report - Ministère de l`écologie et du développement durable

Transcription

SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL
PRESIDENT OF COP21
REPORT
THE AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY
INITIATIVE
LAUNCHED AT COP21
Signature of the Paris Agreement - April 22nd 2016. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations,
François Hollande, President of the French Republic, Ségolène Royal, President of COP21,
and Princess Lalla Hasnaa of Morocco
I am very happy to talk to you as President of COP21 in order to set out this
contribution to the Africa Renewable Energy Initiative, and I would like to take this
opportunity to salute the extraordinary potential of this initiative.
Thanks to the adoption of the Paris Agreement to which Africa made a
significant contribution, the action for the climate has made considerable progress
that we must now turn into concrete achievements. To do so, we need the African
continent.
We need its creativity, we need its optimism, we need its young people, we
need its energy, we need its commitment and we need its imagination. We also
need Africa to be able to make a real difference with its own solutions.
I have already said that I am convinced that this alliance to be formed with
the African continent is an opportunity that must be seized so as to balance
a multipolar world that must build peace and prosperity. We have a great
responsibility and our common capacity to have the courage to adopt visionary
strategies will give us the keys to a future world.
2
The damages caused by climatic disturbances are already there, in Africa
more than everywhere else, although Africa has nothing to do with them. This
problem of climate justice is therefore of the utmost urgency and it is therefore
also clear that we need the optimism and the conviction that solutions do actually
exist. This challenge that we must take up is in fact a new opportunity. Another
chance to invest. Another chance to give the companies that believe in renewable
energies the opportunity to create businesses and jobs. A chance as well to
reduce climatic migration, the migration of poverty and misery.
It is for this reason than I would like to salute Africa’s commitment. To salute
it even more so because I have a special allegiance to this continent, where I was
born. Also because 24 years ago I was at the Rio Conference: I am aware both of
the slow progress of the negotiations and of the exceptional increase in awareness
that is now gathering pace, that no one is immune from climatic disturbances and
that the cost of inaction is much greater than the cost of action. It is this increased
awareness that can give us hope in the face of alarmist observations.
Hope above all because Africa has a renewable energies tremendous
potential that is just waiting to be exploited, in the solar, wind and hydropower
fields. Thanks to the mobilisation of all the participants to this report, whom I
thank, 240 projects have been recorded. It is now time to transform these projects
into reality and to finance them.
I hope that this report will contribute to the realisation of the renewable
energy projects put forward by African continent quickly and that we will be able
to celebrate these projects at the COP22 in Marrakech.
President of COP21
Minister of the Environment, Energy and the Sea
Responsible for International relations on the Climate
3
4
AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY INITIATIVE
Africa is a continent rich in energy resources
and potential, but their supply remains limited. The continent makes up 13% of the
world’s population, and this population is
increasing rapidly, but the continent represents only 4% of global energy demand.
This situation is however changing fast:
since 2000, Sub-Saharan Africa has undergone rapid economic growth, together with
high population growth; as a result, energy
demand has increased by 45%.
Although the situation varies from one country to another, the region’s overall shared
view is that there is a serious lack of modern
energy supply services – even more so than
a production shortage. Africa had approximately 915 million inhabitants in 2013 and
only 290 million had access to electricity:
with a growing population, the number of
people that do not have access to electricity
is increasing more quickly than the number
of people being connected to the electricity
grid.
The lack of access to energy acts as a multiplier of inequalities: those linked to gender,
but also between urban and rural areas and
between the richest and poorest social categories (the poorest are not connected to the
electricity grid and must rely - when they
can - on far more expensive diesel generators or on the use of wood for cooking and
lighting). This also poses serious problems in
a number of public sector fields, in particular
health (e.g. supply to hospitals).
Creating an attractive environment to
increase private investment in the energy
sector is one of the key challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the International
Energy Agency (IEA), 300 billion Euros of private investment will be required between
now and 2030 in order to make universal
access to energy possible. A greater participation by the private sector would make it
possible to develop the technical and managerial expertise of the key public institutions
in the energy sector.
The use of fire-wood remains significant on
the continent, and this practice is changing only slowly - even when income levels
increase. Today, 80% of Africans rely on
these fuels, which has significant implications in terms of pollution and deforestation.
Nonetheless, awareness of local environmental problems and the direct impacts of
global warming are altering choices regarding energy mixes, with a downward trend for
5
coal and an increase in oil and renewable
energy sources.
Today, hydropower accounts for one-fifth of
the current capacity, even though less than
10% of estimated technical potential is utilised. Geothermal energy is also experiencing significant growth and, as a result, it has
become the second energy source in East
Africa. Other renewable energy sources such as solar power - are also beginning to
develop on the continent, insofar as their
economic interest is becoming increasingly
apparent. Thus, regarding solar power, programmes carried out in South Africa have
shown that this type of investment could be
profitable and have encourage other companies - both public and private - to overcome
the barrier that the important initial price
tag represents. These continuing changes
provide an opportunity to rethink traditional
approaches to the energy sector.
Enormous renewable energy potential in Africa,
estimated by the IEA and IRENA
According to the IEA, half the growth in electricity production on the
continent between now and 2040 could come from renewable energy
sources. For its part, IRENA, in its latest report in 2015 (Africa 2030:
Roadmap for a Renewable Energy Future), estimates that more than
300 GW could come from renewable energy between now and 2030:
100 GW from hydropower, 100 GW from wind, 93 GW from solar PV
and CSP, 32 GW from biomass and 4 GW from geothermal energy.
6
Further to the "Climate challenge and African solutions" summit, on 1 December 2015,
Energy Day on 7 December 2015 saw 10
donors (Germany, Canada, The United States,
France, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, The
United Kingdom, Sweden and The European
Commission) commit to mobilising 10 billion
dollars between 2016 and 2020 to support the
objectives of the Africa Renewable Energy
Initiative (AREI), through a joint declaration.
ing the share of renewable energy in the
region from its current level of 28% to 48%
in 2030. In addition, IRENA and its partners
have launched the African component of the
Sustainable Energy Marketplace initiative,
in order to respond to the growth potential
of renewable energy by facilitating contacts
between project leaders and investors. A
partnership has been formally signed with
Power Africa.
