Hans Christian Ørsted`s Scientific Method

A LESSON FOR COPENHAGEN TODAY
Hans Christian Ørsted’s
Scientific Method
by Tom Gillesberg
T
hroughout 2009, Denmark has been under a siege of climate hysteria. There has been a great effort to try to delude the public into thinking that Denmark’s great mission is to secure a binding global climate agreement during the
United Nations Climate Summit, to be held in Copenhagen
Dec. 7-18, 2009. If this were to occur, it would force the nations of world to spend much of their economic resources on
“renewable energy,” and other wasteful actions, because it is
claimed that such actions would reduce the human CO2 destruction of the Earth. The shrill rhetoric is supposed to make
people feel that the world would be nearly annihilated, if this
were not to succeed.
Fortunately, the growing political revolt in the United States
has made it close to impossible to get this policy through. It is
not only likely that the climate summit will become a Danish
climate flop, but also that, in coming years, people will look
back with shame at the absurd rhetoric about human-induced
global warming, which is a repeat of the famous Hans Christian
Andersen story, “The Emperor’s New Clothes.” And, in time,
people will be embarrassed, and try to forget how much of the
world’s resources were sacrificed on the altar of climate superstition.
If the great Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851)
The city of
Copenhagen in an
1895 photo. Today
the city has been
chosen to host the
United Nations
Climate Summit,
whose delegates
are charged with
securing binding
economic
agreements based
on superstitions
that Ørsted would
have derided as
nonsense.
The great Danish scientist Hans
Christian Ørsted (1777-1851) in a
19th Century portrait. He is depicted with his experiment on the
patterns sound waves produce in
a powder on a metal plate.
Library of Congress
22
Fall 2009
21st Century Science & Technology
Instead of today’s climate
superstition, we must
return to the classical
humanist scientific
method propounded by
the great Danish scientist
Ørsted and his
cothinkers.
were present today, he would be shaking his head at the
ongoing pseudo-scientific debate, and the intimidating
brainwashing campaign that accompanies it. He would
have immediately realized that it is not science that is
paramount, but that the whole debate is skewed by a
prejudicial assumption that humanity is an evil that must
be culled. This is the philosophy of the environmental
movement, and its royal backers, Prince Philip and Prince
Charles, and this is what has driven them to wish to limit
human development through CO2 allowances and expensive energy, thus undermining the very basis of the
existence of present and future humanity.
To counter the media, politicians, and well-paid researchers who persist in their superstitions, and ignore
the scientific research showing that it is the Sun which is
causing climatic fluctuations on Earth (as documented by
the contemporary Danish scientist Henrik Svensmark),
Ørsted would have taken out his 1850 book, The Spirit in
Nature, which he wrote to try to fight the superstition of
his day. As he wrote:
No proof is necessary to show that a worldview is a
fundamental element of philosophy, but it is no less
certain that this must be either fruitless, or in many
respects false, if this worldview does not possess, in
itself, the most essential truths taught by natural
science. Even if the philosophers of the present day are
not unacquainted with the results of the natural
scien­ces, they generally pay so little attention to them,
that it exercises almost no influence on their inquiries.1
In Ørsted’s time, it was people like the Danish Reverend N.F.S. Grundtvig (1783-1872), who despised science, and in its place created his own mythological universe. Today, the environmentalists and climate fanatics, A monument memorializing Ørsted and his love of science and truth,
instead of using modern science and technology to im- created by Jens Adolf Jerichau in the 19th Century. It is in Copenhaprove the environment and living conditions of the popu- gen’s Ørsted Park.
lation, prefer to use climate superstition to deceive them.
They erroneously claim that human activities destructhe attentive inquirer must be aware that it constantly
tively interfere with nature’s delicate balance, and that man,
continues to develop itself, and that now, as at any other
therefore, is nature’s worst enemy. Ørsted would have protestmoment, it is passing from one state to another. We may
ed, and emphasized how studies of nature and the Earth show
easily conceive that the same thing is taking place with
something quite different. He would have insisted that the enviall the other heavenly bodies, which are, therefore, not
ronmental ideologists’ idea that we must have zero growth, and
only in constant motion, but, at the same time, are in an
stop human development, is contrary to the very laws of the
unceasing state of development. Inaction or rest does not
universe. Everything changes and develops. As he wrote:
exist in the universe.2
The Earth has not always been as it is now; its internal
structure testifies to the fact that it has been developing
from one condition to another for thousands of years, and
Gillesberg is chairman of The Schiller Institute in
Denmark, and Copenhagen mayoral candidate, who led
The Friends of the Schiller Institute list in the Nov. 17 municipal elections. This article first appeared in Danish in the
Schiller Institute’s campaign newspaper, No. 10, Fall, 2009
(www.schillerinstitut.dk/ka10). It was translated by Michelle
Rasmussen and Carol Jensen.
“It is one of the fundamental laws of nature, that everything
must be developed over time,”3 concluded Ørsted. That is the
most fundamental universal law. Everything in this universe
must be in constant flux and development. Instead of trying to
subject humans to the limitations that apply to other living
creatures on this Earth, we must therefore recognize that man is
not just a part of nature, but through his creative reason, is
above it.
