ȞTibetan Government-in-Exileȟᆩમ
ȞCentral Tibetan Administration 2014ȟȟ
ΰक़፣क़ۡဎюΙএࢇ‫ݽ‬ȞpoliticalȟᇄМϽȞethnographicȟࣨጣࣺಒӫ‫୽ޟ‬ড়ད
჋ȂՄ Tibet ϚծೝҢ‫ࡾپ‬ᆎ೻এࢇ‫ݽ‬ᡝȂ‫ڏ‬ॊժ‫ ޟ‬Tibetan ‫؁‬ӣਢԙ࣏೻এᛠ୿ጒ൜ϱ
Ρတ‫ޟ‬ᖂᆎȄณՄȂTibet հ࣏ፏᙠȃஶᇄԊӻέσୢ୿ᖂ‫ޟڷ‬ᆎ‫ڳ‬ȂоЅ Tibetan Ң‫پ‬
ࡾਖ਼ҡࣀӵ೻έএୢ୿ϛΡတ‫ޟ‬྅‫܈‬Ȃ‫ڏ‬ᄂ࢐ߨலఏߖϗӵՙᙠ‫ོޥ‬ю౪‫ޟ‬Ȃӵࢺι
ϞࠉȂTibet ࡾਖ਼‫ޟ‬༉࢐ፏᙠӴୢȂTibetan ࡾᆎ‫پ࢐ޟ‬Ռፏᙠ‫ޟ‬ΡȂ‫پ‬Ռஶୢ‫ޱ‬Ȃ೽ல
Ռᆎ࣏ Kham-paȞkhams paȟȂۨ՞ӵԊӻ‫ޱ‬ȂࠌՌᆎ࣏ Amdo-waȞa mdo baȟȄᄇԪȂ
Hugh RichardsonȞ1984ȟඪюࢇ‫ݽ‬ՙᙠȞ ”political” TibetȟᇄМϽՙᙠȞ ”ethnographic”
TibetȂ‫ܖ‬ᆎҕఊᇬՙᙠȟ҆໸ೝёоୢϷ‫ޟ‬྅‫܈‬ȞRichardson 1984: 1-2; Goldstein 1994:
77-79ȟȄ
Richardson ᇯ࣏೨ӻं‫ޱـ‬ӵ‫ٺ‬Ң Tibet ೻এԅਢȂல஠ࢇ‫ݽ‬ՙᙠᇄМϽՙᙠຜ࣏
џоࣺϣ෇фȃ้ӣ‫ޟ‬྅‫܈‬Ȃࠓ‫܇‬౱Ο‫҆ޱڍ‬໸ೝωЖᔮຜᇄୢϷȄਲ਼ᐃ Richardson ‫ޟ‬
ࣼ‫ݲ‬ȂМϽՙᙠ‫ࡾݿ‬ᙠΡ࣏ӻኵۨҕ‫ޟ‬ୢ୿Ȃ೻এୢ୿σम‫ޟ‬ጒ൜։࣏ϬРࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬
‫ࡾܚ‬ᆎ‫ޟ‬ፏᙠȃஶᇄԊӻέୢȂۨ՞ӵԪ‫ޟ‬ΡတȂᗶณԤ‫؁‬ಠཌ‫ޟ‬Ӵ୿৯౴Ȃծߝ෈
156
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
ᓜᖅ‫۠ޟ‬ఀࣀଢ଼ᇄҡࣀȃငᔼ‫پ܁ޟ‬Ȃ‫ڏٺ‬ӵᆍఊ੫኉ᇄМϽߒ౪ΰ഍‫ڎ‬Ԥලႇӣ፴
‫ޟ‬џᒱ‫ܒ‬ȄณՄȂ೻έএୢ୿‫ؠٮ‬Ԥԃࢺιࢇ‫ܚۺ‬ᖐᆎ‫ޟ‬ȂӵᐣѬΰෆငӓ឴ܻӣΙ
এࢇ‫ݽ‬ᄂᡝȄRichardson ᇯ࣏Ȃ‫ܚ‬ᒝ‫ݽࢇޟ‬ՙᙠȂࡾ‫ޟ‬༉࢐ 1642 Ս 1950 ԑфҥ‫ܜ‬ᙡࢇ
‫ۺ‬ȞLhasa GovernmentȂsde ba gzhungȟಛ‫ޟݽ‬ୢ୿Ȃ೻এୢ୿оϬР‫ޟ‬ፏᙠ࣏ਯЖȂ
ѓࢂഋϷՙഋஶୢЅഋϷԊӻȄ೻এӴୢӵ 1642 ԑҥਿᏇࣂ಑ϤжႀᒦൌიಛΙࡣȂ
Ι‫ޢ‬ҥ‫ܜ‬ᙡࢇ‫ݽۺ‬౩Ȅ ՄσഋϷ‫ޟ‬ஶᇄԊӻӴୢȂࠌඁн‫ؠ‬ԤಛӫܻӣΙএࢇ‫ݽ‬༖Ψ
ႆȂՄ࢐Ϸ឴ܻӻএӨՌ࣏ࢇ‫ޟ‬ഋဣሴ೟ȞAnand 2000: 274; Houston and Wright 2003:
222; Kolas 1996: 53; Samuel 1982: 221ȟȂ೻‫ٲ‬ӴП༖Ψᗶณலᇄ‫ܜ‬ᙡࢇ‫ۺ‬Ԥ஝ϸ‫۠ޟ‬ఀ
‫ٱ‬୛‫پ܁‬Ȃࠓ‫ؠ‬Ԥ݂ጂࢇ‫ݽ‬ΰ‫ޟ‬ಛ឴ᜰ߽Ȅ‫ࢺڗޢ‬ιࢇ‫ۺ‬ԙҳȂоᙟ‫ܜ‬ᙡࢇ‫ິޟۺ‬ఊ
ሧষ࣏ॶ‫ݽࢇޟ‬༖ΨȂϗആႆȶМϽࣨጣۡဎࢇ‫ݽ‬ᛠ୿ȷ‫ޟ‬ПԒȂ஠ፏᙠȃஶᇄԊӻέ
এୢ୿ຜ࣏ΙᡝȂϻ୚юࢇ‫ݽ‬ᇄఊတཎဎࣺಒӫ‫ޟ‬ՙᙠȞTibetȟ྅‫܈‬Ȅ
Richardson ᄇࢇ‫ݽ‬ՙᙠᇄМϽՙᙠ‫ޟ‬ୢϷȂ఼ཿࡾю TibetȞbodȟհ࣏୽ఊȞnationȟ
‫ޟ‬྅‫܈‬Ȃ࢐ӵߨலఏߖ‫ ޟ‬50-60 ԑфϗี৤ю‫پ‬ȂҥԪһџࣼ‫ࢺڗ‬ιࢇ‫ۺ‬оգఀ߬Ӊ࣏
ਯЖȂ஠‫ڏ‬ຜ࣏ӓ‫ޟٴ‬ȶМϽ੫፴ȷȂоԪ‫پ‬ᐌӫᙟԤӴ୿৯౴‫ޟ‬ӌყȄӵᙠΡ‫ོޥ‬
၇ȂӴ୿ᇯӣΙ‫࡞࢐ޢ‬१ौ‫ޟ‬ԆӵȂӵ 1959 ԑࠉȂѺࣥՍ࢐Л଩σഋϷΡҡࣀശкौ
‫ޟ‬ഋϷȄҡࣀӵፏᙠȃஶȃԊӻ೻έୢ‫ޟ‬ΡȂϚծԤՌϏ‫ޟ‬ПِȂӵ݈Ⴚȃ໽ॵಬᄛ
ΰȂζ഍Ԥ৯౴ȞCech 1987, 1993; Houston and Wright 2003; Lopez 1998; Stoddard
1994ȟȄԃ‫ݎ‬ौᇳȂӵ 1959 ԑࠉȂᄇӵԋኂ၇Ᏸಬ۠ఀఀဎᇄᐣѬ‫ޟ‬ჄߵঈȂఀࣂ‫ޟ‬
༈‫ܛ‬оЅఀࣂϞ໢‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃ࢐тঈРலҡࣀϛᜰЖ‫ޟ‬ដᚠȂ٥ቄȂᄇܻҡࣀӵԋኂѴ
‫ޟ‬ΙૡᙠΡ‫پ‬ᇳȂӴ୿അԙ‫ޟ‬ᄛಬ৯౴Ȃϗ࢐тঈୢᒱΡတശ१ौ‫ޟ‬ᏵᙤȄ
հ࣏ȶፏᙠ‫ޟ‬ΡȷȞbod paȟȃȶஶ‫ޟ‬ΡȷȞkhams paȟȃȶԊӻ‫ޟ‬ΡȷȞa mdo baȟȂ
Ϛծӵࢺιࠉ࢐σഋϷᙠΡୢտ‫܄‬Ԫ‫ޟ‬१ौ୤ՃȂӵࢺιࡣȂϫณ࢐಑Ιфࢺι‫ޱ‬ӵ
ཱི‫ོ࡚ޥ‬ҳΡတᜰ߽ശкौ‫ޟ‬அᙃȂ೻ഋϷЎ‫ڏ‬џо௃Ԟ෈АᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ಢԙᢎᄆ‫ڗ‬Ȅ࿋
ᙠΡ໠ۖӵӟ࡙ࢇ‫ۺ‬Ϸ଩‫ޟ‬πӴΰ࡚ҳАᏪୢਢȂтঈσഋϷ഍࢐ਲ਼ᐃ‫پ‬Ռ‫ޟ‬ୢ୿Ȃ
ᒵᐅौΙଔҡࣀ‫ޟ‬ΡတȂӴ୿৯౴ܻ࢐ԙ࣏АᏪୢΡတᆹ໱‫ޟ‬१ौ੫ՓȞCech 1987,
1993; Houston and Wright 2003ȟȄӰԪȂԞ෈ӣএАᏪୢϛ։‫ٺ‬ԆӵϚӣఀࣂ‫ޟ‬ΡတȂ
ծۨҕӵӴ୿धශΰ‫ޟ‬ӣ፴‫ࣺ࢐ࠓܒ‬࿋ଽ‫ޟ‬ȞԃȂࣱ࢐‫پ‬ՌஶȃԊӻ‫ܖ‬ፏᙠ‫ޱ‬ȂԤ‫ࠌٲ‬
࢐‫پ‬Ռࣺߖ؆ဣ‫ޱ‬ȟȄࣥՍӵॄఀАᏪୢȶӻ៌ӡȷԙҳਢȂӓӣ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊᗶณ‫ٺ‬ு
೻ΙတΡ҈કӴ୿৯౴‫߈ޟ‬အՄᆹۨӵΙଔȂծ௃ۨҕঈ‫ࡐܘޟ‬ϷҀȞَყ 3ȟȂ൷џ
оࣼ‫ڗ‬Ӵ୿‫ܒ‬ᇯӣϫณլԤϚџ‫ڥ‬ф‫ޟ‬१ौ‫ܒ‬ȂԃȂ‫پ‬ՌԊӻ‫ޟ‬Ρᆧਚ๿‫܄‬Ԫ࡚ҳଔ
6
157
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
‫௶ڍ‬՞ࡐȂԙ࣏ϬР؆ҕᆎ‫ ޟڳ‬Amdo lineȂՄ‫پ‬Ռፏᙠ Chung Lung Ӵୢ‫ޱ‬Ȃࠌ໱ϛۨ
՞ӵ‫ޟّݬ‬ѪΙ୏Ȃ‫ל‬ԙ Chung Lung LineȂଶԪȂ‫پ‬Ռஶ‫ޟ‬ΡȂ‫ڏ‬՞ࡐζӻᎬߖ‫܄‬
ԪȄ
७ᄇ಑Ιфࢺι‫ޱ‬ԃԪਲ਼౏အ‫ޟھ‬Ӵ୿ᘪ឴ཐȂࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ौࡩቄ҈કӴ୿ᑞଔ‫ޟ‬
ΡတࣨጣȂ஼፡Ιএ‫ڎ‬Ԥଽ࡙ӣ፴‫୽ޟܒ‬ఊ྅‫܈‬ȉԃӣ‫ר‬ঈӵ୽ོфߒ‫ޟ‬ಢԙϛ‫ࣼܚ‬
‫ޟڗ‬Ȃࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬Ңգఀ߬ӉȂ೻এඁн೿๖Ο೻έএୢ୿σഋϷΡတ‫ޟ‬ҡࣀ੫ՓȂၐ
ყ዁ጙӴ୿‫ܒ‬৯౴‫ܚ‬৤౪‫ޟ‬ΡတࣨጣȂ஼፡ӵӴ୿৯տϞΰȂ۠ఀҡࣀᖒᛮଔ‫ޟ‬Ρတ
ӓӣᐣѬ‫ڼ‬ၼоЅМϽᆠડȂϗ࢐ȶ୽ఊȷுоԆӵи҆໸‫៉۽‬ήў‫ޟ‬ཎဎȂᙤԪϻ୚
юΙএࢇ‫ݽ‬ᇄఊတМϽᛠࣺࣨಒӫ‫୽ޟ‬ఊད჋Ȅ๋‫ีޱ‬౪Ȃ೻ኺ‫୽ޟ‬ఊད჋Ȃ։‫ڗٺ‬
ϬЈȂᄇσഋϷ‫ޟ‬಑Ιфࢺι‫ޱ‬ՄِȂϫณ࢐ࣺ࿋ཱིȃࣥՍ५ҡ‫ޟ‬྅‫܈‬ȂณՄȂആႆ
ఀ‫ى‬оЅӨᆍȶ୽ఊȷቈԒ‫ޟ‬१ፒ৤ᅋȞԃȂо 1959 ԑ 3 Т 11 Р‫ܜ‬ᙡଔဎ࣏क‫୽ޟ܈‬
ኊР National Day ้ȟȂࠓംᅚ‫ڥ‬фᙟԤ‫ޟ‬Ӵ୿ᇯӣȂԙ࣏ࢺι಑Πȃ಑έфۡဎՌ‫ר‬
‫ޟ‬१ौ྅‫܈‬Ȅ
೻এӵࢺι௑ც၇ี৤ଔ‫୽ޟپ‬ఊ፣क़ᗶณ஠ஶȃԊӻȃፏᙠ‫ޟ‬գఀఀࣂಛӫଔ
‫پ‬ȂഺഅюΙএӣ፴‫ܒ‬խн࡞ଽ‫୽ޟ‬ఊད჋Ȃࠓζӵӣਢ໢Ȃ௶ଶΟϚ࢐գఀ‫ڏޟ‬т
ΡတȂ‫ٽ‬ԃȂЍኵࢺιՍӟ࡙߬Ӊᑘ඼‫ޟݓ‬ᙠΡȞ೻‫ٲ‬ᙠΡӻјۨ՞ӵൂϧԽᅭΙ
ளȟȂ൷ೝ‫ׇ‬Ӓ௶ଶӵ೻এ਱࢜ϞѴȂՄᇄգఀᜰ߽዁ጙ‫ॄޟ‬ఀȂࠌೝ௰өΙএϚ‫ޣ‬ၾ
၎ೝԃդۡဎ‫ޟ‬ᔪ࢏՝ညȄ೻এᔪ࢏‫ޟ‬՝ညȂζ໠ంΟࢺι‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȂЎ‫ڏ‬ୈ࣏
ሴᏲُՓ‫ޟ‬ჄߵঈȂᄇॄఀ‫ـ‬തᔖ၎ӵ೻এཱིᑹี৤‫ޟ‬ՙᙠ୽ఊ፣क़ϛȂլᐃϧቄኺ
‫ޟ‬՝ညȂᇄࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬оЅգఀӨఀࣂሴ೟৤໠ߖϤΪԑᜰܻॄఀ࢐ϧቄȃॄఀᇄգఀ
ᄇՙᙠМϽଓᝦӨ࢐ϧቄ‫៝ޟ‬፣Ȅ
7
АᏪୢ‫࡚ޟ‬ҳȈ௃Ӵ୿ᇯӣ‫ڗ‬оȶॄఀȷ࣏ਯЖ‫ޟ‬Ρတᆹ໱
ጢଔ
ࢺι௑ცߴԙΟՙᙠ୽ఊཎᜋ‫ีޟ‬৤ȂծᄇࢺιᙠΡϛΡኵ༉լ 5%‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬
ȞCech 1987, 1993ȟ‫پ‬ᇳȂՙᙠ୽ఊཎᜋ‫ีޟ‬৤Ȃࠓ࣏тঈ‫ࢺޟ‬ιҡࣀள‫؁پ‬ӻ३‫ڙ‬ᇄ
֨ცȄॶӑȂӵࢇ‫ݽ‬ΰȂ1960 ԑ౰ҡ‫ࢺޟ‬ιࢇ‫ོ୽ۺ‬Ȃ‫ׇ‬Ӓ௶ଶॄఀ‫ޟ‬фߒ‫ܒ‬Ȃ‫ؠ‬Ԥ
୽ོфߒȂߒҰ࿋ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ӵ୦ଆ۠ఀࣺᜰ‫๊ࢇޟ‬ᇄ‫ٱ‬୛ਢȂॄఀฒ‫ݲ‬оΙএᐿҳ‫ޟ‬
۠ఀ‫ܖ‬ఀࣂȂ୤ᇄ‫ڥތٮ‬ՌϏӵ‫ڏ‬ϛ‫᠌ޟ‬ઉȂ೨ӻ‫ڧ‬೤‫ޱ‬഍ඪ‫ڗ‬ȂԞ෈ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ෆԤ
158
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
State of Himachal Pradesh
INDIA
ყ 2 ӻ៌ӡȞDolanjiȟАᏪୢ՝ညყ
Ȟၥਟ‫ྛپ‬ȈȶΞΪϤԑ࡙ࠒ‫ࢺٳ‬ιᙠΡ୊ஶߴ໌ं‫ـ‬ॎห
Ȟ಑ѲԑȟșᚂᕛΡΨஉଋॎหȞ಑Π໦ࢲȟȷ
ॎหਪϛ Lhati Nyima Dhundup ᇧհϞӴყȞ଒
ღ‫ݲ‬ΡᇃᢊՙᙠҺࢺஅߜོ 2006ȟȟ
159
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
ඁԩӵӨఀࣂϛᒴᒵჄߵ‫࢐ܖ‬ԑሆᏰҡȂ၄օтঈ‫ڏڗ‬т୽ড়‫ڧ‬ఀ‫ى‬ȂॄఀӰ࣏ȶϚ឴
ܻೝᇯџ‫ޟ‬ఀࣂȷȂฒ‫ݲ‬୤ᇄȄ‫ ڗޢ‬1977 ԑॄఀфߒೝёΣ୽ོȃॄఀᇄգఀѲσఀ
ࣂ໠ۖ‫ٮ‬Ӗ࣏ᙠΡϤσ۠ఀ༈ಛȂॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ᡝ‫ڙ‬ϛϗ໠ۖԤีᖐ‫ޟ‬ᐠ
ོȄ
ଶΟࢇ‫ݽ‬ΰ‫֨ޟ‬ცȂӵҡࣀΰȂԞ෈ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ζႄ‫ڗ‬೨ӻтঈӵࢺιࠉඁнϚ
ෆ७ᄇ‫ޟ‬୰ᚠȄАᏪୢ၇Өএఀࣂ౅ۨ‫ޟ‬๖‫ݎ‬Ȃ‫ॄٺ‬ఀᇄգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃ໠ۖᢎᄆȃཎ
ᜋ‫܄ڗ‬ԪϞ໢‫ޟ‬৯౴ȂԃȈᙽငПө‫ޟ‬Ϛӣȃοᇫ mantraȞЖ‫ڱ‬ʝઍِȟ‫ޟ‬৯౴ȃ۠ఀ
ۖઠ‫ޟ‬ϚӣȂӔёΰȂ೨ӻգఀჄߵӵө‫߬ڏ‬Ӊ‫ޱ‬၌ភॄఀ࢐ϧቄ‫ޟ‬ਢঐȂல஠ॄఀ
‫ל‬ৠ࣏౴ఀȞmu stegs paȟȂᇳॄఀ‫ޟ‬ൌიོҢ‫ד‬೚ȃ༃៳‫ݲ‬Ȃᗙོమҡ้ȂϚ࢐ԁ‫ޟ‬
գఀ৶Ȃ‫࢐ܖ‬ᇳॄఀ‫ޟ‬င‫ڐ‬഍࢐‫ש‬᠛գఀ‫ޟ‬ȂϚծ‫ש‬᠛ᗙၐყ‫׽‬ᡐȂϗ‫ٺ‬ுॄఀ‫ޟ‬ቈ
Ԓࣼଔ‫پ‬ၭգఀ࡞჋Ȃծᙽင‫ޟ‬ПөࠓࣺІȄ೻‫ٲ‬Ԟ෈‫ِޟ‬፣Ȃ‫ٺ‬ுҏ‫پ‬ӵࢺιᙠΡ
ϛΡኵШ‫ٽ‬൷ࣺᄇЍኵ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃல‫ڗڧ‬գఀ߬Ӊ‫௶ޟޱ‬ᔠȂ೨ӻ಑Ιф‫ޟ‬؆ҕ
഍ඪ‫ڗ‬Ȃӵтঈᇄգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟۨ౅ޱ‬ਢঐȂ࡞ӻΡ഍ϚමᄇѴᖐᆎтঈ࢐ BonpoȞॄఀ
߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȟȂӰ࣏ଶΟོೝࡾࡾᘈᘈȂԤ‫ٲ‬գఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᗙϚ᜹ཎၭтঈӣਹെ૯ȃӬ໻Ȃ
‫࢐ܖ‬ौωࡆϚौၭтঈ‫܁پ‬Ȅ೻‫ٲ‬ငᐣᡗ౪юӵࢺι௑ც၇Ȃॄᇄգ໢‫ޟ‬ఀဎ‫ތ‬፣Ȃ
ϐငϚӔѫ࢐Ⴤߵঈ҆໸७ᄇ‫ޟ‬୰ᚠȂՄ࢐ኄ‫ݿ‬ኇ៪๿‫ܚ‬Ԥॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬ҡࣀȂԞ෈
ࢺι‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȂଶΟौўᄇ‫ޟོޥཱིת‬ᕗც৯౴ᇄᎌᔖ୰ᚠȞѓࢂ੉ঐȃ໽ॵȃᇭ
ِᇄΡတᜰ้߽ȟȂά҆໸७ᄇӵАᏪୢϛȂೝգఀ߬Ӊ‫ړޱ‬ཎ௶ᔠȃ᜞ጢϽ‫ޟ‬Өᆍҡ
ࣀ֨ᜲȄ
ՄᄇॄఀჄߵ‫پ‬ᇳȂтঈ‫ܚ‬७ᖝ‫؁ޟ‬σ֨ცȂӵܻฒ‫ڗײݲ‬ӴПȃζ‫ؠ‬Ԥငາӵ
੕Ѵ१࡚ॄఀ‫ޟ‬ԋ଱ȄЎ‫ڏ‬Ȃ࿋գఀѲσఀࣂ໠ۖӵӨАᏪୢ࡚ҳԋ଱ਢȂॄఀଶΟ
ฒ‫ݲ‬ᕕுࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ၥߜȂζ‫ײ‬Ϛ‫ڗ‬АᏪୢ᜹ཎᡱтঈ࡚ҳॄఀԋ଱ȄՄ‫ؠ‬Ԥԋ଱Ȃ
ᐌএఀࣂ‫ޟ‬༈‫ܛ‬൷७ᖝ֨ᜲȂϚծჄߵঈ‫ؠ‬ԤӴПџо‫៉۽‬тঈ‫۠ޟ‬ఀఀ‫ى‬ȃᖞᒲቈ
Ԓኊ‫ڐ‬ȂΙૡ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ζѫ૖ўАᏪୢϛ‫ޟ‬գఀԋ଱ȃ‫ྱٷ‬գఀ‫ޟ‬ПԒࡶգᇄᙽငȄ೨
ӻॄఀჄߵӰԪ໠ۖ኏ЖȂ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬௑‫ݷ‬ԃ‫ݎ‬᝷៉ήўȂήΙфӵӟ࡙юҡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ
‫ޱ‬ȂོӰ࣏‫ؠ‬Ԥᒲ‫ݲ‬୤ёॄఀԋኂᖞᒲ‫۠ޟ‬ఀቈԒȃ‫ؠ‬Ԥԋ଱ᡱтঈᏰಬॄఀࣺᜰ‫ޟ‬
‫ޣ‬ᜋȂംᅚ‫ן‬଄‫ڏ‬ఀࣂ‫ޟ‬ᐿ੫‫ܒ‬ȂࣥՍоգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȟchos paȟՌᆎȂϚծॄఀఀࣂ༈
‫ޟܛ‬ଋጛོӰԪᘞ௬Ȃ߬Ӊ‫ࢺޟޱ‬ѶശತζོᏲमᐌএఀࣂ߬Ӊ‫ޟ‬ੑѶȄ೻‫ٲ‬ᐊ኏ശ
ࡣߴԙΟ 1967 ԑॄఀАᏪୢоЅ‫ڍ‬ԑࡣॄఀԋኂ Menri ‫࡚ޟ‬ҳȄ
ӻ៌ӡ‫࡚ޟ‬ҳȂ࢐ॄఀჄߵՌ՗ө੕Ѵ༓໱ၥߜ‫ޟ‬ԙ‫ݎ‬Ȃငҥछ୽ȶЈкఀ௿ᔼ
160
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
ོȷȞ Catholic Relief Services Ȃ CRS ȟ‫ޟ‬ၥߜ‫ڞ‬օȂॄఀჄߵоȶ Tibetan Bonpo
Foundationȷ‫ޟ‬அߜོӪᆎີήπӴȂՄശߑ‫پ‬Ԫۨ՞‫ ޟ‬87 ИۨҕȂࠌԙ࣏ Tibetan
Bonpo Foundation ‫ޟ‬җδོষȂ‫៉۽‬ՍϬȄ೻এАᏪୢ‫࡚ޟ‬ҳȂџоᇳ࢐ࢺι‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬
Ӊ‫۠ڏ៉۽ڥތޱ‬ఀᇯӣ‫ޟ‬໠ۖȂӵ௥ή‫ޟپ‬ѲΪඁԑȂо೻၇‫ॄޟ‬ఀԋ଱࣏ϛЖȂ
ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ଶΟ᝷៉ၭࢺιࢇ‫ڥތۺ‬тঈӵ୽ོដষৰԩ‫ޟ‬фߒ᠌ȂоЅॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬
ᇄգఀ߬Ӊ‫҆ޱ‬໸ӣ้‫ٴ‬Ԥ‫ݽࢇޟ‬ȃ‫ོޥ‬ȃငᔼ้ȶϴҕȷ᠌ցȂζ໠ۖ‫׽ڥތ‬ғࢺι
ࢇ‫ۺ‬ю‫ޟގ‬Ᏸਮ፞ҏϛᄇॄఀଔྛᇄ༈‫ܛ‬ᐣѬ‫ޟ‬ȶϚ࿋ȷජक़Ȃ‫ٮ‬ᑖྃี৤ॄఀ߬Ӊӵ
‫ڏ‬т୽ড়ȂЎ‫ڏ‬ዉȃछ୽Ӵୢ‫ޟ‬༈ኬȄ
௃ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵࢺιԞ෈‫ܚ‬७ᖝ‫֨ޟ‬ცȂ‫ר‬ঈџоี౪Ȃӵࢺι‫ޟ‬ҡࣀᕗც၇Ȃ
ᜰܻॄఀ࢐ϧቄȃॄఀ߬Ӊᇄգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟ‬৯౴ӵ঺၇้୰ᚠȂϐငԙ࣏‫ܚ‬Ԥ߬Ӊॄఀ
‫ޟ‬ΡတȂϚ፣࢐Ⴤߵ‫ܖ‬Ιૡ߬ಀȂؐЈ҆໸७ᄇ‫ޟ‬፞ᚠȄՄॄఀȞBonȟȃॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬
ȞBonpoȟ೻‫ٲ‬ຠཊȂζ໠ۖᄇ೻တΡ‫ޟ‬ҡࣀ౰ҡཱི‫ޟ‬ཎဎȄᄇܻ೻‫ٲ‬ຠཊ‫ޟ‬၌ភȂϐ
ငϚӔѫ࢐ჄߵᜰЖ‫ޟ‬୰ᚠΟȂᗶณȂჄߵঈᗙ࢐‫׸‬ᅋ๿ఀᏲȃሴᏲ‫ޟ‬१ौُՓȂծ
ඁнؐΙএॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬഍໠ۖཐ‫ڗڧ‬ՌϏᇄ೻‫ٲ‬୰ᚠ‫ޟ‬೿๖ȂՄӱ๎೻‫ٲ‬୰ᚠ‫ޟ‬ႆ
แȂϚ፣࢐ᇄգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬७ᄇ७‫ތޟ‬፣Ȃ‫ॄ࢐ܖ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫܄ޱ‬ԪϞ໢ᄇՌ٘೎ცоЅࢺ
ιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᄘ࡙‫ޟ‬ፙ፣Ȃ‫ڏ‬ᄂ൷࢐ΙএϚᘞӵ၌ភȃᚄ఼ՌϏᇄтΡᜰ߽‫ޟ‬ႆแȄ๋‫ޱ‬ᇯ
࣏Ȃ೻࢐ȶȞॄఀȟ‫ޥ‬တཎᜋȷ໠ۖӵѹ‫ى‬ȃ࡚ᄺ‫ޟ‬ႆแȄӵ೻এႆแϛȂԤ‫ޟཱིٲ‬ϯ
શȂԃȂࡻ៉ӵี৤‫ޟ‬ՙᙠ୽ఊ፣क़Ȃ‫࢐ܖ‬ംᅚቨё‫ޟ‬ᄇॄఀԤᑹ፸‫ޟ‬Ѵ୽Ᏸ‫ޱ‬ȃॄ
ఀӵዉछӴୢ‫ᜓޟ‬օ‫ޱ‬ᇄ߬ಀȂࣥՍϛ୽ࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ᄘ࡙Ȃ഍ೝࡻ៉ȃϚᘞӴё໌‫پ‬ȂՄ
ᙟ‫ޟ‬ϯશȂ‫ٽ‬ԃȂॄఀင‫ڐ‬ϛ‫ޟ‬଄क़ȃԞ෈ॄఀᇄգఀჄߵ໢ᄇఀဎ༈‫ތޟܛ‬፣Ȃࠌ
ོӰᔖཱིϯશ‫ޟ‬ೝёΣՄ१ཱི፡ᐌ‫܄‬Ԫ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃ࢚‫ٲ‬ϯશོೝംᅚ‫܇‬౱‫؜్ܖ‬Ȃ࢚
‫ٲ‬Ȃԃॄఀᇄຫ໰д୽‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃࠌོӵ೻এႆแϛೝ‫ړ‬ཎ஼፡‫ܖ‬१ཱིၛភȄ
঄ு‫ݧ‬ཎ‫࢐ޟ‬Ȃ࿋೻‫ॄٲ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ࢺޱ‬ι‫ڗ‬੕Ѵ‫ޟ‬ਢঐȂтঈϞ໢‫ޟ‬৯౴࢐࡞σ
‫ޟ‬Ȃтঈ‫پ‬ՌϚӣ‫ޟ‬ӴୢȂᖿ๿Ϛӣ‫ޟ‬ПِȂჄߵϞ໢ࠌ࢐ᗵ឴ܻϚӣ‫ޟ‬ԋ଱Ȃ։‫ٺ‬
ӵσ਱࢜‫ॄޟ‬ఀ༈ಛήȂӨӴԋ଱ζӨՌԤ‫ڏ‬ᐣѬ༈‫ܛ‬ᇄӴ୿‫ܒ‬੫ՓȄӰԪȂ೻‫ॄٲ‬
ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬໢‫ޟ‬೿๖ӵࢺιԞ෈‫ٮ‬Ϛ஼ȂࣥՍџоᇳ࢐ճܻтঈᄇӴ୿‫ޟ‬ᇯӣཐȂζ࢐
Ӱ࣏೻এনӰȂ‫ٺ‬ுтঈӵܰႀӟ࡙ࡣȂӻј࢐‫ྱٷ‬ᙟԤ‫ޟ‬Ӵ୿྅‫܈‬ȂՄߨӓӣ‫ޟ‬ఀ
ࣂ߬ӉȂᒵᐅۨ՞‫ޟ‬АᏪୢȂԃȂ‫پ‬Ռஶ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃ൷ོўᒵᐅσഋϷ഍࢐ஶୢ
Ρۨ՞‫ޟ‬АᏪୢȄџ࢐ംᅚ‫ޟ‬Ȃ೻‫ٲ‬ඹဣӵϚӣАᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ΡȂࠓӓӣӰ࣏тঈ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ
߬ӉȂᎏ‫ڧ‬գఀ߬Ӊ‫௶ޟޱ‬ᔠȃࢺιࢇ‫௶ޟۺ‬ଶᇄ‫܇‬ຜȂ‫ٺ‬ு೻တΡ‫܇‬ณϞ໢ȂӰ࣏
161
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
ȶ߬Ӊॄఀȷ‫ޟ‬ӓӣ٘ϷೝᏗᆹӵΙଔȄ
೻এ߬Ӊ‫ޟ‬ӓӣ‫ܒ‬Ȃӵӻ៌ӡ࡚ҳࡣȂάϚᘞೝ஼፡ᇄё஼Ȃ௃ϱȂॄఀჄߵ໠
ۖᐊ॒ଔఀᏲۨҕȞЎ‫ڏ‬ӵӟ࡙юҡ‫ޟ‬಑Πȃ಑έфȟդᒝॄఀȃ࣏ϧቄтঈོೝգఀ
߬Ӊ‫௶ޱ‬ᔠȂоЅ࣏ϧቄգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᄇтঈ‫ࡾޟ‬೰Ȟԃ٣ఀȃ౴ఀȃ༃៳‫้ݲ‬ȟ഍឴υ
ຎ੩ԤȇѪѴȂ௃ѴഋȂ೨ӻॄఀ߬Ӊ‫࣏ޱ‬Ο‫؁‬௥ߖॄఀ‫ޟ‬ԋ଱ᇄჄߵȂζિિ᎐ಋ
‫ڗ‬ӻ៌ӡȂ‫ٺ‬ு೻এАᏪୢӵգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬оЅࢺιࢇ‫پࣼۺ‬Ȃ࢐Ιএॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᆹۨ
‫ޟ‬ӴПȂ೨ӻգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬џ૖Ϛ‫ޣ‬ၾ೻এАᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ӪԅȂծ‫ޣ‬ၾԤΙএ Bonpo
SettlementȞॄఀАᏪୢȟԆӵȄՄ೻ኺυ௃ϱȃ௃Ѵ໠ۖю౪‫ޟ‬Ȃ஠ۨ՞ӵӻ៌ӡ‫ޟ‬೻
တΡຜ࣏ଽӣ፴‫ޟܒ‬ᄘ࡙ȂоЅӻ៌ӡሴᏲ໦ቹᄇАᏪୢᏗᆹΨ‫ޟ‬ֆΨȂ‫ٺ‬ுনҏϱ
ഋ౴፴‫࡞ܒ‬ଽ‫ޟ‬೻ΙတΡȂᄇܻՌ٘ȶॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȷ‫٘ޟ‬ϷȂ໠ۖ౰ҡΟΙ‫ࢺٲ‬ιϞࠉ
џ૖‫ؠ‬Ԥ‫ޟ‬ᇯӣཐȄ௥ή‫پ‬Ȃ๋‫ޱ‬஠௃АᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ಢᙑЅ‫ڏ‬ၼհПԒȂଆ፣‫ڎ‬Ԥ஼੨Ӵ
୿ᇯӣཎᜋ‫ޟ‬಑Ιф߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃԃդպ݈‫܄‬Ԫ‫ޟ‬৯౴Ȃӵ೻এАᏪୢ࡚ҳཱི‫ޟ‬ҡࣀપ
‫ו‬Ȅ
АᏪୢ‫ޟ‬྅‫ݷ‬ᇄၼհ
৴ဣӵ੕‫ ܦ‬4000 ֐όй໢‫ޟ‬ӻ៌ӡȂೝ‫ّݬ‬Ϸ࣏‫ڍ‬јȞَყ 3 ᇄყ 4ȟȂӵ‫ޟݬ‬Ι
᜞Ȃόഥᖓҳ๿ Menri ԋ଱Ȃјόဖࠌ࢐ͱԅ࠮‫ޟ‬ᏰਮȞCST DolanjiȟȂ೻Ι୏Ӱ࣏ᆧ
᎑๿೽‫ ܁‬Solan ᚊȞSolan ࢐ᖒ๜ ShimlaȃChandigarh ᇄ Delhi ໢‫ޟ‬ϛ᝷મȂَყ 2ȟ‫ޟ‬
ၾၯȂᄇѴᖒ๜ၶ࣏П߯ȂघέϷϞΠ‫ۨޟ‬ҕȞ59 ИȂَყ 3ȟ഍ۨ՞ӵԪȇ‫ޟݬ‬ѪΙ
୏ȞۨҕಬᄛᆎϞ࣏ the nunnery sideȂَყ 3ȟȂ৴ဣ๿ω࠮ШйѻஹȂоЅ 28 ИۨҕȄ
ӵ౪ф‫ޟ‬Ы‫ݫ‬ᐝ࡚ԙϞࠉȂԞ෈ۨҕ༉૖‫ٷ‬Ꭼᖝਢས࡚‫ޟ‬Уᐝ෮‫ݬ‬Ȃߦ۟෈໢Ȟؐԑ‫ޟ‬
7-9 ТȟȂ෿ࡨ‫ޟ‬Ыࢺ‫ོ܁܁‬஠Уᐝృ‫ྒ؟ܖؠ‬Ȃ೻ᄇۨ՞ӵШйѻஹΙ୏‫ۨޟ‬ҕ‫پ‬
ᇳȂ࢐ࣺ࿋σ‫ޟ‬ബྮȂӰ࣏ԃ‫ݎ‬ौႆ‫ڗݬ‬ᚊΰ၄๝ᙐॵᇄҡࣀ҆ሯࠢȂ൷҆໸้‫ڗ‬Ы
՝ή६‫ڗ‬Ιۡแ࡙Ȃ೻Ι้ငல൷࢐έȃѲЈȂࣥՍ‫؁‬δȄଶԪȂۨҕঈζඪ‫ڗ‬Шй
ѻஹ‫ޟ‬Ι୏ҥܻ՝ӵधό७ȂϚৠܾೝЊ໨ྱৢȂӰԪШଔԋኂΙ୏Ȃь۟‫࣏؁‬ᕆ
վȂ೻ζᏲम೨ӻۨ՞ӵШйѻஹΙ୏‫ޟ‬ϛՂԑΡȂငல࣏ॳᕆ้੽੾‫ܚ‬वȄ೨ӻۨ
ҕӵජक़ਢ഍ོඪ‫ڗ‬ȂШйѻஹΙ୏‫ޟ‬ҡࣀᕗცጂᄂϚ࢐ЊԁȄณՄȂ࣏ϧቄᗙԤέ
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164
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྽‫ॺך‬খཚ‫ډ‬ӭើӓ‫ޑ‬ਔংǴࡐӭΓᇡࣁ‫ॺך‬ό཮ӧԜӦΦ੮Ǵдॺ
ᇡࣁࡐ‫ॺךז‬൩ёаӣ‫ډ‬ՋᙒΑǴ‫܌‬аӧϩଛӚЊ‫ޑ‬βӦਔǴόϿΓᒧ᏷
ၨ೦ዣՠҬ೯ၨߡճ‫ޑ‬΋ୁȴ᎞߈ӽଣᆶЂᏜ୔Εα‫ޑ‬΋ୁȵǴЀ‫ٗࢂځ‬
