Resource Utilization in Unalaska, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

RESOURCEUTILIZATION IN UNALASKA,
ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA
Douglas W. Veltre,
Mary J. Veltre,
Technical
Alaska
Ph. D.
B.A.
Paper Number 58
Department
of Fish and Game
Division
of Subsistence
October 23, 1982
Contract
824790
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This
without
of
their
assistance
Linda
time
in
with
project,
comments
support
and
housing
to
the
those
received
and
deserves
the
continuing
individuals
draft
of
ii
support
thanks
Thanks
the
report.
many
for
go too
Division
throughout
who offered
this
from
Ounalashka
special
of
produce
graciously
and transportation.
Director
to
individuals
knowledge,
Deputy
on an earlier
authors
Numerous
who provided
and
have been possible
particular,
Ellanna,
Subsistence,
not
Unalaska.
Corporation,.
to
would
the generous
residents
shared
report
of
this
valuable
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Chapter
INTRODUCTION
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose .....................
...............
Research objectives
Research methods
Discussion
of rese~r~h'm~tho~oio~y'
...........
Organization
of the report
2
........
BACKGROUNDON ALEUT RESOURCE UTILIZATION
......
11
11
. 12
19
19
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
23
. 23
25
30
37
38
...........................
Introduction
The precontact'plrioi
...............
The Russian period
...............
The American period
...........
Unalaska community profile.
...................
Conclusions
4
1
4
6
8
10
. . . . . 11
...............
Introduction
...............
Aleut distribuiiin'
Precontact
resource
is: ba;tgr;ls'
..........
The early postcontact
period
...................
Conclusions
3
1
THE NATURAL SETTING ................
Introduction
aAd*gLoioiy'
Location,
geog;aih;,'
Climate.....................4
Terrestrial
fauna ................
T .............
....
Marine fauna
....................
Avifauna
Flora......................5
...................
Conclusions
iii
42
........
........
42
42
4
47
47
53
3
56
5
NON-COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION OF
RESOURCES IN UNALASKA . . . . . ! . . . . . . . .
Introduction
Inventory
of
6
. . . . ...*....
. . . . . . . . . . . .
rlsiu;cgs*
BIBLIOdRAPHY
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
iv
57
59
. . . . . . .
102
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
102
102
.
127
SUBSISTENCE ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS
Introduction
Issues and conil;sioAs*
57
.
.
.
.
. ..
.
.
.
.
.
LIST OF TABLES
2-1
3-1
3-2
4-l
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
5-1
5-2
6-1
6-2
Major Precontact
Resources and Harvest
Techniques
in the Aleutian
Islands
. . . .
Population
and Number of Settlements,
Unalaska
Island
and Unalaska/Dutch
Harbor Area,
. .
1759-1982
Population
of ~u;l;i~g'S~t;l~rn~n;s*i~
;hl
Unalaska Island
Region . . . . . . . . . .
Selected
Meteorological
Data for Unalaska
. . . . .
and Other Aleutian
Localities
. . .
Marine Mammals of the Unalaska Are:
Comparison of Steller
Sea Lions Sigh;ei
in the Eastern Aleutian
Islands
'Between
1957 and 1980-1981
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Birds and Marine Mammals of the Unalaska Island
Area and the Eastern Aleutian
Islands,
. .
1980-1981
Bird Species 0; ;hi ;n~l~s~a'I~l&d
Aria'
. .
Inventory
of Resources of Unalaska
. .
Utilization
of the Steller,
or Northlr;,'
SeaLion..................
Prices of Selected
Grocery Items from Stores
in Unalaska and Anchorage, _July,
. .
- _ 1982
Seasonal Resource Harvest Activities
. . . .
V
.
.
.
14
.
.
.
31
.
.
.
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
46
48
.
.
.
51
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
52
54
58
.
l
60
. . . 110
. . . 114
LIST OF FIGURES
l-l
l-2
3-1
3-2
4-1
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
6-1
The Aleutian
Islands
and Southwest Alaska
Northeastern
Unalaska Island
and Vicinity,
Including
Amaknak Island
and the
City of Unalaska . . . . . . . . . .
Locations
(West to East) of the Former
Settlements
of Chernofski,
Kashega,
and Biorka
. . . . . . . .
Makushin,
Unalaska City Limits
The Eastern Aleutian
IHl~n~s'a~d'S~u;h;eHt'
Alaska...............
Primary Sea Lion Hunting Area
and Rookeries,
1982 . . . . . . . .
Primary Harbor Seal Hunting Area, 1982
Primary Non-Commercial
Salmon Fishing
. . . .
Locations,
1982
.
1981 Subsistence
Salio;
ie;rnit*
.
1981 Subsistence
Fishing
RegulatioAs'
.
1982 Subsistence
Salmon Permit
. . . .
Primary Non-Commercial
Halibut
Fishing
Locations,
1982
Camp Locations
Near ;hl &i;y'o;
;n~l~s~a~
.
vi
. . . . .
2
. . . . . .
3
. . . . . .
. . . .
34
39
<.....
43
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
63
67
.
.
.
.
81
84
85
86
.
.
.
e
.
.
.
.
i962'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . 91
. . 117
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
This
utilization
in the
Amaknak
Islands
and l-2).
known
as Dutch
fishing
of
Harbor
plants.
Unalaska,
in
exploration
Indeed,
oil
already
witnessed
land
various
ments
lease
and sea facilities
facets
are
of
hydroelectric
their
Island)
to
to
is
that
Unalaska
to
being
a center
in
in the Bering
by oil
geothermal
The
1
numbers
work
near
at
for
the
the
involved
future.
has
in utilizing
community
possible
projects.
l-l
area
Sea, Unalaska
and in the
Among other
work.
the
companies
and
home to some
to become strongly
near
and
(Figures
due to large
_'and production
interest
on Unalaska
includes
however,
likely
sales
resource
200 of whom are Aleut.
addition
is also
industry,
of
Islands
(which
on Amaknak
who come
in petroleum
both
Unalaska
processing
with
Aleutian
greatly,
workers
nature
of Unalaska,
approximately
fluctuates
seasonal
seafood
community
The city
population
the
in the eastern
2000 residents,
of
outlines
report
for
develop-
W
I
l-2:
Northeastern
Unalaska Island
and vicinity,
including
Amaknak Island
arid the City
'Unalaska
Figure
No detailed
been conducted
subsistence
St.
1981).
The present
of
work,
resources
fish,
and
having
to the
It
address
Unalaska
area.
resource
use data
actual
that
resources
which
assessments.
the
in turn
The
and methods
of
and
a society,
social,
work
the
and the
should
was
not
impact
on the
developments
in the
was to provide
baseline
be useful
in future
sections
following
of the
use of
utilization
present
specific
focus
format
system.
regarding
bf
the
part-of
the
the
and Veltre
distribution,
cultural
issues
Instead,
detail
the
research.
objectives
A number
range
the
the
has substantial
subsistence
an integral
noted
use of
Research
are
that
harvest,
may
subsistence
objectives
the
of a complex
to
impact
just
aspects
undertaken
of
parallel
technoenvironmental,
be
communities
largely
than
resources
community
George,
view
has ever
Aleut
(Veltre
will
plants:
of
resources
undertaken
the
more
consumption
ideological
been
emphasizing
game,
ties
and St.
stud.y
involves
use of
in the Aleut
Paul
research
the
nor in any other
Only
chain.
Islands,
that
of
in Unalaska,
of the Aleutian
Pribilof
study
of
topics
subsistence
objectives
of
research
served
resource
to
objectives
guide
utilization
covering
the
a broad
investigation
in
Unalaska.
species
of
of
These
are as follows:
(1)
To establish
which
4
plants
and
animals
the
are taken
area(s)
to
use(s)
which
To
analytic
pursuits
links
which
in
Unalaska
today.
of
for
of
and
foods
subsistence
the
endeavors
members
(by
in
social
and cultural
diversity
are to be
relationship
The
the
proportion
of
the monetary
subsistence
cash employment
the
in
between
necessary
among
and
present
of the community,
which
subsistence
These issues
economies.
are
the
distribution,
the general
influence
and
put,
engage
ethnic
and maintaining
and the
of procurement,
community
resources.
cash
the
obtained,
is
acquisition,
the
were
the community.
name)
in the diet
providing
technology,
resource
by
the
is
of year
which
To establish
subsistence
subsistence
to be determined
and to investigate
light
(3)
item
within
of subsistence
examined
each
each
not
exist
consumption
Also
establish
category,
.economic
use.
and time
of each item
(2)
cost
which
methodology,
distribution
the
local
from
technology,
the
for
factors
has upon
to.
be
considered.
(4)
local
resource
(5)
in
land
use;
To
investigate
the
use among community
To determine
specifically,
the
role
ideological
of
members.
of local
to determine
5
aspects
resource
the
harvest
relationship
between
;settlement
camps)
patterning
and subsistence
(6)
various
utilization.
that
present
most
study
attention
Historical
on
comprehensive
rather
to
resources
history
gain
may be pointed
designed
be utilized
of
resource
use
to focus
to
in
out
patterns.
not
for
in which
contemporary
subsistence
an appreciation
and
it
regard,
contemporary
will
manner
influenced
was specifically
materials
use of seasonal
on the
may have
In this
the
endeavors.
perspective
factors
resource
the
economic
To provide
historical
(including
provide
a
Unalaska,
the
use
to
place
current
use patterns
To address
the
objectives
listed-in
of
in
but
various
temporal
perspective.
Research
methods
section,
research
conducted.
.contracted
basis
for
employing
Except
for
by the
Division
this
field
a variety
research
of
project.
background
research
1982,
an
equivalent.’
amount
during
July
this
project
(1)
was
and
relatively
October,
little
As
1982.
may be itemized
The literature
surveyed.
was
the authors
were
on a part-time
in
was,spent
6
15 days
between
for
January
report
Research
were
and May,
preparation
methods
used
as follows:
pertaining
mentioned
time
time,
preceding
methods
Approximately
for
between
of
Subsistence
contracted
and
the
to Aleut
the
previous
investigating
resource
section,
historical
use
sources,
with
contemporary
largely
emphasis
materials.
between
conducted
by
January
1982
bodies,
including
the
provided
officials
and several
the
the
plans
City
trips,
of
An
initial
to
meet
trip
with
Ounalashka
to
its
place
from
were
11-14
several
local
Corporation,
overview
Board
of
the
for
purpose
of Directors.
individuals
22 June
contact
Unalaska
and the
the
non-profit
Altogether,
took
in Unalaska
were
also
was made to Unalaska
from
Corporation
Aleut
research
a brief
local
trip
and a third
subsequent
and
City
consulted
project.
A second
1982,
Aleut
presented
research
concerning
time
the
and field
recent
research
of field
authors.
authors
to
and May, 1982.
periods
the
ins.tead
Literature
January
(2) Three
which
given
27
to
5 July.
was maintained
and
especially
Unalaska
with
Aleut
were
20-28
During
with
May
these
the office
the
of
Ounalashka
Development
Corporation,
in
community.
corporation
days
from
spent
in
the
Unalaska
by
two
consisted
of
both
researchers.
Data
formal
well
collection
and informal
as
during
interviews
observation
resource
use
consisted
of
fieldwork
and
with
participant
activities.
Formal
questioning
with
7
community
members
observation
interviews
a predesigned,
as
of
generally
though
flexible,
list
special
of
large
contact
topics
scale
and
maps of the
was maintained
public
slide
authors
with
presentation
conducted
community
in
resource
island:
As mentioned
various
local
concerning
1981 in
knowledge
mapping
the
of research
the
areas
above,
bodies,
research
on
and a
which
the
Pribilof
Islands
furthered
focused
on local
resource
use.
(3) A local
in gathering
data
Discussion
mapping
their
of
resource
time.
Second,
whom information
this
the
report.
start
the
of
to aide
and store
prices.
methodology
methods
in
in Unalaska
businesses
additional
research
participated
was hired
on community
-of research
Several
the
assistant
points
used.
rn-ay be made
First,
formal
interviews
areas)
were
paid
anonymity
of
the
was obtained
This
decision
this
project
will
all
regarding
persons
(usually
including
an hourly
each
who
rate
for
individual
be maintained
throughout
was made by the authors
and was made clear
from
prior
to
to potential
informants.
Third,
project
extremely
knowledge.
concerned
“secret”
the
reception
was generally
interested
hunting
reservations
related
or
by the
enthusiastic.
and gave
The only
two
given
points:
Most
generously
8
their
informants
that
fishing
to this
individuals
of
which
namely,
(especially)
community
disclosure
location
were
time
and
conveyed
of
could
a
possibly
encourage
that
it
could
that
area.
encourage
locations
Fourth,
this-project
were
other
those
people
but
they
also
respected
amount
of
year
times
involved
fish
in
that
no
interviewed
of
in
both
for
recommendations
local
they
were
resource
use,
persons
and
30 persons
were
men and women and Native
and
older
Approximately
the
than
prior
authors
review.
fieldwork
were
and comment
time
the
on the
project
time
was
factors
not
spend
activities
an
during
documented
and more
others.
sent
the
draft
as the Aleut
letters
copies.
9
final
copies
individuals
personal
review
could
use
better
to writing
as well
and
authors
are
during
of this
budget
resource
year
Those
sent
factor
which
since
of
the
limiting
Unalaska,
understood
community
officials
field
in
Sixth,
during
assured
For the most part,
leaders.
Thus,
report,
basis
knowledgeable
the major
permitted.
certain
to
individuals.
Fifth,
entire
most
including
non-Native
fully
members.
community
were
who were
on the
included
interviewed,
the
consulted
who were
boats
or
be reported.
individuals
community
regulations,
fishing
informants
would
the
or fishing
commercial
In such cases,
such secret
from
new hunting
version
to
of
Unalaska
who were
These
for
interviewed
corporations
inviting
this
and city
them
persons
to
read
were
also
encouraged
draft
to
invite
report.
other
Information
incorporated
in the
final
Orqanization
--of
report
the
In the
background
resource
to the
of
Chapter
local
follows,
Island
examination
6 discusses
resource
and
review
the
manner
was
their
2 offers
area,
from
4 presents
Unalaska,
resources
contemporary
issues
Unalaska.
10
a brief
postcontact
precontact
times
profile
of the
background
and Chapter
used
Aleut
an historical
a contemporary
of
of
various
use in
this
3 provides
Chapter
environment
use,
early
Chapter
Unalaska.
of
Chapter
and
and contains
natural
a detailed
history
that
of the Unalaska
present,
in
to
report.
on precontact
community
on the
report
members
received-
use patterns.
overview
community
locally,
use
and conclusions
in
data
5 gives
their
Unalaska.
regarding
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUNDON ALE-UT RESOURCE UTILIZATION
Introduction
This
tact
chapter
Aleut
general
resource
should
from
be noted
specifically,
will
with
will
both
offer
historic
adaptations
in
history
and
treatment
of use in Unalaska,
The material
changes,
a
Unalaska.
5 more detailed
be presented.
some
of precon-
review
to view
in Chapter
and their
overview
This
economic
that
resources
taken,
brief
which
subsistence
of certain
is
a
use patterns.
perspective
contemporary
It
provides
from
that
Veltre
follows
and
Veltre
(1981:13-26).
Aleut
distribution
Prior
to
territory
consisting
from
Island
Attu
as well
the
Shumagin
from
Port
more
apparent
from
archaeological
ago,
and likely
distant
from
tip
westward
past
data
is
that
8500 years
11
in the east,
of
(see
less
the
Alaska
Fig.
l-l).
certain,
at least
ago,
a
archipelago,
Island
and the
Moller
occupied
Aleutian
to Unimak
Islands
the
Aleuts
entire
west
Although
years
contact,
of
in the
as the
Peninsula
Russian
to the
it
from
is
4000
present,
Aleuts
have
have,
over
been
this
adaptation
the
period,
that
indirect
sole
of
maintained
was
provider
occupants
focused
of
this
area
a fundamental
on the
virtually
cultural
sea as the
all
basic
and they
direct
or
necessities
of
life.
To the
onto
east
the mainland
neighbors
of Alaska,
of the Aleuts.
Pribilof
Islands
the
precontact
the
islands
Peninsula
various
were,
in
in
the
fact,
late
inhabited
Aleut
known
1700s
groups
were
the
of the Aleutians,
not
although
and continuing
Eskimo
To the north
were most likely
period,
"rediscovery"
Elliott
on the Alaska
by anyone
legend
to
the
maintains
exi.st
prior
(Veniaminov
that
to
1840,
in
their
quoted
in
1881:146).
It
may be pointed
(e.g.,
Laughlin
have
exhibited
relatively
and Aigner
time,
1975)
environment
cul
de
interactions
with
other
Precontact
resource
use
in
sources:
artifactual,
from
usually
agree
this
as well
sac,
Aleutian
that
the
Aleutians
stability
over
attributable
a
to a stable
as to Aleut
which
scholars
residence
effectively
in a
limited
people.
use patterns
Knowledge
resource
most
cultural
much of
geographic
the
that
remarkable
long
and uniform
out
of
the
precontact
Aleutians
comes
faunal,
very
rich
and
early
postcontact
primarily
from
and settlement
archaeological
12
data
sites
two
obtained
throughout
the
of
and the
archipelago,
early
these
hunters,
two
accurate
and -ethnographic
travellers,
has
obvious
limitations
insight
into
Aleut
resource
though
data,
the
by preservation,
fabricational
easily
difficulty
use of
fauna1
the
early
such
quantified
how,
information
but
or in what
the
vagaries
not
versus
of
rarely
primarily
been
because
and
also
recorded
itemize
when,
which
Historic
observers,
necessarily
limited
and so on.
trained
has
patterns.
food
In sum, we may reliably
manner.
utilized,
use
are biased,
not
providing
identifying
manner,
likewise
were
writers
because
being
data
in
are
remains,
.
Each of
quantified,
in
have been dug and in what
and ethnographic
accounts
and missionaries.
sources
Archaeological
sites
historic
in
a
what was
by whom,
where,
quantity.
I
Thus,
the following
general
patterning:
resource
use which
of
those
were
resources
acquisition.
resources
technology
2-l
presents
and
in
the
will
Table
this
the
means
table
particular
first
economies
are
itself
social
be discussed.l
by
items
13
with
Aleut
estimates
items
will
be
to an inventory
related
economic
to
their
aspects
of
.
inventory
which
rough
food
be given
and
an
of
Only
will
the
Next,
subsistence
Included
and
concern
characteristics
of
Consideration
food
will
pan-Aleutian.
the relative.importance
possible.
of
outline
they
important
of
were
the
major
obtained.
exclusively
for
TABLE 2-1:--
resources
and harvest
Major precontact
techniques
in the Aleutian
Islands
Hunting/Gathering
Techniques
and Implements
Resource
1. Sea mammal hunting
offshore (includes
whales,
hair seals,
sea lions,
sea otters,
fur seals)
Sight and surround
animals
with bidarkas
or baidars;
use of harpoon,
spear, and/
or club except for large
whales which wash ashore when
dead; possible
use of aconite
poison for whales.
2. Sea mammal hunting
onshore
(includes
seals,
sea lions,
sea otters)
Surprise
animals on mainland
shore or on islets;
approach
by foot or boat; kill
by
spear, harpoon,
and/or club;
possible
use of nets.
hair
and
3. Bird hunting
on water
(includes
allspecies
of ducks)
at nesting
4. Bird hunting
sites
(includes
all
species of nesting
birds)
5. Fishing
marily
Stalk birds on water surface;
capture
with bird spear or
arrow; net birds on lakes
from blind.
* Bird cliffs
approached
by
boat from below or by rope
from above; birds caught with
snares,
bolas,
handnets,
leisters,
clubs,
or by hand
at nests as well as away from
nesting
areas.
offshore
(prihalibut
and cod)
From boats
or leister.
with
hook and line
6. Fishing
onshore (primarily
salmon and Dolly
Varden, but also otherfish,
including
halibut
and cod)
Hook and line from shore; use
of nets, leisters,
weirs,
and
hands at stream mouths and in
streams.
