Access the panels in black and white

Transcription

00 études de cas N&B 27/11/02 16:43 Page 1
7
France:
Seine-Normandy
Basin
Thailand:
Chao Phraya
River Basin
A TEMPERATE CLIMATE
CULTURE, CHANGE AND
AND INTENSE ECONOMIC
COMPETITION IN
ACTIVITY
BANGKOK
Pilot Case Studies
of water-related stress
in river basins, aquifers,
cities and countries.
4
3
7
6
2
5
1
Senegal / Mali /
Mauritania:
Senegal River
Basin
Sri Lanka:
Ruhuna
Basins
RIBBON OF LIFE
A PEOPLE-ORIENTED
IN SUB-SAHARAN
APPROACH TO
AFRICA
WATER
MANAGEMENT
AND DEVELOPMENT
Peru /
Bolivia:
Lake
Titicaca
Russia /
Estonia:
Lake Peipsi /
Chudskoe
A VAST, ENCLOSED
A TRANSBOUNDARY
HYDROLOGICAL
LAKE ON THE FUTURE
BUILDING CONSENSUS
SYSTEM WITH A
BORDER OF THE
WITHIN A HIGH
REMARKABLE LAKE
EUROPEAN UNION
DENSITY AREA
Graphic design: Atelier Takavoir – Paris 2002
Japan:
Greater Tokyo
Region
Peru / Bolivia case study:
Lake Titicaca
1
1
2
A VAST, ENCLOSED HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEM
WITH A REMARKABLE LAKE
3
•
•
•
•
Lake Titicaca (T)
Desaguadero River (D)
Lake Poopó (P)
Salt lake of Coipasa (S)
Of these, Lake Titicaca is the
main water body. It is:
CONTACT
• The biggest lake in South
America.
• The highest navigable lake in
the world.
• According to Incan mythology,
the place where human life
began.
Alberto Crespo Milliet
Institution:
Lake Titicaca Binational
Autonomous Authority
Gandarillas 2676,
Sopocachi, La Paz
Country:
Bolivia
Email:
[email protected]
Telephone:
+591 2 212 9782
Fax:
+591 2 241 8086
1.
© UNESCO / A. Joncquières
2.
© UNESCO / G. Malempré
3.
© C. Fernandez-Jauregui
Creation of new management
entities
The surface of Lake Titicaca
is evenly shared between Peru
and Bolivia, who exercise an
“exclusive and indivisible joint
ownership” over its waters.
In order to further develop
the system and to prevent
mismanagement of Lake Titicaca
and the surrounding areas,
the two countries established
a Binational Master Plan, an
organization which decides
on the policies adopted in the
area, such as fishing regulations,
water decontamination, and rules
for irrigation practice.
To enact these policies on a local
level, an international entity
was created. Both countries
participate equally in its
management.
Lake Titicaca Binational
Autonomous Authority (ALT) :
• Is an international entity,
which enjoys decision-making
and administrative autonomy.
• Was created by agreement
between Peru and Bolivia
in May, 1996.
• Is financed equally by the two
governments.
• Promotes and enacts
programmes adopted in
the Master Plan.
• Dictates and enforces
regulations for operating,
controlling and protecting
the TDPS system’s water
resources.
The Andean ridge in South
America encloses a hydrological
system of approximately
140,000 km2. In this, the TDPS
system, there are four major
basins:
Senegal / Mali / Mauritania case study:
Senegal River Basin
2
1
RIBBON OF LIFE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
2
The Senegal River Basin is a
300,000 km2 transboundary basin,
with a population of 3.5 million,
extending over four countries.
It is a major livestock-raising
zone, supporting 2.7 million
cattle and 4.8 million sheep and
goats, but no industry. The
region is arid and the 1800 kmlong river is the only permanent
watercourse in a water-scarce
area.
• Increased fishing and
economic activities.
• Energy supply for Senegal,
Mauritania and Mali.
• Year-round navigation between
Kayes and Saint-Louis.
• Halting seawater intrusion into
the river.
• Recharging groundwater and
restoring aquifers
contaminated by seawater.
Dams bring problems too:
Email:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Water distribution not water
withdrawals
CONTACT
3
Tamsir Ndiaye
Institution:
Observatoire de
l’Environnement de l’OMVS
5 Place de l’Independence
BP 3152, Dakar
Telephone:
+221 842 02 16
+221 652 65 36
Fax:
+221 842 02 17
Website:
www.gouv.sn/integration/omvs
www.omvs-hc.org
This original management idea
ensures harmony among the
multiethnic population and
riparian users. It emphasizes
optimal satisfaction and usage
requirements rather than sharing
by withdrawal.
Multiple benefits of the new
dams include:
• Expanded irrigation, two
harvests per year.
• More drinking water facilities
in villages.
1.
© OMVS
1. 2. 3.
© UNESCO / D. Roger
ORGANISATION
POUR LA MISE EN VALEUR
DU FLEUVE SÉNÉGAL
• Increases of water-borne
diseases.
• Invasive aquatic vegetation.
• Degradation of cultivated land.