“In as much as a person thinks, he is free. His freedom grows
with his thinking. Without this, he is subject to the laws of unconscious nature.”4
If we use our reason, we are the unique life form here on
21st Century Science & Technology
Fall 2009 23
Earth, which has been granttivation of Science Considered as Religious Deed free will. If we deny ourvotion.” The lecture, he said, contained “in
selves reason, we reduce
brief, the author’s thoughts concerning the inourselves simply to being
ner connection between the True, the Beautiful,
animals, and then, as the enand the Good, and their common divine
vironmental movement tries
source.” Ørsted thought that Grundtvig’s probto make us believe, we are
lem was that he did not understand “how the
reduced to blindly subjectscientist, when he fully understands his own
ing ourselves to nature.
endeavor, must regard the cultivation of sciØrsted’s point would later
ence as religious devotion.”
be developed in greater deFor Ørsted, there is no contradiction betail by the great Russian scitween belief in God, who created the universe
entist Vladimir Vernadsky.
and its laws of nature, and natural science layThe entire universe is develing bare natural thoughts, and the deeper reaoping, but there are three
son in that which has been created. The great
very distinct and different
and beautiful natural thoughts we find through
types of developmental dyscience (the universally valid natural laws) are
namics we find coexisting
not inaccessible to us human beings, because
on the Earth: 1) the nonour reason is akin to the creative principles beliving abiotic lithosphere,
hind them:
which consists of dead
stones and matter; 2) the
Were the laws of our reason not found in
biosphere, which is the re- Ørsted’s philosophical opponent, Reverend
Nature, we would strive, in vain, to force
sult of living biological pro- Grundtvig, in an 1843 portrait by Christian Althem therein; were the laws of nature not
cesses; and finally 3) the brecht Jensen.
found in our reason, we would not
noösphere (the sphere of
understand them.6
spirit and reason) which is the result of cognitive life in the
form of human activity. These three principles and spheres
We humans, and only we, are able to find the laws of nature,
work simultaneously and are interlocked, but are fundamen- understand the natural thoughts, and apply them in our sertally different, and have different rank and power in the uni- vice.
verse.
Living processes “eat” abiotic non-living material, which is
Ørsted’s Genius
thus incorporated into the biosphere, and the volume of the
This does not sound like a cold scientist, who objectively
biosphere, in relation to the lithosphere, grows
considers nature around
day by day. Similarly, the lithosphere and the biohim, and believes that it is
sphere are subjected to the noösphere, where
merely a series of random
man is constantly incorporating an increasing
events, without cause and
proportion of them into his activities. But if man
purpose. Ørsted was not
stops using his reason, he loses his free will, and
like that; on the contrary.
will be subjected to the biosphere and the lithoThe reason that Ørsted
sphere.
could find that which his
contemporaries looked for
Ørsted’s Worldview
in vain, namely a connecLike the great astronomer and thinker Johannes
tion between the diffuse
Kepler (1571-1630), Ørsted is convinced that we
phenomena of electricity
do not live in a universe ruled by anarchy and
and magnetism, was that
randomness. On the contrary. The universe is a
he knew they were part of
beautiful process of development, which is guidan overall harmony, and
ed by a higher idea. Ørsted had therefore called
therefore, there must be a
natural laws, “natural thoughts,” and in a sharp
correlation which he
polemic against people like Reverend Grundtvig,
could find, if he could unØrsted said: “natural laws are thoughts of naderstand the idea that lay
ture. . . . These thoughts of nature are also God’s
behind it. Just as Kepler, in
thoughts.”5
his pioneering works, The
Grundtvig had attacked Ørsted for underminNew Astronomy and The
ing Christianity through the dissemination of sciHarmony of the World,
ence, for, according to Grundtvig, one could not A depiction of Ørsted and his most famous had described how he disboth study science and believe in God. Ørsted electromagnetic experiment, from the Deutsche covered the harmonic
had replied to this with a lecture titled “The Cul- Museum.
principles underlying the
24
Fall 2009
21st Century Science & Technology
planetary orbits in our Solar System, Ørsted believed that discoveries in astronomy are the role
model for how we create a deeper understanding of
all the other scientific fields. Science, of course, implies the use of our senses, in order to look at the
phenomena around us through sensory impressions, and we even build better tools to enhance
these senses. But this alone does not give us insight
into the coherence of things. It requires something
more, namely human genius. We are able to go
beyond the sum of sensory impressions, and create a hypothesis about the principle, the thought,
or idea, that lies behind the phenomena we observe.
