Classification of Holograms and Types of Hologram Used in

International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design
24 - 26 April 2014, Istanbul – Turkey
Classification of Holograms and Types of Hologram Used in Holographic
Art
Vildan Işık
Department of Industrial Design, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Meliksah UniversityTalas/Kayseri, Turkey
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Holography is a modern imaging technique which was created by the research and applications of numerous physicists,
chemists, mathematicians and engineers, and which is still being continue to develop. With this technique, recording and
storage of the light and sound and re-creation of them at the desired time and space is intended. Mainly used in scientific
and technological research and applications, holography, also began to be used increasingly in the field of art in many
countries, by the time many artists had discovered the artistic potential of this technique in the 1960s. Holography is a
technique that include many hologram types. Some of these types could be used in the holographic art, however each
hologram type is not appropriate for artistic use. In order to understand which of them could be used in art, firstly
classification of this technique as well as the types should be known. In this study, holograms are classified, and hologram
types used in the holographic art,and holographic art terms are examined.
Keywords: Holography, hologram, holographic art, classification of holograms, types of hologram, terminology of
holographic art,
INTRODUCTION
In 1947, Hungarian scientist Dennis Gabor who’s an electrical engineer and physicist is the first who find the technique
and gives it the name of Holography ( Hecth, 2010). With this technique, all the features of the waves; wave intensity
(wave height ); wave color (wavelength) and wave direction (wave vibration angle) are recorded, stored and reconstructed (Onural, 2008). Previously, holography was a technique which is used only in laboratories, afterwards it
increasinly has began to be used in more and more areas. Artistic potential of holography was discovered by a small
group towards the end of the 1960s. Holography has a process which’s similar to the history of photography in terms of
technical improvements, market demand and artistic acceptance. The artistic acceptance of the holography and the
evaluation of it as a separate art form is based on the post-1980s (Johnston, 2006).
Holograms are produced by different techniques in holography, so that there are many different kinds of holograms.
Knowledge of the classification of holography and the used varieties in understanding and evaluating the holographic art
will contribute significantly to the preference of which type of hologram will be preferred. Therefore, in the study firstly the
classification of holograms described and afterwards the hologram types which are frequently used in the holographic art
is explicated (Işık, 2014).
Classification Of Holograms
Holograms can be classified under the following headings (Işık, 2012):
Use and Study Area.There are many holograms which are used in many areas and for different purposes such as optics,
electronics, medicine, IT, architecture, museology, art, culture, industry, military and security. These are classified
according to the use and examination purposes under the headings like medical holograms, art holograms and security
holograms etc.
Optik and Electonic Elements.Different kinds of holograms arise according to the holographic optical elements (HOE)
such as lenses, mirrors, filters, prisms and etc. and holographic electronic elements (HEE) such as electrons, crystal
displays, cameras, computers, etc.. which are used in hologram recording and re-construction.
Holographic Object.Holographic object can refer to an object which is dead or alive, with or without motion as well as it
can refer to the sound frequency, microscopic organisms, electrons which are so small to be seen visibly and subatomic
particles. Also sometimes a hologram may be the object of another hologram (fig.1). Depending on the nature of the
holographic object different hologram varieties are emerging.
35
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24 - 26 Aprril 2014, Istanb
Fiig. 1. Copy an
nd Multiplicattion
Hologram’s Holo
ogram. Photo. by Vildan Işık
k, Hangyo Int. C
Corp. R&D Cen
nter Holography Lab., Seoul-S.Korea.
Fig. 2. Developing/B
Bleaching. Photo. by Vildan Işık, Hangyo Int.
I
Corp. R&D Center Hologrraphy Lab., Seoul-S.Korea.
mination. Photo. by Vildan Işık, Hangyo In
nt. Corp. R&D C
Center Hologra
aphy Lab., Seoul-S.Korea.
Fig. 3.. Color / Illum
Fig.. 4. Illuminattion / Dimens
sions.Photo. by
b Vildan Işık, H
Hangyo Int. Co
orp. R&D Cente
er Holography Lab., Seoul-S.Korea.