• Water pollution from intensive
feritilizer use.
• Displacement of populations.
Main activities for achieving
sustainable development
include:
• Setting up a General Plan
for Environmental Action and
an Environmental Code.
• Creating a master plan for water
resources and environment.
• Expanding navigation
infrastructure.
• Improving irrigation and farming.
• Promoting stakeholder
participation in the decisionmaking process.
Today, joint management means
peaceful cooperation and relative
prosperity are replacing user
conflicts and water scarcity.
Country:
Senegal
The Organization for the
Development of the Senegal
River (OMVS) was founded in
1972 to manage this precious
resource using a flexible legal
framework that overrides national
laws, and encourages user participation. Its mission is to “create
food self-sufficiency for populations
in the Senegal River Basin”.
It has built two dams that
guarantee year-round water.
France case study:
Seine-Normandy Basin
3
1
A TEMPERATE CLIMATE
AND INTENSE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
3
CONTACT
Olivier Bommelaer
Institution:
Agence de l’Eau
Seine-Normandie
51 rue Salvador Allende
92027 Nanterre Cedex
Country:
France
Email:
[email protected]
1.
© PhotoAlto /
F. Cirou / I. Rozenbaum
2. 3.
© Agence de l’Eau
Seine-Normandie /
J.P. Gilson
The basin’s 17.5 million
inhabitants consume an average
of 190 l / day of water, and all
receive drinking water directly
into their homes. Some 80% of
the basin’s population live in
urban areas, principally along
the rivers. About 88% benefit
from a collective sanitation
system. Intense farming on
the basin’s plains covers 60%
of the watershed. With improved
management and treatment
of discharge, industrial pressure
on the aquatic environment
has decreased. However, urban
stormwater run-off and non-point
pollution from farms and small
industries remain problematic.
Telephone:
+33 (1) 42 20 19 39
Local responsibility
and integrated management
Fax:
+33 (1) 41 20 16 89
The water management system
relies on:
Website:
www.eau-seine-normandie.fr
• 8,700 municipalities which:
are responsible for drinking
water and sanitation. They can
delegate these utilities to
private companies, but retain
ownership of and responsibility
for the infrastructure. Users
pay for services.
• The Water Agency and
its water parliament
(basin committee) which:
co-ordinate management
of the water basin and
finance water investments,
thanks to user’s fees.
• The state which: legislates
and controls the resource.
Committed to sustainable
and more equitable water
management
This system allows water
education programmes and
financial solidarity among
basin stakeholders, as well
as with communities
in 28 developing countries.
Assessement of results
Performance is monitored
yearly against 45 indicators,
including human stewardship.
Towards a healthier
environment
and increased participation
The new driving force for
water management in France
comes from the European
Water Framework Directive,
adopted in December 2000.
Water quality standards for
rivers and groundwater must
be met by 2015. It also requires
the reinforcement of public
participation, policy assessment,
transparency, and equity.
2
The Seine–Normandy
basin covers 97,000 km2
of northwestern France
and includes the capital city
of Paris. It has a temperate
climate and its 55,000 km
water courses often overflow
onto large flood plains.
Russia / Estonia case study:
Lake Peipsi / Chudskœ
4
1
A TRANSBOUNDARY LAKE ON THE FUTURE BORDER
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Vladimir Budarin (Russia)
Harry Liiv (Estonia)
Institutions:
Neva-Ladoga Water Basin
Administration,
Ministry of the Natural
Resources of the Russian
Federation
2
Sredny ave 26,
199004 St.Petersburg
(Russia)
•
Estonian Ministry of the
Environment
Toompuiestee 24, 15172
Tallinn (Estonia)
Countries:
Russia / Estonia
Email:
[email protected]
(Russia)
[email protected]
(Estonia)
Telephone:
+33 (7) 812-3233736
(Russia)
+372 62 62 850
(Estonia)
Fax:
+33 (7) 812-3287671
(Russia)
+372 62 62 869
(Estonia)
Website:
www.ctc.ee
1. 2.
© Thomas Tuul
Lake Peipsi / Chudskœ Pskovskœ
(sometimes called Peipus) is the
fourth largest and the biggest
transboundary lake in Europe.
It belongs to the Baltic Sea basin.
The lake occupies an area of
3,555 km2 of which 56% belongs
to the Russian Federation and
44% to the Republic of Estonia.
This lake became transboundary