Ørsted understood this early. He began his work,
“The First Foundations of Natural Philosophy,” published in 1799, while he was a student:
When a collection of knowledge, gained
through experience, shall make claim to be
A contemporary view of Denmark’s Technical University, the successor of
science, in the genuine meaning of that word,
the Polytechnic University which was founded by Ørsted in 1829. Ørsted
then these observations have to be connected,
fought to keep science, not mathematics, primary in the curriculum.
according to certain general and necessary laws,
which cannot be deduced from experience
assume to be general and necessary, because he knows
itself, but must be proven without its help (a priori). If
that experience can only teach us what is, but not what
that is not the case with an ordered body of knowledge,
necessarily must be.
then the thinker is not at all satisfied with the result, but it
leaves him at a boundary, which he is not certain is the
Poetry and Science
outermost, and it shows him laws, which he dares not
As Ørsted himself never tired of pointing out, his first love
was not cold mathematics, but warm poetry:
Don’t you know that since I was a child, I have been
writing poetry, even before I could write prose?. . . Know
that I only left poetry, because it seemed to me, that
there were too many lies and affectation in most of it,
and that, nevertheless, I have always felt attracted by its
harmony.7
For Ørsted, there is no strict separation between science and
art. They are both products of human creativity and reason,
each in its own field. And it is through developing ourselves in
both areas, that we are able to break the narrow limits of our
thinking that have prevented us from capturing the deeper reality behind our sense impressions. Both are products of human
reason. Through our capacity for critical self-reflection and a
review of our a priori axioms and assumptions, we philosophize and reflect about the larger connections and higher harmony. And then, when we seek to create a hypothesis about the
invisible underlying coherence that causes our physical observations—the shadows we see on the wall—then it is our imagination, trained through art, which will enable us to do this. For
example, Albert Einstein always started playing his violin when
he was stuck on a problem, and needed to be inspired to solve
it.
Subsequently, we use physical experiments to confirm or refute our theory, where
Ørsted’s first love was poetry, and Friedrich Schiller (17591805) was an influential figure in his philosophy.
Its importance is due to the fact that it is not only our
reason, which tests the creations of our own reason, but
21st Century Science & Technology
Fall 2009 25
Ørsted’s discovery of electromagnetism sent a shock wave
throughout Europe. Here a French engraving depicting the
experiment (right) and (above) a German illustration of the
experiment.
Below left: A reconstruction of Ørsted’s 1820 experiment
demonstrating electromagnetism. A compass placed next to
a closed electrical circuit, with the needle parallel to the
wire, caused the compass needle to shift, indicating a relationship between electricity and magnetism. Readers can
reproduce this effect for themselves.
Many of the most excellent of those
who work with natural science, have
tried too hard to impress mathematics onto it, or more correctly, the
form of Euclidean geometry,
whereby it has been regarded as
applied mathematics. By doing so,
science is robbed of its natural form.
And when a group of mathematicians
in 1844 tried to introduce changes in
teaching at the Polytechnic University,
to be grounded in mathematics instead
of physics, Ørsted clearly refused. He
declared himself in fundamental disthat we are testing how well our reason is in harmony
with a creation which we certainly know, for sure, our
reason has not produced.8
After that, the new knowledge can be turned into new
mathematical formulas and principles that we can use in our
ongoing activities. But if we try to let mathematics lead us to
reality, putting the cart before the horse, then we will get mirages, instead of science, as we see among many contemporary
researchers.
That was already a problem in Ørsted’s time, and in 1811, he
wrote a warning in his First Introduction to General Natural Science:
26
Fall 2009
agreement with
those mathematicians who think that physics should only
be treated mathematically. In contrast to this, throughout
my whole scientific life, and even more so, the further I
progressed, I have tried to elevate a treatment emanating
from the nature of physics itself, in which mathematics
steps backward, as much as possible, in favor of experimental treatment. At the same time, I have constantly
declared, that it is exceedingly important for physics, that
its truths are also put in a mathematical form, and I
encourage those listeners, who would be willing to go
further in this direction, to make use of mathematical
21st Century Science & Technology
teaching for this purpose. In contrast to this, I cannot
advise anyone to start with mathematics, in order to
become a physicist.
Until his death, Ørsted prevented the Polytechnic University
and the Danish scientific community from being taken over by
the mathematicians. Ørsted had a dynamic holistic worldview
in which all parts of our existence must necessarily be interdependent. There is no false separation between science and art,
or knowledge and belief. In 1833, he concluded a letter to Hans
Christian Andersen, in connection with his first trip abroad,
with these words:
Reason with Reason = The Truth;
Reason within the Will [intention] = The Good;
Reason within the Imagination = The Beautiful.
We see here the dynamic holistic idea that was a hallmark of
the Danish Golden Age, in which Ørsted was a great driving
force, and which, in reality, was a renaissance, a rebirth of classic Greek art and philosophy. It was living by the Greek idea,
that one should be kalo9 kai agato9, beautiful and good,
and seek the truth, the beautiful and the good, which was the
source of the explosion of creativity and development during
the Golden Age. And this was largely the result of Ørsted and
others being inspired by that standpoint through the great influence of Friedrich Schiller’s ideas in Denmark.9
Reason with Reason
Already as a student, Ørsted published interesting philosophical thoughts, and during his subsequent educational trip
throughout Europe, he was able to visit 70 of the great scientists
and thinkers of the time. He was immediately attracted by the
great incomprehensible phenomena of his time, such as electricity and magnetism, but also all other natural scientific phenomena. From early on, he loved to verify all experiments, and
published one of the first chemistry books in German of his
time, in order to make the many new speculations and discoveries accessible to a wider audience. The book was soon translated into French.