٤ٰԾ Amdo ‫ޑ‬ΓǴдॺவՋᙒᚆ໒ਔ஥ΑόϿ੧ᝊǴКၨԖᒲǴΨᇡࣁ
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ηǶ࣬ၨϐΠவ Kham ၟ Chung Lung ٰ‫ޑ‬Γ൩Кၨ೦ጁǴӢԜ‫ॺך‬ሡा
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βӦࢂߚதख़ा‫ޑ‬ǴѬࢂёаߥ᛾ғࢲֹ᏾‫ޑ‬ख़ाӢનǶȐ YontenǴ60
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෈Ȃт‫ڦڦޟ‬ෆငӵ Shimla ௃‫ٱ‬഼ΨώհȂᔓԔওၯȂ‫ ڗޢ‬1967 ԑӻ៌ӡ࡚ҳȂϗள
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ُՓȂΡတϞ໢‫ོޥޟ‬ϣଢ଼ϚծᙤԪୢϷ‫܄‬ԪȂζᙤԪۡဎࣺϣ‫ޟ‬এ‫ܒ‬੫፴ȃࣥՍҡ
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ΡȂխнШၶጏȂҡࣀሯौ‫ٷ‬ᎬેᆍᆰҡȂζೝഋϷԊӻ‫ޟ‬Ρ‫׳‬ຟᖿၗШၶಗᏇȃϚ
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ள๿ୢ୿ཎᜋ‫ޟ‬ΡတୢϷȂғ࢐ӻ៌ӡত࡚ҳਢΡတ‫ོޥ‬ҡࣀ‫ޟ‬ቸྱȂϚծᡗ౪ӵড়
И‫ޟ‬ϷҀΰȞ։Ȃ‫پ‬Ռӓӣୢ୿‫ޟ‬ΡӻјᆹۨӵΙଔȟȂζџо௃АᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ಢᙑᇄၼհ
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450 ΡȟȂоЅۨ՞ӵᏰਮਠȶॄఀ‫็ڋ‬Ϟড়ȷȞBon Children’s HomeȂBCHȟ घ 250
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ϛȂߝਢ໢ҡࣀӵӻ៌ӡ‫ޟ‬Ȃӻ࢐ 16ȃ17 ྑоήӵАᏪୢ‫ߖߣܖ‬Ᏸਮ‫܈‬ਪ‫ޱ‬Ȃ‫ ࢐ܖ‬60
ྑоΰ‫ޟ‬ԑߝ‫ޱ‬Ȟ஠ߖѲϷϞΙȟȄ18-59 ྑ‫ֵߧޟ‬ΡοȂҁਢӻјӵӟ࡙ӨӴ‫ޟ‬σ࠲
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165
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
࣏ᔓԔড়၇‫ޟ‬ᚕೲ۹‫ܖ‬ӵАᏪୢϱӈᙛȞԃᐊӈАᏪୢфߒȃBCH ‫ܖ‬ԋኂ՗ࢇᙛ୛
‫ޱ‬ȟȂՄᇄড়Ρߝԑۨ՞ӵԪȄζӰ࣏σഋϷઍᄂҡࣀӵАᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ӻ࢐ԑकၶߝ‫ޟ‬Ρ
οȂ೻‫ٲ‬Ρζԙ࣏౪ϬАᏪୢϱӨಢᙑၼհ‫ޟ‬кौ୤ᇄ‫ޱ‬ȂѓࢂᐊӈАᏪୢ‫ۏ‬ষོ‫ޟ‬
‫ۏ‬ষоЅӴ୿‫ޥܒ‬ღ‫ޟ‬фߒȄ
ӵАᏪୢ࡚ҳࡣȂۨҕঈ߯‫ྱٷ‬ӨՌ‫ྛپޟ‬ӴȂՌଢ଼ಢԙѲএϣօӴ୿‫ޥ‬ღȂϷ
տ࢐ KhamȃAmdoȃChung Lung ᇄ JadurȞَߒ 1ȟȂ‫ޥ‬ღϱԙষоড়И࣏൐՝ȂИߝ
հ࣏ӨИфߒȂϚۡ෈ᖞᒲӴ୿‫ޟܒ‬ኊ‫ࣀڐ‬ଢ଼ᇄഏᓡ้ོȄ೻ѲএӴ୿‫ޥ‬ღȂԙ࣏಑
Ιфۨҕӵӻ៌ӡ࡚ҳཱི‫ޟ‬Ρሬᜰ߽ᆩ๜‫ޟ‬அᙃȂζᡗ౪ю։‫ٺ‬Ӱ࣏ӓӣ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ
‫ڗپ‬ӻ៌ӡȂᄇσഋϷ಑Ιф‫ࢺޟ‬ι‫ޱ‬ՄِȂӴ୿‫ܒ‬ᇯӣϫณ࢐тঈୢᒱΡȃ‫ר‬ᜰ߽
ശ१ौ‫ޟ‬அᙃȂՄ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬Ӵ୿ཎᜋȂζ໌Ι؏ᇄԋኂჄߵ౰ҡ೿๖Ȉᄇ೨ӻড়И‫پ‬
ᇳȂ‫پ‬ՌӣӴୢ‫ޟ‬Ⴤߵ‫܁܁‬഍࢐тঈᓺӑ‫ټ‬Ꮄ‫ޟ‬ᄇຫȄΙ‫ڗޢ‬౪ӵȂᗶณᄇσഋϷ‫ޟ‬
಑Πȃ಑έф߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ՄِȂԞ෈‫ޟ‬Ӵ୿ᇯӣϐϚӔ࢐тঈᇄΡ‫܁پ‬ਢོ੫տᜰЖ‫ޟ‬୰
ᚠȂծആႆ಑Ιф‫࡚ܚ‬ҳଔ‫ޟپ‬ӣӴୢჄߵᇄড়И໢‫ޟ‬஝ϸ‫پ܁‬ȂϫณџоӵϚЍড়
৳ϛࣼ‫ڗ‬Ȅ‫ٽ‬ԃȂ࿋ۨҕᗜ፜ԋኂჄߵ‫ڗ‬՞ড়໌՗ஔൊ൉ኊ้ቈԒਢȂӻኵ഍ᗙ࢐ོ
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லོ‫ڗ‬АᏪୢϛᇄՌϏȶӣ໐ȷ‫ޟ‬ড়ИϛհࡊȄ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ΡတୢϷȂЎ‫ڏ‬ӵӻ៌ӡত࡚
ҳȃԻኀ࡟ᑹਢȂζԙ࣏АᏪୢሴᏲ‫҆ޱ‬໸७ᄇ‫ޟ‬୰ᚠȂ։ȂԃդӵӴ୿৯౴ϞΰȂ
оӓӣ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊհ࣏АᏪୢۨҕᏗᆹ‫ޟ‬ਯЖȂ௰ଢ଼АᏪୢϱӨ໶‫ٱ‬୛‫໌ޟ‬՗Ȅ‫ר‬ঈ
ӵΰ࿽ඪ‫ࢺڗ‬ιࢇ‫ۺ‬ցҢգఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟ‬ᐌӫ‫ܒ‬Ȃၐყպ݈Ӵ୿ᇯӣள‫ޟپ‬Ρတ৯౴ᇄዖ
ӵፐएȂӣኺӴȂӵӻ៌ӡ࡚ҳࡣȂАᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ሴᏲჄߵȂζၐყցҢॄఀ߬Ӊհ࣏Ρ
ߒ 1 ӻ៌ӡ‫ޟ‬ѲএӴ୿‫ޥ‬ღȂ2007-2009
ӴୢӪᆎ
ড়ИኵҬ
26 И
Kham (khams)
26 И
Amdo (a mdo)
21 И
Chung Lung (khyung lung)
14 И
Jadur (bya dur)
ᖂॎИኵ
87 И
Ȟհ‫ޱ‬ᇧߒȂ2007-2009Ȃϱৠҥӻ៌ӡღᏪୢᒲϴࡉඪ‫ټ‬ȟ
166
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တᏗᆹ‫ޟ‬ӓӣҬ኿Ȃ‫ה‬ఖጥ‫ڷ‬Ӵ୿৯౴ள‫ޟپ‬Ρတ໢‫ޟ‬ᆧ஻ཐȂ೻এо۠ఀᇯӣᐌӫ
Ӵ୿৯౴‫ޟ‬ӌყȂџо௃АᏪୢᆓ౩ಢᙑ‫ޟ‬೩ॎϛ఼ཿࣼ‫ڗ‬Ȅ
ӻ៌ӡ౪ӵ࢐ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ӵӟ࡙ცϱ‫ܚ‬ᗒ‫ ޟ‬38 এᙠΡАᏪୢϞΙȂӰԪȂӵࢺιࢇ
‫ ޟ ۺ‬ಁ ϛ Ȃ ӻ ៌ ӡ ‫ ޟ‬ശ ଽ ՗ ࢇ ॶ ߝ ࣏ А Ꮺ ୢ Ȟ ՗ ࢇ ȟ ф ߒ Ȟ Settlement
Officer/RepresentativeȟȂҥ 87 И‫ޟ‬АᏪୢۨҕ‫׹‬ಉᒵюȂӈ෈έԑȂؐΡџ೿ӈΙԩȇ
АᏪୢфߒᖂ౩‫ܚ‬Ԥ‫ޟ‬АᏪୢ‫ٱ‬୛Ȃөΰ‫ޢ‬௥ᄇࢺιࢇ‫॒ۺ‬೰ȂՄࢺιࢇ‫ܚޟۺ‬Ԥࢇ
๊Ȃζ࢐‫ޢ‬௥ҺϠӨАᏪୢфߒөۨҕঈࡇᏲᇄ௰ଢ଼ȄณՄȂԃӣ๋‫ޱ‬ӵ಑Ι࿽ඪ‫ڗ‬
‫ޟ‬Ȃӻ៌ӡ‫ޟ‬՗ࢇфߒȂ‫ُڏ‬Փᇄ‫ڏ‬тАᏪୢфߒά฿ԤϚӣȂᄇϱȂӻ៌ӡ‫ޟ‬՗ࢇ
фߒ҆໸өАᏪୢ‫ۏ‬ষོȞ։ȂTibetan Bonpo Foundation ‫ۏޟ‬ষོȟ॒೰ȂনࠌΰȂ‫ܚ‬
Ԥ‫ٱޟ‬୛഍҆໸ӑӵ‫ۏ‬ষོϱଆ፣ȃႀԙӓᜋȂϗ૖໌Ι؏өࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ൢ֙Ȅ
ߒ 2 ࢐ 2007-2009 ԑӻ៌ӡАᏪୢ‫ۏ‬ষོ‫ޟ‬ಢԙȂ‫ڏ‬ԙষӓԤ 14 ΡȂѓࢂ‫ڎ‬Ԥತ٘
‫ۏ‬ষ٘Ϸ‫ޟ‬к‫ۏ‬Ȟpresidentȟᇄ౩‫ٱ‬Ȟdirectorȟȃհ࣏ફਪ‫ޟ‬АᏪୢ՗ࢇфߒȞܻ 2005
ԑငҥᒵᖞ౰ҡȟȂоЅ୙кৰᇄ 11 Ӫ‫ۏ‬ষȞܻ 2006 ԑ 8 Тငҥᒵᖞ౰ҡȟȄк‫ۏ‬ҥ
Menri ԋ଱‫ޟ‬՞ࡻᐊӈȂMenri ԋ଱ө‫پ‬൷࢐ॄఀԋ଱ϞॶȂ‫ڏ‬՞ࡻζ‫܁܁‬ೝຜ࣏ॄఀ
ߒ 2 Tibetan Bonpo Foundation ‫ۏ‬ষོಢԙ
ᷣ⥼炷President炸
䎦ả Menri ⮢昊ỷ㊩烉Lungtok Tenpai Nyima
炷䳪幓借炸
䎮ḳ炷Director炸
Tenzin Namdak Rinpoche
炷䳪幓借炸
䦀㚠炷Secretary炸
Ⱇ⡦⋨埴㓧ẋ堐 Rinchen 炷䓟炻 35 㬚炸
炷ả㛇烉2005-2008炸
∗ᷣ⥼炷Vice President炸 Jadur Sangpo 炷䓟炻 䲬 70 㬚炸
炷ả㛇烉2006-2009炸
℞Ṿ⥼⒉炷ℙ 10 ⎵炸 炷⸜漉↮ⶫ炸
炷ả㛇烉2006-2009炸 30-39 㬚侭烉2 Ṣ (䘮䓟)
50-59 㬚侭烉2 Ṣ炷䘮䓟炸
60-69 㬚侭烉6 Ṣ炷䘮䓟炸
Ȟհ‫ޱ‬ᇧߒȂϱৠҥӻ៌ӡღᏪୢᒲϴࡉܻ 2008 ԑඪ‫ټ‬ȟ
167
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
१ौ‫ޟ‬ᆠડሴ೟ȂࢺιࡣȂάӰ࣏ Menri ԙ࣏੕Ѵ಑Ιএȶ१࡚ȷ‫ॄޟ‬ఀԋ଱ȃ༘ᆹ‫ܚ‬
ԤࢺιՍӟ࡙‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵȂ‫॒޸ڏٺ‬ଔ߳Ԇᇄ༈‫ॄܛ‬ఀఀဎ‫ᝲڐ‬ᇄቈԒቈॗ‫ޟ‬१ौ‫ٺ‬
‫ڼ‬ȂՄ‫ڏ‬՞ࡻȞάᆎ‫ݲ‬дȟζೝຜ࣏࢐૖ஊᏗᆹ‫ܚ‬Ԥॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬ശଽᆠડሴ೟Ȅਲ਼ᐃ
ӻ៌ӡАᏪୢ‫ۏ‬ষོ‫ޟ‬ೣۡȂк‫ۏ‬Ȃ։ȂᄇАᏪୢ‫ٱ‬୛Ԥശଽ‫ޟ᠌ؚۡ‬ΡᒵȂ҆໸ҥ
Menri ‫ޟ‬՞ࡻᐊӈȞήΙӈ‫ޟ‬՞ࡻζ஠ᐊӈԪᙛ୛ȟȄՍܻᐊӈ౩‫ٱ‬ȃӣኺ࣏ತ٘‫ۏ‬ষ
‫ ޟ‬Tenzin Namdak RinpocheȂϚծ࢐ᙟ Menri ԋ଱‫ॶޟ‬ৰᏲৱȞchief tutorȟȂ‫࢐؁‬кᏲ
ӻ៌ӡ࡚ҳ‫ޟ‬ჄߵȂ‫ڏ‬ӵॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ЖϛȂӣኺ‫ڎ‬Ԥߨலதଽ‫ޟ‬Ӵ՝Ȅ‫ۏ‬ষོ‫ޟ‬ફਪ
ҥАᏪୢ‫ޟ‬՗ࢇфߒᐊӈȂՄ୙кৰᇄ 11 Ӫ‫ۏ‬ষȂࠌҥАᏪୢ‫ۨޟ‬ҕϣࣺᒵᖞ౰ҡȂ
ؐԩӈ෈έԑȂ೿ᒵு೿ӈȄ
౩፣ΰȂАᏪୢ‫ۏ‬ষོ҆໸ྱᆓ‫ܚ‬Ԥ‫ޟ‬АᏪୢ‫ٱ‬୛Ȃծ‫ۏ‬ষོ‫ؠٮ‬Ԥ‫ོޟۡھ‬ដ
ਢ໢Ȃਲ਼ᐃ‫ۏ‬ষঈ‫ޟ‬ᇳ݂ȂѫӵԤ१σ‫ٱ‬௑ሯौଆ፣ਢȂફਪϗོѢ໱‫ۏ‬ষঈ໠ོȄ
ӵҁਢȂАᏪୢϱ‫ޟ‬ᅳ࿥‫ٱ‬୛Ȃᗙ࢐ҥАᏪୢфߒ॒೰҈౩ȄАᏪୢфߒؐএ࢑෈഍
ོᇄۨҕՌಢ‫ޟ‬ѲএӴ୿‫ޥ‬ღфߒ໠ོȂ໠ོϱৠӔҥ‫ޥ‬ღфߒᙽႀ๝Өড়ИȂѫԤ
࿋ដᚠሯौ‫؁‬ӻΡ୤ᇄଆ፣ਢȂАᏪୢфߒϗོѢ໱‫ܚ‬Ԥড়И໠ོȄՄӵ೻‫ٲ‬оড়И
‫ܖ‬Ӵ୿фߒ࣏к‫ོޟ‬ដଆ፣ϛȂԃ‫ݎ‬ю౪ਖ਼Ѕϴӓު໢πӴ‫ٺ‬Ң‫ޟ‬୰ᚠȂԃȂۨҕᇯ
࣏ሯौቨ࡚ၾၯ‫ܖ‬ওཱི࡚ᐝȂАᏪୢфߒ൷҆໸ө‫ۏ‬ষོߒႀ໠ོሯؑȄӵඪਰငҥ
‫ۏ‬ষོߒ‫ؚ‬೽ႆࡣȂАᏪୢфߒϗ૖Ӕ஠‫ڏ‬ඪҺ๝ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬Ȃ፜ؑ՗ࢇ‫ܖ‬ၥߜΰ‫ޟ‬Л
ධȄ
ᙏِϞȂАᏪୢϱσഋϷ‫ޟ‬՗ࢇ‫ٱ‬୛Ȃҁਢ഍ҥАᏪୢфߒ॒೰ȂณՄȂ࿋‫ٱ‬୛
ਖ਼ЅᜰнАᏪୢᐌᡝ‫ޟ‬ցઉ‫ߒܖ‬౪ਢȂԃȂࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ଽ໦Ρষ‫پޟ‬೤Ȟѓࢂ಑ΪѲжႀ
ᒦൌიȃࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᖂ౩้Ρ‫ڗޟ‬೤ȟȂ‫ۏ‬ষོ഍҆໸Ѣ໠ོដଆ፣ȂՄ࣏٘кৰ‫ޟ‬ԋ଱
՞ࡻȂ‫ڎ‬Ԥശଽ‫ࡾޟ‬Ᏺᇄ‫᠌ؚۡ‬ȄӰԪ‫ר‬ঈџо೻ቄᇳȂӻ៌ӡ࢐Ιএᄂ፴ΰҥԋ଱
ჄߵሴᏲᇄᆓ౩‫ޟ‬АᏪୢȂᄇ೨ӻჄߵՄِȂ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ၼհ೩ॎȂᄇᐌএ‫ޥ‬ୢȃࣥՍᐌ
এॄఀ‫ޥ‬တӵӟ࡙‫៉۽ޟ‬Ȃ‫ڎ‬Ԥࣺ࿋१ौ‫ޟ‬ȶ߳៖հҢȷȄ঄ு‫ݧ‬ཎ‫࢐ޟ‬Ȃᗶณӻ៌ӡ