7. Intertidal
and beach
collecting
(various
marine invertebrates,
including
sea urchins,
clams, periwinkles,
and algae;
also
etc.,
washed up fish,
sea mammals, birds and driftwood)
Combing the beach and intertidal
zone for these items;
use of prying
tool to loosen
items from rocks and use of
grass collection
baskets or
gut or skin containers.
14
TABLE 2-l: --(Continued)
Hunting/Gathering
Techniques
and Implements
Resource
Techniques
and implements:
travel
to areas of resource
availability;.
use of wedges,
digging
tools,
etc.,
to extract
materials;
grass,
gut,
or skin containers
to carry
collected
items.
8. Onshore collecting
(terrestrial
plants,
raw
materials
such as stone
for fabricational
use)
SOURCE: Adapted
See
from McCartney
(1977:81-82).
that
s,ource
for detailed
citations
concerning
specific
items,
techniques,
and implements.
15
fabricational
it
must
use (such
be reali,zed
additionally
will,
of
again
of
of
Therefore,
is
figures
for
at that
site
mammals
and
of
as
the
very
food
values
of
the
those
ratios
these
suggest
the
of
Umnak
figures
should
however.
may
be
by remains
16
(1972:208).
be mistakenly
authors
have
Yesner
exist
virtually
as
order
categories,
constitute
and sea
As various
taken
the correct
Her
use
[1977],
with
all
respect
resources,
“typical”
Nevertheless,
major
Island.
resource
variations
of
of
of
[1972],
abundance
in
site
fish,
not
reflection
general
the
represented
birds,
ends.
listed
respectively
substantial
portray
towards
from
end
and
relatively
data
north
well
remains
has presented
use patterning.
out,
to
Denniston
site
themselves
items
accurate
(e.g.,
single
likely
point
in the
values,
invertebrates,
and local
importance
points
an
lend
food
these
[1977]),
resource
only
Aleutians,
out
no
were
This
fauna1
1:1.75:35.88:51.74,
seasonal
listed
various
the
of marine
interpreted,
McCartney
sites
directed
the
relative
The precision
pointed
of
on
the
are
thoughout
items
although
5, particularly
food
possible
Denniston
Point
Aleut
been
importance
Ashishik
in Chapter
archaeological
has
it
2-l.
etc.),
purposes.
corresponding
research
Table
food
non-food
precontact
determination
relative
knives,
sea lions.
quantification
little
for
many of the
for
be reiterated
Although
to
that
utilized
discussion
to
as stone
of
Aleut
Denniston’s
of magnitude
and,
“a more
ratios
of
food
as McCartney
precise
estimate
of
the
Aleut
diet
literature"
in
this
(See also
ethnographic
evidence
importance
food
of
most
those
the
diet;
work
especially
not
at
among Aleuts,
and perhaps
time
fish
for
within
is obtained.
divides
them
then,
an entire
is a shortage
mammals,
eggs,
20%;
through
were
and weirs).
that
food
was
family
17
shared
households
Veniaminov
to divide
who are
to
as sea mammal
has been the custom
all
required
in
nets
community.
For example,
theme
(with
extended
of food,
among
alone.
by as much as
be obtained
such activities
within
it
more
data
and
Aleuts
and fishing
certainly
perhaps
was an important
surprising,
immemorial:
when there
that
all
of
as well
marine
could
procurement.
egg collecting,
as
5%.
cooperation
food
together,
but
birds
30%;
many resources
effort,
precise,
as follows:
fish,
much of Aleut
hunting,
are
15%; plants,
individual
on ethnographic
may have varied
30%
Although
proportions
he states
and space)
invertebrates,
(1980:49)
by archaeological
time
such
sites,
provided
10% over
supplies
however,
based
are less
(which
all
ethnographic
[1975:293-2951
archaeological
likely
His estimates
"From
McCartney
Laughlin's
data,
than
of
in
eggs.
items,
accurate,
is
by the
literature,
lacking
as archaeological
It
suggested
regard.)
valuable
basic
that
(1977:82).
The
the
than
states:
of the Aleuts,
among themselves
he who has caught
in
need
and not
some
only
.'
does
he :not
infrequently
Similar
a larger
take
less
he,gets
examples
assumed
that
general
reciprocity
regarding
in most
than
of
many
features
pertaining
northern
cultures:
the
hunting
Sarychev,
the
for
first
members
of his
returned
to
.governed
lion
him;
the
Merck
reports
and
it
may be
a system
the
he
that
of
season
threw
too,
and behave
from
demise
Unalaska
certainly
of
to assure
shamans
in hunting
person
all
them
it
cf
who obtained
with
all
the
the bones
were
into
surrounded
by
wounding
the
sea
behavior
a whale,
he were
(Veniaminov
and
endeavors.
back
as though
around
spirits,
in order
shared
was
well
use common to many
the
a man, after
whale's
less
Natives,
ability
Afterwards,
and
although
spirits
and the
reports
of
by spirits:
hastening
not
(184Ob:56).
exchange
and assist
Whaling,
seclusion
but
in human and animal
animal
village.
go into
food
Alaska
belief
influence
example,
(1807:57-58).
rest,
exist,
to resource
success,
to
sea
of
other
of placating
human mummies
the-others"
and ceremonialism,
included
continued
than
sharing
the
was followed,
that
the necessity
than
instances
Aleut-religion
known
share
would
sick,
thus
1840b:133-134).
1790 that
During
the first
six months the Aleuts
hang a piece of
anything
they kill
on the infant's
cradle.
Birds
they
attach
whole to the cradle.
Of sea lions,
fur seals and
harbor
seals
they attach
only
the muzzle,
and also
pieces
of fish.
This is done by the closest
relatives
so that the mother and child
might have food (1980:72).
Numerous
important
additional
ideological
examples
component
18
exist
of
which
hunting
exemplify
and
the
fishing
pursuits
in precontact
Aleut
culture
(see
Lantis
1947 and
Ransom 1946).
The early
postcontact
The early
clearly
Russian
a period
Population
were
of
forced
to
Although
our
knowledge
following
of
general
utilization
otters
by
could
the
very
done
for
removed
from
their
other
activities,
likely
would
gradually
etc.),
the
Aleut
can
be
Russians
of
Aleut
have limited
local
villages
foreign
did
since
Aleuts
Thus,
resources
period,
with
they
were
made.
males
if
obtained,
traditional
the
First,
the
to
sea
hunt
of sea mammal
Aleut
although
males
food
the
(sugar,
expensive
and
in
or
items
Russians
tea,
to be highly
especially
were
hunting
a significant
continued
stage
ethnohistory,
foodstuffs
assume
in
this
of various
Third,
not
at
non-subsistence
proportions
introduced
items
for
required
occurred
the amount
Second,
use.
changed.
traditional
Russian
and
dietary
diet
quantity.
archaeology
trading
the
that
be suggested
Aleuts.
fur
to produce
changes
was
and Aleuts
the
can only
have
these
for
points
well
hunting
them
for
relocated,
directly
specific
activities
1741 to 1800 -change
were
for
the
from
cultural
either
indirectly
tribute.
--
settlements
labor
or
subsistence
period
profound
declined,
companies
in
period
flour,
portion
of
limited
in
dependent
on
this
early
technology.
Conclusions
From
the
foregoing
outline
19
of
precontact
Aleut
resource
use,
(1)
closely
the
following
An inventory
mirrors
Aleutian
of food
an inventory
archipelago.
Aleuts
made use of
(albeit,
of’ course,
(2)
almost
exclusively
source
of
all
and
provided
foodstuffs
it
in
the
appears
edible
food
that
sources
degrees).
sea as the
little
directed
direct
fabricational
very
by Aleuts
use was by necessity
the
of
edible
available
resource
food
utilized
differently,
to varying
to
may be offered:
items
of
Stated
Aleut
almost
resources
conclusions
or
indirect
materials.
in
terms
of
total
do
exist
Land
dietary
intake.
(3)
presence
record
over
Although
and abundance
supports
space
the
and time
evident
in
gathering
technology,
food
the
acquisition
(4)
especially
-an Aleut
limited
of
notion
for
some species,
of
basi,c
precontact
specific
food
and the
the
in
the
archaeological
resource
use uniformity
Aleuts.
Uniformity
is
hunting
and
items,
social
the
and economic
aspects
of
and use.
The
wide
the marine
community
the acquisition
not
local_differences
variety
of
invertebrates,
to participate
of food.
to a single
In other
category
20
edible
foodstuffs,
enabled
most members
to an important
words,
of
food
people,
degree
of
in
getting
was
although
the
bulk
of
the
younger
who did
as well
(5)
by shifts
of
pattern
Cooperation
period
hunting
and
was characterized
pursuits
(through
harvest
more
movement
etc.)
than
endeavors
or
population,
in hunting
continued
for
Aleuts
which
by
the
reliance
period
into
which
Russian
21
cultural
historic
period.
as an economic
technological,
.
and
the
the
be viewed
involved
and sharing
a precontact
into
must
components,
and fishing,
was
a community,
which
adaptation
precontact
sea mammal
activities.
new resource
within
Subsistence
ideological
of
by the able-bodied
foodstuffs.
(6)
food
the
economic
reduction
people,
of
Russian
in traditiona.
on imported
of
all
provided
in other
The early
introduction
of
was undoubtedly
males,
participated
of
food
continued
period.
system
social,
from
and
the
NOTE
1.
Discussion
will
be lim.ited
to traditional
subsistence
as revealed
by precontact
and
postcontact
sources as well as by archaeology.
few studies
of Aleut subsistence
in more recent
exist
(e.g., Ransom 1946 and Veltre
and Veltre
but these do not deal directly
with Unalaska;
they will ,not be dealt with in the present
study.
.
22
Aleut
early
Only a
times
1981),
hence,
CHAPTER 3
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Introduction
Following
resources
brief
of
a brief
the
outline
Unalaska
of
the
Aleutians
generally
background
will
history
the
sites,
possess
systematic
archaeological
the
although
have conducted
1930s
presents
periods
in
subsequent
a
the
specifically.
This
discussions
in that
of
the
community.
previous
for
for
there
are
research
over
literally
World
23
in
the
of
years.
of
and Unalaska
of these.
has been
have
hundreds
Island
a century
Dal1
Aleuts
many thousands
a good number
in 1909-1910
Cahn during
chapter,
and Unalaska
excavations.
Jochelson
(1945),
in
Islands
archipelago
specifically,
1877),
chapter
Unalaska
in the
in the Aleutian
island,
this
archaeological
period
known archaeological
Bay,
the
and American
utilization
As discussed
Throughout
in
be useful
The precontact
at
area,
Russian
and
of resource
resided
look
However,
infrequent
on
a number
of
1870s
(1873;
1875;
in the
late
(1925),
Hrdlicka
War II
(McCartney
persons
1967),
and
Bank in
the
tigators
early
of
Unalaska
an
provided
1950s
(1953)
are
among the
McCartney
archaeology.
excellent
primary
review
of
the
inves-
(1967)
work
of
has
these
individuals.
From what
the
Unalaska,
(1)
following
Aside
intra-Aleutian
from
(2)
what
attest
themselves
sites
--
of.their
The artifactual
to nearly
period
(4)
types
total
archaeology
as evidence
and styles
"typical"
are
along
of
artifacts
Aleut
forms.
situated
the
midden
and fauna1
similarly
coast
--
archaeologically,
material
on the
Island
and nearby
areas
with
a relatively
24
to
deposits.
dependence
of sites.
of
and they
from
the
sea since
the
of occupation.
Amaknak
of
may be offered:
may be described
the most part
Aleutian
the
conclusions
the
in the nature
(3)
rich
are for
all
earliest
from
The sites
are similar
sites
general
variation,
Unalaska
virtually
has been learned,about
are
dense
especially
distribution
The Russian
Russian
contact
of Vitus
Bering
voyages
of the Russian
encounters
return
with
of
crews
insured
the
farther
eastward.
Island,
He sailed
again
1746 with
a cargo
an equal
number
journeyed
again
hunters.
By the
expeditions
Although
occurred
pursuit
the
voyages,
the
in 1741 and 1742 with
the
of
Emelian
until
and again
from
2,600
(Berkh
the
Aleutians,
of dozensof
other
year.
Island
fur
his
and
Basov
1974:2).
than
in
seals,
ventures
pro.myshlenniki,
no fewer
177Os,
and
following
Bering
pelts
to
Islands
Basov journeyed
the
sea otters,
fox
Commander
in the Aleutians
returning
blue
early
the
contact
there
pushing
of
these
from
had successfully
Emyshlenniki
and
hunting
of 1,600
1741
landings
as 1743,
1745,
the
brief
As early
in
with
made on behalf
only
during
and foxes
of Russian
those
began
Chirikof,
to Kamchatka
future
to Bering
Alaska
and Alexei
natives
sea otters
anticipating
in
government.
of the
skins
..
period'
or fur
31 fur
hunting
been made to the Aleutians,
ever
sometimes
farther
elusive,
eastward
and
in
ever
the
their
fewer,
sea
otters.
The Commander
frequent
the
were
The
wintering
crews
by 1745,
(Bering
stopover
had exterminated
found
Near
Islands
there
Islands
and which
(Attu,
the promyshlenniki
for
these
the
last
and Copper)
voyages,
of the
had been easily
Agattu,
and Shemya)
pushing
25
became
and by 1768
sea cows
hunted
were
a
which
for
food.
discovered
to the Andreanofs
of
the
central
of
Aleutian
archipelago
the eastern
Aleutians
1761,
and to Kodiak
early
years
of
profitable
over
number
of
were
the
activities
the
skins,
and to
promyshlenniki
took
the
eastern
Aleuts
and
promyshlenniki
Aleuts
fur
size
Men
hunters.
like
in the
1760s
many
other
the
were
Aleuts
natives,
the
Russians
violence
and the
75 years
and
of
at
twenty
of
contact
Glotov
were
thousands
1977:188;
died
and
of
Veniaminov
the
hands
of
islands.
to
men were
26
or
sea otter
perhaps
murders
(Davydov
subjected
Aleut
to
first
the
the
of
exception,
Soloviev
for
throughout
the
dw-indled
the
yasak,
--
among the Aleuts.
than
within
responsible
1840b:194),
the
rather
population
1970:277).
with
1886:102-105),
Aleut
(Lantis
form
to many
procedure
of
(Bancroft
rule
personally
in the
from
their
and death
usually
a
The
century
Standard
relations
USUally
of fortune,
between
to
its
18th
islands.
these
amassed.
pursuit
the
by
until
Intelraction
seemed
of
been
were
first
Island
percent
returning
collection
hostages
on Agattu
precontact
not
the
"good"
Aleuts
be the
1799 --
disease,
included
insure
From
of
Peninsula
made during
until
in their
of the
the Aleuts,
to the Alaska
had
half
residents
from
skins
exploitation,
hunters
tribute,
--
ruthless
latter
brought
of the Aleut
for
contact
duration,
to Umnak and Unalaska
The voyages
by 1763.
years'
promyshlenniki
and
by 1759,
of Russian
several
by 1750,
extraordinary
taken
from
hardships
their
by
homes and
forced
to accompany
of hostilities
from
case
in southeastern
Aleuts
were killed
and again
neighboring
Alaska,
for
Similar
to the
while
relatively
few
what population
there
in Alaska
approximately
462
William
and these
Sound,
(Fedorova
the
dropping
Russians
more than
were
elaboration
of
and
It
men into
of
any given
time,
and
the
Shelikov
United
directly
to
1799
Company.
The latter
among various
there
and
were
Prince
among 8 settlements
following
never
decade,
from
exceeded
500,
1973:124)
saw
trading
was the merger
the
were
and to no
1976:7).
1790s
a number
ones owned by Grigorii
by Mylnikov.
there
400 by 1794 (Fedorova
1780s
a serious
although
Unalaska
divided
the
posed
example,
population
225 by 1799 (Gibson
The
the new
(Tikhmenev
scattered
between
In
Russian
to about
at
for
1778,
1973:116-117).
1778-1788,
Baranov
defending
never
promyshlenniki,
In
1793 nine
accompanying
day Sitka)
was was always
settlements.
when in
perished
the Aleuts
Russians
Such was the
abound.
firearms,
advancing
in the face
groups.
(present
examples
often
example,
and 15 wounded
Lacking
three
native
at New Archangel
1978:33).
small
eastward,
in 1802 when 130 Aleuts
settlement
threat
the Russians
company
27
formation
companies,
and Ivan
among
Golikov
of companies
American
formation
the
as well
the
was given
Russian-American
legal
them
as
owned by these
Company in 1797 that
of
and
monopolistic
led
rights
to all
hunting
was authorized
including
the
its
1795
succes,s
of
the
payment
of
tribute
1975:X),
the
was based
on the
availability
labor.
Not only
population
pursuits,
of latitude
Russian
military
by natives
(Fedorova
indigenous
Russian
support
north
55O and
forces,
navy.
While
in
activities
but,
large
as one
Russian-American
of
was it
difficult
enough
to
Russian
was eliminated
naval
Company's
Aleut
and other
to maintain
undertake
officer
a
hunting
observed
in
1820,
"If the company should somehow lose the Aleuts,
then it
will
completely
forfeit
the hunting
of sea animals,
because not one Russian
knows how to hunt the animals,
and none of our settlers
has learned
how in all the time
that the company has had its possessions
here" (quoted
in Gibson 1976:8).
Thus,
Company,
Aleuts
and they
were
a valuable
were forced
labor
to work
for
pool
for
the
it:
As a result
of a need for competent
hunters
and the
availability
of Aleuts
for
service,
the company
compelled
Aleut
men to catch primarily
sea otter,
fur
seal and sea lion.
In effect,
it turned Aleut
men into
serfs,
for
compulsory
hunting
for
the company
was
similar
to forced
labor
. . . by Russian
serfs
on a
lord's
land.
Thus,
the Company followed
the
very practice
wiiih
promyshlenniki
had begun and the
government
knew that the company was forcing
Aleut men
to hunt
sea mammals,.but
permitted
this
practice
apparently
because the company was unable to obtain
the
sea otter
fur wealth
of the North Pacific
Ocean in any
other way (Sarafian
1970:155).
l
Over
American
the
Company
years,
changed.
the
activities
Plagued
28
of
by various
the
Russian-
misfortunes
during
its
early
years
had
Company
settled
administration.
American)
the
(Gibson
down
Increasing
encouraged
Company;
priests,
colonies;
fur
northward
rose
were
down
(British
and
and expansion
attended
brought
was
1830s the
conservative
more
competition
needs
production
by the
exploration
and teachers
so that.prices
years,
to
foreign
humanitarian
doctors,
1976:13:15),
into
service
sharply
and alternate
to,
by
with.
in the
from
earlier
sources
of
income
were sought.
The later
times
of diminishing
supply
and
of
the
furs
its
such
risks
lost
on the
wane.
directed
ground,
the
sale
present
major
site
the
and the
the
1867,
Situated
on
29
these
however,
stability
was
own interest
Company was in debt
Company
American
came to an end
States.
period,
(formerlly
to
made at
and
unprofitable
to the United
Russian
its
had its
Russian-American
of Unalaska
importance.
time,
mining,
1860s
order
were
The Company,
government
at the
of Alaska
During
coal
and by the early
In
of the
and
was the
and prices,
in
Attempts
rewards.
The Russian
demand
activities
1976:25).
whaling
Company were
Not only
world
its
financial
Treasury.
operations
with
as
to Europe
the
so were
(Gibson
certain
slowly
but
success.
diversified
enterprises
yielded
of the Russian-American
financial
down,
Company
spread
to
years
the
called
the
settlement
Iliuliuk)
excellent
at
the
was of
harbor
of
Unalaska
Bay,
this
location
base of operations
and early
in
of
that
general
influence.
-Various
and culture
of
a priest
into
population
of
selected
port
the
years
remained
and that
Company
strong
Russian
describe
the
as Veniaminov,
from
1824-1834.
be made
of
the
several
during
period).
Island,
the
Table
the
Aleut
Russian
3-l
period
itemizes
Unalaska/Dutch
of settlements
In
detailed
one of
was but
life
on the
the
Harbor
island
for
period
that
Alaska
Unalaska
the
and the
Iliuliuk)
Unalaska
1700s
years.