Ørsted quickly became the focal point in Copenhagen, when
it came to reenacting international physics experiments, both
for students who needed to have a minimal insight into chemistry and physics, and for other scientifically interested people.
He built up an ever more extensive collection of experiments.
In 1806, he published a scientific study of the graphics of sound
waves (how metal plates, which are set into motion by certain
sound waves, create harmonious patterns in powder placed on
the plates), which is illustrated in the portrait of Ørsted from
1842. That was the reason he was accepted, in 1808, into the
Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, together with scientists
and scholars from many fields.
Ørsted quickly became a very active figure in the Academy,
and was engaged in ensuring that discoveries and studies were
not buried in desk drawers, but were circulating, and published,
if possible. He believed that
The announcement of a new thought, is just as much an
event as the publication of a new experiment; that [the
experiment] will only gain its importance, which can be
very large or very small, by its relation to the world of
thoughts.10
In 1815, he became secretary of the Academy, a post he held
until his death in 1851. Ørsted tried to continue his independent scientific research, but more and more of his time was devoted to disseminating natural science to the entire society
around him. Then came “The year 1820 [which] was the happiest in Ørsted’s scientific life,”11 as he wrote in his autobiography—his seminal discovery of electromagnetism.
Discovery of Electromagnetism
There are those who say that it was pure coincidence that
Ørsted discovered electromagnetism, but that is a hoax. Ørsted
was constantly on the lookout for such a deeper understanding,
and already in 1812, in Ansicht der Chemischen Naturgesetze,
he had reasoned that electricity and magnetism are “produced
by the same forces.” Then, in the Spring of 1820, when he was
preparing an experiment for his students, he got an idea for a
modified experimental arrangement that might demonstrate the
connection. Ørsted hypothesized that if a closed electrical circuit would have an effect on a nearby compass needle, it would
not make the needle align parallel to the wire, but at an angle.
Therefore, before the circuit was closed, he wanted to place the
compass needle parallel to the wire, instead of perpendicular,
so that any movement away from the parallel would be noticeable. He had no time to verify the result before the lecture, but
when they performed the experiment, it showed that the needle
did move slightly.
Ørsted did not have the possibility of making a systematic
study of the phenomenon before the Summer, when his further
studies confirmed the phenomenon, and he mapped it out in
detail. Thereafter, as he described it:
He rushed to publish his work. That occurred in the form
of a very short Latin prospectus, on two tightly written
quartos. . . . He now sent this half-of-a-sheet of paper out
by one-day mail to the important scientific places in the
world.12
Ørsted’s discovery immediately sent scientific shock waves
across Europe, and, with André-Marie Ampère’s continued
work based on Ørsted’s discovery, a new scientific field was
launched. Along with it came an understanding of how phenomena like electricity and magnetism, which are invisible to
our senses, are “visible” to our reason, and enable us to better
understand and subdue the physical universe.
Understanding electromagnetism had enormous consequences for scientific knowledge, as well as the further development of the human economy and our society. Since Johannes
Kepler had identified gravitation as a universally valid physical
principle, which is present and acting everywhere, although it
is invisible to our senses, the hunt was on for other similar principles, including the two diffuse phenomena of electricity and
magnetism. The ability to show that the two phenomena are
connected, and operate based on the same underlying laws,
was a major step forward in understanding the underlying universal principles, and the beginning of the process of creating a
21st Century Science & Technology
Fall 2009 27
Carl Friedrich Gauss
(1777-1855)
André-Marie Ampère
(1775-1836)
Ørsted’s discovery was furthered by
the work of the European leaders in
classical science, laying the basis for
modern industrial society.
trary axioms and postulates. Gauss
held his work to give mathematics
a new physical scientific fundament hidden from the public, because Europe was increasingly being brought under a political and
scientific dictatorship, which did
not want any challenges to the
generally accepted doctrines. It
was therefore Gauss’s student, Bernhard Riemann, who publicly
challenged and overthrew the arbitrary axioms and postulates within mathematics and physics, which
Einstein and Vernadsky later continued working on.
Together with his younger collaborator Wilhelm Weber, Gauss
investigated electromagnetism,
and the two invented the tele­
graph in 1833, based on Ørsted’s
discovery, enormously improving communication possibilities. One
could now telegraph messages
with the speed of light over long
distances.
Subsequently, the spread of
electricity meant that town and
country were illuminated, and
also, with the use of the electric
motor, the foundation was laid for
modern industrial society, and the
opportunity for the prosperity we
have today.