O
Beam..Different types of holograms
s have emerge
ed depending o
on the position
ns, numbers an
nd the
Refferance and Object
angles of the reference and obje
ect beams use
ed in holograph
hic recording. There
T
could be
e different holo
ogram types su
uch as
ection, transmission, single beam,
b
off-axis,, on-axis.
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Copy and Mu
ultiplication.C
Copying and re
econstruction of holograms with various analog
a
or digittal methods is
s possible
(fig.1).These methods
m
are ge
enerally groupe
ed under the fo
ollowing headings:
Broken
B
Hologrram. A holographic plate/film
m preserves all of the informa
ation belonging
g to the whole in all of its pie
eces even
if it is broken. Each of the brroken pieces may
m
be used as
s a master holo
ogram. This feature is not av
vailable in everry type of
hologram. Tran
nsmission-H1 holograms
h
are that like holog
grams.
Hologram's
H
Ho
ologram. Makin
ng a hologram to be the obje
ect of another hologram
h
and producing a ne
ew hologram is
s possible.
These
T
could be
e defined as copy hologram or H2, H3 etc
c. White light transmission,
t
rrainbow and multi-channel
m
h
holograms
are
a of this type
e.
Developing
D
P
Phase.Some
h
holograms
has been going th
hrough a bathrroom process in the dark roo
om after the record.
r
In
this
t
process which
w
the reco
orded image is stabilized, tto increase the
e transparency
y and gloss of
o the hologram also a
bleaching
b
operration is applie
ed with chemicals (fig.2). Thiis type hologra
am which become transparen
nt by bleaching
g is called
phase
p
hologram
m. Artists often uses bleache
ed phase holog
grams to show the 'back' of th
he hologram to
o the viewer.
Color.Different kinds of hollogram arises according to the usage of red, blue, gre
een laser beam
ms individually
y or by a
combination
c
(ffig.3,4). These are different hologram
h
types
s such as achro
omatic, true co
olor, pseudo co
olorand, multi color.
Illumination.
I
n the method they’re record
ded, hologram
ms are displaye
ed in differentt ways and are sorted
Depending on
accordingly
a
(fig.3,4). Some holograms
h
are visible with la
aser, some in a special light source, and so
ome in an ordinary light
source
s
or dayllight. For exam
mple, transmission-H1 holograms are visib
ble with laser, whereas holog
grams such as rainbow,
solar
s
embossed hologram can be seen in ordinary light.
Construction Stages.To de
efine the holog
grams accordin
ng to their con
nstruction stag
ges H1 and H2
2 symbols are used. In
some
s
types, for
f
example in
n sandwich hollograms H3, H
H4 symbols arre also used (T
Tornare, 2007
7). H1; is a single step
hologram whic
ch can be used
d as a master hologram.
h
This
s is the direct recording
r
of th
he laser beam as
a a one step operation
from
f
the objec
ct. The symboll of H2 is used
d to define a co
opy hologram which is the h
hologram of a hologram or a two step
hologram (MIT
T, 2001).
Dimensions.D
D
Dimensions is pointing to the
e hologram siz
ze as well as to
o x, y, z plane
es (fig.4). It is possible to cla
assify the
holograms acc
cording to theirr size in three different
d
ways::
n Holograms. Thick
T
hologram points to the volume and thinhologram po
oints to the plane.
Thick and Thin
Small
S
and Larg
ge-Scale Holog
grams. Size de
efinition, an ed
dge with new techniques,
t
it u
usually ranges from 60 cm to large is
called
c
large-sc
cale hologram.. Produced ma
any hologram size is quite small,
s
but now
wadays can produce 3 m2 white
w
light
transmission
t
hologram.
h
Dimensional
D
Holograms.