In
states
time
area,
none as fully
Island
and
became
use.
as the number
The American
Unalaska
late
resource
the American
as well
the
will
call
by him concerning
on Unalaska
(and well
area,
(or
came
but
use
informationprovided
communities
under
in
5 substantial
Unalaska
area'
of
the
Unalaska
Aleutian
Aleuts,
resided
at
the eastern
writers
the
who
Chapter
for
of
of the Russian-American
settlement
center
port
-during
the formation
the
1799,
administrative
many travelers
With
1800s.
Company
Aleuts
for
was a frequent
next
the
an important
Unalaska
it
to
following
community.
was a major
was the
third
most
Sitka
and Kodiak.
North
America
and the
the Russian-American
Company's
30
purchase
refueling
Dal1
(1870:260)
settlement
The Alaska
departure.
Alaska,
and resupplying
important
Commercial
of
Commercial
Company
followed
in
and number of settlements,
Unalaska
TABLE 3-l: --Population
Island
and Unalaska/Dutch
Harbor Area, 1759-1982
Year
Population
Unalaska/Dutch
Harbor Area
Population
Unalaska
Island
Number of
Settlements,
Unalaska Island
175ga
--
1000+
24
1805b
360
800
15
1834'
196
470
10
187gd
304
--
1890e
317
549
5
1897f
250
482
5
19009
428
--
4
1910h
281
1920i
299
193oj
226
1940k
350
406
4
19501
173
173
1
1960m
218
218
1
1967"
246
246
1
197oO
342
342
1
1977p
725
725
1
19809
1322
1322
1
1982r
1944
1944
1
4
--
4
SW
4
a-j81-nFrom
Jones (1969:66).
gFigure
probably
represents
increases
due to the
Nome gold rush.
kRollins
(1978)
or%J.S. Dept. of Commerce (1982:3-10)
pAlaska Consultants,
Inc.
(1981:9)
'Personal
Communication,
Unalaska City Office,
1982
31
Because
on Unalaska
hence,
brief
of
are
well
resource
of
of
dating
about
into
this
in Chapter
occupied
century
of
and,
Unalaska,
In
is profitable.
5, occasional
the
a
course
reference
communities.
was located
southwest
of Makuskin
to precontact
50-70
were
residents
village
persons
who visited
Petroff,
well
history
use analysis
Bay,
villages
to today's
their
Makushin
Likely
Islands
known
be made to these
Makushin
of outlying
and Sedanka
review
will
a number
times,
in
the
the
on the north
Volcano
Makushin
recent
settlement
(Figure
of
3-l).
had a population
past
in
shore
1878,
(Table
3-2).
wrote
the
following:
Makushin
is a very poor-village
of fifty
inhabitants,
with a chapel,
but no store
(cited
by Hinckley
1966,
turn cited
in Unalaska High School 1978:6).
in
The people
of Makushin
are mere auxiliaries
of .the
inhabitants
of Oonalashka
village,
and furnish
a
contingent
every year for the regular
sea-otter
hunting
party
that
leaves
Iliuliuk
for Sannakh.
They have an
opportunity
better
than
that
enjoyed
by any other
settlement
in their
country
to capture
the young furseals in their
passage through
the straits
of Oomnak in
the fall.
. .(Petroff
1880:19-20).
Chernofski,
Unalaska
well
Island
endowed with
located
near
food
its
on
western
resources,
the
northern
end,
according
coast
was apparently
of
not
to Veniaminov:
This village
is the most poverty
stricken
of any on
Unalaska.
The principal
food supply
of the present
inhabitants
is black mussels,
which they collect
on the
bay and terpugs
which are caught on a rocky reef jutting
32
TABLE 3-2: --Population
of outlying
settlements
Unalaska Island
region.
Year
Makushin
Chernofski
in the
Kashega
Biorka
18aoa
62
101
74
140
1890b
51
78
46
57
1900c
71
61
52
48
1920d
--
51
51
46
1930e
--
38
38
22
1940f
10
26
26
20
a8bRollins
"fJones
(1978)
(1973:8)
33
.
?
Figuri e 3-1:--
,
Locations
(west
.
to. east)
of the
settlements
and Blorka.
former
:I,
of Chernofski,
n
Kashega,
Makushin,
,,Jg
Fish do not come into
the rivers,
out into
the sea.
except a few into a stream
at the-head
of the bay.
As
for deep sea, fish,
although
they are always to be found
on the neighboring
shores,
yet the natives,
either
from
lack of time, or by reason of unfavorable
winds etc. are
rarely
able to supply
themselves
with
a sufficiency
,(Veniaminov
1840a:58).
Around
Z.L.
Tanner
the
in the
year.18.90,
Chernofski
following
was described
by
manner:
[The village]
is situated
on a narrow
neck of land
between the harbor and the sea, and is conspicuous
when
passing
along the coast.
The Greek church,
store,
and
residence
of the Alaska Commercial
Company's agent are
frame buildings,
and the native
population,
forty-six
souls,
live
in barabaras.
The men, like
those of the
other villages
on the island,
are hunters,
and were away
on their
summer
cruise
at the time
of our visit
(1891:245,
cited
in Unalaska High School 1978:lO).
Kashega
of Unalaska,
words:
village,
was described
also
located
on the
by Veniaminov
.
northern
in part
shore
in these
Koshigin
Village
is within
Koshigin
Bay on the left
shore at a fairly
level
spot along the mouth of streams
flowing
from the lakes.
The buildings
here are a yurt,
a shed,
a barabora,
a bath-house
and a cow-house
belongi,ng
to the Company,
-- which
has here
its
baidarschik
[sic],
overseeing
all the western
half of
the island,
-- and eight
Aleut
yurts.
The dwellers
here, besides the baidarshchik,
are 41 persons,
18 males
and 23 females.
The products
of the village
are not very
enviable,
though red-fish
are found at the mouth of the stream
almost
from January
to July,
and Alpine,.humpback
and
silver
salmon from June to October;
still
the quantity
is very small,
so that even in the best times,
the catch
hardly
exceeds
300 fish.
Salt
water
fish
are taken
outside
the bay at a distance,
and it is sometimes
possible
to catch sea lions
on the southern
shore.
A
small number of seals,
hunted on the rocks,
with roots,
sarana lilies,
and chagitka
[orchids]
growing
in great
quantities,
form the important
articles
of food.
Since
1833, the Company has established
cattle-breeding
at
35
this
place
Biorka
Island,
deep
village,
on the Beaver
was described
sea
Biorka
fish
and
by Veniaminov
mussels
was described
including
frame
1886:177).
wrote
(1840a:56-57).
by Elliott
housesr
In the
the
for
early
Inlet
shore
as depending
food.
In
as having
barabaras,
years
of Sedanka
the
chiefly
late
18OOs,
some 28 buildings,
and a chapel
of
this
on
century,
(Elliott
Applegate
following:
Burka Natives
get most of their
fish from a small stream
and lake opposite
their
village,
on Unalaska
side of
Beaver
Inlet.
The stream
is four
feet,
or less,
in
width.
Not may fish
at this
place
(cited
in Unalaska
High School 1978:8).
Regarding
Chernofski,
of
the decline
Kashega,
these
villages,
and Biorka
Jones
local
economies
sufficient
after
sea
hunting
continues
otter
in the population
of Makushin,
and the eventual
states
to
ended
that
they
support
(in
"did
their
19111"
abandonment
not
have
populations
(1973:17).
She
as follows:
In the prewar
period,
members of these villages
moving to Unalaska,
the nuclear
village,
which
the best job opportunities
and community
services
Unalaska village
complex.
were
offered
in the
The migration
was interrupted
early in World War II when
the federal
government
evacuated
all Unalaska Aleuts
to
southeastern
Alaska.
When the evacuation
ended in 1945,
the government
completed
the consolidation
process;
it
returned
evacuees
to Unalaska
Village,
and officials
informed
them that
no government
services
would
be
provided
to the other villages
(1973:17-18).
During
major
Navy
World
and
Army
War II,
Unalaska/Dutch
base,
and
36
in
the
Harbor
years
since,
was a
the
community
has grown
and processing
Unalaska
(slowly
center
community
Unalaska
of major
up sharply
During
that
has
risen,
the
changed
most
within
and
(lOOO+)
units
in Unalaska
(U.S. Dept.
Commercial
(Alaska
result
in
processing
the
The
mainland
the
latter
City
Native
population
population
has
of Natives
figures
do not
1977)
include
of
a
housing
110 in 1970 to 323 in 1980
in Unalaska
growth
of
the
city,
and in
1967,
1980
including
growth
in
there
were
5
there
were
15
range
king
years
industry.
rapid
A wide
1981:5).
in recent
seafood
began
In
the
Inc.
of
and tanner
seafoods
crab,
and shrimp.
of
of Unalaska
often
a decade
proportion
1960s.
in Unalaska,
halibut,
of only
The number
from
the
early
in
of nearly
1977 (Bantz
and processing
Consultants,
is processed
.
1981:4).
of
plants
salmon,
These
of population
fishing
Unalaska
fishing
23.2% in
workforce.
of Commerce
the direct
the
the
to
has risen
The growth
is
declined
transient
that
non-Native
Thus,
10% today.
large
from
resident
dramatically.
about
population
although
time,
the population
is
a seafood
importance.
has a resident
3-l),
earlier.
also
into
profile
today
2000 (see Table
at first)
includes
Unalaska
Island
referred
as well
to
37
as the
land
both
as on Amaknak
Dutch
Harbor
on
the
Island,
part
of
town
(Figure
between
3-2).
the
bar,
city
include
stores,
taxis,
community
store.
gift
hair
shops,
grades
K-12.
of
Latter
Day Saints,
Christopher's
Church
Catholic
stylists,
services
building
on Air
on
services
the
are
Russian
Mission,
hotel,
in
supply
The
and bookstore.
flights
the
office,
Additional
located
school,
distributed
post
newspaper,
by daily
offers
well
each having-a
laundries,
The
fairly
and grocery
is served
Airlines.
the
are
two locations,
restaurant,
the
Services
Pat
Unalaska
held
the
"side,"
by the
Orthodox
and
and Reeve
Church
Church,
Unalaska
St.
Christian
Fellowship.
Unalaska
1942.
It
city
has a city
council
manager.
The
is
manager
oversees
Corporation,
and
was incorporated
local
as a first
form
the
daily
of government,
expanding
its
the
land
investments
in
which
of
the
90% of
city
in
administration
AleutNcorporation,
owns approximately
currently
class
a
a city
Ounalashka
in the city,
in
various
enterprises.
Conclusions
On the
evident
for
basis
that
the
thousands
of
During
islands
the
Russian
was
of
archaeological
Unalaska
years
prior
period,
considerably
Bay area
to the
Aleut
reduced,
38
remains,
was occupied
coming
population
and
of
it
is
by Aleuts
the
Russians.
throughout
settlements
the
were
39
consolidated
into
By the early
ever
years
of World
villages
on
(Kashega,
Chernofski,
with
contemhorary
only
the
Unalaska
permanent
influx
removal
of
until
early
the
emerged
and shifts
entity.
terms
of
different
now
a large,
light
presented
economy
that
in this
into
both
as in the
Alaska.
was generally
that
time,
depressed
fishing
industry
dramatic
the former
growth
relatively
10% of a growing,
population.
it
port
in
landings,
the
a half
ethnically
the
larger
contemporary
report,
must
40
United
Unalaska
was like
complex,
tied
island,
as well
as approximately
of
what
island's
Southeastern
have left
fishing
value
from
intimately
this
the
to
Since
non-Native,
As a major
Island
abandoned,
the
on the
when the commercial
population
predominantly
effect
population
196Os,
Aleut
were
Unalaska
and materials
in the population
sizeable
Sedanka
and Biorka)
had a major
the local
as a major
on.
the outlying
nearby
of
went
today.
Aleut
the war,
and
community
of personnel
Following
as time
War II , the-last of
Makushin,
War II
the
communities
Island
settlement
World
in the
fewer
States
today
century
diverse
ago.
very
It
is
community
economic
world.
resource
utilization,
be viewed.
is
in
It
is
in
as
NOTE
1.
The section
of the Russian
period
revision,
from Veltre
(1979:64-67).
41
is
taken,
with
some
CHAPTER 4
THE NATURAL SETTING
Introduction
This
chapter
presents
concerning
the
Geographical,
climatological,
of
the
natural
Aleutian
specifically
Islands
use activities
Location,
geography,
eastern
and biological
characteristics
end of
the Aleutian
which
to
in the next
(Figure
4-l)
westward
the Alaska
Peninsula
(see Figure
islands
the Aleutians,
Island
view
the
chapter.
located
a chain
some 1800 km from
Island
in size,
being
about
about
3100 km2.
It
is one of
is
second
from
Island
the
islands
the
tip
of
than
200
to Unimak
and covering
Fox Islands
Unimak
of
only
140 km in length
the
near
Of the more
l-l).
Unalaska
islands
is
Archipelago,
generally
Umnak Island
Unalaska.
and geology
Island
those
and
on
discussed
extending
includes
Unalaska.
of
a basis
Unalaska
in
information
environment
generally
p,rovide
resource
background
group,
in
the
which
east
to
which
is
in the west.
Unalaska
and neighboring
42
Sedanka
Island,
..
..,.:.
. ..‘..
. ,:‘. \. ..
I
I
B&ring
I
I
:. ..1.:
;
--Jf’l
: .. ~;:~.~;:.
Nunivok
Miles
neters
‘acif
I
Alaska
ic
Figure
4-1:-- The Eastern
(from Black 1966:20).
o
c ““e” ; U:cBG.S, 88028 9302
Aleutian
43
Islands
and kouthwestern
separated
highly
from
convoluted
southwestward
ous deep
arms
turn
trending
ity,
into
around
the northern
of
any
smaller
bays
segment
of
Bay)
in
island
Bay on
mostprominisland,
each
Unalaska
lacks
in
The
and coves.
(north
such
cliffs
Unalaska's
numer-
Unalaska
the
by steep
of two,
with
westarethe
Unalaska
instead
a factor
greatest
of
east,
have
northeast-
islands,
penetrate
numerous
characterized
the
which
Bay and west
By nearly
on the
Strait,
on the
body of the
Bayonthe
of the ocean
Udagak
especially
Inlet
and Makushin
coastline
by narrow
long
Beaver
dividing
Makushin
former
coastlines,
bays.
the north,
ent
the
with
of
complexfew
bays.
735 km of coastline
the
Aleutians
is
(McCartney
1973:124).
The bulk
of Unalaska
grapWr
with
numerous
900 m.
The large,
ridges
Kashega
island
only
to
the
is generally
a single
less
peak,
northern
southwestern
steep
Mt. Aspid,
rising
Makushin
active,
the
by steep
and peaks
and still
to 2036 m and dominates
From
is characterized
of
of
the
and of
lower
greater
than
600
Volcano
portion
tip
to
topo-
the
to
rises
island.
island,
the
elevation,
with
600 m.
Climate
The climate
to
that
of
the
of Unalaska
entire
Aleutian
Pacific
Ocean and the Bering
factors
in the area,
quency
of overcast
which
skies,
Island
is generally
Islands
chain.
Sea are the primary
is characterized
wind,
44
and precipiation.
similar
The North
influencing
by a high
fre-
However,
although
precipitation
is
Unalaska
is moderate,
about
within
lows
a relatively
only
narrow
slightly
157 cm.
for
winter
and summer
Table
data
annual
amount
Temperatures
with
freezing
10°C..
meteorological
total
range,
below
around
highs
frequent,
4-l
remain
average
daily
average
daily
presents
selected
and
Aleutian
Unalaska
in
other
localities.
Except
for
entire
archipelago
winter
sea
range
from
the
lies
ice.
Fig.
Unalaska
area,
although
Peninsula
they
the
over
Tides
49).
Surface
Current
of
are generally
the shelf
than
the
km from
the
exist
to
island.
near
depths
within
depths
The nutrient
in and around
region
about
9OC in
August
diurnal
in
along
is
the
45
Alaska
tidal
range
of
Sea to the north.
edge of
the
25 km'of
of over
Aleutian
the
Ocean south
undersea
the
island
deepening
however,
rich
the
southwestward
100 m, gradually
to
of
Unalaska
Pacific
the
the
distribution
The average
To the south,
plummets
area,
the
northeast
North
about
to the north.
Trench
in
the
circulation
lies
Water
less
Aleutian
of
in the Bering
Island
shelf.
Aleutian
are generally
to the
1 m.
Unalaska
which
February
and northwestward
continental
south
are of mixed.type.
Alaska
Unalaska
well
3OC in
(AEIDC 1976:34,
in
eastern
Ocean temperatures
about
is somewhat
extreme
on
the arcuate
7000 m some 150
upwelling
systems
interisland
passes
TABLE 4-l :--Selected
other
meteorological
data
Aleutian
localities
Unalaska
Mean Annual
cipitation
for
Nikolski
Adak
173
Unalaska
and
Shemya
Attu
69
--
Pre(cm)
157
--
Mean Annual Percentage,
Frequency of Occurrence of Rain
and/or Drizzle
24.0
15.5
27.0
20.6
25.7
Mean Annual Sky
Cover (tenths)
8.6
8.2
8.7
8.7
8.6
Mean Annual Percentage of Occurrence of Fog
8.3
34.9
14.1
25.7
15.0
3 May
7 May
9 May
Mean Date of Last
Sprifig Occurrence
of 0°C
Mean Date of First
Fall Occurrence
of o"c
--
6 May
1
--
30 Ott
SOURCE: AEIDC (1976:16-20)
46
23 Ott
30 Ott
13 Ott
result
in part
from
Sea and provide
mixing
of the Pacific
an important
base for
Ocean and Bering
the
food
chain
of
the
area.
Terrestrial
fauna
As in
terrestrial
Chief
which
red,
although
species
shrews
rat,
introduced
Marine
present
A wide
in the Unalaska
common and scientific
the
table
(for
whale
dolphin,
quite
rare
maps
of
found
(Vulpes
the
ground
spp.),
in
squirrels
lemmings
oeconomus),
on the
island
the
Aleutians,
in
ful-
island
collared
the Russian
.
and American
variety
marine
in
to
these
in Chapter
Table
4-2
names.
Several
of
example,
occur
(Collin
species
are
in the numbers
common
whale)
waters,
by Haley
it
the
bowhead
Aleutian
5, but
of
area.
and the
presented
reported
which
coast
fox
in number.
and
as well,
is
a
periods.
fauna
Mammals.
in
red
(Microtus
elsewhere
during
few
Arctic
(Sorex
are
as
the
archipelago,
are
the
voles
norvegicus)
the
is
phases.
groenlandicus),
(Rattus
Aleutian
Island
around
and silver
parryii),
(Dicrostonyx
the
do occur
mainly
cross,
of
on Unalaska
that
thrives
(Citellus
rats
all
mammals
among those
E),
the
virtually
the
although
et
1945).
utilized
locally
here
one marine
47
by
listed
the
are probably
to
are
these
species
dolphin,
(1978),
may be noted
of at least
itemizes
according
al.
mammals
right
actually
distributional
they
have
been
The extent
will
that
mammal,
to
be discussed
a sharp
the
decline
sea lion,
-
TABLE 4-2 :--Marine
mammals of the
Unalaska
Common Name
Scientific
Sea otter
Enhydra
Harbor
(or
Steller
hair)
fur
(or
Rough-toothed
lutris
Eumetopias
jubatus
Callorhinus
seal
Long-nosed
dolphin
Name
Phoca vitulina
seal
sea lion
Northern
area
spinner)
ursinus
Stenella
Steno
dolphin
lonqirostris
bredanensis
Common dolphin
Delphinus
delphis
Bottlenose
Tursiops
truncatus
Right
Striped
Killer
dolphin
whale
,Pilot
Stenella
porpoise
whale
Grampus (or
dolphin)
False
Lissodelphis
dolphin
killer
Orcinus
Risso's
borealis
coeruleoalba
-.orca
.