Following on from this summit, the World
Bank launched its Business plan for the climate in Africa, which aims to improve Africa’s resilience, develop sustainable energy
and improve climate data.
Several funding mechanisms have been put
in place at state level (signing of memorandums between governments and donors), or
at public-private sector level, for example
with the launch by the European Union of
the Electrification Financing (ElectriFI) tool,
designed to support market development and
private sector initiatives for the production of
affordable, sustainable and reliable energy,
thanks to a platform aimed at sharing and
multiplying global efforts and funding by
partners.
Moreover, 19 countries from Eastern and
Southern Africa endorsed an action agenda
for developing an Africa Clean Energy Corridor (ACEC) in order to accelerate the regional
development of renewable energy. These
countries, if they increase the deployment
of renewable sources on their territories,
would be capable of saving 2,500 MtCO2 Eq
in cumulative emissions between now and
2030, whilst multiplying annual electricity
production by 2.5.
During COP21, a corridor for Western Africa
was also launched by the ECOWAS in partnership with IRENA, with the aim of increas-
These efforts are in addition to various existing initiatives that focus in part on mobilising
the continent’s renewable energy potential,
such as the joint AU-NEPAD-AfDB Programme on Infrastructure Development
in Africa (PIDA), the joint EU/AU Africa-EU
Energy Partnership, the UN SG’s Sustainable
Energy for All initiative (SE4ALL), the United
7
States’ Power Africa partnership, and the
AFDB’S NEW DEAL ON ENERGY FOR AFRICA’s initiative, to name but a few. Jean-Louis Borloo,
with his Foundation Energies for Africa, has
also contributed to build momentum in the
major challenge of electrifying the continent.
Lastly, improving access to energy and developing renewable energy are core mitigation
and adaptation commitments of all 53 African
intended Nationally-Determined Contributions (iNDCs) submitted before and during
COP21.
SE4ALL aims to guarantee universal access to sustainable energy between
now and 2030, to double the rate of global energy efficiency, and to
double to share of renewable energies in the world’s energy mix.
AFDB’S NEW DEAL ON ENERGY FOR AFRICA’s aims to achieve universal access
to energy in Africa between now and 2025 –100% rate of energy access
in urban areas and 95% in rural areas. It is focusing on off-grid energy
access solutions and related technology advances.
On the way to COP22: working session at Elysée with President François Hollande, Ségolène Royal,
President of COP21, Salaheddine Mezouar, upcoming President of COP22, Jean-Marc Ayrault,
French Minister of Foreign Affairs and Hakima El Haite, Moroccan Minister delegate for the Environment
8
The Africa Renewable Energy Initiative
(AREI), officially launched on 1 December
2015 at Le Bourget, was approved by the
Assembly of the African Union 1. This initiative is supported by the G7 2 and the G20 3. Its
objective is to stimulate a high-level momentum and to ensure coordination and synergy
between the different actors in renewable
energy and the initiatives in order to increase
the continent’s renewable energy capacity on
the continent by at least 10 GW by 2020 and
mobilise the continent’s potential in renewable energy, something IRENA (International
Renewable Energy Agency) estimates to be
in excess of 300 GW between now and 2030.
This Initiative is not restricted to the installation of new capacity. It targets the overall
acceleration of access to energy, and of the
deployment of renewable energy on the continent. Its launch took place in the context of
a rapid fall in renewable energy prices (solar
and wind in particular), and recognises the
opportunity of energy transitions in terms of
job creation, productive sector development,
technology transfer, mitigating the impact of
fluctuating fossil fuel prices, ensuring energy
security, and reducing fossil fuel subsidies
currently weighing on African government
budgets.
The latest Africa Renewable Energy Initiative
meeting took place at the AfDB in Abidjan,
from 30 March to 1 April, then in Cairo on
11 and 12 July 2016. An independent delivery unit was created and its head appointed
(Prof. Youba Sokona). It began its work based
on a framework document, which restates
the principles of the initiative, and an action
plan that comprises three phases:
nn
nn
t he first (2016) aims to identify priority
projects and programmes so as to allow an
initial selection to be carried out between
now and COP22;
t he second (2016-2020) will begin work on
all of the lines of the action plan (mapping,
capacity reinforcement, project development support, etc.) with a view to achieving
the objective of increasing the continent’s
installed renewable energy capacity by 10
GW between now and 2020;
1 Décisions of the African Union at the Addis-Abeba (January 2016) and Kigali (July 2016) summits
2 Elmau Communiqué, 8 June 2015
3 Istanbul Communiqué, 2 October 2015
9
nn
nn
nn
ecessary, in view of the African contin
nents’ energy requirements and Africa’s
potential in renewable energy;
mbitious, with regard to the targeted
a
increase in installed capacity in Africa and
the coordination of all of the measures for
the development of renewable energy on
the continent, but achievable;
innovative, insofar as it brings together
African states, regional institutions and
international partners on an operational
level, around a tangible action plan and a
shared vision.
Meeting with Akinwumi Adenisa, President of the African
Development Bank, 51st Annual Meeting of the AfDB,
Lusaka, Zambia
nn
the third (2020-2030) will be based on
the conclusions of the previous phases,
in order to mobilise Africa’s considerable
potential in renewable energy, with a view
to achieving the objective of increasing the
continent’s installed renewable energy
capacity by 300 GW between now and 2030.
Under African leadership, led by Egypt,
France and their partner signatories of the
declaration of 7 December will remain fully
involved in the development of this initiative,
which is:
10
Inauguration of the COP21 African Pavillon,
on December 1st 2015, by Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma,
President of the African Union Commission,
Akinwumi Adenisa, President of the African Development
Bank, Carlos Lopes, UN Executive Secretary
of the Economic Commission for Africa
The following proposals follow the visits by
the President of COP21 to 17 African countries since summer 2015 (Namibia, Botswana,
Zambia, Ghana, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Senegal, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Kenya,
Mozambique and Tanzania), her meetings with
African leaders in Paris, and the meetings of
experts that she has organised, where she
assessed the opportunities of this Initiative.