H
1D hologram is the linear record of one of the x, y or z-a
axis data. One
e-dimensional sound
s
frequenc
cies’ holograph
hic record
ustical hologram.
is done in acou
ne the hologra
aphic recording
g material such
h as glass or fiilm, the hologrraphic printings without
2D hologram is used to defin
s however which various colo
ors could be se
een and the ho
olographic proje
ection without parallax effectts.
parallax effects
2D/3D hologra
am is used to define holographic recorded surface and th
he dimensions of this surface. The 3D iden
ntification
here refers to the paralaxe property of ho
olograms, and to the real an
nd virtual area or the distance between th
he images
which’re
w
recorded over and over on a sing
gle surface. 2D
D/3D identifica
ation is used for many kinds
s of holograms
s that are
or some hologrraphic printings used in security systems.
used frequently by the artists (fig.4) and fo
ean to display a shiny, trans
sparent, three-dimensional h
hologram whic
ch is visible fro
om every
3D hologram is used to me
ch you can go around
a
them.
point and whic
Fig. 5. Refflection Holog
gram
Anaït Arutunoff Stephens, Scearch
hing, 1997, pu
ulse laser reflec
ction hologram
m
(art-in-holo
ography.org. 1996).
1
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Fig. 6.Transmiission Hologr
ram
Al Razutis, Pose,
P
2007, ma
aster transmiss
sion hologram and model (alc
chemists.com))
Fig. 7.Denisyuk
7
R
Reflection Hologram
Yuri Denisyuk
D
with his
h reflection hologram
(vanrenesseconsulting.com)).
PES OF HOLOG
GRAM USED IN
I HOLOGRAPHIC ART
TYP
Refflection Holog
gram.These ho
olograms can be H1 and H2
2 as well as they can be sing
gle color and multicolored. during
d
reco
ording, source and object liight is in the opposite direc
ction of record
ding material in its reprodu
uction, it has to be
illum
munated from the front with 450 white lightt. Field depth o
of reflection ho
olograms is sm
maller than tran
nsmission holog
grams.
Virtual and real im
mage are limitted by approx
ximately 25-30
0 cm. Despite this, reflection
n hologram prreserves its pa
arallax
spective as ho
orizontal and vertical. In this
s holograms whitening are very important because these
e holograms h
have a
pers
very
y small amou
unt of natura
al brightness((Leonardo, 20
001). Example
es: Margaret Benyon’sTigerr Girl1985, Patrick
P
Boy
yd’sLucy in a Tin
T Hat1988, Harriet
H
Casdin
n-Silver’sCoda 1990s and To
o Van Eyck an
nd Bosh2004, Alexander’sSu
urprise
199
92, Ana Maria Nicholson’sAprril 1990s (fig.9
9),Rudie Berkh
hout’sLift-Off20
001, Anaït Aruttunoff Stephen
ns’sScearching 1997
(fig..5).
ologram. “A master
m
or copy hologram in which the im
mage can be viewed when a light source p
passes
Transmission Ho
ough the recording medium
m, somewhat like
l
a slide. When
W
a transm
mission hologrram is a mas
ster hologram,, it is
thro
reco
onstructed usin
ng laser light.C
Copy transmiss
sion holograms
s, however, are
e illuminated w
with white lightt, and in some cases,
can be viewed witth a mercury or
o a sodium la
amp” (Leonardo, 2001: 379). This type“is viewed with la
aser light, usua
ally of
ed to make the
e recording. Th
he virtual image can be very sharp and dee
ep. Captures an
n image of a su
ubject
the same type use
muc
ch bigger than
n the holograp
phic plate or film
f
sheet thatt records the hologram. Refflection holograms cannot do this
easiily.Have an im
mage can be projected
p
onto
o a screen or other surface
e with a laser..Can be broke
en into small pieces
p
whe
ereby each pie
ece still contains the entire image” (Jeon
ng and Jeong,, 2005). Exam
mples: Paula Dawson’s
D
To Absent
A
Frie
end(1989), Al Razutis’sPose20
R
007 (fig.6).
nisyuk Holog
gram.This holo
ogram found by
b Juri N. Denisyuk in Russia, 1961 is a hologram of reflection in wh
hich a
Den
uniq
que laser light for object and source lights(fig.7). These h
holograms are the first visible
e H1 holograms seen in white
e light.