The Reason of the Will
For Ørsted, research was always
alluring and exciting, but it was
not an end in itself. Like the godfather of the American nation, Benjamin
Franklin
(1706-1790),
whom he greatly admired, Ørsted
put the general welfare in the seat
of honor. Natural science is a
means to turn the forces of nature
Wilhelm Eduard Weber
Bernhard Riemann
into our tools, and thus be better
(1804-1891)
(1826-1866)
able to ensure all people a better
life. Simultaneously, it can also set
unified field theory (still the big challenge today), where physius free, by liberating society from
cally verifiable universally valid physical principles are collect- superstition. When Ørsted graduated in 1801, natural science
ed in a single space-time.
was not something you could study, and therefore, Ørsted spent
One of the thinkers in this direction was Carl Friedrich Gauss, most of his life, and most of his time, trying to ensure that the
who began his life with great discoveries in geometry and math- gifts of science could reach the whole society. Single-handedly,
ematics, and then used his extraordinary genius to shed light on he built up instrument collections, and was a chemistry and
astronomy, geodesy, and Earth magnetism, among other fields. physics teacher for both university students and the general
Gauss, like Ørsted, had already at a young age, rejected the tra- public.
ditional Euclidean geometry, and secretly developed his own
Ørsted used his great fame after 1820, to reach the public in
physical-geometric methods to circumvent the mathematics of Denmark, and internationally. After a trip to England in 1824,
his time, which, like the Euclidean system, was based on arbi- he became the initiator and driving force behind the founding
28
Fall 2009
21st Century Science & Technology
Ørsted, the Magnetic Association, and H.C. Schumacher
Ørsted did not work alone in his
magnetic field were necessary, in ormagnetic measuring, but collaborated
der to make sound scientific hypothwith the Danish astronomer and geodeses about the phenomenon. He deesist Heinrich Christian Schumacher
signed a magnetic observatory, and
(1780-1854), among others. In 1808,
a new set of scientific instruments,
the 27-year-old Schumacher made a
capable of measuring magnetic
request to the world famous Gauss, to
changes with “astronomical precibe allowed come to Göttingen to be
sion.” Then, he had to arrange to have
trained by him. He had already been
a series of similar observatories built
granted 600 Danish crowns by the
around the world, which would be
Danish king, to study with Gauss for
able to measure changes in Earth’s
one year. After a long hesitation, Gauss
magnetic field, according to a series
answered that Schumacher was welof clearly defined principles.
come to come and use the astronomiAs a natural part of that project,
cal facilities, as long as he did not exSchumacher contacted Ørsted in the
pect formal instruction from Gauss.
spring of 1834, and urged him to come
This was to be of great importance for
to Göttingen, and to make the preparathe future, because while Schumacher
tions to build such an observatory in
worked with Gauss, they developed a Danish astronomer Heinrich Christian Copenhagen. Ørsted replied that he
close cooperation and friendship, Schumacher (1780-1850) was a close would like come to Göttingen for that
which continued through the next 42 friend of Ørsted, and arranged Ørsted’s purpose, but could depart only in July,
years, including the exchange of 1,319 meeting with Gauss, which launched the at which point he would visit Gauss.
letters, one of our primary sources to- Magnetic Association.
Schumacher arranged that money was
day for an understanding of Gauss’s
allocated for an extra assistant,
thoughts on many subjects.
Poulsen, to travel with Ørsted to Göttingen, to learn what
Schumacher had to leave Gauss after a year, but he be- would be necessary to construct and operate the observatory.
came the director of the Mannheim Astronomical Observa- Also, he arranged for the necessary funds to be granted from
tory in 1813-1815, and then was appointed professor of as- the Danish treasury to build a fully equipped observatory at
tronomy at the University of Copenhagen. Quite extraordinary, the Polytechnic Institute in Copenhagen, complete with the
he was given permission to perform this function from Alto- construction of Gauss’s newly designed instruments.
na, on the extreme southern border of the Danish kingdom,
Schumacher was the intermediary in this exchange of corwhere, with funds provided by the Danish king, he bought a respondence between his two “dear friends,” as he called
property that served as both his home and a guest house, and them in private correspondence, and the result was that the
where he established an observatory. Schumacher later be- plan was successfully put into practice.
came a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences,
While Ørsted visited Gauss, they founded the Magneand closely collaborated with Ørsted.
tische Verein, the Magnetic Association, together with five
Schumacher had a unique ability to get the Danish king other scientists. Under the direction of Gauss and Weber, the
and various finance ministers to allocate money for scientific Association organized the construction of similar observatoprojects, not only of importance for Denmark, but also for ries throughout Europe, and the mapping of the Earth’s magGermany, and the world. In 1821, Schumacher was allocated netic field and magnetic fluctuations. This scientific evimoney from the Danish state treasury for the publication of an dence allowed Gauss to write his groundbreaking scientific
astronomical scientific journal Astronomische Nachrichten descriptions of the phenomena of magnetism and Earth mag(Astronomical News), which he published from Altona. This netism.
quickly became the leading international scientific journal,
Shortly after Ørsted returned from his trip, the magnetic
and a vital pivot for astronomical, magnetic, and other vital observatory was established, and in November of the same
basic research. It still exists today, and is the oldest continu- year, the first surprising results were obtained. As part of the
ously published scientific journal. Schumacher became project, it was agreed to measure the magnetic field for 24 Ørsted’s link to German scientific circles such as Gauss, Bes- hours, with 5-minute intervals, on November 5-6. Because
sel, Olbers, and so on, with whom Schumacher, from his ad- of a mistake, only the observatories in Copenhagen and Mivanced position in Altona, was in almost daily contact.
lan made the measurements, but they showed that there was
an amazing coincidence between the fluctuations in the
Magnetic Studies
magnetic field at the two locations, despite the great disGauss, as part of his extensive magnetic studies, decided tance. This was later confirmed by extensive studies during
in 1834, that precise international studies of the Earth’s the following years, as recorded in the Magnetische Verein.