Her meetings with the authorities shed light
on three main concerns:
nn the need to simplify finance procedures;
nn the difficulty of dealing with many funding
windows;
nn the competition this leads to between countries.
On the basis of this observation, the President
of COP21 has been working with the European
Commission and other international donors to
improve the coherence, efficiency, sustainability and visibility of international action, and to
progressively mobilise more resources.
This work is being carried out in close cooperation with Morocco, who are hosting the
COP22. A model in terms of development of
renewable energy solutions, with the commissioning of the Noor solar power station in
February 2016 (160 MW), Morocco would like
the COP22 to be a conference of action and an
African COP: the progress made on the Africa
Renewable Energy Initiative will contribute to
these objectives.
To reach the Africa Renewable Energy Initiative’s objectives by COP22, here are 10 proposals the President of COP21 makes to its
African and international partners:
1 IDENTIFY A LIST OF PRIORITY PROJECTS THAT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED
BETWEEN NOW AND 2020 AND PROJECTS THAT CAN BE STARTED BEFORE
AND DURING THE COP22. The choice of projects presented will, of course, be made by Africa Renewable Energy Initiative’s governance, based on its
guiding principles 4, and by African countries.
An initial list of identified projects which could
be implemented as part of the Initiative can be
found at the beginning of the report;
2 BRING TOGETHER THE PARTNERS OF THE INITIATIVE AROUND
EACH PROJECT TO SHARE OUT TASKS. A leading donor
could be designated for each of the priority
projects. The Initiative would thereby make it
possible to achieve greater coordination and
complementarity between the various donors.
Greater mutual recognition of procedures
(both multilateral and bilateral) between backers should also be put in place via this Initiative. The Africa Renewable Energy Initiative
serving as a coordination platform between
the different initiatives launched (SE4ALL,
Power Africa, etc.) on renewable energy in
Africa would help to strengthen synergies, on
Africa’s own initiative;
4 These principles provide, especially for cross-border projects, the prior agreement of all the countries concerned.
11
INITIATE A SIMILAR DIALOGUE WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR.
Private investment in renewable energy in
Africa far exceeds public investment. Joint
public/private actions could have a considerable accelerating effect on the deployment
of renewable energy in Africa. Companies see
the momentum of COP21 - and which will be
brought further during COP22 - as an opportunity. The AREI could contribute to fostering
public/private partnerships, identify investment opportunities for public/private cooperation, and identify bottlenecks that need to
be addressed to mobilise private investors;
3
STRENGTHEN PARTICIPATORY CITIZENSHIP ON ENERGY by
submitting hydroelectricity projects to expert
groups responsible for ensuring environmental continuity of rivers; and by adding local
electrification circuits to heavy equipment
and supporting small auto-consumption
community projects, with positive energy
projects for territories;
5 INVOLVE AFRICAN WOMEN IN RENEWABLE ENERGY as they
are the main victims of climate disasters and
they are also the main solution. To this end,
ensure that half the resources allocated to
decentralised minigrid energy production
projects are developed by women’s groups;
create agricultural schools for women with
programmes that include renewable energy;
support a wide-scale programme to produce
biogas cooking material, solar cook-stoves,
slow combustion cook-stoves, as does the
New Deal on Energy for Africa adopted by the
African Development Bank, and a solar lamp
deployment programme;
4
6 DRAW FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE a coop-
eration platform for countries located between
the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn to develop
solar energy, to help harmonise solar energy
demand (investment, technologies, research
and development) and to facilitate funding
thanks to lower prices that will result from
Meeting with women about solar light, Tanzanian village, August 2016
12
massification of demand and convergence of
calls for tender. Also rely on the Global Geothermal Alliance;
PUT IN PLACE INNOVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS. In
particular, the creation of a grant/loan blending facility on renewable energy projects in
Africa should be considered, in the manner
of - and in addition to - European blending
facilities that have succeeded in uniting funding from EU donors (e.g. African Investment
Facility – AFIF). Other tools such as private
investment security instruments via guarantee instruments in particular could also be
necessary (off-take agreements or exchange
risk guarantees especially). The partners of
the Initiative and international financial institutions could implement such tools;
7
8 TAKE CLIMATE CHANGE INTO ACCOUNT IN PROJECT PREPARATION, AS WELL AS MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR which must
be included in the specifications and develop
training programmes on renewable energy
jobs to make technical skills available locally;
France has already welcomed the Director of
the independent delivery unit Professor Youba
Sokona to set out France’s action in the development of renewable energy in Africa. The
COP21 Presidency encourages Africa’s other
development partners to do likewise to identify
the initiatives to be put in place to support the
continents energy transition.
On a bilateral level, France commits to implementing these proposals. It has already
pledged to give 2 billion Euros between now
and 2020 for the accelerated deployment
of renewable energy in Africa, and will give
priority treatment to the projects identified
by the Initiative. France, in cooperation with
Germany, has also committed to help finance
the Initiative’s independent delivery unit. In
addition, it will endeavour to direct the private
supply from French companies towards this
priority.
9 GRADUALLY, THE INDEPENDENT DELIVERY UNIT HOSTED AND
SUPPORTED BY THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK COULD BE CONSOLIDATED. It is essential that the partners in the
Initiative give their full support to this unit;
10 AFRICA’S RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL, building on
the Africa-EU Energy Partnership’s Mapping
of Energy Initiatives and Programs in Africa.
Tribute to Wangari Muta Maathai, 2004 Peace Nobel
Prize for her contribution to sustainable development,
democracy and peace
13
Decision support tool
LIST OF PROJECTS SUBMITTED BY THE PRESIDENT OF COP21, FOLLOWING CONTACTS,
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM EACH COUNTRY, WORKING MEETINGS
This is a list of 240 projects known to the President of COP21 that could contribute to reaching the Africa Renewable Energy Initiative’s objectives if implemented. They represent a total installed capacity of 44.6 GW. This is not a
comprehensive list but it makes it possible to fuel a clear acceleration in the
development of renewable energy in Africa.