in 1991 after the disintegration of
the Soviet Union. During its long
and colourful history it has been
shared mainly by two nations –
Estonia and Russia – but in the
Middle Ages it was ruled by
German knights. Thus the lake
has three names: Peipsi in
Estonian, Chudskœ in Russian
and Peipus in German.
Sharing the water
and governing water wisely
These are the main challenges
in the lake basin. A joint body,
the Estonian-Russian Transboundary Water Commission
was established in 1997 to
oversee the Lake’s management
and protection. It was created
after the signing of an intergovernmental agreement on
the protection and sustainable
use of transboundary water
bodies between the Republic
of Estonia and the Russian
Federation.
Use and excessive use of
biological resources
These are other important
concerns in the lake area.
A second bilateral intergovernmental Estonian-Russian
agreement about co-operation
in the field of use and protection
of fish resources in the lake
basin was concluded and
the Intergovernmental
Estonian–Russian Commission
on Fisheries was formed in 1995.
Protecting ecosystems
The Lake Peipsi / Chudskœ
watershed is rich in wetland
areas that include many species
of birds, fish, plants and other
wildlife: Emajõe Suursoo
(Estonia) and Remdovsky (Russia)
are both listed as Ramsar sites.
CONTACTS
Thailand case study:
Chao Phraya River Basin
1
CULTURE, CHANGE AND COMPETITION IN BANGKOK
2
5
Flooding
CONTACT
David Jezeph
Institution:
Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the
Pacific (ESCAP)
United Nations Building
Rajdamnern Avenue
10200 Bangkok
Country:
Thailand
Email:
[email protected]
The delta area is highly
susceptible to flooding during
the southwest monsoon. Peak
river discharge occurs in
October, which can coincide
with high tides in the Gulf of
Thailand, causing serious
flooding, damage, social and
economic losses, such as
resulted from the 1995 flood.
Flood dykes protect the city
center and retention ponds are
being constructed for
temporary storage of urban
floodwater and water treatment
in the dry season.
Agriculture
Telephone:
+ 66 (2) 288-1537
Fax:
+ 66 (2) 288-1059
Website:
www.unescap.org/enrd
1.
© FAO / Peyton Johnson
2.
© UNESCAP
UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION
FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC (ESCAP)
The alluvial central flood plains
and delta comprise the most
productive agricultural land for
rice production. Although still
the world’s largest exporter of
rice, agricultural products now
contribute only a small part of
GDP, but provide food security
and sustainable livelihoods for
millions of farmers in the
basin.
Water supply
The Chao Phraya River is the
major source of drinking water
for the city of Bangkok, but
cannot meet all the increasing
demands. Local aquifers are
becoming brackish and unsafe
for use, and excessive
groundwater abstraction is
causing land subsidence as
much as 10 cm/year in some
locations. Important policy
decisions on water allocation to
industry, agriculture and other
sectors are required.
Pollution control
The new Building Control Law
will require all wastewater
from premises to discharge
directly into public sewers. Six
central treatment plants with a
total capacity of 992,000 m3/day
will be completed shortly to
improve environmental
protection.
Social and economic growth,
information technology,
globalization, economic
expansion and rural migration
are exerting strong pressures
and challenges to Thai culture
that will require a more
balanced future development.
The Chao Phraya River is
one of the WWAP’s pilot case
studies, carried out in
preparation for the first World
Water Development Report.
The Chao Phraya River
Basin is 800 km long and
comprises a catchment area
of 162,000 km2, covering one
third of the country’s territory.
Sri Lanka case study:
Ruhuna Basins
1
6
2
A PEOPLE-ORIENTED APPROACH
TO WATER MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
Improved water resources
management is essential for
development and can only be
achieved by a participatory and
integrated approach supported
by data, information and
knowledge.
3
Ruhuna Basins is located in
Southern Sri Lanka. It consists
of 5 basins with similar
characteristics, challenges and
threats. The major challenges are:
Water for Nature
Some downstream lagoons are
bird sanctuaries of international
importance, such as the Bundala
national park, a biodiverse
wetland protected under the
