ekonomika da biznesi
Transcription
ekonomika da biznesi
ISSN 1987-5789 ekonomika da biznesi 1 ECONOMICS and BUSINESS ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ ianvari-Tebervali JANUARY-FEBRUARY ЯНВАРЬ-ФЕВРАЛЬ 2014 ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåð International refereed and reviewed scientific and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íîïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ. Äæàâàõèøâèëè gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel Published since January, 2008 once in two month Âûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1, Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16; 599 24-77-47. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] saredaqcio kolegia revaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosebi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: vladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leo Ciqava. ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri ananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, Temur beriZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, naTela lacabiZe, eka lekaSvili, manana lobJaniZe, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili, qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, daviT narmania, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, irakli saRareiSvili, demur siWinava, mirian tuxaSvili, giorgi RaRaniZe, leila RuduSauri, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia. EDITORIAL BOARD Revaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief, Doctor of Economic sciences, professor. Academicians of National Academy of Sciences of Georgia, Doctors Of Economics Sciences, professors: Vladimir Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, corresponding member of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doctor of Economic Sciences, professor Leo Chikava. Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abesadze, Temur Beridze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Leila Gudushauri, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Natela Latsabidze, Eka Lekashvili, Manana Lobjanidze, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, David Narmania, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Irakli Sagareishvili, Demur Sichinava, Mirian Tukhashvili, Giorgi Gaganidze, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia. ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð. Академики Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè, äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, чëåíêîððåñïîíäåíò Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð Ëåî ×èêàâà. Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Òåìóð Бериäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè, Леила Гудушаури, Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Натела Лацабидзе, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Манана Лобжанидзе, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Давид Нармания, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Иракли Сагареишвили, Демур Сичинава, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Георгий Гаганидзе, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ. 3 3 saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) universitetis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis (germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedris gamge, pili penko e.v. emd. ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis uralis ganyofilebis ekonomikis institutis kurganis filialis direqtori. kim taqsiri – ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis (saberZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani, profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis fakultetis dekani, profesori. FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS: Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Branderburg University (Germany), Pilipenko E.V. Economical doctor in science, economic branch in Kurgan unstityte, region of Ural, Russia. Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Economics Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia). ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛ ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ: Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Пилипенко Е.В. Д.Э.Н. - Директор Курганского филиала ИЭ УрО РАН, Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð. 4 sarCevi saSobao epistole ........................................................................................10 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika revaz gvelesiani, eka lekaSvili, nana maisuraZe, giorgi yufaraZe. viSegradis qveynebis evrokavSirTan integraciis ekonomikuri politika ......................................... 27 dorien detombe. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWra ................................................................................. 53 roman xarbedia.……ekonomikuri liberalizmisa da saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb ......................................................... 85 kaxa qecbaia. religiisa da ekonomikis urTierT mimarTebis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri implikaciebi .................................................................................................... 101 mikro-makroekonomika giorgi RaRaniZe. produqciis saeqsporto potencialis indeqsis gansazRvra ..................................................................................119……… vaxtang Waraia. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri kon kurentunarianobis analizi da perspeqtivebi ............... 137 maia sanikiZe. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi .............................................................................................................151 5 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi manana xarxeli. biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi da operaciuli konsaltingis roli mis ganxorcielebaSi ......................................................................................... 163 ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia. liderobis marTlmadidebluri aRqma ................................................................. 177 finansuri ekonomika Tamar kbilaZe. optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTis gaangariSebis sakiTxisaTvis ......................................................... 191 JurnalSi _ „ekonomika da biznesi”, samecniero statiebis warmodgenisa da gamoqveynebis wesi ....... 202 6 CONTENTS Christmas Epistole ........................................................................ 10 ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY R. Gvelesiani, E. Lekashvili, N. Maisuradze, G Kuparadze. Historical Evolution of Integration of Visegrad Countries with the European Union................................ 27 d. detombe. Handing Complex societal Problems ........................................................................................ 53 R. Kharbedia. On Economic Liberalism and the State Role ...................................................................................... 85 K. Ketsbaia. Classical and contemporary sociological implications of the interrelationof religion and economics...........101 Micro – Macroeconomics G. Gaganidze. Determining the production export potential index............................................................................................. 119 V. Charaia. Economic ompetitiveness of Georgia, Analysis and Perspectives............................................................................137 M. sanikidze. Support instruments for SME Developoment ..............................................................................151 7 Management. Marketing. Tourism M. KHARKHELI. Reengineering of Business Processes and the role of Operational Consulting In Its Implementation .............163 E. Gulua, M. Khokhobaia. Orthodox Comprehension of Leadership ................................................................................... 177 FINANCIAL ECONOMICS T. Kbiladze. For the Issue of calculating Optimal Tax Burden .................................................................................. 191 In magazine “Economic and Business” , Presentation of scientific articles and submission rule ……..........................................….. 202 8 Содержание Рожденственное эпистоле ............................................................... 10 Экономическая теория и экономическая политика Реваз Гвелесиани, Майсурадзе, Георгий Эка Лекашвили, Купарадзе. Нана Экономическая политика Вышеградских стран интеграции с Евросоюзом ...........27 ДОРИЕН ДЕТОМБЕ. Решение комплексных общественных проблем................................................................................................53 Роман Харбедия. Об экономическом либерализме и роли государства ........................................................................................ 85 Каха Кецбая. Классические и современные социологические импликации взаимоотношения религии и экономики .................101 Микро-макроэкономика Георгий Гаганидзе. Определение индекса экспортного потенциала продукции ........................................................................119 Вахтанг Чарая. Анализ и перспективы конкурентноспособности Грузии ................................................................................... 137 Майя Саникидзе. Содействущие механизмы развития малого бизнеса ..............................................................................................151 9 Менеджмент. Маркетинг.Туризм Манана Хархели. Рейнжиниринг бизнес-процессов и роль оперативного консалтинга в её осуществлении .163 Эка Гулуа, Мераб Хохобая. Восприятие православного лидерства.................... ..............................................177 ФИНАНСОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА Тамара Кбиладзе. К вопросу расчёта оптимального налогового бремени ...................................................................179 Правила представления и опубликования научных статей в журнале «Экономика и бизнес».............................................................. 202 10 saSobao epistole patriarqis saSobao epistole sruli versia yovladsamRvdelono mRvdelmTavarno, Rirsno moZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monozonno, yovelno saero dasno, - mkvidrno saqarTveloisa da droebiT Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebno Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno! ,,nu geSiniaT, aha, me gaxarebT did sixaruls, romliTac ixarebs mTeli xalxi. radgan dRes, daviTis qalaqSi, daibada Tqveni macxovari, romelic aris qriste ufali” (luka 2,10-11). 2014-ed euwyeba axla msoflios es saocari ambavi da efineba uflis usxeulo ZalTa sagalobeli: ,,dideba maRalTa Sina RmerTsa, da qveyanasa zeda mSvidoba, da kacTa Soris saTnoeba” (luka 2,14). angelozTa dasi, mwyemsebi, mogvebi da, maTTan erTad, Cvenc madlierebiTa da mokrZalebiT kvlav warmovTqvamT RmerTTan Serigebis, mSvidobisa da bednierebis momtan am didebul sityvebs. ramdeni xani eloda am zeims adamis modgma? ramdeni saukune gailia am Jamze natvriT? ramdeni wminda da RvTissaTno adamiani loculobda am dRisaTvis? adamidan mamamTavar abraamamde 20 Taobam ganvlo, abraamidan daviTamde - 14-ma, daviTidan babilonis tyveobamdec - 14-ma, babilonis tyveobidan vidre qristemde, - kidev ToTxmetma da mxolod am drois gasvlis Semdeg, codviT dacemuli evas nacvlad, aRmobrwyinda wminda qalwuli, RvTismSobeli mariami, - sasZlo uflisa. 11 bednieria saqarTvelo, rom qristeSobis sixaruli pirveli saukunidanve euwya mociqulTagan da am droidanve gaxda igi RvTismSoblis wilxvedri. es udidesi pasuxismgeblobacaa. amitomac swori warmodgena unda gvqondes im procesebze, rac dRes Cvens qveyanaSi da, saerTod, msoflioSi mimdinareobs, raTa pasuxi gavceT maT da SevinarCunoT winaprebis Tavganwirvis fasad dRemde motanili Cveni meoba. yvela droSi qristianobas Tavisi gamowvevebi qonda, magram Tanamedrove postmodernistuli epoqa gamorCeulia mega-gamowvevebiT. postmodernizmis mTavari arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sinamdvilis xedva, romelic ama Tu im religiur mimdinareobas eyrdnoba, arasworadaa miCneuli, radgan, maTi gagebiT, cdeba yvela, vinc acxadebs, rom WeSmariteba icis. TviT aTeistebic cdebian, radgan amtkiceben raRacas, magaliTad, uRmerToebas. marTalia mxolod is, vinc aravis gansjis. aseTi azrovnebisaTvis, swori da araswori aRar arsebobs. gvaqvs ubralod sistema, romlisTvisac mniSvnelovani is ki ar aris, marTalia Tu ara esa Tu is princi pi, aramed is, Tu ramdenad muSaobs da ramdenad sargebliania igi dRes. am sistemaSi miCneulia, rom TviTon adamiania yvelafris ganmsazRvreli da rac mas moesurveba, isaa kargi. amitomac pirovnebis gamosworeba ki ar aris saWiro, aramed misi azrovnebis Secvlaa misaRwevi. magaliTad, Tu vinmes WuWyiani samosi acvia, da igi CaTvlis, rom misi tansacmeli sufTaa da amas TviTonac daijerebs, is marTali iqneba. mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sxvac ase fiqrobs Tu ara. Tu viRac miiCnevs, rom naZvi maradyviTeli mcenar- 12 saSobao epistole ea, sxva ki ambobs, rom igi iasamnisferia, swori iqneba orive da mcdaria imis mtkiceba, TiTqos, naZvi mxolod maradmwvanea. Cven yvelam viciT, rom dedamiwas, zogadad samyaros, aqvs kanonebi da es aris realoba. Tanamedrove azrovneba ki gveubneba, rom saerTo mocemuloba ar arsebobs da rom es Cveni mogonilia. amdenad, SegiZlia, Seni survilisamebr, nebismieri movlena aRiaro, an ar aRiaro, miiCnio arsebulad, an ararsebulad. tabu unda aexsnas yvelafers! unda ganvdevnoT warsulis zneobrivi SezRudvebi, yvelaferi kargia, rac me minda da msiamovnebs! oRond Sefasebebisas erTi aucilebeli wesi unda iqnes daculi, - sxvisi, gansakuTrebiT umciresobis, uflebebi ar unda dairRves! es kanonia. Sedegad ki viRebT imas, rom ikargeba zRvari kargsa da cud saqciels, simarTlesa da sicrues Soris. simarTle aris is, rasac me miviCnev simarTled da morCa! Sen Seni simarTle gaqvs? daicavi Seni simarTle, me Cemsas davicav. me Sens uflebebs ar Sevlaxav, Senc Cemi uflebebi ar Selaxo. daaxloebiT aseTia is azrovneba, romelis damkvidrebis mcdelobac aris dRes. arCevanis Tavisuflebas da pirovnebaze Zaladobrivi qmedebis miuReblobas qristianobac qadagebs. arCevanis Tavisufleba uflisagan adamianisaTvis boZebuli erT-erTi umTavresi madlia, magram qristianul moZRvrebasa da fsevdo-liberalebis mier SemoTavazebuli ,,Tavisuflebas” Soris fundamenturi sxvaobaa. fsevdo-liberaluri ,,arCevanis Tavisufleba” asarCev mocemulobaTa Tanabar Rirebulebebs gulisxmobs da yvelafers Tanabrad kargad miiCnevs. 13 qristianoba (zogadad, religiuri azrovneba) ki gvaswavlis, ra aris kargi da ra - miuRebeli, ra aris codva da ra - madli, magram arCevis uflebas pirovnebas utovebs. qristianuli princi pia: me pativs vcem Seni arCevanis uflebas, magram ara Sens nebismier arCevans; yvelaferi nebadarTulia, magram yvelaferi rodia sargo (Ikor.10;23). isedac xom cxadia, arCevanis Tavisufleba maSinaa Rirebuli, rodesac mas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul faseulobebs Soris akeTeb, Torem Tu yvelaferi sul erTia, arCevansac azri ekargeba. yovelives Tavi da Tavi ki is aris, rom sekularulma ideologiam pirovneba RmerTisagan damoukidebel arsebad warmoaCina, kvarcxlbekze codviT damZimebuli adamiani daayena da yvelaferi mis instiqtebs dauqvemdebara, riTac mdabali vnebiTi midrekilebebis legitimacia moindoma, moraluri da sulieri orientirebi daukarga da es individualizmis sababiT gaamarTla. esaa yvela mimarTulebiT gaSlili brZola tradiciuli Sexedulebebis, aRzrdisa da zneobis winaaRmdeg. didad samwuxaroa, rom umciresobaTa jgufebi, romlebic qristianobisTvis mkveTrad uaryofiTi ideebiT gamoirCevian, humanizmis aRiarebul warmomadgenlebad saxeldebian. maT aqvT privilegiebi, reklama, maTze muSaobs masmedia, daculni arian sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier; maTi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis xdeba kanonmdeblobebis Secvlac da sxva; xolo vinc ewinaaRmdegeba am procesebs, gansakuTrebiT eklesia, diskretidirebis niavRarSi eqceva, sazogadoebaSi ki mTavari dartymis obieqti ojaxia. es procesebi metnaklebad Cvens qveyanaSic mimdin- 14 saSobao epistole areobs da swored amitom vamaxvilebT am Temebze yuradRebas. krizisis mTavar gamovlinebas seqsualuri umciresobebis urTierTobebis qalisa da mamakacis qorwinebasTan gaTanabrebis da erTsqesiani wyvilebisaTvis bavSvis Svilad ayvanis uflebis miniWebis saSiSroeba warmoadgens. aseTi kanoni qorwinebis mTel azrs aukuRmarTebs da bavSvsac, faqtiurad, nivTad aqcevs, romlis flobac yvelas SeuZlia. saqarTvelo Tavisi ganviTarebiT, kulturiT qristianuli evropis nawilia da amitomac, misken ltolva Cvens xalxSi namdvilad aris. magram, am da zemoT aRniSnul fundamentur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, evrogaerTianebam, evroparlamentma unda gaiTvaliswinon calkeuli qveynebis tradicia da azrovnebis wesi da miscen maT saSualeba Tavisufali arCevanisa, raTa adgilobrivma mosaxleobam gulwrfelad moindomos Tanamedrove evropul kulturasTan dakavSireba. saqarTvelos eklesia miesalmeba evrokavSiris pozicias imis Sesaxeb, rom erTsqesianTa qorwinebis dakanoneba ar warmoadgens evrokavSiris sruluflebian wevrad Cveni qveynis gaxdomis winapirobas, rac evrokavSiris sruluflebiani warmomadgenlis, baton fili p dimitrovis 2013 wlis dekembris Tvis gancxadebaSi dafiqsirda. zogadad, Cven migvaCnia, rom aseTi pirovnebebi daxmarebas da Tanadgomas saWiroeben, raTa maT daZlion codviTi midrekilebebi da swori cxovrebis gzas daubrundnen. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom Cven mxari davuWiroT maTi codvis propagandas. saerTod, ojaxi aris eris, saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis mTavari qvakuTxedi. igi patara saxelmwifoa, 15 qristianuli gagebiT ki - ,,mcire eklesia.” qristianoba qorwinebas erT-erT saidumlod miiCnevs. es aris saidumlo ara mxolod adamianuri, aramed RvTiuri siyvarulisac. ojaxuri cxovreba qristianuli Rvawlia, gzaa sulis xsnisa, radgan igi gulisxmobs ara marto erTad cxovrebas, aramed erTmaneTisaTvis cxovrebas. biblia gvaswavlis, rom ojaxis ufali aris RmerTi, romelmac adamisa da evas saxiT mTeli kacobrioba Seqmna. amdenad, yvela adamianis mama, am sityvis yvelaze sruli da absolituri mniSvnelobiT, aris TviT Semoqmedi. WeSmariti qristianuli ojaxisTvis marto siyvaruli da erTmaneTisaken swrafva ar aris sakmarisi. ojaxi mowodebulia iqces ,,mcire eklesiad,” maradiuli siyvarulis cocxal xatad, romelSic RvTis mcnebebs icaven da Taobidan Taobas gadascemen. SegaxsenebT mose winaswarmetyvelis yvelaze mTavar mimarTvas xalxisadmi: ,,ismine, israelo! da ecade Seasrulo, rom kargad iyo da didad imravlo qveyanaSi, ... ismine, israelo, erTia ufali, ufali, Cveni RmerTi. giyvardes ufali, Seni RmerTi mTeli Seni guliT da suliT, mTeli Seni SeZlebiT. gulSi gqondes es sityvebi, ... Caagonebde Sens Svilebs da uTxrobde saxlSi jdomisas, gzaze siarulisas, dawolisas da adgomisas. Seibi niSnad xelze da tvifrad Sublze. waawere Seni saxlis wirTxlebs da karebs” (II rj., 6, 3-9). es darigeba axal aRTqmaSic yvelaze mTavar mcnebad iqna gacxadebuli ieso qristes mier, romelsac daamata: ,,giyvardes moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Tvisi” (mT., 19,19). 16 saSobao epistole ojaxSi meuRleebi erTmaneTs siyvaruliT unda emsaxuron, Tumca ierarqia yovelTvis unda iyos daculi. is, rom mamakaci Tavia ojaxisa, ar niSnavs mis batonobas, aramed mis msxverplSewirul msaxurebas, mis pasuxismgeblobas colisa da Svilebisadmi. igia maTi damcveli, mompovebeli arsobis purisa da amasTan, RvTismmsaxuri Tavisi saxlisa. man unda gamoiTxovos uflisagan wyaloba, siyvaruli da madli ojaxis wevrebisaTvis. qali pasuxismgebelia saxlze, misi wevrebisaTvis zrunvaze, Svilebis aRzrdaze. igi RvTis mcnebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda daemorCilos qmars, Tundac, rom erTi SexedviT amis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyos, radgan amiT aRasrulebs uflis nebas (Tumca es ar niSnavs codvasa da araswor qmedebebSi morCilebas). qristianul ojaxSi, ra Tqma unda, Tavs iCens araerTi gansacdeli, rac urTierTsiyvaruliT unda daiZlios. da Tu es ase ar xdeba, iq arc aris namdvili ojaxi. qristianuli ojaxi uflis savanea, uflis baRia, romelSic colsac da qmarsac daedginaT muSakoba RvTis sadidebelad. rogori amaRlebulia es yvelaferi, rogori saTuTia da gasafrTxilebeli! Cveni axalgazrdebi ki, samwuxarod, moumzadebelni xvdebian am udides saidumlos. Tanamedrove msoflioSi ojaxur faseulobebs enacvleba mxareTa merkantiuli interesebi. e.w. partnioruli urTierTobebi, romelsac Tan sdevs gareSe Tanacxovrebis sxvadasxva formebi. mecnierul-teqnikurma winsvlam ki iseTi mZime eTikuri sakiTxebi daay- 17 ena dRis wesrigSi, rogoric manmade ar smenoda kacobriobas: xelovnuri ganayofiereba, sinjaraSi Casaxuli bavSvebi, surogati dedebi, genebis Serwyma, klonireba da a.S.. “humanistebi” mxars uWeren aborts, evTanaziasa da TviTmkvlelobas. amasTan, maTTvis mecnieruli progresi absolutizirebulia da miiCneven, rom risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia, unda gakeTdes. es eTikuri sofizmia, radgan is, rac teqnologiurad miRwevadia, yvelaferi rodia moraluri da sasargeblo. mizani amarTlebs saSualebas, - esec maTi cxovrebis wesia da esec sofizmia, radgan arc yvela mizania kargi da arc yvela saSualebaa misaRebi, Tundac kargi miznisaTvis. magaliTad, faSistebs qondaT ebraelebis ganadgurebis survili. gana es mizani SeiZleba normalurad CaiTvalos?! anda imisTvis, rom kacobriobis jansaRi nawili metad iyos daculi, nuTu SeiZleba vinmem gaamarTlos SidsiT daavadebulTaTvis sicocxlis moswrafeba? gana SeiZleba bednieri iyos is ojaxi,sadac aborti keTdeba da ususuri patara arsebebis uRvTod daCexili sxeulebis aCrdilebi dadian? da rogori saSinelebaa imis warmodgenac ki, rom yovel wels, araoficialuri monacemebiT, milionamde aborti keTdeba saqarTveloSi da amis SemCerebeli jerjerobiT aravin aris. SeiZleba ojaxi iyos bednieri, sadac surogati dedis mier dabadebuli bavSvi izrdeba? es patara xom Tavidanve gawires usiyvarulobisaTvis, miusafrobisa da martoobisaTvis. igi keTildReobaSic rom gaizardos, mucladyofnis periodis am simZimes veraferi Secvlis da es, aucileblad, iCens Tavs zrdasrul asakSi. 18 saSobao epistole problematurni iqnebian is bavSvebic, romlebic xelovnuri ganayofierebiT daibadnen da maTi sicocxle mravali embrionis ganadgurebis Sedegad ganviTarda. is, rom kacTa modgmas ar Seuqmnia okeane, xmeleTi, ciuri sxeulebi da balaxic ki (aRarafers vambobT adamianze), cxadze cxadia. aqamde mxolod biologiurad saintereso qimikatebi (mag. aminomJavebi) miiRes, Sejvarda da SeareTes sicocxlis ukve arsebuli formebi da sxva araferi. xolo, Tu Cven ar mogvitania sicocxle am wuTisofelSi, ra ufleba gvaqvs gvaqvs movindomoT batonoba masze? ratom visakuTrebT mas, rac Cveni ar aris? faqtia isic, rom miuxedavad mecnierul-teqnikuri didi winsvlisa, ar SegviZlia Tavi davaRwioT sikvdils. ratom? Cven xom yovlisSemZleni varT? sinamdvile ki sxva aris. ufali eubneba moses: ,,me vklav da me vacocxleb” (II rj.32,39). iobis wignSic igive azria: sicocxle `ufalma momca, ufalma waiRo”(iobi 1,21). amitom, araviTari ufleba ara gvaqvs xelvyoT uflis es wyaloba da vinc amas akeTebs da ar Seinanebs, daisjeba! miuxedavad uamravi problemisa, kargi ojaxebi mainc mravlad aris saqarTveloSi, rac qveynis gadarCenis garantiaa. me minda davloco Cvens samSobloSi da mis farglebs gareT mcxovrebi yvela qarTuli ojaxi, aseve vlocav Cveni qveynis mkvidr sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa ojaxebsac da yvelas gisurvebT RvTissaTno gziT svlas, uflis SiSiTa da siyvaruliT cxovrebas, raTa ixaroT orsav sofelsa Sina. amasTan, viTvaliswinebT ra im marTlmadidebeli adamianebis damsaxurebas, romelTac bolo 20 wlis 19 manZilze, ekonomikurad mZime mdgomareobis miuxedvad, Cvens samwysos 4 da meti Svili SesZines, miviReT gadawyvetileba, aseTi mSoblebi da Svilebi gansakuTrebulad SevavedroT ufals da patriarqis sigeliT davajildovoT. mravalSvilianoba udidesi sikeTea. romeli warmavali simdidre Seedreba dedmamiSvilebis gverdze dgomasa da siyvaruls, rac ase sWirdeba adamians Cvens metad rTul droSi. TviTon mSoblebic udides energias iReben maTgan, radgan TiToeuli Svili calke aRebuli saocari samyaroa. mravalSvilianoba imiTac aris friad sasurveli, rom bavSvi pataraobidanve swavlobs egoizmis daZlevas, sxvaze mzrunvelobas da mSoblebisgan momdinare siyvarulis sxvisTvis ganawilebas. visac sami da meti bavSvi hyavs, kargad icis, xSirad rogor uWirs pirvel Svils axlad dabadebul meore CvilTan Segueba da sul eZebs dros, raimeTi avnos mas; mesame pataris Sematebas pirveli ufro advilad itans, meore ki ufro metad ganicdis, magram ise ara, rogorc pirvel Svils umZimda Tavidan, meoTxe bavSvis dabadeba ukve awonasworebs yvelafers da a.S. anu SvilTa simravle maTi sworad aRzrdis erTerTi garantiaa, radgan aseT garemoSi “me”-ze orientirebuli suliskveTeba siyvarulis gamravlebiTa da gacemiT icvleba da Tu amas swori aRzrdac daemata, miviRebT im mdgomareobas, razec biblia brZanebs: qali SvilTa simravliT cxondebao (I tim. 2,15). am saqmeSi mTavari roli da pasuxismgebloba dedas ekisreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom gogonebi xSirad fsevdokulturiTa da cru TavisuflebiT arian gatacebulni, rodesac dedebi xdebian, maTSi sxva grZnobebi 20 saSobao epistole iRviZebs sxva azrovneba uyalibdebaT, radgan swored isini xdebian siyvaruliT msaxurebis mTavari momqmedni da es iwvevs swored Sinagan fericvalebas. xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom meuRleebma, romelTac sakuTari Svili ar yavT, es tragediad ar unda miiCnion; mTavaria maTi erTad cxovreba sasufevlis damkvidrebisTvis momzadebad iqces. sasurvelia bavSvis ayvanac. es didi madlia da am SemTxvevaSi maT eklesiaSi sagangebo locva ekiTxebaT. * * * amqveyniuri Cveni yofa droebiTia da mswraflwarmavali. dro ki romelSic vcxovrobT, wriulia, ganmeorebadi da, amave dros, sworxazovani, - miemarTeba dasawyisidan dasasrulisken. amasTan, sxvadasxva qmnilebisaTvis yofis xangrZlivoba sxvadasxvanairia: zogisaTvis - ramdenime saaTi, zogisTvis - ramdenime dRe, sxvisTvis - wlebi, saukuneebi an saerTodac aTaswleulebi. samyaro da dro erTdroulad gaCnda. ai, rogor mimarTavs netari avgustine ufals: ,,Sena xar drois Semomqmedi; ar arsebobs dro Seni Tanamaradisi rom iyos, radgan Sen waruvali xar, xolo dro rom waruvali iyos, droc aRar iqneboda igi.” samoTxeSi yofnis periods mamebi ,,wminda drod” moixseneben. igi sxva saxisa iyo da iq arc adami arc eva ar eqvemdebarebodnen mis mdinarebas. is dro ki, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, dadga codviT dacemis Semdeg. pirveli adamianebi, moakldnen ra “cxovrebis xis” nayofs, - anu ufalTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobas, daknindnen; maTi azrovnebis wesic Seicvala da miwieri yofiT Semoifargla, Tumca ltolva samoTxisa da RvTi- 21 saken kvlav darCaT. amitomac adamiani gaorda, gaorda misi amqveyniuri droc: liturgikuli droiT igi kvlav ukavSirdeba RmerTs, xolo yofiTi dro moicavs cxovrebis im nawils, razec bibliaSi weria: ,,amaoeba amaoebaTa da yovelive amao ars” (ekl. 1,2). drois gayofa yvelaze realuri saxiT moxda pirveli msxverplSewirvis Semdeg, rodesac kaenma uflis ZRveni ampartavnebis suliT gaiRo, xolo abelma - gulwrfeli, uSurveli siyvaruliT. kaenis Suri SuRlSi gadaizarda, abelis mokvliT ki masSi miwieri da egoisturi suli imdenad gaZlierda, rom RvTis pirisagan Tavisi nebiT sabolood miefara da aRar undoda ufalTan urTierToba; amiT dasrulda misi liturgikuli droc, ramac mxolod miwieri yofis survili gauRviva da gamoiwvia sikvdilisadmi Zrwola, anu SemoqmedTan Sexvedris SiSi. (zogadad aseTive damokidebuleba aqvT im adamianebsac, romlebic RvTis sawinaaRmdegod cxovroben.) abels ki, marTalia, amqveyniuri yofa waerTva, magram misi liturgikuli dro momavali maradiuli netari cxovrebis sawyisad iqca. dedamiwaze ki misi gza seiTma da misma modgmam gaagrZeles. ras niSnavs CvenTvis, qristianebisaTvis, liturgikuli droiT cxovreba? Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, wuTisofelSi awmyo, faqtiurad, ar arsebobs; is, rasac awmyos varqmevT, im wamsve iqceva warsulad. ase rom, Cven warsulsa da momavals Soris vimyofebiT. maradisobaSi ki mudmivi awmyoa. iq warsuli da momavali ar arsebobs. da Tu gvsurs, sworad vicxovroT, unda vicxovroT ise, rom Cvens warmaval droSi maradiuloba Semoviy- 22 saSobao epistole vanoT da dro moZrav maradisobad vaqcioT (wm.ioane damaskeli). es saidumlo eklesiaSi aResruleba. amitomac kargavs aq dro Tavis ZiriTad fizikur Tvisebebs, - Seuqcevadobas da sworxazovnobas, rac saeklesio dResaswaulTa ganmeoradobiT, wriuli mdinarebiTa da maTi ganmaaxlebeli moqmedebiTaa ganpirobebuli. Cven aq mudmivad vxdebiT Tanamonawile samyaros Seqmnisa, mamamTavarTa da winaswarmetyvelTa epoqisa, macxovrisa da misi mowafeebis da wmindanebis cxovrebisa, saerTod adamianisa da samyaros xsnis Sesaxeb saRmrTo gangebulebis istoriisa. yovel dRes Tavisi datvirTva aqvs: kvira saRvTismsaxuro ciklis centrs, - qristes aRdgomas warmoadgens. orSabaTi, zogadad, angelozTa dRea, samSabaTi - wm. ioane naTlismcemlisa, oTxSabaTi - jvris, xuTSabaTi - wm. nikolozis, paraskevi - jvarcmis, SabaTi ki - yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa da wm. mociqulebis. wlis ciklis formirebac, pirvel rigSi, aRdgomas ukavSirdeba da mas paseqis dResaswauli ganapirobebs. amasTan, aris uZravi da moZravi umniSvnelovanesi dReebi, romlebic uflis, RvTismSoblis, zeciur ZalTa, mociqulTa da wmindanebis saxels ukavSirdeba. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos isic, rom, garda eklesiuri cxovrebisa, liturgikuli droiT cxovreba niSnavs yoveldRiuri yofis ise warmarTvas, rom adamianis guli da goneba mudmivad iyos RmerTTan kavSirSi. es ki gulisxmobs gacnobierebas imisas, rom Tu ara uflis Sewevna, Cven ver SevZlebdiT verc sunTqvas, verc siaruls, verc azrovnebas, da raime saqmis gakeTebas, garSemomyofTa da saerTod, samyaros aRqmas: ver movipovebdiT sakvebs, Casacmels, sacxovriss, ver SevqmnidiT 23 kulturas, verc mecnierul aRmoCenebs gavakeTebT... anu unda davinaxoT, rom yovelive uflis nebiT mogveca, raTa garemo ukeTesi gavxadoT, RvTis madlierni da misi TanaSemomqmedni gavxdeT da ara mowinaaRmdegeni. Tumca arCevani Cveni gasakeTebelia. Tu, magaliTad, Sen pedagogi xar da moswavleebs zrdi im suliskveTebiT, rom iyvnen samSoblos erTguli Svilebi, uyvardeT RmerTi da erTmaneTi, saerTod, moyvasi, aswavli Suris daZlevas, wyenis daviwyebas da advilad Serigebas, gansacdelSi myofTadmi daxmarebas, ufrosebisadmi pativiscemas, bunebis, Sromis, wignebis kiTxvis, Rrma azrovnebis siyvaruls da Senc Tu aseve cxovrob, maSin Seni amqveyniuri yofa maradiulobiT aris ganmsWvaluli, radgan egoizmisgan Tavisufal RvTissaTno azrovnebas amkvidreb. Tu Sen damlagebeli xar da yoveldRe patiosnad da siyvaruliT akeTeb Sens saqmes, ar agvianeb samsaxurSi, exmarebi moyvass, hmadlob RmerTs arsobis purisTvis, ar iviwyeb sulier cxovrebas da uflis mcnebebs, Sin da gareT keTili damokidebulebis damkvidrebas uwyob xels, Sen liturgikuli droiT cxovrob. Tu diasaxlisi xar da Svilebze zrunvas girCevnia, samsaxuri gqondes mxolod imitom, rom ukeTesad gaerTo, Tu Sen arafers eridebi, raTa komfortuli cxovreba moiwyo da ar gadardebs amisTvis sxvisi msxverplad gawirva, Tu Sen abortiT an sxva Tanamedrove saSualebebiT axden ojaxis dagegmarebas, egoisturad zrdi bavSvebs, ar aswavli maT mowyalebis gacemas da gaWirvebulisadmi Tanadgomas, ar aswavli megobrobas, simarTlis siyvaruls, erTgulebas, - kaenis suls ver moicileb da misi xvedris Tanaziari gaxdebi. ,,urTierT simZime itvirTeT da esreT aRasru- 24 saSobao epistole leT sjuli igi qristesi.” brZanebs mociquli (gal.6,2). fizikur da materialur daxmarebasTan erTad Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs locviT Sewevnas da es mudam unda gvaxsovdes. minda SegaxsenoT antoni suroJelis mier moxmobili erTi ambavi: ,,iyo axalgazrda moZRvari, romelsac sxvisi codvebis danaxvis unari mieca da roca erTxel masTan metad mZime codvebiT savse adamiani mivida aRsarebisaTvis, ar miiRo. Tumca male sindisma Seawuxa da amis Sesaxeb gamocdil bers uambo. man usayvedura: rogor gaabrune? is xom sinanuliT movida da Sen iyavi misi bolo imedi? axalgazrda moZRvari ise Sewuxda, RmerTs sTxovda, naTelxilvis unari aRar qonoda. gulwrfeli sinanulisaTvis ufalma mas Tanalmobis madli mianiWa. da ai, erTxelac, roca mas metad mZime xasiaTis saxlis mepatronesTan mouwia Ramis gaTeneba, igi aRar dabrkolda misi codvebis gamo, aramed erT kuTxeSi gulmxurvaled daiwyo locva mepatronesaTvis da Tan mis danaSaulobebs ambobda. maspinZeli sasuliero piris locviT dainteresda da Cumad daugdo yuri. igi gaognebuli ismenda Tavisi codvebis Sesaxeb axalgazrda moZRvris RvTisadmi vedrebas da aman imdenad SeZra, rom im dRidan sruliad gansxvavebuli cxovreba daiwyo. aseTi magaliTebi mis cxovrebaSi mravlad iyo da roca ekiTxebodnen, rogor axerxebda adamianebis moqcevas, moZRvari pasuxobda: ,,rodesac CemTan modis codviT damZimebuli pirovneba, romelic ver xedavs Tavis danaSauls da sinanuli ara aqvs, vcdilob sulierad mis Sinagan samyaros Cavwvde da im azriT, rom Cven varT xorci xorcTagani da sisxli sisxlTagani erTmaneTisa, 25 viwyeb sinanuliT locva-vedrebas misi da Cemi, anu Cveni codvebisaTvis da es adamianic, RvTis madliT, TandaTan iwyebs Semobrunebas.” RmerTma Cvenc mogvces Zala amgvari wesiT cxovrebisa. me imedi maqvs, rom, miuxedavad Cvens winaSe arsebuli mravali didi problemisa, saqarTvelo gauZlebs drois gamocdas da yovladwminda RvTismSoblis meoxebiT RvTis madidebeli suli mudam izeimebs Cvens qveyanaSi. qristes eklesiis samwysov: dRes “moiwia drois sisrule, moavlina RmerTma Tavisi Ze, ... raTa Cvenc migveRo Zeoba”. ase rom monani ki aRara xarT, aramed Zeni, xolo Tu Zeni xar, memkvidreca xar RvTisa mier (gal.4, 4-7). maS, gixarodeT, Cemo sayvarelo suliero Svilebo: qarTvelebo, afxazebo, osebo, berZnebo, rusebo, iezidno, udininno, somexno, azerbaijanelno ..., yovelno Svilno saqarTvelos wminda marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa; gixarodeT yovelno RvTismoyvareno: ,,dRes, daviTis qalaqSi, daibada Tqveni macxovari, romelic aris qriste ufali” (luka 2,11). Tqveni erTgulebis niSnad anTebuli sanTlebiT SexvdiT mas da imediTa da siyvaruliT miegebeT! maradis TqvenTvis mlocveli ilia II sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi qristes Soba 2013-2014 weli 26 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika viSegradis qveynebis evrokavSirTan integraciis ekonomikuri politika revaz gvelesiani, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, ekonomikuri politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli eka lekaSvili, imave kaTedris asocirebuli profesori nana maisuraZe, doqtoranti giorgi yufaraZe, doqtoranti „viSegradis jgufi“-centraluri evropis oTxi qveynis: ungreTis, poloneTis, CexeTisa da slovakeTis alianss aRniSnavs. am gaerTianebis mizani wevr qveynebs Soris regionuli TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba da evrointegracis procesebis gaZlierebaa. viSegradis jgufis istoria jer kidev 1335 wlidan iwyeba, rodesac bohemiis, ungreTis da poloneTis mefeebi viSegradSi1 Seikribnen da am sam samefos Soris urTierTobebis ganmtkiceba gadawyvites. ufro Tanamedrove istoria ki Cexoslovakiis prezidentis vaclav havelis iniciativiT iwyeba, Cexoslovakiis, poloneTisa da ungreTis saxelmwifo mmarTvelebma Caatares samiti bratislavaSi (aprili 1990), viSegradSi (Tebervali 1991), krakovSi (oqtomberi 1991) da praRaSi (maisi 1992). oficialurad viSegradis 1 istoriuli mniSvnelobis samefo cixe-qalaqi ungreTSi, romelic daaarsa ungreTis mefem Carlz I-ma. 27 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe jgufi Seiqmna 1991 wlis 15 Tebervals „evrokavSirSi integraciis gzaze ungreTs, CexeTs, slovakeTsa da poloneTs Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb deklaraciis“ xelmoweriT. Sexvedras, romelic ungreTis qalaq viSegradSi Sedga, eswrebodnen jozef antali ungreTis premier - ministri, lex valensa - poloneTis prezidenti da vaclav haveli - Cexoslovakiis prezidenti. ,,viSegradis jgufma” centraluri evropis qveynebis evrokavSirTan warmatebuli integraciis magaliTi Seqmna. imis miuxedavad, rom viSegradis jgufs sxva regionuli Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebis msgavsad Camoyalibebuli struqtura da mudmivmoqmedi samdivno ar aqvs, igi jer kidev XX s-is 90-iani wlebSi warmatebuli regionuli TanamSromlobis simbolod iqca. viSegradis qveynebis jgufis TanamSromloba ar warmoadgens evrokavSiris regionuli gaerTianebis alternativas. evrokavSiri mas mxars uWers rogorc efeqtiani subregionuli TanamSromlobis struqturas. viSegradis qveynebis jgufi xels uwyobs saerTo faseulobebis gavrcelebas, regionSi usafrTxoebis gaZlierebas da ekonomikur ganviTarebas mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis gziT. viSegradis qveynebis msgavsad, evrointegraciis procesebi prioritetulia aRmosavleT evropis mosazRvre regionis - samxreT kavkasiis qveynebisaTvis, romlebic eswrafvian TavianTi sazogadoebebis ekonomikuri da socialuri transformaciis warmatebiT gagrZelebas, evrokavSiris standartebTan konvergencias da am gziT evrokavSiris wevrobas. cnobilia, rom 2009 wlis 7 maiss evrokavSirma aRmosavleT evropis eqvs qveyanas (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani, somxeTi, belorusi, moldova, ukraina) TanamSromlobis axali forma - aRmosavle- 28 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika Tis partnioroba (Eastern Partnership) SesTavaza. ~aRmosavleT partnioroba~ xels uwyobs partniori qveynebis evrokavSirSi ufro Rrma integracias da monawile qveynebisaTvis socialuri da ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebaSi daxmarebas. am mxriv, viSegradis qveynebis urTierTTanamSromlobis gamocdileba da evrokavSirTan integraciis calkeuli aspeqtebi samxreT kavkasiis qveynebisaTvis mniSvnelovan magaliTs warmoadgens. swored es ganapirobebs kvlevis interess. aRniSnuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlevis miznad dasaxulia viSegradis qveynebis evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integraciis evoluciis Seswavla, am procesSi arsebuli miRwevebis, problemebis da maTi daZlevis gzebis gamovlena, ris Sedegadac xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna evrokavSirSi maTi gawevrianebisa da regionuli TanamSromlobisaTvis. kvlevis obieqts viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikebi, xolo sagans - am qveynebis mier SemuSavebuli da gatarebuli ekonomikuri politika warmoadgens. viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikuri integraciis politikis sakiTxis garSemo qarTulenovani resursebi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, kvlevis procesSi gamoviyeneT delantis da rumfordis [6], gilis da raizeris [17], franos [7], kavaliauskas [8], kramptonis [12] da sxvaTa Sromebi. aseve, avtorTa jgufebis da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier gamocemuli angariSebi da kvlevebi, romlebic evrokavSiris gafarToebas da viSegradis jgufSi monawile qveynebis ekonomikebs exeba. kramptonis [12] naSromSi warmodgenilia aRmosavleT evropis regionis ganviTarebis kvleva XX saukunesa da XXI saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi. wignSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia demokratiis formirebasa da sabazro ekonomi- 29 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe kis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze. kavaliauskas [8] naSromSi warmodgenilia centraluri evropis geopolitikuri, kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis analizi uSualod 1989-2012 wlebSi. delantis da rumfordis [6] naSromi ki evropeizaciis sakiTxis garSemo mimdinare debatebis kiTxvebze pasuxia: avtoris azriT, saWiroa socialuri Teoria evropeizaciis arsis Sesacnobad. wignSi warmodgenilia evrokavSirSi mimdinare ZiriTadi socialuri transformaciis sakiTxebi globalizaciis konteqstiT. gilis da raizeris [17] kvleva evropis ,,brwyinvalebis“ ganaxlebis gzebis Ziebas exeba. kerZod, evropis ekonomikuri modelis ganxilvas konvergenciis meqanizmis safuZvelze. franos [7] monografiuli kvleva viSegradis qveynebis safondo birJis sabazro mikrostruqturebis kvlevas moicavs. masSi ganxilulia viSegradis jgufis qveynebSi safondo birJebis funqcionirebis Taviseburebebi. 