14
Wind power infrastructure, Ashegoda, Ethiopia
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
WIND PROJECTS
EGYPT
ETHIOPIA
Gulf of Suez Wind Farm
2400
Western Nile
150
Ashgoda 2
100
Ayesha 2
300
Debrebirhan
150
Iteya
150
15
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
WIND PROJECTS (FOLLOW-UP)
GHANA
KENYA
NAMIBIA
TANZANIA
Ayitepa Wind
150
KenGen Wind Farm
40
Lake Turkana (Loiyangfalani)
300
Kipeto (Maasai)
100
Lamuo
90
WindNam Wind Farm
500
Makambako Wind Power Project –
Njombe Region / National
Development Corporation
200
Singida Wind Farm
100
Upepo Singida
75
GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS
EGYPT
ETHIOPIA
KENYA
16
Multiple
100
Tulumoya & Abaya
150
Tendaho
200
Akiira
70
Menengai III
35
Menengai 1
460
Suswa
150
Varubgi-Silali
200
Olkaria V
300-450
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS (FOLLOW-UP)
KENYA (SUITE)
Bogoria-Silali II
200
TANZANIA
Ngozi
100
HYDROELECTRICITY PROJECTS
Cambambe
780
Lauca
2070
Adjalara
147
Samendeni
/
Ouessa Aval
/
Bagré Aval
14
Bontioli
5,1
Gongouro
5
Folonzo
10,8
CAMEROON
Nachtigal
420
IVORY COAST
Buyo
165
EGYPT
Rehabilitation of Assouan II dam
/
Genale 6
246
Warebesa + Halele
436
Pwalugu multi-purpose dam
50
ANGOLA
BENIN
BURKINA FASO
ETHIOPIA
GHANA
17
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
HYDROELECTRICITY PROJECTS (FOLLOW-UP)
GUINEA
KENYA
LESOTHO
MALI
MOZAMBIQUE
18
Souapiti
560
Boureya
114
Amarie
300
Diaraguélie
70
KTDA Power Hydro
10
High Grand Falls
450
Karura HPP
100
Ewaso Ngiro South River
200
Small hydroelectric power
stations (4 Cities Programme)
/
Kobong (pump storage project)
1200
Kenie
43
Ségou et Mopti
(mini/micro-hydroelectricity)
/
Tsate
50
Mphanda Nkuwa 4 / Mavusi II
1500
Cahora Bassa (North bank)
1245
Mutelele
77
Mavuzi / Chicamba
100
Caorumana
10
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
Lupata
210
Boroma
612
Kandadji
130
Ayago
840
Nalubaale (rehabilitation)
180
ARPE Ltd Hydroelectricity Support
/
Owen Falls (rehabilitation)
/
Micro Hydro Plants
and related grids
/
Inga III 4
4500
Sambamgalou
128
Hale
21
Ruhudji (and related
transmission line)
358
Malagarasi
44,8
Rumakali (and transmission line)
222
Kakono
87
Gauthiot Hydroelectric Plant
20
KPIME
1,6
Mini-Hydroelectricity
56
MOZAMBIQUE (FOLLOW-UP)
NIGER
OUGANDA
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF CONGO
SENEGAL (OMVG)
TANZANIA
CHAD
TOGO
4 Taking into consideration the specific observations on this project
19
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
TUNISIA
Melah (pumped storage plant)
200
Batoka Gorge
800
Kafue Gorge
750
Kariba (rehabilitation)
147
Kabompo
40
BURUNDI, DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF CONGO, RWANDA
Ruzizi III
147
RWANDA, BURUNDI
Rusumo Falls
80
LIBERIA, SIERRA LEONE
Kongo
180
ORGANIZATION
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE SENEGAL RIVER (OMVS)
Koukoutamba
294
ZAMBIA
SOLAR PROJECTS
SOUTH AFRICA
ALGERIA
ANGOLA
20
Municipal Rooftop PV
50
Solis CSP
100
Solar Reserve
150
Redstone
100
Alsol solar power tower
/
Solar projects in isolated areas
50
Solar lighting
50
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
SOLAR PROJECTS (FOLLOW-UP)
BENIN
Solar Power Plant
20
Windiga
22
Zagtoulli
30
Various solar projects, including:
Kaya, Ouaga 2000, Dédougou,
Gaoua, Zina, Zagtoulli II, Diapaga,
Kodeni, Patte d’oie, Zano, Pâ
11
Solar Power Plant
20
PV solar project (FDE)
/
Rural electrification projects:
electrification of 500 rural
areas, rural electrification in
Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso,
solar-powered pumping stations,
public lighting, medical centre
PV stations, PV stations for solar
infrastructures
/
CAMEROON
EDF PAYG
/
IVORY COAST
Solar Power Plant
60
ÉGYPTE
Projects for mini-solar plants
attached to the grid
2520
Hurso
100
Awash
100
Metehara
100
Semara
100
PV Programme
/
BURKINA FASO
ÉTHIOPIE
GHANA
21
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
GHANA (SUITE)
GUINEA
KENYA
MADAGASCAR
MALI
MOROCCO
MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA
NIGER
NIGERIA
22
Projects for mini-solar power
plants and rooftop PV panels
/
Solar telephone recharging
stations
/
Solar Thermal Power Plant
/
Cloverfield
1
Renewable energy access project
50
Kenergy (ALTEN)
40
Scaling Solar
40
Mini-grids
65
Scatec Solar
33
Noor Argana
100
Noor Midelt
400
Metoro
35
Mocuba
40,5
Solar-powered desalination
project
40
Gourou Banda
20
Solar Power Plant
30
Solar Power Plant
34
Bauchi
100
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
RWANDA
SENEGAL
TANZANIA
CHAD
Goldsol
18
Scaling Solar
100
Solar Power Plant
20
PV power plant
> 50
Senergy (solar-powered pumps)
30
EGG Energy
6
Kishapu
150
Off-Grid Electric Solar
50
Rural electrification fund
37
Farcha Solar Power Plant
20
Koundoul Solar Power Plant
30
Wind farm, Botswana
23
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
PV electrification of 241 villages
/
Gauthiot Solar Power Plant
13
Solar panel production plant
/
Rural electrification
/
Solar power plants
54
Solar Power Plant
60
Solar Power Plant
50
Solar Power Plant
15
Scaling Solar
300
Beyond the Grid Fund for Zambia
2
VARIOUS (INCLUDING BENIN,
ZAMBIA, MALI)
Mini-PV power plants on grid
400
REGIONAL
Reinforcement of the solar
infrastructure in North Africa
/
CHAD (FOLLOW-UP)
TOGO
TUNISIA
OUGANDA
ZAMBIA
BIOMASS PROJECTS
24
BURKINA FASO
Biomass waste power plant
10
IVORY COAST
Ivory Coast biomass cogeneration
46
GUINEA
Biochar (substitution of waste for
coal)
/
NAMIBIA
Biomass waste power plant
/
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