ӵԙҳ໠ۖȂ൷ጂҳΟоԋኂ࣏ਯЖ‫ޟ‬ၼհПԒȂณՄӵԞ෈Ȃԋኂႆ࡙ϭΣж߹‫ٱ‬
୛ȞԃȂၐყ࣏ۨҕ໢‫پ܁ޟ‬ᇄπӴિ‫ތ‬ୈӆຘȟ‫ܚ‬Еี‫ތޟ‬ஈᇄІኆϫਢலีҡȞCech
1987ȟȂ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬፴ᅸӵߖඁΪԑȂඁнϚӔีҡȞਲ਼ᐃۨҕঈ‫ޟ‬ᇳ‫ݲ‬ȟȂՄԋኂᄇᐌএ
АᏪୢี৤‫ޟ‬кᏲ՝ညȂխнζ‫؁‬ё݂ᡗȄ๋‫ޱ‬ᇯ࣏Ȃߖԑ‫پ‬ҥܻॄఀӵӨ୽‫߬ޟ‬Ӊ
‫ޱ‬ംᅚቨӻȂ೨ӻ۠ఀϛЖച៉ӵӨӴԙҳȂ۠ఀ‫ีޟཾٱ‬৤ߨலࣀ๜Ȃ௃Ө୽‫ڗپ‬
ӻ៌ӡ‫߬ޟ‬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃζࣺ࿋ӻȄ೻ኺ‫ีޟ‬৤Ȃ‫ٺ‬ு Menri ԋኂԙ࣏АᏪୢȞࣥՍ‫ں‬᜞ӟ࡙
168
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
Ө‫ޥ‬ୢȟࣺ࿋१ौ‫ޟ‬ငᔼЛ࢘ȂӔёΰȂӻ៌ӡ‫ۨޟ‬ҕϛѴಋΡοζംԑቨёȞഋϷড়
Иᗶณϫณ੼ԤИᝲܻԪȂծϐᖞড়᎐‫ڏ܁‬т୽ড়ȟȂᐌএ‫ޥ‬ୢШଔо‫܁‬Ȃ҆໸‫؁‬ё‫ٷ‬
ᒦԋኂϗுоҡԆȄ೻‫ٲ‬ӰશӰՄ஼ϽΟԋኂӵӨП७հ࣏кᏲ‫ޟ‬՝ညȄณՄȂӵή
Ιӈ‫ݲ‬дϞࡣȂMenri ԋ଱࢐֏૖᝷៉ᆰࡻ‫ڏ‬ᄇᐌএАᏪୢ‫ސٱ‬ȞЎ‫ۨ࢐ڏ‬ҕ໢‫܁پޟ‬
ᇄҡࣀ้ж߹‫ٱ‬୛ȟ‫᠌ޟ‬ΨȂϫ঄ு໌Ι؏ᢎᄆᇄଆ፣Ȅ ӵήΙ࿽Ȃ๋‫ޱ‬஠ଆ፣ Menri
ԋኂԙҳࡣȂჄߵঈӵႆўѲΪӻԑԃդ१ཱིၛភॄఀӵՙᙠ୽ఊ፣क़ϛ‫ޟ‬ᐿ੫ᐣѬ
՝ညᇄМϽ٘ϷȂо‫ڥތ‬ҡԆ‫ܚ‬ሯ‫ޟ‬Ө໶ၥྛȄ
9
ॄఀᇯӣ፣क़‫ีޟ‬৤
๋‫ޱ‬ӵࠉМඪ‫ڗ‬Ȃࢺιࢇ‫୽ޟۺ‬ఊ፣क़Ȃ஼፡գఀ࢐ՙᙠМϽ‫ޟ‬ᆠᓍȂՄӵգఀ
Ⴤߵ‫ޟ‬кᏲήȂࢺιࢇ‫ܚۺ‬ᖿक़‫୽ޟ‬ఊᐣѬȂஅҏΰ൷࢐ΙഋգఀӵᙠΡ‫ีޟོޥ‬৤
ѬȂиᐌএᐣѬ‫ޟ‬ฐᘈȂඁнζѫࠁ३ӵፏᙠӴୢ‫ݽࢇޟ‬ᎈ෇Ȅӵ೻ኺ‫୽ޟ‬ఊ፣क़
၇Ȃգఀ‫ޟ‬༈ΣȂೝຜ࣏࢐ՙᙠᐣѬ௃ഏᢍ໌໦‫ڗ‬М݂‫ޟོޥ‬१ौᙽ௺ᘈȂՄЕ໌գ
ఀ‫ٮ‬σΨ௰՗‫ޟ‬ඁএ१ौ୽дȂԃ‫ᜓݘ‬ϓഋȂࠌԙ࣏୽ఊ፣क़၇ೝσΨ௰தȃᢚප‫ޟ‬
़໰ȄࣺІ‫ޟ‬Ȃॄఀಊѧ‫߬࢐ܖ‬Ӊॄఀ‫୽ޟ‬дȂࠌலலೝජक़ԙ࢐ၐყϓᘙȃߢХգ
ఀӵՙᙠ‫ีོޥ‬৤‫ޟ‬ኳᄇ༖ΨȄ೻এоգఀ࣏൵‫ޟ‬ၛភᢎᘈȂϚծ࢐ႆўϤΪӻԑ‫پ‬
ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᄇѴᖿक़୽ఊᐣѬ‫ޟ‬ȶۢП‫ގ‬ҏȷȂ‫ٮ‬иԙ࣏ՙᙠᏰਮᐣѬఀ፞ਪጡቸ‫ޟ‬кौ
নࠌȄ Ι‫ڗޢ‬౪ӵȂᗶณоॄఀᢎᘈ࣏ਯЖȃԤᜰॄఀᐣѬᇄఀဎ‫ޟ‬ണ࿽ϐംᅚӵቨ
ёȂծࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ю‫ޟގ‬ᐣѬఀऋਪ‫֕ܚ‬౪‫ޟ‬ȶ୽ఊᐣѬȷȂᗙ࢐Ιএоգఀఀ‫ݲ‬ѬȞchos
‘byungȟ࣏அᙃȃငႆᒵᐅ‫ޟ‬кᢎ֕౪ȄϚႆȂ೻ඁн࢐‫ܚ‬Ԥ୽ড়୽ఊᐣѬၛភ‫ޟ‬ӓӣ
੫ՓȂӰ࣏ᐣѬ፣क़ҏ٘Ȃ൷ளԤࢇ‫ݽ‬Ҭ‫ޟ‬ȞPowers 2004ȟȂѺϚծ࢐ࢇ‫᠌ݽ‬ΨҢ‫ࡇپ‬
༈‫୽ڏ‬ఊ྅‫܈‬ȃႀ‫ڗ‬ಛ‫ݽ‬Ҭ‫ޟޟ‬ώ‫ڎ‬Ȃζலԙ࣏І‫ޱת‬Ң‫پ‬ө᠌ΨϛЖ‫ڥތ‬ೝথჴ‫ޟ‬
‫ོޥ‬ȃࢇ‫้ݽ‬ၥྛᇄ᠌ઉ‫ٷޟ‬ᐃȄ
1977 ԑϞࡣȂॄఀӵ୽ོ၇᏿Ԥ‫ڍޟ‬এৰԩȂ‫ڏ‬ᄂѫ࢐‫ॄװ‬ఀ௃Ιএ‫ׇ‬Ӓೝࢺι
ࢇ‫௶ۺ‬ଶ‫ޟ‬՝ညȂөϱ‫໌ܜ‬Ι‫ڗٲ‬Ιএџоೝୋᅭَࣼ‫ޟ‬ӴПՄϐȄӰ࣏։‫ٺ‬ӵ୽ོ
၇᏿ԤৰԩȂॄఀ७ᄇ‫ޟ‬Ȃᗙ࢐գఀѲσఀࣂкࢺȃ஼༖‫ޟ‬ኇ៪ΨȂՄॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬
ᖐॱ૖Ϛ૖ೝ᠙‫ڗ‬ȃоЅ૖ೝ᠙‫ڗ‬ӻЍȂᗙ࢐Ιএࣺ࿋σ‫ޟ‬୰ဴȄ೻ζ‫ٺ‬ுॄఀሴᏲ
‫ޱ‬໠ۖ኏ЖȂ७ᄇ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬௑༖Ȃԃ‫ݎ‬тঈઍौўᄇ‫ת‬գఀ༖ΨᄇॄఀԆ៉‫ޟ‬ኇ៪Ȃଶ
Ο᝷៉ӵࢺιࢇ‫࡙ڙޟۺ‬ήֆΨȂցҢՌϏӵ୽ོ‫᠌ِีޟ‬Ꮡ໔‫ॄڥތ‬ఀೝَࣼȃ१
10
169
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
ຜ‫ޟ‬ᐠོȂ༖҆ζு௃ശਲ਼ҏ‫୽ޟ‬ఊᐣѬ፣क़๿ЙȂў៝ᜌॄఀӵ‫ڏ‬ϛϚџ‫ܖ‬ી‫ޟ‬१
ौ‫ܒ‬ȄӰԪȂᄇॄఀჄߵ‫پ‬ᇳȂषौઍғ‫ॄᙽׯ‬ఀӵᙠΡ‫ོޥ‬၇‫ޟ‬᜞໬՝ညȂтঈ‫ܚ‬
ौᄇ‫ޟת‬Ҭ኿‫ܖ‬ᄇຫȂᔖ၎࢐ࢺιࢇ‫୽ۺ‬ఊ፣क़၇൵գ‫ޟॄ׻‬ᐣѬၛភȂЎ‫ڏ‬Ȃ࿋೻
এ፣क़ϐငά໌Ι؏кᏲΟᏰਮఀ‫ى‬ϛᐣѬ‫ޣ‬ᜋ‫ޟ‬༈௲Ȃԙ࣏ήΙфॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬౩၌
୽ఊ྅‫܈‬ശкौ‫ޟ‬ᆓၾȄณՄȂॄఀौࡩ湥ўᄇ‫ࢺת‬ιࢇ‫୽ޟۺ‬ఊᐣѬ፣क़ȉ๋‫ޱ‬஠
ॄఀჄߵӵႆўඁΪԑ‫ޟپ‬ֆΨᐌ౩ԃήȂѓࢂ௃፣क़ᇄȶ༈ಛȷ‫ޟ‬Ӕ౪ϛᜌ݂ॄఀᇄ
ຫ໰д୽‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽ȃ๖ӫӨ୽Ᏸ‫ࡇޱ‬༈ॄఀᇄຫ໰ं‫ޟـ‬१ौ‫ܒ‬ȂоЅё஼ࢺιཱིжф
ᄇॄఀ፣क़‫ޟ‬౩၌Ȅ
ॄఀᇄຫ໰д୽ᜰ߽‫ޟ‬Ӕၛភ
๋‫ޱ‬ӵ಑έ࿽ϐင၏क़Οॄఀᇄգఀင‫ڐ‬ϛᄇຫ໰д୽‫ޟ‬଄ၷȂоЅຫ໰‫ޟ‬Ԇӵ
ԃդԙ࣏ॄఀჄߵࢺιࡣ፣ᜌॄఀ१ौ‫ٷޟܒ‬ᐃȄΙ‫ޢ‬о‫پ‬Ȃᄇຫ໰‫ޟ‬౩၌ȂଶΟգ
ఀ‫ޟᝲڐ‬Ѝ໔଄क़ȂσഋϷ഍࢐ਲ਼ᐃॄఀင‫ޟڐ‬଄ၷȄณՄȂϬЈࣼ‫ॄޟڗ‬ఀင‫ڐ‬Ȃ
ඁн഍࢐ӵ಑Ϊȃ಑ΪΙжकϗю౪‫ޟ‬Ȃ։‫ॄٺ‬ఀჄߵࡇᆎ‫ྛپڏ‬ѠՂȂ‫ڏ‬଄क़‫ޟ‬џ
Ꭼ‫ܒ‬Ȃϫல‫ڗڧ‬գఀჄߵ‫ޟ‬፴ᅸȄਲ਼ᐃ Menri ԋ଱Ⴤߵ‫ޟ‬ᇳ‫ݲ‬Ȃຫ໰࢐໯㗆д෉ϞࠉѪ
ΙএՙᙠᐣѬ‫ޟ‬ᑹ౾ਢ෈Ȃຫ໰ԤՌϏ‫ޟ‬МԅȞ‫ܚ‬ᒝ‫ޟ‬ຫ໰МԅȟȂ࢐Ιএ༖Ψߨல஼
σ‫ޟ‬М݂ȂՄ೻এМ݂ӵϬЈՙᙠМϽ၇ശ१ौ‫ޟ‬ᒸ੼Ȃ൷࢐ॄఀȄ௃೻এᢎᘈȂӻ
៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵၐყҢຫ໰М݂ᄇՙᙠᐣѬᐌᡝี৤‫ޟ‬१ौ‫ܒ‬Ȃ‫پ‬໢௥яᡗॄఀϚџ
оೝ‫܇‬౱‫ޟ‬Ӵ՝ȄณՄȂтঈζᡝᇯ‫ڗ‬Ȃषौઍғ‫ᙽׯ‬оգఀᐣѬᢎᘈ࣏ਯЖ‫୽ޟ‬ఊ
፣क़ȂଶΟौўՃᜌຫ໰д୽Ԇӵ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬȂᗙሯौ໌Ι؏ᜌ݂ॄఀี৤ᇄຫ໰д୽Ϟ
໢‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȅ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ᡝᇯȂ‫ٺ‬ுॄఀჄߵӵ࡚ҳ Menri ԋ଱ϞࡣȂ໠ۖֆΨ௃ӨᆍԤ‫ל‬ȃ
ฒ‫ޟל‬؅ਟ൶‫ޱڍײ‬ᜰ߽‫ޟ‬ᜌ݂Ȅ
ᙏ൐‫پ‬ᇳȂॄఀჄߵ‫ޟ‬፣ᜌᡒᒮ࢐೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ȂॶӑȂԃ‫ݎ‬џоᜌ݂ॄఀင‫ڐ‬ϛ଄ၷ
‫ޟ‬ᜰܻຫ໰д୽‫ޟ‬ᐣѬȂЎ‫࢐ڏ‬գఀင‫ڐ‬ϛ‫ؠ‬ԤඪЅȃծॄఀ‫ᝲڐ‬ϛ၏ಠ଄ᓃ‫ޟ‬Ȃт
ঈ൷ԙђΟΙјȂӰ࣏೻ߒҰॄఀင‫ڐ‬ᗶณ࢐Шၶఏ෈ೝี౪‫ޟ‬ȂծѺ‫ܚ‬଄क़‫ޟ‬ӵգ
ఀ༈ΣϞࠉ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬȂ࢐ғጂ‫ޟ‬ȄՄ೻ζ൷໢௥ᜌ݂Οॄఀင‫ޟڐ‬ȶઍᄂ‫ܒ‬ȷоЅѺԞܻ
಑ΪȃΪΙжकԆӵ‫ޟ‬џ૖‫ܒ‬Ȅ૖ஊ፣ᜌ‫ڗ‬ԪȂᄇܻॄఀ१ौ‫ޟܒ‬ඪЀȂϐင࢐ࣺ࿋
σ‫໌ޟ‬৤ȄӰ࣏೻Ϛծџо‫ߝܜ‬ȶՙᙠȷ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬȂՄиᡱॄఀԙ࣏౩၌೻ࢲശԞ෈ᐣѬ
‫୲ޟ‬ΙᆓၾȄณՄȂ೻ζ࢐Ιএߨலᖟ႞‫ޟ‬ӈ୛ȂЎ‫ڏ‬࿋σഋϷџо୤ྱ‫ޟ‬؅ਟȂ഍
ѫ࢐င‫ڐ‬ϛ‫ޟ‬଄ၷȄौ௃൐П७‫ޟ‬င‫ڐ‬଄ၷў፣ᜌᐣѬ‫ޟ‬ઍᄂ‫ܒ‬Ȃҏ‫پ‬൷Ϛ࢐ΙӇৠ
ܾ‫ٱޟ‬௑ȂӔёΰ೻‫ॄٲ‬ఀჄߵ٘೎ӵӟ࡙Ȃ೻ߒҰтঈฒ‫ڥݲ‬ுຫ໰ӵՙᙠଽনӴ
170
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
ୢԆ੼ႆ‫؁ޟ‬ӻ؅ਟȄ
ᄇܻ೻ኺ‫֨ޟ‬ცȂԞ෈‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵζԤӰᔖПԒȄтঈᇯ࣏Ȃਲ਼ᐃင‫ڐ‬଄ၷȂຫ
໰ӵശᑹ౾‫ޟ‬ਢ෈Ȃጒ൜ෆငᘗσ‫ڗ‬ѓ֤ӟ࡙ѕഋȃѻ‫ހ‬ᅭՙഋȃϛ‫ٳ‬ӴୢȂࣥՍө
‫۽ݍ‬ժ‫ڗ‬ϬЈ‫ޟ‬ஶୢȞһџَ Karmay ᄇॄఀ‫ޟᝲڐ‬ՃᜌȂ1998: 114ȟȄ࿋ຫ໰ೝ໯㗆
д෉‫ࡣ֍ځ‬Ȃᗶณຫ໰МԅоЅॄఀ߬Ӊӵգఀ༖Ψ‫ޟ‬ኇ៪ήംᅚੑѶȂծӵΙ‫ٲ‬᜞
໬ӴளȂԃϬРՙᙠȃѻ‫ހ‬ᅭȃѕӟ‫ޟ‬Һࣨ೎Ȃຫ໰оЅॄఀМϽ‫ޟ‬ኇ៪ȂྃԤџ૖
ᗙࡻ៉Οࣺ࿋ߝ‫ޟ‬ਢ໢Ȅ೻‫ٲ‬ӴୢҥܻӴ೎୑቉иӴ౩ᕗცၶ࣏ࡌഖȂᎏ‫ࣺڗڧ‬ᄇЍ
‫ޟ‬Ѵ‫پ‬ኇ៪ȂӰԪȂ೨ӻॄఀჄߵᇯ࣏Ȃ։‫ٺ‬ငႆΟԁඁԻԑȂ‫ڗ‬౪ӵȂ೻‫ٲ‬Ӵୢ‫ޟ‬
Ρတӵҡࣀ‫ٲ࢚ޟ‬ഋϷȂԃПِȃಬ߹้Ȃ‫ܖ‬೨ᗙ߳੼๿௃ຫ໰д୽ਢфᒸ੼ή‫ޟپ‬
౷ၬȄ௃೻ኺ‫ޟ‬௰กȂॄఀჄߵӵ 60 ԑфࡣ໠ۖᑖྃ൶‫ײ‬ຫ໰МϽӵѕӟ࡙џ૖‫ޟ‬ᒸ
੼ȂՄтঈζ‫ޟ‬ጂԤ‫ีܚ‬౪ȂЎ‫ڏ‬ӵᇭِΰȄӻ៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵᖐᆎȂѕӟ࡙ Kinnaur
Ӵୢ‫ޟ‬ПِȂᗙԆ੼ԤഋϷ‫ޟ‬ຫ໰ᇭِຠཊȂ‫ٮ‬஼፡ӵᇄॄఀင‫ڐ‬ШᄇࡣȞॄఀჄߵᇯ
࣏௃ഋϷင‫ڐ‬ᗙџࣼ‫ڗ‬оՙᙠМԅकᓃຫ໰ᇭॱ‫ޟ‬౷ၬȟȂඁнџоு‫ڗ‬ᜌᄂȞNagano
and Karmay 2008ȟȄ೻ᄇॄఀႆўඁΪԑ‫۠ޟ‬ఀᇯӣ፣क़Ȃጂᄂ࢐ΙᏘ஼ЖବȄѫ࢐Ȃ
೻‫ีٲ‬౪ȂоЅᜰܻॄఀᇄຫ໰д୽ᜰ߽‫ޟ‬፣ᜌȂϫณሯौ‫؁‬ӻ؅ਟࣺϣ‫ޟ‬ҺࣺШ
ᄇȂϗ૖‫໌؁‬Ι؏ጂᇯȄ๋‫ޱ‬ӵԪ஠ҢΙএШၶৠܾ౩၌‫ٽޟ‬υȂ‫پ‬၌ភॄఀჄߵၐ
ყ௃МϽӔ౪ϛ൶‫ײ‬ຫ໰МϽᒸၬ‫ޟ‬ֆΨЅ‫ڏ‬፣ᜌᡒᒮȄ
ყ 5 ᇄ 6 ‫ޟ‬धශ࣏ӻ៌ӡ Menri ԋ଱‫ޟ‬ϛ৳Ȃ೻ΙတΡ‫پ‬Ռѕӟ࡙‫ ޟ‬Kinnaur ӴୢȂ
тঈғӵߒᅋ‫ޟ‬ᇆᗐȂೝॄఀჄߵᆎհ࢐ȶຫ໰ᇆᗐȷȄ೻࢐ӵശߖ‫ޟ‬Ϊඁԑϗೝॄఀ
Ⴤߵȶี౪ȷ‫ٮ‬ೝᇯ࣏࢐௃ຫ໰ਢфᒸ੼ή‫ޟپ‬ᇆᗐȄ๋‫ޱ‬ӵ೤ፙϛၚ୰ӻ՝ॄఀჄߵ
೻এᇆᗐ‫ྛޟ‬ଔȂਲ਼ᐃтঈ‫ޟ‬ᇳ‫ݲ‬Ȃ೻এᇆӵॄఀᇄգఀ‫ޟ‬င‫ڐ‬ϛ഍Ԥ଄क़Ȃӵင‫ڐ‬
ϛѺ‫ޟ‬ᆎ‫ ࣏ڳ‬ShonȞshonȟȄգఀင‫ڐ‬ϛ‫ؠٮ‬Ԥ၏ಠජक़ Shon ࢐ϧቄȂѫᇳѺ࢐Ιএ
ෆငӵᙠΡҡࣀϛԆӵႆ‫ޟ‬ᇆᗐȄծӵॄఀင‫ڐ‬ϛȂϚծ၏ಠ଄ၷΟ Shon ‫ޟ‬ҥ‫پ‬Ȃᗙ
Ԥᇆᗐ‫לޟ‬ԒϷ᜸Ȅਲ਼ᐃॄఀင‫ޟڐ‬଄ၷȞَ Choekhortshang 2005ȟȂShon ӵശΙ໠
ۖȂ࢐Ρঈ᠍ߔ Tonpa Shenrab ਢၰ‫ޟ‬ȂѺࡣ‫پ‬ԙ࣏ຫ໰д୽ਢф‫ڗ‬೎഍џоَࣼȃߨ
ல౾՗‫ޟ‬ΙএᇆᗐȄϚႆ೻এᇆ‫ؠٮ‬Ԥӈդ۠ఀҬ‫ޟ‬ȂѺѫ࢐σড়ߒႀ໠Жਢঐོၰ
‫ޟ‬ȂӰԪலல࢐ӵ᠍ߔ୽дȃິఊ‫ޟ‬ൟӫϛࣼ‫ڗ‬Ȅ
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ყ 5 ‫پ‬Ռ Kinnaur ‫ޟ‬ȶຫ໰ᇆᗐȷ
Ȟӻ៌ӡȂ2008Ȃ๋‫ីޱ‬ȟ
ყ 6 ‫پ‬Ռ Kinnaur ‫ޟ‬ȶຫ໰ᇆᗐȷ
Ȟӻ៌ӡȂ2008Ȃ๋‫ីޱ‬ȟ
172
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