1993 wlis 1 ianvridan, mas Semdeg rac Cexoslovakia or damoukidebel qveyanad gaiyo, viSegradis samkuTxedi oTxeulad iqca da deklaraciiT ganisazRvra viSegradis jgufis ZiriTadi miznebi: •saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis, demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis srulad aRdgena; •totalitaruli sistemis yvela arsebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da mentaluri aspeqtis aRmofxvra; •saparlamento demokratiis da saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi sistemis mSenebloba, adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis pativiscema; •Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis Seqmna; •sruli CarTuloba evropul politikur da ekonomikur, aseve usafrTxoebisa da sakanonmdeblo 30 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika sistemaSi. organizaciuli struqturis TvalsazrisiT, TanamSromlobis formad SerCeul iqna premier-ministrebisa da ministrebis doneze regularuli Sexvedra, sadac muSavdeboda erTiani strategiebi. am mizniT oTxive wevri qveynis wilobrivi monawileobis safuZvelze Seiqmna viSegradis saerTaSoriso fondi, romlis ZiriTadi mizani regionuli masStabis proeqtebis dafinansebaa. viSegradis TanamSromloba, faqtobrivad, ar aris raime formiT institucionalizebuli. igi emyareba sxvadasxva doneze misi warmomadgenlebis periodul Sexvedrebs. premier - ministrebis oficialuri Sexvedra yovelwliurad ewyoba. samitebs Soris saprezidento pozicia aqvs am oTxi qveynidan erTderTs, romelic pasuxismgebelia TanamSromlobis erTwliani samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebaze. regionuli TanmSroblobisa da ganviTarebis msgavsi strategiebis arCevis miuxedavad, viSegradis qveynebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba saxelmwifos teritoriuli zomebiT, mosaxleobis raodenobiT, eTnikuri kompoziciiTa da sxva maCveneblebis mixedviT. viSegradis qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba XX saukuneSi maT istoriul ekonomikur ganviTarebas. ungreTis, slovakeTis da poloneTis ekonomika ZiriTadad yofil sabWoTa kavSirTan ekonomikur integraciaze iyo orientirebuli. CexeTi, piriqiT, tradiciulad dasavleT evropasTan ekonomikur urTierTobas aniWebda upiratesobas. viSegradis qveynebi gardamavali ekonomikis yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebi iyvnen da gacilebiT ukeTesi sawyisi pozicia hqondaT sxva postsocialistur qveynebTan SedarebiT. viSegradis yvela qveyanam daaxloebiT erTi da igive dro - 41- 42 weli 31 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe gaatara komunistur reJimSi. cvalebadi garemo da usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi gavlenas axdenda politikuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebaze. periodulad Zlierdeboda maRali donis politikuri TanamSromloba, magram politikuri riskebis ganmuxtvisTanave, rogorc wesi, es saWiroeba sustdeboda. magaliTad, XX s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qveynebi gaerTiandnen ruseTisgan momdinare safrTxis gavleniT1; aseve, erToblivi regionuli aqtivobebis survili gaZlierda evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sedegad maqsimaluri upiratesobebisa da sargeblis miRebis imediT. es procesi gagrZelda manam, sanam viSegradis qveynebma ar miiRes evrokavSiris sruli wevroba. viSegradis qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva periodSi gansxvavebulad viTardeboda. 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari ekonomikuri kavSirebis mkveTri SesustebiT xasiaTdeba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo im mizeziT, rom regionis qveynebidan TiToeuli cdilobda evrokavSirTan individualurad mWidro ekonomikuri da finansuri urTierTobebis damyarebas. erTmaneTTan regionuli kavSirebis Camoyalibebas ki meorexarisxovan sakiTxad ganixilavdnen. evropuli Tanamegobroba 1990-iani wlebidan mniSvnelovnad dainteresda centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebiT ara mxolod politikuri, aramed teqnikuri da finansuri mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiTac. evropulma Tanamegobrobam di plomatiuri urTierTo1 moskovis lomonosovis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profesoris artiom melxinis azriT, centraluri evropis arsebobis substanciur princi ps evrokavSiris wevrobis sapirispirod ruseTi warmoadgens. Tomas Kavaliauskas, 2012. Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012: Geopolitical, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Shifts.Lexington Books; გვ.3 32 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika bebi Camoayaliba centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebTan. 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis (the CEFTA1) farglebSi ganxorcielebuli efeqtiani RonisZiebebis Sedegad qveynebs Soris savaWro urTierTobebma sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba daiwyo, Tumca, vaWroba mainc mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli rCeboda. es, nawilobriv, moTxovnis arasaTanado zrdiT iyo gamowveuli, nawilobriv ki, regionis qveynebis swrafviT maqsimalurad gamoeyenebinaT evrokavSirTan vaWrobis potenciali. 1998 wels, evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis dawyebamde, evrokavSiris samarTlebriv struqturasTan adaptaciisa da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebis gardauvali saWiroeba warmoiSva. amas mohyva centraluri evropis regionis qveynebis ekonomikuri politikis Tanxvedra bevri aspeqtiT, radganac liberalizaciis zomebma yvela maTganisaTvis praqtikulad identuri maregulirebeli garemo Camoayaliba. amasTan, mogvianebiT cxadi gaxda, rom qveynebis erovnuli ekonomikuri politika garkveul sferoebSi msgavsi gzebiT aRar viTardeboda. sawyis etapze, mas ar mouxdenia aSkara gavlena ekonomikur maCveneblebze, Tumca mogvianebiT, regionis qveynebSi ekonomikis struqturulma cvlilebebma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri pirobebi Seqmna. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis fonze, ormxrivi savaWro da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi gaZlierda, xolo ekonomikuri struqturis Camoyalibebaze gavlenas ZiriTadad msxvili ucxouri kompaniebi da maTi mimwodeblebi axdendnen. 1 centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis zona Seiqmna 1992 wlis 21 dekembers, krakovSi (poloneTi) viSegradis qveynebis monawileobiT, xolo ZalaSi Sevida 1993 wlis 1 marts. 33 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe es periodi, msxvili regionuli korporaciebis CamoyalibebiT xasiaTdeba, romlebic sul ufro mzard gavlenas axdendnen regionul doneze[5, gv.37]. 2000 wels, rodesac viSegradis yvela qveynis ekonomikam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada da garkveuli sferoebis modernizeba moxda, politikurma da ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam ganviTareba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT daiwyo. ekonomikaSi wamyvani adgili korporaciulma urTierTobebma daikaves. kooperaciis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas mikroekonomikuri kavSirebi warmoadgenda, ZiriTadad, korporaciuli qselebis savaWro urTierTobebi da pirdapiri investiciebi mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebSi. mas Semdeg rac aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma gaacnobieres evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis mniSvneloba, viSegradis qveynebis vaWroba evrokavSirTan mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. evrokavSiri suverenuli saxelmwifoebis TanamSromlobisa da ekonomikuri organizaciis axal models warmoadgens, romlis wevri saxelmwifoebic demokratiul faseulobebs iziareben da sabazro ekonomikis princi pebs emorCilebian. wlebis ganmavlobaSi evrokavSirma xeli Seuwyo demokratiuli da liberaluri politikuri kulturis damkvidrebas, kanonis uzenaesobas. viSegradis jgufis qveynebma survili gamoTqves mWidrod eTanamSromlaT evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis mizniT. evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia yvelaze strategiuli mizani gaxda, radgan evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba maT saSualebas miscemda ukeT daecvaT sakuTari interesebi da usafrTxoeba. zogadad, gafarToebis procesi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa evrokavSirisaTvis. gafarToebam mniSvnelovani sargebeli moutana yvela mxares da ax- 34 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika ali wevri saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebas sruliad axali sicocxle SesZina. gafarToebis mexuTe talRa simbolurad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave daiwyo, rodesac evrokavSirma ganacxada, rom is aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs Tavis ojaxSi miiRebda. eqspertebis mosazrebiT, 2004 wlis gafarToebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi komunisturi reJimis damxobis Semdeg evropis gaerTianeba, romelic gaauqmebda XX saukunis meore naxevridan evropis aRmosavleT-dasavleTad dayofas. gafarToebebis wina talRebisagan gansaxvavebiT, romelic dayofili evropis konteqstiT mimdinareobda, 2004 wlis gafarToebis talRa pirvelad Seexo evropis xelaxali gaerTianebis sakiTxs. reunifikacia miznad isaxavda evropaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis konstituciur CarCoSi Tavmoeyras, rac maT mSvidobian da stabilur garemoSi erToblivi muSaobis stimuls miscemda. gafarToebis mexuTe etapi istoriuli da uprecedento iyo evrokavSiris istoriaSi. man evropis kontinentze mSvidobiani integraciis procesebis SesaZleblobebi Seqmna. pozitiuri da grZelvadiani mxardaWeris sabaziso instrumenti e.w. asocirebis xelSekrulebebis momzadeba da ratificireba iyo. viSegradis qveynebTan asocirebis xelSekrulebebi 1991 wels gaformda. maT evropis xelSekrulebebsac uwodeben. asocirebis xelSekrulebebi centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis 10 qveyanasTan.evropis xelSekrulebebma evrokavSirisa da kandidati qveynebis ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli daaxloebis safuZveli Seqmna. TanamSromlobis sfero politikur TanamSromlobas, xelsayrel savaWro urTierTobebs, ekonomikur saqmianobasa da kulturul TanamSromlobas moicavda. 35 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe evropis xelSekrulebebi ormxrivad iqna xelmowerili. isini morgebuli iyo TiToeuli kandidati qveynis saWiroebebze, Tumca amavdroulad saerTo politikur, ekonomikur da komerciul amocanebs moicavda da reformebis ganxorcielebis CarCos qmnida. evropis xelSekrulebebis farglebSi evrokavSirsa da TiToeul saxelmwifos Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis zona unda Camoyalibebuliyo[20, gv18]. evropis xelSekrulebebis xelmoweris kompleqsur strategias safuZveli Caeyara evropis sabWos kopenhagenis Sexvedraze (1993 weli), sadac aRiniSna, rom qveynebi momavalSi evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdebodnen, Tuki garkveul pirobebs daakmayofilebdnen. gafarToebis pirobebi TiToeuli qveynisaTvis Tavisuflebis, demokratiis, adamianis uflebebisa da fundamenturi Tavisuflebis pativiscemis, kanonis uzenaesobis princi pebs moicavda. es princi pebi gansazRvrulia evrokavSiris SeTanxmebiT (muxli 6, muxli 49). evrokavSiris wevrobaze ganacxadis gakeTeba xangrZlivi da mkacri procesis dasawyisia. oficialuri amosavali wertilia qveynis mier ganacxadis gakeTeba, Tumca igi, rogorc wesi, yalibdeba evrokavSirTan Zlieri ormxrivi urTierTobis arsebobis safuZvelze. dasabuTebul ganacxads Sedegad moaqvs evrokavSiris Sefasebis procedurebis mTeli rigi, romelic SesaZloa dasruldes qveynis gawevrianebiT an SesaZloa uari eTqvas qveyanas wevrobaze. qveynis mier am procesis siswrafe saerTo miznebis ganxorcielebis progresiT izomeba. cxrili 1 gviCvenebs, rom viSegradis qveynebma erToblivi nabijebi gadadges evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisTvis. slovakeTisa da CexeTis respublikis warmomadgenlebma evropis xelSekrulebas erT da imave 36 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika dros moaweres xeli (1991 wlis 16 dekembers), rogorc “Cexoslovakiis” saxelmwifom (ungreTTan da poloneTTan erTad). magram, Semdeg Cexoslovakia or qveyanad gaiyo da axali realobis pirobebSi - 1993 wlis 4 oqtombers, orma qveyanam xelaxla moawera xeli xelSekrulebas. am qveynebSi Catarebul referendumebSi, im moqalaqeTa procentuli raodenoba, romlebmac monawileoba miiRes masSi da Tanxmoba ganacxades TavianTi qveynebis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaze, TiTqmis erTi da igive iyo. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, es procentuli maCvenebeli yvelaze maRali iyo slovakeTSi. moqalaqeTa gafarToebis procesisadmi mxardaWera yvelaze metad evrokavSiris 15 axal saxelmwifos Soris ungreTsa da poloneTSi dafiqsirda, xolo yvelaze dabali - CexeTis respublikaSi, magram, sxva wevr qveynebTan SedarebiT, viSegradis qveynebSi mosaxleobis mxardaWera evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaze yvelaze maRali iyo. gawevrianebis msurvelma TiToeul qveyanam unda waradginos ganacxadis forma evrosabWoSi. ungreTma ganacxadis forma 1994 wlis 31 maiss waradgina, poloneTma - 1994 wlis 5 aprils, slovakeTma - 1995 wlis 27 ivniss da CexeTis respublikam - 1996 wlis 17 ianvars. amis Semdeg evropis komisia gamoTqvams formalur mosazrebas aplikanti qveynis Sesaxeb da sabWo wyvets miiRos Tu ara ganacxadi. sabWos mier molaparakebis mandatis erTxmad damtkicebis Semdeg, molaparakebebi formalurad Riad cxaddeba evrokavSiris yvela wevr qveyanasa da kandidat qveyanas Soris. aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens aplikanti qveynis mzaoba molaparakebebis dawyebamde daakmayofilos ZiriTadi kriteriumebi. gawevrianebis kriteriumebi ki cnobilia kopenhagenis kriteriumebis saxeliT. 37 38 ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi 1 Tebervali 1994 1 Tebervali 1994 1 Tebervali 1995 1 Tebervali 1995 evropasTan SeTanxmebis xelmoweris TariRi 16 dekemberi 1991 16 dekemberi 1991 4 oqtomberi 1993 4 oqtomberi 1993 qveynebi ungreTi poloneTi CexeTis respublika slovakeTi 52,15 55,21 58,85 45,64 moqalaqeTa wili, romlebmac referendumSi miiRes monawileoba(%) 92,46 77,33 77,45 83,76 Tanxmobis wili(%) evropis xelSekrulebebis xelmowerisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRebi[24] cxrili 1. r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika “kopenhagenis kriteriumebi”1993 wlis dekemberSi iqna damtkicebuli evropis sabWos mier da asocirebuli qveynisagan moiTxovs Semdegs: •politikuri kriteriumi: stabiluri institutebi, romlebic warmoadgenen demokratiis, kanonis ������� uzenaesobis, adamianis uflebebisa dacvisa da umciresobaTa pativiscemis garantias; •ekonomikuri kriteriumi: moqmedi sabazro ekonomika da unari monawileoba miiRos evrokavSiris erTiani politikis sferoebSi; •gaerTianebis samarTlis gadmotana qveynis Siga samarTalSi (inkorporireba): evropis kavSiris sxvadasxva politikuri, ekonomikuri da monetaruli saxis miznebisadmi erTguleba. kopenhagenis kriteriumebi evrokavSiris mmarTvelobis mTavari maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinareobs. viSegradis qveynebis socialisturi warsulis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropis sabWom moiTxova maTi ekonomikuri gardaqmna da evrokavSiris sistemasTan harmonizacia. viSegradis qveynebis evrokavSirSi integrirebis mosamzadebeli etapi da evrokavSiris gafarToebis ZiriTadi nabijebi dasaxul iqna evropis sabWos Sexvedrebze: •1993 wels, kopenhagenis samitze, evropis sabWom gamoacxada, rom “centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebsac evrokavSiris wevrobis survili aqvT, SesaZloa gaxdnen kavSiris wevrebi”. evropis sabWom, asocirebis xelSekrulebis paralelurad, evropul saxelmwifoebs gawevrianebis mowveva gadasca. amasTan, gansazRvra ekonomikuri, politikuri da samarTlebrivi kriteriumebi, romlebic unda daekmayofilebinaT aplikantebs wevrobis miRebamde. 39 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe •1994 weli, eseni - evropis sabWom gaaforma xelSekruleba gawevrianebis wina periodis strategiaze; •1994 weli, madridi - evropis sabWom moaxdina gardamavali periodis saWiroebis identificireba soflis meurneobis, kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis da SromiTi urTierTobebis sferoebSi; •1995 weli, madridi - evropis sabWom ganmarta, rom kandidatma qveyanam unda daicvas evrokavSiris procedurebi da wesebi; •1997 weli, luqsemburgi - evropis sabWom ganacxada, rom kandidati qveynebis pirvelma jgufma SesaZloa daiwyos molaparakebebi gawevrianebaze; •1999 weli, berlini - evropis sabWos Sexvedra mieZRvna kandidati qveynebis finansuri daxmarebis gaZlierebas; •1999 weli, helsinki - evropis sabWos Sexvedraze gadawyda molaparakebebis dawyeba yvela kandidat qveyanasTan (rumineTisa da bulgareTis garda); •2000 weli, nica - evropis sabWo iwyebs evrokavSiris institutebis momzadebas gafarToebisaTvis; •2002 weli, kopenhageni - evropis sabWos sxdomaze evrokavSiri awesebs gafarToebis TariRs - 2004 wlis maiss; •2003 weli, aTeni - evropis sabWos Sexvedraze gawevrianebis konvenciebis xelmowera. 40 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika sawyisi pirobebi: periodi 1989-90 [21] cxrili 2 CexeTis slovaungreTi poloneTi respubkeTi lika mosaxleoba 10.0 38.7 10.3 5.4 manZili briuselidan (km) 1412 1338 913 1223 mep,1989 (myidvelobiTunarianobis paritetis mixedviT, mln aSS dolari) 6810 5150 8600 7600 komunisturi reJimis xangrZlivoba (wlebi) 42 41 42 42 soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba (%) 15 27 11 12 mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba (%) 38 36 45 32 (milioni) gawevrianebis mosamzadebeli safexuris strategia moicavda: •gawevrianebis xelSekrulebebs, romlebic gaformda evrokavSirsa da asocirebul qveynebs Soris vaWrobis, evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmoni- 41 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe zaciis da sxva sakiTxebze; •partniorobis xelSekrulebebs TiToeuli qveynis evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis pirobebze. amasTan, tardeboda progresis Sesaxeb warmodgenili angariSebis sistematuri monitoringi, romlebic kopenhagenis kriteriumebis Sesrulebas exeboda. Sefasebas axdenda evrokomisia; •Acquis Communitairedis miRebis erovnul programas, rac niSnavda TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos mier evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis ganxorcielebis strategiis momzadebas; •evrokavSiris fondebidan finansur daxmarebas gawevrianebis msurveli qveynebisTvis evrokavSiris kriteriumebis miRwevis mizniT; •gawevrianebis molaparakebebs, romliTac dadginda pirobebi da TariRebi evrokavSirSi gawevrianebisTvis. aRniSnuli strategiis mizans warmoadgenda asocirebuli qveynebis evrokavSirSi warmatebuli integraciisaTvis mxaradaWera. gawevrianeba aseve moiTxovda kandidati qveynisaTvis administraciul struqturebSi integraciisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnas. mniSvnelovani iyo evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi gadatana da Sesabamisi administraciuli da samarTlebrivi struqturebis mier kanonmdeblobis efeqtiani ganxorcieleba, rac evrokavSiris wevrobisaTvis aucilebeli ormxrivi ndobis winapirobas warmoadgenda. gasuli ori aTwleulis manZilze evrokavSirma iTamaSa wamyvani roli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmavebaSi. evrokavSirs aseve hqonda udidesi zegavlena am qveynebSi mimdinare ekonomikur procesebze. 42 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika swored garefaqtorebma ganapiroba mniSvnelovani gavlena centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis ekonomikebze. evrokavSiris istoriaSi pirvelad, centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs mosTxoves iseTi pirobebis Sesruleba, romlebic ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli romis xelSekrulebaSi. erT-erTi aseTi faruli winapiroba centraluri evropis qveynebisTvis iyo TviTon regionis qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba. centraluri evropis qveynebisaTvis aseve ukiduresad mZime amocanas warmoadgenda evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizacia, radganac wina gafarToebebisgan gansxvavebiT, samarTlebrivi masala gacilebiT ufro moculobiTi iyo. am periodSi, centraluri evropa mTlianad politikis mimRebis poziciaSi iyo. mas araviTari Sansi ar gaaCnda arsebiTi zegavlena moexdina molaparakebebis procesze. erTi mxriv, centraluri evropis regioni da misi ganviTareba evrokavSirze Zlier iyo damokidebuli. meore mxriv, 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, centraluri evropis regionma swrafi zrda daiwyo da imedismomcemi Canda regionSi biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. evrokavSiris qveynebma SeimuSaves ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategia, romelic efuZneboda viSegradis regionSi investiciebis Semodinebis xelSewyobas. zrdis maRali maCveneblebisa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebuli xelsayreli pirobebis gamo, saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi ganxorcielda centraluri evropis arc Tu ise didi bazris mniSvnelobis gadafaseba. centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropa evrokavSirisTvis zrdis polusi unda gamxdariyo. imedovnebdnen, rom am regionis zrdis maRali 43 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe tempi evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT Seqmnil mdgomareobas stabilurs gaxdida. es xelsayreli iqneboda evrokavSiris sxva wevri qveynebisaTvis da, amasTan, aamaRlebda evropis konkurentunarianobas. viSegradis msgavs regionSi TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi sferoebis gansazRvra sakmaod advilia, is ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia zrdisa da ganviTarebis saWiroebiT. TvalsaCinoa ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro faqtorebic, investiciebi infrastruqturaSi, institutebsa da adamian-kapitalSi. vaWrobisa da investiciebis liberalizaciam da ekonomikuri politikis sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobam didi wvlili Seitana regionis stabilizaciaSi. evrokavSiris gavlena centraluri evropis regionul integraciaze Semdegi saxiT mimdinareobda: •ekonomikuri politika. 90-ian wlebSi subregionuli vaWrobis liberalizacias ufro neli tempi hqonda, vidre evrokavSiris vaWrobis liberalizacias. ekonomikuri politikis koordinacia viSegradis jgufis qveynebs Soris rTulad mimdinareobda rogorc 90-ian wlebSi, aseve evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdegac, rac ganpirobebuli iyo individualurad evrokavSirze mzardi damokidebulebiT. aRsaniSnavia regionuli dapirispirebis faqtoric: mTeli gardamavali periodis ganmavlobaSi „regionis Cempionis“ titulma ramdenjerme gadainacvla qveynebs Soris. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CexeTs regionSi saukeTeso maCveneblebi gaaCnda. 90-iani wlebis Sua periodSi grZelvadiani reformebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebis wyalobiT ungreTi gaxda nomer pirveli ekonomika viSegradis regionSi. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi poloneTma, Semdeg ki slovakeTma daikava regionis Cempionis pozicia. dResdReobiT, rogorc Cans, saerTa- 44 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika Soriso krizisis fonze, garkveulwilad, poloneTi da CexeTis respublika yvelaze ukeT umklavdebian krizisis uaryofiT zegavlenas. qveynebis poziciis aseTma xSirma cvlam gavlena iqonia ekonomikuri politikis koordinaciaze. •konkurencia. integraciis procesis daCqarebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda regionSi evrokavSiris konkurenciis politikis gavrcelebac. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iyo sajaro seqtoris reformebisTvis. rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo monopoliebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis TiToeuli qveynisaTvis. Sesabamisad, konkurenciis politikis ganxorcieleba Zalze rTuli aRmoCnda. saWiro gaxda antimonopoliuri RonisZiebebis gatareba. instituciur mowyobaSi aSkarad yvelaze susti rgolis - adgilobrivi sasamarTlo sistemis transformacia garkveulwilad Seferxda saxelmwifo da kerZo monopoliebis an lobebis Zlieri zegavlenis Sedegad. •savaWro urTierTobebi. 90-ian wlebSi evrokavSirs pirdapiri da arapirdapiri zegavlena hqonda centraluri evropis ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da regionul TanamSromlobaze. miiCnevdnen, rom evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenda urTierTSoris vaWrobaSi savaWro barierebis aRmofxvraze; aseve, soflis meurneobis produqciiT vaWrobaze, radganac CEFTA-m ver SeZlo Tavisufali vaWrobis uzrunvelyofa am sferoSi. evrokavSirma arapirdapiri gziT stimuli misca regionSi savaWro kavSirebis gaZlierebas da qveynebs daxmareba gauwia struqturuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaSi [5, gv.116]. subregionuli vaWrobis ganviTarebas ucxouri investiciebiT 45 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe Seqmnilma regionulma qselebma Seuwyo xeli. 90-ian wlebSi centraluri evropis qveynebis umravlesoba liberalur savaWro politikas atarebda, Sesabamisad, evrokavSirTan vaWrobis zrda am qveynebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda. zrdis maRal tempebs Semosavlis zrda mohyva, rac Tavis mxriv, Siga moTxovnis zrdas iwvevs. evrokavSiris gafarToebul bazarze masStabis ekonomiam centraluri evropis qveynebSi moqmedi kompaniebis mdgomareoba gaaumjobesa. evrokavSirma biznes-ciklebis harmonizebaSi viSegradis jgufis qveynebisaTvis gadamwyveti roli Seasrula da xeli Seuwyo regionuli vaWrobisaTvis ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmnas. saavtomobilo industriaSi ganxorcielebulma investiciebma ganapiroba erTgvari klasteris Camoyalibeba, ZiriTadad ungreTisa da slovakeTis mezobel regionSi[5, gv.118]. •pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi. rodesac saqme investiciebs exeba, aSkara xdeba didi bazris upiratesobebi. cxadia, mxolod garkveuli ti pis investorebi interesdebian patara bazrebiT. regionis qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri liberalizaciis Sedegad miRweuli bazris gafarToebis da masStabis ekonomiis garda, upiratesoba da sargebeli SeiZleba miRweul iqnes gazrdili konkurenciiT. privatizaciam viSegradis qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT sabanko seqtorSi, xarisxiani safinanso momsaxurebis winapirobebi Seqmna, romelic aucilebelia farTomasStabiani investiciebisa da biznesisaTvis. viSegradis qveynebis erToblivma, magram amavdroulad erTmaneTis konkurentulma strategiebma - moezidaT rac SeiZleba meti ucxouri investicia, adgilobrivi biznesgaremos gaumjobeseba gamoiwvia. investiciebis Sedegad moxda saerTaSoriso finansuri 46 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika urTierTobebis normalizacia, kerZod, qveynebi gaxdnen saerTaSoriso finansuri bazris monawileebi. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdeg investiciebis moculoba kidev ufro gaizrda viSegradis jgufis qveynebSi. • infrastruqturis ganviTareba. nebismieri dabalganviTarebuli regionis swrafi ekonomikuri zrda mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia infrastruqturis swrafad ganviTarebaze. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi infrastruqturis ganviTarebas centraluri evropis qveynebSi Semdegi mizezebi aferxebda: aqtualuri ar iyo iseTi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic viSegradis qveynebis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebel infrastruqturas gaaumjobesebda; centraluri evropis TiToeuli qveyana cdilobda aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis urTierTobebSi regionuli centri gamxdariyo, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa qveynebs Soris infrastruqturuli qselebis ganviTarebaze; ekonomikuri transformaciiTa da socialuri problemebiT gamowveuli mZime finansuri mdgomareobis gamo resursebi infrastruqturuli proeqtebisaTvis mwiri iyo. regionuli TanamSromlobis SemTxvevaSi infrastruqturis ganviTareba yovelTvis prioritetulia. Tumca, gare dafinansebis gareSe, saTanado Sedegebis miRweva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. swored amitom iyo viSegradis jgufis qveynebisaTvis misaRebi infrastruqturuli ganviTarebis saerTo programis SemuSaveba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdeg. aseve naTeli gaxda, rom erToblivi gegmebi da programebi Zalian mniSvnelovani iaraRia qveynis Siga infrastruqturis ganviTarebisTvis. mocemuli kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa faqtorebi, romlebic aRmosavleT partniorobis qveynebma, maT Soris saqarTvelom unda gaiTvaliswinos evrokavSir- 47 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe Tan integraciis procesSi. 90-ian wlebSi centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi politikuri da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis Seferxeba arsebulma garemoebebma ganapiroba. maT Sorisaa: saerTo istoriuli warsuli, usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri riskebis zrda, religiuri da eTnikuri mravalferovneba, aseve gansxvaveba ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da politikuri simwifis doneebs Soris, gansxvavebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri prioritetebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali done, mwiri resursebi, rac arTulebda rogorc negatiuri faqtorebis daZlevis SesaZleblobebs, aseve iseTi garemos Camoyalibebas, romelic xels Seuwyobda da gaaRrmavebda regionul TanamSromlobas. amasTan, mocemul periodSi viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikuri kooperaciis Seferxebis kidev erTi mizezi iyo is, rom am oTx qveyanas identuri maxasiaTeblebi, msgavsi SefardebiTi upiratesoba da SromiTi potenciali gaaCndaT. maTi ekonomikebi iyo ara erTmaneTis Semavsebeli, aramed konkurentuli. aRniSnuli problema mogvianebiT mogvarda regionSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis safuZvelze ekonomikis struqturuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebiT. evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis Semdgomma periodma naTlad daadastura, rom rigi sakiTxebisa, romlebic uSualod centraluri evropis regions ukavSirdeboda, naklebad an srulebiT aRar dgas dRis wesrigSi. iyo molodini, rom gawevrianebis Semdeg maastrixtis kriteriumebis dakmayofilebis saWiroeba centraluri evropis qveynebs ubiZgebda maT da evrokavSiris Zvel wevr qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri gansxvavebebis Semcirebisken. miiCnevdnen, rom ekonomikuri politikis arapirdapiri harmonizacia is iaraRi iyo, romelic am 48 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika qveynebis ekonomikebis konvergencias Seuwyobda xels. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, eWvs gareSea, rom gare safrTxeebi, arapirdapiri gziT, ekonomikuri politikis koordinaciisagan damoukideblad, moiTxovs viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikuri politikis daaxloebas. es koordinacia TiTqmis ar arsebobda gasuli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi da mxolod ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis politikisaken mimarTul seriozul safrTxeebs SeeZlo situaciis Secvla. mosalodnelia, rom momdevno ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, ekonomikuri cvlilebebi dakavSirebuli iqneba ekonomikuri politikisa da ekonomikis struqturis transformaciasTan, rac sabolood regionis qveynebis ekonomikuri politikis konvergenciasa da sinqronizacias gamoiwvevs. Historical Evolution of Integration of Visegrad Countries with the European Union R. Gvelesiani, E. Lekashvili, N. Maisuradze, G Kuparadze For the first time in the history of the European Union, Central and Eastern European countries were required to meet the requirements, which were not envisaged in the Treaty of Rome. One of such hidden preconditions was deepening of economic cooperation between the countries of the region. Coordination of economic policy among the Visegrad countries was developing in a difficult way in the 90s as well as after accession in the EU. This was caused by increasing dependence of these countries separately on the European Union. The phenomenon of regional rivalry should be mentioned as well - during the whole transition period the “title” of regional champion shifted several times between the countries. 