Production of Hybrid Groupers : Spotted grouper, Epinephelus

Production of Hybrid Groupers : Spotted grouper, Epinephelus

Production of Hybrid Groupers : Spotted grouper, Epinephelus polyphekadion × Tiger grouper E.fuscoguttatus and Coral grouper, E.corallicola × Tiger Grouper
Aazif M.Addin and Shigeharu Senoo
Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
MALAYSIA
Contents
Introduction
Objectives
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
•Hybridization : crossbreeding between 2
species
•Interspecific
– Improve fish stocks
(Bartley et al., 2001)
– Hybrid vigor - strengthen progeny
(Fosella, 2002)
– Profitable aspect (Dunham et al, 2000)
• Translate into economic profits :
1. Faster growth
2. Improve flesh quality
3. Control sex ratios
4. Increase disease resistance
5. Improve tolerance to extreme condition
(Nguennga et al., 2000)
70% Malaysia’s Grouper
Production
Aquacultured Hybrid
Groupers
2006 – Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) :
Hybrid Grouper Production Pioneer in
Malaysia
Important grouper species
Common Name
Scientific Name
Chinese Characters
Tiger Grouper
E.fuscogutttatus
老虎斑
Giant Grouper
E.lanceolatus
龍膽
Orange spotted Grouper
E.coioides
青斑
Mouse Grouper
Cromileptes altivelis
老鼠斑
TG×GG 龍虎斑
(2006)
OG×GG 青龍斑
(2007)
OG×TG 青虎斑
(2007)
MG×TG 老鼠老虎斑
(2008)
Cromileptes altivelis♀ x Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♂
(Mouse Grouper♀ x Tiger Grouper♂)
Epinephelus coioides♀ x E. lanceolatus♂
(Orange-spotted Grouper♀ x Giant Grouper♂)
Hybrid Grouper Trials
Scientific names
Chinese Characters
Year
TG×GG
老虎斑×龍膽
2006
OG×TG
青斑×老虎斑
2007
OG×GG
青斑×龍膽
2007
MG×TG
老鼠斑×老虎斑
2008
MG×GG
老鼠斑×龍膽
2008
SG×TG
杉斑×老虎斑
2011
TG×SG
老虎斑×杉斑
2011
SG×GG
杉斑×龍膽
2011
CG×TG
苏鼠斑×老虎斑
2011
CG×GG
苏鼠斑×龍膽
2011
TC×TG
红瓜子×老虎斑
2011
2011 - New Combination of
Hybrid Grouper
Coral Rockcod
Coral Grouper
苏鼠斑
Epinephelus corallicola
RM130/kg (USD41)
Spotted Grouper
Camouflage grouper
清水石斑/杉斑
Epinephelus polyphekadion
RM110/kg (USD35)
Brown Marble Grouper
Tiger Grouper
老虎斑
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
RM85/kg (USD27)
• Distribution : Pacific Ocean, South China Sea
• Natives : Australia, Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Taiwan
• Habitat : Coral reefs area ; shallow silt – outer reef slope
E.corallicola (CG)
E.polyphekadion (SG)
E.fuscoguttatus (TG)
Size: ~31 cm
Size: ~61 cm
Size: ~120 cm
Difficult obtain
(♂) Female
matured ~2kg
Difficult obtain
(♂)
Small size and
average growth
Medium size and
average
growth
Easy obtain,
popular
aquaculture
species (♂,♀)
Bigger size and
faster growth
among groupers
SG×TG
CG×TG
Objectives
To determine the possibilities to crossbreed
between E.polyphekadion and E.corallicola with
E.fuscoguttatus (SG×TG and CG×TG)
ƒ To observe egg and early larval development of
SG×TG and CG×TG
ƒ To do comparison and observe any similarities
between SG×TG and CG×TG with the previous
combinations
Materials and Methods
Brood Fish Selection
Preserved TG
Sperm
Kept in ice
3–5°C
Cannulation
Press
Gently at
Abdomen
Human Chorionic
Gonadotrophin (HCG)
1000IU/kg
Big and soft
abdomen with
developing oocyte
36 - 48 h
36-48 h after hormone
treatment – final oocyte
maturation
Stripping Method
Egg Washing to Remove Excess Sperm and Blood
Floating
Good Quality
Eggs
Transparent
Fertilized
Developing
Larval Rearing Condition
Salinity
30 – 32 ppt
Temperature
28.5 - 29.0 °C
DO
7.2 - 7.8 mg/l
pH
6.5 - 7.5
Egg and Larval Development
Observation
• Egg development by
stages
• Egg and Oil globule
diameter
• Early larva development
– Total length
– Yolk sac volume