Grampus griesus
whale
Pseudorca
whale
crassidens
Globicephala
macrorhynchus
Harbor
porpoise
Phocoena
Dali's
porpoise
Phocoenoides
whale
Delphinapterus
' Beluga
phocoena
Baird's
beaked whale (or
giant bottlenose
whale)
Berardius
Stejneger's
beaked
Mesoplodon
(or
whale
Bering
Sea)
Cuvier's
beaked (or
goosebeak)
whale
Ziphius
Sperm whale
Physeter
48
dalli
leucas
bairdii
stejnegeri
cavirostris
macrocephalus
TABLE 4-2:-(Continued)
Common Name
Scientific
Pygmy sperm whale
Kogia
CalZfornia
Eschrichtius
robustus
Balaenoptera
physalus
Balaenoptera
borealis
Balaenoptera
acutorostrata
Balaenoptera
musculus
Finback
gray
whale
whale
Sei whale
Little
Blue
piked
whale
(or minke)
whale
,
Humpback whale
Pacific
right
breviceps
Meaaptera
whale
Bowhead whale
SOURCE: Collins,
et al.
(1978).
49
Name
novaeanaliae
Balaena
glacialis
Balaena
mvsticetus
(1945:75-76)
and Haley
has been
reported
magnitude
in
of this
Table
A comparison
hair
4-3
of
the
and sea otters
seals,
details
the
numbers
is
of
given
in
4-4.
The
Fishes.
from
area,
species
salmon,
of
numbers
red,
use
the
Unalaska
Varden,
silver,
like
shore
point
of
of
are
species
That
“trout”
the
the
various
.char),
are present
occurs
salmon.
Also
king
salmon.
is anandromous,
being
and the
Unalaska
(actually
which
dog,
the salmon,
view,
of.salmon
or humpback,
the
as well
resources
Varden
Island.
is the pink,
the
fish
Dolly
Five
and cod.
waters,
main
a local
of
halibut,
the
Table
years.
change.
sea lions,
birds,
recent
in the
in greatest
found
are the
The Dolly
found
along
Pacific
cod,
as in streams.
.
Fishes
halibut,
of
the
open
and a number
including
flounders,
of
Unalaska
archipelago,
these
in terms
of local
(Strongylocentrotus
SP.)!
mussels
in
(Mytilus
that
marine
resource
sp.),
the
importance
locally,
intertidal
zone
entire
Aleutian
and herring.
like
rich
include
of lesser
The near
area,
is
fish
pogies,
Invertebrates.
the
ocean
shrimp,
edulis),
shore
of
Chief
invertebrates.
utilization
octopus,
chitons,
50
the
of
among
are sea urchins
limpets
clams,
(Acamea
and crabs.
TABLE 4-3:--
Comparison of Steller
sea lions
sighted
in the
eastern
Aleutian
Islands
and Unalaska between
1957 and 1980-1981
1957
Area
Eastern
Unalaska
Aleutian
Island
Islands
31,774
NR
only
1977
17,373
1,722
1980
7,783
120*
NR = Not repor.ted
*Data
source
from
1981
SOURCE: Nysewander
for further
citations
et al. (1982:113).
and qualifications.
51
See this
TABLE 4-4: --Birds
area
and marine mammals of the Unalaska Island
and the eastern
Aleutian
Islands,
1980-1981
Species
Hog Island
and
Captain's
Bay
All
birds
Steller
Hair
Sea otter
Unalaska
South
Coast
Eastern
Aleutian
Islands
20,345
20,663
1,791,021
1,237
sea lion
seal
Unalaska
North
Coast
0
495
285
8,218
0
205
628
2,476
0
65
249
SOURCE: Nysewander
et al.
52
(1982:28-29,
32)
740
Avifauna
Some 183 bird
Table
surrounding
numerous
the
have been reported
4-5,
and
of
waters
these
are
open sea beyond
estimated
also
exist
in
in
in
the
to a few with
Aleutian
species
-
shore
--
from
but
relatively
in
The
those
most
birds
which
of
have been
marine
terrestrial
small
listed
archipelago
Other
millions.
numbers,
are
1973:143).
pelagic
two miles
large
the
(Sekora
the
to number
limited
some of which
species,
birds
species
are
populations.
Flora
The plant
major
plant
beach
rye
(Elymus
--
(Angelica
lucida),
contains
willow
and
and
other
sedges
marsh
sedges,
(Vaccinium
(Salix
crowberry,
dominated
grasses,
(Carex
(Caltha
The
willow,
upland
lichens,
lowland
palustris),
crowberry
uliginosum),
(Empetrum
mosses,
tundra
mosses,
is
pea
angelica
The
sp.).
marigold
by
beach
lanatum),
(Rubus spectabilis),
sp.).
dwarf
by three
The beach zone is characterized
sp.)
salmonberry
nigrum),
is
Unalaska
cow parsnip.(Heracleum
sp.),
bog blueberry
,
of
communities.
(Lathyrus
tundra
life
and dwarf
dominated
and sedges
by
(Sekora
1973:78).
One of the principal
flora
is
For the
the
absence
Unalaska
area,
of
characteristics
substantial,
it
is
worth
53
of
sizeable,
noting
that
the Aleutian
tree
Sitka
growth.
spruce
TABLE 4-5 :--Bird
species
of the Unalaska
Island
area
Species
Scientific
Common Loon
.Yellow-billed
Loon
Red-throated
Loon
Red-necked Grebe
Horned Grebe
Northern
Fulmar
Greater
Scaup
Bufflehead
Barrow's
Goldeneye
Common Goldeneye
Oldsquaw
Scaled Petrel
Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel
Leach's Storm-Petrel
Double-crested
Cormorant
Pelagic
Cormorant
Red-faced
Cormorant
Canada Goose
Emperor Goose
Mallard
Green-winged
(or Common) Teal
Harlequin
Duck
Steller's
Eider
Common Eider
King Eider
Common Scoter
Surf Scoter
White-winged
Scoter
Common Merganser
Red-breasted
Merganser
Rough-legged
Hawk
Bald Eagle
Steller's
Sea Eagle
Peregrine
Falcon
Gyrfalcon
Rock Ptarmigan
Willow Ptarmigan
Black Oystercatcher
Semipalmated
Plover
Bristle-thighed
Curlew
Bar-tailed
Godwit
Common Snipe
Wandering Tattler
Ruddy Turnstone
Lesser Yellowlegs
Sharp-tailed
Sandpiper
Rock Sandpiper
Gavia immer
Gavia adamsii
Gavia ste.llata
Podiceps grisegena
Podiceps auritus
Fulmarus glacialis
Aythya marila
Bucephala albeola
Bucephala
islandica
Bucephala clangula
Clangula
hyemalis
Pterdroma
inexpectata
Oceanodroma furcata
Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Phalacrocorax
auritus
Phalacrocorax
pelagicus
Phalacrocorax
urile
Branta canadensis
Philacte
canagica
Anas platyrhynchos
Anas crecca
Histrionicus
histrionicus
Polysticta
stelleri
Somateria
mollissima
Somateria
spectabilis
Melanitta
nigra
Melanitta
perspicillata
Melanitta
deglandi
Mergus merganser
Mergus serrator
Buteo lagopus
Haliaeetus
leucocephalus
Haliaeetus
PelagiCUS
Falco peregrinus
Falco rusticolus
Lagopus mutus
Lagopus lagopus
HaematoDus bachmani
54
Name
TABLE
4-5:--(Continued)
Scientific
Species
Least Sandpiper
Northern
Phalarope
Red Phalarope
Glaucous Gull
Glaucous-winged
Gull
Black-legged
Kittiwake
Bonaparte's
Gull
Aleutian
Tern
Common Murre
Thick-billed
Murre
Pigeon Guillemot
Kittlitz's
Murrelet
Marbled Murrelet
Ancient
Murrelet
Cassin's
Auklet
Whiskered Auklet
Crested Auklet
Horned Puffin
Tufted Puffin
Short-eared
Owl
Belted Kingfisher
Bank Swallow
Common Raven
Winter Wren
Water Pipit
Dipper
Gray-crowned
Rosy Finch
Savannah Sparrow
Fox Sparrow
Song Sparrow
Lapland Longspur
Snow Bunting
SOURCE:
Nysewander
Name
Calidris
minutilla
Lobipes lobatus
ius
Phalaropus
fulicar
Larus hyperboreus
Larus glaucescens
Rissa tridactyla
Larus Philadelphia
Sterna aleutica
Uria aal e
Uria &a
yhus
columba
Ce
Brachyramphus
brevirostre
Brachyramphus
marmoratus
Synthliboramphus
antiquus
Ptychoramphus
aleuticus
Aethia pygmaea
Aethia cristatella
Fratercula
corniculata
Lunda cirrhata
Asio flammeus
Megaceryle
alcyon
Riparia
riparia
-Corvus
corax
Troglodytes
troglodytes
Anthus spinoletta
Cinclus
mexicanus
Leucosticte
tephrocotis
Passerculus
sandwichens -1s
Passerella
iliaca
Melospiza
melodia
Calcaris
lapponicus
Plectrophenax
nivalis
.
et al.
residents.
55
(1982:94-110)
and local
(Picea
are
sitchensis)
still
trees
growing
community,
but
in
may be made of
kelp
around
the
their
value
to
fish,
on the
coast
the
of
human
is an important
of
of
In
island.
inhabitants
food
for
1805
around
Unalaska,
and variety
the
since
the
Island.
flora
abundance
times
locations
on Amaknak
note
the
at various
numerous
especially
As a final
vegetation
planted
mention
seaweeds
and
addition
of
the
certain
to
area,
mammals,
a
such
birds,
and invertebrates.
Conclusions
The natural
typical
of
The climate
terms
that
is
of frequent
especially
outnumbering
environment
of
quite
the
rest
terrestrial
of
moderate,
sky cover
abundant,
of
the
winds.
marine-based
ones.
56
is
generally
Aleutian
exhibiting
and high
with
Unalaska
extremes
Animal
species
Islands.
only
in
life
is
vastly
CHAPTER 5
NON-COMMERCIAL ,UTILIZATION
OF RESOURCES
IN UNALASKA
Introduction
This
the
various
chapter
local
an item-by-item
resources
Although
major
of
resources,
these
presents
emphasis
discussion
used by residents
is
on the
of'
contemporary
some historical
of
Unalaska.
utilization
information
is
provided
this
chapter
as well.
.
The resource
are
itemized
in
convenience
only,
the
in
order
Table
which
of various
resource
categories
the
these
resources
resources
in
the
list
text.
resources
in
terms
is
in certain
or
to
of
to
the
and
6.
to
the
The
categories.
dietary
in Chapter
for
be attached
are numbered
of
57
organized
presented
Discussion
be undertaken
in
should
are
table
in the
will
The
5-1.
inventory
significance
discussed
and no significance
grouping
to
categories
correspond
ranking
cultural
of
TABLE 5-1:--
Inventory
of resources
of Unalaska
_
Chapter
Resource
Section*
Sea lions
1
Harbor
2
Other
seals
marine
3
mammals
4
Salmon
Halibut
5
and cod
Other
fish
6
Birds
and eggs
7
Marine
invertebrates
Berries
and other
Other
8
plants
9
10
resources
*Numbers correspond
to those used in
this
sections
in
discussion
the resource
chapter.
58
-of
Inventory
1.
resources
Sea lions
Sea lions
people
since
of value
also
for
not
the-raw
itemizes
Aleut
only
for
the
sea
4 m in length
about
lions
certain
similar
but
large
having
favor
provided
but
supplied.
Table
5-2
sea lion
products
resources
were
was not
generally
in which
came from
exist
established
that
animals
they
of
virtually
all
the sea.
with
animals,
throughout
hauling
of less
describing
wrote
Aleut
adult
males
as much as 1000 kg and females
They
water
the
these
characteristic
materials
are
Sarychev,
179Os,
they
to which
and weighing
They generally
early
which
to an environment
2 m and 360 kg.
archipelago,
food
use of natural
lion,
and fabricational
Sea
the
uses
of
resource
In the past,
which
Such full
adaptation
food
times.
the diverse
to
a major
materials
by Aleuts.
unique
been
precontact
were
put
have
than
events
hunting
of all
areas
the
Aleutian
and rookeries.
50 fathoms.
in
Unalaska
sea mammals
in
the
followed
customs:
The first
successful
darter
receives
half the skin and
the entrails,
and has besides the right
of assigning
the
other
half
to any one of the hunters
he pleases;
the
second successful
aim entitles
the person to the neck,
and the remaining
entrails;
the third
takes the bladder;
the fourth
and fifth
can claim
the fore feet;
the fifth
and sixth
the hind feet.
The flesh
is shared equally
among all the parties
concerned
(1807:57).
59
Utilization
TABLE 5-2:--
Part
of Animal
of
the Steller,
Lion
'Partial
List
Cover for
harpoon
1 0. Hide
or Northern,
Sea
of Uses
bidarka
and baidar;
line
2.
Flesh
Food
3.
Blubber
Food (eaten
oil)
4.
Organs
Food
5.
Bones
6.
Teeth
Decorative
pendants;
7.
Whishers
Decoration
visors
on wood hunting
8.
Sinew
Cord and thread
9.
Flippers
Soles used for boot soles;
contents
gelatinized
in flipper
and eaten
10.
Pericardium
Water
11.
Esophagus
Parka,
12.
Stomach
Storage
13.
Intestines
Parka,
.
with
meat;
Ribs for root diggers;
baculum for flaker
SOURCE: Laughlin
bottle;
for
leggings
container
pants,
(1968:40)
pouches
rendered
,humerus
for
for
club;
fishhooks
lashing
general-purpose
pants,
60
also
for
hats
and
and sewing
container
of boots,
pouches
Regarding
sea lions
apparent
specifically,
placation
of these
Sarychev
animals
shed light
on the
by.Aleuts:
At the commencement
of the year's
chace
[sic],
the
person
to whose
share
the first
sea-lion
falls,
distributes
his portion
of flesh among all the Aleutians
of his place; but they are obliged
to return
him all the
which being collected
together,
are thrown back
bones,
into the sea (1807:57-58).
writing
Veniaminov,
acknowledged
1824 to 1834,
useful
for
food,
its
Jthe
Aleut
the
local
skin
for
of
garments]
from
sea lions
inhabitants.
They
boot
tops,
throat
while
the
for
they
make the
intestines"
were
formerly
lions,
just
as other
fewer
beasts,
hunting"
sea lions
there:,"In
considerably
were
quite
(1840b:387-388).
were seen "now scarcely
rock
separated
from
[of
Unalaska]"
'Unalaska
Lions"
area
(Black
the shore
[Usof]
by a high,
Cove on the
(1840a:47).
called
meat
for
and baidarki
skin
boats,
stomach
kamleika
in
in
[rain
south
Finally,
themselves
1980:82).
61
the
Unalaska
times
numerous,
due to continuous
sea lions
Usov
its
former
that
from
'extremely
the
finest
from
(1840b:387).
reported
than
far
use
covered
boats
period
were
and
region
unsupervised
that
the
skin
Veniaminov
have decreased
in
of the baidari
the
dishes,
Unalaska
the sheathing
open
respectively],
place
of
the
but
at all,
Qawalangin,
stated
and only
narrow
the
they
and sometimes.
He further
shore
sea
passage,
of
the
Aleuts
"Sons
to a
not
island
of
the
of
Sea
As mentioned
lions
in the
few
decades
are
not
eastern
(see
but
reduction
in
commercial
fishing
it
fall
and spring
Unalaska
when they
to passage
were
as well
there
Today,
are
about
Estimates
year
from
range
are
planned
Bay,
(as are
rookery
at other
at
Driftwood
Wislow
are
Island
made on occasion
In addition
14-16
feet,
engines
increased
In
hunter
that
especially
by the Native
number
Native
for
Point
year
more
(Figure
mid-May
distant
of
the
Island,
in
per
being
long
trips
and the
together.
In
of Unalaska
trips
to the
kilometers
shore
to Unalga
to the
and if
the confines
(several
north
hunters
figure
hunt
of
killed
frequent
will
Act
non-Natives.
sea lion
done between
or more
of
of
hunting,
in
population
of sea lions
most
this
reported
Mammal Protection
used
of
and
of the Marine
hunted
past
decline
to the community.
times
area,
to
to find,
is done within
Bay on the
this
come nearer
boats
Bishop
the
1980:32-33).
hard
sometimes
two
of sea
pathogens
due
one local
12 active
are
most hunting
but
al.
5 to 50, withthe
end of August),
winter,
et
of the number
Skiffs
20.
supply
as by a limited
Unalaska.
around
food
that
for
possible
particularly
sea lions
1972,
include
lion
number
over
The causes
(Braham
are not
Prior
of
sea
may
4,the
has declined
4-3).
may be noted
sea lions
in Chapter
Aleutians
Table
known,
regard,
briefly
west
of
to
the
island),
and to‘Beaver
Inlet
5-l).
skiffs,
from
62
which
25-50
are generally
horsepower
are
from
used.
0
L
63
Popular
irifles
smaller
calibers,can
skulls
of
for
back
headlands.
Most
in the
the
risk
killing
dangerous
well
than
a skiff
a sea lion
sinks
to retrieve
it
after
may be retrieved
sea lions
population
preferred
to
older
persons,
sharing
due
more
to
is not
the
fewer
sea lions
community-wide
is
is
in the
can
be a
animals
sometimes
as
chased
at
more easily.
sometimes
a similar
device.
While
If
possible
sea lion
most
wounded
some are lost.
to be the
that
that
harbor
seal.
of
his
relatives,
sea lion,
and friends.
as extensive
animals
general
Unalaska
share
were
shot
of
A floating
of
characteristically
multitude
it
animals
there
areas
may be shot
shot,
are
hook.
with
apprears
is
the
a weighted
are retrieved,
It
Native
it
emergency
along.
they
are
certain
While
hauling
the
when they
with
brought
Sea lions
swells.
although
after
the
due to
exhausted,
used,
thick
although
beyond
up on land.
at
since
the
is done with
may sink
undertaking
sea until
impossible
not
hauled
.30-3Os,
use CB radios,
are usually
sea lions
as to ocean
is
are
or
penetrating
of sea lions
land-ing
water,
suits
equipment
that
.222s
difficulty
to Unalaska
rather
sea,
are
Some hunters
Survival
and repair
lions
have
the animals.
communication
food
sea
as it
being
basis.
64
sea
killed.
among
the
meat
is
lion
A
portions
Informants
Before
meat
will
hunter
giving
was formerly,
and the
hunted,
consensus
to
say that
primarily
World
War
was shared
II,
on a
Fresh
similar
to
Methods
of
freezing,
that
sea
the
manner
meat
in
preserving
drying,
sea lion
aged for
lion
which
the
heads could
kind
of head sausage
other
for
in
former
be skinned,
cooked,
was made from
many
meats
future
times
cut
in
red
and salting.
days and then
lion
prepared
meat
smoking,
flippers
several
is
ways,
are
use
used.
include
It
was reported
could
be hung
up and boiled.
Also,
and eaten.
Likewise,
sea lion
flipper,
and
sea
a
brains,
and spices.
Aside
limited
cases
and of
from
use of
the
and mittens,
the
bones
use of
the
meat
of
skins
for
such
items
of
for
the
throats
carving..
65
sea lions,
there
as gun and knife
and intestines
for
dolls,
is
Harbor
2.
seals
Harbor
of greatest
Aleutian
out
seals,
dietary
Although
they
together,
and roe.keries
sea lions/were
importance
Islands.
do not
great
gave
number
of
1980-81
as somewhat
seals
came to
doubtful
It
is
if
more
interesting
harbor
seals
to
lived
to
which
for
example,
over
grass
that
mats
part
by the
basic
hunting
rifles
such
the
areas
areas
is the
seals
may
in
the
over
800.
the
early
such
previous
Unalaska
1800s
small
that
Veniaminov
at
least
were
skins
were
it
reported
on the
were
is
(1840a:47).
that
island
many non-food
Veniaminov
put.
harbor
that
. . ."
lakes
there
sea lions,
seals
taken
Island
that
numbers
two
chapter
used
for
bedding
seals
are
hunted
mentions,
covers
(1840b:217).