Des
spite having ge
enerally quite a small depth, an extremely realistic image
e of an object can be viewed
d. For the brigh
htness
and clarity of the
e hologram, as
s in all reflecttion holograms
s, in Denisyuk
k hologram as
s well, recorde
ed image shou
uld be
bilized by developing and cleared
c
afterwa
ards. Denisyuk
k hologram ha
as been a kin
nd mostly used in arts to record
r
stab
inva
aluable objects
s in museums for the docum
mentation of ob
bjects (Leonard
do, 2001; obel.ee.uwa.edu, 2011).Examples: Al
Razutis’sNewtonia
an Galactic Assembly Line 1974-76, Wenyon & Gamble’sB
Biblyography19
992.
Fig. 8. Whitte Light Transmission Hologram - WLT
T
(a) Stephen Benton, Crysta
al Beginning, 1977, white ligh
ht transmission
n hologram, 30
0,48 x 30,48 cm, Eve Ritsche
er
Collection(b) Stephen A. Benton with
h his work (ww
ww.holophile.co
om. 2009).
ansmission H
Hologram – WLT.It is also
o known as Benton
B
hologra
am because itt was develope
ed by
White Light Tra
phen Benton in
n the USA in 1969
1
(fig.8 a,b). It is a H2 ho
ologram which
h was produced
d from master hologram. Benton’s
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works
w
brought important development
d
not
n
only scien
ntific but also
o artistic as well
w
as comm
mercial areas (mit.edu,
s
in dayligh
ht and can be
e hung on the wall and thes
se reasons pla
ayed very
2003).Especially WLT hologrrams can be seen
e increasing of artistic potenttial of hologram
m (Johnston, 2005).Thus,
2
as
s an artistic de
evice, artists s
started to
important role
use holograms
s which can be
e seen in daylig
ght or halogen
n, led or ordina
ary light bulb instead of mak
king holograms
s that can
be seen only
y with a lase
er. Examples: Rudie Berkhout’s 12mW Boogie1978,Setsuo Ishii’sFrrozen Time1983, Sam
Moree’sPhoenix
ix 461996, Harrriet Casdin-Silver’sIan1994, Richard Kostelanetz’s On Ho
olography1978((fig.11).
Fig. 9. Puls
se Laser Holo
ogram
N
Aprill, 1990s, appro
ox. 50 x 60 cm
m, silver halide holographic fillm. Model: Korrean dancer Ap
pril Yao
Ana Maria Nicholson,
(anamarrianicholson.com).
Fig. 10. Multti Channel Ho
ologram
Vildan Işık, Ho
oloSuret-V, 2012, two channe
el reflection ho
ologram, 19 x 23,5
2
cm, silverr halide holographic film, cen
nter wiev.
enter Holograp
phy Lab., Seoul-S.Korea. (Işık
k, 2012).
Produced place: Hangyo Int. Corp. R&D Ce
Fig. 11. Holo
ographic Stere
eogram.
Lloyd G. Cro
oss (b. 1934) with
w
oil lens in 1977. Credit: Courtesy
C
of the
e Massachusettts Institute of Technology Mu
useum,
on, 2006: 179).
Cambrridge, Massachusetts (Johnsto
Pulse
P
Laser Hologram.Puls
H
se laser is a firrm solid state llaser spreading
g complying lig
ghts in short an
nd non-perman
nent form.
This
T
laser is us
sed to record animate
a
objectts and vivid sce
enes. Once onlly being able to
o record inanim
mate and static
c objects,
with
w
the advent of this lase
er now it is po
ossible to recorrd animate ob
bjects such as humans, anim
mals, flowers as
a well as
active
a
inanima
ate objects suc
ch as falling water,
w
soap bubbles, scattere
ed feathers an
nd popcorn witth the help of pulsating
laser. The dev
velopment of pulsating ruby laser in the ea
arly 1980s allow
wed much eas
siness for holog
gram artists (L
Leonardo,
2001; holograms.co.uk: 2012;
2
Nicholso
on, 2009).Examples:Ana Maria
M
Nicholson’sApril(fig.9)) and Keith Haring’s
Portrait1990s,
P
Sally Weber’s
s interferogram
ms, Al Razutis
s’sPose 2007 (fig.6), Anaït Arutunoff Ste
ephens’sScearc
ching1997
(fig.5).