49 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe Such frequent changes of the countries’ positions affected coordination of economic policy. Based on the research, some factors have become obvious which should be taken into consideration by the partner countries, including Georgia, on the way of European integration. In the 90s, political and economic cooperation in central and eastern Europe was hindered by the several conditions, including common historical past, increase of security and economic risks, variety of religions and ethnicity, difference between the levels of economic and political development, different political and economic priorities, low level of economic development, lack of resources. All this made it harder to overcome the negative factors as well as to create the relevant environment for promoting and deepening of regional cooperation. Like the Visegrad countries, integration with the European Union is priority for the South Caucasian countries, which are striving for successful implementation of economic and social transformation of their societies, convergence with the EU standards and thus, achieving the EU membership. Eastern Partnership supports deeper integration of the partner countries with the European Union and assists reforming of economic and social fields of the countries included. From this perspective, experience of cooperation among the Visegrad countries and definite aspects of integration with the European Union is an important example for the South Caucasian countries. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. lekaSvili e., maisuraZe n., yufaraZe g., viSegradis qveynebis ekonomikuri politika evrointegraciis gzaze (leqciebis kursi). leqciebis kursi momzadda viSegradis saerTaSoriso fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT ..sauniveristeto grantebis programa aR- 50 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika mosavleT partniorobis qveynebisaTvis“ programis farglebSi. Tbilisi, 2013; 2. Crampton R.J., 1997. Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After, New York: Routledge; 3. Nugent, N., 2004. European Union Enlargement. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 4. Bellamy, R., Warleigh, A. (eds.). 2001. Citizenship and Governance in the European Union. London: Continuum; 5. Sharing the Experiences of Visegrad Cooperation in the Western Balkans and the Eastern Neighbourhood countries, International Centre for Democratic Transition. Project Preparatory Study 2010; 6. Delanty, G., Rumford, Ch. 2005. Rethinking Europe. Social theory and the implications of Europeanization. London and New York: Routledge; 7. Filip Fraňo, Market Microstructure of Stock Exchanges in the Visegrad Region: Facts and Comparative Analysis. 2012. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG; 8. Tomas Kavaliauskas, 2012. Transformations in Central Europe between 1989 and 2012: Geopolitical, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Shifts.Lexington Books; 9. The New Member States and the European Union: Foreign Policy and Europeanization. 2005. Edited by Michael Braun and Dan Marek, Routledge Advances in European Politics; 10. Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Svtla Trifonova Marinova and Marin Alexandrov Marinov , 2003. Transition and Development; 11. Nugent, N., 2004. European Union Enlargement. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 12. Crampton R.J.,1997. Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century - and After, New York: Routledge; 13. Theo Hitiries, European Union Economics, 2003. FT Prentice Hall, 5-th edition; 51 r. gvelesiani, e. lekaSvili, n. maisuraZe, g. yufaraZe 14. John Gillingham, European Integration 1950-2003. Superstate or New Market Economy? 2003. Cambridge; 15. Larry Ned, The Economics of Europe and EU, 2007. Cambridge Un.pr. 16. The Economics of EU: Policy and Analysis, 2007. Edited by Mike Artis and Frederick Nixon, Forth Edition, Oxford Un. Press; 17. Gill, Indermit Singh, Martin Paiser et al. Golden Growth. Restoring the Iustre of the European Economic Model. IBRD,2012. 18. . Sharing the Experiences of Visegrad Cooperation in the Western Balkans and the Eastern Neighbourhood countries. International Centre for Democratic Transition. Project Preparatory Study 2010; 19. A collection of Conference Speeches 22-23 November, 2012. The Role of Civil Society in Integration Processes: Real Enlargement through Effective Involvement. 20. Peter Bielik et al. Economics, Social Policy and Citizenship in the Europan Union. 2010. Nitra, Slovak University of Agriculture; 21. Fidrmuc, J.,Fidrumc, J., Horvath, J. The Constraints of the Growth in Visegrad Countries, Wolrd Bank Research Project: Determinants of Economic Growth in Global Development Network, 2003; 22. KÁLMÁN DEZSÉRI AND PÁL GÁSPÁR. Economic and Political Relations after the EU Enlargement: The Visegrad Countries and Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. ICEG European Center. ვებ–რესურსები: 21.www.visegradgroup.eu 22. http://www.cefta.int 23. ec.europa.eu/eurostat 24. http://ec.europa.eu 52 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWra (konceptualuri da meTodologiuri sawyisebi) doqtori dorien detombe kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis operaciaTa kvlevis evro samuSao jgufis Tavmjdomare kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis arsi arsebobs bevri problema, romelTa ganxilva SeiZleba rogorc “kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema”. es is problemebia, romlebic sazogadoebriv doneze unda gadaiWras. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi cxovrebiseuli problemebia, romlebic bevr gaurkvevlobas Seicavs da amitom rTulad gadasaWrelia. am probelemebs axasiaTebs unikaluroba, Tumca, SesaZloa aseTi problemebi warsulSic mravaljer mdgariyo sazogadoebis winaSe, magram TviToeul aseT, Tundac erTidaimave saxeobis problemas aqvs gansxvavebuli mizezebi da Sedegebi. es niSnavs imas, rom ar arsebobs raime rutinuli gza maT gadasaWrelad. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi xSirad cudadaa gansazRvruli, moicavs bevr aspeqts da aris rTulad gasaanalizebeli, struqturulad Camosayalibebeli da ra Tqma unda, gadasaWreli. problemis garSemo codna da informacia an ar arsebobs an SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan. problemis gamomwvevi mizezebi aris bundovani da orazrovani. rTulia dainaxo sad, rodis da visi mi- 53 dorien detombe zeziT warmoiSva problema, vin aris da vin ara Careuli problemaSi da visze axdens gavlenas es problema. problemaSi gvxvdeba aseve bevri movlena, CarTulia bevri monawile (rogorc kerZo seqtoris, aseve samTavrobo) da bevri sxva adamiani. iSviaTad aris cnobili zustad romeli movlenebi, jgufebi da monawileebi arian CarTulni. SesaZloa, monawileTa jgufi mudmivad icvlebodes da TiTeul jgufs hqondes problemis sakuTari xedva, sakuTari miznebi, Zalaufleba da emociebi. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi arastruqturizebuli da dinamikuria. maT didi gavlena aqvT ekonomikaze makro, mezo da mikro doneebze. zogjer warmoiSveba adgilobrivi donis problemebi, zogjer regionuli, zogjer ki - msoflio donis. isini SeiZleba msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi aRmovaCinoT. zogjer gaurkvevelia ra gavlena aqvs problemas sazogadoebaze, ra miznebi da interesebi aqvT monawileebs da ra Sedegebis gamomwvevia problema. ar arsebobs ubralo, martivi pasuxebi am problemebisaTvis. gadaWris gza, Tu ki is saerTod arsebobs, rTuli sapovnelia da xSirad igi droebiT Sedegs iZleva. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi interdisci plinarulia, moicavs ramdenime samecniero disci plinis Seswavlis sferoebs. sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWrisTvis saWiroa codna, Zalaufleba da emociebi. aseTi problemebis gadasaWreli codna unda aviRoT sxvadasxva samecniero disci plinidan. ori saxis codnaa saWiro aseTi problemebis gadasaWrelad: (1) Sinaarsobrivi codna, rac gulisxmobs codnas problemuri sakiTxis garSemo, rogoricaa codna jandacvis Sesaxeb an garemos dacvis Sesaxeb. (2) codna problemis gadaWris gzebis Sesaxeb. Sinaarsobrivi codnis miReba SeiZleba specialist eqspertebisgan, magaliTad jan- 54 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika mrTelobis sfero exeba eqims, saavadmyofos menejers an sxva kompetentur pirs. procesualuri codnis miReba SeiZleba meTodistebisagan, romlebic muSaoben kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis sferoSi. meTodistebs SesaZloa hqondeT codna sxvadasxva samecniero disci plinaSic, magram isini gamoiyeneben problemis gadaWris iseT meTodebs, romlebic gamomdinareobs maTi specialobidan da Serwymulia im meTodebTan, romlebic Seqmnilia specialurad am problemis gadasaWrelad. meTodebis gamoyeneba xdeba mravali samecniero sferodan, maT Sorisaa: kanonmdebloba, ekonomika, socialuri mecnierebebi, kompiuteruli mecnierebebi, teqnologiebi, sainJinro mecnierebebi, qaosis Teoria da operaciaTa kvleva[7]. Zalauflebas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWrisas. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba ganawilebulia problemis warmomSobsa da sxva monawileebs Soris. maT erTad unda i povon orive mxarisaTvis erTnairad sasurveli gadaWris gza an miaRwion kompromiss. SemdgomSi problemis gadaWris yvela fazaSi emociebi TamaSobs did rols, maT Soris aris emociebi, romlebic problemis gadaWras exeba, emociebi sasurveli miznis Sesaxeb, aseve emociebi jgufebsa da monawileebs Soris da aseve, im adamianebs Soris, romlebic uSualod problemis gadaWraSi iReben monawileobas. problemis kompleqsuri socialuri damuSaveba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc: analizis, struqturizaciis da problemis xelmZRvanelobis procesi, raTa ufro metad CavwvdeT problemis arss, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT raze zemoqmedeba gamoiwvevs problemis sasurvel mdgomareobamde miyvanas. es procesi SeiZleba moxdes aqtiurad an pasiurad, Segnebulad an Seugneb- 55 dorien detombe lad, regularulad an mxolod erTxel, imis mixedviT, probleba gavliTia(moCvenebiTia) Tu daviwyebuli, sxva jgufis problemaa Tu nawilobriv Secvlili problemaa, amazea damokidebuli azrovneba, msjelobis instrumentebi da meTodebi[4]. zogjer situacia ganixileba rogorc problema, roca arsebobs gansxvaveba realur momaval situaciasa da sasurvel situacias Soris an/da, roca ar aris sakmarisi codna an nouhaus naklebobaa an/da roca Sesabamisi informaciis naklebobaa. interdisci plinaruli sazogadoebrivi problemebis Taviseburebaa is, rom xSirad ver xdeba problemis gansazRvra da arc sasurveli situaciis aRweraa mTlad gasagebi[4]. termini ,,problemebis gamklaveba” ufro misaRebia, vidre ,,problemebis gadaWra”, radgan sityva „gadaWra“ ufro erTi konkretuli miznisaTvisaa Sesaferisi,xolo rodesac miznebi problemaSi CarTul yvela mxares sxvadasxva aqvs, erTi mxaris problemis gadaWram SesaZloa warmoSvas meore mxaris problema. soflis meurneobaSi warmoSobili kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebidan aRsaniSnavia miwisa da wylis dabinZureba nakeliT [14;3], terfisa da piris Rrus daavadebebis problema da e.w. ,,Zroxis cofi” (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE). industriuli dargebidan SegviZlia davasaxeloT dabinZurebis Semdegi magaliTebi: narCenebiT dabinZureba, qimiuri dabinZureba, xmauri da suni. aseve arsebobs sazogadoebrivi problemebi dakavSirebuli SimSilTan, umuSevrobasa da siRaribesTan. jandacvis sferoSi aRsaniSnavia Sidsisa da malariis problema. problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia internetTan, safondo birJasTan, urbanul dagegmarebasTan da a.S. SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi[9]. 56 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika miuxedavad imisa, rom kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi gansxvavebulia da erTmaneTTan kavSiri ara aqvT, maT erTi ram aqvT saerTo: xSirad ver xerxdeba maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis dadgena da gamklavebis efeqturi gzebis Zieba codnis ukmarisobis gamo. problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod ramdenime gansxvavebuli codnis sferos gaerTianebiT. magaliTad, SimSilis problema ganviTarebad qveynebSi xSirad gamowveulia adgilobrivi omebiT. omis dros ver xerxdeba soflis meurneobisa da ojaxebisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva. xSirad es omebi gamowveulia im politikuri gansxvavebulobiT, romelic Camoyalibda koloniur warsulSi [19]. SimSilis problemis mogvareba gulisxmobs sakiTxis politikur gadawyvetas, saWiroa stabilurad demokratiuli situaciis Camoyalibeba. miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa, yvela kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema metnaklebad msgavsi meTodebiT SeiZleba gadaiWras. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gamomwvevi mizezebi kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis umetesobis gamomwvevi mizezi adaminia. amis maCvenebelia iseTi kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi, rogoricaa: omebi, dabinZureba, axali infrastruqturis Seqmna da a.S. adamians Tavisi saqmianobiT SeuZlia gamoiwvios iseTi bunebrivi katastrofebi, rogoricaa zvavebi da wyaldidobebi. adamianebi aSeneben saxlebs mTebis mowyvlad adgilebSi an mdinareebis saTaveebSi, adamianebi cxovroben qariSxlebis maRali riskis mqone adgilebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es movlenebi iSviaTad xdeba, adamianis wvlili aseTi problemebis warmoqmnaSi arc Tu ise mcirea. magaliTad, 1998 wlis ianvarSi, kanadaSi, monrealSi moxda yinulovani Stormi, ramac 57 dorien detombe daaziana eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi da qalaqi 3 kviris ganmavlobaSi datova eleqtroenergiis gareSe, romelic gamoiyeneboda saTbobad, sakvebis mosamzadeblad, ganaTebis saSualebad. es ar moxdeboda eleqtrogadamcemi kabelebi miwis qveS rom yofiliyo[1]. sxva magaliTi exeba wyaldidobas: CineTSi, mdinare ianZize xSiria wyaldidobebi, kanadaSi md. sent laurensze da niderlandebSi md. rainsa da maasze aris mdinaris kalapotis cvlileba an saxlebis aSeneba datborvad teritoriaze. ratom ar xdeba komlpeqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis optimalurad gamklaveba? mizezebi imisa, Tu ratom ar xdeba am problemebis optimalurad da efeqtianad gadaWra, Semdegia: ekomonikuri SezRudvebi: SesaZloa saerTod ar arsebobdes an ar iyos sakmarisi Tanxa problemis gadasaWrelad; politikuri mizezebi: politikosebs SesaZloa hqondeT faruli ganzraxvebi konkretuli jgufebis sasargeblod. nakelis problema niderlandebSi, 1950-1997 wlebSi, mogvarda araefeqtianad, radgan konservatiul religiur partias, romelic flobda Zalauflebas am periodSi, surda mieRo sargebeli arCevnebis wina periodSi[14], [3]. politikosebi upiratesobas aniWeben iol, swraf, magram moklevadiani mogvarebis gzebs, nacvlad imisa, rom gamoiyenon grZelvadiani efeqtis mqone gadaWris gzebi, rasac meti dro sWirdeba; fsiqologiuri mizezebi: adamianebs uyvarT swrafi da pirdapiri gamosavlis Zebna, nacvlad imisa, rom jer problema Seiswavlon, sanam gadaWris gzas ganixilaven; meTodologiuri mizezebi da sakuTriv problemis 58 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika buneba: kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi xSirad Zalian kompleqsuri da dinamikuria imisaTvis, rom gaakontrolo. problemis kompleqsuroba, uamravi mxaris, monawilis, movlenis CarTuloba da maT Soris kavSiri, problemas xdis rTuls gasaanalizeblad da gasakontroleblad; problemis mqone mxare: problemis mqone mxare zogjer mTlianad ver acnobierebs problemis kompleqsurobas da SesaZloa realisturi da cota rTuli gadawyvetis gzas arCios ufro martivi gza. problemis mqone mxarem, umetes SemTxvevaSi ar icis problemis mogvarebis ufro efeqtiani gzis Sesaxeb an ar surs, an ar SeuZlia misi gamoyeneba. aseve SesaZloa ar hqondeT sakmarisi unari kompleqsuri problemebis gadasaWrelad[10]. mecnierebis roli eWvi ar aris, rom axali saukune sazogaodebas daayenebs iseTi problemebis winaSe, romlebic sakmaod rTulad gadasaWreli iqneba. udidesi ufskrulia sazogadoebis winaSe arsebul kompleqsur problemebsa da adamianis unars Soris, gaumklavdes am problemebs. ufro meti codna da warmosaxva, ufro meti meTodebi da saSualebebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam moaxerxos am problemebs Soris cxovreba. interdisci plinaruli gziT mosaZebnia axali midgomebi aseTi problemebis gasamklaveblad. mecnierebi mudmivad awydebian sirTuleebs,rodesac cdiloben gaaerTianon TavianTi Zalebi imisaTvis, rom gaumklavdnen gamowvevebs. imisaTvis, rom gaaerTianon codna, mecnierebma unda gadauxvion standartul gzebs. horizontis gafarToebis dro movida. rodesac ukve yvela Tanxmdeba, rom yovel kompleqsur sazogadoebriv movlenas aqvs Tavisi wesi da kanoni, ratom ar SeiZleba codna, xerxebi da meTode- 59 dorien detombe bi, romlebic modis teqnikuri da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebidan gavaerTianoT, socialur mecnierebebTan? procesis ufro efeqtianad Camoyalibebas da Tvalyuris devnebas SeuZlia uamravi drois, fulisa da energiis dazogva. amas SeuZlia miRebuli Sedegi gaxados ufro gamWvirvale, ufro xangrZlivi da ubadlo, miviRoT ukeTesi gadawyvetileba. am sferos adre ar eqceoda saTanado yuradReba da Sesabamisad kopleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWris sfero SedarebiT axali Camoyalibebulia. kompleqsuri sazogadebrivi problemebis qvedisci plinam daiwyo im codnis Zieba, romelic ganviTarebulia sxva dargebSi da exeba arsebul problemas[7]. am meTodologiis sfero gvTavazobs meTods, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT arsebuli samecniero codnis kombinacia. logikurad rom mivyveT, pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia kiTxva: ,,rogor vipovoT ukve arsebuli iseTi codna, romelic moagvarebs kompleqsur sazogadoebriv problemas?” rodesac gavaerTianebT sabunebismetyvelo, teqnikur da socialur mecnierebebSi arsebul mecnierul meTodebsa da codnas, maSin SesaZloa warmoiSvas axali ideebi da meTodebi da zogi ukve arsebuli idea da meTodi SesaZloa gaerTiandes. am dargis mTavari sakiTxi aris gaaerTianos saWiro codna, romelic arsebobs sxvadasxva samecniero sferoSi da saWiroa imisaTvis, rom amaRldes problemis gadaWris SesaZlebloba. es dargi moiTxovs mravaldisci plinarul midgomas imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTs Seerwyas ukve arsebuli meTodebi da xerxebi da ganviTardes axali midgomebi. Teoriulma mecnierebebma, gamoyenebiTma da praqtikulma mecnierebebma SesaZloa gaaerTianon TavianTi meTodologiuri codna ise, rom SeimuSaon axali meTodebi 60 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika da xerxebi, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodologiis optimaluri kombinaciiT. dargebSi arsebuli codnis gamoyenebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia nayofieri meTodologiis Seqmna. es dargebia: fsiqologia, sociologia, kompiuteruli mecnierebebi, xelovnuri inteleqti, maTematika, inJineria, sistemebis Teoria, qaosis Teoria, filosofia, socio-kibernetika[13] da operaciaTa gamokvleva[7]. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis mecnieruli mxardaWera ZiriTadad Semdegi samecniero sferoebidan modis: scenarebis Seqmna, mravalkriterialuri analizi, operaciaTa kvleva, jgufuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardaWeris sistema[6], gadawyvetilebebis sistema da simulaciebi[12]. rTuli socialuri problemebis gadasaWrelad, zogjer, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes raime sferos mxolod zogierTi aspeqti. socialur mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki SemecnebiT fsiqologiaSi da Seswavlis TeoriaSi arsebobs bevri eqspertiza problemis gadasaWrelad. Tumca, am sferoSi kvlevebis eqspertiza cxadyofs, rom ganixileba rTuli socialuri problemebisagan gansxvavebuli problemebi. SemecnebiTi fsiqologiisa da swavlebis Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor axorcielebs pirovneba problemasTan gamklavebas, da ara rogor axdens problemis gadaWras. am sferos problemebi fokusirdeba kargad struqturirebul, statikur, advilad gadasawyvet msgavs problemebTan, romelTa gadaWris gzebi ukve cnobilia[17]. am sferos codna da meTodologia SeiZleba mxolod nawilobriv iqnes gamoyenebuli kompleqsuri socialuri problemebis kvlevaSi. menejmentis sferoSic xSirad warmoiSveba kompleqsuri problemebi, Tundac aviRoT menejmentis problemebi organizaciebSi[16]. Teoriebi, romlebic asaxavs 61 dorien detombe problemebs menejmentSi, xSirad hgavs kopleqsur sazogadoebriv problemebs. kompleqsuri organizaciuli problemebi, gansakuTrebiT ki saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa, SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebi. Tumca, am sferoSi gamokvlevebs rom gadavxedoT aRmovaCenT, rom gvaqvs sakmaod didi moculobis naSromebi, imaze meti, vidre saWiroa Tavad am mecnierebisaTvis. es wignebi xSirad amartivebs kompleqsur sakiTxebs, imisaTvis, rom gaxdes komerciulad ufro mimzidveli da umetesoba arc ki gvTavazobs mecnierulad sando gzas imisaTvis, rom vipovoT problemis mogvarebis meTodi. problemis mogvarebis procesis etapebi problemis mogvarebis procesi moicavs ramdenime etaps. etapebis gaanalizebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba mixvde romel etapze imyofeba problemis mogvarebis procesi, ra unda gakeTdes da rodis unda ganxorcieldes moqmedebebi. problemis gamklavebis procesis ciklebisa da etapebis gacnobiereba cikli 1: problemis gansazRvra etapi 1.1 - problemis gacnobiereba da misi azrobrivad Camoyalibeba; etapi 1.2 - azrobrivad Camoyalibebuli problemis ganvrcoba kvlevebiTa da mosazrebebiT; etapi 1.3 - problemis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba da gadawyveta imisa, rom mogvardes problema; etapi 1.4 - problemis mosagvareblad gundis Seqmna da analizis dawyeba; etapi 1.5 - informaciis Segroveba, codnis gacvla da hi poTezebis Camoyalibeba; etapi 1.6 - problemis konceptualuri modelis Camoyalibeba. 62 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika cikli 2: problemis Secvla etapi 2.1 - empiriuli modelis ageba da sasurveli miznis dasaxva; etapi 2.2 - moqmedebis arealis gansazRvra; etapi 2.3 - scenarebis SemuSaveba da Sefaseba; etapi 2.4 - rCevebi Carevebis Sesaxeb; etapi 2.5 - Carevebis ganxorcieleba; etapi 2.6 - Carevebis Sedegebis Sefaseba. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis mecnieruli gziT gadaWrisas fokusireba mxolod or etapze xdeba: scenaris SemuSaveba da Sefaseba da rCevebi Carevebis Sesaxeb. es etapebi maSin unda ganxorcieldes, rodesac samecniero saqmianoba miva im etapze, rodesac ukve gadawyvetileba unda miiRon da arsebuli alternativebidan saukeTeso unda aarCion. realurad ki es etapebi aris problemebis mecnierulad gadaWris meTodis Semadgenlebi. pirvel etapze gansaxorcielebeli romelime etapis amogdeba iwvevs naklebad sarwmuno Sedegebis miRebas problemis gadaWris gzebis Ziebisas da saerTod, am 12 etapidan romelimes gamotovebam SesaZloa sul sxva problemis gadaWramde migviyvanos da ara realurad arsebulis. problemis gacnobiereba da dRis wesrigSi dayeneba sanam sazogadoebrivi problemis gamklaveba moxdeba, manamde problema unda gacnobierdes sazogadoebriv doneze. problemis gacnobiereba damokidebulia kulturul garemoebebze. bevri ram, rac dRevandel demokratiul sazogadoebaSi miRebulia rogorc sazogadoebrivi problema, uaxloes istoriul warsulSi miiCneoda, rom ,,es iyo is, rac unda momxdariyo” da saerTod ar ganixileboda rogorc problema. Tu ramdenad gaacnoebierebs problemas sazogadoeba, damokidebulia 63 dorien detombe imaze, Tu ra Zalauflebas flobs is jgufi, romelzec problema axdens gavlenas. es SesaZloa iyos realuri an moCvenebiTi Zalaufleba. TvalsaCino magaliTia qalebis mimarT damokidebuleba msoflioSi. politikis sferoSi qalebis dabal mdgomareobas upirispirdeba didi moculobis samuSao, romelsac qalebi asruleben. is genderuli uTanasworoba, romelic dRes ganixileba rogorc kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi saerTod ar miiCneoda problemad. problemis gamklavebis meore etapze azrobrivad Camoyalibebuli ideis ganvrcoba xdeba mosazrebebiTa da kvlevebiT. kerZod: mosmeniT, fiqriT, kiTxviT, ganxilviT, saubriT da SekiTxvebis dasmiT problemis Sesaxeb. es xSirad im xalxis mier xdeba, viszec problema axdens gavlenas. yalibdeba sadiskusio jgufebi da isini SesaZloa gaxdnen samoqmedo jgufebi, raTa Seqmnan erTiani Zala. samoqmedo jgufebis magaliTia feministebis jgufebi 1970-80-ian wlebSi, homoseqsualebis emansi paciis jgufebi da garemoze mzrunveli jgufebi. es jgufebi cdiloben im sazogadoebis yuradReba miiqcion, romelmac unda gadawyvitos es problema. isini cdiloben problemis wamowevas demonstraciebisa da sxvadasxva pirdapiri moqmedebebis saSualebiT, raTa miiqcion mediis yuradReba da amiT zewola moaxdinon politikur procesebze. problemis gacnobierebis etapidan im etapis miRweva, rodesac es problema politikuri ganxilvis dRis wesrigSi dadgeba, did brZolas saWiroebs. didi brZola dasWirda iseTi kritikuli muxtis Seqmnas, romelmac genderuli uTanasworobis problema daayena politikur dRis wesrigSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli pozitiuri cvlilebebia qalebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis qveynebSi, magram fuli da 64 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika (sajaro da kerZo) Zalaufleba kvlav TiTqmis mTlianad mamakacis kontrolos qveSaa. es problema aris etapobrivad gadasaWreli socialuri problema da ara mxolod qalebis poziciis problema. aborti aris magaliTi qalis dabali poziciis gamovlinebisa sazogadoebaSi. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aborti iTvleboda mxolod qalis problemad, vidre is ar dadga politikur dRis wesrigSi da is ar gadaiWreba rogorc socialuri problema, Tu ar moiZebna misi gadaWris gza socialur doneze. sxva magaliTi imisa, Tu ramdenad didi dro sWirdeba sazogadoebis mier imis gacnobierebas, rom arsebobs kompleqsuri sazogadeobrivi problema, aris wyaldidobis problema niderlandebSi. niderlandebSi aris mdinare rainisa da mdinare maasis deltebi. am ori isedac didi mdinaris dineba ufro imatebs gazafxulis dadgomisas, rodesac gaxSirebulia wvimebi da Tovli iwyebs dnobas. zogjer mdinare imxelaze diddeba, rom itboreba didi moculobis teritoria. warsulSi aseTi didi wyaldidobebi RvTis mier movlenil sasjelad ganixileboda. XVII saukuneSi holandiis mTavrobam gadawyvita gaekontrolebina es wyaldidobebi. maT gaagzavnes saxelmwifo moxeleebi adgilobriv macxovreblebTan da maT warmomadgenlebTan, raTa mieRoT garkveuli zomebi. Zalian didi brZolisa da mcdelobis Sedegad saxelmwifo moxeleebma SeZles daerwmunebinaT mosaxleoba imaSi, rom wyaldidobebi ar iyo RvTisgan movlenili sasjeli, aramed iyo sazogadebrivi problema, romlis mogvareba SesaZlebeli iyo da unda mogvarebuliyo kidec[15]. SemdgomSi holandielma inJinrebma daadgines, rom mdinareebis jebirebi ar iyo myari da Seqmnes erovnuli napirsamagri programa. am programis winaaRmdeg Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi 65 dorien detombe opozicia, Tumca maT azri Seacvlevina 1993-1995 wlebis wyaldidobebma. AIV infeqcia, Sidsis magaliTic analogiuria. adreuli 1980-ian wlebSi iTvleboda, rom AIV Sidsi gamowveuli iyo homoseqsualebis mier. bevri adamiani, gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si, masSi xedavda RmerTis sasjels. es niSnavda imas, rom peteroseqsual sazogadoebas ar surda am problemis srulad gaazreba. zogierTi sazogadoebrivi problema ufro advilad xvdeba yuradRebis centrSi. gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romelic safrTxes uqmnis mdidar adamianebs an mmarTveli klasis Zalauflebas, imsaxurebs swraf da did yuradRebas. amis magaliTebia vietnamis omi, e.w. ,,civi omi”, natos Careva kosovoSi 1999 wels da teroristebis Seteva msoflio savaWro centrze niu iuorkSi (2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi). es qmedebebi sakmaod didi fuli jdeba da isini anadgureben saxlebs, miwebs, saqonels da sicocxles. isini toveben qaoss, romelic zogierT SemTxvevaSi Taobebis manZilze grZeldeba. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT saxelmwifos mier gaweul samxedro xarjebsa da xarjebs, romliTac finansdeba socialuri miznebi, rogoricaa ganaTleba, jandacva, xanSiSesuli adamianebis daxmareba, martoxela dedebi da a.S mivxvdebiT, rom samxedro xarjebi gaiweva im fenis dasacavad, vinc flobs Zalauflebasa da ekonomikur upiratesobebs. codna, Zalaufleba da emocia kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis samarTvad arsebobs sami ZiriTadi elementi: codna, Zalaufleba, emocia. codna gulisxmobs problemis Sesaxeb informaciis qonas. es codna zogjer ar moicavs mniSvnelovan elementebs. saWiro informacia xSirad an ar arsebobs an Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiTaa savse. 66 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika warmoudgenelic ki aris kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis Sesaxeb yvela saxis informaciis qona maTi dinamiკurobidan da kompleqsurobidan gamomdinare. yovelTvis iarsebebs ,,TeTri laqebi” da ,,Savi laqebi”. TeTri laqebi gulisxmobs im adgilebs, sadac viciT, rom gvaqvs informaciis nakleboba da saWiroa dro da fuli mis mosagroveblad, xolo Savi laqebi gulisxmobs im adgilebs sadac Zalian kargi iqneboda informaciis qona, magram problemis kompleqsurobis gamo es adgilebi gamotovebulia. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis marTva moiTxovs sxvadasxva monawile mxaris CarTvas. am jgufur procesSi, yvela saxis Zalaufleba TamaSobs garkveul rols, gansakuTrebiT SeTanxmebis miRwevisas Tavad problemis ganmartebisa da Carevebis SerCevisas. arsebobs formaluri da araformaluri Zalaufleba, kanonieri da ukanono Zalaufleba, instituciuri da arainstitucიuri Zalaufleba. mesame ZiriTadi elementi, romelic gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWris procesze, aris gaucnobierebeli gavlena emociebisa. emociebma SesaZloa stimuli misces an xeli SeuSalos adamianebs an jgufebs Soris TanamSromlobas. emociebi moicavs mRelvarebas, SiSs, sixaruls, simpaTiasa da siZulvils. SesaZloa iyos emociebi, rac damyarebulia crurwmenebsa da diskriminaciaze. emociebi SesaZloa iyos racionaluri da iracionaluri. emociebi Cndeba, rodesac vinmes interesebs სafrTxe emuqreba, magaliTad, rodesac problemis mogvarebis procesis mizani an Tavad problema vinmesTvis arasasurvelia. problemis mogvarebis mxardaWera sazogadoebriv problemebs sakmaod adekvaturi mxardaWera sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom gaizardos maTi ga- 67 dorien detombe daWris xarisxi da mcdelobebic ufro efeqtiani aRmoCndes, yovelive es ki fulisa da drois dazogvas gamoiwvevs. es SesaZloa moxdes sxvadasxva saxis teqnikisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. kompramis meTodi (kompleqsuri problemebis gamklavebis meTodi), romelic ganaviTara detombem[4;5;11], aris aseTi meTodis magaliTi. am meTodis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia didi sazogadoebrivi problemebis adekvaturad, gamWვirvaled da kargad struqturirebulad gadaWra. komprami imiT gamoirCeva sxva meTodebisagan, rom moicavs problemis gamklavebis procesis bevr etaps. igi kvaldakval miyveba problemis gadaWris process im momentidan, rodesac problema politikuri ganxilvis dRis wesrigSi dadgeba. komprami dafuZnebulia iseTi mecnierebebis Teoriul-samecniero Sexedulebebze, როგორიცაა: SemecnebiTi fsiqologia, sociologia, kompiuteruli mecnierebebi, Teoriebi jgufuri procesebis Sesaxeb, aseve socio-kibernetika, qaosis Teoria da sistemebis Teoria. komprami mravaldisci plinarulia ori mizezis gamo: 1) problemebis bunebidan gamomdinare is moicavs mraval dargs, movlenasa da monawiles; 2) meTodi moiTxovs ramdenime samecniero dargis codnis gamoyenebas. kompramis meTodi, Tavisi midgomebidan gamomdinare, aris efeqtიანi, gamWვirvale da demokratiuli analizis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis, Carevebisa da Sefasebis procesSi. meTodi ganviTarda 1990-1994 wlebSi detombes mier da saguldagulod damuSavda 1994-2001 wlebSi[11]. is, rom mravali mecnieruli disci plina asocirdeba erT problemasTan, is, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas sazogadoebaze es problema da is, rom bevri monawile mxare arsebobs, mianiSnebs imaze, rom problemis gadawyvetis procesi jgufuri unda iyos. kompramis meTodi 68 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika iwyeba maSin, rodesac problemis legitimurad mqone mxare, romelsac mxars uWers ramdenime problemaSi gacnobierebuli eqsperti, kuratorebTan erTad patiJobs problemaSi CarTul sxva mxareebs imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas jgufi problemis mosagvareblad. aq erTveba ori jgufi: erTi jgufi Sedgeba problemaSi gacnobierebuli eqspertebisagan, romelTac aqvT codna problemasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi, amasTan, isini neitralurni arian problemis mimarT; meore jgufi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romelTac uSualod exebaT problema. maT pirdapiri interesebi aqvT problemis gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT. problemis legitimurad mqone mxare: termini _ ,,problemis mqone mxare” _ gulisxmobs mxares romelsac legitimurad aqvs/exeba problema. „legitimurad“ niSnavs, rom problemis mqones aqvs kanonieri, CveviT an xelSekrulebiT miniWebuli legitimuri davaleba, ufleba an movaleoba imisaTvis, rom gaumklavdes problemas. Zalian mniSvnelovania problemis iseTi mxaris arseboba, romelsac aqvs ufleba da pasuxismgebloba imisa, rom moagvaros problema imitom, rom es zrdis imis Sanss, rom eqspertebi da sxva monawile mxareebi gamoTqvamen survils monawileoba miiRon problemis mogvarebis procesSi. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, es saSualebas iZleva problemis mogvarebis SemuSavebuli gza realurad ganxorcieldes. problemis legitimurad mqone mxare SesaZloa iyos rogorc jgufi an instituti, aseve individi. zogjer pasuxismgeblobis mqone monawile mxareebi erT jgufad erTiandebian da amiT zrdian TavianT avtoritets, raTa ufro advilad mogvardes problema. eqspertebi: problemis erToblivi gadawyveta iwyeba neitraluri eqspertebis jgufis SerCeviT, rac 69 dorien detombe xdeba kuratoris mier monawile mxareebTan TanamSroblobiT. eqspertebis SerCeva damokidebulia ZiriTad samecniero sferoze, movlenebze, monawileebსა da sxva jgufebze, romlebic CarTulni arian am problemaSi. procesis dasawyisSi, SesaZloa ar iyos naTeli romeli dargi, movlena, monawile mxare an jgufi aris CarTuli problemaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi kuratori awarmoebs siRrmiseul gamokiTxvebs eqspertebisa da im monawileebisa, romlebic am momentSi saxeze arian, imisaTvis, rom mogrovdes meti informacia im elementebis Sesaxeb, romlebic unda iyos CarTuli problemis gadaWris procesSi. monawileebi da jgufebi: is, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba problemis mogvareba da ra Sedegebi moyveba mas, problemis monawileebis pirdapiri interesebis sagania. es procesi maTze pirdapir axdens gavlenas. SesaZlebelia ganvasxvavoT ori saxეობis monawileebi: kargad organizebuli gundebi da araorganizebuli gundebi, romlebic xSirad miviwyebuli rCeba. Tumca, orive jgufze axdens zemoqmedebas problemis mogvarebis procesi. kargad organizebuli monawile mxare koordinirebas uwevs Tavisi yvela wevris interesebs da cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos procesze, xolo araorganizebul an nakleb organizebul monawile mxares (moxucebi, bavSvebi, patimrebi da a.S.) ki aqvT TavianTi interesebi problemis mogvarebis SedegTan mimarTebiთ, magram maT ar yavT TavianTi interesebis damcvelebi imisaTvis, rom es interesebi gaiTvaliswinon problemis gadaWrisas. Teoriulad, politikosebi unda icavdnen orive monawile mxaris interesebs, realurad ki iSviaTad xdeba ise, rom araorganizebuli mxaris interesebic iseve gaiTvaliswinon, rogorc organizebuli mxaris. yvela monawile mxares aqvs problemis sakuTari 70 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika xedva, problemis sakuTari ganmarteba da sakuTari miznebi. xSirad monawileebs aqvT faruli miznebi. kompramis meTodis gamoyenebisas orive, organizebul da araorganizebul mxares sTavazoben problemis gadaWraSi monawileobis miRebas sawyisi etapidanve[8]. problemis mqone mxare, mTavar monawile mxareebTan unda SeTanxmdes imaze, Tu rogori gziT warimarTeba problemis mogvareba[10]. sanam problemis mogvarebis procesi daiwyeba, problemis mqone da problemis monawile mxareebs unda gaacnon meTodebi, romlebsac gamoiyeneben problemis gadaWrisas. kompramis meTodis eqvsi safexuri kompramis meTodi Sedgeba eqvsi safexurisagan, romelic ar unda agverios problemis mogvarebis etapebSi. pirvel safexurze problemas analizi ukeTdeba damoukidebeli eqspertebis mier. meore safexurze sxvadasxva monawile mxare aanalizebs da gansazRvravs problemas. mesame safexurze eqspertebi da monawile mxareebi cdiloben i povოn Carevis iseTi gzebi, romlebic misaRebia orive mxarisaTvis. meoTxe safexurze xdeba sazogadoebis mosalodneli reaqciis ganWvreta, romelic Carevebs moyveba. mexuTe safexurze xorcieldeba Carevebi. dabolos, xdeba Sedegebis Sefaseba, rogorc zogadad, აseვე imis mixedviT, Tu problemis mogvarebis procesma ra gavlena moaxdina problemaze. maSasadame, es safexurebia: safexuri 1. damoukidebeli eqspertebis mier problemis gaanalizeba da aRwera; safexuri 2. monawileTa sxvadasxva jgufis mier problemis analizi da aRwera; safexuri 3. eqspertebisa da monawileebis mier Carevebis gansazRvra; safexuri 4. sazogadoebis reaqciebis gansazRvra; 71 dorien detombe safexuri 5. Carevebis ganxorcieleba; safexuri 6. Sedegebis Sefaseba. komprami: struqturuli meTodi komprami stuqturuli meTodiა, რაც niSnavs, rom modeli gvTavazobs problemis mogvarebis erTian midgomas. monacemTa analizisa da codnis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva meTodi, rogoricaa gonebrivi ganWvreta da gamokiTxvebi, gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis, gamoyenebisa da analizisaTvis. arsebobs specialuri meTodebi monawileTa SesarCevad, informaciis Sesagroveblad, informaciis gamoyenebisaTvis, simulaciebisaTvis da Sedegebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. TamaSebi sakmaod sando instrumentia Carevebis Sedegebis gasaanalizeblad. zogierTi meTodi, magaliTad Svidfeniani modeli [4], Seqmnilia imisaTvis, rom xeli Seuwyos codnis gacvlasa da komunikacias interdisci plinaruli jgufebis wevrebs Soris. kuratorebma unda gadawyviton ra meTodebi da xerxebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon problemis gamklavebis procesSi. aseve, zemoT aRwerili safexurebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia sxvadasxva problemis specifikurobaze, problemis gadasaWrelad Seqmnil jgufze, sxvadasxva momentze problemis gamklavebis fazaSi, drosa da Tanxebze. es yvelaferi ki niSnavs imas, rom kuratorebs unda hqondeT codna problemis gamklavebis sxvadasxva meTodis Sesaxeb. meTodologiuri codnis garda aucilebelia kompiuteris codna. aseve aucilebelia codna imisa, Tu rogor unda vuxelmZRvaneloT jgufur procesebs. aseve unda verkveodeT imaSi, rom SesaZloa codna, romelic problemis gadasaWrelad aris saWiro, iyos sakmaod rTuli და areuli sxva saxეობis codnasTan, unda vflobdeT informacias sxvadasxva Zalauflebisa da emociebis Sesaxeb. aseve iseTi Temebis 72 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika Sesaxeb, rogorebicaa faruli miznebi, Suri da jgufuri azrovneba. jgufuri azrovneba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesiა, konteqstiT igi gulisxmobs negatiur damokidebulebas gansaxilveli Temisadmi: jgufuri azrovneba gulisxmobs sakiTxisadmi kritikulad damokidebuli individebis gaerTianebas erT jgufad, raTa miiRon erToblivi gadawyvetileba. rodesac gasamklavebeli problema sakmaod didi masStabisaa, kuratorebs ar moeTxovebaT icodnen gadaWris yvela meTodi da xerxi, maT asistentebad unda hyavdeT specializebuli TanaSemwe-kuratorebi, romlebic uxelmZRvaneleben problemis gadasaWrelad Seqmnili mTliani gundis romelime qvedanayofs, romelic iyenebs garkveul meTodebs problemis gadasaWrelad. kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problemis magaliTi: aiv infeqcia/ Sidsi samxreT afrikaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Sidsi ganixileboda rogorc samedicino problema, romlis gadaWrac mxolod samedicino gziT iyo SesaZlebeli. 