ਲ਼ᐃӻ៌ӡॄఀჄߵ‫ޟ‬ᇳ‫ݲ‬ȂтঈΙ‫ޢ‬ᇯ࣏೻এᇆᗐӵຫ໰д୽ೝ‫ࡣ֍ځ‬Ȃ൷ϐ
ငѶ༈ΟȄ‫ڗޢ‬тঈࡶ೤ѕӟ࡙‫ ޟ‬Kinnaur ӴୢȂϗี౪᜸խင‫ڐ‬଄ၷ‫ ޟ‬Shon ᇆᗐᗙԆ
ӵ࿋ӴΡ‫ޟ‬РலҡࣀϛȂЎ‫ڏ‬ӵ೨ӻ࿽ኊϛ഍َོࣼȄӻ៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵӵрಠШᄇ
ႆ Kinnaur ‫ޟ‬ᇆᗐȞ࿋ӴΡᆎϞ࣏ kayangȟᇄॄఀ‫ᝲڐ‬፣क़‫לޟ‬ԒȞѓࢂଛਢବ‫ޟ‬՗໌
ПөȃЙ༖оЅᇆ؏ȟࡣȂᇯ࣏‫ޱڍ‬Ϟ໢‫ࣺޟ‬խ࡙ߨலଽȄ೻‫ีٲ‬౪‫ٺ‬тঈߨலᑹᏭȂ
ඁএӵߖԑ‫پ‬मΨܻՃᜌ Shon ‫ޟ‬ჄߵȞѓࢂ Geshe Nyima Woser Choekhortshangȟ‫؁‬ඪ
‫ڗ‬Ȃтঈശߖάี౪ӵΙ‫ٲ‬ѻ‫ހ‬ᅭՙഋ‫ޟ‬ഋဣȂζԤ᜸խ‫ޟ‬ᇆᗐԆӵȄଶԪȂॄఀჄ
ߵζࡾюȂӵՙᙠଽনՙഋѠਿӴୢζԤཱིี౪Ι‫ۭٲ‬หȂᐃᇳζԤ᜸խ Shon ᇆᗐ‫ޟ‬
ൟශȄ೻‫ߖٲ‬ԑ‫ޟپ‬ȶี౪ȷ Ȃ഍‫ॄٺ‬ఀჄߵᇯ࣏࢐፣ᜌॄఀင‫ڐ‬ϛᜰܻຫ໰МϽ଄
ၷ‫ޟ‬१ौᜌᐃȄζӰ࣏೻ኺ‫ޟ‬१ौ‫ܒ‬Ȃ௃σघΪඁԑࠉ໠ۖȞσघ 1990 ԑфȟȂؐԑ
‫ޟ‬ᙠᐍԑ໢Ȃ࿋ Menri ԋኂᖞ՗ၰડቈԒȞChamȟ‫ޟ‬ኊ‫ڐ‬ਢȂ഍ོ੫տᗜ፜ Kinnaur Ӵ
ୢ‫ޟ‬Ρ‫ߒپ‬ᅋ೻ࢲᇆᗐȄծ࣏ϧቄ੫տᒵᐅ೻এൟӫȉॄఀჄߵ‫ޟ‬ᇳ‫࢐ݲ‬ȂӰ࣏ӵ೻
Ј೨ӻߣߖ‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙ۨҕоЅӻ៌ӡ‫ܚ‬ӵԎȃୢ‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙ۢষ഍ོ‫ڧ‬ᗜ‫پ‬୤ёၰડ‫ޟ‬ኊ
‫ڐ‬ȂӰԪ೻࢐Ιএߨலԁ‫ޟ‬ᐠོџоө೻‫ٲ‬ӟ࡙ᢎಀϭಝॄఀ‫ޟ‬੫ՓȂᇆᗐ෈໢‫ٮ‬џ
ࣼ‫ڗ‬ԋ଱՞ࡻө‫٘ڏ‬᜞‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙ۢষ၌ភԪᇆᗐ‫ྛپޟ‬ȃԃդೝี౪ȂоЅ‫ڏ‬ᇄॄఀМ
Ͻ‫ࣺޟ‬ᜰ‫ܒ‬Ȅ ծ࣏ϧቄϭಝॄఀ‫ޟ‬੫ՓȂོ੫տᒵᐅ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ΙএᇆᗐȂЎ‫ߒڏڏ‬ᅋ‫ޱ‬
ࣱϚ࢐ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȂՄᇆᗐҏ٘ζϚ‫ڎ‬ӈդ‫ॄޟ‬ఀቈԒཎဎȉ
๋‫ีޱ‬౪ȂMenri ԋ଱‫ޟ‬ჄߵȂ੫տᒵᐅӵ೻এӟ࡙ۢষю౪‫ޟ‬ൟӫȂ‫پ‬৤౪ҥ
Kinnaur ΡတߒᅋȃளԤȶॄఀȷెྛ‫ޟ‬ᇆᗐȂᗴ֤Ԥөӟ࡙Ρတ৤౪ॄఀМϽᇄӟ࡙
МϽ஝ϸᜰᖒ‫ޟܒ‬Ҭ‫ޟ‬Ȅ ೻࢐ߨல঄ு౏ࡦ‫ޟ‬ȂӰ࣏ӵࢺιࢇ‫࡚ۺ‬ҳࡣȂ௃಑ΪѲж
ႀᒦൌიоЅ೨ӻࢺιࢇ‫ۢۺ‬ষ‫ޟ‬፣क़Ȃ‫ר‬ঈ഍џоࣼ‫ڗ‬тঈϚᘞӵөӟ࡙‫ོޥ‬஼
፡Ȃՙᙠᇄӟ࡙‫ོޥ‬ӓӣ᏿Ԥ‫ޟ‬գఀМϽȂ࢐‫܄‬Ԫࣺϣ೿๖ȃौࣺϣᔓօ‫ޟ‬அᙃȂЎ
‫ڏ‬Ȃႀᒦൌიζӵ೨ӻൟӫඪ‫ڗ‬Ȃѹ‫ى‬գఀ‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙МϽ࢐ᙠΡМϽ‫ޟ‬ҔᒑȂӰԪ‫ޱڍ‬
໢‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃ‫ٮ‬Ϛ༉ѫ࢐ࢇ‫ݽ‬ȃΡ᠌ΰ‫ޟ‬ϣօȂՄ࢐Ԥ‫౏؁‬ሉ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬᇄМϽెྛԆӵȄ
Մ௃ȶຫ໰ᇆᗐȷ೻এ‫ٽ‬υȂ‫ר‬ঈࣼ‫ॄڗ‬ఀჄߵζӣኺདौᙤҥӟ࡙ۢПᇄΡတ‫ޟ‬Л
ࡻȂ‫پ‬ᛧ‫ھ‬ՌϏհ࣏ࢺι‫ޱ‬Ȃӵ೻এࡊۨ‫ོޥ‬၇‫ޟ‬Ӵ՝Ȅ
ณՄȂϚӣܻࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ȂॄఀჄߵ࢐ആႆຫ໰МϽӵӟ࡙‫ޟ‬ᒸ੼оЅຫ໰МϽᇄ
ॄఀ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃ‫پ‬஼፡ॄఀࣺၶܻգఀȂᇄӟ࡙‫ོޥ‬Ԇӵ๿Ϛӣȃծࠓߨல१ौ‫ޟ‬೿
๖Ȅӵӟ࡙ᢎಀ७ࠉȂ஠ѕӟ࡙‫ޟ‬ȶຫ໰МϽᒸ੼ȷȞ๋‫ڧޟޱ‬೤‫ޱ‬ᆎϞ࣏ the living
tradition of Zhang ZhungȟཨΰᇆѮȂ‫ٮ‬஼፡‫ڏ‬ᇄॄఀ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽ȂϚծ૖яᡗΟॄఀᇄգఀ
12
13
14
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ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
‫ޟ‬৯౴Ȃ‫؁‬ၐყ‫ࢺᙽׯ‬ιࢇ‫ۺ‬оգఀМϽ೿๖ᙠΡᇄӟ࡙‫ِޟོޥ‬፣ȄЎ‫ڏ‬Ȃ๋‫ޱ‬ζ
ี౪ȂॄఀჄߵ‫ٮ‬Ϛ࢐༉௃۠ఀ߬Ӊў஼፡ᙠȃӟ໢‫ޟ‬МϽ೿๖Ȃ‫؁‬ӌყ௃ഋဣᇄӵ
ӴМϽ‫ีޟ‬৤Ȃ‫֕پ‬౪ՙᙠԞ෈‫ོޥ‬ᇄϬРӟ࡙ഋဣМϽ‫ޟ‬ᜰᖒ‫ܒ‬Ȅ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬፣क़ᢎ
ᘈȂᄇܻӟ࡙ശߖᑹଔ‫ޟ‬Ϛ፣࢐ۢП‫ܖ‬Ᏸ೚ࣨᄇܻഋဣМϽं‫ޟـ‬஼፡Ȃ഍Ԥߨல१
ौ‫ޟ‬ཎဎȂζӰԪЕଔ೨ӻӟ࡙ۢষᇄᏰ‫ޟޱ‬१ຜȄ
‫ٽ‬ԃȂӵ 2012 ԑ 9 ТߑȂMenri ԋ଱୤ᇄᖞᒲΟΙএ࣏෈ 3 Ј‫ंޟ‬ଆོȂӪᆎ൷ѩ
ୈȶTribal Language, Zhang Zhung ȞKinnar-Kirantiȟ& Culture of Himachal PradeshȷȞَ
ყ 7 ᇄ 8ȟȄHimachal Pradesh ࢐ӻ៌ӡАᏪୢ‫ܚ‬ᗵ឴‫ޟ‬ԎȂζ࢐ࢺιࢇ‫ܚޟۺ‬ӵӴȄ೻
এंଆོ‫ޟ‬Ҭ‫ޟ‬Ȃ൷࢐‫ה‬ఖആႆӟ࡙Ᏸ‫ޱ‬ᇄॄఀჄߵ‫ޟ‬ӫհȂᄇѕӟ࡙‫ޟ‬ഋဣМϽȂ
Ў‫ ڏ‬Kinnuar Ѕ‫ޟߖߣڏ‬ӴୢȂѓࢂᇭِȃҡࣀМϽ༈ಛ้Ȃ৤໠‫؁‬ӻ‫ޟ‬፡ࢥᇄं‫ـ‬Ȅ
೻এंଆོଶΟᗜ໱೨ӻं‫ـ‬೻‫ٲ‬ഋဣᇭِоЅ‫ོޥ‬༈ಛ‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙Ᏸ‫ޱ‬ᇄ୽ѴᏰ‫ޱ‬Ȃ‫؁‬
१ौ‫࢐ޟ‬ȂHimachal Pradesh ‫ޟ‬Ԏߝζ‫ڧ‬ᗜ୤ёȂ‫ٮ‬ӵ໠ൟमຠਢཐᗂॄఀԋ଱ᄇӟ࡙
ഋဣМϽ‫ޟ‬१ຜȂ‫ה‬ఖҐ‫پ‬ആႆᚖПӫհȂᄇ೻‫ٲ‬ӴୢМϽ‫ޟ‬ଔྛȂԤ‫؁‬ӻ‫ޟ‬౩၌Ȅ
ӵԪȂ‫ר‬ঈࣼ‫ॄڗ‬ఀჄߵ஠ՌϏ‫ײ‬൶ຫ໰МϽᒸ੼‫ޟ‬Ҭ‫ޟ‬Ȃᇄӟ࡙ۢПȃᏰࣨᄇഋဣ
МϽं‫ޟـ‬ᑹ፸ࣺ๖ӫȄՄആႆ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ӫհȂॄఀΙП७өӟ࡙‫ࡇོޥ‬༈ՌϏМϽ‫ޟ‬
ᐿ੫‫ܒ‬ȂΙП७ζᙤҥӟ࡙ۢПȃᏰ೚ၥྛ‫ޟ‬ЛࡻȂ‫پ‬ᔓՌϏ‫ײ‬൶ॄఀင‫ڐ‬፣क़Ϟ
ѴȂᜰܻຫ໰ᐣѬᇄМϽ‫ޟ‬ᄂ፴ᜌᐃȄ๋‫ޱ‬ᇯ࣏Ȃ೻࢐ॄఀၐყौएકࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬кᏲ
‫ޟ‬ȃоգఀ࣏൵ў၌ភ‫ܚ‬ԤᙠΡ‫ོޥ‬ҡࣀ‫ޟ‬ѪΙএ๊ཱི౱Ȅ
15
ᄇѴȈ๖ӫӨ୽Ᏸ‫ࡇޱ‬༈ॄఀᇄຫ໰ं‫ޟـ‬१ौ‫ܒ‬
ଶΟᑖྃөӟ࡙ۢП‫ڷ‬Ᏸ೚ࣨϭಝॄఀ‫ޟ‬੫ՓЅ‫ڏ‬ᇄѕӟ࡙ഋဣМϽ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬᇄМ
Ͻ೿๖ȂॄఀჄߵ‫ܚ‬஼፡‫ॄޟ‬ఀϗ࢐ՙᙠ‫ོޥ‬ȶҏπȷ۠ఀ‫ޟ‬፣क़ȞჄߵঈӻјо़М
‫ ޟ‬native religion ‫ܖ‬ᙠᇭ‫ ޟ‬pha ma’i chos ၛភԪ྅‫܈‬ȟȂζӵߖඁԑೝϛ୽ࢇ‫௴ۺ‬Ңԙ
࣏ȶ൵ॄ‫׻‬գȷ ‫๊ޟ‬౱ȂՄॄఀჄߵζѽּցҢ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ᐠོȂᙤԪ๝Ϡࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᔆΨȂ
‫ڏٺ‬ϚுϚ१ཱིቷຜॄఀӵ୽ఊ፣क़ϛ‫ޟ‬՝ညȄଶԪȂ೻এоຫ໰оЅॄఀ࣏ਯЖ‫ޟ‬
ՙᙠᐣѬ፣क़ȂζЕଔࣺ࿋ӻѴ୽Ᏸ‫ޟޱ‬ᑹ፸ȂԃҏМ಑Π࿽‫ܚ‬क़Ȃ೨ӻᏰ‫ޱ‬໠ۖम
ΨܻՃᜌॄఀ‫ᝲڐ‬ϛ‫ޟ‬ຫ໰ᐣѬȞԃ Jacques 2009; Karmay 1998, 2005; Nagano 2009
้ȟȂၐყ௃င‫ڐ‬଄क़‫ޟ‬ຫ໰༖Ψ‫ܚ‬ЅϞ೎ȂԃϬР‫ޟ‬ѻ‫ހ‬ᅭՙഋȃӟ࡙ѕഋ้ӴȂ௃
‫ڏ‬Ρတҡࣀ‫ޟ‬ПԒЅПِᇭཊ‫ٺޟ‬ҢȂ൶‫ײ‬ຫ໰МϽоЅѠຫ໰ᇭ‫ޟ‬౷ၬȄ೻‫ٲ‬ӵࢺ
ι௑ცϛี৤ଔ‫ޟپ‬ȃѴ୽Ᏸ‫ޱ‬ᄇॄఀᇄຫ໰‫ޟ‬ᑹ፸Ȃζԙ࣏ॄఀჄߵएકգఀఀࣂ
ᚾᘞȃӵ୽ሬ፣क़ϛ‫ڥތ‬Ռ‫۠ר‬ఀၛភ᠌Ιএߨல१ौ‫ޟ‬ᐠོȄҥԪȂգఀᇄॄఀ‫ޟ‬
16
174
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
ᝯ‫ތ‬Ȃά໌Ι؏‫۽‬ժ‫୽ڗ‬ሬൟ୿ȂѓࢂᏰ೚ं‫ـ‬Ȟՙᙠ۠ఀȃМϽȃᐣѬ้ȂࣥՍՙᙠ
୽ఊкဎ‫ـंޟ‬ȟȃ߬ಀ‫ޟ‬ӻᄀȃ୽ሬධօၥྛ‫้ڥތޟ‬Ȅ೨ӻ Menri ԋኂ‫ޟ‬Ⴤߵζ഍
ඪ‫ڗ‬Ȃࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᇄӨգఀఀࣂሴ೟ȂϞ‫ܚ‬оོ໠ۖ१ຜॄఀ‫ޟ‬ᖐॱȂᇄॄఀӵӨ୽߬
ಀ‫ޟ‬ԙߝȃཕ‫پ‬ཕӻॄఀϛЖȞreligious centres of Bonȟ‫ޟ‬೩ҳȂоЅ೻‫߬ٲ‬ಀ࣏ Menri
ԋ଱‫ܚ‬ள‫ޟپ‬ၥߜ้ၥྛ‫ޟ‬ЛࡻȂࣱԤࣺ࿋σ‫ޟ‬ᜰ೿ȄЎ‫ڏ‬Ȃ೨ӻࢺι‫ॄޟ‬ఀᏰ‫ޱ‬ᇄ
ჄߵȞԃ Lopen Tenzin NamdakȃSamten KarmayȃNyima Dakpa ้ȟȂആႆᇄ୽ѴᏰ‫ޱ‬
‫ޟ‬ӫհȂ໌՗ॄఀ‫ޟᝲڐ‬ՃᜌȃភဎᇄᙚឍȂ೻ζംᅚኇ៪գఀᐣѬ፣क़ӵ୽ሬᏰ೚
ࣨ‫ޟ‬՝ညȄ
ӰԪȂ‫ܖ‬೨џо೻ቄᇳȂߖԑ‫୽پ‬ѴᏰ‫ޟߒีޱ‬ಀӻᇄॄఀȃຫ໰ࣺᜰ‫ـंޟ‬๿
հȂӵ࢚ᆍแ࡙ΰȂ‫ڏ‬ᄂӓӣ୤ᇄΟॄఀჄߵȶ१࡚ȷॄఀᇄຫ໰ᐣѬᇄМϽ፣क़‫ޟ‬ႆ
แȄՄ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ֆΨȂζ‫ޟ‬ጂᡱࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᄇॄఀ໠ۖ१ຜȂԃȂԙ࣏ॄఀӵ 1977 ԑுо
ೝࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ғԒ‫ܛ‬ᇯ‫ޟ‬௰ΨȂάȂ಑ΪѲжႀᒦൌიܻ 2007 ԑ‫ڗ‬ӻ៌ӡ୤ё Menri ԋ
଱ყਪᓢ‫ޟ‬ဣԙቈԒਢȂ७ᄇ‫ڧ‬ᗜ‫ޟ‬Ѵ୽ິᇽȞӻј࢐ඪ‫ټ‬ၥߜධօყਪᓢᑹ࡚‫෈ߝٮ‬
‫ټ‬Ꮄ Menri ԋኂ‫ޱ‬ȟȂӵमຠਢζ੫տ஼፡Ȉȶॄఀ࢐‫ר‬ঈ‫ޟ‬ЮҔఀȞ pha ma’i chosȟȂ
ԃ‫רݎ‬ঈौ౩၌ՙᙠ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬȂ‫ר‬ঈѫ૖௃ॄఀင‫ڐ‬ϛு‫ޣ‬Ȃฒ‫ݲ‬௃գఀင‫ڐ‬ϛࣼ‫ڗ‬ȷ
Ȃ೻ࢲၗ௃ࢋ࢐ࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ሴᏲΡζ࢐ਿᏇࣂᆠડሴ೟‫ޟ‬ႀᒦൌიοϛᇳюȂᄇ೨ӻॄ
ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ՄِȂϚծਿѴ‫ڎ‬ԤཎဎȂ೨ӻΡζ஠Ϟຜ࣏࢐ॄఀჄߵӻԑֆΨ‫ޟ‬๖‫ݎ‬Ȅ
17
ᄇϱȈё஼ࢺιཱིжфᄇॄఀ‫ޣ‬ᜋ‫ޟ‬౩၌
ଶΟᄇѴᑖྃࡇ༈ॄఀȂᄇϱȂ೨ӻॄఀჄߵζ໠ۖཎᜋ‫ڗ‬Ȃॄఀᇯӣ‫៉۽ޟ‬Ȃ