Ramsar Convention. Other areas
are the Walawe national park
(elephants) and the tourist
favourite, Yala national park
(leopards).
Data and Information
CONTACT
K.A.U.S Imbulana
Institution:
Ministry of Irrigation
and Water Management
500, T.B. Jayah Mawatha
Colombo
Country:
Sri Lanka
Email:
[email protected]
Telephone:
+94 (1) 675791
Fax:
+94 (1) 675791
Website:
www.cgiar.org/iwmi/benchmak
1. 2. 3.
© UNESCO / Peter
Coles
Only 60% of the population has
access to safe drinking water,
from which only 50% is delivered
by piped systems. National
targets are set for the year 2025.
Water for development
Hydropower capacity from
the Uda Walawe reservoir is
about 120 MW. Industrial use
of water is currently limited, but
the proposed Ruhunupura City,
with a great expected water
demand, will have a major impact
on the competition for water
between sectors.
Water for food
Irrigated agriculture is the major
activity in the basin, where rice
is the dominant crop. Production,
especially of cereals, has been
stagnant for about 20 years
and major reforms are required.
Data, knowledge, and information
are the key issues to sustainable
water resources management.
So far, data has been fragmented,
but a major effort is underway to
improve this. The basic database
will generate information, which
will lead to knowledge.
Stakeholder involvement
An active participation of all
people involved in water
is essential. Several stakeholder
meetings have been held
to increase understanding and
encourage collaboration.
For the Ruhuna Basins where
the process of integrated water
resources management has
started, the expected results
will be a sustainable balance
in ensuring water for basic
needs, food, nature and
development.
Water for basic needs
Japan case study
Greater Tokyo region
7
1
BUILDING CONSENSUS WITHIN A HIGH DENSITY AREA
Greater Tokyo is comprised of
five river basins serving densely
populated mega cities totalling
27 million. Thus far, the water
resources management policy
has been successful in providing
water to both the population
and industry. However, the very
high concentration of both
makes this success vulnerable
and subject to many risks.
CONTACT
3
Toshihiro Sonoda
Institution:
River Planning Division,
River Bureau
Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and
Transport
Government of Japan
Country:
Japan
Email:
[email protected]
Telephone:
+81-3-5253-8444
Fax:
+81-3-5253-1602
Website:
www.mlit.go.jp
1. 2. 3.
Source:
Government of Japan
On the other hand, as people
grow more concerned about
water and the environment, the
focus is drawn into more diverse
areas of water resources
management. A framework of
public involvement based on good
information is indispensable to
building a consensus.
The main issues are:
Risk
About 13.25 million people and
170 trillion yen (± $1,4 trillion)
worth of property value assets
are concentrated in 4,800 km2
of flood plains, which makes flood
damage high. This is accentuated
by the severe weather conditions
during the Asian monsoon.
With intense urbanization, the
quality of water has deteriorated.
Actions toward reducing the
discharge load, such as drainage
regulation and sewage
maintenance, were conducted.
Water quality started to improve,
but the concentration level is still
high in some tributaries, lakes
and marshes. Two main issues
are becoming more problematic:
the presence of environmental
endocrine disruptors (that is,
chemicals which can impact on
the endocrine system) and the
increase of non-native species.
Governing + Knowledge
For diversified water-related
problems, integrated river
management with public
participation is quite important.
Sharing information about the
risks involved and coping with
these risks are part of this
integrated river management
system. This approach works
best when based on partnerships
involving the public.
Sharing
It is difficult to manage the
enormous water resources
needed to supply households and
industries while also maintaining
enough reserves to protect
against drought.
2
Ecosystem health

Access the panels in black and white

Transcription

Similar documents

Fitger`s Lake View Office

Captain Geech

Red Hill Lakefront Retreat - CaliforniaOutdoorProperties.com

51 North Ryan Flier

Just Listed

Presented by:

BEscape. - Utah Digital Newspapers

Brant Lake Getaway

to the article. - The FUND for Lake George

Loyalist Township - County of Lennox and Addington