21st Century Science & Technology
Fall 2009 29
Schumacher’s house and observatory in Altona, at the southern
border of Denmark, from where he served as a professor of astronomy at the University of Copenhagen.
of The Association for the Dissemination of Natural Sciences,
and the founding of the Polytechnic University in 1829, of
which he, of course, became the rector. Ørsted’s lectures to the
students were in Danish, as often as possible, and open to the
public. When Ørsted stood at the blackboard, or performed
new experiments, which he often did, there was usually a rich
mixture of people in the audience from many different backgrounds. This meant that new scientific discoveries could soon
be made useful, and transform the society and its activities.
A well known example is the founder of the Carlsberg brewery, J.C. Jacobsen, who was an enthusiastic spectator at these
lectures, and used the new knowledge gained to improve and
streamline the art of brewing. In an 1844 letter, Ørsted presented his own teaching philosophy:
Associated with the specific scientific treatment I have
used in physics, I have tried to make it as accessible to as
many readers as the subject would allow; I have made it
as popular, and as Danish, as was in my power. Besides, I
have endeavored to place the teaching of nature in the
context of all of science, yes, even within the entirety of
the education of the spirit.
Ørsted strove not only to translate his lectures on scientific
discoveries into everyday Danish, to make them available to
the public, but throughout his life, he also coined the Danish
names of many of the newly found chemical substances and
scientific processes, constructing such meaningful words as
30
Fall 2009
The title page of the first issue (1823) of Astronomische Nachrichten (Astronomical News), the astronomical journal published by Schumacher with Danish state funds. It is still in publication today.
oxygen (in Danish “ilt,” from “ild” the word for fire), hydrogen
(in Danish “brint,” from “at brende” which means to burn),
and hundreds of others in our scientific and everyday language. That way, the society could avoid using a language of
science which was incomprehensible for ordinary people (as
Latin was), and instead, integrate scientific language into everyday speech. This was not to lower the scientific level, but
to lift ordinary people out of the power of their world of senses, up to the level of science. (It also indeed turns out that
even if professional researchers use a myriad special scientific terms, they often do not understand them, before they
have translated them into their mother tongue.)
Ørsted was also often involved in the practical application of
science as, for example, inventing a method for producing aluminum, a study of the possibility of exploiting deposits of coal
on the Danish Baltic Sea island of Bornholm, and the production of the liquor aquavit, together with Brondum, the famous
Danish liquor manufacturer.
Ørsted’s International Work
But Ørsted played a major role not only in Denmark. He was
a central figure in the international network of researchers and
scientists, which, in spite of the Congress of Vienna’s attempts to
stifle all freedom and development, created the foundation for
functioning European nations of the future. Already on his first
trip abroad in 1801, he had met leading scientists and intellectuals across Europe, and he continued to have contact with a
21st Century Science & Technology
vast international netsimilar fantasy today).
work until his death 50
Under Ørsted’s influence, Andersen’s genius flouryears later. In addition
ished, and Ørsted would pronounce the prophetic words
to publishing his own
that Andersen’s novels would make him famous, but his
books in both German
fairy tales would make
and French, and sendhim immortal.
ing scientific papers in
Throughout his life,
Latin to leading scienØrsted also had a close
tific institutions, Ørsted
relationship and diamade sure that promilogue with the major
nent scientists, like AlDanish
poet Adam
exander von HumOhlenschläger, whose
boldt, Gauss, and many
sister, Sophie, married
others, were members
Ørsted’s brother, Anders
of the Royal Danish
Sandøe Ørsted, who
Academy of Sciences,
was his closest discuswhere he served as secsion partner and also
retary. He also arranged
played a leading role in
financial assistance for
Adam Oehlenschläger (1779- Danish society in his
research, and gave
1850), another Danish poet, own right, as a lawyer,
prizes and monetary Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) was was also a lifelong friend of and Minister.
rewards for major inspired by his intellectual father, Ørsted.
Ørsted.
In his central position
works, as when Gauss
in Danish society, Ørsted,
received a big prize in 1822.13
along with other lovers of Schiller,
In 1834, Ørsted was on an official trip to visit
like Finance Minister Count Ernst
Gauss in Göttingen, arranged by his close friend
Schimmelmann, ensured that alHeinrich Christian Schumacher.14 During the
though Denmark went through
visit, Gauss and Ørsted, together with five other
many deep crises—for example,
scientists, founded the Magnetische Verein, the
the British military attacks on CoMagnetic Association. It was actually the first
penhagen in 1801 and 1807, nainternational scientific association, and was
tional bankruptcy in 1813, and the
tasked with mapping the Earth’s magnetic field.
painful loss of Norway at the ConAfter the visit, Ørsted built a magnetic observagress of Vienna in 1815—there
tory at the Polytechnic University in Copenhawere always resources for an obvigen, with a set of new advanced instruments deous talent to have the opportunity
veloped by Gauss, which could measure the
to develop himself, by sending him
changes in the magnetic field with “astronomion a state-financed educational
cal precision.”