ശ१ौ‫ޟ‬ӈ୛ᗙ࢐ӵήΙф٘ΰȂζ൷࢐ᇳȂтঈ҆໸ጂ߳ӵჄߵ‫ޥ‬တϞѴȂήΙф
‫ޟ‬Ιૡ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ζ‫ڎ‬രஅҏ‫ޟ‬ᜰܻॄఀ࢐ϧቄȂоЅॄఀᇄգఀᜰ߽‫ޣޟ‬ᜋȄ๋‫ޱ‬ӵࠉ
Мඪ‫ڗ‬ȂԞ෈ӵࢺιࢇ‫ีܚۺ‬՗‫ޟ‬ՙᙠᐣѬఀऋਪϛȂ୽ఊᐣѬ‫ޟ‬ၛភ࢐ඁн൷࢐о
գఀȞάоਿᏇࣂ࣏кȟᄇ‫ڏ‬ఀࣂᐣѬ‫ޟ‬ਪቸ࣏ҏȄӰԪϚծ‫ؠ‬Ԥ൐ᐿᜰܻॄఀ‫ޟ‬ണ
࿽ȂॄఀಊѧࣥՍலೝජक़࣏ࢳ৛߬Ӊգఀ‫୽ޟ‬д‫ޱ‬Ȃ‫ܖ‬ၐყᅩଢ଼୽дੑྞգఀ้Ȅ
೨ӻԞ෈Ȟ1970 ԑфՍ 1990 ԑфߑ෈ȟӵ‫ڏ‬тАᏪୢ‫܈‬ਪ‫ޟ‬಑Πфॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬഍ඪ‫ڗ‬Ȃ
Ӱ࣏፞ҏ‫ޟ‬೻‫ٲ‬፣क़Ȃ‫ٺ‬ுΰ፞ਢȂՂৱঈலོ֙ວӣᏰȂॄఀ࢐Ιএࣺ࿋Ϛԁ‫۠ޟ‬
ఀȂӰ࣏Ѻᖂ࢐ၐყᇄգఀ࣏ኳȄԃȂෆӵ Shimla ؑᏰ‫ ޟ‬Tsewang ԃԪӱᏹȈ
175
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
ყ 7 ȶTribal Language, Zhang Zhung ȞKinnar-Kirantiȟ& Culture of Himachal Pradeshȷ
୽ሬंଆོȞ2012ȟᙏϭࡌ७
18
176
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
‫ך‬ε೽ϩ‫ޑ‬Օ௲ӕᏢᆶ‫ך‬΋ኬǴ΋໒‫ۈ‬ਥҁ೿ό‫ޕ‬ၰश௲ࢂϙሶǵश
௲ᆶՕ௲ԖϙሶόӕǶՠӧ΢ፐਔǴԴৣᕴ཮ᖱ೚ӭᜢ‫ܭ‬श௲όӳ‫ޑ‬٣
௃ǴԴৣ഻៿৾श௲ၟՕ௲଺КၨǴԶश௲ᕴࢂٗঁόӳ‫ޑ‬΋ᜐǴ‫ٯ‬ӵǴ
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௲ӕᏢԋࣁӳܻ϶ǴӧЈۭ‫ך‬ᕴ཮᝺ளдॺᇡࣁ‫ॺך‬Ȑश௲ߞһ‫ޣ‬ȑКၨ
եΠǴჹࡑ‫ޑך‬БԄԖٗሶ΋ᗺᗺό΋ኬǶԴჴᇥǴ‫ך‬ӧ Shimla ‫ۺ‬ਜ‫ޑ‬
ٗ൳ԃၸள٠όӳǶश௲౜ӧ‫ݩރޑ‬ς࿶ཇٰཇӳΑǴՠӧவ߻ࡐߏ΋ࢤ
ਔ໔Ǵ‫ޑ੿ॺך‬ᎁ‫ډڙ‬೚ӭՕ௲ߞһ‫ݔޑޣ‬ຎǶ‫ޕך‬ၰȨ‫ݔ‬ຎȩ
Ȑdiscriminationȑࢂ΋ঁࡐமਗ਼‫ޑ‬ӷ౳Ǵՠ೭‫ޑ‬ዴࢂ‫ޑך‬ག‫ڙ‬ǴΨࢂ೚ӭ
श௲ߞһ‫ޣ‬ම࿶य़ᖏ‫ݩރޑ‬ǶȐTsewangǴ2007 ԃ‫ޑ‬ೖፋȑ
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ܻᏰਮ፞ҏϛ‫ܚ‬ජቸ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ‫ޣ‬ᜋȂծ೻‫ٲ‬Ϛᅖ‫ ڗޢ‬90 ԑфȂϗತܻᕕுࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ғ
ຜȄՌ 1994 ԑଔȂཱིю‫ޟގ‬ᙠᇭᐣѬ፞ҏϛȂϚծᜰܻॄఀ‫ڍޟ‬ണ࢐ҥॄఀჄߵᒑՌ
እቸȂ‫ڏ‬тϭಝգఀѲσఀࣂ‫ޟ‬፞МȂζ‫׽‬ҥӨఀࣂჄߵՌ՗እቸȄ೻кौ࢐Ӱ࣏ଶ
Οॄఀᄇܻࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ႆў‫ܚ‬እቸ‫ॄޟ‬ఀᐣѬᇄఀဎϭಝԤཎَȂ‫ڏ‬ᄂգఀ‫ޟ‬ఀࣂ໢Ȃ
ᄇܻоਿᏇࣂ‫ޟ‬ᢎᘈ࣏ϛЖങक़‫ڏޟ‬тఀࣂᐣѬᇄఀဎȂζΙ‫ޢ‬Ԥ೨ӻ‫ތ‬ஈȄ७ᄇ೻
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ࢺι‫ޟ‬ήΙфᏰҡȂϭಝՌϏ‫ޟ‬ఀࣂᐣѬᇄఀဎ঱ᏰȄ
ณՄȂॄఀჄߵϫณᇯ࣏Ȃӵॄఀእቸ‫ڍޟ‬ണ፞МϞѴȂ፞ҏᐌᡝ‫ޟ‬ᐣѬ፣क़Ȃ
ϫณ࢐୑१գఀ‫ޟ‬ᢎᘈȂЎ‫ڏ‬Ȃӵ೨ӻඪ‫ॄڗ‬ఀ‫ޟ‬ണ࿽‫ࢲܖ‬ဣȂᄇܻॄఀᇄգఀᜰ߽
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ᙠ༈ಛȂณՄȂ፞Мά௥๿ᇳȈȶΙૡᇯ࣏ Tonpa ShenrabȞॄఀഺఀۖઠȟᇄភख़Թѻ
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Ϗ‫ޟ‬ҳൟհϚӣ‫ޟ‬၌ភȄծᄇॄఀჄߵ‫پ‬ᇳȂ೻ІՄ‫؁‬ৠܾഅԙᏰҡȞϚ፣࢐ॄఀᗙ࢐
գఀᏰҡȟᄇ೻‫ڍ‬এ۠ఀ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽౰ҡ౅౒Ȃ‫࢐ܖ‬ᇲ၌࣏೻‫ڏޱڍ‬ᄂ࢐Ιኺ‫ޟ‬Ȅ
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ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
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୽ሬंଆོȞ2012ȟᙏϭϱॲ
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଱ӵؐԑ‫ޟ‬ෂ୅Ȃσघ 7 Т‫ޟ‬ਢঐȂ഍ོ࣏ӱ‫ڗ‬ӻ៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀᏰҡᖞᒲ᜸խώհ֫‫ޟ‬፞
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‫ٽ‬ᜰܻຫ໰ᐣѬȃМϽЅ‫ڏ‬ᇄॄఀᜰ߽‫ޟ‬ϭಝȄ೻‫ॄٲ‬ఀჄߵ‫ޟ‬ֆΨȂ‫ޟ‬ጂᡱ೨ӻॄ
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ఀᏰҡᄇܻॄఀ࢐ϧቄȃॄఀᇄգఀԤդ৯౴౰ҡ‫؁‬ӻ‫ޟ‬ᇯᜋȄӵ๋‫ޟޱ‬೤ፙϛȂࢺ
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໰࢐ՙᙠശѠՂ‫ޟ‬МϽȷȃȶ‫ר‬ঈॄఀ࢐௃ຫ໰‫ޟپ‬ȷِ้፣Ȃᡗ౪юჄߵᄇܻॄఀᇄ
ຫ໰ᜰ߽‫ޟ‬஼፡Ȃ‫ޟ‬ጂ໠ۖԙ࣏ࢺι‫ཱིޟ‬Ιфᇯᜋॄఀ‫ޟ‬அᙃȄҥԪȂ‫ר‬ঈี౪ࣺᄇ
ܻࢺι಑Ιф࢐ငҥࢺιࡣӵАᏪୢೝգఀ߬Ӊ‫௶ޱ‬ᔠ‫ޟ‬ҡࣀငᡛȂϗംᅚᏗᆹюॄ
ఀᇄգఀࣺϣୢտ‫ޟ‬ᇯ‫ޣ‬Ȃӵӟ࡙юҡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ಑Πȃ಑έфȂࠓ࢐ആႆԤ‫ف‬ಛȞ‫࢐׻‬င
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ਮఀ‫ى‬၇Ԥ‫ف‬ಛӴᏰಬࢺιࢇ‫୽ޟۺ‬ఊ፣क़‫ޣ‬ᜋȂ‫ڏ‬ᄂ࢐Ιኺ‫ޟ‬Ȅ‫ר‬ঈӵԪζࣼ‫ڗ‬ӵ
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ΡЅ‫ࡣڏ‬фȂฒ୽ᝲ‫ޟ‬ȶᜲҕȷȞrefugeeȟ٘ϷȂ‫ٺ‬тঈ҆໸җሉоȶਡۨӟ࡙Ѵ୽Ρȷ
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ഋϷ‫ޟ‬ж߹߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ՄِȂ‫ޱڍ‬໢‫ޟ‬৯౴࢐ߨல‫ٲ‬ཌ‫ޟ‬Ȃ೻ζᇳ݂Ο࣏ϧቄӵࢺιԞ
෈Ȃ࿋ۨ՞ӵѫԤգఀԋኂ‫ޟ‬АᏪୢਢȂ೨ӻॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬૖ஊ௥‫ڗڧ‬գఀԋ଱ᙽငȃ
୤ᇄӨ໶۠ఀቈԒȄ೻ᆍᄇж߹߬Ӊ‫پޱ‬ᇳȂ૖ஊሆܾၮູ‫ॄޟ‬ȃգࣨጣȞCech 1987,
1993ȟȂζᇳ݂೻‫ڍ‬এ‫ތ‬ஈϚӄ‫ޟ‬σ༈ಛ‫ڏ‬ᄂԤ‫؁‬ӻӓ‫ޟٴ‬ᐣѬᇄМϽϯશȞSnellgrove
1967: 20-21ȟȄณՄȂࢺι‫ོޥ‬ϛၥྛ‫ޟ‬ᝯ‫ތ‬оЅࢇ‫ݽ‬ΰ‫ޟ‬ᐇհȂ‫ॄٺ‬ȃգ‫ޟ‬৯౴ӵ࢚
179
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
‫ٲ‬௑ცϛೝёояᡗȂԙ࣏Ρတୢᒱ‫ޟ‬१ौࡾ኿Ȃζԙॄఀж߹߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵҡࣀϛ໠ۖ
҆໸७ᄇ‫ޟ‬୰ᚠȄ೻ζ൷അ൷Ο Namsay οϛȶၭσড়ϚΙኺȷ‫ޟ‬ӻቹԩཎဎȄ։Ȃ೻
এȶၭσড়ϚΙኺȷȂଶΟԤт‫ޱ‬ᇄ‫ר‬တᄇ۠ఀఀࣂᇯ‫ޣ‬ᇄۡဎΰ‫ޟ‬৯տȂѺζᗴ֤Ο
ࢇ‫ݽ‬ȃငᔼȃ‫้ོޥ‬ၥྛϷ᜸‫ޟ‬Ϛҁ้ȂоЅॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӵ೎ცΰᇄтΡ‫ޟ‬৯౴ȂՄ
ғ࢐೻ኺ‫ޟ‬৯౴Ȃ‫ٺ‬ு೎ܻ৵༖ȃ᜞ጢ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃ҆໸჋ Namsay ‫ܚ‬ᇳ‫ޟ‬ȂωЖᔖ
ᄇᇄգఀఀࣂȃࢺιࢇ‫پ܁ޟۺ‬Ȃоᗗջ৵༖‫ޟ‬೎ც‫؁‬ё‫ڗڧ‬ኇ៪Ȅ
ณՄȂӵ೻ᆍωЖᖎᖎ‫ޟ‬ᄘ࡙ϞѴȂ‫ר‬ঈζࣼ‫ॄڗ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬кଢ଼ȃᑖྃӴၐყ‫׽‬
ᡐ౪‫ޟޑ‬հ࣏ȂЎ‫ڏ‬ᄇкᏲ࡚ҳॄఀАᏪୢ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵՄِȂАᏪୢ‫࡚ޟ‬ҳᡱтঈџ
оӒЖี৤ॄȃգᜰ߽‫ޟ‬፣क़ȂᙤԪᄇ‫ॄת‬ఀӵࢺι‫ོޥ‬ϛ‫ޟ‬৵༖՝ညȄӵҏМࠉј
ഋඪ‫ॄޟڗ‬ఀင‫ޟڐ‬଄क़оЅգఀင‫ڐ‬ϛᄇॄఀ‫ޟ‬ජक़้ȂӵႆўѲΪඁԑȂ഍ԙ࣏
ӻ៌ӡ Menri ԋ଱‫ޟ‬ჄߵֆΨՃᜌȃࡇ༈‫៝ܖ‬ሻ‫ޟ‬؅ਟȂЎ‫ڏ‬Ȃӵॄఀೝࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ғԒ
‫ܛ‬ᇯ‫ٮ‬ӵ୽ོ໠ۖ᏿ԤৰԩࡣȂॄఀჄߵ‫ޟ‬፣क़Ȃζ໠ۖ௃ॄȃգȶ౴ϛԤӣȷ‫ޟ‬஼
፡ȂംᅚᙽөȶӣϛԤ౴ȷȂၐყ‫׽‬ᡐॄఀӵՙᙠ୽ఊ፣क़ϛџԤџฒ‫ޟ‬՝ညȂ‫ٺ‬Ϟԙ
࣏ԙ൷ՙᙠᐣѬᇄМϽϬР७ᇼϚџ‫ܖ‬ી‫ޟ‬१ौϯશȄ
ӵӻ៌ӡ࡚ҳΟѲΪӻԑࡣ‫ޟ‬ϬЈȂᄇ೨ӻॄఀ߬Ӊ‫پޱ‬ᇳȂॄఀತܻᅚᅚӵࢺ
ιᙠΡ‫ོޥޟ‬၇મᛧယ؏ΟȂՍЍȂॄఀϐငϚҢ჋ࢺιԞ෈Ȃሯौоߨலճ‫࠼ޟ‬ᄘ
൶ؑࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ᇯӣᇄᔓօȂтঈ౪ӵԤ‫؁‬ӻџоၼҢ‫ޟ‬ၥྛȂѓࢂӨ୽Ᏸ‫ޱ‬ᄇॄఀ
ఀဎᇄᐣѬ‫ـंޟ‬ԙ‫ݎ‬ȂоЅ୽Ѵ߬ಀᄇॄఀ۠ఀࣀଢ଼ᇄԋኂี৤‫ޟ‬ЛࡻȂ೻‫ٲ‬ၥྛ
‫ٺ‬ுॄఀϚӔ࢐Ιএ҆໸‫ׇ‬Ӓ‫ٷ‬Ꭼࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ᇯӣ‫ۡپ‬՝ՌϏȃ‫ׇ‬Ӓೝଢ଼‫ޟ‬᜞ጢ‫ޥ‬
တȂആႆၼҢ೻‫ٲ‬ၥྛȂॄఀϚծџо‫؁‬кଢ଼ȃᑖྃӴᒵᐅौԃդۡဎՌϏӵՙᙠᐣ
ѬᇄМϽΰ‫ޟ‬१ौ‫ܒ‬ȂࣥՍӵၭࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ᄇၗΰȂॄఀζᅚᅚџоમӵΙএᇄգఀ
༖Ψ‫؁‬௥ߖҁ้‫ޟ‬՝ညȂ‫ڥތ‬ȃଆ፣୽ఊ፣क़ᄇॄఀᇄգఀ‫ޟ‬ၛភПԒȄ
௃ࢺι‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬೻এ‫ٽ‬υȂ‫ר‬ঈࣼ‫ڗ‬Ιএ೎ӵ᜞ጢ՝ည‫ޟ‬ΡတȂԃդၼҢϚ
ӣ௑ცඪ‫ޟټ‬ၥྛȂ࣏тঈ‫ڗڧ‬ӻᆍ३‫ޟڙ‬ҡࣀȂ༭അΙএџоȶкଢ଼ᒵᐅȷ‫ުޟ‬໢Ȅ
೻ζᡱ‫ר‬ঈΟ၌Ȃ᜞ጢ‫ܖ‬᜞໬՝ည‫ٮ‬Ϛ࢐Ιএ‫ׇ‬Ӓೝଢ଼ȃฒΨІ‫ޟת‬ຫ኉ȂࣺІ‫ޟ‬Ȃ
Ѻலོ࢐Ιএ௰ଢ଼‫ོޥ‬ȃМϽ‫׽‬ᡐ‫ޟ‬૖ଢ଼ϛЖȂӰཱི࣏‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽ȃཱི‫ޟ‬ᇯӣȂࣥՍཱི‫ޟ‬
‫ޥ‬တȂ഍џ૖ӵ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ᕗც၇‫ל‬ԙȞGreen 2005; Matsuoka and Sorenson 2001; Tsing