VARIOUS
Small IPP Support Programme
/
Financing of renewable energy
programmes (SUNREF)
24
Green Fund
/
ANGOLA
/
BURKINA FASO
PV, Pico-Hydro and small wind
turbine
/
CAMEROON
Financement des projets
d'énergies renouvelables
(SUNREF)
12
IVORY COAST
Solar Network
24
DJIBOUTI
programmes (SUNREF)
7
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF CONGO
Supply of decentralised energy
/
Green credit to international
commercial banks
32
programmes (SUNREF)
24
GHANA
programmes (SUNREF)
7
GUINEA
Renewable energy grids
5
programmes (SUNREF)
22
Off-grid wind power + solar
projects
3,6
SOUTH AFRICA
EGYPT
KENYA
25
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
VARIOUS (FOLLOW-UP)
Rural electrification using
renewable energy (II)
/
programmes (SUNREF)
12
MALI
Projects for small grids in rural
areas
10
MAURITIUS
programmes (SUNREF)
24
MOZAMBIQUE
Project preparation fund
31
Rural electrification projects
5
programmes (SUNREF)
10
Energy Capacity Building
/
programmes (SUNREF)
31
programmes (SUNREF)
14
Local grids for rural electrification
/
programmes (SUNREF)
5
Tanzania Energy Development and
Access Expansion Project (TEDAP)
8
programmes (SUNREF)
8
Renewable Energy and Adaptation
to Climate Technologies (AECF) IV
750
MADAGASCAR
NAMIBIA
NIGERIA
UGANDA
RWANDA
TANZANIA
26
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
VARIOUS (FOLLOW-UP)
TUNISIA
Renewable Energy Strategy
(STEG)
14
ZAMBIA
Madison Loan Portfolio Guarantee
/
Regional Liquidity Support Facility
48
ElectriFI
/
Africa Renewable Energy ScaleUp Facility
24
Support to Renewable Energy
and Adaptation to Climate
Technologies (AECF)
/
VARIOUS
REGIONAL
Irrigation infrastructure, connected to the Nile, Egypt
27
COUNTRY
PROJECT
ENERGY GOVERNANCE
VARIOUS (NAMIBIA,
MOZAMBIQUE, UGANDA, ZAMBIA,
GHANA, ETC.)
Programmes of support for renewable energy through
price support (GET Fit)
VARIOUS (INCLUDING MOROCCO,
NIGERIA)
Energy policy and administration
VARIOUS (INCLUDING
MADAGASCAR, DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, TOGO)
Access to energy, including rural electrification
VARIOUS (INCLUDING TUNISIA)
Development of the private sector and project
preparation
RELIABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
(INCLUDING TRANSMISSION)
SOUTH AFRICA
Integration of renewable energy into the grid
CAMEROON
Setting up of the transport network manager
IVORY COAST
Distribution networks
EGYPT
Aswan – Cairo transmission line
GUINEA
Rehabilitation of the distribution network
KENYA
Last Mile Access Project
MALI
Manantali-Bamako transmission line
MOROCCO
Integration of renewable energy into the grid
MOZAMBIQUE
28
Guinea - Mali Interconnection (Linsan-Fomi)
Rural electrification of Vinlanculos
Massinga-Vilanculos transmission line
COUNTRY
PROJECT
(INCLUDING TRANSMISSION) (FOLLOW-UP)
NAMIBIA
UGANDA
Development of the electrical grid
Mini-grids
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF CONGO
Regenerative Energy Central Africa
SENEGAL
Kolda-Tanaff- Ziguinchor transmission line
TANZANIA
ZAMBIE
Electrification of the North West
Makambako-Songea transmission line
Réhabilitation du réseau des provinces de l'Est
Grid connection of Bardaï, Faya and Fada
Chad-Cameroon cross-border electrification
Rural electrification for the farm irrigation
CHAD
Wind turbine powered electrification, irrigation and
drinking water supply for the transhumance corridor
Construction of a 2,100 km national 225KV loop
Extension and modernisation of the N’Djamena grid
ZAMBIE
Southern Division, Phase II
Extension of the Southern grid
29
COUNTRY
PROJECT
(INCLUDING TRANSMISSION) (FOLLOW-UP)
Interconnections between the South African Power Pool
(SAPP) and the East African Power Pool (EAP)
Interconnections within the West Africa Power Pool
(WAPP)
REGIONAL
Transmission line between Liberia and the West Africa
Power Pool
ECOWAS sustainable energy access programme
REGIONAL: DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO,
BURUNDI
Kamanyola-Bakuva, Kamanyola-Bujumbura regional
transmission lines
REGIONAL: MALAWI,
MOZAMBIQUE, ZIMBABWE,
SOUTH AFRICA
Regional integration and integration of renewable
energy
REGIONAL: NIGER, NIGERIA,
BURKINA FASO, BENIN
Northern grid
REGIONAL: TANZANIA, BURUNDI,
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE
CONGO
Regional Integration
REGIONAL: TANZANIA, UGANDA
Rusumo Falls – Masaka transmission line
REGIONAL: ZAMBIA, TANZANIA
Transmission line
ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECTS
30
MOROCCO
Energy efficiency credit lines
EGYPT
Energy efficiency programmes
VARIOUS (INCLUDING GHANA)
Support for energy efficiency for agriculture
and irrigation
COUNTRY
PROJECT
CAPACITY (MW)
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
SOUTH AFRICA
Renewable Energy Independent
Power Producers Procurement
Programme (REIPPP)
1000
TANZANIA
Geothermal Energy National
Project
5000
MOROCCO
National PV Power Plan
2000
TUNISIA
National wind energy plan
300
AFRICAN UNION
Geothermal Energy Support
/
31
Opeining speech in Nairobi - 26 May 2016
You have come together here at an extremely important time, because this is a
very strong step forward after the Paris climate conference and I feel genuinely greatly
honoured to be here with you as President of COP21, to be able to state that, with
more than 150 ministers here, this is the largest meeting of ministers for the environment ever brought together by the United Nations. This is a hugely important event,
because it shows that the spirit of Paris is still with us.