In Unalaska
most
in the
note
seal
as
harbor
are
in
harbor
harems,
100 skins
As with
(1840a:47-48).
uses
than
4-4
in
"in
Unalaska
may haul
hauling
Male
seals
harbor
stated
seals
established
establish
Table
25% lighter.
Veniaminov
of
the
as much as 120 kg, and females
are about
region'in
sea mammals
throughout
numbers
maintain
weigh
and
the
Aleuts
and sea lions.
seals
2 m in length
the
for
nor do the males
case among,fur
reach
with
today,
harbor
same persons
techniques
as the
in which
are
who hunt
sea lions.
employed,
although
.22 may be used.
harbor
seals
66
are
Figure
found.
5-2
Hunting
for
the
The same
smaller
indicates
is often
n
I
8
0
=. ^.
67
focused
near
known hauling
on the western
may be found
along
the
taken
as far
lions,
side
of Unalaska
over
the
entire
immediate
Bay,
seals
are
although
are
and Beaver
Inlet.
the
return
not
rate
seals
especially
trips
occasionally
Wide Bay
harbor
of the bay,
Hunting
coast.
near
although
extent
as the Baby Islands
harbor
shooting,
such as that
areas,
sometimes
Like
retrievable
is better
sea
after
than
for
sea
lions.
The number
past
year
ranges
estimating
of
the
Sharing
of
Preparation
meat
added,
in
with
Certain
the
and it
purposes
intestines
dried,
harbor
today
of
includes
and skins
for
the
use
skins
clothing.
and
soaking
baking
Harbor
for
for
today
includes
cob1 with
seals
68
on
for
intestines
harbor
dolls’
seal,
earlier
or salted,
to be eaten
of
past
may be eaten
seal
previous
obtained
with
taste.
smoked,
the
are found.
usually
and the meat
use
are
described
blood
the
to harbor
in
seals
in
informants
in
sometimes
strong
and cooked,
limited
most
killed
seals
as that
of informants,
blubber
are
overnight,
may be frozen,
memory
with
no sea lions
of harbor
water
to remove
that
harbor
same pattern
,is a delicacy,
meat
seals
on which
1 ions.
35,
killed
as discussed
Since,
ventures
the
reported
are generally.preferred
harbor
follows
seals
5 to
20.
sea lions
hunting
the
from
about
section,
many
of harbor
sea
soda
seal
liver
fresh.
The
Within
the
were
braided
hot
mustard.
fabricational
mittens
and of
Almost
use seal
all
oil.
washed
In the old
strips
would
of
produce
by putting
of the Aleut
in
regular
oil.
Oil
is commonly
other
foods.
eaten
may also
liver.
Another
method
blubber
in
precious
is
a few families
that
aspect
the Marine
an end to non-Native
year,
number
several
of harbor
available
to
hunting
members
well.
Since
the
1972 Act
that
less
harbor
issue
subsistence
in the
use.
next
the
and salmon
seal
frying,
lamp
use seal
sharing
hunting
these
took
oftentimes
of
the
to providing
went
seal
More
Act
oil
their
chapter.
69
1972 put
Prior
making
Special
Aleuts
effect,.people
be said
to
the meat
community.
is available
will
of
harbor
a substantial
meat to older
into
of
animals.
hunters
yearly,
was given
for
of
non-Native
seals
all
of
Mammal Protection
consideration
reported
for
make it,
and
simmer
many people
actually
fish,
commodity.
is
that
good
to
dark
"stinky"
potatoes,
oil
an oil
is made
for
for
While
One interesting
seals
place
berries
making
oil
in a cool
with
and gun lubrication.
only
seal
in a jar
rice,
This
stomach.
be combined
producing
a pot,
seal
Today,
with
today
was made by putting
or in a warm dark
oil,
It
today,
oil.
of-blubber
for
in Unalaska
oil
a dried
clear
thin'strips
place
fuel,
seal
days,
blubber
especially
families
as
have
in the community
concerning
this
In addition
harbor
seals
commercial
believe
population,
for
their
protect
(1946:611)
to the
(as
well
fishermen
that
as
is having
greater
even
f-ishing
prior
gear
describes
sea
the
their
are
nets.
a substantial
than
to
is
of seals
lions).
to protect
this
skins
hunting
not
when the
1972.
effect
animals
use,
killed
by
on the
were
harbor
new in Aleutian
70
also
local
Some informants
Killing
same situation
for
over
seal
hunted
seals
to
waters;
Ransom
30 years
ago.
Other
3.
marine
mammals
A number
lions
of marine
and harbor
Whales.
degree
to
made
use
beachings),
which
of
seals,
includes
Although
it
they
(either
ceremonialism
which
Merck,
part
17oos,
provided
the
whales
in Unalaska:
difficult
of
of
contact
food
or
value
the
Aleuts
obtained
from
but
subsistence
also
for
the
capture.
a Russian
following
sea
period
an important
surrounded.their
than
to ascertain
hunted
were
in terms
important
following:
and early
nevertheless
only
less
the
is
precontact
whales
not
resource,
mammals,
expedition
details
in
the
concerning
the
late
use of
Whoever finds
a whale
stranded
at the coast
has the
right
to keep half of the outer skin-of
the liver
[sic]
and of the tongue,
which they use to make rainshirts.
Halfofthe
blubber
and meat belongs
to the toion of the
village.
The other half
is then portioned
out equally
among the rest of the people.
The one who had found the
whale will
then wear a wreath around his head.
This is
made of colorful
feathers
and goat hair.
He wears this
wreath
until
all
the lard and meat has been consumed
(1980:171)?
Veniaminov
which
the
likely
ritual
described
involved
aspects
the
the
use of
method
aconite
of
hunting
poison,
whales,
as well
as
of the hunt:
In connection
with whale hunting
there was a specially
large number of omens and vagaries.
The points
of the
javelins
with which they hunted the whale they smeared
with human fat or else they tied
to them some part of
the human body, which they took from the corpses called
askhanan
[mummies]
and found in caves,
or a part
of
women's menstrual
matter,
or part of the clothing
of a
widow in mourning,
or ,some poisonous
roots and grasses.
71
To each of these substances
was assigned
its particular
and whale hunters
alwavs had them
attribute
and effect,
having-flung
his
in their
baidarki;
The hunter-,
to which such substances
were attached,
at the
javelin,
-If this
whale,
immediately
breathed
upon his hands.
javelin
found.its
mark, he would not hurl a second one
even if he could,
but he immediately
returned
home and
kept apart
from people
in a specially
constructed
hut
where he must remain
for three
days without
food or
drink,
not permitting
women, especially
unclean ones, to
enter.
During
this
period,
from time to time he would give
forth
a deep sigh like
a wounded and dying
whale,
in
order
that
the whale which he had wounded should
not
depart
from the shore,
but likewise
suffer
and quietly
die.
On the fourth
day he issued
from his confinement
and bathed in water,
uttering
savage cries
and striking
the water
with
his hands.
Then, taking
his comrades
with
him,
he rode to the place
where he assumed the
whale to be.
If the whale had died,
then they began to
cut it up (throwing
away the place of the wound); if the
whale had not yet died,
then the hunter
returned
home
and again
began to torment
himself
until
the whale
should die (1840b:132-134).
Veniaminov
Unalaskans
could
only
able
were
moreover,
were
further
wound
from.30
what
that
baidar
(1840b:231).
In addition
to the
described
1800s.
Heizer
(1943)
includes
further
information
earlier
whaling
residents
times
about
could
writings
in
the
of
whaling.
72
the
year,
they
These
whales,
to the
be transported
in
whaling
early
in
above,
Aleutians
Unalaska
while
as "small,"
cited
discusses
from
per
10 to 33.
described
animal
.authors
from
from
Veniaminov
a single
that
to 60 whales
to retrieve
extent
Aleut
reported
many other
the
at
one
1700s
length
and
and
sources.
today
recall
One interesting
stories
account
was related
by Andrew Makarin
to Nick
Galaktionoff:
The chiefs
[from the villages
in Beaver Inlet]
would go
to the main village
and ask for food or for permission
to hunt sealion
or whale.
Sometimes
they would get
permission
and sometimes
they wouldn't.
They would
request
a particular
number of whales or seals.
Then
the leading
chief
would set a day when they would be
allowed
into the bay for hunting.
Wi-th that the men would return
to their
own villages.
These small villages
would again have a meeting,
and at
that time these people
would start
weaving
the grass
They would braid
the grass rope all the way from
rope.
the beach to the top of a mountain
two times.
It would
then be long enough to stretch
across Beaver Inlet.
The
mountain
they braided
the rope up and down was called
kichgix
kangaxtax,
and the grass was called
kichgix.
I
don't
know where they gathered
that poison grass.
When the grass rope was ready two baidarkas
would load
up and get ready,
and they would set a watch.
As soon
as they saw something,
a seal‘ion
or a whale,
come into
the bay the two men in the baidarkas
would take off and
block
that Pass with the rope.
The grass they used on
the Pass would rest on the water and nothing
could pass
under it.
After
the Pass was blocked
the chiefs
would go around
and find the best hunters
because they couldn't
afford
to miss the animal.
It might
take them two or three
days to finish
the hunt.
The hunter
who speared
the whale would have to cut the
spear out of the animal
and leave
some of the meat
still
on the spear.
He would cook the meat and fat over
an open fire.
The hunter
would have to eat the meat
first.
Nobody would touch the whale until
the next day
to see if that
guy was still
all
right.
The reason
nobody would touch it until
the next day was because the
people
used poisoned
tips
for hunting
the whale.
You
couldn't
tell
who was using it or what was being used,
so they
let
the hunter
eat it
first.
These small
villages
were like
families,
I think.
They would come
in and the chiefs
would sit down and give orders
for
dividing
the meat.
They did it this way for many years.
After
butchering
the whale,
two or three days of
pa;t;ing
followed.
The second chief
would take several
men and return
to the main chief
and tell
him what
happened
-if they got the whale or what.
If they
didn't
get the whale
they would
have to report
that
also.
Sometimes
if they failed
to get the whale they
would have to tell
what special
posions or weapons they
had used (Unalaska High School 1978:54-55).
73
Some residents
over
their
and were
years
lifetimes
that
used for
can also
washed
than
remember
ashore
This
happened
this
use
food.
Other
ago.
whaling
today
a few whales
near
the
community
as recently
of
whales,
is done by any of the Native
as a few
however,
residents
no
of Unalaska
today.
Fur
Islands
in the
Aleutian
on
seals.
Fur
Bering
yearly
It
is
hunting
was on the newborn
village
residents
of
late
autumn
Unalaska
Unalaska
on their
While
today
since
Pribilofs
in
of
it
since
since
seals
them.
fur
is
the
of
such
concerning
Today,
seals
not
in
the
although
74
undertaken
by federal
the
More will
in Chapter
Sea otters
1911,
focus
hunted
3 indicates.
in
work
meat and the Pribilofs
hunting
Chapter
to
fur
from
the
traditionally
meat home with
Sea otters.
through
and continuing
bringing
seal
south
Unalaska
seasonally
up in the
as the quotation
prohibited
a longterm
men from
haul
migration.
fur
is
Pribilof
were
observing
southerly
the
animals
and
that
pups,
report
hunting
is nevertheless
meat,
north
presented
in
regularly
probable
passes.
breed
these
migrations
island
Makushin
do not
Sea,
Traditionally,
Islands.
their
which
seals,
law,
use of
seal
be said
there
fur
went
fur
in
seal
to
the
harvest,
concerning
6.
have been entirely
in precontact
protected
times
until
shortly
after
highly
the
prized
animal.
sea otters
notes,
turn
were
they
of
this
Prior
to the
undoubtedly
could
century,
coming
more
be clubbed
sea otters
of
the
numerous,
to
death
were
a
Russians,
and as Merck
on
the
beaches
(1980:171).
Traditionally,
otters,
who
were
Veniaminov
consider
wrote
to beautify
arrows
as well
women's
without
feathers,
but
boat"
today
are
claim
Aleuts
commercial
was
the
are
for
the postcontact
period,
done
largely
is
culture
evident
75
such
[falcon]
that
and
which
Russian
hunt
well
the
be
to
primary
was for
hunting
as
is Merck's
to
period
and the sea otter
Aleut
This
for
loving
to be attracted
likely
meat,
the
supposed
clothing
their
they
(1840b:134).
with
supposed
excellent
Aleuts
otter,
sea otters
in the precontact
humans.
and all
hunter"
adorned
seems
the
otters
tasty.
purposes,
garments,
the
the
sea
human being,
that
particularly
traditional
commercialism.
It
than
is not
are
actually
provided
rather
". . . Since
concerning
which
(1980:171).
During
of
they
of
their
come up to
bond with
descendants
assuming
only
boats
of sea otters
material,
by
the baidarki,
"Not
which
be
to be a transformed
would
of
a special
following:
as possible,
that
fear
skins,
to
of the beliefs
statement
value
the
finery,
Illustrative
felt
thought
the sea otter
sought
that
Aleuts
their
bedding
some people
of sea otters
and
combined
as
in such descriptions
American
aspects
the
new
as that
_
provided
hunt
by Fassett
of
touches
otters
the
late
both
on traditional
as well
such
as the
and the
there
is
influence
of
shellfish
a
connection
fact
that
food
of sea otters.
of
account
regarding
of
church.
note
It
between
which
sea
patterns
increasing
corresponding
is
of
also
kelp
on kelp,
several
species
in
claimed
that
sea
beds,
feed
numbers
reduction
increased
growth
.
acculturation,
changed
the
available.
sea urchins,
Fassett's
of
skins,
with
and increased
sea otter
facets
of Unalaska
in the area,
populations
the
the
ritualism
recent
of
residents
of sea otters
amount
Aleut
value
about
century.
as on more
Today,
who wrote
nineteenth
cash
leadership,
the
(1960),
otter
due to the
are
a favorite
-.
Although
Porpoise.
dolphin
are
were
known
probably
reported
that
porpoise
Islands,
since
regions
of winter
today
the Alaska
this
they
hunted
are eaten
Walrus
are
are
Peninsula
Unalaska
in
Island.
rarely
native
the
with
although
past)
it
The following
possibility:
76
Table
4-2)
and
it
was
the
Aleutian
more
northerly
occur
no closer
in extreme
is
and
in Unalaska.
to
They generally
area,
porpoise
aboriginally,
very
not
(see
associated
sea ice.
(and presumably
may reach
waters
occasionally
Walrus.
than
in Aleutian
of
possible
account
winters
that
they
documents
a dory-load
of hunters
set out from
In May, 1937,
They did
Makushin on the west side of Unalaska
island.
Searchers
found
where
a
walrus
had
pulled
not return.
and
scattered
along
the
rocky
beach
ashore but departed,
Through
the
keel
were broken-up
parts
of the dory.
several
bullet
holes,
as if the
portion
were found
hunters
had attempted
to kill
a large animal
which was
apparently
attacking
the small
boat.
It
underneath,
could only have been a walrus,
judging
by what appeared
to be tusk marks on pieces
of the wrecked
boat (Ransom
1946:612).
.
77
Salmon.
4.
Salmon
in
Unalaska
history
1800s
are
today
that
order
"there
the
Makushin,
are
[Wislow],
Methods
the
with
bays,
Describing
salmon
of
of
fish
are
as
weirs
and traps
in the
island
(3)
on Unalaska
are
and
(1)
the
in
the
Veselov
(1840a:40).
in
the
in streams,
used
early
that
follows:
salmon
on fishing
a long
important,
[Kashega]"
chiefly
resource
have
noted
on the
are
obtaining
the
they
[Nateekin],
fishing
17OOs, Merck wrote
and
these
Koshigin
of
focused
6),
streams
Natykin
the
subsistence
Veniaminov
twenty
four
the
and (4)
centuries
Chapter
abundance
(2)
important
island.
by fish;
of
most
(see
of use on the
frequented
in
the
last
two
rather
than
to catch
Island
the
in
fish.
the
late
following:
Near a small waterfall
of this river
the Aleuts
had made
They place
wicker
a barrier
with
small
rocks.
. ..
several
gaps left
in this
barrier.
traps
. . . into
They
These traps
have the conical.form
of sugar hats.
are three-and-a-half
feet
long,
not counting
the'end
point.
Three strong willow-hoops
are beset with willow
sticks.
The top-hoop
is crossways
knotted,
too, with
and with
it they
wait
for
their
catch.fishbone;
Between the places where they had put the traps they had
placed
pots fashioned
out of heaped rocks . . . . This
.
where they put the fish after
catching
them, to keep
ihsern fresh
(1980:167).
Sarychev,
described
arrival
what
of
the
at
writing
appears
first
to
salmon
the
same
time
be a celebration
of the
season
as
Merck,
marking
the
at Makushin:
the faces of the
The performers
wear masks, resembling
and,
spirits
which
have appeared
to the Shamans;
possess
the implicit
although
these
men no longer
the Aleutians
always celebrate
confidence
of the people,
78
the arrival
of a fish
with
these games.
The person
first
making
the discovery
announces
it by wearing
a
to half
the
narrow
fillet
on his head, and has a right
The rest is divided
entrails,
skin,
tongue,
and sinews.
by the trojars
[headmen] of the village
among the other
Aleutians
(1897:61).
Veniaminov
abundance
of salmon
offers
additional
as well
as on the
information
on the
use of nets:
A source
of profit
by no means negligible
is the
The stream
flowing
from the mountain
periodic
fish.
into Natykin
Cove is esteemed the best in this respect,
for in and about it there
is always
such a quantity
of
humpback salmon that it is difficult
to draw in a net.
It
is said
that
the stream
at the chief
village
[Unalaska]
was formerly
the finest
so far as the number
but since
the village
was
of fish
was concerned,
establisht
[sic]
there,
this
stream has become almost
entirely
depleted
(1840a:51).
Veniaminov
also
mentions
the role
of womenin
salmon
fishing:
The task of laying
up the supply
of fish
for iukola
[dried
fish]
is always
woman's
work,
and for
this
purpose
women,
with
their
children,
settle
down
beforehand
by certain
streams
especially
abundant
in
fish.
In each party
there
are one or two oldsters
or
sickly
men who are there not so much to assist
in the
fishing,
but to carry
the necessary
equipment
and for
protection
against
runaways (1940b:234).
In more recent
. building
fishing
weirs
and using
times,
salmon
traps.
Nick
were
still
Galaktionoff
obtained
by
recalled
at Makushin:
A long time ago the people
at Makushin
would get fish
from the creek.
The men used to block
the creek with
rocks and make it like
a lagoon in Makushin and Volcano
Bay when the red salmon started
running
in early summer.
The fish
traps
were made out of wood and looked
like
today's
crab pots.
When I see a crab pot it reminds
me
of the fish
traps.
These traps
were placed
in the
creeks
with
rocks along the side of them so the fish
79
couldn't
swim past.
The fish were forced
into the trap,
The
and the trap
could
hold over two-hundred
fish.
The-people
would
let
the
stream wasn't always blocked.
fish go up-stream
for two or three days and then close
They knew
it and let the trap and lagoon fill
up again.
what they were doing and would let all the fish go upAfter
they
stream
to spawn near the end of summer.
spawned the fish
would be taken and people
would dry
They would live
on
them or salt
them or smoke them.
the winter
(Unalaska
High School
these
fish
during
1978:28).
Sophie
moved
who was born
Pletnikoff,
to
Kashega
experiences
fishing
when
she
in the
was
latter
very
at Chernofski
told
young,
but
of
her
village:
As I grew up I would go fishing
in the creek during
the
summer.
The creek
would
be full
of reds and humpy
I would fish like
salmon,
and sometimes
silver
salmon.
mad and make dried
fish
and store
them in a'sealion
stomach.
The sealion
stomach. when cleaned
and prepared
would hold 200 fish.
I would make two or three sealion
stomachs
full
of dried
fish
and about ten barrels
of
We used to have lots
of fish
in
salt
fish
for winter.
Kashega!
(Unalaska
High School 1978:38).