1993ȟȄԃӣҏМϛ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ӰᔖԞ෈ࢺιࢇ‫҈ޟۺ‬ᔆȃՙᙠ୽ఊཎᜋ‫ޟ‬ᑹଔȂ҆
໸१ཱིᔮຜॄఀᇄգఀ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃ‫ॄ࣏ٮ‬ఀӵՙᙠМϽᐣѬϛ‫ޟ‬՝ည‫ޟཱིڗײ‬ཎဎȂӵ
೻এႆแϛȂ‫ר‬ঈࣼ‫ڗ‬೨ӻཱི‫ޟ‬ϯશȃཱི‫ޟ‬ቋ঄ᢎȂငҥ৵༖‫ޥ‬တ‫ޟ‬Іଢ଼ᇄፐኡȂ໠
180
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
ۖೝ‫ޟོޥ‬кࢺ፣क़௥ઽᇄ֜ԝȄ೻ζඪᒺं‫ޱـ‬Ȃӵ७ᄇೝ᜞ጢϽ‫ޟ‬ΡတਢȂϚᔖ
ѫ࢐஠тঈܹӵೝкࢺ‫ོޥ‬ᇄ୽ড়᠌Ψೝଢ଼ۡဎ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽ϛȂՄᔖ၎஠‫ڏ‬ຜ࣏ۡဎ‫ོޥ‬
ೣጒᇄ᠌Ψᡝ‫ޟڙ‬ਯЖȂӰ࣏тঈ‫֕ܚ‬౪‫ޟ‬ҭࣽЅ७ᄇ‫ޟ‬ҡࣀࢅᏽȂ‫܁܁‬։࢐‫ོޥ‬ႆ
แϛȂкࢺ᠌Ψᇄ‫࡙ڙ‬ၐყ௶ଶȃႤᚔȂᙤϞо࡚ҳ‫ڏ‬Ԥਝ‫ޟܒ‬ഋϷȂ೻‫ٺ‬ு᜞ጢȃ
᜞໬ԙ࣏ᢎᄆ᠌Ψ᜞ࣨശ१ौ‫ޟ‬ൟ୿Ȟд݂Ṟ 2003ȇGreen 2005ȇRosado 2003ȇSa’ar
1998ȟȄ
ӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡ‫ٽޟོޥ‬υ‫ܖ‬೨ᡗுԤ‫ྃٲ‬ᆒ‫ܖ‬੫੆Ȃծ๋‫ޱ‬ᇯ࣏ȂғӰ‫ܚڏ‬ᡗ౪
‫ޟ‬ᐭ੨‫ོޥ‬ᡐଢ଼Ȃ‫רٺ‬ঈ‫఼؁‬ཿࣼ‫ོޥڗ‬ӵᎌᔖᡐϽ‫ޟ‬ႆแϛȂཱིϯશ‫ޟ‬ёΣ‫ܚ‬Ᏺम
‫ޟ‬Ꭺᕝᇄཱིȶપ‫ו‬ȷ‫࡚ޟ‬ҳȞӵ೻এ‫ٽ‬υϛȂཱིϯશѓࢂӟ࡙‫ޟོޥ‬ᎌᔖȃ୽ሬၥߜ‫ޟ‬
ᜓօȃ୽ሬࢇ‫ޟݽ‬ᡐϽ้ȂՄપ‫࡚ޟו‬ҳࠌкौߒ౪ӵࢺιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ԙҳȃ୽ఊ፣क़‫ޟ‬
ᑹଔ้ȟȂՄ௃‫ڏ‬ϛॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬೎ცȂ‫ר‬ঈζ఼ཿࣼ‫᠌ڗ‬Ψᇄ‫࡙ڙ‬ӵۡဎΡတࣨጣȃ
Ϸ଩ၥྛϛ‫ޟ‬ၼհȄଶԪȂ௃ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᄇкࢺ፣क़ᇄ᠌Ψ‫ޟ࡙ڙ‬І‫ת‬ᇄၐყ‫׽‬ᡐ
ϛȂ‫ר‬ঈζࣼ‫ࢺڗ‬ιᙠΡ‫ོޥ‬ӵ७ᄇȶॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȷ೻এࢋཱིάᙟȞॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᗶณԞ
ϐԆӵȂծ࢐‫ڏ‬ӵࢺιࡣၐყ१ཱིۡဎ‫ོޥޟ‬ᇄМϽ٘ϷȂࠌ࢐ӵࢺι௑ცϛೝϚӣ
‫רޟ‬တᇄт‫ޱ‬ȶഺഅȷю‫ޟپ‬ȟ‫ޟ‬ΡတϷ᜸྅‫܈‬ਢȂԃդ௃௶Ҍȃ‫܇‬౱Ȃ‫ڗ‬ംᅚ௥ઽ‫ޟ‬
ႆแȄ೻ζ࢐࣏ϧቄϚЍᏰ‫ޱ‬໠ۖ஠ȶ᜞ጢʝ᜞໬ȷȞmarginal/peripheral/borderȟដᚠຜ
࣏Ιএ१ौ‫ـंޟ‬ሴ୿ȞԃেᏍ݂ 2005ȇ Chou 2006ȇ Green 2005ȇ Horstmann and
Wadley 2006ȇRosado 2003ȇTsing 1994 ้ȟȂӰ࣏ӵȶ᜞ጢʝ᜞໬ȷ‫ܚ‬৤౪‫ޟ‬МϽᇄ‫ޥ‬
ོࣨጣ‫ࢺޟ‬ଢ଼ȂоЅᇯӣӵࣨጣ‫ᙽޟ‬ಋϛԃդೝ၌ᄺȃӔ࡚ᄺ‫ޟ‬ႆแȂ഍ඪ‫ټ‬Ο‫ר‬ঈ
Ιএ҈કࢋԤ‫ོޥ‬МϽ਱࢜Ȃ१ཱི౩၌‫ོޥ‬ᜰ߽ᇄМϽቋ঄ӵΡတҡࣀϛཎဎ‫ޟ‬ᐠ
ོȂ൷ԃӣҏጕ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬१ᄺΟо‫܁‬༉оգఀ‫ོޥ‬౩၌ࢺιᙠΡ೎ც‫ޟ‬਱࢜Ȃඪ
‫ټ‬Ιএཱི‫ُ࡙ޟ‬Ȃ१ཱིࣼ࡟۠ఀȞѓࢂգఀȟЅ‫࡚ܚڏ‬ҳ‫ོޥޟ‬ᜰ߽ȃМϽቋ঄Ȃӵӟ
࡙ᙠΡ‫ޥ‬တ‫ޟ‬ཎဎȄ
ߣ
1.
ຝ
๋‫ޱ‬Ҥഏ෈໢೤ፙ‫ޟ‬೨ӻॄఀჄߵ഍ඪ‫ڗ‬ȂॄȃգჄߵ໢ᄇܻఀࣂ༈‫ܛ‬ᇄఀဎ‫ތޟ‬
ដȞЎ‫ڏ‬ᜰܻॄఀ࢐֏џо឴ܻኄဎȶգȷఀ‫ތޟ‬፣ȟȂӵࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ԙҳࡣȂӰඡ
᠌‫ޟ‬ჄߵϚᇯ࣏ॄఀ឴ܻኄဎ‫ޟ‬ȶգȷఀȞ։ nang paȂԅ७ཎࡦ࣏ InsidersȂࡾࣺ
߬έ᝘‫ޱ‬ȇ੭ဎ‫ޟ‬գఀ chos paȂࠌடࡾភख़Թѻఀဎ‫ޟ‬ଡᓍ‫ޱ‬ȟ
Ȟَ Ramble 1997: 398;
181
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
ȟȂՄ஠ॄఀ௶ଶӵࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ᇯџ‫۠ޟ‬ఀఀࣂϞѴȄ‫ڗޢ‬಑ΪѲ
жႀᒦൌიϴ໠‫ܛ‬ᇯॄఀȂՙᙠ୽ོϗܻ 1977 ёΣॄఀ‫ڍޟ‬এфߒȂՌԪӵࢺι
ࢇ‫ۺ‬ϴ໠ȃғԒ‫ޟ‬፣क़ϛՙᙠ‫۠ޟ‬ఀఀࣂቨ࣏ѓ֤ॄఀ‫ޟ‬ϤσఀࣂȄ2007 ԑ࿋ႀᒦ
ൌი೤ຜӻ៌ӡਢȂࣥՍӵᅋᖿϛоȶЮҔఀȷȞpha ma’i chosȟ‫ל‬ৠॄఀȄ೨ӻӻ
៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬഍ඪ‫ڗ‬Ȃႀᒦൌი‫ޟ‬೻এᇳ‫ݲ‬Ȃ‫ޟ‬ጂ࣏ॄఀߖ‫پ‬ӵՙᙠ‫ོޥ‬՝ည
‫ޟ‬ඪЀȂள‫پ‬ᔓօȄ
ӻ៌ӡ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵӵඪЅԃդөࢺιࢇ‫ॄڥތۺ‬ఀ໌Σ୽ོ‫ޟ‬ғ࿋‫ܒ‬ਢȂࣱ࢐о
ॄȃգ‫ڎ‬Ԥ‫ޟ‬೻‫ࣺٲ‬խ‫ܒ‬հ࣏፣ᜌȂ‫ٮ‬஼፡೻‫ٲ‬੫ՓᡗҰॄఀ឴ܻ nang paȞኄဎ
‫ޟ‬ȶգȷఀȂَຝភ 1ȟȄഋϷჄߵ‫໌ٮ‬Ι؏፣क़ȂҬࠉ‫ࢺޟ‬ιࢇ‫ۺ‬։࢐о nang pa
‫ޟ‬྅‫܈‬ӵۡဎϤσఀࣂȂ೻࢐ॄఀுоೝ‫ܛ‬ᇯ‫໌ٮ‬Σ୽ོ‫ޟ‬кӰȈȶ֏ࠌȂ߬Ӊᑘ
඼‫ޟݓ‬ᙠΡζོᇳтঈᔖ၎໌Σ୽ོȂծ࡞ᡗณȂтঈϚ឴ܻ nang paȷȄ
ᜰܻຫ໰Мԅ࢐֏ઍᄂԆӵႆȂᐣѬᇄᇭِᏰ‫ޱ‬໢ᗙԤϚЍ‫ތޟ‬፣ȂഋϷᇭِᏰ‫ޱ‬
ࠌ࢐ᇯ࣏Ȃȶຫ໰ȷᇭِԞӵ಑ΪΙжकࠉ൷ϐငੑѶΟȞNishi and Nagano 2001ȟȄ
Zeff BjerkenȞ2001ȟ‫ޟ‬ിρ፣МȂ‫࢐؁‬Ңॄȃգ‫ޱڍ‬ϣ࣏‫܄‬Ԫȶᜢυȷ‫ޟ‬Шൕ‫پ‬Ϸ
‫ޟޱڍݙ‬ᐣѬਪቸȄ
ՙᙠΡҕ‫ۏ‬ষོȞ CTPDȟܻ 1960 ԑԙҳࡣȂܻ 1979 ԑ‫׽‬Ӫ࣏ՙᙠΡҕដོ
Ȟ Assembly of Tibetan People’s Deputies Ȃ ATPD ȟȂ 2006 ԑӔ‫؁‬Ӫ࣏ Tibetan
Parliament-in-ExileȞTPiEȟȄ
ፏᙠୢ୿࢐ҥ‫ݍ‬ഋ‫ޟ‬ፏȞUȟᇄՙഋ‫ޟ‬ᙠȞTsangȟಢԙ‫ޟ‬Ȃӵ 1642 ԑ಑Ϥжႀᒦ
ൌიಛΙ‫ڍ‬ୢϞࠉȂፏᇄᙠѫԤӵ಑Μᇄ಑Τжकਢҥ໯㗆д෉ಛΙႆȞGoldstein
Kværne 1972: 23-24
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1989: 1; Karmay 1998: 116; Richardson 1984[1982]: 1-2, 1998: 426-8; Samuel 1993:
ȟȂӵ೻෈໢Ȃፏȃᙠᇄ‫ں‬ᎏ‫ޟ‬ஶȃԊӻȂࠌӻј೎ܻኵএӴП༖Ψӓӣᝯ‫ތ‬
‫ޑޟ‬ᄘȄ
ᜰܻ୽ఊȶቈԒȷ‫ޟ‬৤ᅋᄇϚӣжф‫ޟ‬ཎဎȂоЅࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ю‫ޟގ‬Ᏸਮఀऋਪԃդ
ആႆМҏ፣क़࡚ᄺȃ༈ႀȶհ࣏ Tibetanȷ‫ޟ‬МϽቋ঄ᇄᐣѬȃ‫ོޥ‬ཎဎȂ๋‫ޱ‬஠Ѫ
М՗ϞȞഋϷԙ‫ݎ‬џَ Liu 2016ȟȄ
ȶॄఀ‫็ڋ‬Ϟড়ȷܻ 1988 ԑ೩ҳȂ࢐࣏ΟԝৠࢺιՍѻ‫ހ‬ᅭȃӟ࡙ӨӴ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ۞
‫ڋ‬Ȅߖԑ‫پ‬Ȃ೨ӻжۨӵѻ‫ހ‬ᅭ‫ॄޟ‬ఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬Ȃζོ஠ωࡆଚ‫ڗ‬Ԫ௥‫ڧ‬ఀ‫ى‬Ȃӵ‫ڧ‬
ఀ෈໢Ȃӻј‫ོۨ็ڋޟ‬՞ӵԪȂഋϷྥരӵᏰਮఀ‫ׇى‬ԙࡣ໌Σԋ଱៝ငᏰ଱‫ޟ‬
49-51
7.
8.
182
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
‫ࡆظ‬Ȃࠌོۨ՞ӵԋ଱‫ ޟ‬Bon Children Welfare CentreȞBCWCȂܻ 1983 ԑ೩ҳȟȄ
ᐃ೻‫ٲ‬ЮҔ‫ܚ‬ᆎȂАᏪୢ‫ޟ‬ᕗცၶѻ‫ހ‬ᅭԁȂωࡆӵԪ૖ஊ௥‫ڧ‬ၶԁ‫ޟ‬Ᏸਮఀ‫ى‬Ȃ
Ў‫ה࢐ڏ‬ఖωࡆԙ࣏Ⴤߵ‫ޟ‬ЮҔȂ‫؁‬ᇯ࣏ӻ៌ӡԤ Menri ԋ଱ӵԪȂџоᡱωࡆ௥
‫ڧ‬ശԁ‫۠ޟ‬ఀଋጛȄ
ഋϷჄߵᇄ؆ҕঈࣱඪ‫ڗ‬Ȃӵ౪ӈ‫ݲ‬д൷ӈࡣ‫෈ߑޟ‬Ȟσघ 1960s-1980s ໢ȟȂԤ؆
ҕᄇ‫ڏ‬ϭΣ‫ܖ‬ϓਖ਼؆ဣϛ߹୛‫ޟ‬િ‫ތ‬ሳԤཌຠȂЎ‫ڏ‬ȂഋϷ‫پ‬Ռஶୢ‫ޟ‬؆ҕȂᇯ࣏
‫پ‬ՌԊӻ‫ݲޟ‬дȂӵӆຘਢঐৠܾ୑ೞӣኺ‫پ‬ՌԊӻ‫ޱ‬ȄϚႆ೻‫ڧٲ‬೤‫ޱ‬഍໌Ι؏
၌ភȂ೻ѫ࢐Ԟ෈‫ޟ‬ᅸኌȂ‫ٮ‬஼፡؆ҕঈംᅚี౪‫ݲ‬д‫ٮ‬Ϛོ୑ೞӈդΙПȂӰԪ
౪ӵϐင‫ؠ‬ԤΡོӔ፴ᅸ‫ڏ‬ӆຘ‫ޟ‬ϴғ‫ܒ‬ΟȄғ࢐೻ኺ‫ีޟ‬౪Ȃ‫ࡦޱ๋ٺ‬ՃȂήΙ
এ᝷ӈ‫ޱ‬Ȃζᔖ၎ོ७ᄇ᜸խ‫ޟ‬୰ᚠȂᗶณ༈ಛ‫ޟ‬Ӵ୿ཎᜋӵཱིжфϐംᅚԒཌȂ
ծήΙӈ‫ݲ‬д‫ޟ‬धශȞ‫ܚ‬Ԥ‫ڎ‬രਿՙၥਿ‫ޟ‬Ⴤߵ഍џ૖ӵ‫ܪ‬ᡆႆแϛೝᒵ࣏‫ݲ‬дȂ
ծԋ଱ϛ‫ڎ‬രਿՙၥਿ‫ޟ‬ჄߵȂ༉Ѝኵюҡܻӻ៌ӡȟȂЅ‫ܚڏ‬७ᄇ‫ޟ‬ȃϚᘞᡐϽ
‫ࢺޟ‬ιᙠΡӵӟ࡙‫٘ޟ‬Ϸ՝ညȃॄఀӵࢺιᙠΡ‫ޟོޥ‬೎ც้Ȃ഍џ૖ԙ࣏‫ڏ‬հ࣏
ॄఀԋኂᇄӻ៌ӡАᏪୢሴᏲ‫ޱ‬ሯौ७ᄇ‫ࢅޟ‬ᏽȄ
೻ӵࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬ю‫ޟގ‬Ᏸਮఀऋਪ፣क़ϛȂЎ‫݂ڏ‬ᡗȄ๋‫ޱ‬ӵѪጕМണϛȞLiu 2016ȟȂ
ବᄇӟ࡙ՙᙠᏰਮȞCentral School for Tibetansȟఀऋਪϛ‫ޟ‬ȶ୽ఊᐣѬȷȂԤ‫؁‬၏
ಠ‫ޟ‬Ϸ‫ݙ‬ᇄଆ፣Ȅ
ॄఀჄߵ Geshe Nyima Woser Choekhortshang ᄇԪᇆᗐ‫ྛپޟ‬Ԥߨல၏ᅾ‫ޟ‬ՃᜌȂ
‫ڏ‬๿հ “g.yung drung shon rtsed” [The Performance of Yundrung Shon]Ȟ2005ȟһџ
ຜ࣏࢐ॄఀჄߵၐყ௃Өᆍ‫ޟ‬МϽᒸ੼ᇄ‫ᝲڐ‬଄क़ϛШၶȃՃᜌоॄఀ࣏ਯЖ‫ޟ‬Ԟ
෈ՙᙠ‫ོޥ‬ҡࣀߨல१ौ‫ޟ‬фߒȄ
2015 ԑ 9 Т 18-21 Рܻϛ୽ѕ‫ٵ‬ҥϛѵҕఊσᏰкᒲ‫ޟ‬಑Ι۩ȶϛ୽୽ሬຫ໰МϽ
Ᏸ೚ंଆོȷȞInternational Conference of Shang Shung Culture StudiesȟȂ࢐ѪΙএᢎ
ᄆ࿋фȶຫ໰ȷ፣क़ี৤‫ޟ‬१ौൟ୿Ȅ೨ӻՃѠȃᇭِᇄင‫ޟڐ‬Ճᜌᇄȶཱིี౪ȷȂ
ࣱӵԪོដϛතҰ‫ٮ‬Еଔଆ፣ȄᜰܻԪོដ‫ޟ‬ᢎᄆЅ‫ڏ‬ཎဎȂ๋‫ޱ‬஠ѪМ፣क़Ȅ
ȂඪЅӻ៌
Krystyna Cech ӵ‫ ڏ‬70 ԑфґՍ 80 ԑфߑ‫ޟ‬ҤഏकᓃϛȞَ Cech 1987ȟ
ӡၰડቈԒ‫ޟ‬ᖞ՗࢐ӵᙠᐍཱིԑ‫ޟ‬಑Ι‫ܖ‬಑ΠЈȂณՄȂ๋‫ޱ‬Ҥഏ෈໢‫ܚ‬ႄ‫ڍޟڗ‬
ԩၰડࣀଢ଼Ȃ഍࢐ӵᙠᐍཱིԑ໠ۖࡣ‫ޟ‬಑Ιএ࢑෈РᖞᒲȄ๋‫ޱ‬ӰԪෆඁԩၚ୰ԋ
ኂჄߵȂ࢐֏‫׽‬ႆၰડቈԒᖞᒲ‫ޟ‬ਢ໢оЅ࣏դ‫׽؁‬Ȅਲ਼ᐃჄߵঈ‫ޟ‬ӱ๎Ȃཱིԑ‫ޟ‬
183
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
14.