And I am doubly happy to be here, Mr President, here in Africa, a continent that is
both so dear to me, and also central to the fight against climate change, but I am
even happier to be here in Kenya itself, remembering that we were here together on
April 30th to witness the extremely courageous act that you accomplished, when you
destroyed more than 100 tonnes of elephant tusks and rhinoceros horns. I believe
that this extremely strong action, contributing to the protection of elephants has been
observed by the whole world. I congratulate you again for this very welcome action.
I believe that this sent out an extremely powerful signal. On April 30th, after having
banned ivory exports in France, I made a commitment to ban the ivory trade in France.
That is now done. I have signed the Ministerial Order banning ivory trading and I have
asked for the same action to be taken by all European countries.
The Paris climate conference marks an important turning point. You now have the
responsibility to contribute to implementing the Paris agreement. This is your mandate. From the outset you have been part of a cycle of extremely important events,
since 2015, a critical year for climate. We had the disaster risk reduction conference
at Sendai. Then the Addis Ababa conference on financing for development. We also
had the New York conference on sustainable development goals and we had the
Paris conference.
A few days ago, we had the first global conference on humanitarian problems, again
organized by the United Nations and we were able to make the link between climate
change and humanitarian crises. I also had the opportunity to speak at a session
32
bringing leaders together to discuss means of preventing such climate-induced crises.
This session was chaired by the Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations, who
is with us today. To take action for our climate is truly to go to the very root of such
things, because climate change brings with it severe humanitarian crises. Climate
change is a trigger for conflict. Climate change is a trigger for wars. When we analyse the conflicts and wars of the last 50 years, it is clear that for all of them - every
conflict, every war - there is a direct or indirect climate-related cause. It is, first and
foremost, droughts that trigger food crises. Crises involving lack of food and lack of
access to safe water in their turn trigger food riots. Food riots destabilize countries,
resulting in desertification and deforestation on a massive scale, along with problems
accessing food resources, which lead to massive migrations of people, in particular
South-South migrations. The African continent is particularly affected by these SouthSouth migrations, which can destabilize African countries. If no action is taken to fight
climate change, it is estimated that 200 million people will be displaced by climate
change by the end of this century. This tells us how urgently this work needs to be
done and it tells us that the work that you do here is critical.
There are three messages that I want to give to you.
The first message: we need to speed up implementation of the Paris agreement.
Just as we mobilized to obtain signatures since we got, with the United Nations and
Presidency of the COP, a record number of signatures. 177 countries - this has never
happened before - came to New York on 22nd April to sign the Paris agreement.
And this dynamic is something that we now have to continue. Now we must speed
up ratifications.
I call on all members of governments, who are present in this room, to make sure that
ratification of the Paris agreement is on the agenda at your next ministerial meeting,
to make sure that ratification of the Paris agreement is included in the parliamentary
or regulatory procedures of each of the member nations, because we have to have,
for Marrakech, for COP22, we have to have a heartfelt obligation to turn up with a
Paris agreement that is actively being applied. What does that mean? When we say a
Paris agreement that is applied? It means that 55 member nations must have ratified
it. 55 parties must have ratified it, representing 55% of greenhouse gas emissions.
But the ideal outcome is, of course, even more, that this agreement comes into application from this year onwards, and that a very large proportion of the countries who
are part of the Paris agreement, who have just signed with many heads of state and
government are able to ratify the Paris agreement during the year.
33
You have this duty. It’s a duty to countries that are suffering. It’s a duty to people that
are suffering. It’s a duty to vulnerable countries. And I also observe that, as usual, as
usual, it is the most vulnerable of countries, the most fragile of countries, who have
already ratified the Paris agreement, as14 of them have already submitted their ratification measures. And these 14 countries include small island states, whose very
survival is threatened by climate change. So all the countries need to make this same
effort and you, as ministers for the environment, here in this room, or as advisers to
various governments, you have this responsibility, when you return to Nairobi, to tell
your governments that the COP President has asked for ratification. We have this
duty to countries that are suffering under climate change. We have this duty to the
commitments made in Paris. We have this duty to those who are desperate and who
need to know whether we here will have the courage to act, yes or no, to keep global
warming lower than a rise of 2 degrees by the end of this century.
It’s a daunting task. It’s a unique mission. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime responsibility. And
we must be aware of this responsibility, this enormous political endeavour. And moreover, something that is also unique in the Paris agreement and in the effort that has
been made by all the countries of the world, because it is a collective achievement
that allowed this agreement to take place, is the fact that this has brought together
a large number of very different nations. Small, large, rich, poor, northern, southern,
countries that had already acted, countries that had only just found out about the
issues, etc. In other words, within the multiculturalism of this group, there is a community of thought, of ideas.
There is a sharing of scientific knowledge, and we can never give enough praise to the
scientists worldwide who have worked to establish the links between human activities
and use of fossil fuels and climate-related disasters. For all the work that has been
going on since Rio, which has gone on for 25 years, today we have a duty to speed
up the action and I know that you are aware of this and I know that this meeting in
Nairobi will be a success.
The second message, of course, is absolutely simple, but it is crucial. It is simply a
call to action. The call to action represents two things. First and foremost, that each
country is taking action on its own territory to apply what are now called the NDCs.
These contributions change the situation as much as the agreement. And it is already
visible, many countries are in transition. For example, here in Kenya there are very
important commitments to energy transition and renewable energies.
34
And then there are all the coalitions. We see that all these coalitions are structured
here. All the coalitions that have taken place during the Paris agreement. 70 coalitions
focusing on the oceans, forests, agriculture, water, renewable energies of course, but
also focusing on regional communities who are involved. Women too - we organized a
major event concerning the issue of women, as a group who are the most vulnerable
to climate change and yet who often have the solutions in their hands. And if these
women are given the power to act then they can do so much, particularly in the fields
of agriculture and of access to safe water.