Two main
from
that
most
fishing
streams,
described
Figure
appearing
is
the
distinguish
above
done
with
The
It
is
and
exclusively
,poles.
factors
in
other
nets
earlier
the
ocean
that
rather
in about
February
to catch
of
the
bays
with
salmon
year
80
fish
today
One is
times.
and remaining
these
fishing
rather
fishing
than
5-3 shows the major
salmon
possible
for
is
first
salmon
is
than
done
fishing
until
by trolling
the
almost
traps,
weirs,
are
that
or
areas.
king
salmon,
about
April.
as well
as
81
with
a gill
incidental
net,
species
but
for
the
of
salmon
most
part
kings
in Unalaska
remain
an
and relatively
few
are caught.
From mid-May
run,
though
moderate
but
few
frequently
a military
of all
lures.
Informants
in
Between
Unalaska
Dept.
reds
are
just
outside
commercial
1977
are
of
caught
It
War II,
and
Fish
using
gill
be
fishing
any salmon
Unalaska
Creek,
although
this
is
the
bay where
the
red
set
For
fish
had
the
run
creek
by commercial
here
is allowed
but
years
war
was
fishermen,
they
could
be
salmon
run
to
100 fish;
the
1000
red
salmon
the
most
part,
in'several
areas
in and
subsistence
or
Bay.
noted
stream.
several
that
was
the
of
supporting
nets
not
Unalaska
the-smell
and Game 1982).
of Unalaska
may
of
do
during
to an estimated
capable
town,
fish
that
as well
1981
only
and some seining
for
mid-1950s
Lake has decreased
and lake
(Alaska
the
World
like
said
in
through
the
run,
destroying
red salmon
obtained
river
was reported
not
the
since
to keep the salmoninthe
caught.
creek
It
who did
again
who wanted
Before
red salmon
blue-stoned,
blue-stoned
of
here
Lake.
salmon.
are
obtained
officer
creek
fish
run up the
at
in Unalaska
end of June
Some reds
are
bite
the
popular
had a much larger
done
the
very
numbers.
very
Creek
these
until
that
within
Subsistence
snagging
somewhat
of
82
of
no
500 yards
fishing
fish
a problem,
is
of
is
not
the
mouth
allowed
in
permitted,
especially
with
allowed
children.
Pink
October
salmon
run
and constitute
Especially
Nateekin
Summer
Bay,
Broad
Bay),
from
the
good areas
for
about
within
end of
run
in Unalaska.
Unalaska
Bay include
Bay,
seining
however.
to the
salmon
Captains
beach
waters,
mid-June
largest
pinks
Bay,
with
in ocean
and Humpy Cove
as well
as gill
(in
netting
used.
Dog salmon
are obtained.
they
though
Silver
jurisdiction
'which
sets
,
fish,
are
limits
fishing
of
for
requiring
the
such permits
in
of
that
where
Creek.
-falls
a person
may take
salmon
5-4
two years
was 250
through
as well
5-6
as
subsistence
primary
records
1982
under
and Game,
for
the
and
as are pinks.
concerning
the
83
fish
in those
many
of Fish
Figures
is to maintain
Although
places
Unalaska
limit
regulations
appears
not
to mid-October
Department
was 75 fish.
It
few
same areas
fishing
used
but
way up Unalaska
subsistence
1981
salmon.
populations.
the
on the number
forms
the
September
the Alaska
1981 the
reporting
a summary
fish
salmon
and in 1982 it
the
run from
in generally.
of
In
to October,
some make their
Subsistence
the
July
Bay is one of
salmon
netted
yearly.
from
Captain's
occur,
are gill
run
reason
concerning
permit
limit
for
the
is
4
STATE
OF ALASKA
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
PERMIT TO SUBSISTENCE FISH
FOR SALMON
DATE:
PERMITTEE NAME AND ADDRESS:
EFFECTIVE DATES OF THE PERMIT:
EFFECTIVE AREA(S)
OF
PEBMIT:
LIMITS
TO NUMBER(S) OF SALMON TAKEN:
LIMITS
TO TYPE OF GEAR USED TO TAKE SALMON:
SEASON
.
TOTAL:
1. CATCH MUST BE REPORTED TO ONE OF THE FOLLOWING OFFICES BY OCTOBER
31 OF THE YEAR ISSUED.
FAILURE TO REPORT CATCH COULD RESULT IN
FUTURE PERMITS BEING DENIED.
ALASKA DEPT. OF FISH AND GAME
BOX 127
99571
COLD BAY, ALASKA
2.
-
ALASKA DEPT. OF FISH AND GA%
BOX 308
DUTCH HARBOR, ALASKA 99692
SIREAMS AND MOUTHS OF STREAMSmY NOT BE OBSTRUCTED BY SUBSISTEBCE
NET GEAR.
3. SUBSISTENCE NET GEAR MAY NOTE
HOUR PERIOD.
LEFT
UNATTENDE-D FOR MORE THAX
A 24
I CERTIFY THAT I HAVE RESIDED IN ALASKA FOR AT LEAST 12 CONSECUTIVE MOXTHS.
PERMITTEE SIGNATURE:
CERTIFYING OFFICER:
TITLE:
Figure
5-4:--
1981 subsistence
84
salmon
permit
\
SUMMARY OF REGULATIONS PERTAINIWG TO SUBSISTENCE FISHING
(SALMON)
WHO MAY FISH?
.. .
:
You must be a resident
of Alaska for a minimum of twelve consecutive
Each permit allows
250 salmon
months to obtain
a subsistence
permit.
to be taken by the permitee,
(unless otherwese
specified
on the
permit).
No permit
is to be issued the following
year if this permit
is not returned
to the local
Fish and Game Office
by October
31 of
the year issued.
HOW P'lAY YOU FISH?
/
A record of subsistence
caught salmon must be kept on the oermit.
This record must be filled
in immediately
upon taking
subsistence
salmon.
Permits
shall
be retained
in the possession
of the permitee and be readily
accessible
for inspection
while
fishing
or
while
transporting
the salmon.
Salmon may be taken by seine and
on the subsistence
fishing
permit.
gill
net, or with gear specified
Gill
nets used for subsistence
fishing
for salmon may not exceed
unless
otherwise
specified
by the regulations
SO fathoms in length,
in pdrticular
areas set fortsin
this chapter.
X0 person may use
a gill
net web that contains
less that 30 filaments
in the taking
of salmon for subsistence
purposes.
.
WREN YOU .XAY FISH?
In the Unalaska district
salmon may be taken at any time
within
24 hours before and within
12 hours following
each
weekly commercial
salmon fishing
period within
a 50 mile
of the area open to commercial
salmon fishing,
or as may
specified
on a subsistence
fishing
permit.
In the Akutan,
and Adak districts
salmon may be taken at any time.
except
open
radius
be
Umnak
WHERE YOU MAY FIS??P
The waters of Unalaska Lake (at Unalaska Village),
its drainages
and the outlet
stream and within
500 yards of its terminus
are
closed
to subsistence
fishing,
and
other
areas
to
be
listed
on
. .
the permit.
WARRING OF GEAR?
Each subsistence
fisherman
shall
plainly
and legibly
inscribe
his
or a keg
first
initial,
last name, and address on his fishwheel,
or buoy attached
to gill
nets and other unattended
subsistence
fishing
gear.
.
Figure
5-5 :--1981
subsistence
fishing
regulations
(Alaska Department
of Fish and Game)
85
ALASRA DEPARTNEFTOF FISH ADD GAME
SDBSISTRKE PERMT FOR SALlION
ALEUTIAN ISLARDS AREA
Date Issued
Permittee
Name:
Address:
_
EFFECTIVE DATES OF PERMIT:
EFFECTIVE AREA(S) OF PERMIT:
75 Salmon Total
LIMITS TO RDMBER(S) OF SALHGNTAKEN:
An additional
permit(s)
may be issued allowing more fish to be taken after
this permit has been returned and the permittee
can demonstrate a need for
more salmon.
All Legal Subsistence
Gear
LIMITS TO GEAR USED TO TARE SALMON:
-
ADDITIONAL R&TRICTIbNS:
^
I
1.
No subsistence
fishing
in the waters of Unalaska
and the outlet stream and within 500 yards of its
2.
NO subsistence
fishing
lakes, and lake outlets
Lake (at Unalaska
terminus.
Village),
within
500 yarda of the terminus or in the waters
drainging
into Summer Bay or Morris Cove.
the width
of a stream or its
of all
drainages
streams,
3.
Not more than one half
4.
Subsistence
5.
This permit must bc filled
out (even if not used) and returned
to one of the following
offices
by October 31 of the year issued.
Failure
to return permit could result
in future
permits being denied.
Alaska Department of Fish I Game
Alaska Department of Fish A Game
Box 127
Bar 308
Dutch Harbor, Alaska 99692
Cold Bay, Alaska 99571
net gear may not be left
unattended
mouth may be obstructed
its
by a gillnet.
for more than a 24 hour period.
6.
-
a
I certify
that I have for the previous
abode within
Alaska
and have continually
during the previous 12 months.
12 consecutive
months maintained
a permanent place of
maintained
a voting
residence
in the State of Alaska
PEP1lITTEE SICXATURE:
CERTIFYING OFFICER:
TITLE:
Figure
5-6 :--1982
subsistence
86
salmon
permit
'
-
substantially
lower
in Figure
than
the
1981 limit,
5-6
that
"an additional
allowing
more
fish
to be taken
returned
and the
permittee
salmon."
In 1981
issued,
and as of 2 July
Although
salmon
on
a small
substantial
time
intensively
often
and often
work
expenditures
net.
Most
cutting
nets
As
important
'for
salmon,
network
salted
Those
nets
of other
split,
other
obtaining
fish
who fish
rather
new
net
most
permit
holders
The major
motor,
fuel,
used nets,
nets,
for
devote
people.
are a boat,
salmon
resource
do not
than
would
are
today,
use salmon.
the entire
of salmon.
or more fish
drying,
are
it.
above,
virtually
The chief
salting,
to
a
issued.
community
and effort
with
permits
had been
individuals
use
of sharing
one hundred
the
more
and
including
purchasing
new
cost
the
in
$1000.
stated
which
114 subsistence
in
fishing
has been
a need for
few
since
local
families
permit
a
commercial
of
this
48 permits
the gill
be noted
may be issued
scale,
reported
outright,
neighborhood
1982,
salmon
down old
after
were
cooperatively
people
permit(s)
people
tend
for
should
can demonstrate
there
many
it
methods
smoking,
skinned,
Unalaska's
and
While
community
most
there
are
many people
is
Some families
fish
included
report
no
in a
using
per year.
of preserving
freezing,
and canning.
and brined
87
salmon
carefully
today
Fish
include
to be
so they
do
not
turn
prepared
in
salting
is
a rjide
the
person
reported
salmon
were
and
dried
that
salmon
were
salted,
preservation
eaten
to be dried
in
a cool
available.
are
for
than
oil.
woods are used,
with
Smoked
fish.
Most
salmon
is
is,
also
to the meat from
the
preserve
salmon,
fresh.
88
strips
method
of
"Little
Chief"
cottonwood
find),
smoked
highly
and
and there
salmon
is
when stored
prized,
often
occasions.
obviously,
and requires
female
in Unalaska
especially
on s_pecial
salmon
A few people
to
keep longer,
or served
families
small
difficult
One
when quantities
the
smoking
will
method
fish.
larger
into
This
be
families,
while
years
four
can
fish.
cut
wind.
About
(although
which
as gifts
addition
Fish
Different
Freezing
the
male
preferred
with
some
perserving
operations
hard-smoked,
given
For
of
many recipes
jars
ways.
manner
manner
were not
alderwood
in
this
was more common in former
smokers.
are
of
in
preferred
preferably
have smoking
type
preserved
variety
frozen.
preservation
of salt
Salmon
yellow.
both
a relatively
recent
least
preparation
of
salmon
by canning.
In
the eggs and milt
are
,
Halibut
5.
and cod
Halibut
resources
and
for
importance
the
ocean
are
residents
goes
describes
cod
back
fishing
the
of
to
primary
Unalaska
today,
precontact
in the
late
open
sea
fish
and their
Sarychev
times.
1700s:
The inhabitants
of this
place catch their
fish
on the
weste-rn shore of Captain's-haven
[bay],
with tackling
of
whale-sinews
or thin sea-cole
[kelp],
to which,they
tie
a bone or iron-hook,
sticking
on it a piece of fish,
or
or some other herb of a particular
the root of Angelica,
description
fetched
from Alaksa
[sic],
which
has a
powerful
smell (1807:56).
Describing
fishing
in Unalaska
at the same time,
Merck
wrote
that
The line
for their
fishing
rods . . . consists
in part
of the thin
end of that
seaweed from around
America.
The sections
of that kelp-rope
are tied
together
;i;h'gutstring.
They also use small
fishbones
tied
end to end with 'kio;s.
They use the skins of fish -- usually
halibut,
Kabeljau
and Keta -- to make glue.
. . . They clean
that
skin
below the teeth
of scales.
And whenever
they want to
glue something,
then they take some of that skin, cut it
in small
pieces,
and boil
it with
water
in a shell.
Sometimes,
when they need to glue something
in a hurry,
they take pieces
of that substance,
wrap it in straw,
and hold it over a fire
to make it ready (1980:171-172).
Early
raw,
writers
although
it
cod was cut
guard
mentions
stone
pots
For
small
parasitic
that
fish
pieces
that,fish
cooked.
prior
worms
early
was often
Sarychev
to eating
(Sarychev
were occasionally
(Sarychev
the
relate
was sometimes
into
against
also
notes
itrawto
1807:72).
boiled
eaten
that
help
He also
in deeply
carved
1807:73).
18OOs, Veniaminov
89
observed
that
ocean
fishing
was only
depended
largely
the
following
done
with
on the
brief
hook
winds
and line
and that
success
He also
provides
(184Ob:402).
insight
concerning
ritual
aspects
of
fishing:
For the successful
catching
of sea fish,
they either
whispered
an incantation
over the rod or tied something
to -it.
The latter
custom is still
observed
today,
but
nowadays
they tie to the rod some fragrant
and bitter
roots
,or grass
or simply
some sort
of greens
and
flowers
(1840b:132).
In Unalaska
important
resource
represent
since
the
today,
harvest
a single
both
fish
with
some people
single
one-half
a day
halibut
is
for
before
fish
per
20 skiffs
that
all
virtually
Halibut
informants
fishing
localities
actually
the
most
same methods
skiffs
poles,
Halibut
skates,
and then
per
Unalaska,
owning
skiffs
are
shown
that
specific
than
cod are caught
up.
and in
and it
fish
with
for
as
up to
The limit
There
of
are
was reported
for
Figure
cod fishing
with
although
left
person.
in
part,
usually
or with
are,pulled
day
in
people
requested
hooks
and set
they
approximately
the
halibut.
are baited
two
for
is done from
baited
use skates
many as 50 hooks,
with
remain
They
activity,
may be caught
Fishing
and cod fishing
activities.
subsistence
same places.
hand lines
halibut
halibut.
5-7,
areas
not
but
be
reported.
More halibut
change,
since
people
report
that
90
today,
cod are
but this
returning
to
may
the
W
P
Halibut
area.
immediately
increased
In
the
cooked,
from
past
the
and eaten
seal
today
and cod are widely
by
waters
the
to freezing
include
shared
92
into
within
Bay
but
the
fish
the
away.
a cod stomach,
chowder
was made
halibut
and cod,
some drying,
resources
Iliuliuk
village,
A creamed
oili
other
in
now keeps
be stuffed
In addition
the
frequent
shore
could
with
methods
As with
more
of these
cod livers
cod tongues.
smoking.
once
along
pollution
preservation
halibut
were
salting,
discussed
the community.
and
above,
'
Other
6.
fishes
In addition
other
fishes
to salmon,
have
Unalaska.
been
Foremost
although
present
are generally
with
poles
lures,
the
beaches
well
the
necessary
are
may be noted
sometimes
the
caught
fish
for
gear
is
within
that
segments
members
for
of Unalaska's
Dollies.
Dolly
as salmon.
include
sea bass,
93
Other
pollack,
fishing
tide,
the
Dolly
along
shoreline
Creek
Varden
the population,
this
is
a
since
reason,
population
may be preserved
fishes
as
and fishing
transient
Varden
in the
include
For
in
which,
for
inexpensive
distance.
same manner
pogy,
fished
for
of
utilized
and in Unalaska
of
relatively
a number
Varden,
(including
in town)
walking
Dolly
Dollies
Fishing
all
be
on the incoming
Bay
netting.
pastime
locations
in
generally
to the beach road
popular
are
of-obtaining
Unalaska
as by gill
to
year,
,Methods
adjacent
continue
these
summer months.
of
and
and cod,
among
all
with
halibut;
occasionally
and flounder.
it
7.
Birds
and euas
As mentioned
number
them
in Chapter
and variety
were
of birds
traditionally
the
4,
in
used
Aleut
for
food
and
fabricational
of
the
archipelago.
Likewise,
the eggs of many species
bones
for
of murres
feathers
for
methods
were
mention
that
apparently
outlined
in
no birds
near
intensive
the
the
(Veniaminov
emperor
hunting
Although
hunted
geese,
are
buffleheads,
mergansers.
These birds
the
streams,
shore
of
and lakes
hunting
present
that
to
(1824-1834)
a result
and
interesting
birds
around
there
of
are
whose
almost
the
almost
continuous
hunters,
every
is an activity
some ptarmigan
various
mallards,
goldeneyes,
of
beaks
over-hunted
by the
so
skins
and
numbers
man
is
a
1840b:400).
bird
months.
birds
them
needles;
It,is
time
". . . [A]t
increased
Today,
2-l.
-as
following:
Traditional
somewhat
villages,
the
clothing;
purposes.
upon
recently
winter
for
island:
attack
hunter"
and puffins)
being
eaten.
included
and sewing
Veniaminov's
were
on the
birds
in Table
and many of
were also
as awls
ornamental
villages
have
such
tools,
(especially
residents
of
a tremendous
Aleutians,
by
uses
are
the
purposes
Fabricational
there
Unalaska
of the
ducks
teals,
and geese,
region.
94
and
fall
eiders,
in
most
of
of
including
scaups,
scoters,
found
and
most
canvasbacks,
in general,
Bay
the
are sought,
harlequins,
are,
of
around
the
and
much
ponds,
Hunting
using
either
long
are
often
not
at the
the
as well
eider,
also
is
Collecting
particularly
engage
note,
in
shared
this
and enjoyed
hoods,
a cost
that
sold
$7.50
each.
of
in this
today
activity.
by the Native
some others,
merganser,
and puffin
usually
the number
and that
Eggs which
widely
in the
from
etc.
95
Office
48 were
although
down is sometimes'saved
in parka
at
on
in the
Post
Harbor);
men
hooks
downed
Unalaska
are active
is
large
acitivty.
the
season
eggs,
collected.
appears
birds
eggs gathered
are sea gull
It
retrieve
at
and adult
and weighted
in Dutch
hunting
red-breasted
not
are
office
mallard,
islands.
to
sold
popular
by young
shotguns,
as non-Natives
The most
community
are
post
1981-1982
Natives
primarily
used
Duck stamps
water.
for
done
120. or 200guage
lines
(but
is
such as
eggs,
are
done, on offshore
of eggs gathered
yearly
relatively
people
are
obtained,
community.
geese
few
however,
As a final
and ducks
for
use
.
Marine
8.
attest
invertebrates
sites
to the major
importance
times.
limpets,
chitons,
chiefly
responsible
due to
their
writers
clams,
the
excellent
mention
Aleut
of
thousand
marine
such
mussels,
for.
invertebrates
from
and snails,
in fact,
of
large
are
Aleutian
sites
all
early
Virtually
on these
although
old
as sea urchins,
buildup
dependence
years
items
preservation.
use of them continues,
invertebrates,
to a reduced
and
degree,
today
Unalaska*
The most
urchins,
clams
cockles),
chitons,
collecting
town,
(including
in recent
of town
region,
found
interesting
the
chitons,
in the
prefer
throughout
note
1940s
the
waters
regarding
that
and Dutch
"The
by natives
Harbor."
butter
clams,
and
Methods
for
found
the
clams
is
hard-shelled
and whites
Bay near
invertebrates
in most
chitons,
in
include
of increased
of Unalaska
these
are
bay
sea
Because
to collect
clams
include
and mussels
or-digging.
years
today
and shrimp.
and sea urchins,
quantities
village
clams,
crabs,
clams,
some distance.
the
large
razor
mussels,
many people
from
invertebrates
by hand or prying
pollution
are
popular
sea urchins,
picking
of
of
The shells
earliest
in
several-
Archaeological
out
sandy
bays
and mussels
are
intertidal
zone.