15.
16.
ၰડቈԒ࢐ӵശߖΪඁȃΠΪԑϱȞσघ 90 ԑф໠ۖȟϗ‫ڗ׽‬ՙᐍ‫෈࢑ޟ‬РᖞᒲȂ
кौՃ໔൷࢐࢑෈Р࣏ӟ࡙Ӓ୽‫ޟܒ‬୅РȂԃԪϗџᡱߣߖ‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙ۨҕ഍૖‫پ‬୤ᇄ
೻এ౾ོȄ
ࣺխ‫ޟ‬ᢎᄆȂһџَ Mona SchrempfȞ1997ȟᄇܻ 1995 ԑӻ៌ӡၰડቈԒ‫ޟ‬Ϸ‫ݙ‬Ȃ
ณՄȂSchrempf кौଆ፣‫࢐ޟ‬ၰડቈԒϛёΣ‫ޟ‬ȶߨ༈ಛȷ৏ዅϯશȂծ๋‫ޱ‬ᇯ࣏Ȃ
ᓍ๿ॄఀຫ໰፣क़ӵശߖΪඁԑ‫ีޟپ‬৤ȂShon ᇆᗐ‫ܚ‬ង֤‫ޟ‬೿๖ॄఀМϽᇄӟ࡙
༈ಛഋဣМϽ‫ޟ‬ཎဎȂШо‫ڗڧ؁܁‬ԋኂ‫ޟ‬஼፡ȄσഋϷ಑Ιф‫ޟ‬؆ҕӵၰડቈԒ
๖‫؂‬ȃShon ᇆᗐ໠ۖਢȂ൷ོ໠ۖԝࢃ‫ݍ‬ՙӱড়Ȅ๋‫ޱ‬ၚ୰࣏դᄇ Shon ‫ؠ‬Ԥᑹ፸Ȃ
ӻኵ‫ޟ‬ՂΡࣱߒҰтঈौሂ๿ӱড়ྥരఏᓡȂЍഋϷࠌᇯ࣏ Shon ࣏ȶӟ࡙ᇆᗐȷȂ
࡚ដ‫੼ר‬ή‫ݠپ‬፬Ȅࣺᄇܻ೻‫ٲ‬಑Ιф؆ҕȂӻј‫ߧޟ‬Ѝԑࠌོө‫ר‬၌ភԪᇆᗐᇄ
ຫ໰ȃॄఀ‫ޟ‬ᜰ߽Ȃ‫ٮ‬ඪ‫ڗ‬ՂΙᎆȶ‫ࣼؠ‬ႆ೻ኺ‫ޟ‬ᇆᗐȂ‫ܚ‬оϚཐᑹ፸ȷȄՄࣺၶ
ܻംᅚඹў‫ޟ‬؆ҕȂඁн‫ܚ‬Ԥ‫ޟ‬ԋ଱Ⴤߵ഍ོ੼ή‫پ‬ᢎࣼ ShonȞ࿋ณȂᗙѓࢂ‫پ‬Ռ
Kinnaur ‫ޟ‬ᢎಀᇄ᎑ߖ‫ޟ‬ӟ࡙ȃѻ‫ހ‬ᅭΡȟ
Ȃ‫ٮ‬ө‫ר‬၌ភᇆᗐ‫ྛޟ‬ҥᇄ१ौ‫ܒ‬ȂഋϷ
ჄߵࣥՍඪ‫ڗ‬Ӱ࣏ॄఀ‫ޟ‬१ຜȂम‫ٺ‬ӟ࡙ۢПζംᅚ஠Ԫᇆᗐຜ࣏ Kinnaur ‫ޟ‬१ौ
༈ಛȄ
๋‫ޱ‬ᗶԝ‫ ڗ‬Menri ԋ଱‫ޟ‬ᗜ፜‫ڒ‬Ȟَყ 7 ᇄ 8ȟȂծӰਢ໢Ӱશฒ‫ݲ‬୤ᇄԪंଆོȂ
ѫԁܻ‫ࡣٱ‬ө୤ᇄ‫ॄޟ‬ఀჄߵၚ୰ंଆོᖞᒲ‫ݷޑޟ‬Ȅ
Ԫ๋࣏‫ޱ‬ၛភϞຠȂਲ਼ᐃ‫ڧ‬೤‫ޟޱ‬ᇳ‫ݲ‬Ȃࠌ࢐ȶॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᇄॄఀԋ଱ߖඁԑ‫پ‬ӵ
ՙᙠ‫ޟ‬՝ညȂࣺᄇܻգఀȂσσඪЀȷȄ೨ӻ‫ڧ‬೤‫ޱ‬Ȟӻ࣏ԋኂჄߵȂЍኵ࣏ਡѴ
‫ޟ‬ᙠᝲॄఀᏰ‫ޱ‬ȟ‫ٮ‬ඪ‫ڗ‬ȂՙᙠՌ‫ݽ‬ୢ೨ӻၶଽ໦‫ۢޟ‬ষȂ഍࢐ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ȂᄇԪȂ
๋‫ޱ‬ᇯ࣏ᗙሯौ‫؁‬ӻ‫ڎ‬ᡝၥਟϗ૖ୈ໌Ι؏၌ភȂณՄȂ௃ඁএ७ө‫ޟ‬ጂџоᢎᄆ
‫ڗ‬ϛ୽ࢇ‫ۺ‬ᄇܻॄఀМϽ‫ޟ‬ᄘ࡙Ȃᇄࢺιࢇ‫ۺ‬խн֕౪ΙএᄇШȄॶӑȂᄇܻԃդ
ᜌ݂ȶϛ୽ࢇ‫ۺ‬൉དྷॄఀ‫ܻࣥ؁‬գఀȷȂσഋϷ‫ڧޟ‬೤‫ޱ‬Ȟࣱ࣏ԋኂჄߵȟ഍ོඪ
ю౪ӈ‫ݲ‬дܻ 2004 ԑᕕটߕӱ‫ڏ‬Ԋӻড়໐௤ຜᒑΡ‫ٮ‬೤ຜॄఀԋኂୈ࣏‫ٽ‬υȂᄇ
ԪȂ‫ڧ‬೤‫ޱ‬ଶΟ஼፡౪ӈॄఀ‫ݲ‬д࢐Ϥσఀࣂሴ೟ϛ୲ΙΙএ‫ڗڧ‬ϛ୽ӣཎџоӱ
ᙠ೤ຜ‫ޱ‬ȞՄкौনӰࠌ࣏ȶॄఀϗ࢐ՙᙠ‫ޟ‬ҏπ۠ఀȷȟȂζඪюԪ‫ٱ‬Ӈᡱࢺι‫ޟ‬
գఀఀࣂཎᜋ‫ॄڗ‬ఀ‫ޟ‬१ौ‫ܒ‬ȂՄംᅚ‫׽‬ᡐ‫ڏ‬ᄇ࡟ॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬ᄘ࡙Ȅ‫ڏ‬ϛΙ՝࿋
ߑၭᓍ‫ݲ‬дӱᙠ‫ޱ‬Ȃࠌඪ‫ڗ‬Ԫ՗‫ޟ‬ጂё౏Οϛ୽ცϱॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޱ‬ᇄԋ଱ᄇ౪ӈ‫ݲ‬д
‫ޟ‬өЖΨȄଶԪȂ๋‫ޱ‬ζᢎᄆ‫ڗ‬Ȃϛ୽Ӵୢߖԑ‫پ‬Ԥ೨ӻຫ໰ࣺᜰ‫ޟ‬ᘎਪᇄ෈ѐю
‫ގ‬Ȃѓࢂ 2002 ԑഺѐ‫ޟ‬Ȯຫ໰МϽȯȞᙠᇭȂϬҥຫ໰МϽี৤‫ོڞ‬ю‫ގ‬ȟ้Ȃխ
184
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
17.
нᡗَຫ໰ԙ࣏ϬРϛ୽ӴୢۢПᇄҕ໢፣क़ॄఀМϽ੫Փ‫ޟ‬१ौ‫ٷ‬ᐃȂԪᇄၶЍ
ඪЅॄఀᇄຫ໰ᜰᖒ‫ࢺޟ‬ιࢇ‫ޟۺ‬ᄘ࡙Ȃতԁ֕౪ΙএᄇШȄ
Ԫѯ๋࣏‫ޱ‬ҤഏਢȞ2007-2009ȟॄఀჄߵᄇႀᒦൌიᅋᖿ‫ޟ‬οक़ᙚឍȂ‫ڏ‬οक़নѯ
࣏ȈȶThe Bon religion is our native religion (pha ma’i chos). If we need to find the
history of Tibet, it can be found only in the Bon texts. We cannot find it in Buddhist
ȷȞ2007 ԑ 4 Т 21 РȟȄ
IJĹįġ Ԫ๋࣏‫ܻޱ‬၎ԑԝ‫ ڗ‬Menri ԋ଱ᗜ፜‫ڒ‬ϱߣϞंଆོᙏϭȄ
texts
ЕҢਪҬ
ΐ΢Ήͻ΁̫̅͊̅՞ҕ̯Ể
2014 ȲVoice of TAKAEȳȄȶ͔̱͌ͅ‫ݍ‬؆ଽ԰̯౪䉞ȷȂhttp://takae.ti-da.net/Ȃ2014
ԑ 6 Т 21 РΰጣȄ
έΰස〝
2006! Ȯ੕̬͐͌̚ʂ‫؟‬䶬ί形ഏѠІஅӴ 600 Р̯斀̅ʂȯȄ‫؟‬ᛱȈQAB ੳ౨෉Р
ܹଚȄ
2012 Ȯ኿‫̯ޟ‬؆ ʂ⚥̬ວ͍̠̉͊‫؟‬䶬ίଽ԰̯՞ҕႀʂȯȄ‫؟‬ᛱȈQAB ੳ౨෉Р
ܹଚȄ
σ԰୊έॢ
2009[1970]! Ȯ‫؟‬ᛱҒ଄ȯȄങِឍȄѮѕȈᖒငȄ
ΰ໢ഺΙॢ
2007 Ȳߖф͐̍⚥̯ӣϽкဎ̩‫؟‬䶬̯ҕఊࡦད˕˕ȶ‫؟‬䶬⬎ȷ̬敊͌̚‫ޥ‬ỂѬ‫ޟ‬
Ճᄆ˕˕ȳȄȮ⾄Ң‫ޥ‬Ể⬎ं‫ـ‬ȯ49Ȉ285-295Ȅ
ωᅪ़Π
1995! Ȯ⌀Ιҕఊડၗ̯ଔྛȈȲРҏΡȳ̯Ռ䓣჋̯‫ف‬ᜊȯȄ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉཱིᘟ‫ޥ‬Ȅ
2003[1998]! ȮȲРҏΡȳ̯ცࣨȈ‫؟‬䶬Ʉ͚͜΄ɄѮ㸦Ʉ෉ᘀේҕӴЛ଩̌͊ඈⷘၼ
ଢ଼̨̿ȯȄ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉཱིᘟ‫ޥ‬Ȅ
185
ՃѠΡ᜸ᏰѐɄ಑ 84 ෈Ʉॲ 145-190Ʉ2016
Ҥϛէ⻍
2009! Ȯ形ഏѠ̯੕͓̿̓͌Ρ̢̠˕˕σ٬̯ԽॖஅӴІ⮦՗ଢ଼ȯȄσ٬Ȉ‫ݍ‬Пю‫ގ‬Ȅ
ѕ؆ዌ
Ȅ
2010! Ȳȶ໱ᅋՌ‫ؚ‬ȷ࡜‫⦖؟‬ᡓ˕˕ᡓൟ࡟࠾ࡅࡿȶᅜҕၾᚨȷ࡜ȶᚑᒓࡍࡿкᬅȷ˕˕ȳ
ѐܻȮ‫⦖؟‬ᏛΣߞȯȄഽПɶ䧚ᆋ〝υᇄࠉགྷՙΙ଻ጡȂॲ 249-269Ȅ‫ٵ‬഍Ȉࢍ
‫ڷ‬ஆȄ
ҁ㠲ԩ
1974 ȮРҏ⚥‫׽‬അၐ፣: ⚥ড়͓ Ճ̉͌ ȯ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉᖿፙ‫ޥ‬Ȅ
ԙҤᓸΙ
2006! Ȳȶມِȷ̯ਢф̯㬜Ѭ⬎ȳȄѐܻȮ଄ᏹ̍ᇭ̰̙͋͂͌ȯȄ⅐όΙॢጡȂॲ
201-224Ȅ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉ‫ٵݍ‬σ⬎ю‫ގ‬ỂȄ
Ӵ౨̯ὐཱི̪ᆸጡ໱ഋ
2010! Ȳ‫ࡣ⦖؟‬ᩏᅜࢻగࡢ৬ࢆࡵࡊࡍȄࡶ࠺ཱིࡋ࠸அӴࡣ࠾ࡅ࡞࠸Ȅ㠰ϸࡽࢀࡓ‫؟‬
⦖˕˕ࡑࡢࡥࡾࡢনⅬ࡜ࢳ࣒ࢢࢡࣝȞ‫م‬Жȟᶒց࡜଒⏘ࢆԈࡿॖҢӴкȞ೽
⛠ȈІᡓӴк఍ȟྱࡐ‫ؾ‬᪜఍ߝࡢᆸࡃȳȄȮӴ౨ࡢυ࡝ࡶཱིᆸȯ120Ȉ411-416Ȅ
֔ⷦΡ
2006Ȳᆋᅭኞ಼ཎᜋ࠮ᄘ˕˕ၐ፣Рҏ෥ҕಛ‫ݽ‬ήᇃᢊҕఊၼଢ଼ȶҕఊМϽȷ፣क़‫ޟ‬
‫ל‬ԙȞ1919-1937ȟȳȄȮཱིѬᏰȯ17(2)Ȉ127-218Ȅ
2013Ȳੳ౨ӓ‫̬୽ڷ‬௧̑˕˕ ΙΡ̯Ѯ㸦Ρ̍‫ݘ‬৬੎ഽȶੳ౨䊔ҳ̯ၾ̹ȷ͓婕́ȳȄ
ѐܻȮ಑ 6 ӱԩжф⚥ሬं‫ـ‬σỂൢ֙፣໱ȯȄԞ䧚Ҥσ⬎͚Ͱ͚ं‫ـ‬ᐠᄺጡȂ
ॲ 165-183Ȅ‫ٵݍ‬ȈԞ䧚Ҥσ⬎͚Ͱ͚ं‫ـ‬ᐠᄺȄ
‫ݍ‬԰ҁϞ
1991! Ȯ‫؟‬䶬Ρ̯ཎᜋᄺഅȯȄ٥夯Ȉ‫؟‬䶬ͷ͜Θͱ‫ޥ‬Ȅ
‫ݘ‬৬੎ഽ
2012 Ȯੳ౨⊂ҳ࡬ࡢၾ˕˕ේҕӴкဎ࡟‫࠺ת‬ੳ౨ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ȯȄ‫ٵ‬഍Ȉ‫ࡡݲ‬М
Ͻ‫ޥ‬Ȅ
186
ቓ৆ࣟȆӟ࡙ࢺιᙠΡॄఀ߬Ӊ‫ޟޱ‬᜞ጢϽ೎ცᇄҡԆ๊౱
੕ΰΐ΢அӴІ⮦ίҁ‫̩ڷ‬Ӫ៖ѿҕкϽ͓ؑ͂͌‫ڞ‬ដỂ
2006 Ȯ形ഏѠ͚ͧͯΟΫȯȄ‫؟‬ᛱȈ̫͔͉̇М৲Ȅ
੓৬ਇυ
2010 Ȯ⎵嬟̯怠㉆! 㴟̬̓映̬̓➢⛘̰̫̅͊̅ȯȄ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉ͜ΫΉͧ΀ ю‫ގ‬ỂȄ
৘ᅈ
2010 Ȳϱӵܻ‫؟‬ᛱ‫ٳݍޟ‬ᏽࡣѬȳȄѐܻȮ‫؟‬ᛱ౪фѬȯȄཱི஦౾ཱུ๿Ȃॲ 449-466Ȅ
नьԼឍȄѕ‫ٵ‬Ȉέᖒਪ۹Ȅ
⅐όΙॢ
2006a Ȳِဨ̯ ӵ‫ ̩ܚ‬଄ᏹ̬̋̒͌ ੾̯ ୰ᚠȳȄѐܻȮ଄ᏹ̍ ᇭ̰̙͋͂͌ ȯȄ⅐ό
ΙॢጡȂॲ 201-224Ȅ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉ‫ٵݍ‬σ⬎ю‫ގ‬ỂȄ
2006b Ȯ⠿၄! ㇎ൟ̯ ଄ᏹȯȄ‫ٵݍ‬ȈੁԒỂ‫ޥ‬Рҏ䳴㶰ं‫ޥـ‬Ȅ
ഏ؆੝ζ
2005! Ȯฒཎᜋ̯ ේҕӴкဎȈРҏΡ̯ ԽॖஅӴ̩ ‫؟‬䶬ΡȯȄ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉ௅૯ ̯ Ыਪ‫ܘ‬Ȅ
෮形छ۟
2010! ȲέΡ̯ ȶੳ౨Ρȷ˕˕ Ѭਟ͓ 婕 ́ ˕˕ȳȄѐܻȮ‫؟‬䶬⬎ΣߞȯȄഽПɶ䧚ᆋ
〝υᇄࠉགྷՙΙ଻ጡȂॲ 3-21Ȅ‫ٵ‬഍Ȉࢍ‫ڷ‬ஆȄ
྆җ݂
ȄȮ୰ᚠᇄं‫ـ‬ȯ
2002! Ȳվᏽਢ෈РҏϞ٩ፏᇄԊӒ߳ራࢇ๊ȈΙΞѲϤʂΙΞΞɒȳ
41(5)Ȉ13-40Ȅ
ཱི஦౾ཱུ
1992! Ȯж෇̯͐͋ ෼̨̯̫̍ ȈՌҳ̹̯ ၐ՗ᒿᇲȯȄ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉഷॳ‫ޥ‬Ȅ
1995! Ȯཱི‫؟ގ‬ᛱɄІᏽӴкȯȄ‫ٵݍ‬ȈଽМंȄ
1999[1996]! Ȳ‫؟‬䶬̯ 斀ḱ˕˕ ̞̯ 㬜Ѭ̩ ৤ఖȳȄѐܻȮ‫؟‬䶬͓ 婕 ́ ȯȄ௑‫ݷ‬ю‫ގ‬ጡ
໱ഋጡȂॲ 39-58Ȅ‫ٵݍ‬Ȉ௑‫ݷ‬ю‫ގ‬Ȅ
ཱི஦౾ཱུȃઍ㞬࠲Ҝ⽛
1997 ȲІ㇎Ӵкȃȶࡦ̅ ȷ ͓ ᇭ͌ ȳȄѐܻȮ‫؟‬䶬̯ அӴ୰ᚠȯȄ‫؟‬䶬⚥ሬσ⬎ϴ໠
ᖿ৴ 4Ȅ‫؟‬䶬⚥ሬσ⬎ϴ໠ᖿ৴‫ۏ‬ষỂጡȂॲ 101-126Ȅ‫؟‬䶬Ȉ‫؟‬䶬⚥ሬσ⬎
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ϴ໠ᖿ৴‫ۏ‬ষỂȄ
ᅪҏിϞ
ȮԞ䧚Ҥσ⬎㔯⬎
2003! Ȳȶ͉̞ ‫ޱ‬ȷ̧̩̘̯ ᕗცၼଢ଼˕˕ Ӫ៖ѿߝᒵ㋁͓ ‫ ̬ٽٱ‬ȳȄ
ं‫ـ‬ऋकौȯ48(1)Ȉ97-105Ȅ!
2005! Ȳ՞ҕ̩ ၼଢ଼̩̯ ‫ڞ‬⁵̧̰̬̘̅̌ џ૖̌ ˕˕ ලЈ໢அӴಋ೩୰ᚠ͓ ‫ ̬ٽٱ‬ȳȄ
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