1990-ian wlebSi ukve naTeli gaxda, rom medicinas ar hqonda am sakiTxis gadasaWreli saSualebebi. ZiriTadad samedicino aqcentze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam xeli SeuSala imas, rom problemis mogvarebis ganxilva dawyebuliyo arasamednicino gzebiTac. aman problemas misca didi masStabi, gansakuTrebiT ki afrikul qveynebSi. sabednierod, bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, is organoebi, romelTac exebaT es problema, rogoricaa gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis programa Sidsis SesaCereblad da aseve jandacvis msoflio organizacia, mividnen daskvnamde, rom es iyo sazogadobrivi movlena, miuxedavad misi samedicino aspeqtebisa da aRiares igi rogorc kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada mis mosagvareblad kompramis meTodis ga- 73 dorien detombe moyeneba. SidsiT daavadebuli adamianebis 90% cxovrobs ganviTarebad qveynebSi. bevr maTgans ar aqvs wvdoma im samedicino saSualebebTan, romelic industriul samyaroSia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu adamianebis ramdeni procentia SidsiT daavadebuli da Tu ra gavlenas axdens es epidemia sazogadebaze, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Sidsis epidemia aris ganviTarebadi qveyebisaTvis umTavresi safrTxe. afrikaSi Sidsis epidemia mZvinvarebs. SidsiT dainficirebulia afrikis zrdasruli mosaxleobis 22% [18]. 300,000 ukve gardaicvala SidsiT. SeZenili imunodeficituri virusi (Sidsi) gamowveulia adamianis imunodeficituri virusiT. igi xSirad gadadis dainficirebuli nemsebis gamoyenebiT, sisxlis gadasxmiT, aseve heteroseqsualuri kontaqtiT da swored misi saSualebiT vrceldeba Sidsi ase swrafad. is, rom Sidsi ZiriTadad heteroseqsualuri gziT vrceldeba, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom homoseqsualebi ar arian am infeqciis matareblebi. Sidsi aris daavadeba, romelic ar ikurneba, ar eqvemdebareba vaqcinacias da ar aris sakmarisi samedicino saSualebebi mis samkurnalod. mkurnalobis saSualebebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia, raTa ebrZolon simptomebs da Seanelon sikvdilis procesi, samxreT afrikis mosaxleobisaTvis sakmaod Zviria, Tundac Semcirebuli fasiT[20]. AIV infeqcia/Sidsi aris inficirebulTa mravali tanjvis mizezi. daavadeba aseve gavlenas axdens pacientis ojaxis wevrebsa da megobrebze, romlebic xedaven rogor itanjeba da kvdeba maTi axlobeli, ikargeba ojaxis Semosavali da ojaxis momvleli. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mamakacebi da qalebi rCebian partnioris gareSe, rac iwvevs bavSvebis datovebas mSoblebis 74 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika mzrunvelobis gareSe. samxreT afrikaSi, daavadebuli adamianebis umravlesoba Savkaniania. swored am virusis gamo mosalodnelia, rom samxreT afrikaSi mcxovrebi Savkaniani adamianebis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba daeces 62-dan 35 wlamde[2;22;23]. Sromisunariani mosaxleobis adamianebis umetesoba iqneba uZluri imisaTvis, rom samuSao Seasrulos da gardaicvleba 50 wels miRweuli. sazogadoeba darCeba axalgazrda, janmrTeli muSa Zalis gareSe, rac safuZvelia ekonomikuri winsvlisa da momavali Taobebis gaCenisa. aseTi didi gavlenis gamo es daavadeba safrTxea mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. imunodeficitis virusiT daavadebul orsul qalTa (durbanSi es orsulebis 33%ia) Svilebis 11% iqneba imunudeficituri virusiT daavadebuli da gardaicvleba 7-9 wlis asakSi[2;22;23]. is bavSvebi, romlebic janmrTelebi daibadebian, ramdenime weliwadSi darCebian udedod. iqidan gamomdinare, rom imunodeficitis virusis SeZenidan adamiani 7-9 weliwadSi kvdeba, es bavSvebi 10 wlisac ki ar iqnebian, rodesac deda gardaecvlebaT. am dedebis umetesoba martoxelaa, rac niSnavs, rom bavSvebis umetesoba adreul asakSi darCeba mSoblebis mzrunvelobis gareSe. SesaZloa ojaxuri mzrunveloba gauwion bebiebma, magram maTi saxsrebic SezRudulia. 20 wlis Semdeg bebiis asakis qalebis nakleboba iqneba, rac daoblebul bavSvebs saerTod ojaxis gareSe datovebs. arsebobs imis ramdenime mizezi, Tu ratom ar imuSava saSualebebma, romelic infeqciis Sesamcireblad gamoiyenes, aseTebia: seqsualuri Temebis ganxilvaze tabus dadeba: miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebuli qcevebi miiCneva normalurad, gansakuTrebiT Savkanian sazogadoeba- 75 dorien detombe Si, seqsualuri qcevebis ganxilva tabudadebulia. es garemoeba xels uSlis prevenciis meqanizmebis danergvasa da maT Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebas; kriminali: cxovrebis dabali done zrdis kriminalur qcevebs, maT Soris gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebs qalebsa da bavSvebSi; samxreTi afrika religiuri qveyanaa: religiis Zala samxreT afrikaSi xels uSlis qalisa da kacis seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvasa da Sesabamisad, informaciis gavrcelebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda daicvas mosaxleobam Tavi. zogierTi Tavdacvis meTodi samxreT afrikaSi arsebuli eklesiis mier akrZalulia; SidsiT daavadebuli adamianebi daRdasmulebi arian: zemoT moyvanili mizezebis gamo SidsiT daavadebuli adamiani xSirad xdeba sazogadoebis mier gakicxuli da uaryofili. es imas niSnavs, rom SidsiT daavadebuli adamiani ar amxels imas, rom mas Sidsi aqvs, rac xels uwyobs daavadebis kidev ufro gavrcelebas. yovelive amis gamo, adamianebi yuradRebas ar aqceven daavadebas manam, sanam gardauvali ar gaxdeba samedicino Careva. zogadad, Savkanianebi mkurnalobis dasavlur meTodebs ufro eqimbaSebis meTodebiT mkurnalobas amjobineben; problemis gaucnobierebloba: bevr adamians ar aqvs gacnobierebuli problemis safrTxe, rac gamowveulia Temis tabudadebiT da arasajaroobiT. SemdgomSi ki es iwvevs SidsiT daavadebuli sazogadoebis wilis zrdas; ar xdeba Tavdacva sqesobrivi kavSiriT gadamdebi daavadebebisagan; siRaribe da prostitucia: siRaribis maRali done 76 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika da samxreT afrikuli sazogadoebis kidev sxva aspeqtebi aCvenebs, rom samxreT afrikaSi aris prostituciis maRali done; araorTodoqsuli Sexedulebebi da mTavrobis roli: samxreT afrikis jandacvis saministros ar aqvs Sesabamisi instrumentebi am epidemiis gasamklaveblad. aseve, mTavrobis wevrebSi arsebobs garkveuli saxeobis araorTodoqsuli Sexedulebebi, magaliTad is, rom Sidss imunodeficitis virusi ki ar iwvevs, aramed narkotikebis moxmareba da siRaribe; realuri Tavdacvis programis ararseboba. aiv/Sidsis sawinaaRmdego dRevandeli oficialuri politikaa: Tavis Sekaveba, erTguleba, gondomis gamoyeneba da daavadebaze mzrunveloba. aseTi politika ar aris mTlad warmatebuli, radgan realurad ver vafasebT seqsualur aqtivobas samxreT afrikis respublikaSi. samxreT afrikaSi, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, bevri saintereso Careva ganxorcielda imunodeficitis virusis Tavidan asacileblad, maT Soris _ ufaso Tavdacvis saSualebebis gavrceleba barebSi, sastumroebSi, kafeebSi, satelevizio reklamebis saSualebiT Tavdaucavi kontaqtiT gamowveuli saSiSroebebis xazgasma da aseve cnobili msaxiobebis gamoyeneba sazogadoebamde problemis ufro advilad misatanad. SidsiT daavadebuli adamianebi saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi mkurnaloben, Tumca resursebi SezRudulia. ganxorcielebulma Carevebma ver moitana sasurveli efeqti. imisaTvis, rom ganviTardes efeqtiani Carevis strategia, saWiroa Catardes problemis dawvrilebiTi analizi eqspertebsa da problemis monawileebs Soris informaciis gacvlis saSualebiT. 77 dorien detombe kompramis meTodis hi poTekuri gamoyeneba Sidsis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi Sidsis virusi aris kompleqsuri sazogadoebrivi problema, romlis gadasawyvetad kargi iqneboda kompramis meTodis gamoyeneba. qvemoT warmodgenilia am sakiTxis kompramis meTodiT gadawyveta zemoT moyvanili eqvsive safexuris gavliT. pirveli safexuri gulisxmobs sakiTxis Sesaxeb codnis ganviTarebas. SidsTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sferos kompetenturi eqspertebi problemas srulad aRweren, raTa gaigon: (1) rogor aris yvela moqmedi faqtori urTierTdakavSirebuli; (2) vinaa CarTuli problemaSi: organizebuli da araorganizebuli jgufebi, arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo organizaciebi; (3) ganisazRvros SesaZlo Carevebi; (4) gamoCndes problemis gamomwvevi mizezebi da efeqtebi; (5) gaanalizdes warsuli, axlandeli da momavali situaciebi. kuratori xels uwyobs interdisci plinaruli codnis gacvlas. problemasTan dakavSirebuli eqspertebi unda moicavdnen Semdeg dargebs: jandacva, ganaTleba, ekonomika, kanonmdebloba, fsiqologia, religiuri warmomadgenlebi, adgilobrivi, munici paluri da centraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da a.S. ganxilvisas eqspertebs moeTxovebaT aRweron problema rac SeiZleba srulad. am process dasWirdeba daaxleobiT 2 Tve. am etapis Sedegi iqneba moxseneba, romelic Seicavs ZiriTad aspeqtebsa da damokidebulebebs Sidsis virusis mimarT samxreT afrikaSi. meore safexuri exeba imis garkvevas, Tu ra Zala moqmedebs da rogor zegavlenas axdens es Zala problemaze. am etapze xdeba yvela monawilis mier Camoyalibebuli problemis aRweris konstruireba. problemis gamklavebis procesi grZeldeba Sidsis problemaSi monawile yvela mxaris mowveviT. magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompanie- 78 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika bi, adgilobrivi, munici paluri da centraluri mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi, warmoeba, fermerebi, jandacvis sferos warmomadgenlebi, religiebis warmomadgenlebi, eqimbaSebi da a.S. es jgufebi mowveulia kuratoris mier, raTa erTmaneTSi ganixilon problema, warmoadginon problemis sakuTari xedva da miuTiTon problemis gadaWris im meTodebze, romlebsac mxars dauWeren an ar dauWeren. es procesic or Tves waiRebs, aqedan 16 samuSao dRe sWirdeba kurators muSaobisTvis da 2 dRe ki TiToeul monawile mxares. am etapze momzaddeba angariSi, sadac warmodgenili iqneba TiToeuli monawilis mier problemis sakuTari xedva da agreTve, Tu ra saxis emociebi da ra Zala axdens gavlenas mocemul problemaze. mesame safexuri moicavs im Carevebis gansazRvras, romelic orive mxarisaTvis misaRebia. eqspertebi da monawile mxareebis warmomadgenlebi ganixilaven SesaZlo kombinirebul Carevebs problemis yvela aspeqtiT. amas mivyavarT Carevis im meTodamde, romelic kombinirebuli da orive mxaris mier SeTanxmebulad Camoyalibebulia. saWiroa ori Tve, aqedan 16 samuSao dRe kuratorisaTvis, xolo 8 TiToeuli eqspertisa da monawilesaTvis. am etapis Sedegi aris moxseneba im mTavari Carevebis Sesaxeb, romelic unda gatardes Sidsis problemis mosagvareblad samxreT afrikaSi. aseve, unda Seicavdes informacias am Carevebs Soris arsebul urTierTkavSirze. Carevebi unda moicavdes saskolo da samoqalaqo ganaTlebas, cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas, ojaxebis gaerTianebas, oblebis sakiTxs, samedicino daxmarebas daavadebuli adamianebisaTvis da sikvdilianobis Tavidan asacileblad zomebis miRebas. meoTxe safexuria imis gamokvleva, Tu rogori reaqcia eqneba sazogadoebas ganxorcielebul Carevebze. es etapi saSualebas iZleva zogierTi Carevis forma Seicvalos 79 dorien detombe saWiroebisamebr, sanam uSualod maTi ganxorcieleba daiwyeba. es procesi moicavs or Tves: 16 dRes kuratorebisaTvis da 4 dRes TiToeuli monawilisaTvis. etapis Sedegi aris moxseneba, sadac aRniSnulia sakiTxebi, romlebic misaRebia yvela mxarisaTvis da sakiTxebi, romlebic winaaRmdegobrivia. mexuTe safexurze xdeba Carevebis ganxorcieleba im strategiis mixedviT, romelic SeimuSava problemis gadamWrelma gundma. Carevebis ganxorcielebis periodi damokidebulia Carevebis sqemaze, rogorc wesi, igi grZeldeba Tormeti Tve an meti. iqidan gamomdinare, rom ganxorcielebis procesSi monawileebze gadadis didi pasuxismgebloba kuratoris samuSao dReTa raodenoba Semcirdeba (daaxloebiT 20 dRe 12 TveSi). am safexuris Sedegia dagegmili Carevebis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba. meeqvse safexuri Sefasebis etapia. moicavs ori Tvis periods, saidanac 16 dRe muSaobs kuratori. moxsenebaSi Sedis Semdegi detalebi: (1) samxreT afrikaSi Sidsis virusis winaaRmdeg brZolisas ganxorcielebuli Carevebis wamrateba an marcxi. (2) ramdenad kargad ganxorcielda Carevebi da (3) ramdenad efeqtiani iyo problemis gamklavebis procesi. aucilebelia imis aRqma, rom yvela am procesis gavlis Semdeg, rac ar unda warmatebiT dainergos SemuSavebuli meTodi, es ar niSnavs, rom Sidsis problema mogvardeba or weliwadSi, magram, es midgoma safuZvels Cauyris fundamentur cvlilebebs SidsTan mimarTebiT da Seamcirebs gavrcelebis siCqares. aseve, uzrunvelyofs imaTTvis daxmarebis gawevas, viszec pirdapir da arapirdapir axdens gavlenas Sidsis problema. 80 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika Handling Complex Societal Problems Dorien Detombe The Compram method is a method for handling complex societal problems in a transparent and structured way. Handling in this case means analyzing, policymaking, decision making and guiding and evaluating the interventions. The Compram method is developed by DeTombe (1994). Most problem handling methods focus on a part of the problem handling process. The Compram method, however, focuses on the whole spectrum of the problem handling process. Because of their complexity societal problems are difficult to handle. These problems have often a huge impact on society, because they involve a great number of phenomena and actors. Each actor has his or her own goals, interest and power. In a democracy handling these problems includes dealing with all the actors. In order to do this efficiently and fruitful these problems should be handled in cooperation with the actors. The Compram method guides this process from the moment the problem is put on the (political) agenda till the evaluation of the interventions. The Compram method distinguishes six steps in the problem handling process. For supporting this process it uses all kinds of supportive methods and tools. The method is based on the three basic elements in handling complex societal problems: knowledge, power and emotion. The Compram method can be applied for all kind of policy problems like transport, environmental, healthcare, poverty and unemployment problems. An example of the application of the method is given on handling the Aids problem in South Africa. 81 dorien detombe gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Abley, M. (ed.) 1999. Stories from the Ice Storm. Toronto: Canadian Publishers; 2. African Development Forum 2000. AIDS in Africa. Geneva: UNAIDS; 3. DeTombe, D.J. 1993. An interdisciplinary process of problem handling for policy making on environmental problems. In E. A. Stuhler & M. O’Súilleabháin (eds), Enhancing Human Capacity to solve Ecological and Socio-economic Problems (Vol 2), Mering: Hampp Verlag. pp. 30-46; 4. DeTombe, D.J. 1994. Defining Complex Interdisciplinary Societal Problems: A theoretical study for constructing a co-operative problem analyzing method. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers; 5. DeTombe, D.J. 1996. “COMPRAM: a method for analysing complex interdisciplinary societal problems”, in D.J. DeTombe & C. van Dijkum (eds) Analyzing Societal Problems. Mering: Hampp Verlag, pp.7-29; 6. DeTombe, D.J. 1997. “Experiments with groupware for analyzing complex technical environmental policy problems”, in Vezjak, M, E.A. Stuhler & M. Mulej (eds) Environmental Problem Solving: From Cases and Experiments to Concepts, Knowledge, Tools and Motivation. (Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Case Method and Research and Case Method Application). Munchen/Mering: Rainer Hampp Verlag.pp.36-43; 7. DeTombe, D.J. 1999. “Facilitating complex technical policy problems”. In Stuhler, E. & D.J. DeTombe (eds) Cognitive Psychological Issues and Environment Policy Application: Research on Cases and Theories. Munchen/Mering: Hampp Verlag. Pp.119-128; 8. DeTombe, D.J. 2000a. “Anticipating and avoiding opposition in 82 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika large technological projects”, International Journal of Technology Management 19(3/4/5): pp.301-312; 9. DeTombe, D.J. 2000b. “A new method for handling complex spatial problems”. In A. Reggiani (ed.). Spatial Economic Science: New Frontiers in Theory and Methodology. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp.212-240; 10. DeTombe, D.J. 2000c. “Testing methods for complex real life problems”. In Blasius, J. et al. (eds) Social Science methodology in the New Millennium: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Logic and Methodology. Cologne: T-T Publikaties, pp.1-14; 11. DeTombe, D.J. 2001. “COMPRAM, a method for handling complex societal problems”, European Journal of Operational Research 128(1): 266-282; 12. Forrester, J.W. 1987. “Lessons from system dynamics modeling”. System Dynamics Review 3(2): 136-149; 13. Geyer, R. F. & J. van der Zouwen (eds) 1986. Sociocybernetic Paradoxes. Observation, Control and Evolution of Self-Steering Systems. London: Sage; 14. Glasbergen, P. 1989. Beleidsnetwerken rond milieuproblemen. Een beschouwing over de relevantie van het denken in termen van beleidsnetwerken voor het analyseren en oplossen van milieuproblemen. ‘s-Gravenhage: VUGA; 15. Lintsen, H.W. 1980. Ingenieurs in Nederland in de negentiende eeuw. Uitgever eigen beheer. Delft. The Netherlands; 16. Mintzberg, H. 1983. Power in and around Organizations. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 17. Newell, A. & Simon, H.A. 1972. Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 18. NRC 2000a. “AIDS in Zuid Afrika”, NRC Dutch Daily Newspaper, 9.10, 11 March 2000; 19. NRC 2000b. “Oorlogen in Africa”, NRC Dutch Daily Newspaper, 83 dorien detombe May 2000; 20. NRC 2001. “Pharmaceutische industrie verlaagd prijs AIDS medicijnen in Africa”. NRC Dutch Daily Newspaper, Spring 2001; 21. Shilts, R. 1986. And the Band played on. Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 22. UNAIDS 2000a. Enhancing the greater Involvement of People LIVING with or affected by HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Geneva: UNAIDS; 23. UNAIDS 2000b. The International Partnership Against AIDS In Africa. Geneva: UNAIDS; 24. World Bank 1999. Confronting AIDS. Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic (rev edn). New York: Oxford University Press. 84 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika ekonomikuri liberalizmisa da saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb roman xarbedia ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis administraciis xelmZRvanelis konsultanti saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRidan, qarTul sazogadoebaSi mudmivad mimdinareobs diskusia imis Taobaze, Tu romeli ekonomikuri modeli uzrunvelyofs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stabilurobasa da Semdgom progress. xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviTa da saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis rekomendaciebiT, bolo or aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad urTulesi ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebisa, saqarTvelo zigzagebiT, magram mainc liberaluri ekonomikis mSeneblobis gzas adgas da es gza dResac grZeldeba. Tumca, akad. vl. papavas azriT, „damoukideblobis gamocxadebis momentidan saqarTvelom mainc ver SeZlo Seeqmna ekonomikuri sistema, romelic SeiZleboda stabiluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safuZveli gamxdariyo da Camoyalibebuli modeli emyareba ara imdenad warmoebis zrdas, ramdenadac moxmarebis stimulirebas“ [1, gv.47,51]. imis gasaazreblad, Tu romeli ekonomikuri modeli unda daedos safuZvlad qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas da ra aris is fundamenturi faseulobebi, rac aRiarebul da damkvidrebul unda iqnes, aucilebelia amovideT 85 roman xarbedia iqidan, rom „saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba mimdinareobs globalur garemoSi, msoflio bazris kanonzomierebaTa realuri zemoqmedebiT“ [2.gv;73]. viziarebT ra prof. d. iakobiZis aRniSnul mosazrebas, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT mas imaSic, rom „globalizacia ... Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebis erTaderTi SesaZlebeli formaa. ganviTarebis antiglobaluri kursi ganwirulia ekonomikuri avtarkizmisa da sazogadoebrivi rutinisadmi ... saqarTvelosa da mis msgavs qveynebs, samomavlod, garda globalur garemoSi gonieri integraciisa, sxva gza ar gaaCnia.“ [2, gv. 89. xazgasma Cemia – r.x]. globalizmi, rogorc realuri movlena, Semodis CvenSi da misi gaCereba, an „ar SemoSveba“ SeuZlebelia. cnobili filosofosis m. mamardaSvilis sityvebis perefrazireba rom movaxdinoT, am totalur siTxes swavla ar sWirdeba, is vrceldeba ara garkveuli ganaTlebis an swavlis meSveobiT, aramed rogorc jaWvuri reaqcia, uTvlad momentSi [3, გვ. 64]. is realoba, rasac Cven globalizms vuwodebT, gadmodis qarTul sivrceze, saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad sazogadoebis garkveuli fenebis winaaRmdegobisa Tu misdami negatiuri damokidebulebisa. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, gadmodis imitomac, rom SeuZlebelia vinmem garedan mogaxvios raime Tavze, Tu Sinaganad raRac zomiT mainc ara xar mzad mis misaRebad. liberalurma ekonomikam, anu mas rogorc sxvanairad uwodeben, Tavisufalma bazarma, farTo gavrceleba hpova rogorc industriulad ganviTarebul, aseve e.w. „mesame samyaros“ qveynebSi da xeli Seuwyo materialuri warmoebis iseT zrdas da ekonomikis iseT ganviTarebas, rasac adre, manamde adgili ar hqonia. amasTan, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom liberaluri 86 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika midgoma ekonomikaSi ar aris damokidebuli ama Tu im sazogadoebis istoriul fesvebsa Tu kulturul memkvidreobaze da, amdenad, ar iqneba marTebuli ama Tu im ekonomikuri modelis erovnuli niSniT dayofa da am „erovnulobisTvis“ gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba (rac Seexeba gavrcelebul terminebs - „Sveduri modeli“, „germanuli modeli“, „amerikuli modeli“ da a.S. , es konkretulad am qveynebSi Camoyalibebul, specifikur modelebs gulisxmobs da maT aranairi kavSiri ara aqvT mocemul qveynebSi mcxovreb ZiriTad eTnosTan). ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, zogadad liberalizmi SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc Tavisufali ekonomikuri aqtivobis uflebis aRiareba kerZo sakuTrebisa da bazris safuZvelze. liberaluri ekonomikis (ekonomikuri libera lizmis) Camoyalibeba ver moxerxdeba qveyanaSi li beraluri demokratiis princi pebis aRiarebisa da damkvidrebis gareSe; arademokratiuli da arali beraluri sazogadoeba ver Seqmnis liberalur ekono mikas. amdenad, is, rasac emyareba zogadad liberalizmis princi pis warmateba qveynis politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, SeiZleba ganvavrcoT ekonomikis sferoze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, metad saintereso da yurad saRebia liberaluri demokratiis erT-erTi aRiare buli ideologis, f.fukuiamas mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom „liberaluri ekonomika viTardeba ara ubralod liberaluri princi pebis safuZvelze, aramed is Timosis (adamianis sulieri miswrafeba – sakuTari faseulobebi sxvaTa mier iqnes aRiarebuli; sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis gancdis survili. – r.x.) iracionalur formebsac gulisxmobs“ [4, გვ. 14]. liberaluri demokratiisa da liberaluri ekonomikis mSenebloba metad xangZlivi da rTuli 87 roman xarbedia procesia. dasavleTis civilizebulma qveynebma Zalian didi gza ganvles da es gza ar yofila martivi da advilad misaRwevi. xolo im qveynebisTvis da, maT Soris, saqarTvelosTvisac, romlebic adganan da aRiareben politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi liberalur faseulobebs, Zalian rTuli da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mtkivneulia dasavluri institutebis rekomendaciebisa da moTxovnebis upirobod miReba da praqtikuli ganxorcieleba. amasTan dakavSirebiT metad saintereso mosazrebebs gamoTqvams e.w. „aziuri (singapuris) saswaulis“ Semoqmedi li kuan iu, rodesac igi aanalizebs singapurSi misi mmarTvelobis periodSi Catarebul ekonomikur da politikur reformebs: „didi xnis win warmoSobil dasavleTis erebs aqvT seriozuli saSiSroeba, dasavluri civilizaciis kriteriumebiT Seafason yoveli axali saxelmwifo, maTi istoriis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. am dros xSirad mxedvelobis miRma rCeba, rom dasavleTis saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi institutebi erT saaTSi Tanamedroveobis Tvalwin ki ar Seqmnila, aramed saukuneebis manZilze viTardeboda, kanonebis, konstituciisa da sazogadoebis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis kvaldakval“ [5-5]. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nebismieri ekonomikuri Teoria SeiZleba gadaiqces winsvlis Semaferxebel meqanizmad, Tu ar moxda misi saTanado adaptacia mocemuli adgilisa da drois gaTvaliswinebiT. Sesabamisad, saWiroa sxva xalxis ZalisxmeviTa da sxva ekonomikuri sinamdvilis pirobebSi warmoqmnili Teoriebis SemoqmedebiTi gaazreba, rac, upirveles yovlisa, arsebuli sinamdvilisadmi maT adaptacias niSnavs [2.გვ;251]. liberalizmis umTavresi princi pidan gamomdi nare, ramdenadac liberaluri demokratia sxvebze aRmatebis iracionalur survils, Tanasworad 88 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika aRiarebis racionaluri surviliT cvlis, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, bazris sxvadasxva „moTamaSis“ urTierToba, miuxedavad erTmaneTis mimarT gamZafrebuli konkurenciuli brZolisa, unda aigos urTierTlegitimurobis aRiarebis uryev princi pze. liberaluri ekonomikis damkvidrebas saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebi (msoflio banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da sxv.) uwyobs xels da es globalizaciis procesis erT-erT gamovlinebadac ki SeiZleba miviCnioT. maT mier xdeba calkeul qveynebSi liberaluri ekonomikis princi pebis danergvis waxaliseba da maTi globalur msoflioSi urTierTTanamSromlobis saerTo meqanizmis Camo yalibeba iseTi princi pebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa: sagadasaxado ganakveTis zRvarTa daaxloeba; ganaTlebis, jandacvisa da infrastruqturis biujetis prioritetebad aRiareba; finansuri sistemis liberalizacia; liberaluri biznes garemos Camoyalibeba; vaWrobis liberalizacia; kerZo sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva da sxv. [2, გვ.101,102,103, 365, 374,375]. amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri liberalizmi sakmaod farTo cnebaa da igi ar gamoricxavs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris, e.w. saxelmwifo ekonomikis garkveuli doziT arsebobas. magram ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris dominantobis pirobebSi, bunebrivia, Znelia msjeloba ekonomikis liberalizmze. aq mTavari imdenad is ki ar aris, ramdeni procenti uWiravs saxelmwifo seqtors qveynis ekonomikaSi, aramed is, Tu ramdenad uwyobs xels da icavs saxelmwifo kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebasa da mis interesebs. sabazro ekonomikebze dafuZnebul sazogadoe bebSi, sabazro ekonomikis romel models ar unda 89 roman xarbedia aRiarebdes igi, yovelTvis warmoiSoba winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifosa da bazars Soris. iseve, rogorc adamiani, romelsac aqvs survili, goni da moTxovnileba imisa, rom igi aRiarebuli da dafasebuli iyos sazogadoebis mier da mSvidad ver egueba avtoritarizmsa da, miT ufro, totalitarizms, aseve bazari ver egueba saxelmwifos mxridan mudmiv Carevebsa da misi srulyofili funqcionirebisaTvis xelis SeSlas, rasac, saboloo angariSiT, ekonomikaSi arajansaR da zogjer krizisul situaciamde mivyavarT xolme. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTavrobis survili, ufro metad Caerios ekonomikaSi, ufro gardamavali periodis avadmyofobaa, Seqmnili gansakuTrebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri moTxovnebiT, socialurekonomikuri ganviTarebis SedarebiT dabal safexurze myof qveynebSi. ramdenadac konkurencia kapitalistur ekonomikaSi ganapirobebs resursebis gamoyenebisa da ganawilebis maRal xarisxs, bunebrivia, Cndeba mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos(mTavrobis) Carevis araviTari aucilebloba ar arsebos. es aris e.w. „wminda kapitalizmis“ rogorc TviTregulirebadi da TviTkontrolirebadi ekonomikuri sistemis koncefcia, romelic gamoricxavs saxelmwifos(mTavrobis) metnaklebad mniSvnelovan rols bazris funqcionirebaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom liberaluri ekonomikis modeli, esaa Teoriuli konstruqcia, abstraqtuli modeli wminda kapitalizmisa, romelic sufTa saxiT arc erT qveyanaSi ar ganxorcielebula da arsad ar arsebobs. yvela TviTregulirebadi ekonomikuri sistema, SeiZleba iTqvas, Sereuli modelia, sadac mTavroba(saxelmwifo) da sabazro sistemebi Tanafunqcionireben da sadac mTavroba sabazro sistemis 90 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika funqcionirebis xelSewyobis, samarTlebrivi bazis uzrunvelyofis, Tavisufali konkurenciis dacvis, dasaqmebisa da inflaciis kontrolis mimarTulebiT da a.S. mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebaSi. rodesac ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideologebis mier msjelobaa ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Caurevlobaze da amiT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobaze, yuradRebis miRmaa darCenili is garemoeba, rom saxelmwifo valdebulia da axorcielebs kidevac uSualo Carevas iseT sferoebSi, romelic sakuTriv ekonomikis sferos ar ganekuTvneba, magram pirdapir dakavSirebulia ekonomikasTan. yvelaze mniSvnelovani sfero, am TvalsazrisiT, aris ganaTleba. swavla-ganaTlebaSi saxelmwifos mier Cadebuli kapitaldabandebis efeqtianoba bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre sxva saxeobis kapitaldabandebebisa. aqedan gamomdinare, ganaTlebisa da sxva sferoebSi uSualo Carevis Sedegad saxelmwifo, yvela SemTxvevaSi, arapirdapir ereva ekonomikis sferoSi da irib gavlenas axdens bazris funqcionirebaze. msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis, gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebadi qveynebis, praqtika gviCvenebs, rom maSin, rodesac xelisuflebaSi myof politikur Zalebs uCndeba cduneba, da am cdunebis winaSe metnaklebad yvela mTavroba dgas, e.w. samarTlianobis interesebidan da politikuri mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare, gamoiyenos saxelmwifo ekonomikuri aqtivobebis damaCqrebel instrumentad da saxelmwifoebrivi regulaciebi aqcios misi saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad prioritetad, igi TiTqmis yovelTvis sxvadasxva formas iZens xolme da xels uSlis investiciebis mozidvas da ekonomikis ganviTarebas. rodesac, e.w. „keTilSobiluri miznebidan“ gamomdinare, miiReba gadawyvetileba 91 roman xarbedia ekonomikaSi mTavrobis aqtiuri Carevis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, es yvela SemTxvevaSi gamoiwvevs damatebiTi saxelmwifo struqturis warmoqmnas, saxelmwifo aparatis gabervas, mis araefeqtianobas, sxvadasxva maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtiT ekonomikuri saqmianobis kidev ufro damZimebas. aviTarebs ra msgavs mosazrebas, liberaluri ekonomikis koncefciis erTerTi udidesi warmomadgeneli m. fridmani ekonomikis sferoSi saxelmwifos nebismieri formiT Carevis minimizaciis dasabuTebamde midis. aSS–is magaliTze igi asabuTebs, rom mTavrobis mier gaweuli xarjebi, mis mier ganxorcielebuli investiciebi, umuSevrobis Semcirebis an Tundac im motiviT, rom ekonomika „gadamwifda“ da axali kerZo kapitaldabandebaTa SesaZleblobebi amoiwura, veranair dadebiT Sedegs ver iZleva. ramdenad SeiZleba msgavsi liberaluri midgoma mivusadagoT dRevandeli saqarTvelos mdgomareobas? m.fridmanis kvlevis obieqti aSS-is Camoyalibebuli sabazro urTierTobebia da zemoT aRniSnul mosazrebas igi asabuTebs XX saukunis aSS-is magaliTze, rodesac TviT amerikuli politikuri elita da saxelmwifo samsaxurebi, saerTod aSS-is mTavroba ar ikavebda Tavs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevisagan, sadac saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, m.fridmanis termini rom vixmaroT, Camoyalibda e.w. „sekularuli stagnaciis“ Teoria, romlis mixedviTac ekonomika gadamwifda, amowura kapitaldabandebaTa SesaZleblobebi da investiciebisaTvis met-naklebad mniSvnelovani SesaZleb lobebi aRar Cndeba. sul sxva mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme saqarTveloSi, sadac problemebia ekonomikuri zrdis TvalsazrisiT da aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia saxelmwifom waaxalisos kerZo investiciebi da mas ar sWirdeba iseTi aqtivobebi, rasac dasavleTis 92 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika ganviTarebul qveynebSi axorcieleben saxelisuflebo struqturebi e.w. ekonomikuri gadamwifebis periodSi, rodesac mTavroba gvevlineba „investiciebis deficitis“ aRmofxvris mTavar rgolad. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis moqmedebebi saxelmwifo dafinansebis TvalsazrisiT (igulisxmeba infrastruqturuli proeqtebis dafinanseba da sxv., rac ZiriTadad saxelmwifos prerogativaa) adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebis SedarebiT dabali doniTa da ucxouri ivesticiebisaTvis araxelsayreli garemoTi iyo ganpirobebuli. garda amisa, adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebis Semcirebis pirobebSi moklevadian periodSi, mTavroba iZulebuli xdeba gazardos sakuTari dabandebebi (e.w. „dabalansebis Teoria“) da es marto saqarTveloSi rodi xdeba, msgavs qmedebebs bevr qveyanaSi hqonia adgili da, albaT, momavalSic eqneba da amas SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos „politikuri mizanSewonilibis“ faqtormac. m.fridmanis midgoma am TvalsazrisiT, radikalurad sapirispiroa, misi azriT, msgavsi qmedebebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikis zrdaze da ver anelebs misi dacemis tendencias. e.w. „dabalansebis Teoriis“ umTavres nakls m. fridmani ekonomikis zrdis samTavrobo zrunvis rangSi ayvanaSi xedavs. „...dabalansebis Teoriis mTavari ziani is ki ar aris, rom misiT recesiis SeCereba ver miiRweva, rac wesiT unda momxdariyo da arc is, rom mas inflaciuri elementi Seaqvs samTavrobo politikaSi, rasac adgili ar unda hqonoda, aramed is, rom am Teorias ekonomikis zrda samTavrobo zrunvis rangSi ahyavs federalur doneze da aseve, federaluri saxsrebis xarjviT cdilobs win aRudges recesias“ [6, გვ. 76. xazgasma Cemia – r.x]. ufro metic, misi azriT, „damabalansebel instrumentad federaluri biujetis gamoyenebis ganxilvisas, mTeli 93 roman xarbedia ironia imaSia, rom erovnul SemosavalTa yvelaze arastabiluri komponenti omisSemdgom periodSi (msjelobaa aSS-ze – r.x.) swored federaluri xarjebia da es arastabiluroba saerTod ver axdens gavlenas biujetis sxva komponentebis stabilurobisaken svla ze. federaluri biujeti Sors aris imisgan, rom damabalansebel instrumentad gadaiqces, romelic SeZlebda meryeobis gamomwvevi Zalebis daTrgunvas da TviTonve gvevlineba areulobisa da arastabilurobis mTavar mizezad“ [6, გვ. 76. xazgasma Cemia – r.x]. nebismieri met-naklebad seriozuli krizisuli situacia ekonomikaSi, Tuki igi ar gamomdinareobs mniSvnelovani gareSe faqtorebidan, eWvqveS ayenebs ama Tu im ekonomikuri modelis sicocxlisunarianobasa da igi sazogadoebisa da sxvadasxva politikuri Zalis mxridan kritikis obieqti xdeba. TviT aSS-Sic ki, gasuli saukunis e.w. „didi depresiis“ dros, ara marto ubralo moqalaqeebis, aramed did inteleqtualTa mxridanac, eWvqveS dadga ara mxolod ekonomikuri modelis, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebriv ekonomikuri wyobis avkargianobac ki. mTavrobis mxridan survili imisa, rom pozitiuri zemoqmedeba moaxdinos ekonomikaze, bunebrivad ubiZgebs mas ekonomikur procesebSi radikaluri Carevisken, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, negatiuri Sedegebis momtani xdeba. aRniSnulis sailustraciod m.fridmani, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis ramdenime aTwleulis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, aSS-Si ganxorcielebuli mniSvnelovani reformebis gaanalizebiT, askvnis, rom mTavrobis mier miRebuli zomebis umetesi nawili fuWi iyo da ver miaRwia sawadels. misi azriT, is, rom SeerTebulma Statebma didi progress miaRwia, gamowveuli iyo ara imdenad mTavrobis saqmianobiT, aramed Tavisufali 94 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika bazris pirobebSi calkeul pirovnebaTa iniciativiTa da individualuri swrafviT. „imas, rom Cven mainc viRebT dadebiT Sedegs, bazris Cveulebriv nayofierebas unda vumadlodeT. winsvlis sakiTxSi misi uCinari xeli ufro marjvea, vidre ukusvlis xiluli xeli“ [6.გვ;193]. m. fridmanis moZRvrebis mTeli apoTeozi moce mulia mis wminda ultraliberalur mosazrebaSi imis Taobaze, rom saxelmwifos seriozuli Careva ekonomikaSi da, am mizniT, mis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, ganixileba rogorc mTavrobis mxridan adamianebisadmi maTive uSualo interesebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebad. „adamianebis erT nawils sxva adamianebi, an mTavroba uwesebs, Tu ra aris maTTvis kargi da ra – cudi. mTavroba arTmevs erTs da aZlevs meores. amitomac upirispirdeba am RonisZiebebs erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri da SemoqmedebiTi Zala – milionobiT adamianis piradi interesi, rom adamianma ganvlos sakuTari cxovreba Tavisi warmodgenis mixedviT. swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom am RonisZiebebs xSirad sapirispiro efeqti aqvT“ [6.გვ;194]. miuxedavad aseTi „radikalizmisa“, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom ekonomikuri liberalizmis fuZemdeblebi saerTod uaryofen saxelmwifos rols ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, amasTan dakavSirebiT, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT prof. d. iakobiZes, romelic m.fridmanis moZRvrebis analizis safuZvelze askvnis, rom „igi umoqmedobisken ki ar mouwodebs xelisuflebas, aramed kompetenturi Carevis momxrea, romelic damyarebuli iqneba prudenciul (keTilgonier da frTxil, obieqturi procesebis Secnobis safuZvelze SemuSavebul RonisZiebaTa sistema) politikaze …sabazro procesebSi xelisuflebis Caurevloba sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom ekonomika damoukidebelia politikisagan, piriqiT, es niSnavs sabazro saqmeebSi cudad Carevas ... ekonomikaSi 95 roman xarbedia saxelmwifos Carevis uaryofa TviT aris Careva, radganac mivyavarT rutinisken da sinamdvilisadmi retrogradiuli damokidebulebisken“ [2, გვ. 103,194]. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis sakiTxis garkvevisas metad originaluria akad. vl. papavas midgoma, rodesac igi asabuTebs, rom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri saqmianoba bazris Sinagani, imanenturi nawilis saxiTac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli. „sakiTxis aseTi dasmidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebisa da meTodebis problemis princi pulad gansxvavebuli gziT gadawyveta, roca isini ekonomikis sxva agentebis saqmianobis formebisa da meTodebisagan praqtikulad arafriT iqneba gansxvavebuli“ [7, გვ. 146]. ufro metic, saTanado Teoriuli msjelobis Sedegad igi askvnis, rom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari warmoebis erT-erTi, kerZod, mexuTe faqtoria [7, გვ. 149,150,151,152], miwas, kapitals, Sromasa da samewarmeo unarTan erTad. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, ekonomikuri liberalizmis politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi, saxelmwifos roli ganisazRvreba ara uSualod fabrikaqarxnebis mSeneblobiTa da amis meSveobiT samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebiT, risi survili da molodini jer kidev sakmaodaa gamjdari Cveni sazogadoebis garkveul fenebSi, aramed iseTi maregulirebeli normatiuli dokumentebisa da politikuri garemos SeqmniT, rac maqsimalurad SesaZlebels gaxdis kerZo mewarmeobisa da kerZo iniciativis gafarToebas. amdenad, dapireba da aqedan gamomdinare, moTxovna imisa, rom mTavrobam gaxsnas (aaSenos) sawarmoebi absoluturad miuRebelia liberaluri ekonomikisaTvis da igi verc ganxorcieldeba. amdenad, ekonomikuri liberalizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze ufro misaRebi gzaa 96 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenisaTvis keTildReobis SedarebiT maRal donis misaRwevad. saqarTvelosTvis jer kidev problemad rCeba swori sabazro orientaciis politikis aRiareba, gaTaviseba da misgan ar gadaxveva. es politika ki ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali tempebis miRwevis aucilebeli winapirobaa. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis garkvevisas, sainteresoa rogori korelacia arsebobs mTavrobis mier gaweul investiciebsa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris. am kuTxiT ekonomikur mecnierebaSi erTiani pozicia ar aris Camoyalibebuli da miT ufro diametrulad gansxvavdeba keinzianuri midgoma fridmaniseuli midgomisagan. liberaluri ekonomikis fridmaniseuli moZRvreba aSkarad upirispirdeba keinzianizms, rogorc XX saukunis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul ekonomikur koncefcias, romlis mixedviT, saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikaSi aucilebelia. liberaluri ekonomikis koncefciiT (gansakuTrebiT, fridmanis moZRvrebiT) mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikis dabalansebis mizniT samTavrobo xarjebis (investiciebis) gaweva dadebiTi Sedegebis momtania, praqtikuli gamocdilebiT ar dasturdeba da Teoriuladac SeuZlebelia misi dadastureba. Tumca, saqarTvelos bolo ramdenime wlis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebul xarjebs ekonomikis saerTo zrdis procesSi uaryofiTi roli ar Seusrulebia. magram, isic unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi CvenTvis ucnobia gamocdilebis sxva, ase Tu ise dalagebuli da Rrma analizi, romelic gaamarTlebda saxelmwifos am fiskalur politikas. xolo zogierTi Cveni „ekonomikis eqspertis“ mier gaJRerebuli mosazrebebi ki ufro ekonomikuri miTologiis nawilia da ara seriozuli ekonomikuri kvlevisa da analizis Sedegi. aqve davZenT, rom mosazreba ekonomikur procesebSi 97 roman xarbedia saxelmwifos farTod Carevis aucileblobis Taobaze mainc didi gavleniT sargeblobs sazogadoebaSi, Tumca, dausabuTeblad da yovelgvari seriozuli ekonomikuri analizis gareSe. zemoT moyvanili msjeloba ar gulisxmobs sabiujeto saxsrebis rolis srul ugulebelyofas ekonomikur procesebSi, piriqiT, biujetma, garkveuli doziT, SeiZleba ekonomikis dambalanseblis roli Seasrulos da am rolis aRsrulebis procesSi, rogorc amas ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideologebi miiCneven, srulebiT araa aucilebeli es dabalanseba ganxorcieldes biujetis xarjviTi nawilis meSveobiT. amisTvis saSemosavlo mxare arsebobs. ramdenadac ekonomikuri stagnaciis an recesiis pirobebSi mcirdeba mTavrobis mier akrefili gadasaxadebis moculoba, rac warmoqmnis biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis deficits, xolo ekonomikis mkveTri zrdisas ki piriqiT xdeba, sworad migvaCnia mosazreba, rom saWiroa Semcirdes sagadasaxado ganakveTebi krizisul periodebSi da gaizardos ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros. rasakvirvelia, sagadasaxado politikis cvlilebebis mimarT investiciebis gazrdili mgrZnobiarobis gamo, es cvlilebebi ar unda iyos xSiri, potenciuri investorebis mier qveynis ekonomikuri politikis stabilurobis aRqmis SenarCunebis mizniT. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebas yovelTvis bezrdeba xolme samoqalaqo cxovrebis erTferovneba (es exeba ekonomikis sferosac) da igi cvlilebebs iTxovs, miuxedavad imisa, kargad aqvs Tu ara gaazrebuli am cvlilebebis saboloo Sedegebi. problemas arTulebs isic, rom cvlilebebis, ekonomi kuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis, keTilSobiluri miznebiT ganpirobebuli ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba 98 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika warmatebuli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xelisuflebas eqneba sakmarisi ndoba mosaxleobis mxridan da miRweuli iqneba sazogadoebis ZiriTadi jgufebis konsensusi. es ukanaskneli ki metad efemerulia da, SedarebiT xangZliv periodSi ki , – Znelad misaRwevi. sinamdvileSi seriozuli ekonomikuri reforma araso des ar iZleva myisierad dadebiT Sedegs, piriqiT, sawyis etapze man SesaZloa ekonomikuri stagnaciac (garkveulad recesiac) ki gamoiwvios. On Economic Liberalism and the State Role R. Kharbedia Since the restoration of state independence there has been discussion in Georgian society on which economic model will provide stability of the country’s socio-economic development and further progress. By the efforts of the authorities and on the recommendations of the international financial organizations, Georgia in a zigzag fashion is on the road to building liberal economy and this continues today. From the economic point of view, liberalism generally can be perceived as the recognition of the right of free economic activity based on private property and markets. The formation of liberal economy (economic liberalism) cannot take place in a country without recognition and inculcation of liberal democratic principles. Nondemocratic and nonliberal society cannot create liberal economy. It should be noted that economic liberalism is a rather wide concept and doesn’t exclude the existence of state sector in economy, so called a certain dose of state economy. But in the conditions of the domination of state sector in economy, naturally, it is difficult to talk about liberalism of economy. Here the main thing is not how many percent is 99 roman xarbedia with state sector in country’s economy, but how the state contributes and protects the development of private sector and its interests. In the societies based on market economies, which model of market economy it shouldn’t acknowledge, the market cannot accept government’s permanent interventions and interference for its perfect functioning that in the long run engender unhealthy and sometimes crisis situation. The governments’ desire to get involved overly in economy, this is basically an illness of transitional period, created by particular political, economic and social demands, in the countries which are comparatively at a low stage of socio-economic development. Here we should also note that the opinion about the necessity of state’s wide involvement in economic processes is of great importance in the society, though, it is unfounded and without economic analysis. This is not meant to ignore totally the role of budget means in economic processes. On the contrary, the budget even can play a balancing role of economy in a certain dose. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. В.Папава, Экономика Грузии: в поиске модели развития, Jurn. Мир перемен, N.3, 2013; 2. d.iakobiZe, globaluri dinamizmis qarTuli sinamdvile, Tb., 2011; 3. merab mamardaSvili, saubrebi filosofiaze. Tb.,199; 4. f.fukuiama, istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani. Tb., 1999; 5. li kuan iu, mesame samyarodan pirvelSi: singapuris istoria:1965–2000, Tb.2012; 6. milton fridmani, kapitalizmi da Tavisufleba, Tb., 2002; 7. vladimer papava, aratradiciuli ekonomiqsi, Tb.,2011. 100 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri implikaciebi kaxa qecbaia filosofiis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologiis mimarTulebis asocirebuli profesori religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb klasikur sociologiaSi ZiriTadad ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa cnobili. am mosazrebaTa avtorebi sociologiis klasikosebi marqsi da veberi arian. marqsis mixedviT, ekonomika gansazRvravs yovelives da maT Soris religiasac (religiur cxovrebas). ufro metic, misi azriT, religia zogjer amuxruWebs sazogadoebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Tumca, marqsis Sexeduleba religiasTan mimarTebiT saqmis realurma viTarebam ar daadstura. magram, imis mtkiceba, rom religiuri cxovreba mTlianad Tavisufalia ekonomikis gavlenisagan, SeuZlebelia. ufro metic, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT postTanamedrove socialur mecnierebebSi damkvidrebuli bevri mosazreba marqsis naazrevidan momdinareobs. marqsisagan gansxvavebiT, veberma aCvena, rom ekonomikaze did gavlenas religia axdens. man SeamCnia, rom germaniaSi saukeTeso ekonomikuri miRwevebi protes- 101 kaxa qecbaia tantebs aqvT. mewarmeTa da maRalkvalificiur teqnikur specialistTa birTvs swored isini warmoadgenen. amasTan, drom aCvena, rom ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT protestantuli qveynebi dinamikuri ganviTarebiT gamoirCevian; rom dasavluri kulturis arnaxul ekonomikur miRwevebs Rrma religiuri (kaTolikuri da protestantuli) safaneli aqvs [Sdr. 6,gv.54-64]. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT veberis koncefcia religiis socialuri rolis Sesaxeb, aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi viqonioT is winapirobebi da amosavali princi pebi, romliTac is adamianTa religiuri moqmedebebis axsnisas xelmZRvanelobda. es saxelmZRvanelo princi pi veberis socialuri moqmedebis Teoriaa. vebers miaCnda, rom socialuri institutebi, struqturebi da calkeuli aqtorebi im sazrisebis mixedviT funqcionirebs, romelTac masSi adamianebi deben. es sazrisebi ki maT mier winawar gaazrebulia (racionalizebulia) da garkveuli miznebis miRwevazea orientirebuli, anda am moqmedebebs mTeli rigi Rirebulebebi ganapirobebs (RirebulebiTracionaluri moqmedeba). am gagebiT socialuri moqmedeba racionaluri xdeba. es niSnavs, rom socialuri moqmedebis gadamwyveti faqtorebi adamianTa mier racionalizebul qcevasa da RirebulebiT orientaciebzea damokidebuli. swored es amosavali princi pi udevs safuZvlad veberis religiis sociologiur imlikacias, romlis mixedviT, religia ganixileba, rogorc moqmedebis racionalizaciis piroba. swored am konteqstiT ikeTeba, veberis mixedviT, religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTkavSiri [1,gv.344]. veberma marqsTan polemikaSi aCvena, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan wyaros „ideebi“ 102 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika warmoadgens, rom arsebobs kauzaluri kavSiri eTikur, religiur normebsa da ekonomikas, politikasa da socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebs Soris. religiis specifikur funqciad vebers misi masazrisianebeli funqcia miaCnda. religiis sociologiis amocanad ki religiasa da socialur cvlilebebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas Tvlida [5,gv.163-173]. veberis msjeloba religiis sociologiur aspeqtebze ZiriTadad msoflio religiebs Seexeba. mas miaCnda, rom yvelaze meti mimdevrebi mTels msoflioSi am religiebs yavT, amitom maTze zedmet yuradRebas am faqtiT xsnida. garda amisa, es is religiebia romelTac garkveulwilad gavlena moaxdines istoriis msvlelobaze. am mizniT ikvlia veberma qristianoba, budizmi, iudaizmi, islami (nawilobriv), Cinuri religiebi, induizmi. am religiebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze samyarosadmi specifikuri midgomis TvalsazrisiT veberma religiebis sami zogadi ti pi gamoyo. yoveli ti pi sakuTari ganwyobiTa da socialuri moqmedebis sakuTari veqtoriT xasiaTdeba. religiebis pirvel ti ps cxovrebisadmi Semguebloba axasiaTebs. mas miekuTvneba konfucianeloba da daosizmi, Cinuri religiebi. xolo danarCeni ori ti pi cxovrebisadmi SeurigeblobiT gamoirCeva [8,gv.96-107]. induizmi da budizmi, induri religiebi cxovrebisagan gaqcevis religiebia. iudaizmi da qristianoba ki cxovrebis dauflebazea orientirebuli. msoflio religiebi eTikuri religiebia, anu xsnis religiebs warmoadgens. yoveli maTgani Taviseburad aswavlis sikeTis keTebasa da borotebis uaryofas. yoveli maTgani racionalobis sakuTari xarisxiT aris gamorCeuli. vebers miaCnia, rom saerTod uazrobaa religiis fun- 103 kaxa qecbaia qciaze saubari, radganac sxvadasxva religiis funqcionirebis socialuri Sedegebi sxvadasxva socialuri konteqstiT gansxvavebulia. Amitom, religiis funqciaze zogad saubars veberi calkeuli religiis socialur funaqciaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas amjobinebs. iudaur-qristianuli tradiciiT, RmerTi moqmedi RmerTia, Semoqmedi. adamiani am SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc samoqmedo iaraRi RmerTis xelSi. aqedan saTaves iRebs ara amqveyniuri saqmeebisagan gaqcevis, aramed aqtiuri moqmedebis idea. Qristianoba, am gagebiT, xsnis religiaa. igi gamomdinareobs rwmenidan, romlis mixedviT adamiani xsnas moi povebs Tuki religiur dogmebs miiRebs da moralur princi pebiT icxovrebs. am SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba codvis cnebas da misgan gamoxsnis ideas aqvs. socialuri realobisadmi amgvari midgoma daZabulobasa da emociur dinamizms warmoSobs, romelic rogorc wesi, aRmosavlur religiebSi ar gvxvdeba. xsnis religiebs „revoluciuri“ aspeqti aqvs, rac codvisadmi Seurigeblobasa da brZolaSi vlindeba. amiT xsnis religiebi socialuri gardaqmnebs astimulirebs da sazogadoebis mTel rig sferoSi did socialur gardaqmnebs uwyobs xels. indur religiebSi RmerTi samyaros imanenturia, amitom, adamiani aq ganixileba rogorc RmerTis, RvTaebrivi sawyisis samyofeli, sadgomi. aqedan saTaves iRebs samyarosadmi mistikur-mWvretelobiTi midgoma. cxovrebisadmi amgvari midgoma kapitalizmis ganviTarebas aferxebs, amitom, aRmosavleTSi kapitalizmi Znelad ikidebs fexs. msgavsi daskvnebi veberma msoflio religiebis SedarebiTi analizis gziT miiRo. amgvari analizis klasikuri nimuSia misi naSromi „msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTika“. aq man erTmaneTs sxvadasxva 104 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika religia imis mixedviT Seadara, Tu ra kavSirSia maTi religiur-eTikuri princi pebi ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebTan. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, amosavali racionalobis xarisxia. naSromSi _ „protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli“, veberi asabuTebs, rom protestantulma reformebma Tanamedrove kapitalizms Cauyara safuZveli (samuSaosa da investirebisadmi axali damokidebuleba). am naSromSi man aCvena, rom kapitalizmi qristianuli evropis pirmSoa da igi aziasa da afrikaSi ar gvxvdeba. veberma daadginda, rom gamdidrebisaken miswrafeba protestantebs ufro metad aqvT, vidre kaTolikebs. Sesabamisad igi imis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT dainteresda, Tu riT SeiZleba es axsniliyo. amitom man siRrmiseulad Seiswavla protestantuli religia, gansakuTrebiT kalvinisa da mis mimdevarTa religiuri doqtrina. kalvinisturi religiuri doqtrina imis rwmenazea damyarebuli, rom adamianis bed-iRbali, anu sikvdilis Semdgomi cxoneba Tu warwymeda, imTaviTve, dabadebidanvea gansazRvruli. saukuno cxovreba uflis mowyalebazea damokidebuli da ara adamianis damsaxurebaze. uflis gegmis Secvla arc erT adamians ar SeuZlia. erTaderTi gamosavali uflis mowyalebis misaRebad aris dauRalavi Sroma, sakuTari Tavis uaryofa (veberis gagebiT _ asketizmi) da momavali sargeblisaTvis investiciebis kargad gaTvla. amas veberi protestantul, miwier asketizms uwodebs. kalvinistebis rwmena gamoixateba gamonaTqvamSi: „dazogili peni gamomuSavebuli penia“; „zarmaci eSmakis kerZia“. amiT vlindeba protestantuli eTika, romelmac kapitalizmis suliskveTeba gaaZliera, romelic iseTi ideebisagan da damokidebulebebisagan Sedgeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, waaxalisa ker- 105 kaxa qecbaia Zo samewarmeo saqmianobis wamowyeba. mogebuli Tanxa fufunebis sagnebze ki ar unda gaeflangaT, aramed saqmeSi unda daebandebinaT. kalvinistebs amgvari piradi msxverplis gaRebisaken TavianTi religiuri eTika mouwodebda [2,gv.62-63]. religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis veberianul gagebas saTanadod afasebdnen RvTismetyvelebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa Soris gamorCeulia al. meni, romlis mixedviT `religia ara mxolod sazogadoebis sulier cxovrebaze axdens gavlenas, aramed ekonomikazec. maqs veberma daadgina, rom kapitalizmis warmoSobis pirobebi arsebobda jer kidev antikurobasa da SuasaukuneebSi, xolo protestanizmis gaCenasTan erTad igi swrafad ganviTarda. adreuli protestantuli literaturis gamokvlevisas veberma SeniSna, rom luTeranis msoflmxedvelobaSi is ideologiuri impulsi (`profesiuli movaleobis~ idea) devs, romelmac warmoebis kapitalistri wesis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli. statistikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT veberma SeZlo eCvenebina, rom kapitalizmi yvavis iq, sadac protestantuli sarwmunoebaa gavrcelebuli (inglisi, germania, amerika)~ [11,gv.229]. veberis Teoriam imis Sesaxeb, rom protestantulma religiurma doqtrinebma saTave daudes kapitalizms da ekonomikis modernizeba moaxdines, imTaviTve azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. misi zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebda, rom veberis azrebi ara mxolod protestantizmiT, aramed kaTolicizmiTac iyo Semofargluli. sxvebi ki miiCnevdnen, rom religiuri transformaciebi kapitalizmma ganapiroba da ara piriqiT (verner zombarti). naSromSi _ ,,ebraelebi da sameurneo cxovreba“, v.zombrati msjelobs ebraelebze, rogorc specifi- 106 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika kuri niSan-Tvisebebis mqone eTnikur jgufze da mis gavlenaze dasavleT-evropul sazogadoebaSi kapitalizmis formirebaze. ebrauli fenomenis analizisas zombarts iudaizmi aqvs mxedvelobaSi [10,gv.34-45]. biznesisa da saerTod warmatebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi da azrovnebis wesi ebraelTa wminda wignebSia Tavmoyrili, xolo meore naSromSi _ ,,burJua“, is kapitalizmis erT-erT safuZvlad kaTolicizms asaxelebs. Tumca amavdroulad uaryofs protestantizmis analogiur rols, riTic upirispirdeba veberis pozicias. ufro meti, ,,protestantizmi, misi azriT, mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis kapitalizms da gansakuTrebiT kapitalistur-sameurneo cxovrebis wess“. rac Seexeba puritanizms, esaa ara wesi, aramed misgan gamonaklisi, rac absoluturad ar uaryofs im WeSmaritebas, rom kapitalizmi individualuri fenomenia da ar arsebobs misi winaswargansazRvruli, sayovelTaod warmatebuli forma. v.zombarti kapitalizms ar moiazrebs, rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurs, gardamaval etaps, romelsac mosdevs socialisturi wesrigi, amavdroulad ewinaaRmdegeba socializmis da kapitalizmis Serwymisa da am gziT sruliad axali sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis Camoyalibebis ideas [9,gv.67-89]. m. veberma da v. zombartma pirvelebma ekonomikuri mecnierebis axali koncefcia SeimuSaves, romlis mTavari Rirseba adamianis kulturuli da ekonomikuri saqmianobis socialuri safuZvlebis princi pulad axali aspeqtiT gaanalizebaSi gamoixateba, riTic didwilad ganapirobes kidec sociologiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dargis _ ,,ekonomikis sociologiis“ ZiriTadi princi pebis Camoyalibeba [7,gv.116-138]. 107 kaxa qecbaia aSS-dan germaniaSi dabrunebilma zombartma Tqva: ,,me SemaZrwuna momavalma“. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom v.zombarti erTmaneTs upirispirebs kapitalizms da Tanamedroveobas. Magram, tradiciuloba masTan antikapitalizmisa da anti pozitivizmis sinonims warmoadgens. mecnieris mxridan sinamdvilisadmi msgavsi damokidebuleba, marTalia, araa klasikuri, magram arc novatorulia, ris magaliTad Tundac, f. nicSes damowmebaa sakmarisi, visi gavlenac v.zombartze udidesia. misi naSromebis stili swored nicSeanuria, sadac mecnieruli abstraqcia da esTetizmi organuladaa Serwymuli erTmaneTTan. v. zombartis azriT, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesi kapitalizmis demokratizacias, socialuri dapirispirebis Sesustebas da sazogadoebis racionalizacias ganapirobebs. sawarmoo sferos, bazris, informaciis rolis, Tu zogadad, sazogadoebrivi procesis garTuleba, mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs Seitans momavlis sociologiis, misi miznebisa da amocanebis gaazrebis procesSi, rac Tvesobrivad Secvlis im meTodebs, romliTac sociologia da ekonomikuri mecniereba Tanamedrove gamowvevebis winaSe unda warsdges. miuxedavad zombartis da sxva TeoretikosTa kritikisa, unda iTqvas, rom veberis mosazrebebi ZalaSia dResac. is aCvenebs, Tu rogor kveTen erTmaneTs religia da Tanamedrove racionalizebuli, ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. ufro metic, faqtia, rom postTanamedrove epqaSi religiuri ideebisa da sxavdasxva tradiciuli dResaswaulis komercializaciazea msjeloba. veberma Tavisi religiis sociologiuri TeoriiT aCvena, rom religiuri reforma da sazogadoebis iseTi sekularuli sferos, rogoric ekonomikaa, cvlilebebi erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareoben [3,gv.55-64]. 108 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis saintereso analizia mocemuli socialur anTropologiaSi, romlis mixedviT is, rac religias da ekonomikas erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, socialuri jgufis interesebia, anu religiuri da ekonomikuri interesebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba. socialuri anTropologiis warmomadgenelebi msgavs daskvnebs aborigen mosaxleobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad akeTeben (eTnografiuli meTodi). mgavsi kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom Zvel xalxebSi oqrosa da vercxlis dagrovebis privilegia qurumebsa da mefeebs hqondaT. socialur-anTropologiuri kvlevebi am SemTxvevaSi imiT aris saintereso, rom maT safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna, romelsac veberic ar ewinaaRmdegeba da romlis mixedviT, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistemis cvlileba religiuri sistemebis cvlilebas iwvevs. Tumca, veberi religiaSi socialuri transformaciebis mZlavr stimuls xedavda, romelsac sazogadoebis sameurneo da ekonomikuri cxovrebis gardaqmna SeuZlia. religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis veberianuli xedva sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, rac Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriebis safuZvelze dasturdeba. veberis droidan moyolebuli dRemde, uamravi sociologiuri gamokvleva dagrovda, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis an ganviTarebis mizezebi sazogadoebis kulturul da religiur gansxavavebaSia saZebni, anu im religiaSi romelsac am qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesoba aRiarebs. amas adsturebs taftsis universitetis profesor lourens harisonis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva [12,gv.1-7]. harisonma 117 qveyana gamoikvlia, 109 kaxa qecbaia romlebSic erT-erTi msoflio religiis mimdevari 1 mln-ze meti adamiania. mogvyavs erT-erTi saintereso fragmenti harisonis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevidan harisonis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi1∗ religia* protestantoba iudaizmi kaTolicizmi marTlmadidebloba islami Mmosaxleoba** saerTo Tavisufleba*** mTliani Siga produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze (aSS dolarebSi) korufcia 530 2,3 29784 14,9 6 4 19320 16 5,5 9358 45,6 75,7 904 262 8,6 7045 1122 9,7 3142 78,6 rogorc ityvian, komentarebi zedmetia. rac ufro maRalia qveynaSi Tavisuflebis xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia cxovrebis done da dabalia korufciis maCvenebeli. agreTve, TvalSi sacemia Tavisuflebis maCveneblis kavSiri religiasTan. kvleva aCvenebs, rom protestantebi 1 * mosaxleobis 50% mocemul religias aRiarebs. ** milioni adamiani, msoflio bankis 2002 wlis monacemi. *** 2 Tavisuflebis maRali xarisxis maCvenebelia, xolo 2-dan 14-mde _ dabali (Freedom House monacemebi). 110 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika da iudevelebi ekonomikis sferoSi ufro warmatebulni arian vidre sxva religiis mimdevrebi. sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi religiuri jgufebi, romlebic gavlenas axdendnen TavianT mimdevarTa ekonomikur Sexedulebebsa da qcevaze garkveuli dilemis winaSe aRmoCndebodnen xolme. es dilema simdidresa da siRaribesTan damokidebulebas Seexeba. am ekonomikur fenomenebTan damokidebuleba religiebs Soris gansxvavebulia. religiuri jgufis organizaciuli struqturis garTulebasTan erTad mis winaSe mTeli rigi ekonomikuri problema dgeba. Tundac arsebobisa da moqmedebisaTvis aucilebeli materialuri saxsrebis moZieba da sxva msgavsi ram. aseT viTarebaSi religia ekonomikur saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebas iwyebs, rac adasturebs imas, rom ara marto religia zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze, aramed _ piriqiTac. religia ekonomikuri cxovrebisaTvis iseT aucilebel unarebze akeTebs aqcentirebas, rogoricaa: patiosneba, movalebebisadmi pativiscema, muxlCauxreli Sroma. Sesabamisad, religiuri msoflmxedveloba da eTikuri orientaciebi arnaxul ekonomikur warmatebaTa sawindari xdeba. Tanamedrove dasavluri civilizacia Tavis keTildReobas da ekonomikis maRal dones garkveulwilad dasavlur qristianobas unda umadlodes. am civilizaciaSi religiam Sromisa da meurneobis maRali kulturis formirebas Seuwyo xeli. amis Sesabamisad adamianebma ician, rom Sromaa udidesi mowodeba adamianisa, rom ar arsebobs damamcirebeli Sroma da a. S. kanadeli mkvlevrebis ulrix blumisa da leonard dalis empiriulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom efeqtiani SromiTi saqmianobis stimulirebiT religia ara mxolod gavlenas axdens ekono- 111 kaxa qecbaia mikaze, aramed sicruisa da motyuebis akrZalviT, ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis aucilebel da mniSvnelovan princi ps ayalibebs. dRes bevri mkvlevari msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebis racionalizaciasTan erTad religiis gavlena socialuri realobis sxvadasxva sferoze nelnela mcirdeba, Tumca, saqmis realuri viTareba sul sxva suraTs iZleva. kerZod socialuri sinamdvilis arc erTi sfero, raoden sekularizebuli ar unda iyos, uZluria religiis winaSe. am mxriv religiis gavlena ki ar mcirdeba, piriqiT matulobs. samwuxarod veberi ver moeswro iaponiis magaliTs ekonomikis sferoSi. `iaponuri saswaulis~ saidumloebac mis religiur ZirebSia saZebni. iaponia, albaT, erT-erTi samagaliToa im qveynebs Soris, sadac tradiciebs scemen pativs. tradiciebi ki religiasTanaa kavSirSi. iaponelebi zedmiwevniT icaven ufrosebisadmi pativiscemis wess da rigs, romelic aq ritualis donezea ayvanili. SesaZlebelia iaponelTa 80%-ze mets ar smenia, rom arsebobs mcneba `pativi ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, rameTu keTili geyos Sen da dRegrZeli iyo qveyanasa zeda~. miuxedavad amisa, dRes msoflioSi sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT iaponelebi gamoirCevian. ufrosebisadmi pativiscema iaponuri kulturis safuZvlebSi devs. erT-erT mcneba gvaswavlis _ `ara i paro~ da iaponelebi keTilsindisierad ixdian gadasaxadebs. aravis ar unda, rom mas uxarisxo saqonels awvdidnen. iaponelebi am SemTxvevaSic gamoirCevian. isini maRalxarisxian saqonels awarmoeben. maT kargad gamosdiT dacva princi pisa _ `da rogorc gindaT rom geqceodeT kacni, Tavadac ise moeqeciT maT~. swored amgvari princi pebis dacvaSia iaponuri ekonomikuri saswaulis saidumloeba, miuxdedavad imisa, rom 112 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika iqac igive ekonomikuri kanonebi moqmedebs rac sxva qveynebSi. ekonomikis ganviTarebis britaneTis nacionalurma sabWom gaaanaliza im gamarjvebuli iaponuri firmebis saqmianoba, romelTac msoflio bazarze TavianTi konkurentebis sworad gansazRvra SeZles. analizis Sedegad ori ZiriTadi princi pi gamoyves, romelTac zedmiwevniT icavdnen gamarjvebuli firmebi. pirveli princi pi aseTia: izruneT saqonelze. meore princi pi ki ase JRers: ifiqreT klientebze. ekonomikis seroSi iaponiis miRwevebis religiur safuZvlebs miuZRvna Tavisi gamokvleva _ `religia tokugavas epoqaSi~ (1957w.) religiis sociologiis msoflioSi aRiarebulma Tanamedrove mkvlevarma robet nil belam. mis mixedviT, `iaponuri religia~ `saero saqmeTa mogvarebazea~ orientirebuli. iaponuri religiuri doqtrinis mixedviT, warmatebis sawindari Sromismoyvareoba da gulmodginebaa, romelic amave dros RvTivsaTno moqmedebaa. RmerTi bejiT da Sromismoyvare adamianebs wyalobs. am rwmeniT STagonebuli adamianebi ki socialuri cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi saswaulebs axdenen. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religia (religiuri rwmena da misi Sesabamisi cxovrebis wesi) mentalobisa da adamian-kapitalis safuZvelia. 1950-ian wlebSi cnobilma amerikelma sociologma gerhard lenskim detroitSi Caatara empiriuli gamokvleva, romlis Sedegebis mixedviT gaakeTa daskna imis Sesaxeb, rom industriul sazogadoebaSi religia mosaxleobis sameurneo-ekonomikuri azrovnebisa da mentalitetis ganmapirobebli erT-erTi mZlavri faqtoria. lenskis mier Catarebulma gamokvlevam aCvena, 113 kaxa qecbaia rom ekonomikuri mentaliteti, anu is, rasac veberi `kapitalizmis suliskveTebas~ uwodebda, protestantebs ufro metad aqvT Camoyalibebuli, vidre kaTolikebs. msgavsi ti pis daskvnebi imaze metyvelebs, Tu ramdenad masStaburi da genialuria veberis mosarebebi religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri gaTvlebi: `xarjebi-Semosavali~ yovelTvis rodi gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas. xSirad Cvens moqmedebebs religiuri da eTikuri faseulobebi, kulturuli normebi, adaT-wesebi, sxvadasxva saxis ideebi da Sexedulebebi gansazRvarvs. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi giganturi kompaniis mflobelisa da misi rigiTi TanamSromlis saSobao sufraze TiTqmis erTi da igive saWmel-sasmeli iqneba da miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Semosavlebi gansxvavebulia, saSobao saCuqrebSic isini daaxloebiT erTnair Tanxas daxarjaven, rac maTi religiuri mrwamsis _ protestantizmis moqmedebis princi pebiT aixsneba, romlis mixedviT, sakuTari Semosavlebis miuxedavad, adamiani ubralod da ekonomiurad unda cxovrobdes, xolo danarCeni fuli saqmeSi unda Cados. ase rom, am qveynebSi mdidruli cxovreba ara maRali socialuri statusis, aramed uRirsi qcevis maCvenebelia. es faqti kargad asaxvas religiuri eTikisa da ekonomikuri cxovrebis wesis Tanafardobas, romlis mixedviT religia da ekomomika ki ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs, ramed erTmaneTTan organul kavSirSi arian. swored amas adasturebs religiis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri implikaciebi. aqve unda iTqvas, rom religiisa da ekonomikis urTierTmimarTebis klasikuri da Tanamedrove sociologiuri imlikaciebi ZiriTadad dasavlur qris- 114 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika tianobaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT Semoifargleba. Sesabamisad dRis wesrigSi dgeba sakiTxi aRmosavluri qristianobisa (marTlmadidebloba) da ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. socialur mecnierebebSi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb met-naklebad srulyofili fundamenturi gamokvleva ar arsebobs. am sferoSi erTaderTi gzamkvlevi mama sergi bulgakovis naSromebia, romelic didad afsebda veberis Rvawls mecnierebis am dargSi. bulgakovis azriT, sameurneo-ekonomikuri cxovrebisadmi axleburi midgoma qristianul religias ukavSirdeba, romlis amosavali princi pia is, rom Sroma aramarto aucilebelia, aramed is adamianis religiuri da eTikuri movaleobaa. aq Cans Sromisa da sxva ekonomikuri aqtivobebisadmi moralur-religiuri midgoma. Sromisadmi moralur-religiuri midgoma gansakuTrebul fsiqologias gulisxmobs, rac simdidrisadmi damokidebulebiT vlindeba. am SemTxvevaSi simdidre TviTmizani ar aris. yovelive es kapitalisturi eTikis nawilia, romelic bulgakovis TqmiT, CvenSi politikuri Carevis Sedegad ver ganviTarda, amitom marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis qveynebis ekonomikuri CamorCena religiuri eTikis naklovanebis brali ar aris. amaSi aTeizmi da bolSevizmia damnaSave. samwuxarod, Cveni sazogadoeba dResac ar aris bolomde Tavisufali amgvari cnobierebisagan. Daskvna, romelsac bulgakovi akeTebs, aqtualuria dResac: sameurneoekonomikuri saqmianoba suliT janmrTel adamianebs saWiroebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobiTa da TviTdisci pliniT gamoirCevian. am unarebis gamomuSavebaSi ki did rols qristianuli religia asrulebs. ase, rom garkveuli religiuri Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi da maTi Sesabamisi cxovrebis wesi 115 kaxa qecbaia ekonomikuri sistemis aRmavlobis an dacemis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobas warmoadgens [amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. 4,gv.79-89]. Tanamedrove msoflioSi ekonomikuri sistemis ganviTarebaze religiuri eTikis gavlena naklebad SesamCnevia, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom postTanamedrove sazogadoeba da adamiani moralisa da cnobierebis kriziss ganicdian. socialuri sinamdvilis racionalizaciam, sekularizaciam da desakralizaciam ekonomikuri cxovrebidan TiTqmis gandevna religiuri eTika da RmerTis adgili yovlisSemZle dolarma daikava. Sesabamisad, religiuri eTikis komercializacia moxda, ramac ekonomikaze religiis gavlena minimumamde daiyvana. postTanamedrove epoqa Zalumad cdilobs taZarsa da savaWro centrs Soris sazRvrebis moSlas da religias postTanamedrove sazogadoebis Konsumurausch-Si agdebs, ris Sedegad ekonomikis axali ti pi _ `transekonomika~ gaCnda (J. bodriari), romelic religiurobisagan mTlianad daclilia. es faqti adasturebs imas, Tu ra SedegebiT SeiZleba dasruldes religiisa da moralis komercializacia da ekonomizacia. sul sxva viTarebaa maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri da komerciuli saqmianoba moralizacias da religiis gavlenas gancidis, ris erT-erT sazomad Tanamedrove sociologiaSi ekonomikuri elitis religiurobis xarisxi miiCneva (am mxriv aqtualuri da sainteresoa sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad religiuria Tanamedrove qarTuli ekonomikuri elita?). 116 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika Classical and contemporary sociological implications of the interrelation of religion and economics K. Ketsbaia Classical and contemporary sociological implications of the interrelation of religion and economics and theoretical positions are discussed in the article. The conceptions of such classics of sociology as Weber, Max and Sombard and theoretical views of such contemporary sociologists as R.Bellah, G.Lenski, L.Harrison and others are analyzed. The problem of interrelation of Orthodox Christianity and economics (according to Father Sergi Bulgakov) is paid a special attention. The author of the article does not share the view that in Orthodox Christianity this problem is provoked by the absence of a social conception in it. Lack of faith and social conceptions have nothing to do with it. In the present day world the influence of religious ethics upon the development of economic system is minor. It is conditioned by the crisis of moral and consciousness that the postmodern society and man undergo. Rationalization of the social reality, its secularization and desacralization have almost drawn religious ethics out of economic sphere and the almighty dollar has replaced God. Accordingly, commercialization of religious ethics took place and the influence of religion was reduced. A new type of economics – “transeconomics” (J.Baudrillard) emerged. This fact is a valid demonstration of the results that commercialization and economization of religion and moral can arrive at. The situation is absolutely different when economical and commercial activities are influenced by moral and religion. In the present day world this influence is measured by the degree of religiosity of the economic elite. In this respect the question as to the religiosity of the present day Georgian economic elite is rather interesting and actual. 117 kaxa qecbaia Ggamoyenebuli literatura 1. gidensi e. samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba, wignSi: sociologia, Tb., 2011; 2. veberi m. rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi, Tb., 2004; 3. zombarti v. wignSi:Dd. zaqaraia, k. qecbaia, sociologiis klasikosebi: biografiuli leqsikoni studentebisaTvis, Tb., 2012; 4. mesxia i. bibliuri ekonomikuri mcnebebi da Tanamedrove saqarTvelo, Jurnali `religia~, #1, 2008; 5. qecbaia k. religiis sociologia, gam. `universali~, Tb., 2013; 6. xasaia z. saqarTvelo da dasavluri kultura, krebuli `filosofia, mecniereba, religia~, (red. i. kalandia, k. qecbaia), gam. `universali~, Tb., 2012; 7. Бём-Баверк О. Апология Вернера Зомбарта // Критика теории Маркса. Челябинск. 2002; 8. Вебер М. Избранные произведения, М., 1990; 9. Зомбарт В. Буржуа: этюды по истории духовного развития современного экономического человека; Евреи и хозяйственная жизнь,М., 2004; 10. Зомбарт В. Роль евреев в развитии капитализма (internet versia); 11. Отец Александр Мень отвечает на вопросы, М., 2008; 12. Харрисон Л. Зависимост экономики от религий, (internet versia). 118 ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika produqciis saeqsporto potencialis indeqsis gansazRvra giorgi RaRaniZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori saqarTvelos mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia sagareo savaWro balansis saldos gaumjobesebis gareSe. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovania,rogorc saeqsporto potencialis ganuxreli zrda, aseve garkveuli zomiT importCanacvleba. saeqsporto potencialis ganuxreli zrda damokidebulia eqsportis xelSemwyob RonisZiebebze. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia zustad ganisazRvros am RonisZiebebis moqmedebis areali, misi konkretuli instrumentebi da rasakvirvelia, unda gaiTvalos maTi efeqtianobis ganmsazRvreli pirobebi. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros prioritetebi, romelTa raodenobriv gazomvas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. nebismieri gadawyvetileba ama Tu im dargis an konkretuli sawarmoebis mxardaWeris Sesaxeb, unda efuZnebodes kargad gaangariSebul da gamWvirvale raodenobriv maCveneblebs. importCanacvlebis SemTxvevaSi, savsebiT sakmarisia adgilobrivma produqciam iseTive xarisxobrivi parametrebis pirobebSi momxmarebels SesTavazos ufro iafi alternativa. amdenad, amocana daiyvaneba igive xarisxobrivi parametrebis miRwevis teqnikur aspeqtebze da amavdroulad am 119 giorgi RaRaniZe produqciis ufro iafad warmoebis SesaZleblobebze. gacilebiT ufro rTuladaa saqme eqsportis potencialis gansazRvrisas. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi ara mxolod is, risi eqsportirebac ukve xdeba, aramed isic, risi gamoSvebac princi pSi SesaZlebelia. eqsportis strategiis formirebisaTvis aucilebelia mTeli rigi daSvebebis da SezRudvebis SemoReba, rac gaamartivebs strategiis formirebas. pirvel rigSi, unda ganisazRvros is produqcia, romelSic saqarTvelos gaaCnia konkurentuli upiratesoba. samwuxarod, mxedvelobaSi iqneba miRebuli mxolod is produqcia, romlis eqsportireba ukve xorcieldeba, anu safuZvlad iqneba aRebuli gamovlenili konkurentuli upiratesobis an la-faies indeqsebi. am problemis gadaWris gzas warmoadgens produqciis saeqsporto potencialis indeqsis SemoReba. am SemTxvevaSi, ganxiluli iqneba aseve is produqcia, romelic ar iwarmoeba saqarTveloSi mocemuli momentisaTvis, Tumca misi warmoeba da eqsportireba SesaZlebelia. meore, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli msoflio bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebi, kerZod, msoflio importis ganviTarebis tendenciebi da mesame - regionuli Taviseburebebi. aseve, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi sxvadasxva RonisZiebis gatarebis droiTi periodebi. Sesabamisad, dasaSvebia saeqsproto potencialis zrdis moklevadiani (taqtikuri), saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani (strategiuli) mimarTulebebis gamoyofa. moklevadian amocanebSi Sedis mesame qveynis Suamavlebis Canacvleba, rodesac qarTuli produqcia saeqsportoa. am xerxs sakmaod kargad iyeneben Zlieri savaWro-saSuamavlo firmebi, romelTa moqmedebis logika sakmaod martivia - am firmebis saerTaSoriso avtoriteti gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre qarTveli 120 mikro-makroekonomika mwarmoeblebis da amdenad maTTvis qarTuli produqciis realizacia ufro martivia. sxva savaWro-saSuamavlo firmebis Canacvleba unda moxdes, pirvel yovlisa, qarTuli analogiuri struqturebis meSveobiT. saeqsporto potencialis TvalsazrisiT ki, saqarTveloSi SeZenili da mesame qveynebSi gayiduli produqcia unda Sefasdes mesame qveyanaSi realizaciis fasiT da fasTa sxvaoba daematos arsebul eqsports. aseve unda ganisazRvros reeqsportis zrdis SesaZleblobebi. eqspertuli Sefasebebis safuZvelze es Seadgens arsebuli eqsportis 15-20%-s da warmoadgens saeqporto potencialis amaRlebis uaxloes da amavdroulad yvelaze ufro martivad asamoqmedebel rezervs. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli Semdegi momenti: qarTveli eqsportiorebis finansuri problemebi (ZiriTadad samuSao kapitalis nakleboba), Suamavlebi sargebloben da Zalze dabali fasebiT, xSir SemTxvevaSi Setanili nedleulis gadamuSavebis RirebulebiT, xelSi igdeben saeqsporto produqcias da TviTon yidian mesame qveynebSi. savaWro-saSuamavlo samamulo firmebis formireba mkveTrad Secvlida am suraTs da garda sxva upiratesobebisa, gaumartivebda qarTvel eqsportiorebs muSaobas – Camoacilebda ra maT mwarmoeblisaTvis uCveulo bazris Seswavlisa da misi kvlevis amocanebs. meore mniSvlelovani mimarTulebaa nedleulidan gadamuSavebul, anu maRali damatebuli Rirebulebis produqciis eqsportze gadasvla. amis naTeli magaliTia saqarTvelos bolo wlebis eqsportis erT-erTi ZiriTadi produqcia - Txili. daumtvreli da damtvreuli Txilis realizacia iZleva fasebSi daaxloebiT 2-jer sxvaobas. analogiurad SesaZlebelia nebismier sxva safexurze, magaliTad moxaluli Txilis, Txilis zeTis, eTerzeTis da a.S. eqsportze gadasvla. 121 giorgi RaRaniZe am amocanis gadawyveta ufro rTulia da amavdroulad moiTxovs ufro xangrZliv dros. aucilebelia investiciebis ganxorcieleba am amocanis gadasawyvetad. saxelmwifom unda uzrulvelyos gadamamuSavebeli seqtoris ufro maRali mimzidveloba da amiT xeli Seuwyos investirebis process. araa aucilebeli mxolod gare investiciebze orientireba, rac erTi periodi gamocxadebuli iyo rogorc saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, sainvesticio garemo zogadad unda iyos mimzidveli miuxedavad investoris qveynisa. mesame mimarTuleba yvelaze rTul da Sromatevad samuSaoebs Seexeba. unda ganisazRvros Tu ra produqcia isargeblebs maRali moTxovniT drois sakmaod did perspeqtivaSi - 10-15 weli da amis Sesabamisad moxdes yvela saxeobis ekonomikuri berketis amoqmedeba. Tu mosalodneli maRali moTxovnis produqciis prognozireba rTuli, magram mainc gadawyvetadi amocanaa, gacilebiT ufro rTulia ganisazRvros raoden SesaZlebelia am produqciis saqarTveloSi warmoeba konkurentuli upiratesobebis SenarCunebiT. aseve, xazi unda gaesvas, rom wina SemTxvevidan gansxvavebiT, aq didi moculobis sagareo investiciebis gareSe amocanis gadawyveta praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. unda gvaxsovdes, rom damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi didi sagareo investiciebi xorcieldeba or SemTxvevaSi: pirveli, rodesac mocemuli qveynis Siga bazari Zalze tevadia, magaliTad, ruseTis federacia, an rodesac mocemul qveyanaSi arsebobs romelime aucilebeli resursis iafad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. aq igulisxmeba, rogorc materialuri resursebi, aseve muSaZalis siafe. XXI saukune ayalibebs Tvisebrivad axal ekonomikur models, romelSic fuZemdeblur princi pebs emate- 122 mikro-makroekonomika ba axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, ara mxolod warmoebis, aramed aseve gayidvis etapze. eleqtronuli vaWroba ganviTarebul qveynebs arTmevs myidvelze swrafi wvdomis upiratesobebs da Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebs sxvadasxva mwarmoebels. produqciasTan fizikuri kontaqtis gareSe mwarmoeblebi Tanabar pirobebSi dgebian da kidev ufro amZfreben isedac mwvave konkurencias. saeqsporto potencialis gansazRvra safuZvlad edeba eqsportis ganviTarebis strategiis formirebas da amavdroulad xels uwyobs am ukanasknelis zrdas. qveynis saeqsporto potenciali mimarTuli unda iyos im bazrebze, romelTa moTxovnis dakmayofileba realuria mocemuli qveynisaTvis. bazris absoluturi sidide mniSvlelovani, magram mxolod erTi parametria, romelic SeuZlebelia safuZvlad daedos strategiis gansazRvras. bazris sidide unda ganixilebodes iseT parametrebTan erTad, rogoricaa zrdis tempi, gajerebis zoma, bazris saimedooba da sxva. ruseTis federaciis bazari ara mxolod tradiciulia, aramed sakmaod tevadic, magram eqsportis wili am bazarze mcirdeboda ruseTis federaciis mier embargos gamocxadebamdec. movlenaTa siRrmiseuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom qarTvel eqsportiorTa gadanacvleba dasavleT evropuli bazrebisaken absoluturad samarTliania. ruseTis bazars aqvs udidesi nakli - arastabiluroba, 1998 wlis finasurma krizisma umZimesi dartyma miayena bevr qarTvel eqsportiors da xSir SemTxvevaSi sabediswero aRmoCnda maTi biznesisaTvis. am bazarze Zalze maRalia saxelmwifos zegavlena,sakmarisia erTma arasasurvelma gancxadebam gaiJReros da rusuli importiori firmebi problemebis Tavidan asacileblad masobriv uars amboben qarTul produqciaze. aseve Zalze maRa- 123 giorgi RaRaniZe lia am bazarze politikuri riskebi da ekonomikuri kavSirebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rogorc politikuri zewolis berketi. amis naTeli magaliTia 2006 wels gamocxadebuli embargo qarTuli produqciis eqsportze. eqsportiori, romelic isedac gazrdil riskTan Seguebulia, eZebs naklebad riskian bazrebs da swored maTze axdens Zalisxmevis koncentrirebas. amas emateba eqsportis dakrediteba/dazRvevis Tanamedrove sistemis ar arseboba, romelic nawilobriv mainc SeZlebda riskebis dazRvevas. bazris zomis, zrdis tempis, stabilurobis erTiani SefasebiT kriteriumis SerCeva ar warmoadgens did sirTules da ekonomikur literaturaSi es cnobilia bazarTa ranJirebis meqanizmiT. Zalze mniSvnelovania msoflio importis gaanalizeba da im dargebis an produqciis jgufebis gamoyofa, romlebsac gaaCniaT gansakuTrebiT maRali zrdis tempi. es amocanac Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze sakmaod advilad dasaZlevia, SesaZlebelia ara mxolod msoflio, aramed regionuli maCveneblebis analizi da regionuli prioritetebis gamoyofa. regionuli prioritetebis analizis dros aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli msoflio ekonomikuri procesebis globalizacia, rac ekonomikuri ganviTarebis am stadiaze gadamwyveti mimarTulebaa da misi regionuli aspeqtebis gamovlena umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. globalizaciis regionul aspeqtebze msjelobisas albaT, yvelaze sworia ganvixiloT evrokavSiris modeli, sadac qveynebs Soris urTierT SeRavaTebi organulad erwymis evro kavSiris erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis dacvis amocanas. praqtikulad evrokavSiris qveynebi TavianT dacul bazarze muSaoben da swored esaa maTi warmatebis sawindari.[1]. uaRresad tevadi bazari ev- 124 mikro-makroekonomika rokavSiris qveynebs saSualebas aZlevs gaZlierdnen am bazarze da Semdgom mimarTon sagareo ekonomikur eqspansias. ekonomikur literaturaSi, eqsportis zrdis am models uwodeben “upsalas models”. es modeli saqarTvelosaTvis praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT gamousadegaria, vinaidan ar arsebobs obieqturi winapirobebi amgvari gaerTianebis formirebisaTvis. amdenad, SesaZlebelia mxolod swrafva evrokavSiris bazrisaken, rac aucileblad gulisxmobs savsebiT mkafio politikur prioritetebs. mdgomareobas arTulebs tradiciuli bazrebisaken inerciuli midrekileba, rac aixsneba am bazrebis ara mxolod detaluri codniT, aramed wlebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili uzarmazari gamocdilebiT. Tumca, aqac vawydebiT politikuri orientaciis problemas, romelic samomavlod kidev ufro mZafr xasiaTs miiRebs. saboloo angariSiT, aucilebelia saeqsporto potencialis Sefasebis garkveuli modelis SemuSaveba, rac saSualebas mogvcems met-naklebi sizustiT vivaraudoT eqsportis Semdgomi ganviTarebis tendenciebi. TavisTavad cxadia, aucilebelia garkveuli SezRudvebis sistemis formireba, rac saSualebas mogvcems aRvweroT saeqsporto potencialis mdgomareoba. ra daSvebebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT modelSi? - pirvel rigSi, unda ganisazRvros produqciis is raodenoba, rac Seadgens saqarTvelos saeqsporto potencialis safuZvels.UTavidanve aRsaniSnavia, rom saeqsporto potencialis zogadi Sefaseba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, radganac saeqsporto potenciali gaaCnia yvelafers, rac ki iyideba msoflio bazarze. amdenad, es midgoma ufro mniSvnelovania qveynis prioritetebis naTlad gansazRvrisaTvis. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTveli mwarmoeblebis mier ucxoel Suamavlebze uaris Tqma an 125 giorgi RaRaniZe qarTuli savaWro kompaniebis gamoyeneba da reeqsportis operaciebis zrda, eqsportis moculobas gazrdis 15-20%-iT, rac aucilebelia rogorc pirveli nabiji. aseve aucilebelia nedleulidan maRali damatebuli Rirebulebis mqone produqciaze gadasvla, rac iZleva sxvaobas 40-50%-is farglebSi. maRali damatebuli Rirebulebis mqone produqciaze gadasvla, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs investiciebs sabrunav saxsrebSi, kerZod SefuTvis, dizainis da a.S. gaumjobesebas. amis naTeli magaliTia Rvinis eqsporti. qarTveli meRvineebi sakmaod swrafad gadavidnen Tanamedrove dizainis boTlebze gadasvla, gaaumjobeses etiketis dizaini, moaxdines investireba axal teqnologiebSi. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi Rvinis eqsportis ganuxreli zrda evrokavSirSi adasturebs gamoTqmuli mosazrebis siswores [2]. metad mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba saeqsporto potencialis indeqsis (spi) SemoReba. spi aRwers ama Tu im produqciis konkretul bazarze realizaciis dones da saSualebas iZleva obieqturad ganisazRvros drois mokle periodebSi saeqsporto potencialis maqsimalurad maRali realizaciis SesaZleblobebi. resursebiT (maT Soris savargulo miwebiT) Raribi qveynisaTvis, rogoricaa saqarTvelo aseT midgomas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs. saWiroa aseve Semdegi umniSvnelovanesi daSvebebis dafiqsireba. spi aRwers mxolod erTi garkveuli produqciis an erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi produqtebis SesaZleblobebs erT romelime bazarze. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu saxelmwifoTa sabaJo kanonmdebloba, fasebi, importis regulireba erTmaneTs emTxveva, maSin SesaZleblia indeqsis gaangariSeba regionuli WriliT, magaliTad evrokavSiri an dsT, indeqsi saSualebas gvaZlevs met nalebad mkafio orientiri aviRoT da drois mokle periodebisaTvis SevafasoT konkre- 126 mikro-makroekonomika tul miznobriv bazarze miRweuli Sedegebi. msgavsi indeqsebis gamoyeneba sakmaod gavrcelebuli da farTodaa aRiarebuli maTi mniSvneloba. indeqsi Sedgeba rva maCveneblisagan, romelTac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs produqciis eqsportisas. TiToeul maCvenebels miniWebuli aqvs wona saerTo indeqsSi, xolo wonis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia eqspertuli SefasebiT 0-dan 5-mde. saeqsporto potencialis indeqsi: 1. qveynis Sesaxeb informirebulobis done uSualo myidvelebSi – 10 %; 2. produqciis fardobiTi upiratesoba – 20 %; 3. eqsportis qveyanaSi arsebuli eqsportis mxardamWeri kanonmdebloba – 10%; 4. eqsportiorTa finansuri mxardaWera – 10%; 5. logistikuri mdgomareoba – 10%; 6. importis qveyanasTan moqmedi savaWro reJimi – 10%; 7. importis qveyanaSi momqmed standartebTan Sesabamisoba – 20 %; 8. eqsportioris qveyanaSi investiciebis dacva – 10%; TiToeuli maCvenebeli moiTxovs calke dasabuTebas. pirveli maCvenebeli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosaTvis, vinaidan xSir SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblisaTvis saqarTvelo gaigivebulia yofil sabWoTa kavSirTan da inerciiT ruseTTan, an aSS erTerT StatTan. aseve mxedvelobaSia misaRebi uSualo momxmareblebis azri. SevecdebiT ufro ganvavrcoT es debuleba. davuSvaT qarTuli Rvino iyideba germanul supermarketSi, maSin uSualo myidvelia momxmarebeli da maTi gamokiTxva Zalze savalolo Sedegebs mogvcems. princi pulad icvleba viTareba Tu kompania ukavSirdeba specializebul Rvinis importiors, sadac informirebulobis done qarTul Rvinoze Zalze maRa- 127 giorgi RaRaniZe lia da amdenad maCveneblis mniSvnelobac Seicvleba. yovlad SeuZlebelia spi gavzomoT produqtze bazrisagan misi mowyvetiT. amis brwyinvale dasturia igive Rvino dsT sivrceSi, sdac informirebulobis done Zalze maRalia. sayuradReboa sxva faqtorebic, kerZod, igive Rvinis magaliTze msjelobisas gaumarTlebeli iqneba maCvenebeli gaizomos evrokavSiris masStabiT. am SemTxvevaSi erTad aRmoCndeba tradiciuli Rvinis qveynebi da skandinaviis saxelmwifoebi da cxadia, informirebulobis done gansxvavebuli iqneba. situacia princi pulad icvleba, Tu spi unda Sefasdes Txilze, sadac yvela momxmarebeli erTi da imave mdgomareobaSia Cayenebuli. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom am maCveneblis gazomva princi pSi Zalze martivia da advili SesaZlebelia am SemTxvevaSi eqspertTa Sefasebis gareSe misi dadgena. •informirebulobis done SesaZlebelia gavzomoT Semdegnairad: msoflioSi aRiarebuli brendi – 5 qula; mocemul bazarze cnobadi brendi – 4 qula; mocemul bazarze brendis cnobadoba momxmarebelTa garkveul jgufebSi (asakobrivi, eTnikuri) maRalia – 3 qula; brendis Sesaxeb informacia aqvs momxmarebelTa minimum 10%-s – 2 qula; brendi ician mxolod specializebulma importiorebma – 1 qula. • produqciis fardobiTi upiratesobis maCvenebeli, Zalze kompleqsuria da moicavs sxvadasxva elements. esaa ara mxolod standartuli: fasi/xarisxi Sefardeba, aramed gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuri maCveneblebi. eqsportis dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba saqonelmoZraobis arxis SerCevas, importiori qveynis vaWrobis sistemas da tradiciebs, mogebisa da riskis maCveneblebs. importiori ar iyidis momxmareblisaTvis ucxo qveynis produqcias, Tundac es produq- 128 mikro-makroekonomika cia mas Zalze maRali mogebis normis miRebis SesaZleblobas aZlevdes, vinaidan aseve maRalia am produqciis saerTod gayidvis riski. stabiluroba Tanamedrove biznesis umTavres prioritetadaa aRiarebuli da amdenad stabilurobis fasad maRali riski praqtikulad miuRebelia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul produqcias mTel rig SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, ufro dabali fasi aqvs, magram ara imdenad dabali, rom es sxvaoba faravdes importioris risks. Zalze mniSvnelovania xarisxis damadasturebeli saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sertifikatebi, riTac, samwuxarod, qarTveli mwarmoeblebi iSviaTad Tu daitraxeben, amdenad Cndeba arc Tu usafuZvlo eWvi, aqvs Tu ara produqvias is xarisxobrivi parametrebi, rac mas miewereba da Tu aqvs, rogor SeiZleba amis dadastureba. FfardobiTi upiratesoba SesaZlebelia SevafasoT Semdegnairad: gamovlenili konkurentuli upiratesobis (gku) mixedviT produqcia Sedis msoflios 10 liderSi – 5 qula; gku-s mixedviT, produqcia saukeTesoa saqarTveloSi – 4 qula; gku-s mixedviT, prodqcia Sedis saqarTveloSi 10 lider produqtSi – 3 qula; igive 20 lider produqtSi – 2 qula; produqcia iwarmoeba saqrTveloSi – 1 qula. • qveyanaSi arsebuli saeqsporto kanonmdebloba, erTi mxriv, damatebiT stimuls unda uqmnides eqsportiors, xolo meore mxriv, qveynis saeqsporto seqtors mimzidvels xdides investorisaTvis. amdenad, kanonmdebloba xels unda uwyobdes eqsportis, rogorc mudmivi biznesis ganxilvas da ara calkeuli operaciis Catarebas. es maCvenebeli SesaZlebelia gavzomoT Semdegnairad: eqsportiori ar ixdis dRg-s, mTlianad an nawilobriv ganTavisuflebulia mogebis gadasaxadidan – 5 qula;Gar ixdis dRg-s, mogeba ibegreba regresiuli gadasaxadiT – 4 qula; ganTavisuflebulia dRg- 129 giorgi RaRaniZe gan – 3 qula; importirebul masalebze, rac gamoiyeneba saeqsporto produqciis warmoebaSi, sabaJo ganakveTi 0vania; importirebul produqciaze, romelic gamoiyeneba saeqsporto produqciis warmoebaSi, sabaJo gadasaxadidan ganTavisuflebulia – 1 qula. eqsportiorTa finansuri mxardaWera eqsportis waxalisebis kvlav Zlier berketad rCeba. Tanamedrove ekonomikuri politika, rasakvirvelia, uars ambobs eqsportis pirdapir subsidirebaze, magram arsebobs subsidirebis faruli gzebi. eqsportiorTa dabalprocentiani kreditebiT uzrunvelyofa, eqsportis dazRvevis farTomasStabiani sistemebis formireba erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa Tumca, aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT Semdegi. Tu eqsportiorTa finansuri mxardaWera wlebis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda eqsportis stimulirebis yvelaze mZlavr berketad, amJamad eqsportiorTa sainformacio momsaxureba xdeba konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis ZiriTadi saSualeba. veranairi safinanso mxardaWera ver uzrunvelyofs bazarze araswori strategiiT Sesvlis, anda droSi dagvianebis mizeziT gamowveuli problemebis gadawyvetas. amdenad, rodesac vmsjelobT safinanso mxardaWeraze, igulisxmeba mxardaWera sainformacio uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze da ara misnacvlad. am sakiTxSi Camoyalibebulia mTeli rigi princi puli midgomebi, romlebic praqtikulad mxolod ama Tu im qveynis saeqsporto produqciis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. Tu eqsportis sasaqonlo WrilSi maRali wiliTaa warmodgenili produqcia, romlis anazRaureba msoflio praqtikaSi xdeba 30 an 60 dRis Semdeg miwodebidan, rasakvirvelia, aqcenti unda gadavides eqsportioris dazRvevis sistemaze. eqsportiors unda SeeZlos Tamamad wavides gadaxdis aseT gadavadebaze dazRvevis sistemiT meSve- 130 mikro-makroekonomika obiT. sasaqonlo WrilSi fasisadmi Zalze mgrZnobiare, danaxarjebSi mudmivi danaxarjebis maRali wilis mqone produqciis SemTxvevaSi aqcenti gadadis dakreditebaze, anu eqsportiorisaTvis ara mxolod mocemul saxelmwifoSi ufro dabali saprocento ganakveTis, aramed imaze ufro dabali saprocento ganakveTis dadgenaSi, romelic aqvs mis ZiriTad konkurentebs. es metad princi puli sakiTxia, romelic xSirad xdeba kamaTis sagani. aris mosazreba eqsportiorisaTvis dadgindes saprocento ganakveTi, ara mocemul qveyanaSi momqmed sabazro ganakveTebze ufro dabla, aramed iseT saprocento ganakveTebze romelic am produqcias konkurentunarians gaxdis sxva arsebul eqsportiorebTan SedarebiT. SesaZlebelia Semdegi Sefasebebis gamoyeneba: arsebobs eqsportiorTaTvis dabal- procentiani kreditebi an sakredito procentis subsidireba – 5 qula; arsebobs eqsportiorTa finasuri mxardaWeris specialuri sqemebi (gamofena-bazrobebze misiebis dafinanseba, savaWro misiebis organizeba, konkretul bazrebze kvlevebis dafinanseba, eqsportiorTa ufaso treningebis Catareba calkeul sakiTxebze) – 4 qula; arsebobs igive sqema, romelic muSaobs garkveuli SezRudvebiT (SezRudvebi SeiZleba exebodes garkveul sasaqonlo jgufebs an garkveul miznobriv bazrebs) – 3 qula; konkretul SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia garkveuli finansuri mxardaWera – 2 qula; moqmedebs eqsportiorTa mxardaWeris drosa da TanxebSi SezRuduli sqema, rac iTvaliswinebs, mxolod specifiuri xarjebis nawilobriv anazRaurebas – 1 qula.A logistikis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, ara maTi zogadad arseboba, aramed eqsportiorTaTvis maTi xelmisawvdomoba. miuxedavad gadamzidavTa simravlisa (rogorc adgilo- 131 giorgi RaRaniZe brivi, aseve rezidenti kompaniebi) gadazidvis tarifebi ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. problemis mogvarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebad miCneuli unda iqnes saxelmwifo uwyebebis mkacri administrireba, raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnes realuri konkurentuli garemo. gadawyvetis erT-erTi gzaa eqsportiorTa asociaciis egidiT CarCo xelSekrulebis gaformeba konkretul gadamzidavebTan. am gadawyvetilebis praqtikuli realizacia,ganuviTarebeli sakanonmdeblo bazis pirobebSi, sakmaod rTulia, garda amisa TviT gadawyvetileba Tavis TavSi moicavs monopolizmis safrTxes da sabolo angariSiT drois grZelvadiani monakveTisaTvis sakmaod sariskoa. albaT, aseve aucilebelia saeqsporto tvirTis gadazidvisas gadamzidavi ganTavisufldes dRg-s gadaxdisagan, rac jdeba waxalisebis saerTo RonisZiebebSi da gavlenas iqoniebs saeqsporto produqciis fasis Semcirebaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom logistikuri xasiaTis problemebi aseve dafiqsirda biznesis keTebis simartivis maCveneblis gaangariSebaSi, sadac erTi konteineris saeqsporto an saimporto SemTxvevebSi ganbaJebis xarjebi (terminalidan daniSnulebis adgilamde misvlis an terminalamde misvlis CaTvliT sakmaod maRalia). amdenad, mniSvnelovania aqac gvqondes Sefasebis sistema: gadazidva xorcieldeba erTi satrasporto saSualebiT, nebismieri daniSnulebis adgilamde – 5 qula; gadazidva xorcieldeba kombinirebuli satransporto saSualebebiT, magram erTi gadamzidaviT, nebismieri daniSnulebis adgilamde – 4 qula, gadzidvaSi CarTulia ramdenime gadamzidavi, daniSnulebis adgilebi SezRudulia – 3 qula; eqsportiori myidvels Tavazobs erT daniSnulebis adgilamde produqcias CIF fasiT – 2 qula; eqsportiori myidvels Tavazobs produqcias FOB fasSi – 1 qula. importis qveyanasTan moqmedi savaWro reJimi 132 mikro-makroekonomika mniSvnelovani berketia saeqsporto potencialis ukeT realizaciisaTvis. SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT Sefasebis Semdegi sistema: arsebobs SeTanxmeba sabaJo kavSirze an SeuzRudavi Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba – 5 qula; Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba, garkveuli SezRudvebiT - 4 qula; arsebobs preferenciebis generalizebuli sistemis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba – 3 qula; arsebobs upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi (mso wevri qveyana) – 2 qula; ar arsebobs aranairi SeTanxmeba da saerTaSoriso vaWroba xorcieldeba Cveulebrivi sabaJo tarifebiT – 1 qula. importis qveyanaSi moqmed standartebTan Sesabamisoba, aseve warmoadgens Zalze seriozul faqtors. misi analizisas mxedvelobaSi unda miviToT zogadi ekonomikuri procesebi, pirvel rigSi ki, globalizacia. evrokavSiris erTiani bazris formireba ayalibebs erTian midgomebs standartebTan, Tumca, calkeul wevr qveynebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas damatebiTi moTxovnebi wamoayenon. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is faqti, rom teqnikuri barierebi gadaiqca Siga bazris dacvis ZiriTad berketad. am problemas nawilobriv agvarebs msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianeba, magram realurad importiorisaTvis mudmivad warmoadgens eqsportiorze zewolis berkets. problema ganxiluli unda iqnes regionuli WriliTac, dsT sivrceSi qarTveli eqsportiorebi naklebad awydebian am problemas, Tumca, wevri qveynebis swrafva msoflio standartebze gadasvlisaken, adre Tu gvian am tradiciul bazarzec dagviyenebs am sirTuleebs. problemis gadawyvetis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqtiani gzaa ISO standartebze gadasvla, rac avtomaturad moxsnis importioris mier xarisxisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs da gaxdeba konkurentuli brZolis mZlavri berketi. 133 giorgi RaRaniZe •SesaZlebeli Sefaseba ganxorcieldes Semdegi sqemiT: saqarTveloSi moqmedi xarisxobrivi parametrebi, srulad Seesabameba importis qveyanaSi moqmeds da aRiarebulia importis qveynis xarisxis masertificirebeli organoebis mier – 5 qula; ZiriTadad Seesabameba, importis qveyana aRiarebs qarTuli an saqarTveloSi moqmedi xarisxis masertificirebeli organoebis xarisxis sertifikatebs – 4 qula;saqarTveloSi moqmedi xarisxobrivi parametrebi, nawilobriv Seesabameba importis qveynis xarisxobriv moTxovnebs, aucilebelia xarisxis sertificireba importis qveynis mier aRiarebul organoebSi – 3 qula; qarTuli produqciis xarsixis sertificireba unda moxdes adgilze, importioris mier gamogzavnili masertificirebeli organos warmomadgenlebis mier – 2 qula; produqciis sertificireba unda moxdes importis qveyanaSi miTiTebul masertificirebel organoSi – 1 qula. • saeqsporto produqciis warmoeba dakavSirebulia seriozul investiciebTan. Siga bazarze momuSave kompaniebisagan gansxvavebiT, eqsportiors gacilebiT ufro xSirad uwevs ZiriTadi fondebis ganaxleba, teqnologiis Secvla. am sakiTxebis mogvareba ki ukavSirdeba investiciebis problemas. am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti gadadis ara ucxour investiciebze, aramed zogadad investiciebze. SeuZlebelia Seiqmnas investorisaTvis mimzidveli klimati, Tu adgilobrivi mwarmoebeli daucvelia. warmoebis arsebuli teqnikur-teqnologiuri done ganapirobebs saeqsporto produqciis warmoebis mizanSewonilobas. xSir SemTxvevaSi elementaruli teqnikuri operaciebis ganxorcieleba sakmao sirTules warmoadgens da aqcenti gadatanilia muSaZalis siiafeze. 134 mikro-makroekonomika Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomika sul ufro da ufro amcirebs am faqtoris mniSvnelobas da amdenad fardobiTi upiratesobis miRweva Zneli xdeba. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis gareSe konkurentunariani saeqsporto produqciis warmoeba sakamod rTulia da amdenad investorTa dacvis meqanizmebis arseboba unda ganvixiloT. rogorc mniSvnelovani faqtori saeqsporto potencialis SefasebaSi. kerZod, SesaZlebelia investorTa dacva ganvixiloT Semdegi Sefasebebis mixedviT: qveyanaSi moqmedebs investorTa dacvis specialuri sagarantio sistema – 5 qula; SesaZlebelia garkveuli riskebis dazRveva – 4 qula; investorTa dacva xorcieldeba saerTo sakanonmdeblo safuZvelze – 3 qula; arsebobs samewarmeo davebis ganxilvis specialuri organo (arbitraJi) – 2 qula; samewarmeo davebis ganxilva da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba efeqtiania – 1 qula. CamoTvlili parametrebiT gaangariSebis Semdeg miRebuli sidide gviCvenebs mocemul qveyanaSi ama Tu im produqciis saeqsporto potencials. diferencirebuli midgoma bazrebisadmi, rasakvirvelia, gacilebiT ufro rTulia, magram amavdroulad miRebuli rezultatebic gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania. vinaidan saxelmwifos eqneba naTeli warmodgena Tu konkretulad ra mimarTulebiT da ra nabijebi unda gadaidgas, rom moxdes arsebuli saeqsporto potencialis, erTi mxriv, ufro efeqtiani realizacia, meore mxriv, saeqsporto potencialis gazrda. 135 giorgi RaRaniZe Determining the production export potential index G. Gaganidze In the Scientific article Author analyzed the competitiveness of Georgian export products, different aspects that influences the export potential. Seeking the strong Government support for increasing export activities, easily measured indicators needed. Thus the export potential index of the production could serve as the objective indicator in order to find out the most promising export products. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. kristof kordonie, evrokavSiris saeqsporto bazrebis mdgomareoba qarTuli agro produqciis konkurentuli upiratesobebis realizaciisaTvis, samuSao masalebi, 2010; 2. Vincentz Volkhart, “Trade Policy and Georgian Exports”, GEPLAC, Georgian Economic Trends, October 2008; 3. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informacia, http://www.geostat.ge 4. saerTaSoriso savaWro centri, ITC, www.intracen.org 5. faostati, http://faostat.fao.org 136 mikro-makroekonomika saqarTvelos ekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis analizi da perspeqtivebi vaxtang Waraia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti ukve mravali aTwleulia msoflio ekonomika globalizaciis niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. XXI saukune ki gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia am kuTxiT da sul ufro amWidrovebs sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikas erTmaneTTan. amavdroulad calke aRebuli TiToeuli qveyana miiRwvis imisken, rom awarmoos iseTi xarisxisa da fasis matarebeli produqti, romelic konkurentunariani aRmoCndeba rogorc adgilobriv, aseve saerTaSoriso bazarze. postkomunistur sivrceSi araerTi warmatebuli qveyanaa, romelmac SeZlo evropuli ti pis sabazro ekonomikaze gadawyoba [8] da Sesabamisad konkurentunariani garemos Seqmna. swored am mimarTulebiT aris sasurveli saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebac. konkurentunarianobis cneba mraval faqtors aerTianebs, maT Sorisaa iseT sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: a) qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis saWiro stabilurad maRali tempis miRweva da SenarCuneba; b) warmoebis faqtorTa mwarmoebluroba; g) warmoebuli produqciis konkurentunarianobis miRweva da SenarCuneba [10]. Tumca, garda CamoTvlili punqtebisa, Cveni azriT, arsebobs iseTi faqtorebic, romlebic mTlianad Tu ara,didwilad mainc ganapirobebs qveynis konkurentunarianobas: 137 vaxtang Waraia stabiluroba, ganaTlebis done, teqnologiuri baza, ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura, kanonis uzenaesoba, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba da sxva, romelTa uzrunvelyofa, pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifos da Semdgom ukve Tavad am qveynis mosaxleobis gonivrulobazea damokidebuli. unda aRvniSnoT, rom miuxedavad mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri progresisa, saqarTveloSi bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, am mimarTulebiT didi xarvezebi SeimCneva da es arcaa gasakviri sul raRac ori aTeuli wlis win damoukidebloba mopovebuli qveynisaTvis [9, gv. 3]. Cveni azriT, dRes arsebul saerTaSoriso reitingebs Soris, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia „msoflio konkurentunarianobis indeqss“, romelic kompleqsur, mravalmxriv realur suraTs iZleva msoflios 148 qveynis konkurentuanarianobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. reitingis meTodologia sul 119 monacems aer Tianebs konkurentunarianobis 12 ZiriTad indikatorSi. mocemuli indikatorebi ki Tavis mxriv iZleva ama Tu im qveynis srul suraTs, romlis mixedviTac SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes erovnuli mTavrobebis mcdeloba gaaumjobeson Tavisi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done [6]. aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflio globalizaciis paralelurad sul ufro metad aqtualuria calkeuli qveynis konkurentunarianobis sakiTxi, msoflios yvela kuTxesa Tu saerTaSoriso gaerTianebebis (mag.: evrokavSiri) doneze. es arcaa gasakviri, radganac xvalindeli keTildReoba didwilad dRevandel (maRal) konkurentunarianobazea damokidebuli. moklevadiani perspeqtiva ar unda gadaifaros grZelvadiani SesaZleblobebis xarjze. 138 mikro-makroekonomika 2013-2014 wlebis „globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsis“ mixedviT saqarTvelo 72-e adgilzea, rac wina wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT (93-e) mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesebuli maCvenebelia [5]. Tumca, iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa azerbaijani, ruseTi, yazaxeTi da kidev 68 sxva qveyana reitingSi saqarTvelos winaa. rac Seexeba kavkasias, mxolod somxeTs (79 adgili) vjobniT. aRsaniSnavoa, rom msoflio ekonomikuri forumi (World Economic Forum) 2005 wlidan Tavis daskvnebs swored zemoaRniSnuli indeqsis meSveobiT akeTebs, radganac is iZleva qveynis SesaZleblobebis suraTs rogorc mikro, aseve makrodoneze. konkurentunarianobis koncefciaSi, qveynis konkurentunarianoba mkafiod ganisazRvreba Semosavlebis donis mdgradobis SesaZleblobiT. aRniSnul indeqsSi aseve igulisxmeba erT-erTi centraluri indikatoric - investiciebis ukugebis koeficienti, romelic erT-erTi mTavari faqtoria ekonomikis zrdis potencialis dadgenisas. globaluri konkurentunarianobis ukanaskneli (2013-2014 ww) moxsenebis Tanaxmad, pirvel aTeulSi 6 evropuli, 3 aziuri da 1 Crdiloamerikuli qveyanaa (ix. cxrili 1). aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo wlebis lideri Sveicaria myarad inarCunebs Tavis liderul poziciebs bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mas Semdeg, rac 2009 wels gadaaswro aSS-s. Tavad aSS ki wlidan wlamde icvlis Tavis poziciebs, Tumca, pirvel aTeulSi mudmivad aris warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom aTeulSi moxvedrili 6 evropuli saxelmwifodan mxolod Sveicaria araa evrokavSiris wevri. rac Seexeba meore aTeuls, aq ukve aziuri qveynebi lideroben da TvalsaCinoa maTi mniSvnelovani progresi bolo bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi [6]. 139 vaxtang Waraia pirveli aTeuli qveynebis reitingi globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsis mixedviT (2013-2014 wlebi) cxrili 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 შვეიცარია სინგაპური ფინეთი გერმანია აშშ შვედეთი ჰონგ კონგი ჰოლანდია იაპონია დიდი ბრიტანეთი Sveicariis didi warmatebebi globaluri konkurentunarianobis aspeqtiT ganapiroba iseTma umniSvnelovanesma faqtorebma, rogoricaa: qveynis inovaciuri potencialis maRali done (II adgili), bazris efeqtianoba (II adgili), biznesis warmoebis maRali kultura (II adgili), (Innovation, labor market efficiency, sophistication of the business sector). agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom Sveicariis samecniero - kvleviTi institutebi erTerTi saukeTesoa msoflioSi (V adgili), xolo mWidro TanamSromloba akademiur, saxelmwifo da biznesstruqturebs Soris (e.w. sammagi spiralis modeli), romelsac emateba umaRlesi klasis infrastruqtura (VI adgili), adgilobrivi organizaciebis SedarebiT maRali xarjebi kvlevebsa da ganviTarebaze (R&D), makroekonomikuri stabiluroba (XI msoflioSi), iZleva imis garantias, rom aRniSnuli kvlevebi transformirebuli iqneba im procesebsa da produqtebSi, romlebic moTxovnadia 140 mikro-makroekonomika rogorc adgilobriv, aseve saerTaSoriso bazarze da romlebsac gaaCnia mTavrobis mZlavri mxardaWera inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis kuTxiT [6, gv 11-101, 236-237]. Tumca, TviT SveicariaSic ki, yvelaferi idealurad rodia. magaliTad, mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis meTodiT miRebuli Sedegebis Tanaxmad, Sveicariis konfederaciaSi, globaluri konkurentunarianobis kuTxiT, yvelaze didi problemebi (sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT) aris: araadekaturad ganaTlebuli muSaZala (Inadequately educated workforce), naklebadefeqtiani saxelmwifo biurokratia (Inefficient government bureaucracy), sagadasaxado regulaciebi (Tax regulations) da Semakavebeli samuSao regulaciebi (Restrictive labor regulations). igive kvlevis Tanaxmad, minimaluri problemebi Sveicarias gaaCnia jandacvisa (poor public health) da saxelmwifo stabilurobis kuTxiT (government instability). rac Seexeba korufcias, Sveicariis konfederaciaSi gamokiTxulTa azriT, aris nulovani [6, gv. 236]. ganvixiloT saqarTvelos magaliTi. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis monacemebiT. mosaxleobis erT sulze mTliani Siga produqtis trendi saqarTveloSi 1994 wlidan 2012 wlamde aRmavali iyo, garda 2008-2009 wlebisa. Tumca, zrdis miuxedavad, is yovelTvis ufro dabali iyo, vidre dsT-is gasaSualoebuli maCvenebeli (ZiriTadad navTobiTa da gaziT mdidari qveynebis xarjze) [6, 192]. Tumca, sainteresoa, rom saqarTvelom 20082009 wlebis ormagi dartyma: ruseTTan omi da msoflio finansuri krizisi, am mxriv martivad gadaitana. Cveni azriT, es ganpirobebuli iyo ara saqarTvelos ekonomikis gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT, aramed megobari qveynebis mier gamoyofili miliardobiT sesxebisa da grantebis daxmarebiT [7], romelic adre Tu gvian saqarTvelos ukan eqneba dasabrunebeli. 141 vaxtang Waraia cnobisaTvis, erovnuli bankis monacemebis mixedviT: saqarTvelos mTlianma sagareo valma 2013 wlis 31 martis mdgomareobiT 13.4 mlrd aSS dolari Seadgina, rac mSp-s 83.9%-ia, aqedan 4.2 mlrd dolari samTavrobo seqtoris valia (mSp-s 26.5%), 500.2 mln – erovnuli bankis, 2.4 mlrd – sabanko seqtoris, 3.4 mlrd – sxva seqtorebis da 2.9 mlrd – kompaniaTaSorisi vali [1]. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad konkurentunarianobis miRwevis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi saqarTveloSi mravladaa, romelTa Soris mTavaria [6, gv. 192]: 1.finansur resursebTan wvdoma (Access to Financing); 2.araadekvaturad ganaTlebuli muSaZala (Inadequately Eeducated workforce); 3.Raribi samuSao eTika erovnul muSaZalaSi (Poor Work Ethic in National labor Force); 4.politikuri arastabiluroba (Policy Instability). igive kvlevis Tanaxmad am mxriv saqarTvelos minimaluri problemebia: 1.ucxouri valutis regulireba (Foreign Currency Regulations); 2.kriminali da qurdoba (Crime and Theft); 3.inflacia (Inflation); 4.korufcia (Corruption). garda moyvanili dadebiTi da uaryofiTi faqtorebisa, Cveni azriT, aris sxva faqtorebic, rac saqarTvelos konkurentunarian ganviTarebas uSlis an uwyobs xels. kerZod, negatiur faqtorebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT: 1.Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis dabali done; 2.susti infrastruqtura da dabali teqnologiuri progresi; 3.maRali saprocento ganakveTebi; 4.erovnuli valutis kursis arastabiluroba; 142 mikro-makroekonomika 5.eTikuri biznesis warmoebis kulturis ararseboba; 6.qarTuli produqciis dabali cnobadoba saerTaSoriso bazrebze. [11, gv. 113-126]. rac Seexeba pozitiur momentebs, anu sferoebs, sadac saqarTvelos konkurentunariani garemo gaaCnia, Semdegia: 1.dabalkvalificerebuli, Tumca iafi muSaxeli; 2.geopolitikuri mdebareoba; 3.liberaluri saxelmwifo politika (konkurentunariani sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba, liberaluri SromiTi kodeqsi da savaWro politika..). yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare gasagebia, rom ekonomikis mraval dargSi saqarTvelos ubralod ver eqneba upiratesoba saerTaSoriso bazarze (saboloo angariSiT, arc adgilobrivzec), Tumca, garkveul segmentebSi mainc SesaZlebelia saqarTvelom SedarebiT upiratesobis xarjze moi povos garkveuli niSa [2, gv. 3-20]. kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom SedarebiTi upiratesoba saqarTvelos gaaCnia Semdeg dargebSi: energetikuli resursebi, soflis meurneoba / kvebis mrewveloba, hidroenergetika da turizmi [3, gv. 76]. es swored is dargebia, romlebzec saqarTvelom unda aiRos orientiri, Tumca, amavdroulad gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saqarTvelos momavali ver iqneba verc agraruli da verc turistuli sfero, Tu qveyanas aqvs pretenzia iyos maRalganviTarebuli. amitom, saWiroa qveyanaSi sxva danarCenTan erTad, Sesabamisma organoebma izrunon da waaxalison codnaze orientirebuli ekonomikis mSenebloba, romelic grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi mogvcems SesaZleblobas rogorc minimum, ar CamovrCeT Cvens partnior (Tu arapartnior) qveynebs da nabijnabij viaroT win. 143 vaxtang Waraia am fonze, rogor afasebs saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul konkurentunarianobas msoflio ekonomikuri forumi, Tavis uaxles 2013-2014 wlebis erTobliv angariSSi: ZiriTadi moTxovnebi - 57-e adgili: 1. institutebi (Institutions) - 64-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 69-e). is moicavs 21 indikators, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos saukeTeso - me-10-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 4-e) - „mTavrobis regulaciebis simZimis“ mixedviT (Burden of Government Regulation), xolo yvelaze susti ki 125-e - „minoritari aqcionerTa interesebis“ dacvisaTvis uWiravs (Minority Shareholder’s Interests); 2. infrastruqtura (Infrastructure) - 56 adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 73-e). moicavs 9 indikators, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos yvelaze kargi pozicia - 35-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 41-e) „rkinigzis infrastruqturis xarisxisaTvis“ aqvs daTmobili (Quality of Railroad Infrastructure); xolo yvelaze suti - 109-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 111-e) „teritoriis xelmisawvdomoba aviaxazebiT“ (Available Airline Seat Kilometers); 3. makroekonomikuri garemo (Macroeconomic Environment) - 61 adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 130-e). moicavs 5 indikators. Zlieri pozicia, 38-e adgili - „biujetis dabalanseba, % mSp“ (Government Budget Balance, % GDP) susti pozicia - 98-e adgili - „mTliani nacionaluri danazogebi, % mSp“ (Gross National Savings, % GDP); efeqtianobis gaZliereba (Efficiency Enhancers) - 86-e adgili: 4. janmrTeloba da dawyebiTi ganaTleba (Health and Primary Education) - 70-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 70-e). moicavs 10 indikators. wamyvani pozicia am mimarTulebiT oria: a) malariis gavlena biznesze (Business Impact Malaria) da b) malariis SemTxvevebi (Ma- 144 mikro-makroekonomika laria Cases) - orive pirveli; xolo yvelaze negatiuri ki tuberkulozis maRali maCveneblebisaTvis (Tuberculoses Cases) – 103-e adgili. 5. umaRlesi ganaTleba da profesiuli momzadeba (Higher Education and Training) - 92 adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 90-e). aerTianebs 8 indikators, romelSic wina wels saukeTeso - saSualo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis maCvenebeli (Secondary Educationenrollment Rate) gauaresda da 59-e adgilidan 80-eze gadainacvla. wlevandeli saukeTeso maCvenebeli ki skolebSi internetis xelmisawvdomobis gamo (Internet Access at School) davimsaxureT - 62-e adgili. ukiduresad negatiuri Sefaseba ki kvlevebisa da treningebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT (Availability of Research and Training Services ) – 130-e adgilia; 6. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazris efeqtianoba (Goods Market Efficiency) - 67-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 64-e). aerTianebs 16 indikators. aRniSnul maxasiaTebelTa sistemaSi saqarTvelos: a) biznesis dawyebisaTvis saWiro dReebis odenobasa (No. Days Required to Start a Business) da b) biznesis dawyebisaTvis saWiro procedurebis odenobaSi (No. Procedures to Start a Business), sakmaod maRali, Sesabamisad meore da mesame adgilebi uWiravs. usutesi poziciebia Semdegi mimarTulebiT: a) klientis saorientacio xarisxi (Degree of Customer Orientation) da b) soflis meurneobis politikis Rirebuleba (Agricultural Policy Cost), Sesabamisad 127-e da 125 adgilebi; 7. Sromis bazris efeqtianoba (Labor Market Efficiency) - 40-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 31-e). moicavs 10 indikators, sadac, saukeTeso maCvenebeli saqarTvelos gaaCnia - dasaqmebisa da daTxovnis praqtikaSi - 13-e pozicia (Hiring and Firing Practices), xolo yvelaze negatiuri maCvenebeli ki aris - qveynis siZliere talantebis mosazidad - 105-e pozicia (Cauntry Capasity to Attract Talent); 8. finansuri bazris ganviTarebuloba (Financial 145 vaxtang Waraia Market Development) - 75-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 108-e). masSi gaerTianebulia 8 indikatori, saidanac iuridiuli uflebebis indeqsis mixedviT (Legal Rights Index) qveyanas me-12-e adgili ukavia, xolo poziciaSi dafinanseba adgilobrivi safondo bazris meSveobiT (Financing Through Local Equity Market) ki SarSandelTan SedarebiT qveyanam 1 adgiliT ukan daixia da 126-e adgili daikava; 9. teqnologiuri ganviTarebis done (Technological Readiness) - 68-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 98-e). aerTianebs 7 indikators, romelSic saukeTeso maCvenebeli saqarTvelos gaaCnia internetis siCqareSi (kilobit/wami mosaxleobis erT sulze) (Internet Bendwidth, kb/s per user) – 40-e pozicia, xolo yvelaze uaresi pozicia igivea, rac SarSan - teqnologiebis aTvisebis maCvenebeli (Firm-Level Technology Absorption), Tumca, garkveuli gaumjobeseba mainc SeimCneva - 125-e poziciidan 117-ze gadasvla; 10. adgilobrivi bazris masStabebi (Market Size) 103-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 107-e). aerTianebs 4 indikators. Zlieri (pirobiTad) poziciaa - eqsportis wili mSp-Si (Exports as a Percentage of GDP). yvelaze susti pozicia ki aris - ucxouri bazris masStabis indeqsi (Foreign Market Size Index) – 114 adgili (wina wels 115); 11. biznesis konkurentunarianoba (Business Sophistication) - 120-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 111-e). aerTianebs 9 indikators. maT Soris konkurentunarianobis upiratesobaTa bunebis (Nature of Competitive Advantade) mixedviT wina wels 81-e adgili gvekava, wels ki - 91-e. 146 mikro-makroekonomika ukan daixia agreTve saqarTvelos poziciebma adgilobriv momwodebelTa simravlis mixedviT (Local Supplier Quantity) da 130-e adgilidan 136-e adgilas gadainacvla; 12. inovaciebi (Innovation) - 126-e adgili (wina wlis maCvenebeli - 125-e). moicavs 7 indikators. iZlieri poziciaa - yovel milion mosaxleze patentebis efeqtianoba (Utility Patents Per Million Population) da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi (Govt. Pprocurement of Advanced Tech Products) – orive 62-e adgili. yvelaze susti pozicia ki - TanamSromloba universitetebsa da industrias Soris kvlevebsa da ganviTarebaSi (University-Industry Collaboration in RD) – 132 adgili (wina wels 134-e adgili). zemoT CamoTvlili Sedegebis mixedviT rTulia saqarTveloze Tqva, rom is lideria an Tundac SeiZleba amisi pretenzia hqondes msoflio konkurentunarianobis mixedviT. mTlianobaSi, msoflio ekonomikuri forumis konkurentunarianobis indeqsis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo - „efeqtianoba mamoZravebeli“ (ix. cxrili 2) qveynebis jgufs ganekuTvneba, rac araa cudi Sedegi, zemoT mocemul rig maCvenebelSi katastrofuli Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca, garkveul miRwevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom qveynis ganviTarebis etapis mixedviT, regionSi (somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan SedarebiT) ukeTesi maCvenebeli swored saqarTvelos aqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom amave etapze imyofeba evrokavSiris wevri ramdenime qveyanac, kerZod: bulgareTi da rumineTi. 147 vaxtang Waraia zogierTi qveyana ganviTarebis etapebis mixedviT [6] cxrili 2 ეტაპი I. ფაქტორმამოძრავებელი გარდამავალი პერიოდი (ეტაპი I და II) ეტაპი II. ეფექტიანობამამოძრავებელი გარდამავალი პერიოდი (ეტაპი II და III) ეტაპი III. ინოვაციამამოძრავებელი ბანგლადეში ალჟირი ალბანეთი არგენტინა ავსტრალია ბენინი სომხეთი ბულგარეთი ბრაზილია ბაჰრეინი ბურკინა ფასო აზერბაიჯანი ჩინეთი რუსეთი ბელგია კამბოჯა ლიბია საქართველო ლატვია გერმანია კამერუნი კუვეითი გვატემალა ლიტვა საფრანგეთი ჩადი მოლდოვა მაკედონია ლიბანი ფინეთი ინდოეთი ფილიპინები უკრაინა პოლონეთი ისრაელი ნიგერია ვენესუელა რუმინეთი ურუგვაი აშშ ვიეტნამი ბოლივია იამაიკა უნგრეთი ლუქსემბურგი პაკისტანი გაბონი ტაილანდი ყაზახეთი კატარი samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi jerac ar arsebobs qveynis ekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis realuri gegma. Tanac, arc is migvaCnia sworad, rom konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis TiTqmis erTaderT gzad ucxouri investiciebia miCneuli [2, gv. 2728], romelic wlidan-wlamde cvalebadi nakadebiT moedineba saqarTvelosken [4, gv. 4-5]. amasTan, mis struqturasac Tu ki gaviTvaliswinebT, davinaxavT, rom araviTar mdgrad da konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze orientirebul investiciebs saqarTveloSi adgili ara aqvs (mcire gamonaklisebis garda), amitomac, aucilebelia grZelvadiani strategiis SemuSaveba, romelSic aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani parametrebi, rogoricaa: •makroekonomikuri da politikuri stabilurobis 148 mikro-makroekonomika miRwevis gzebi; •adgilobrivi da ucxouri mdgradi investiciebis moZieba; •konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebis xelSemwyobi qmedebebi; •strategiuli dargebis ganviTarebis gzebi; •mecnierebatevadi da codnaze orientirebuli dargebis ganviTareba; •Zlieri da sando sasamarTlo sistemis Camoyalibeba da samarTlianobis damkvidreba; •Zlieri da sando sabanko sistemis Camoyalibeba; •saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis radikaluri gardaqmna da am procesSi mTavrobis aqtiuri mxardaWera. Economic Competitiveness of Georgia, Analysis and Perspectives V. Charaia The article focuses on the problems of economic competitiveness of Georgian state in different fields. Based on special sources and mainly on World Competitiveness Report of 2013-2014 years, the state of the art reality of Georgian economy is analyzed. Based on such parameters, like: basic requirements, institutions; infrastructure; macroeconomic environment; health and primary education; efficiency enhancers, higher education and training; goods market efficiency; labor market efficiency; financial market development; technological readiness; market size; innovation and sophistication factors; business sophistication and innovation – it is analyzed in which way the Georgian economy should be developed and proper recommendations are given. Finally it is underlined that sustainable economic development of Georgia could not be achieved based on the agriculture and tourism sectors. Only the knowledge based economy in complex with new tech- 149 vaxtang Waraia nologies could be the platform for deep and comprehensive sustainable development of the state and it has no alternatives. gamoyenebuli teratura 1. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki www.nbg.ge 2. xaduri n., saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis analizi da perspeqtivebi, USAID, 2010 wlis 8 ivlisi; 3. A. Papaphilippou, Risk for the Sustainability of Georgia’s Economic Growth, Georgian Economic Trends, 2008. P.49; 4. D. Narmania, Global financial crisis and challenges for Georgia, #1, 2009, p. 4-5; http://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=340&newsid=2184 5. Klaus Schwab, Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013, World Economic Forum, 2012; 6. Klaus Schwab, Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014, World Economic Forum, 2013; 7. Papava V. Post-War Georgia’s Economic Challenges. Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, Vol. 10, No 23, 2008 November; 8. Papava V., Economic Transition to European or Post-Communist Capitalism?, European Assosiation for Comparative Economic Studies (EACES) Working Papers, 2006, No 1, March; 9. Papava V., The Main Challenges of ‘Post-Rosy’ Georgia’s Economic Development, Experts Opinion, GFSIS 2013, p 3; 10. Porter, M., On Competition, Harvard Business School Press, 1998; 11. RaRaniZe g., qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis konkurentunarianoba da saeqsporto strategiis formirebis sakiTxebi evrokavSiris bazarze. Jurn. ,,ekonomika da biznesi,~ 2013 weli, #6. 150 mikro-makroekonomika mcire biznesis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi maia sanikiZe ilias saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti. dinamikuri da aqtiuri kerZo seqtori ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erTi faqtoria. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire biznesi mniSvnelovan socialur-ekonomikur funqcias asrulebs. maT Sorisaa: dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa, konkurentuli garemos formireba, socialuri uTanasworobis Serbileba da sxva. istoriulad msoflios umetes qveyanaSi mcire biznesi iyo qveynis ekonomikis zrdis mamoZravebeli. mcire da saSualo biznesi ,,ekonomikis xerxemalia“, naTqvamia evrokavSiris eqspertTa jgufis angariSSi - ,,Tavdapirvelad ifiqre mcireze- gaiTvaliswine mcire da saSualo biznesis interesebi politikis SemuSavebisas“ (,,Think Small First – Considering SME interests in policy-making“). angariSis mixedviT evropis sawarmoTa 99% mcire da saSualo bizness miekuTvneba da brunvis saerTo wilis 58% swored maT wilad modis. bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi evrokavSirSi axali samuSao adgilebis 80%-s swored mcire da saSualo firmebi qmnis [1, gv.6]. mcire biznesis ganviTareba sakmaod mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis. Tumca, msoflio bankis kvlevis - ,,mewarmeobis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi“ mixedviT, mcire biznesis wili saqarTvelos mSp-Si 151 maia sanikiZe mcirea. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli sawarmoebidan 95% mcire da saSualo sawarmoa, maTi wili mSp-Si mxolod 20% mdea, mezobel somxeTSi es maCvenebeli 42,5 %-ia [2, gv.1]. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa wili, mTlianad warmoebul produqciaSic sakmaod dabalia. (ix. cxrili). rogorc cxrilidan Cans, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa wili gamoSvebuli produqciis mixedviT erTob mcirea, Tanac, faqtobrivad, Znelia imis Tqma, rom mcire biznesi viTardeboda ganxilul periodSi. unda aRsaniSnos is, rom msoflio bankis 2013 wels Catarebuli kvlevis - ,,mewarmeobis xelSewyoba saqarTveloSi“ mixedviT, saqarTveloSi gamokiTxuli respodentebidan 92%-s surs iyos TviTdasaqmebuli da hqondes sakuTari biznesi. evrokomisiis kvlevis - ,,mewarmeoba evrokavSirSi da mis farglebs gareT“ mixedviT ki, evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi es maCvenebeli gacilebiT dabalia da gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 37%-s surs hqondes sakuTari biznesi da iyos TviTdasaqmebuli. litvaSi TviTdasaqmebuli surs iyos 58%-s, SvedeTSi - 22%-s, TurqeTSi - 82%-s da braziliaSi 63%-s. [3, gv.5]. survili erTia da SesaZlebloba meore. axalgazrda mecnierTa kavSiris - ,,inteleqtis“ mier Catarebul kvlevaSi gamokiTxul respondentTa 95% -ma aRniSna, rom ZiriTadi problema, rac xels uSlis sakuTari biznesis wamowyebaSi, esaa: Semosavlebis simcire, finansuri resursebisadmi wvdomis deficiti, reali - 152 სულ მლნ ლარი 11003,1 13303,7 19239,9 23096,0 4332,5 5132,3 5504,0 წელი და კვარტალი 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 I კვარტალი II კვარტალი III კვარტალი 4498,5 4020,7 3515,9 19002,5 15437,8 10859,6 8970,3 მლნ. ლარი 82% 78,4% 81,1% 82,3% 80,2% 81,6% 81,5% წარმ. პროდუქ. წილი % მსხვილი 461,1 411,8 337,4 1740,2 2095,3 1461,5 1151,5 მლნ. ლარი 8% 8% 7,8% 7,5% 10,9% 11% 10,5% წარმ. პროდუქ. წილი % საშუალო 544,4 699,8 479,2 2353,3 1706,5 982,6 881,3 მლნ ლარი 10% 13,6% 11,1% 10,2% 8,9% 7,4% 8% წარმ. პროდუქ. წილი % მცირე produqciis warmoeba sawarmoTa zomis mixedviT [5] mikro-makroekonomika 153 maia sanikiZe zaciis bazrebis ararseboba. evrokomisiis kvlevis mixedviT, gamokiTxulTa 79% Tvlis, rom rTulia biznesis dawyeba finansuri mxardaWeris ararsebobis gamo, 51% ki Tvlis, rom mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda daiwyos biznesi. kvlevebidan Cans, saqarTveloSi survili imisa, rom sakuTari biznesi hqondeT, Zalian maRalia, sakmaod martivia sakuTari biznesis daregistrirebac, biznesis dasawyebad saWiro aucilebeli iuridiuli procedurebis mogvarebasac saqarTveloSi naklebi dro sWirdeba, vidre sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi. biznesis dawyeba advilia, magram gagrZeleba _ Zalian Zneli, amaze metyvelebs oficialuri statistika. bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi 222418 axali sawarmo Seiqmna, maTgan mxolod 13-14%-ma moaxerxa saqmianobis gagrZeleba [6]. bevr qveyanaSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs saxelmwifo mxardaWera. aSS-Si saxelmwifo mxardaWeris mTavari organoa mcire biznesis administracia , misi ZiriTadi funqciebia: mcire da saSualo biznesis finansuri mxardaWera; daxmareba saxelmwifo SekveTebis misaRebad; konsaltinguri daxmareba; sammarTvelo gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas daxmareba; bazris Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba. iaponiaSi mcire biznesis daxmarebis ZiriTadi programebi moicavs: SeRavaTian kredits da sakredito garantiebs; SeRavaTian gadasaxadebs; mcire firmebisaTvis kadrebis momzadebas; subsidirebas; bazris Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebas. CineTSi mcire biznesis daxmarebis yvelaze aqtiuri organoa biznesis koordinaciisa da kooper- 154 mikro-makroekonomika aciis Cinuri centri. misi funqciebia: mcire biznesis problemebis gamokvleva; bazrebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba; mcire biznesis daxmarebis kompleqsuri sistemis SemuSaveba; bazrobebis, gamofenebisa da saqmiani Sexvedrebis organizeba mcire firmebisaTvis. did britaneTSi saxelmwifo daxmareba gulisxmobs: konsultaciebis gawevas mcire firmebisaTvis; finansuri daxmarebas; mcire firmebis saeqsporto potencialis amoqmedebis waxalisebas. saqarTveloSi ki dRemde ar arsebobs mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyobis mizniT SemuSavebuli saxelmwifo politika. Tumca aRsaniSnavia , rom umokles droSi ekonomikis saministro gegmavs Seiqmnas saagento mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyobis mizniT [6]. ucxoeTis gamocdilebidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mxardamWeri RonisZiebebi unda iyos: mcire firmebisaTvis kreditebis xelmisawvdomoba; gadasaxadebis Semcireba; bazris Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba; mcire firmebisaTvis saeqsporto potencialis amoqmedebis waxaliseba; mcire firmebisaTvis gamofenebis, bazrobebis organizeba. mcire biznesis xelSewyobis mizniT ucxoeTis bevr qveyanaSi kargadaa ganviTarebuli biznesinkubatorebisa da teqnoparkebis sistema. biznesikubatorebi erTamneTisagan gansxvavdeba klientebisaTvis servisebis SeTavazebis meTodebiT, organizaciuli struqturiTa da klientTa kategoriebiT. biznesinkubatorebi SeiZleba specializebuli iyos sxadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris - umciresobebisa da sazogadoebis specifikuri 155 maia sanikiZe jgufebis momsaxurebaze, an bazris romelime segmentze. dafinansebis wyaroebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: kerZo, sajaro da kerZo -sajaro partnioroba. biznesinkubacia aris xelSemwyobi procesi, romelic miznobrivi resursebisa da momsaxurebis miwodebis gziT maqsimalurad aCqarebs mewarmeTa saqmianobis ganviTarebas. biznesinkubatori ganixileba rogorc biznesi biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic siRaribis Semcirebis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqtiani saSualebaa, vinaidan igi ara marto ekonomikur zrdas uwyobs xels, rac Tavis mxriv, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas emsaxureba, aramed igi regionebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis ganviTarebasac iwvevs. imisaTvis,rom davinaxoT saqarTveloSi ramdenadaa ganviTarebuli mcire biznesis xelSemwyobi meqanizmebi, ganvixiloT aWaris regioni. analizis pirvel wyarod gamoviyene axalgazrda mecnierTa kavSiri – ,,inteleqtis“– evrokavSiris finansuri mxardaWriT mimdinare proeqtis farglebSi – ,,adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobebis SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba grZelvadiani mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis aWaris regionSi“- 2011 wels Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi. kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul iqna aWaris 5 munici palitetis biznesmenebi. maTi azriT, biznesis ganviTarebis xelisSemSlel faqtorTa Soris erT-erTi arsebiTia mosaxleobis mcire Semosavlebi, finansuri resursebis simwire da masTan wvdomis deficiti, aseve realizaciis bazrebis ararseboba. magaliTad, xelvaCauris munici palitetSi gamokiTxuli biznesmenbis 73% aRniSnavs, rom ver axerxebs biznesis gafarTovebas finansuri saxsrebis simwris gamo. maTi 156 mikro-makroekonomika azriT, finansuri seqtori upiratesobas msxvil bizness aniWebs da damwyeb da mcire firmebs TiTqmis ar afinansebs. Sesabamisad, mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis xelmisawvdomia mxolod mikrosafinanso organizaciebi, romlebsac Tavis mxriv, sakmaod maRali saprocento ganakveTi aqvT. mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis aqtualuri da mniSvnelovani problemaa gayidvebis organizaciac. maT, rogorc wesi, ar miuwvdebaT xeli sadistribucio sistemaze, ar floben Sesabamis marketingul da gayidvebTan dakavSirebul codnasa da unar-Cvevebs. respondentTa 34% -isTvis problematuri sakiTxia sasurveli adamianuri resursebis moZieba. rac Seexeba Suamaval organizaciebs, aseTebis Sesaxeb informacias respodentTa 91,1% ar flobs, gamokiTxulTa mxolod 1,6% flobs informacias eqsportis xelSewyobis iniciativebis Sesaxeb. sasurvelia saxelmwifos mxardamWeri programebi da biznesinkubatorebi Seiqmnas biznesmenTa gamokiTxvis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze. aWaraSi, kerZod ki baTumSi, 2009 wels gaixsna biznesinkubatori, romlis proeqtis Rirebulebac 300 aTas aSS dolars aRwevda da gaeros ganviTarebis programis, rumineTis mTavrobisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis mier aris dafinansebuli. rogorc maTi saitidan Cans, samwuxarod, es Tanxa ZiriTadad momsaxurebis sferos ganviTarebaze daixarja. baTumis biznesinkubatori axaldamwyeb da ganviTarebad bizness sTavazobs Semdegi saxis resursebsa da momsaxurebas: 15-20 kv.m Tanamedrove saofise farTi , 157 maia sanikiZe aRWurvili: saofise avejiTa da inventariT, kompiuteruli teqnikiT, komunikaciebis saSualebebiT, ufaso komunaluri momsaxurebiT, ufaso ofisis dacvis sistemiT; konsultantebis momsaxureba Tanadafinansebis princi piT sxvadasxva sferoSi: ekonomika da finansebi. marketingi, buRalteria, iuridiuli sakiTxebi da sxva. inkubaciis periodSi (maqsimum 3 weli),zemoT CamoTvlili pirobebis sanacvlod, proeqtis monawile kompaniebi valdebuli arian gadaixadon 225 aSS dolaris ekvivalenti larSi yovelTviuri sawevro gadasaxadi. 2012 wlis 1 oqtombris mdgomareobiT, inkubirebul kompaniaTa raodenoba 25-s Seadgenda, amaTgan 11ma kompaniam warmatebiT daasrula inkubaciis periodi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, kompaniaTa didi nawili momsaxurebis sferos ganekuTvneba: - Sps ,,Premiumlogistik” sadistribucio kampania; ,,Prime consulting”- sabuRaltro momasaxureba; ,,Premium trevel” - turistuli kompania; ,,San group”- saremonto kompania da a.S. Tumca, yuradReba unda mieqces im faqts, rom mcire mewarmeebma, romlebsac realurad sWirdebaT daxmareba, arc ki ician Suamavali organizaciebis Sesaxeb. amis kidev erTi dadasturebaa is, rom ramdenime xnis win bazarze gamoCnda xelvaCauris munici palitetSi warmoebuli Tafli- ,,maWaxelas daTunia“ , da aWaraSi warmoebuli elitaruli Cai, mwvane Cai- ,,baTumi“ da Savi Cai - ,,elita“ orive produqti savaWro qselSi ,,qarTuli“ niSniT gamoCnda. ,, qarTuli“ niSnis mflobeli aris Sps ,,gayidvebis marTvis kompania“, romelic ara baTumSi, aramde TbilisSi mdebareobs. kompania aqtiurad muSaobs regionebSi mcire mwarmoeblebTan, romelTac aqvT 158 mikro-makroekonomika Zalian saintereso da xarisxiani produqcia, magram ver axerxeben mis bazarze pozicionirebas da gayidvebis marTvas. „Cven aseT kompaniebs warmoebis Semdeg momxmareblamde misvlis yvela komunikacias davugegavT“ ganacxada Sps ,,gayidvebis marTvis kompaniis“ erT-erTma damfuZnebelma- irakli leqvinaZem. is fiqrobs, rom kompania aris warmatebis Sansi im mcire sawarmoebisaTvis, romlebic damoukideblad ver axerxeben gayidvebis dagegmvas, produqciis reklamirebas da investorebis moZiebas. „vidre proeqts daviwyebdiT, moviareT regionebi da wavawydiT bevr saintereso kompanias, romelTac warmoeba gamarTuli aqvT, magram uWirT gayidvebi, menejmenti, savaWro qselebTan urTierToba, ar aqvT reklamis gakeTebis resursi, marketingSi ver arian Zlierebi da ase Semdeg. anu aqvT mxolod produqti, Cven aseT kompaniebs vTavazobT, CvenTan TanamSromlobas, raTa davexmaroT produqtis SefuTvaSi, bazarze warmoCenasa da gayidvebis awyobaSi. bunebrivia, amaSi Cveni interesebic devs da Cven amas vuyurebT rogorc Cveulebriv biznes proeqts“. batoni irakli aRniSnavs rom kompania gansakuTrebiT interesdeba mcire da saSualo firmebiT. migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis daxmarebis servisebze arsebuli moTxovna mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs miwodebas. amitom, aucilebelia regionebSi Seiqmnas specializebuli, konkretuli dargebis ganviTarebaze orientirebuli biznesinkubatorebi, raTa xeli Seewyos regionebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. mcire biznesis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba xom lokaluri materialuri da SromiTi resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenabaa. 