Ransom's
observation
clam
alike
is gathered
from
An
in
Unalaska
He continues,
They have devised
an ingenious
method
for efficient
digging.
This consists
of backing
a power dory up to
the beach where it is held while
full
power ahead is
coaxed from the engine.
The violently
turning
propeller
churns
up the sand to a depth of two and three
feet,
96
As a rule
throwing
the succulent
clams to the surface.
four to
only the larger'molluscs
-- those approximately
six inches across -- are gathered,
and it is not unusual
to pick
up several
gunny
sacks
of clams
from
five
minutes of such power digging
(1946:609-610).
Dungeness
the beach
walk
in front
along,
in
animals.
onto
crabs
are sometimes
of town.
the
water
people
beach
in
with
they
the
Unalaska
People
Bay.
families
by means of pots
are
rakes
also
Unalaska
with
and search
When spotted,
the
obtained
boots
these
out
the
water
into
are
putdown
and rakes
for
of
buckets.
personal
likewise,
from
bottom
pulled
maintain
Shrimp,
hip
the
and put
directly
Some
crab
pots
obtained
in different
by
parts
in
some
of the
bay.
The marine
are
used
degree,
by many
with
Natives
non-Native
members
these
takes
foods
by people
commercial
invertebrates
.
residents
of
using
of
in Unalaska
fishing
Unalaska
community.
As a final
today,
although
vessels.
97
in
to
more sea urchins
the
place.
discussed
this
at
it
least
and chitons
Sharing
note,
section
octopus
of
some
than
all.of
is eaten
is obtained
from
9.
B.erries
and other
A wide
variety
traditional
of
Aleut
fabricational
roots,
plants
berries
culture
macarscha'(probably
(the
wild
camschatcensis),
orchis,
for
Pink
rice-or
were
to
Lily,
a third
in
and
two
Polygonurn
Kamchatka
convallariaefolia)
used
medicinal,
refers
Plumes,
and describes
Platanthera
food,
Sarychev
purposes.
and sarana
and-plants
edible
bistorta)
Fritillaria
(probably
the
bog
as follows:
[It is] a sort of yellow
carrot,
which the inhabitants
the
maintain
has so great
a power of strengthening
sight,
that,
if they eat largely
of it at night,
they
can on the following
morning discern
the smallest
object
at an incredible
distance;
for
which
reason
they
generally
eat of it previous
to going on the chace [sic]
(1807:70).
Regarding
Sarychev's
macarscha,
may be eaten,
while
the
kernels
root
which
in
its
Veniaminov
mentions
two
also
kinds
raspberries,
as well
(1840b:229).
Most
both
sarana
the
roots
has a cluster
of
acknowledges
of
marine
edible
"cabbage,"
as "other
early
these
writers
berries"
as plants
devoted
to
on the
basis
of
resources,
and
what
known
about
plant
use
today's
information
can
went
Today,
be
safely
assumed
that
eaten
time
plant
it
and
little
use of
among
roots,
crowberries,
Aleut
below),
rice-like
may be boiled.
document
is
and leaves
Aleuts
a
wealth
(see
of
unrecorded.
the
plants
most
following:
98
commonly
used
are
the
A host
0
of
salmonberries,
berries.
mossberries,
These varieties
on the
eastern
Nateekin
locations.
attaining
endeavor
enjoyed
Wild
0
popular
It
barrel
the
Wild
now, but
soups,
Morel
0
among
[1840b:233]),
residents.
for
locales.
good
are
berry
particularly
Berry-picking
is a
community.
is a plant
residents.
f.resh,
It
sometimes
months,
hultenii)
stews,
g.rows
with
in
seal
unpeeled,
grows
in a
above,
eating
probably
least
gathered
They may be dried
99
It
for
is probably
it
widely
dishes.
to preserve.it
described
(at
also
and similar
mushrooms,
are
Captain's
creek.
do remember
Aleuts
with
locally,
several
and frozen
rice,
people
Unalaska
Native
eaten
many locations
especially
"pootchky"
(Ligusticum
or blanched
0
item
in
also
of
called
lingen-
berry-picking
the entire
with
Petrusky
eaten
dried
popular
by virtually
celery,
into
the
up to 4 cm.
may be stored
0
is
island,
Bay are
and is usually
put
and
diameters
especially
abundance
strawberries,
of
The salmonberries
large,
blueberries,
in very
Bay being
Bay and Broad
including
are found
three-quarters
Bay and Summer
oil.
berries,
and
may be
future
use..
rarely
eaten
in the past.
not
a traditional
according
to
and
eaten
by
for
future
use.
food
Veniaminov
some
Unalaska
~.
Giant
0
food
by at
kelp
least'one
Fiddlehead
0
during
the
winter
use.
In
person
ferns
early
the
example,
was to follow
likened
to
ice
technique.
herbs.
remember
school
part
cream
Several
in
Unalaska.
Fabricational
uses
limited
to the
by a few people.
could
Aleut
for
collection
of
Some driftwood
and carving.
100
to
dish
has
that
residents
is also
this
throats
were
a host
of
variety
of
plants.
a high
are
for
for
basket
used for
of
Unalaska
by Ray Hudson,
rye
been
remembers
sore
today
wild
for
and then
a wide
plants
and
roots,
made use of
documented
of
food
be steamed
for
too,
older
for
for
and lemmings
who
and gargle
fresh
frozen
finding
mice
a resident
uses
being
for
eaten
and
used
for
of
roots
Midwives,
currently
teacher
were
trail
by
many additional
are
plants
the
a tea
yarrow.
medicinal
blanched
a sweet-tasting
Also,
made from
are
or
These
cache.
producing
whipped,
These
today.
pickled
and are
One technique
than
their
collected
more
past,
is
today.
are
summer
medicine
locate
leutkeana)
(Nereocystis
the
most
grass
building
.
10.
Other
resources
The
important
following
resources
0
Russian
have
period,
although
ranching
of
been
is
Occasionally,
dogs.
someone
cattle
0
lost
Geese
individuals
northern
a few
pursuits,
0
period,
to
and
since
scale.
the
Today,
an
herd
from
an early
1960s
cattle
are
free
ranging,
and
threatened
to
will
shoot
one
reindeer
people,
primarily
a certain
sell
for
cattle
food,
never
has
two
to
food
either
extent
by
on the
hoof
but
sometimes
been
on a large
items
are
scale.
101
Bay
which
or
to obtain.
engage
the
Only
in
these
infrequent.
attempted
difficult.
for
Cold
respectively,
non-Natives,
and such ventures
Gardening
are
travel
end of Umnak Island,
make such efforts
locally
to poachers.
sometimes
but
other
on Unalaska
on a large
the owner
wanting
are
raised
never
These
calves
of
mention.
owns a remnant
effort.
survival
assortment
warrants
Cattle
Unalaska-resident
to
small
since
Problems
the
with
Russian
rats
can
CHAPTER 6
SUBSISTENCE ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS
Introduction
This
chapter
conclusions
a number
presents
regarding
fish
of
and game resource
issues
and
utilization
in
Unalaska.
Issues
and conclusions
(1)
Good hunters
are
non-Native,
looked
up to for
well
as their
geographical
.past
difficult
all
(as
with
than
of archaeological
of
the
Chapter
bay
sites
3)
bay area.
102
They
are
resources
as
confined
to
are
is
beyond
travel
are present
and
foodstuffs.
Cape
or
Native
Unalaska.
activities
travel
Rock
resources
in
of
The
area.
in
both
in harvesting
most-harvest
and dangerous
discussed
abundance
skill
sharing
Priest
desired
density
Bay
entity,
either
their
generous
Unalaska
fishermen,
respected
both
Today,
(2)
the
highly
and
a
its
-confines
Cheerful)
within
within
in the
attests
well-defined
much
it.
the
bay.
Unalaska
to
(i.e.,
the
more
Virtually
The high
City
area
resource
In the past,
the
in
recent
years
resources.
reduces
the
to travel
If
costly
more
(3)
difficult
Analysis
In
interrelated
with
of resource
etc.)
present
complex
variables;
them
in greater
(4)
a host
study
of
One of
within
research
the
results
was a regulation
the
be taken
city
limits.
within
community.
Today,
(see Figure
Hikers,
have
the
in Unalaska
makeup
of
diverse
could
the
a broad
processing,
(fishing,
to
is
are
including
The
population.
shed
some light
profitably
example,
use of
firearms
of
the
on
examine
in
Formerly,
103
the
seal
of
use
of
and sea
Bay and other
waters
although
part
3-2),
problems
can exist.
reported
uneasiness
on occasion
this
incorporation
prohibiting
Iliuliuk
Bay is open to hunting
over
certainly
depth.
firearms
for
Bay,
activities
variables,
has attempted
future
as a city
to the
will
socioeconomic
enterprises
.
and an ethnically
.Unalaska
could
bay
sub-sistence
Unalaska,
baseline
these
Unalaska
utilization
commercial
services,
exampl.e,
and more risky.
community.
of
the
as
to obtain
for
in
wildlife
of
factors
Unalaska
pollution,
outside
due to the
range
such
to
and pollution
from
continued
of
ventures
even closer
population,
farther
availability
subsistence
become
increased
people
desired
close
available
restrictions,
have forced
lion
were
However,
community.
hunting
resources
area.
of Captain's
(5)
participation
in local
have
the greatest
the
activities.
are unemployed,
local
backing
for
needed
This
hours
engage
subsistence
without
lacking
in subsistence
however,
of
interests.
penalty,
harvest
the
worth
noting
employment
for
A longshoreman
that
he will
less
real
non-working
time
in work
employment
to
activities.
It
community's
is one of the
also
financial
is
of flexibility
one of
who
and fishing.
degree
time,
resource
in.the
a certain
that
work
need for
hunting
full
their
persons
First,
is
source
those
reasons.
full
It
these
have the greatest
resource
two
by their
at
hand,
some people-with
employed
an appealing
spend
are often
local
in
to support
main
to note
and fishermen.
might
affect
who are employed
restricted
situation,
substantial
interesting
leaders,
other
two
with
allow
in
On the
"catch-22"
combined
schedules
can
food,
for
are
to
endeavors
individuals
they
to engage
apparent
harvest
yet
and hence
resources
than
time
appears
capabilities
pursuits,
in
harvest
those
financial
own subsistence
schedules
Unalaska
resource
On the one hand,
ways.
is
in
Employment
foremost
that
hunters
longshoring
people
with
may inform
be unavailable
Aleut
is
strong
his
boss,
on a particular
day.
Second,
borrow
not
the
rifles)
unemployed
requisite
needed
persons
equipment
to hunt
(usually
and fish
104
can sometimes
from
arrange
to
skiffs
and motors,
those
who own them.
In
the
owners
also
possible
exchange,
It
catch.
their
is
own to accompany
Moreover,
trip.
them
to
engages
directly
networks
of sharing
community
former
years,
scale.
For
hunting
western
It
space
for
the
of
bring
with
subsistence
storage
took
prior
to enable
fishing,
to
example.
the
community
resources,
the entire
resources.
In
on an even larger
provide
War II,
Point
a
(on the
meat
for
the
was predominantly
finally,
items
one
for
to World
time
food
or fishing
at Eider
to note,
of
of
virtually
place
at-that
equipment
local
items
Bay)
interesting
the
of
of
stationed
Unalaska
(which
and
the motor,
years
the
resources
hunting
sharing
was sometimes
is
their
acquisition
food
in
example,
community
Aleut).
of
of
on a hunting
a portion
involvement
shore
entire
the
however,
party
can pool
only
in
into
owner
and the other
Although
a portion
people-without
subsistence
in
the skiff
(6)
receive
for
a boat
people
engage
providing
often
is
that
also
freezer
shared
among
some members of the community.
(7)
opinions
upon"
most
Within
concerning
subsistence
people
view
of
what
it
"need"
the
role
extent,
the
means
With
exclusively
possible
To a great
terms
community,
resources.
acknowledging
assessing
the
food
of
'there
to "need"
only
subsistence
exceptions,
sense,
cultural
makes
not
needs
in
in Unalaska.
may be most
it
105
a few
activities
subsistence
varying
or to "depend
in a dietary
underlying
contribution
are
important
to the
community,
in
since
the
high
cost
underemployment
always
of
places
require
a premium
a direct
it
of Unalaska
by obtaining
and utilizing
is certainly
that
all
eaten
of
it
have
appears
each year
seals
-eaten
per
than
important
fur
fur
meat
sealing
Aleut
men
seasonally
industry.
established
to
5)
is
seal
indicating
5,
of
Unalaska,
seal
meat
Fur
and the
harvest,
Paul
Even
after
the
fur
is
the
cultural,
to the
in the
late
1700s.
the
Aleutians
George
permanent
to work
Aleut
Aleuts
Pribilofs,
106
are
although
importance
back
and St.
seals
comes
goes
throughout
to St.
in
Chapter
Nonetheless,
Chapter
residents
Pribilofs
from
foods
the number
little
population.
in
in Unalaska
in the
if
relatively
to be high,
locally.
seal
foods,
of some of these
in
at
importance.
As mentioned
Pribilof
these
not
traditional
reported
that
was said
dietary,
hunted
seal
clear
fulfilled
(though
For example,
(as
do not
One of
especially
for
small.
.
Aleut
"needs"
foods.
the amount
year
is
resource
not
Aleuts
by the Aleut
of seal
(8)
are
it
capita
importance
rather
each
then
accurate,
that
that
interviewing
are other
a desire
is likely
killed
from
subsistence
the older
exclusively)
although
there
overall
to procure.
was clear
that
with
on resources
cash outlay
Nevertheless,
residents
combined
living
they
from
of
first
the
Pribilof
years
At that
of
time,
were
taken
in the
sealing
settlements
from
an
the
were
various
villages
continued
This
pattern
to
work
the
general
where
to
work
has declined
decline
very
today
in
few
in
seasonally
in
the
the
seal
men from
past
those
two
decades,
industry,
the
islands.
to
Aleutians
the
due
point
work
in
the
Pribilofs.
Through
Aleutians
and the
emerged.
Island
there
Second,
people
There
the
fur
are
of
the
(1881:75)
connection
two
Aleuts
of
meat
into.
seal
Pribilofs
long
their
and
dietary
inventory.
kinship,
Aleuts
between
in
of exchange
communities
have
incorporated
of
the
the
patterns
Unalaska
ago a system
Pribilof
between
important
primarily
many ties,
the
developed
between
historical
Pribilofs,
First,
Pribilof
the
this
Unalaska.
of resources
Elliott
and Unalaska.
describes
such exchange over 100 years ago:
.
A few of [the Aleuts
in the Pribilofs],
in obedience
to
pressing
and prayerful
appeals
from
relatives
at
do exert
themselves
enough every season to
Oonalashka,
undergo
the extra
labor
of putting
up a few barrels
of
fresh
salted
seal meat, which,
being carried
down to
Illoolook
[Unalaska]
by the company's vessels,
affords
a
delightful
variation
to the steady
and monotonous
codfish
diet of the Aleutian
islanders.
Items
.salted
seal
fur
seal
meat,
and
salmon
Pribilofs.
who trade
receive
traded
and
from
flippers
frozen
While
fur
there
fur
meat,
seal
are
are
the Pribilofs,
seal
Pribilofs
(lastaft),
blueberries
with
the
salted
liver
traded
about
to Unalaska
five
107
it
hearts.
is
than
shared
in
this
fur
Salted
Unalaska
families
more people
since
and frozen
and
from
include
to
the
Unalaska
actually
within
the
community.
An
Unalaska
interesting
food
Development
becoming
yet
in this
communication
between
UADC will
or if
persons
it
will
wanting
In
sum,
and the
patterns
of
Pribilof
communities
to maintain
distribute
(9)
patterns
First,
aware
they,
is not
food
to be
to link
exchange
up
as long
people
itself
distance
far
between
as an extension
Unalaska
it
was expressed
regarding
of
local
communities
general
of
(and the
trade
serves
away as well
the
as well
War
Aleuts
of
as those
as to
108
issues
in
outlying
to
Aleuts
in
statewide
priority
resource
Unalaska
the
have not
harvest
in the state,
subsistence
in
they
resource
affected
II
that
subsistence
of the current
World
among
It
resources.
extension
(10)
resource
within
with
of some other
are
of
as wellj,
conflicts
the degree
health
etc.
and ship
may be viewed
Even though
experienced
and favor
system
ties
valued
issues
requirements,
as a clearinghouse
present
social
Various
exchange.
procure
Aleut
considering
the villages,
only
Pribilofs
sharing
Unalaska
partners.
the
Unalaska
Unalaska
act
Pribilof-
currently
fishing
actually
trading
is
resource
including
if
regarding
the non-profit
(UADC)
discussion,
known
traded
is that
Corporation
are under
codes,
exchange
involved
factor
new
-law.
harvest
several
villages
ways.
on
the
were
island,
war.
Those
that
community,
former
taken
returned
in part
villages
cod which
because
resettled
and seal
the
had declined
in
the
for
the
present
at the
example,
war were
settlement
At
during
had become scare
before
Unalaska.
reportedly
resettled
At Biorka,
time.
at the
in
all
Alaska
resources
so plentiful
the buildings
people
southeastern
were
by that
were
although
to
were
the
gone,
and
in good shape,
Makushin,
likewise,
dramatically
fish
following
the
war.
Second,
the
Aleuts
did
Unalaska
experience
also
city.
Further,-
depended
toll
to
derived
on the
factors
including
from
local
local
clams,
seals,
Grocery
situation
the
years.
The
war
which
had
never
return
the
Wartime
of
returned
to
because
years.
50%)
war had taken
pollution
many
an
of Unalaska
(perhaps
yet
but
become
left
residents
degree
abundance
the
themselves
in the postwar
resource,
among
Aleuts
war the
food
on
its
and other
resources,
and fish.
prices
are
the
war
some Aleuts
environment.
the
in Unalaska
only
substantial
reduced
(11)
stores
economic
a
the
Unalaska,
following
Third,
leadership
and some who did
the war,
the depressed
foods
not
of
after
of
survive
community
incorporated
of
not
had changed
the
Unalaska
chief-system
for
given
selected
in Table
109
6-l.
at
the
Averaging
three
the
of selected
grocery
items
from
TABLE 6-l :--Prices
in Unalaska and Anchorage,
July,
1982
Item
Folger's
coffee,
16 oz.
Real Fresh Milk,
canned, 32 oz.
Ground beef, lb.
Round steak,
lb..
Beef chuck
steak,
lb.
Pork chops, lb.
Fryer chicken',
lb.
Whole chicken,
lb.
White bread,
24 oz.
White flour,
10 lbs.
Sugar, 5 lbs.
Corn muffin
mix,
8.5 oz.
Rice-A-Roni,
8 oz.
Nalley's
Beef
Stew, 15 oz.
Corned Beef Hash,
15.5 oz.
Red apples,
lb.
Cheese, Sharp
Cheddar, 10 oz.
Cheese, Medium
Cheddar, 32 oz.
Tomato Soup,
10.75 oz.
Hot dogs, 16 oz.
Canned creamed
corn, 17 oz.
Eggs, 1 dozen
Tide detergent,
10 lbs.
Aluminum foil,
75 sq. ft.
Bounty towels,
70 sq. ft.
Mayonnaise,
Best
Foods, 32 oz.