journey throughout Europe. This
The Magnetic Association was also thought to
enabled a young talent to travel to
have had a secret mission, which was concealed Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1778-1860), wherever he could get the best edfrom its contemporaries: namely, to spread natu- Ørsted’s brother and closest friend, was ucation and intellectual nutrition
ral sciences and new technologies in society, not a jurist and government minister.
for further development, whether
only hoping to benefit the general welfare of huin science, poetry, painting, or
manity, but also, over time, to establish intellectual and politi- some other field. When such a grand tour were over, the homecal freedom in Europe.
comer could illuminate the Danish environment, and reproduce his talent here.
The Reason Within the Imagination
Simultaneously, Ørsted was a central source of inspiration
When Ørsted collected his main considerations in his book for his time. In most societies, the bright minds and warm
The Spirit of Nature, it was not only natural science that had the hearts get inspiration and spiritual guidance from great philoplace of honor, but also philosophy and poetry. Ørsted tries sophical poets. Schiller was such a pure and unspoiled
here, as throughout his life, to promote poetry in natural sci- source of inspiration for his time. That can be seen with muence, and natural science in poetry. Like Schiller, he tries to sicians such as Beethoven and Schubert, but it also applied to
bring art onto much firmer ground than simply being an expres- the great minds in all other fields, including Ørsted. And for
sion of arbitrary, indifferent taste. Ørsted was a patron, and an the Danish poets, it also went the other way. Andersen, Oehlenintellectual father, for the great Danish poet Hans Christian An- schläger, and others, tapped ideas, inspiration, and courage,
dersen, and he convinced him that it were far better to write from Ørsted. As Hans Christian Andersen beautifully described
stories with scientific, philosophical, and metaphorical insight, it in several locations, in much detail, “Ørsted is probably the
than to follow the contemporary popular story trend and write man whom I have loved the most.”15
stories based on magic and hocus pocus (like Harry Potter and
Ørsted was always ready to inspire Andersen with new cour-
21st Century Science & Technology
Fall 2009 31
The highest a person can reach
in education, is the capability to
thoroughly penetrate a limited
circle of knowledge with deep
insight, and, aided by the
spiritual development attained,
joined to an eager love of
inquiry, to gain a reasonably
clear picture of the entirety of
existence.17
And elsewhere he writes that “Insight is the greatest pleasure of our
spiritual existence.” Ørsted believed
that science gives individuals
impressions of irresistible power,
thoughts which appear in
undeniable clarity, [and] force
him to understand a great deal
in a new way. This gives rise to
The famous experiment of Benjamin Franklin, assisted by his son, showed the electricl natwo opposite feelings: either joy,
ture of thunder and lightning. Ørsted proposed it as an exciting subject for a great poet.
from the new light, or dissatisfaction, from the disruptive
age and hope when he had one of his many periods of depresinterference with their usual worldview.18
sion. Ørsted also tried to get contemporary poets to help spread
a fascination of natural science, by draping it in poetry. He
Therefore, he dreamed about establishing numerous polymade the experiment himself, with his poem, “The Airship,” technic schools, so the whole population could get access to
and he thought that Benjamin Franklin must certainly be a good science, and not be content with the folk high schools based on
subject for such a poem or drama:
Grundtvig’s model, where the rural population should only
have the most elementary skills to cope with their daily life,
For instance, it is remarkable that the discovery of the
read the Bible, and sing hymns.
electrical nature of thunder and lightning has never
inspired a great poet to write an exciting description of it.
Human Creativity
The discovery was the fruit of scientific thought, but it was
For Ørsted, man and his cognitive ability were something
proclaimed to the world by an heroic act, for the
fundamentally good. Consequently, we humans can do stupid,
discoverer conducted the electric fire from a cloud by
and through our ignorance, evil things, but not in the long run.
means which endangered his own life. He was assisted by
his youthful son: We can conceive of the inner tension
The process of thinking, according to its nature, must act
the father must have felt before the experiment, the
according to the eternal laws of nature, so that its
innocent or heroic participation of the son, and the
unreasonable excesses, contradict its fundamental
feeling of triumphant joy when it was concluded.
essence. There is already located an urge there, to
Concerning the son’s participation, the poet is free to
weaken the power of evil, within the willing person
choose whether he will suppose the father has not spoken
himself.19
to his son about the danger, or has spoken to him about it,
but to test him, has concealed the precautions which he
Of course, Ørsted wanted rapid change, but did not let himhas taken to protect him, while he must necessarily
self be discouraged by temporary setbacks.
expose himself to danger.16
Therefore, we must assume from all that has been said,
Hans Christian Andersen, who shared Ørsted’s enthusiasm
that the human race develops itself according to the laws
for scientific and technological progress, was the poet who
of reason, and that the series of changes which take
most directly accepted Ørsted’s challenge, as can be seen, for
place, despite alternating between progress and decline,
example, in his fairy tale “The Drop of Water” and writings like
lead to actual development, and that the intervention of
“The Millennia,” “Poetry’s California,” and “The Thorny Road of
free will, notwithstanding apparent disturbances, must
Honor.”
obey the eternal order of Reason.20
Like Schiller, Ørsted had a deep trust in the goodness of mankind, that reason would eventually be victorious and give us a
And, “We must . . . remind ourselves, that centuries are short
better world. In The Spirit of Nature, he says directly:
periods in the history of mankind.”21
In The Spirit of Nature, Ørsted wrote about the unique hu32
Fall 2009
21st Century Science & Technology
Were it not yet, it would rise from the streams below.