Multi
M
Channe
el Hologram.T
This type of hologramis prod
duced by the masking and multi exposure
e methods of hologram
patterns. More
e than one holo
ographic plate can be used in
n layers and also can be multi exposed by using one or more
m
than
one
o
patterns. This technique provided mu
uch flexibility for artists in terms
t
of manipulating the form
f
and colour. Multichannel
c
holog
grams can be produced witth these holograms expose
ed many time
es with laser light(Leonardo
o, 2001).
Examples: Marrgeret Benyon’’sTiger Girl 198
85, Vildan Işık’’sHoloSuret-V2
2012 (fig.10).
Holographic
H
Stereogram. This technique consisting off taking and co
ombining the iimages from different
d
angles
s through
camera
c
and computer,
c
com
mbines photogrraphy, cinematography and holography. Lloyd
L
G. Cross
s, who is an American
physicist, first took pictures turning around
d a person or a
an object with traditional pho
otographic diapositive and th
hen made
these
t
series of diapositive holograms
h
(fig..11). Later, he
e mounted the
ese holograms in a roller wh
hich is 120˚ orr 360˚ so
phic stereogram (Cross, 19
992). Holograp
phic stereogra
am which was developed by Cross
revealed the first holograp
nsiderably the use of hologra
aphy artistically
y. Generally sttereograms are
e displayed by
y turning on an
n axis but
influenced con
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24 - 26 Aprril 2014, Istanb
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nd depth of partial cylindrical holograms sh
how up with viiewer's movem
ment which is in
i front of holo
ogram
the movement an
(Leo
onardo, 2001)..Example: Paula Dawson’sLuminous Presen
nce2007 (Daws
son, 2008: 303
3).
Fig. 12. 360
0˚ Hologram..
Richard
R
Kostela
anetz, On Holography, 1978, 3600 cylindrica
al white-light transmission
t
ho
ologram, R .41
1.5 cm, h. 24 cm,
c
photo: Robert Ha
aller, Pittsburgh, Penn. “The cylinder was ro
otated by an electric motor a
at 1 rev/min” (Kostelanetz, 1980:
4
40)
0˚ Hologram
m. There are many
m
ways to
o make holog
grams which have
h
effect off 360˚ paralla
ax. 360˚ holo
ografik
360
sterreogram, 360˚
˚ cylindrical hologram
h
and volumetric ho
ologram are some
s
of this kind of holog
gram(Saxby, 1
1994).
Volu
umetric hologrrams are image
es which are ‘ffloating’ in the
e air, can see from
f
all angles
s by turning around of people but
almost not possib
ble to make it without contro
olled laboratory
y tests(komar.cs.stthomas.e
edu). 360° holo
ografik stereog
grams
cal holograms are the most common
c
used by artist. Vilda
an Işık’s work which
w
is called Holo-Suret IV
V is an
and 360˚ cylindric
h
It is
s formed by co
ombining two 180˚ holograms which are recorded sepa
arately. This is also
example of this hologram.
ed integral ho
ologram. Image formed in the
t
middle of the cylinder in the air and only can be displayed by laser.
calle
Examples: Aaron
n Kurzen’sPrim
mal Manifestation 1977 (K
Kurzen, 1983: 10), Ray P
Park’sCoexisten
nce 2011, Riichard
H
8 (fig.12).
Kostelanetz’sOn Holography1978
NCLUSİON
CON
Usin
ng different diversity of diffferent hologra
ams in art enrriched visual expression and figuration also
a
it enlarge
ed the
limittation of many
y branches of art.
a
It is also necessary
n
to em
mphasize holog
graphic art is n
not limited justt is explained iin this
stud
dy. There are also many diversity of holo
ograms which are used for artistic purpo
ose such as co
omputer generated,
emb
bossed, rainbo
ow, holographic interferogram and digital hologram etc. which do no
ot take place in
i this study. If we
rega
ard that holography is a technique which still continue tto develop, it is possible to say that it willl be changes in the
dive
ersities of holograms which are
a used in artt. Because of c
complexity of holograph
h
tech
hnique and high
h of its cost, even
e
if
thes
se pose an obs
stacle it will be
e used more co
ommon in art in time. Thus, it will emerge
e a new philoso
ophic trend bettween
reality, virtuality and
a
multi-sensory areas.
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