Unalaska
Store A
Unalaska
Store B
$3.65
$4.29
$3.49
$2.99
1.49
2.43
4.61
1.77
2.36
3.98
1.50
3.40
NA
1.25
1.39
3.39
3.27
4.16
2.81
3.23
NA
3.15
2.29
2.89
1.56
1.39
2.00
1.59
1.54
1.29
1.88
.68
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.25
4.15
2.79
3.14
2.89
NA
2.78
2.99
2.15
.45
.49
.54
.33
1.05
.89
1.04
.79
1.65
1.69
1.58
1.29
1.69
.99
1.69
.99
1.85
.80
1.49
.89
2.49
2.39
2.18
2.19
6.95
7.29
6.69
5.99
.51
2.65
.49
2.19
.50
3.40
.39
1.99
.85
1.59
.69
1.59
.89
1.60
.63
.89
11.45
11.89
13.49
7.29
2.20
2.19
2.05
1.79
1.49
NA
1.59
NA
1.89
2.69
2.69
2.15
110
Unalaska
Store C
stores
Anchorage
TABLE 6-1:--(Continued)
Item
Unalaska
Store A
Unalaska
Store B
Unalaska
Store C
1.15
1.19
1.04
.87
.45
5.95
.49
4.50
.45
4.25
.27
4.19
3.48
.99
.89
1.15
3.07
.69
.79
1.39
3.07
.65
.54
1.10
1.99
.79
.69
.89
4.09
3.49
4.25
2.79
1.42
1.39
1.58
1.29
3.89
3.99
3.80
NA
.50
.60
.55
.40
93.10
87.49
81.96
65.13
Heinz Ketchup,
14 oz.
Top Ramen Noodles,
3 oz.
Potatoes,
10 lbs.
Boneless stew
beef, lb.
Oranges, lb.
Yellow onions,
lb.
Lettuce,
lb.
Wesson oil,
48 oz.
Blue Bonnet margarine,
lb.
Canned butter,
lb.
Canned soda,
per can
Total*
NA = Price
*Totals
or item
are not
not
strictly
available.
comparable
111
Anchorage
due to NA items.
costs
in
item
per
Anchorage
cost
in Unalaska
Unalaska
(where
than
(12)
There
Consensus
was evident
the
of
which
the
to
most
followed
certain
example,
of
the
non-Natives
year,
halibut
a host
the
degree
to
was
rank
of
ordering
elicted
from
members
important
of
the
resource,
and shellfish
informants
of other
of these
context
information
the
and seal/sea
most
lion,
resources
in
often
in either
followed
was not possible
were
the
times
only
during
such
resources,
112
of year
While
were obtained.
available
other
the
those
because
of
preferences.
variable
resources
Less
by halibut
Native
order.
ordering
locations.
resources,
most
with
used,
quantified
as the
salmon
individual
are
precise
Native
that
project.
of resources
in
non-Native
but
Also
possible.
of different
Of course,
mentioned,
was not
and
salmon
order.
it
the
this
were used.
Both
for
the
32.5% higher
concerning
foods
followed,
in
range
used
listed
general,
for
frequently
community
to
among informants
resource
however,
obtain
the use
the
and
use,
resources
informants.
varying
of
While
study
concerning
of
regarding
was evident,
different
this
cost
good agreement
researched
topics
year
(13)
a total
gives
was very
most
agreement
known)
this
comparing
in Anchorage.
concerning
time
and
salmon
specific,
as harbor
during
which
and duck,
limited,
seal
for
times
and sea
lion,
may
itemizes
year
obtained
the major
each
which
be
subsistence
is obtained.
the entire
factors,
on
in
and game resources.
local
resource
households.
Estimates
the
of
amount
with
non-Native
community,
resources
fabricational
retained
and
placation
ceremonialism
are
activities
and
are
the
resource
use
significant
in certain
culture.
by
of
the
past,
in the
food
Aleuts
which
of
going
Those few non-food
113
for
Native
For the
lower.
the
uses
of
diminished
in
though
have
they
qualities.
resource
which
they
a
Thus,
they
provide
Local
represents
which,
far
harvest
foster.
Unalaska
tradition,
has roots
diet
and subsistence-related
the
bonds
a cultural
aspects,
and social
of
based
Native
the
sense,
sense,
spirits
things
interpersonal
-continuation
Aleut
ritual/spiritual
of animal
the
by
generally
dietary
diet
as much as 50%.
historical
have
the
for
were generally
term
their
the
20% of
used
using
by Aleuts
more of
while
about
estimates
In a long
(14)
local
some families
of
some local
higher
overall,
foods
for
virtually
of
subsistence
community,
chapter,
The percentage
averaged
of
schedules.
at least
is,
times
to a number
utilizes
foods
6-2
resources
is subject
this
of Unalaska
and the
those
and employment
earlier
community
of
Table
year.
resources
is indicated
such as weather
entire
the
Procurement
year
As 'stated
fish
throughout
back
though
the
changed
to precontact
uses to which
subsistence
I
I
5
al
Y
C
.#-I
114
items
for
are put
include
basket-making;
and other
(among others)
sea mammal gut,
items;
and plants
for
the
following:
bones,
dyes,
grasses
and fur
steambath
for
dolls
beaters,
and
medicines.
(15)
the
Differences
non-Native
certainly
in
and Native
not
always
resource
utilization
populations
sharply
in
defined,
between
Unalaska,
although
may be described
as
follows:
By both
0
Marine
tradition
Mammal Protection
Unalaska
have
mammal food
0
use
cultural
of
utilized
items
range
of
of
and land
recent
to
(the
people
utilize
more
of
marine
population.
the community
foodstuffs
plants)
law
the Native
the non-Native
members
a wider
invertebrates
Act of 1972),
and continue
than
The Native
and
generally
(such
than
does
the
as
make
marine
remainder
of
the community.
0
on local
Overall,
fish
the Native
population
and game resources
depends
than
does
more heavily
the
non-Native
population.
(16)
by crew
boats
Some subsistence
members
while
Crew members
hunting
(especially
traveling
sometimes
in
Natives)
the
waters
use the
115
larger
and fishing
of
commercial
around
boat's
Unalaska
skiff
is done
fishing
Island.
for
such*
harvest
will
purusits.
take
where
sever‘al
skiffs
clamming,
worthwhile
that
familiarity
them
ancestors
at
the former
(17)
Precontact
and
utilized
pattern
of
using
cabins
for
of
duck
both
hunting,
and fishing
Occasional
of
is
Aleuts
of Unalaska
parts
of
island
the
that
concerning
their
camps
pursuits,
and so on.
Today,
residents
of.locations
around
as for
are
also
made of
outlying
camps
usually
such
that
of
Unalaska
Unalaska
the
Bay
spots.
in Figure
in
as
basic
"get-away"
indicated
camps
villages
were
harvest
with
camps
patterning
permanent
Such
as well
these
use is
It
helps
central
resource
at a number
The locations
Bay,
can be done.
settlement
settlement'persists,
hunting
boat
as Makushin
traditions
camps.
seasonal
fishing,
oral
Aleut
satellite
for
salmon
distant
fishing
villages.
maintenance
outlying
such
such travel
know through
the
places
and fishing
with
many of
included
to
hunting,
noting
maintain
a com.mercial
Occasionally,
6-l.
Makushin
Bay
area.
Not
all
One Aleut
couple
Captain's
Bay,
maintains
and at
least
in Unalaska
year-round
are
residence
two non-Native
temporary.
at a home in
ind.ividuals
live
owned,
others
at a camp in Summer Bay.
While
are open for
some camp houses
use by anyone.
are
privately
Even owners
116
of
private
cabins,
I
6-l:
Camp locations
near the city
of Unalaska -- 1982
0
Figure
often
however,
allow
people
Permission
to use camps
cabins
all
of
are
too
military
buildings
In
fprmer
with
months
at a time,
most
camps
families
important
especially
this
important
hunting
however,
work
schedules
and
interfere
with
camp use,
although
of
them
involved
in building
Wide Bay around
There
Bay.
influence
hunting
house,
Today,
often
are
use
currently
of cabins
island
build
on the
do spend
increased
a series
of the
as
especially
War II.
residents
to
plans
Aleut
Today,
on the
are no firm
although
last
also
which,
an
foresee
or
One of the
residents
some
shore
weeks
commitments
other
-A few
north
for
from
to Makushin
a barabara,
a
western
shore
church
has little
of
Bay.
(18)
There
the
style
Unalaska
to World
and repairing
are
'traditional
prior
to come.
frequently
Point,
was
camps and others
at
in years
Eider
chapter,
earlier
time
more
the summer.
at
mentioned
considerable
residents
at them
during
location
and
0-f refurbished
were
living
was that
in
though,
War II.
often
camps
consist
camps
years,
sought,
by transient
today
World
camps upon request.
always
vandalized
from
utilized,
is not
often
Several
Unalaska.
to use their
week
while
of
should
the
Russian-Orthodox
resource
harvest
restrictions
services
Great
Lent
be
of
its
members.
on when one mayhuntor
church
not
activities
are
(i.e.,
undertaken.
118
in session
the
week
There
fish,
and during
before
is
the
Easter)
a general
'
restriction
on eating
tend
more
to eat
Fishing
boats
request.
the
are blessed
to
(19)
their
for
example,
which
excess
of $1000,
size,
for
high
in
between
rifles
rifles,
for
years.
men,
sharing
which
and fishing
economy
a skiff
sale
and a motor.
cost
outboard,
$1800.
while
for
Gasoline
is
Fishing,
in Unalaska,
about
sea -lions
per
boats,
Ammunition
round.
in
a common
Life
expectancy
outboards
may be as
currently
and
harbor
sells
engine,
for
seals
for
for
around
these
rifles
sells
(as well
as historically,
119
Popular
sell
Hunting
and children
requires
and fuel.
up to $40 in gasoline
Today as well
women,
of
per gallon.
to the
can require
(20)
Native
items,
for
variable,
for
$.50
cohesiveness
economy.
a 25 horsepower
Unalaska
in Unalaska.
up to about
entirely.
subsistence
such as a .223 or a .22 magnum,
at stores
ventures
while
in addition
Aleut
on the cash
currently
and $1.65
Hunting
people
upon individual
hunting
the
two major
or more
$1.35
subsistence
dependent
is highly
as five
of
patterns
therefore,
are not
retails
skiffs
of
requires
Boats,
up meat
only
point
while
culture.
The cost
degree
but,
give
by the priest
reinforces
can be substantial;
to a great
Lent,
do not
a focal
community,
integral
during
they
fish,
The church,
within
are
meat
participate
per
$300
for
as fishing)
trip.
Native
in
and nonresource
harvest
pursuits.
although
women sometimes
Women are
more
sometimes
taking
active
Pribilof
Islands
harvest,
their
numbers
of salmon,
berries,
such
salmon
for
food
in cleaning
activities,
including
hunting
hunting
(21)
home
High
Aleut
An Aleut
School
cooking
the
much of the
5.
help
of
trips,
and fishing
past
pick
rake
fish.
children
in
as a means
of
knowledge.
class
two years
taught
generally
positive
interaction
between
active
roles
in
In
Unalaska
school
July,
students
class
the
taking
affairs.
1982,
was
all
in
has introduced
This
with
for
Some
students.
students,
and
the
non-Aleut
and non-Native
in
the
took
beaches,
their
economics
fur
to
Native
(22)
over
for
the
to involve
at the
throughout
and processing
effort
the
catch
in Chapter
along
to
often
to
sea urchins,
down traditional
underscores
women
camps
gather
make a special
Unalaska
some
pootchky,
and assist
passing
fish
fish
fishing
behind
to
often
however,
to work
left
as was mentioned
today
pick
parents
of
trips.
men went
women were responsible
Children
crab,
relatives
hunting,
in a family's
when Aleut
who were
the
hunting,
the summer months
Traditionally,
preparation
than
role
years
of
men on hunting
fishing
women
and
large
year.
the
the
children
process
in
during
all
accompany
a predominant
During
endeavors.
seal
Men do almost
a new organization
formed.
120
Historically,
for
Aleut
women
in
Unalaska
have
community,
Church
new
with
of
the
spectrum
which
gut
will
some of
to
fishermen
occasionally
It
is felt
controlled
Natives
would
sold
taking
for
trouble
of Unalaska.
than
the
It
federal
the
itself
with
This
example.
with
a wide
some (such
[a traditional
Act
Aleut
various
to local
hunting
5, prior
of
rain
facets
of
seals
people
of
seals
would
was also
protect
to legal,
Fewer
be beneficial.
would
suggested
flow
that
should
government,
their
purposes
pelts
fishermen,
to the
the
that
Many Native
residents
by
seals
could
rather
hunting
activities
began
subsistence
beginning
in
the
early
1960s
121
Unalaska
to change
when the
reported
significantly
commercial
be
residents
state,
control
of
in
commercial
a return
commercial
the commercial
of
skins,
Today,
food.
to
that
for
their
seals,
animals
by some residents
of
for
for
harbor
kill-the
to passage
seals.
(24)
as
1972 some non-Native
harbor
and more meat
profit,
a notable
in Chapter
hunted
and non-Natives
then
in
Russian-Orthodox
including
kamieika
the meat
the
the
involve
Protection
addition
gear.
to
As mentioned
of Unalaska
giving
years
force
use.
Mammal
residents
of
be concerned
resource
(23)
important
and activities,
a sea lion
Marine
an
Sisterhood
plans
issues
traditional
the
the
group
of
parka])
been
1920s and later
tiomen's
making
always
fishing
of
industry
began
commercial
not,
to
grow
enterprises
the
expanded,
emerge
as a whole,
As
rapidly.
the
city
Native
as a controlling
grew
and
population
entity
did
(see Jones
1976).
This
decade,
situation
since
Settlement
the
Act
corporation,
-base.
not
in
yet
have
the
of local
realm
the
their
Aleut
harvest:
own achieveable
goals
Many Native
tangible
for
and intangible‘,
Aleut
a sizeable
land
as a whole
does
the
local
the
spoke
market
of control
most
and derive
people
last
Claims
local
have a good deal
resource
the
Native
population
in
in
the
gave
control
do, however,
satisfaction.
Alaska
Corporation,
substantial
Aleuts
both
which
1971,
somewhat
the
of
the- Ounalashka
economy.
of
passage
Nevertheless,
can set
has changed
part
they
a great
deal
of
which
subsistence
local
development
in
the
values,
activities
provide.
(25)
variable
Views
in Unalaska.
two
major
,view
of
those
most
such
continued
hunting
expressed
over
developments,
and,
involved
local
with
developments
direct
pollution,
increased
local
is
and bottomfish
and fishing
increased
there
The oil
potential
activities,
that
concerning
population.
simply
ways
threats
as well
too
pose
of
to local-
from
serious
life.
frequently
are
point
of
harvest
threats
to
Concerns
are
resources,
An opinion
122
the
resource
threats,
stake,
quite
industries
as indirect
much at
are
such
as
such as an
voiced
environmentally
is
as
well
to allow
as'culturally,
On the other
economic
there
hand,
benefits
large-scale
are people
to
change
who look
be derived
from
to occur.
forward
oil
and
to the
fisheries
development.
(26)
population
This
Regarding
is
growth
without
with
extremely
may
development
that
Consultants,
Inc.
1981:217,
research,
the
bottomfish
more than
oil
development
is
expected
with
the
the
of
St.
rises
industry
George
in the St.
growth
.
the bottomfish
years.
year
2000,
Basin,
industry.
Thus,
will
future
the
to
340).
Unalaska's
in
by
fishing
"extreme
to face
expansion
the
figure
grow
people
in
of
point,
to
13,221
development
development,
previous
likely
reach
petroleum
expected
the
With
14,117
George
to
Unalaska
OCS
much
Unalaska
Basin.
management
industry,
oil
(Alaska
according
affect
but
problems"
but
[t]he
growth
impetus of the St. George Basin lease sale
will
have run its course by 1990, before
the full
brunt
While
of bottomfish
development
is felt
at Unalaska.
the projected
scale of OCS-related
growth is substantial
in its own right
for a town of Unalaska's
size at the
beginning
o'f the forecast
period,
the visibility
of any
impacts
attributable
to OCS development
will
be greatly
diminished
by developments
in the fishing
industry
(Alaska Consultants,
Inc.
1981:357).
(27)
current
There
and future
are
a number
resource
of
issues
use in Unalaska.
pertaining
They are
to
as
follows:
0
With
the
growth
of
the
123
fishing
industry
in
the past
ten
to twenty
of Unalaska
oil
major
Sources
and
other
than
concern
today.
In
offenders
of
waste
the
the
in the waters
of pollution
by-products
boats,
rather
from
Individual
themselves
the.processors
past,
laws,
'
processing
materials.
processors
pollution
include
but
are
were
their
the
more
compliance
improving.
There
through
are
which
products.
effect
the
on the
of
the
Unalaska,
the
times
each
bay is.
In
and this
Only
to be flown
large
spill
is
come,
by-
areas
are
see what
Anchorage
the
Conservation
permanently
ease the pollution
and special
that
point,
but
some
on Amaknak
few years
in
future
seafood
an Environmental
stationed
to date,
destroyed
With
bays
to
situation
handle
oil
clean-up
at
great
in
spills
teams
expense
would
if
a
occurs.
A minor
0
to
Environmental
equipment
from
the
outfall
year,
minimal
in
dump
the
last
was
into
by divers
of
has helped
in Unalaska
have
year
the
Alaska
lines
plants
and
Department
of
bay.
exists
legal,
the
State
of outfall
processing
is
four
Sanitarian
of
a number
This
inspected
in
from
boats
frequent
is
spills
sewage,
fishing
of pollution
Bay has increased.
and fuel
plants,
the amount
years,
the
perhaps
especially
and Unalaska.
course
of various
development
prospects,
become more frequent.
124
a portent
good
of
berry
Islands
such
areas
during
construction
things
the
to
were
past
projects.
occurrences
may
Certain
0
which,
in
affect
local
natural
the
activity,
long
which,
that
School
1978:11,
reported
driftwood
their
for
the
that
and stones
in the
This
more
underscores
purchase
the
skiffs
subsistence
economy.
people
-from
a special
which
hunting
if
so
also
been
blocked
since
cash
is
by
to make
could
to newer
has acted
both
subsistence
on foods
necessarily
125
be done.
the
cash and
with
which
to
is possible
that
an
positively
affect
housing
the
to limit
time
pursuits
as well
from
an immediate
the
payments,
As. more
employment.
residences,
obtained
require
more skiffs
would
lacking
it
Thus,
maintain
older
were
between
must
for
there
and fishing
and renters
premium
do not
that
monthly
job
has
High
have been unable
meet
strain
one's
It
become
to
move from
financial
(Unalaska
salmon
economy
order
homeowners
fishing
relocated
can
and engines.
cash
In
the
an Umnak Island
interrelationship
economies,
improving
0
volcanic
1878 (from
1880).
streams
reported
community,
subsistence
was
area
stream.
Many people
0
in
that
include
so disturbed
Petroff
salmon
Unalaska
to dramatically
These
village
village
the
capability
example,
citing
way up the
in
availability.
Makushin
volcano)
exist
have the
run,
resource
grounds-near
forces
concomitant
available
local
away
as to place
resources,
cash outlay
to
procure.
Aspects
0
taught
to Native
spears
effort
is
thus
in
items,
another
children
Subsistence
0
be
taught
University
This
locally
available
salmon
including
gill
When
include
net
preparation
asked
about
residents
indicated
that
both
increase
in
these
an enriching
importance
fish
hooks.
knowledge
from
an Aleut
traditional
Aleut
for
knowledge
from
of
the
the
by
subject
of
1982
Center
aspects
of
their
teaching
futur'e
a
of
sharing
in Unalaska.
126
the
in Unalaska.
fishing,
subsistence
standpoint
years.
of
food,
in
They
outlook.
resource
coming
through
salmon
positive
local
of a class
preservation.
an economic
in the
life
is
to fish
took
including
facet
on
resources
Extension
perspective,
activities,
halibut
pass
make
summer
many
many
value
making
learning
this
Rural
'Unalaska,
personal
to
fiishing
the
during
will
summer
he has learned.
of Alaska's
class
0
how
what
to
currently
sharing
the
being
tools.
village
He is
fabrication.
is
during
making
made
are
included
and
subsistence
utilizing
school
children
Creek
elder
culture
projects
being
traditional
One.Aleut
0
elder
Aleut
and non-Native
to use in Unalaska
concerning
to
traditional
Some of the proposed
of 1982.
An
of
and
harvests
will
Involvement
is
felt
a
in
to
be
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