I would also like to recognize the involvement of UNEP in the Lima-Paris action plans,
in this ability to find solutions. UNEP’s support for several major initiatives, such as
the coalition for climate and clean air, a platform for dealing with climate pollutants.
UNEP is directly involved with this issue in its role as the secretariat for the Montreal
Protocol.
I also recognize the role of the United Nations programme for the environment in the
sustainable energy initiative for all United Nations with several initiatives for energy
efficiency and there are several meetings taking place in the next few days here.
And of course there is also this major UNEP initiative for formation of an “Urban Hub”
with more than 7,000 towns and regions around the world that have made climate
commitments, the mobilization of regional communities and the buildings coalition,
which I will be taking part in a bit later.
Finally, I’d like to give you some news on the Bonn negotiations, since you know
that the representatives of the parties were at Bonn for 10 days for the first formal
session of negotiations after Paris. With Monsieur Salaheddine Mezouar, we have
opened these negotiations and later together we will be sending a message to the
Bonn negotiators. They have worked hard. Beyond the preparation for application of
the Paris agreement, COP22 at Marrakech is now on track. I have also taken time to
consult the NGOs and civil society observers, who have significant input and have
done a great deal of work.
Also, of course, we need to increase our efforts on the issue of carbon pricing and
I call on all representatives of governments present here to join the carbon pricing
coalition, because that is the crucial lever that will allow us, by incorporating the
carbon pricing element in investments, to ramp up our efforts and to achieve what
those around the world are now waiting for, the setting up of the planned 100 billion
35
dollars by 2020, then every year from 2020. There is some progress, we have reached
60 billion. We will reach the 100 billion dollars, i.e. with coordination between public
and private funding, because it is clear that in this coalition of investment funds and
companies, which is very new within climate conferences, where they are coming
together, are structured in relation to the climate issue, investment in green growth
now clearly represents an opportunity.
That’s the positive aspect. Of course, we face catastrophe, as I said earlier, and we
must not lose sight of that. But there is also a significant opportunity here, because
the lever for development that lies behind green growth, behind renewable energies,
behind new transportation methods, behind new ways to build, to live, to consume
natural resources - here there are dramatic opportunities for creating new jobs that
cannot be relocated, creating new companies, start-ups, investments. And this also
means preparing for the future for our young people, all around the world, in every
country, who are sometimes so badly affected by unemployment. This allows us to
provide a helping hand for future generations.
And, as a well-known Kenyan proverb says “Treat the earth well, because you don’t
inherit it from your parents, you borrow it from your children”. And what we are preparing for is the rise of the future generation so that they can live on this planet in better
conditions and so that we can pass on to them a planet that is repaired, a planet that
is in good condition, a planet on which harmony can be restored between human
beings and the nature around them.
Allow me also to note the courage of the action, on the African continent, in the fight
against all forms of lobbies, the fight against all forms of financial greed or greed for
excessive exploitation of natural resources or for destruction of protected animals,
as I mentioned earlier. Yes, it takes courage, obviously, to be part of this movement.
Yes, it takes courage to resist a number of lobbies and heavyweight opposition and
incentives. Yes, it takes courage to make progress. Yes, it requires thinking of others
and putting them before ourselves. Thinking of others means building a world that
we ourselves may not even see. This is political courage. And that is why our task
requires a noble spirit.
As Nelson Mandela said “I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the
triumph over it. This is what people are waiting for, all over the world. I thank you for
the commitment you give, with so much energy, good will, courage and self-sacrifice,
because you are thinking of others before you think of yourselves.
Thank you very much.
36
THE CHAIR OF THE COP21 HAS MADE NUMEROUS TRIPS TO AFRICA
since the summer of 2015, in preparation for
the Paris conference and then subsequent to
it. These trips were an opportunity for her to
gauge Africa’s renewable energies potential
and the desire of African countries to take
advantage of them. These trips provided her
with valuable information on how to help promote the African Renewable Energy initiative.
IN AUGUST 2015, SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL VISITED NAMIBIA, BOTSWANA,
ZAMBIA AND GHANA. IN NAMIBIA, where she met President Hage Geingob, she noted this country’s
considerable wind and solar power potential
and applauded the success of the first solar
power plant in Namibia (in Omburu) which is
the result of a Franco-Namibian partnership
(4.5 MW). In Zambia, she met President Edgar
Chagwa Lungu and signed a declaration of
intent with her counterparts in charge of the
Environment and Ecology, to develop a partnership on climate change and energy issues.
Zambia has built its energy policy around
hydroelectricity, which represents 95% of its
electricity production, and hopes to develop
other renewable energy sources. In Botswana,
on the occasion of her interview with President Seretse Khama Ian Khama, Ségolène
Royal noted the country’s desire to develop
renewable energies and stated that France is
willing to contribute its know-how; the country
had recently authorised connection of several
solar power plants to the electricity grid. In
Ghana, Ségolène Royal met President John
Dramani Mahama, who detailed the steps
taken by his country to reduce emissions:
promotion of renewable energies; planting of
trees and protection of the forests; improved
domestic cooking stoves; new collective transport technologies.
IN OCTOBER 2015, SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL WENT TO ALGERIA where
she had talks with President Bouteflika. She
observed that although a producer of fossil
fuels, Algeria was nonetheless investing heavily in the energy transition, renewable energies in particular, and noted the existence of
several construction sites in Algeria related
to this energy transition process.
IN FEBRUARY 2016, AT THE INVITATION OF THE KING OF MOROCCO,
SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL WENT TO OUARZAZATE, where she inaugurated the “Noor” solar complex, which
plans to develop solar power plants with a
total capacity of 2000 MW by the year 2020
and should lead to annual greenhouse gas
emissions savings of 3.7 million tonnes of
CO2 by this same time-frame. The complex,
which covers 3000 hectares and has a capacity of 580 MW, is the world’s largest. it will
comprise four multi-technology solar power
plants, combined with an R&D platform covering more than 150 hectares.