– Oil globule volume
Results
SG×TG
CG×TG
Total Fertilized Eggs
498,000 (166 ml)
450,000 (150 ml)
Fertilization Rate
253,980 (51.0%)
337,500 (75.0%)
Hatching Rate
116,034 (23.3%)
226,359 (50.3%)
Egg and Early Larval Development
of SG×TG
00:00
00:40
01:00
01:10
01:35
02:40
02:55
04:40
07:40
08:15
09:15
10:00
11:20
11:40
18:10
18:40
19:10
19:15
Total Length
Oil globule volume
Yolk sac volume
10 dAH
2.96 mm
Egg and Early Larval Development
of CG×TG
00:00
00:30
00:55
01:10
01:35
02:45
04:00
04:45
07:45
09:25
11:05
11:25
13:55
16:10
18:05
18:30
19:15
19:40
Total Length
Oil globule volume
Yolk sac volume
0.5 mm
SGxTG
CGxTG
OGxTG
TGxGG
OGxGG
Fertilization
rate
51.0%
75.0%
93.9%
86.8%
91.0%
Hatching rate
38.3%
55.4%
50.3%
87.2%
33.6%
Egg Diameter
715±22µm
738±23µm
830±20µm
840±30µm
836±10µm
Oil Globule
Diameter
195±11µm
198±11µm
-
210±10µm
-
Hatching
Timing
19:1019:50
19:0019:40
17:3019:00
17:1519:20
17:0019:20
(Koh et al., 2008, 2010; Ch’ng and
Senoo, 2008)
Discussion
Egg Development and Fertilization Rate
• Egg development in normal condition
o Similar with TG (Ha, 2006)
o Other hybrid groupers (Koh et al., 2008,2010; Ch’ng and Senoo,
2008)
• 8 main developememt stages of typical of marine
pelagic egg development (Jones et al., 1978)
• Lower fertilization rate – SG×TG (51.0%), CG×TG
(75.0%)
• Preserved sperm used
• Low initial motility of spermatozoa
(Ergun et al., 2002)
• Probably reflects the changes in motility rates
observed after freezing and thawing (Suquet et al.,
2000)
• Low temperature caused sperm inactive
o Lower percentage of fusing between sperm and oocyte
• Halt egg development
Hatching Timing
• SG×TG – 19:10–19:50; CG×TG 19:00-19:40
• E.polyphekadion hatched at 19:00
(James et al., 1993)
• Similar to other hybrid grouper combination
(Koh et al., 2008,2010;Ch’ng and Senoo, 2008)
• Hybrids hatched earlier and finish egg
development more rapidly (Glamuzina et al., 2000)
Egg Diameter and Oil Globule Diameter
• Mean diameter and oil globule of SG×TG and CG×TG
eggs were smaller - 0.71-0.73 ±0.02 mm
TGxGG - 0.84 ± 0.03 mm (Ch’ng and Senoo, 2008)
OGxGG - 0.86 ± 0.02 mm (Koh et al., 2008)
OGxTG - 0.83 ± 0.02 mm (Koh et al., 2010)
• Fertilized grouper eggs vary from 0.7-0.9 mm (Chao et al., 1993)
• Egg size affected by parental size
• Positive relationship between female size and
egg size (Ewa Kalmer, 2005)
• Egg size and quality - broodstock feed and
environmental factor (James et al., 1997)
Larva Development and Growth
• Hybrid groupers were morphologically almost
similar to other Epinephelus species (Koh et al.,
2008)
• Large yolk sac, head, body shape and
pigmentation were the general characteristics of
early grouper larvae (Glamuzina et al., 2000)
• Development of eye, jaw and digestive tract;
preparation for first feeding
• First sign of pigmentation
a) Above intestine
b) Between anus and end
of notochord
Basic
Morphological
Characteristic in
Early Larval
Stage
(Glamuzina et al., 2000)
• Most groupers belonging to the genus Epinephelus
have similar characteristics
(Powell and Tucker, 1992; Kohno et al., 1993)
Conclusion
Possibility of performing hybridization between :
E.polyphekadion and E.fuscoguttatus
E.corallicola and E.fuscoguttatus
Egg development and early larval development
were obtained
SGxTG and CGxTG has morphological similarities
with previous hybrid combination
For your success in grouper culture
Brood fish management
Egg collection
Larval rearing
Seed rearing
Sales
Feed management
Disease control
Facility management
Administration
Brood fish
Management
Aazif M.Addin and Shigeharu Senoo