Genius stands with Nature in everlasting union:
What is promised by one, the other surely fulfills.23
A New Renaissance
Today, we are faced with a decisive choice. The great climate
superstition is just one result of the paradigm shift that occurred
in 1968, where the institutions of higher learning were flooded
with a new anti-scientific, anti-human worldview. Instead of
using our creative reason to come to deeper cognitive insights,
and to test our hypotheses through physical experiments, so
that we may ensure continued scientific and technological
progress, we acquired on some totally new and destructive values. After 40 years, these have led to the collapse of the world
economy and financial system, and now threaten the future
survival of a large part of mankind.
Inspired by Ørsted, that is the challenge we must accept today. We must have a generation of young enthusiastic defenders of humanity, which commands the greatest human cognitive insight in both natural science, as well as art. We can honor
Ørsted’s memory, by using his discovery of electromagnetism
not only to create a Danish magnetically levitated (maglev)
train network, with a top speed of 500 kilometers/hour but also
an international maglev network, that stretches all the way from
Europe, throughout Asia, to North and South America. And
then, of course, we should not just have a satellite named after
Ørsted, but also one of the next spaceships that, with Danish
participation, will travel to Mars, and beyond, into the great expanses of outer space.
The author, pictured in his 2007 campaign poster for member of parliament from Copenhagen. Gillesberg is well
known in Denmark for his campaigns warning of the coming
financial collapse, and urging Denmark to support a Maglev
train to link Zealand to the Jutland Peninsula. “After the financial crash: maglev across the Kattegat,” was his 2007campaign slogan.
man ability to make hypotheses about the deeper principles
that underlie the physical phenomena we can observe, and
afterwards to confirm them through scientific experimentation, “You could, with some changes, use an expression of
Schiller, and say: What the spirit promises, nature fulfills.”22
We humans are not shabby underlings who must simply let
ourselves submit to the world order of our time or nature, he
said, but are God’s helping hand in the process of continuing
creation, and can, through our senses and our genius, both understand and use the laws of nature. And we live in a good and
lawful universe, where nature is predetermined to submit, and
to listen to us, when we act based on reason. As Schiller put it
in his poem “Columbus”:
Steer, courageous sailor!
Although the wit may deride thee,
And the skipper at the helm lower his indolent hand—
Ever, ever to the West!
There the coast soon appears,
There it so clearly lies. Your mind sees the land.
Trust in the guiding God and follow the silent ocean!
Footnotes _______________________________________________________
1-6. These quotations are from Hans Christian Ørsted, The Spirit of Nature,
1856, Third edition (Copenhagen). They were translated into English, using
some phrases from the 1852 English translation of L. and J. Horner, The
Soul in Nature, 1852. (London: Henry G. Bohm).
7. In a letter to theologian and government official A.C. Gierlew, Feb. 13,
1808
8. See Notes 1-6.
9. Friedrich Schiller had a towering influence on Danish intellectual life. As described in this author’s article “The Danish Help to Schiller,” two leading
Danish statesmen, Prince Friedrich Christian of Augustenburg and Ernst
von Schimmelmann, financed Schiller throughout six critical years, from
1791-1796.
In appreciation of this generous help, Schiller wrote the “Letters on the
Aesthetical Education of Man” to Augustenburg, who lived at the royal palace, Christiansburg, in Copenhagen, at that time. As he received each letter, Augustenburg would carefully study it and then pass it on to Schimmelmann and the other ministers in the government. Thus Schiller’s work made
a lasting impression on the later educational reforms in which Augustenburg was a leading force.
At this time, Denmark was also still a bilingual nation, so all the works of
Schiller directly had a huge and grateful audience.
10-12. These quotations are from Ørsted’s autobiography, translated into English by Michelle Rasmussen.
13. Gauss won with the paper “Theoria attractionis corporum sphaeroidicorum
ellipticorum homogeneorum methodus nova tractata,” which presents a
general theory of how to map a spherical or elliptical surface onto other surfaces, without distorting its internal properties.
14. See box, p. 33.
15. Nicolaj Boegh in Danmark, Illustreret Kalender for 1887.
16-22. These quotations are from Hans Christian Ørsted, The Spirit of Nature,
1856, Third edition (Copenhagen). They were translated into English, using
some phrases from the 1852 English translation of L. and J. Horner, The
Soul in Nature, 1852. (London: Henry G. Bohm). Note 20 is taken from the
latter, p. 126.
23. The author has adapted here a translation of the poem found at http://www.
schillerinstitute.org.
21st Century Science & Technology
Fall 2009 33