IN FEBRUARY 2016, THE CHAIR OF THE COP21 WENT TO EGYPT,
ETHIOPIA, IVORY COAST, GUINEA AND SENEGAL, where
she met the highest authorities and visited
renewable energy development sites. In Egypt,
President Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi, current President of the Committee of African Heads of
37
State and Government on climate change,
informed her of his commitment to the climate in Africa and his project for a large photovoltaic plant in Egypt. In Ethiopia, a country
severely affected by drought, Prime Minister
Hailemariam Desalegn presented the important energy strategy (wind, solar, geothermal,
hydro). She visited the Ashegoda wind farm
(120 MW) in Mekele. Her stopover in Addis
Ababa gave her an opportunity to meet the
heads of the African Union and discuss the
governance of the Initiative. In Côte d’Ivoire,
she held talks with President Alassane Ouattara and had a meeting with Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development
Bank, to discuss the implementation of the
initiative and the involvement of the AfDB. In
Guinea, she held talks with President Alpha
Condé who reminded her of the country’s
extraordinary potential, more particularly in
terms of hydroelectric power. In Senegal, she
met President Macky Sall and took part in the
foundation stone laying ceremony for a local
energy production project using photovoltaic
panels.
SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL CONTINUED HER AFRICAN TOUR IN MARCH 2016.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, she had
talks with President Joseph Kabila and made
a trip to Inga where she was able to see for
herself the potential of the Congo river. In
Gabon, President Ali Bongo informed her of
38
his intention to develop renewable energies
as part of the Green Gabon plan. In Nigeria,
she was welcomed by Vice-President Yemi
Osinbajo who stated his country’s desire to
diversify its energy mix through the development of renewable energies.
IN BONN, IN MAY 2016, THE CHAIR OF THE COP21 met Seyni
Nafo, President of the African Group of negotiators, who indicated the importance of the
Initiative for the African Group.
IN MAY 2016, SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL ALSO WENT TO KENYA, on
the occasion of the 2nd Meeting of the United
Nations Environment Assembly, in the presence of Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta, as
well as to Zambia for the annual meetings of
the African Development Bank, where she met
numerous African partners.
IN AUGUST 2016, SÉGOLÈNE ROYAL ALSO WENT TO MOZAMBIQUE
AND TANZANIA. In Mozambique, where she met
President Filipe Nyusi, she observed with
great interest the Metoro solar power plant
project, which is an illustration of the country’s
desire to diversify its energy mix. In Tanzania,
the COP 21 Chair held a series of interviews
connected to the African Renewable Energy
Initiative, visited a Tanzanian NGO which promotes innovative and ecological energy solutions (slow cookers) and donated solar lamps
to the women of Tarangire village.
MOROCCO - 4 FEBRUARY 2016
With Mohammed VI of Morocco solar power plants in Noor, Morocco
SENEGAL – 18 TO 20 JULY 2015 AND 27 FEBRUARY 2016
With Macky Sall, President of Senegal, and Maroš Šefcovic,
Vice-President of the European Commission
ZAMBIA – 5 TO 8 AUGUST 2015
AND 26 AND 27 MAY 2016
With Edgar Chagwa Lungu, President of Zambia,
and Christabel Ngimbu, Minister of the Environment
View of Dakar, Senegal
GUINEA - 26 FEBRUARY 2016
With Alpha Condé, President of Guinea
39
GHANA – 14 AND 15 AUGUST 2015
Museum of Accra
With John Dramani Mahama, President of Ghana
NIGERIA - 15 MARCH 2016
With Yemi Osinbajo, Vice-President of Nigeria,
Amina Mohammed, Minister of the Environment,
Babatunde Fashola, Minister of Power, Works and Housing
SOUTH AFRICA - 11 JULY 2016
Official visit of Jacob Zuma, President of South Africa:
signature of a cooperation agreement
with Senzeni Zokwana, South-African Minister
of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
EGYPT - 23 FEBRUARY 2016
With Abdel Fatah Al Sissi, President of Egypt
40
Irrigation infrastructure, connected to the Nile, Egypt
ETHIOPIA - 24 FEBRUARY 2016
With Hailemariam Dessalegn, Prime Minister of Ethiopia
The Lucy skeleton, Addis Museum
IVORY COAST – 25 ET 26 FEBRUARY 2016
With Alassane Ouattara, President of Ivory Coast
Banco National Park
BOTSWANA – 10 TO 14 AUGUST 2015
With Seretse Khama Ian Khama, President of Botswana
and Tshekedi Khama II, Minister of the Environment
Okavango Delta
41
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO - 14 MARCH 2016
With Joseph Kabila, President
of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Hydroelectric dams, Inga
KENYA - 26 MAY 2016
UN Assembly for Environment, with Uhuru Kenyatta, President
of Kenya and 120 foreign ministers of the Environment
NAMIBIA – 2 TO 5 AUGUST 2015
With Hage Geingob, President of Namibia
42
Destuction of ivory stockpiles
TUNISIA - 24 MARCH 2016
Meeting with Mohamed Ali Chihi,
Tunisian Ambassador to France
MOZAMBIQUE – 4 AND 5 AUGUST 2016
With Filipe Nyusi, President of Mozambique
Mangroves, Ibo
TANZANIA - 6 TO 8 AUGUST 2016
With January Makamba, Minister of Union Affairs
and Environment
Wildebeests, National Park of Tarangire, Tanzania
ALGERIA -OCTOBER 2015
With Abdelmalek Sellal, Algerian Prime Minister
Botanical Garden of Hamma, Algiers
43
Hippos, Luangwa Park, Zambia
DICOM-CAB/BRO/16184 – September 2016 – Photos: G. Bœuf, A. Bouissou/Terra, Getty Images – Cover picture: AREI
Ashegoda wind power infrastructure, Makellé, Ethiopia
Girafs, Luangwa Park, Zambia
Ministère de l’Environnement,
de l’Énergie et de la Mer
Hôtel de Roquelaure
246 boulevard Saint-Germain
75007 Paris
Tél. 33 (0)1 40 81 21 22
Common Kingfisher, Okavango Delta, Botswana
Panther, Luangwa Park, Zambia
Elephants, Chobé River, Botswana

report - Ministère de l`écologie et du développement durable

Transcription

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