159 maia sanikiZe 2013 wlis 27 dekembers, saqarTvelos mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa asociaciis prezidenti kaxa koxreiZe sxva biznesasociaciis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, Sexvda saqarTvelos finansTa ministrs nodar xadurs. Sexvedraze gadawyda mcire da saSualo biznesis sakonsultacio sabWos Seqmna, imedia, misi saqmainoba nayofieri iqneba mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis. saqarTvelos axali mTaavroba saojaxo da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis fondis Seqmnasac apirebs. amasTan, gvpirdebian, rom gaatareben biznes garemos arsebuli riskebis Semcirebisa da jansaRi konkurentuli garemos Seqmnis RonisZiebebs, gaamartiveben sagadasaxado procedurebs da mTlianobaSi _ mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi politika qveynis ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebad cxaddeba. amrigad, saxelmwifo politika, kerZo an erToblivi biznesinkubatorebi, konsaltinguri firmebi, gayidvebis kompaniebi da a.S. xels Seuwyobs mcire biznesis ganviTarebas, rac mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos ekonomikis stabiluri ganviTarebis aspeqtebiT. 160 mikro-makroekonomika Support instruments for SME Developoment M. Sanikidze A dynamic and vibrant private sector is crucial to economic growth, with firms making new investments, creating jobs, improving productivity, and promoting growth. Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs)3 form the backbone of the European Union’s (EU) economy. They account for 99 percent of European enterprises and generate about 58 percent of the EU’s turnover, employing two thirds of the total private employment. In the last five years 80 percent of the new jobs were created by SMEs. It is therefore important that regulation does not create disproportionate burdens on SMEs and that the interests of SMEs are preserved. Perceived Obstacles. The top three cited obstacles in setting up or operating a firm were market risk/uncertainty, technological risk/uncertainty, and difficulty recruiting highly skilled employees. The most commonly cited legal and regulatory constraints were continually changing taxation regulations and high tax rates. Increasing Access to Finance. Financial systems in Georgia are not conducive to business development. Companies cite high interest rates and risk-averse lending policies (requiring high levels of collateral) as major hindrances to expansion. The government can establish favorable financing programs for SMEs by developing early-stage risk capital.Simplifying Tax Administration. Greater transparency and certainty must be ensured in the tax system. and providing economic incentives in the form of tax exemptions and subsidies to promote training and technology transfer from buyer firms to local supplier firms 161 maia sanikiZe gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Report of the Expert Group. Think Small First – Considering SME interests in policy-making http://ec.europa.eu/ enterprise/policies/sme/small-business2. Fostering Entrepreneurship inGeorgia http://documents. worldbank.org/ 3. ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE EU AND BEYOND http:// ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/ 4. aWaris xuTi municipalitetis ( qobuleTi, xelvaCauri, qeda, Suaxevi, xulo) socialur ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiuli gegma 2012 -2022 wlebi momzadebuli axalgazrda mecnierTa kavSiri ,,inteleqtis“ mier http://www.intellect.org.ge 5. http://geostat.ge saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris masalebi 6. http://commersant.ge/ 26.11.2013 162 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi da operaciuli konsaltingis roli mis ganxorcielebaSi manana xarxeli, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori biznes-procesebis ganaxlebis koncefcia ukve ori aTeuli welia, rac TandaTan inergeba kompaniebSi. maT avangardSi dganan samrewvelo kompaniebi. sazRvargareTis maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi es sakiTxi globaluri konteqstiT ganixileba. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi ara mxolod naklebad xorcieldeba, aramed Teoriul donezec ki naklebad ganixileba. Amitom, Cven mizanSewonilad miviCnieT winamdebare statiaSi ganvixiloT reinJineringis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebi da dainteresebul pirebs gavuRrmavoT codna aRniSnul sakiTxSi. biznes-procesebis ganaxleba eqvs etaps moicavs [1, gv. 610]: pirveli etapi _ RonisZiebis (aqciis) dasabuTeba; meore etapi _ ganaxlebis saWiroebis mqone procesis gamovlena; mesame etapi _ ganaxlebis SesaZleblobis Sefase- 163 manana xarxeli ba; meoTxe etapi _ arsebuli procesis analizi; mexuTe etapi _ axali procesis proeqtis Seqmna; meeqvse etapi _ ganaxlebuli procesis danergva. pirveli etapi unda mieZRvnas firmis SigniT informaciuli kampaniis mowyobas, romelzec dasabuTdeba Tu ratom apirebs firma biznes-procesis (an procesebis) ganaxlebas. meore etapze unda gamoikveTos is procesebi, rac pirvel rigSi saWiroebs ganaxlebas. am etapze pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvebs: 1. romeli procesebis ganaxleba SeuZlia firmas warmatebiT? 2. ra saxsrebi dasWirdeba mis gansaxorcieleblad? 3. ramdenad Zlieria procesebis ganmaaxlebeli gundi? 4.kerZod, ra moZvelda _ TviTon procesi, Tu masSi gamoyenebuli teq nologia? mesame etapze fasdeba firmaSi ganaxlebis ganxorcielebis SesaZ lebloba, anu misi personalis kultura, maT mier siaxlis saWiroebis gaTaviseba da masSi maTi monawileobis SesaZlebloba da sxva. meoTxe etapze tardeba im procesis (procesebis) detaluri diagnostika, romelic saWiroebs ganaxlebas. sdgeba diagramebi, blok-sqemebi da a. S. am etapze Casatarebeli mTeli samuSao unda daiyos sam ti pad: 1. samuSaoebi, romlebic zrdis Rirebulebas, anu samuSaoebi, romlebsac anazRaurebs momxmarebeli; 2.samuSaoebi, romlebic ar zrdis produqciis Rirebulebas. es samuSaoebi momxmareblisTvis ar qmnis damatebiT Rirebulebas, magram is aucileblad unda 164 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi Sesruldes pirveli ti pis samu Saos Sesasruleblad; 3. ukugebis arqmone samuSao drois daubrunebeli danakargebi, anu samuSaoebi, romlebic zrdis Rirebulebas da arc im samuSaoTa Sesrulebas uwyobs xels, romlebic zrdis mas. CamoTvlili samuSaoebidan, mesame ti pis samuSaoebi aris umizno da zedmeti. es samuSaoebi unda amovardes axali procesis daproeqtebidan, xolo meore ti pis samuSaoebi unda Semcirdes da SeZlebisdagvarad gardaiqmnas pirveli ti pis samuSaoebad. mexuTe etapze xdeba axali procesis proeqtis Sedgena, anu procesis gadaproeqteba. igi carieli furclidan iwyeba. am saqmeze momuSave specialistebs evalebaT uari Tqvan arsebul wesebsa da procedurebze da Seqmnan princi pulad axali proeqti. specialistma upirvelesad proeqtidan unda amoagdos arafrismomcemi, umizno samuSaoebi da agreT ve produqciis (momsaxurebis) Rirebulebis argamzrdeli samu Saoebi, xolo Semdeg izrunos am saxeSecvlili procesis SesrulebisTvis Sesaferisi teqnologiis da saTanado momzadebis mqone muSebis SerCevisTvis. meeqvse etapze xdeba ganaxlebuli procesis praqtikuli danergva, raSic firma-klientis xazobrivma xelmZRvanelobam aqtiur monawileoba unda miiRos. procesis ganaxlebisTvis sxvadasxva meTodi da instrumentebi gamoiyeneba. am meTodebsa da instrumentebSi saxeldeba: induqciuri azrovneba, blok-sqemebis Sedgena, procesis etalonis modelireba, pro cesis ganaxlebis programuli uzrunvelyofa. induqciuri azrovneba gamoiyeneba aSkara an faruli problemebis da maTi potenciurad swori gadawyvetilebis Ziebis dros. es midgoma aucilebelia pro- 165 manana xarxeli cesis ganaxlebisaTvis informaciuli teqnologiebis SemoqmedebiTi gamoyenebisas. blok-sqemebis Sedgena. blok-sqema is erTaderTi instrumentia, romelic biznes-procesis ganaxlebis yvela etapze gamoiyeneba. es sqemebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas martivi wesiT _ qaRaldze isrebiT gamoxatuli da SeiZleba rTuli kompiuteruli programebis gamoyenebiT. procesis SemoqmedebiTi gadaproeqteba xdeba maSin, roca procesi saTanado efeqts ver iZleva da resursebs `Wams~. magaliTad, bevrma firmam momwodeblebTan urTierTobaSi uari Tqva angariS-faqturebis gamoyenebasa da mis mixedviT angariSsworebaze. isini momwodebels angariSs pirdapir faqtobrivad miRebuli saqonlis (nedleuli, masala, makompleqtebeli masalebi da a. S.) mixedviT usworeben. procesis etaloni ganixileba rogorc uwyveti ganaxlebis inst rumenti. etalonis meSveobiT SeiZleba axali procesebis gamoyenebasa da danergvis xerxebis SerCevaSi lideris gamovlena da maTi mocemul sawarmoSi praqtikuli gamoyeneba. მodelireba biznes-procesis gadaproeqtebis Sefase bis da vizualizaciisTvis gamoiyeneba. procesis ganaxlebis programuli uzrunvelyofa. Tanamedrove mecnierebas praqtikulad gamoyenebisTvis aqvs teqnologiurad iseTi programuli uzrunvelyofa, romelis meSveobiT SeiZleba Sefasdes arse buli procesebi da daproeqtdes axali. es programebi Seqmnilia aSS Tavdacvis saministros daproeqtebis meTodologiis safuZvelze, rome lic cnobilia Intergrated Definitio-is (IDFF) saxelwodebiT. biznesSi procesebis ganaxleba misi mimdinare gaumjobesebiT, pe rioduli gardaqmnebiT da reinJiner- 166 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi ingiT xorcieldeba. maTgan reinJi neringi siRrmiseuli, radikaluri cvlilebaa da igi mTeli biznes-politikis Semcvlelia. biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi gamoiyeneba maSin, roca sawarmoo procesi imdenad moZvelebulia, rom ar Rirs misi `Senaxva~, arc gadaproeqteba da arc e. w. yvelaze ufro xelsayreli gardaqmna (BFSS). reinJiniringi metad misaRebia gamosayeneblad kompaniis ZiriTadi biznes-procesebis 5-20%-ze, magram Tu igi gadascda am zRvars, maSin kompaniis marTvis gardaqmnis problemac Cndeba. reinJiniringis sworad warmarTuli procesi xarjebTan erTad 60-90%-iT amcirebs sawarmoo ciklis xangrZlivobas. marTalia, TviT reinJiniringi moiTxovs did dros sakmaod ZviradRirebulia da did riskTanac dakavSirebulia, magram globalur bazrebze konkurenciis gamZafrebam firmebSi misi gatareba am bolo dros metad saWiro gaxada. biznes-procesebis marTvaSi revolucia Semoitana Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis dargSi miRwevebma, ramac biznes-procesis inJineringi da reinJineringi metad gaaadvila. m. xameri da d. Campi biznesprocesebis reinJineringad miiCneven `sawarmos saqmianobis ZiriTad maCveneblebSi Zireuli gaumjobesebis misaRwevad biznes-procesebis fundamentalur gadaazrebas da radikalur gadaproeqtebas~ [3, gv. 17]. j. xaringtoni, k. eselingi da x. nimvegeni reinJinirings procesis inovacias uwodeben, radganac misi warmateba masze momuSave `gundis inovaciur da SemoqmedebiT unarzea damokidebuli~ [4, gv. 10]. biznes-procesebis reinJiniringi xorcieldeba sainJinro meTodebis gamoyenebisa da konsaltin- 167 manana xarxeli guri kompaniisa da biznes-erTeulis specia listebis erToblivi gundebis mier. biznesis reinJineringi iTvaliswinebs azrovnebis axal wess, riTac aseT dros kompaniis biznesi ganixileba rogorc iseTi ram, rac SeiZleba agebuli, daproeqtebuli da gada proeqtebuli iyos sainJinro princi pebTan SesabamisobiT. biznes-procesebis reinJiniringis umniSvnelovanesi princi pebia: 1. procesebis `horizontaluri SekumSva~, riTac masSi erTiandeba ramdenime samuSao procedura da miiReba samuSao adgilebis mravalfunqcionireba; 2.procesis `vertikaluri SekumSva~. aseT dros Semsruleblebi iReben damoukidebel gadawyvetilebebs, rითac იზრდება muSakis pasuxismgeblobა da sakuTari Sromis SedegebiT dainte resebა; 3. procesis paraleluroba, რითაც procesi mimdinareobs bu nebriv wessa da rigSi. samuSao sruldeba im adgilze, sadac es mizanSewonilia; 4.procesis Sesrulebis mravalvariantuloba, ucxo garemos cvli lebebTan procesis adaptirebis amaRleba; 5.SemowmebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa raodenobis Semcireba; 6.uflebamosili menejeri uzrunvelyofs klientTan kontaqtis erTian wertils; 7.Warbobs Sereuli _ centralizebul-decentralizebuli midgoma. Sedegi _ `zevidan-qveviT~ wesiT uflebamosilebaTa delegireba~. biznes-procesebis reinJiniringis warmatebis ZiriTadი pirobeბია: kompaniis xelmZRvanelobis mier amocanis swori gageba, erTguleba reinJiniringis miznisadmi; 168 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi kompanis TanamSromelTa motivacia, zrdisken swrafva; swori menejmenti, sakuTari ZalebiTa da konsultantebis daxmarebiT biznes-procesebis reinJineringis ganxorcielebis unari; reinJineringis gatarebaSi konsaltinguri organizaciis gamocdilebisa da Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba. biznes-procesebis reinJiniringiT sasur veli Sedegiს მისაღებად, maikl hameri gvTavazobs misi ganxorcielebis Semdeg wesebs [3, gv. 23]: Sedegs unda miaRwioT da ara davalebis Sesrulebas; იs, vinc process qmnis, manve unda აიღოს პასუხისმგებლობა, Sedegebზე; geografiulad gafantul resursebs ise unda miudge, rogorc centralizebuls; unda gaerTianდეს saqmianobis paraleluri saxeოbებi da ara Sedegebi; gadawyvetileba samuSaos msvlelobisas unda iqnes miRebuli, xolo kontroli - procesSi dawesebuli; informaciis Seyvana unda moxdes mxolod sawyis wertilSi erTxel. biznes-procesebis Taviseburebebi, rისTvisac kompaniebSi xorcieldeba reinJiniringi, Semdegia [5, gv. 148]: 1. biznes-procesebis mravalferovnebis gamomwvevi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis diversifikacia (bazris sxvadasxva segmentze orientireba); 2.individualur SekveTebze muSaoba, romelic moiTxovs klientebis moTxovnilebebze biznes-procesebis adaptaciis maRal xarisxs; 169 manana xarxeli 3.axali teqnologiebis danergva, rაc exeba sawarmos yvela ZiriTad biznes-process; 4.operatiuli kavSirebis mravalferovneba sawarmos partniorebsa da masalis mimwodeblebTan, romlebic ganapirobeben biznes-procesis agebis alternatiulobas. biznes-procesebis sworad Catarebuli reinJineringi kompaniebSi uzrunvelyofs Semdegi amocanebis gadawyvetas [6, gv. 36]: Sesasrulebeli funqciebis optimaluri Tanamimdevrobis gansazRvra, romelic iwvevs produqciis da momsaxurebis warmoebis da gayidvis ciklis Semcirebas da rogorc misi logikuri Sedegi _ kapitalis brunvadobis daCqarebiT mogebis absoluturi masis zrdas; sxvadasxva biznes-procesSi resursebis gamoyenebis optimizacia; adaptirebuli biznes-procesebis ageba, rაc gamiznulia bazarze konkurentunarianobis, sawarmoo teqnologiebis da produqciis saboloo momxmareblebis moTxovnilebaTa cvlile bebTan mosargebad; klientebsa da partniorebTan urTierTobis racionaluri sqemebis gansazRvra da rogorc Sedegi - mogebis zrda, fuladi nakadebis optimizacia. biznes-procesebis optimizacis meTodebs Soris (gaumjobeseba, gardaqmna, reinJineringi) reinJineringi gamorCeulia. es sabuTdeba qvemoT motanil cxrilSi mocemuli am meTodebis daxasiaTebiT. 170 gaumjobeseba calkeuli funqciebis doneze xor cieldeba xorcieldeba mudmivad mcire droebiTi brZanebebiT xorcieldeba nawilobriv dabali politika gamoyenebis sixSire cvlilebebis masStaburoba realizaciis xerxi efeqtianoba Rirebuleba, riskebi, Sromatevadoba gaumjobeseba dabalidan saSualomde maRali revoluciuri xelmZRvanelobis mier xorcieldeba yvela struqturu li qvedanayofis ZalisxmeviT xorcieldeba zomieri mTlianad biznesis gamoiyeneba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi reinJiniringi ganxorcieldeba Zireuli gardaqmna. moxdeba biznesisadmi midgomis princi puli cvlilebebi. zomieri xorcieldeba periodulad gardaqmna ZiriTadad Senar Cundeba. aRmoifxv reba zedmeti da naklebwarmatebuli procedurebi biznes-procesebis optimizacis meTodebi biznes-procesebis optimizaciis meTodebi komerciul bankebSi [7, gv. 199] menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi 171 manana xarxeli rogorc cxrili gviCvenebs, reinJiniringi (biznesprocesebis Zireuli gardaqmna), masStaburi cvlilebaa. igi firmis mTlian bizness exeba da gansxvavebiT gaumjobesebisa da gardaqmnisgan, misi efeqtia noba revoluciuria e. i. maRalze _ maRalia. magram, biznes-procesebis gaumjobeseba kompaniaSi mudmivad mimdi nareobs, gardaqmna - periodulad, reinJiniringi კი mxolod saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda ganxorcieldes. kompaniis xelmZRvanelobam swored es momenti unda `daiWiros~. es ar arisa advili saqme. Tumca, araerTi da ori specialisti miCnevs, rom es momenti maSinaa, roca daiwyeba firmis mogebis kleba da gadaxdisunarianobis Semcireba. Magram, gadaxdis unarianobis, ასევე მოგების Semcireba SeiZleba SemTxveviTma faqtorebmac gamoiwvios. ამ უკანასკნელზე uaryofiTad moqmedebs jarimebis gadax da, uimedoba valebis zaralSi, Camowera da sxva. mogebis Semcireba ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs gadaxdisunarianobis Semcirebas da a. S. ase rom, kompaniis menejerebs didi Zalisxmevა marTebT maTi biznesis sasicocxlo ciklis im etapis gamosarkvevad, rodesac kompaniaSi Cndeba dacemis simptomebi, anu roca kompaniis biznesi `berdeba~. am etapis gamosavlenad ar gamodgeba kompaniis finansuri koefi cien tebis analizi, radgan umravles SemTxvevaSi, is urTierTsawinaRmdego Sedegebs iZlevა. am mdgomareobidan gamosasvlels gvTava zobs rusi mecnieri s. buxanova. man SeimuSava kompaniis biznesis sasi cocxlo ciklis etapis dasadgenad integraluri maCvenebeli, romelic ase iangariSeba [8, gv. 8]: 172 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi K0 = 1 20 ∑ x ⋅100 20 i =1 formulaSi - 20 aris am koeficientis gaangariSebaSi CarTul ekono mikur maCvenebelTa ricxvi (sakuTari kapitali, wminda aqtivebi da sxv.). K 0 _ koeficienti 0-dan 100-is diapazonSi icvleba. roca igi 100-is tolia, anda axlosaa 100-Tan, maSin kompaniis sasicocxlo cikli zrdis an gajerebis etapzea, xolo Tu igi 50-ac ar aRwevs, maSin _ dacemis etapzeა. koeficientis es mniSvneloba signalia imisa, rom kompaniam reinJineringi unda ganaxorcielos. biznesis sasicocxlo ciklis dadge nisTvis integraluri koeficientis gamoTvlis sxva SemoTavazebebic arsebobs (v. norodinis, n. minaevis da sxvebi), magram gamosayeneblad isini ufro rTulia. amitom, qarTul kampaniebSi biznesprocesebis rein Ji neringis saWiroebis gansazRvrisTvis, Cven mizanSewonilad miviCnevT s. buxanovas mier SemuSavebul meTods. biznesis msoflio praqtikidan cnobilia, rom mis ganaxlebasa da gaumjobesebaSi specialuri konsaltinguri firmebiა daspeciali zebuli. aSS-Si funqcionirebs 10 umsxvilesi konsaltinguli firma _ Andersen Consulting, Authon Anderson, Deloite Touche da sxvebi, romelTa konsultantebis raodenoba 1000-dan 43000-mde meryeobs [1, gv. 596]. maTi filialebi mimofantulia mTel msoflioSi da isini kvalificiur rCe vebs aZleven yvela msurvels. samwuxarod, am mxriv saqarTvelo metad CamorCeba maRalganviTarebul qveynebs, saqarTveloSi konsaltinguri momsaxureba mxolod აxla idgams fexs. arsebobs 173 manana xarxeli mxolod ramdenime sakon sultacio firma, romelTac kompaniebisTvis biznes-procesebis ganax lebaSi mar- Tlac faseuli daxmareba SeuZliaT. erT-erTi aseTi aris Sps `menejmentis mrCevelTa jgufi~, romelic mdebareobs q. TbilisSi, yazbegis 10-Si da, romelmac daarsebis dRidan 20 sagranto proeqti Seasrula. me var misi erT-erTi damfuZnebeli. vxelmZRvanelob marketingisa da menejmentis mimarTulebebs. kerZod, vuZRvebi im proeqtebs romlebic moiTxovs bazris kvlevas, produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis reklamirebis saukeTeso gzebis CerCevas, mmarTvelobiTi struqtu rebis optimizebas, samuSao gundebis optimalur dakompleqtebas da sxva. 2011-2013 wlebSi Cven SevasruleT 3 sagranto proeqti: 1. sagranto proeqti GA-GEO-2011-537024741 (Sps `lg glass~-Si davnergeT kompiuteruli saaRricxvo sistema); 2.sagranto proeqti GA-GEO-2012-268643674 (Sps `el-dk~-Si movawesrigeT finansuri da sagadasaxado urTierTobebi); 3. sagranto proeqti GA-GEO-311320411 (Sps `Trevel turs~ SevuswavleT turistuli bazari da CavutareT danaxarjebis analizi). vfiqrobT, Sps `menejmentis mrCevelTa jgufi~, zemoT dasaxelebuli biznes-procesebis ganaxlebis samuSaoTa SesrulebiT, mniSvne lovan rols TamaSobs 174 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi kerZo biznesis ganviTarebაში, რათა ის saqarTveloSi sabolood gaxdes evrostandartebis donis. Reengineering of Business Processes The Role of Operational Consulting In Its Implementation M. Kharkheli The author draws attention to the need of reengineering and advises the companies to acknowledge the significance of it. The author, also refers to the mathematical formula created by Russian scientist Bukhanova. This formula, calculating the integrated coefficient showing the stage of life cycle of business entity, makes it possible to ascertain whether there is necessity of reengineering or not. In the end, there are some practical materials given, related to workings in the field of reengineering performed by Georgian consulting company called “Management Advisory Group”. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Ричард Б. Чейз, Николас Дж. Эквилайн, Роберт Ф. Якобс. Производственный и операционный менеджмент, М., Вильямс, с. 610; 2. manana xarxeli, operaciuli menejmenti, Tb., 2011, gv. 47; 175 manana xarxeli 3. М. Хамер, Дж. Чампи. Рейнжинеринг корпорации – Манифест Револуции в бизнесе, Санкт-Петербург, 1997, с. 17; 4. Дж. Харингтон и др. Тпмизация бизнес-процессов, СанктПетербург, 2002, с. 10. 5. William J. Stevenson, Operation managtmtny/-7th, p. 142; 6. Jay Haizer,Barry Render. Operation management, 9/E, Prentice Hall, 2008, p. 36; 7. g. caava da sxvebi, riskologia, Tb., 2007, gv. 199; 8. Буханова нансовый 176 С. Комплексная устойчивости методика предпрятия, М., анадиза 2004, фис. 8. menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi liderobis marTlmadidebluri aRqma ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia, ekonomikis doqtorebi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesorebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebas xiblavs liderobis idea. individebi eZeben informacias, saswavlo prog ramebs, rom Seiswavlon rogor gaxdnen efeqturi liderebi. adamianTa garkveul nawils swams, rom lideroba aris pirovnuli, socialuri, profesiuli cxovrebis gaumjobesebis gza. korporaciebi eZeben lideruli unarebis mqone adamianebs, radgan sjeraT, rom maT moaqvT gansakuTrebuli aqtivebi maTi organizaciebisTvis, SeuZliaT gaaumjobeson, radikalurad Secvalon arsebuli mdgomareoba. Sedegad, lideroba gaxda maRalmoTxovnadi da faseuli unari. Znelad Tu moiZebneba samagistro kursi lideruli unar-Cvevebis swavlebis gareSe, an pirovneba, romelsac surs warmateba, karieruli winsvla da ar eZebs literaturas liderobaze. qristianul-marTlmadidebeli sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovania, ra damokidebulebaSia lideroba marTlmadideblur faseulobebTan. liderobisadmi swrafva adamianisTvis TiTqos bunebrivia. qristes mowafeebs ainteresebdaT vin iqne- 177 ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia boda sasufevelSi udidesi: ,,mas Jamsa Sina mouxdes iesus mowafeni da etyodes: vin-me ufrois iyos sasufevelsa caTasa?“ [maTe 18,1]. am miswrafebas avlens adamianTa yoveli naazrevi, zRapari, miTi, legenda, qveynebis istoriebi, mxatvruli nawarmoebebi. Tundac Tanamedrove cxovreba warmoudgenelia religiuri, istoriuli, politikuri, Tanamedrove realuri an gamogonili gmirebis gareSe, romlebic aRgvafrTovaneben, gvaZleven magaliTs, gviqmnian ganwyobas, gviyalibeben faseulobebs. msoflio warmoudgenelia religiuri da erovnuli gmirebis gareSe. arsebobs sapirispiro damokidebulebac, arcTu iSviaTad, sazogadoebis garkveul nawilSi liderobis survili aRiqmeba, rogorc pirovnebis negatiuri Tviseba, garkveuli ampartavneba da sxvaTa daqvemdebarebis an Cagvris moTxovnileba. rogorc yovelgvar ideas, am damokidebulebasac, ra Tqma unda, aqvs Tavisi obieqturi safuZveli. liderebi, romlebic borotad iyeneben TavianT Zalauflebas, zogadad liderebisadmi negatiur damokidebulebas ganapirobeben. sazogadoebaSi, sadac faseuloba adamianTa Tavisuflebaa, msgavsi ti pis lideroba ver aRiqmeba dadebiT movlenad. swori damokidebulebis CamoyalibebisTvis umTavresia liderobis arsis dadgena. liderobis mravali ganmarteba arsebobs. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia misi aRqmac. mkvlevarebi maTi naSromebis mkiTxvelebs urCeven Camoayalibon TavianTi damokidebuleba liderobisadmi, e.w. sakuTari ,,ganmarteba“ Seqmnan, rac maTi konkretuli miznebis, mimdevrebisa Tu situaciuri konteqstis adekvaturi iqneba. es mowodeba uadgilo namdvilad ar aris, radgan lideroba unaria, romelic im 178 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi Tvisebriobisaa, rogoric aris misi matarebeli, xolo is, Tu rogori stilis liderobas irCevs pirovneba, damokidebulia rogorc Tavad am pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebze, aseve misi mimdevrebis/daqvemdebarebulTa Tvisebebsa da garemoebaTa konteqstze, sadac yalibdeba lideri da misi lideruli Cvevebi. maqsvelis (Maxwell) ganmartebiT, ,,,martivad lideroba es aris zegavlena“. is, Tu rogori iqneba es zegavlena, damokidebulia liderze, mimdevarsa da konteqstze, rogorc es zemoT ukve aRvniSneT. Tanamedrove gagebiT, lideroba SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rogorc ,,ndobis inspirirebis da im adamianTa mxardaWeris mopovebis unari, visTan erTadac SesaZlebelia saerTo miznebis miRweva“[4,gv;27]. am da TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove ganmartebaSi xazgasmulia lideris da mimdevrebis ,,saerTo miznebi“. es gulisxmobs lideris da mimdevarTa interesebis Tanxvedras da lideris gansakuTrebul rols am miznebis miRwevaSi. Tumca, araferia naTqvami imaze, Tu rogoria es miznebi: pozitiuri – sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo, eTikuri, Tu piriqiT – negatiuri. rTulia isaubro liderobaze, rogorc dadebiT an uaryofiT movlenaze, rogorc, vTqvaT, fulze, metyvelebis unarze, sxva unarebze, an Tundac locvaze. rogori movlenaa fuli? _negatiuri Tu pozitiuri? asevea metyvelebac. Ees adamianisTvis RvTisgan naboZebi unari, ar niSnavs, rom erTmniSvnelovnad dadebiTia. mTavaria, vin rogor iyenebs am unars. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas locvazec. ioane oqropiri brZanebs: ,,yovelTa ukve uwyodeT sayvarelno, rameTu dasabami yovlisa keTilisa locva ars“ ,,madidebelni Cemni vadidne” [I mef. 2-30].Tumca, SesaZlebelia es iTqvas yovelgvar locvaze? bibliaSi naTladaa 179 ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia naCvenebi erT-erTi saTnoebis – locvis Tvisebrioba or gansxvavebul adamianSi: ,,fariseveli igi wardga da amas ilocvida TÂsagan: RmerTo gmadlo b Sen, rameTu ara var, viTarca sxuani kacni, mtacebel, cru da memruSe, gina viTarca ese mezuere, vimarxav or-gzis SabaTsa Sina da aTeulsa Sevswirav yovlisagan monagebisa Cemisa, xolo mezuere igi Sors idga da ara ikadrebda TualTaca ze axilvad, aramed icemda mkerdsa da ityoda: RmerTo, milxine codvilsa amas” [luka 18,11-13] is, rac erTisTvis macxonebelia, meoresTvis sasjelis wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes. adamians ki uflisgan aqvs gansjis unari, raTa gaakeTos swori arCevani. liderobisadmi damokidebulebis gansazRvrisas, umTavresi, rasac Cven unda daveyrdnoT, es bibliaa,romelSic liderobisadmi damokidebuleba asaxuli da aSkaraa: – ,,xolo iesu mouwoda maT da hrqua: uwyiTa, rameTu mTavarni warmarTTani ufleben maT zeda, da diddidni xelmwifeben maT zeda? xolo Tquen Soris ara egreT iyos, romelsa unebs Tquen Soris did yofai, iyavn Tquenda msaxur; da romelsa unebs Tqvens Soris wina yofai, iyos igi Tquenda mona. viTarca Ze kacisai ara movida, raiTamca imsaxura, aramed msaxurebad da micemad suli Tvisi saxsrad mravalTaTvis“ [maTe 20, 25-28]; – ,,da movida kapernaumd. da viTarca Sevida igi saxlsa, da hkiTxvida maT, rasa-igi icilobdes urTierTas gzasa zeda. xolo igini dumnes, rameTu urTierTas ityodes gzasa zeda, viTarmed: Cuengani vin-me udides iyos? da dajda da mouwoda aTormetTa maT da hrqua: vis undes Tquengansa pirvel yofa, iyos igi yovelTa 180 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi mrwem da yovelTa msaxur“ [markozi 9, 33-35]. daculia umTavresi princi pi – arCevanis Tavisufleba – ,,...romelsa unebs Tquen Soris did yofai...; romelsa unebs Tqvens Soris wina yofai...“ saubaria agreTve imaze, rom warmarTTa Tvisebaa pirvelobisTvis zrunva [2, gv. 568], qristianTa Soris ar unda iyos ase. visac ,,wina yofai“, an ,,did yofai“ surs, unda iyos ,,mrwem“, ,,msaxur“ da ,,mona“, rogorc Tavad qriste, romelic sxvaTa msaxurebisTvis gankacda. ,,wina yofa“ ar miiCneva borotebad, Tumca is, visac surs iyos pirveli, uflis winaSe boloyofas rom aeridos, sxvas unda msaxurebdes ,,viTarca Ze kacisai“: ,,da odes dahbanna ferxni maTni, moiRo samoseli Tvisi da inax-idga da mere hrqua maT: uwyiTa, rai-ese giyav Tquen? Tquen mxadiT me: moZRuaro da ufalo, da keTilad sTquT, rameTu var. ukueTu me dagbanen ferxni, ufalman da moZRuarman, Tquenca Tana-gac urTierTas dabanad ferxTa. rameTu saxe migec Tquen, raiTa, viTarca-ese me giyav Tquen, egreTve Tquenca hyofdeT. amen, amen getyvi Tquen: ara ars monaiU ufrois uflisa Tvisisa, arca mociquli ufrois momavlinebelisa Tvisisa. ese Tu scnaT, netar xarT, ukueTu hyofdeT amas“ [ioane 13, 12-17]. WeSmariti pirveloba aris ufalTan meti siaxlove _ ,,xolo udidesi Tqueni iyavn Tquenda msaxur. xolo romelman aRimaRlos Tavi TÂsi, damdabldes; da romelman daimdablos Tavi TÂsi - amaRldes”. [maTe 23, 11-12]. liderobis mecnieruli gageba ar ewinaaRmdegeba marTlmadideblur aRqmas: - lideroba esaa mzaoba pasuxismgeblobisTvis (Joe Montana)[5]; 181 ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia - lideroba aris unari, romliTac lideri sxva adamians Tvalsawieris gafarToebis saSualebas da unars aZlevs (Drucker) [5]; - lideroba aris individis unari moaxdinos gavlena, motivireba da misces sxvebs SesaZlebloba wvlili Seitanon organizaciis warmatebasa da efeqtianobaSi (House) [5]; - lideroba SesaZloa iyos aRwerili, rogorc socialuri zegavlenis procesi, romliTac erT adamians SeuZlia daxmareba gauwios da mxari dauWiros sxvebs ganaxorcielon saerTo miznebi (Chemers, M. M.)[5]; - lideroba aris unarebi: unari, rom moismino da daakvirde, gamoiyeno sakuTari kompetencia, raTa xeli Seuwyo dialogs gadawyvetilebis mimReb yvela dones Sorisunari Camoayalibo procesi da gamWvirvaloba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi; naTlad gaarkvio mimdevrebis piradi faseulobebi da xedva, magram eqspluatacia ar gauwio maT. lideroba aris is, rac adgens da ara mxolod reagirebs, gansazRvravs problemebs da axdens siaxleebis inicirebas, romelic qmnis realur gaumjobesebas da metia, vidre mxolod cvlilebebis marTva [5]. lideroba, winamZRoloba uflisgan akrZaluli ar aris. piriqiT, Tu is uflis kanonebs, WeSmaritebas emorCileba kurTxeulia. bibliaSi gansazRvrulia isic, Tu rogori unda iyos lideri. WeSmariteba ara qvaze an ficarze, aramed wrfel gulze waiwereba. ,,ara ficarTa Sina qvisaTa, aramed ficarTa Sina gulisa xorcielisaTa” [2, kor.3,3]. wrfeli gulis gamo ufalma TevzTa mebadureni kacTa Taobebis mebadurebad aqcia: ,,da iqceoda raU iesu zRviskidesa mas galileaisasa, ixilna 182 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi orni Zmani: simon, romelsa ewoda petre, da andrea, Zmai misi, iTxevlides rai saTxevliTa zRuasa mas, rameTu iyvnes mesaTxevle. da hrqua maT: movediT da SemomidegiT me, da gyvne Tquen mesaTxevle kacTa. xolo maT meyseulad dauteves bade maTi da Seudges mas“ [maTe 4, 18–20]; [markozi 1, 16–18]. WeSmariti liderebi suliwmindiT ganaTlebulni, WeSmaritebis maZiebelTa WeSmaritebisken warmmarTvelni arian. bibliaSi gamokveTilia im winamZRolis pasuxismgebloba, romelic araswori gziT atarebs mimdevrebs da gansazRvrulia princi pebi, romelic aris umTavresi winamZRolisaTvis: ,,hrqua iesu mowafeTa TvisTa: Seugvanebel ars sacTurisa ara moslvai, xolo vai, visgan movides! uadviles ars misa, ukueTumca lodi viriT safqvelisaiUzeda edva qedsa missa da STavrdomil iyo zRuasa, vidre ara dabrkolebad erTsa amas mcireTagansa. aramed ekrZaleniT TavTa TquenTa. ukueTu Segcodos Sen Zmaman Senman, Sehrisxen mas; da ukueTu Seinanos, miuteve mas. daRaTu Svid-gzis dResa Sina Segcodos da Svid-gzis moaqcios da grquas Sen: Sevinane, miuteve mas“ [markozi 17, 1–4]; ,,da romelman daabrkolos erTi mcireTagani morwmuneTaÁ Cemda momarT, umjobes ars misa gamo-Tumca-iba qedsa missa wisqÂlis qvai viriT safqveli da STavarda zRuasa.” [markozi 9,42]. sagulisxmoa, marTlmadidebluri xedva, Tu rogor unda gaxdes pirovneba lideri: ,,da etyoda CinebulTa maT igavsa da Seaswavebda, viTar-igi zemojdomasa irCevdes, da etyoda maT: raJams gxados vinme qorwilsa, nu dasjdebi pirvelsa sainaxesa, nuukue upatiosnesi Sensa iyos Cinebuli misgan; da movides, romelman-igi Sen da mas gxada, da grquas Sen: adgil-ec amas! maSin iwyo 183 ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia sircxviliT ukanaisknelsa adgilsa dapyrobad. aramed odes gxados vinme, mived da dajed ukanaisknelsa adgilsa, raiTa movides, romelman-igi gxada Sen, da grquas: megobaro, aRmoguale zemokerZo! maSin iyos Senda dideba winaSe yovelTa meinaxeTa SenTa. rameTu yovelman romelman aRimaRlos Tavi Tvisi, igi damdabldes; da romelman daimdablos Tavi Tvisi, amaRldes“ [markozi 14, 7–11]. uflisadmi mibaZviT, saTnoebebiT mcxovrebTaTvis ufali yvela Tavis saunjes xsnis. is yvelaze udidesiT – ganRmrTobis unariT ajildovebs adamians: ,,iyveniT Tquen srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqveni zecaTaÁ srul ars” [maTe 5,48]; ,,ufroÁsi amissa siyuaruli aravis aqus, raÁTa suli TÂsi dadvas megobarTa TÂsTaTÂs. Tquen megobarni Cemni xarT, ukueTu hyoT, romelsa ese gamcneb Tquen. arRara gety Tquen monad, rameTu monaman ara icin, rasa iqmn ufali misi. xolo Tquen garqu megobrad, rameTu yoveli, raodeni mesma mamisa Cemisagan, gauwye Tquen” [iovane 13-15]; ,,amen, amen gety Tquen: romelsa hrwmenes Cemi, saqmesa, romelsa me viqm, manca qmnes da ufroÁsiRa amisa qmnes, rameTu me mamisa mival” [iovane 14,12]. uflisken gzaze adamians eZleva axal-axali niWi: ,,...nugeSinismcemeli igi suliwmidaÁ, romeli moavlinos saxeliTa CemiTa mamaman, man gaswaos Tquen yoveli” [ioane 14-26]; ,,xolo TÂToeulsa Cuensa mocemul ars gamocxadebaÁ igi sulisaÁ umjobesisaTÂs. romelsame sulisa misgan micemul ars sityuaÁ sibrZnisaÁ xolo sxuasa sityuaÁ mecnierebisaÁ miTve suliTa. da sxuasa sarwmunoeba Ámisve sulisagan, romelsame madli kurnebaTaÁ misganve sulisa, romelisame Sewevnani ZalTani, 184 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi romelsame winaÁswarmetyuelebaÁ, romelsame gankiTxvaÁ sulTaÁ, da sxuasa Teslad-Tesladi enaTaÁ, da sxuasa TargmanebaÁ enaTaÁ xolo hbaZevdiT madlTa amaT ufroÁsTa, da merme aRmatebuli gzaÁ giCueno Tquen” [pavle, I _ korinTelTa 12,7-10,31]. visac aqvs da aviTarebs niWs – emateba, vinc mocemul talantebs ar amravlebs isic CamoerTmeva, rac mieca: ,,rameTu yovelsa romelsa aqundes, mieces da miematos; da romelsa ara aqundes da romel-Ra igi aqundes mo-ve-eRos misgan” [maTe 25,29; luka 19,26]. “ubralo” xeli da wminda gulia saWiro WeSmariti Zalis misaRebad. ,,vin aRvides mTasa uflisasa, anu vin dadges adgilsa wmidasa missa? ubraloÁ xeliTa da wmidaÁ guliTa, romelman ara aiRo amaoebasa zeda suli TÂsi da arca efuca zakviT moyvassa TÂssa”[fs. 23]. WeSmariti simaRle mxolod TavmdablobiT miiRweva: ,,ar aris raime ufro maRali, vidre simdable da ufro mdabali, vidre siamaye”, ,,adamiani eZebs pativs maTgan, visac arafrad agdebs... xolo pativi, romelsac mas miageben, didad fasobs misTvis”; ,,mdabals ver daiWer veranairivnebiT, verc didebis siyvaruliT, verc SuriT, verc eWviT da ra SeiZleba iyos amgvar, yovelgvari vnebisgan ganwmendil sulze ufro udidesi?”[3, gv. 569-570] RvTivkurTxeulia adamianTa gaerTianeba da keTili miznebisken swrafva rwmeniT: ,,ukueTu orni Tquenganni SeiTqunen queyanasa zeda yovlisaTÂsve saqmisa, romelica iTxoon eyos maT mamisa Cemisa zecaTaÁsa. rameTu sadaca iyvnen orni gina samni Sekrebul saxelisa CemisaTÂs mun var me Soris maTsa” [maTe 18, 19.20]; ,,ukueTu gaqundes sarwmunoebaÁ, viTarca marcvali mdogvisaÁ, 185 ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia hTquaT mTasa amas: miicuale amier iqi, da miicvalos, da araraÁ SeuZlebel iyos Tquen mier” [maTe 17, 20]; ,,rquaT Tu mTasa amas: aRifxuer amier da STavardi zRuasa! iyos egre. da yovelsa raodensa iTxovdeT locvasa Sina sarwmunoebiT, geyos Tquen” [maTe 21, 21]. warmaval didebas damonebuls ufali ar ganadidebs. ioane oqropiri cudmedidobas memTvraleobis sens adarebs, romelic adamians zecas dauxSavs da miwas miajaWvavs. ,,didebasa urTierTas miiRebT da didebasa mxoloÁsa RmrTisasa ara eZiebT?” [in. 5-44] aseTi adamianebi avadmyofebs gvanan, romelTa ,,kargad yofna” brbos keTilganwyobazea damokidebuli, brbos azri ki usasrulod Wrelia, masze daqvemdebarebulis cxovreba ki _ StormSi Segdebuli uialqno gemiviT ugzo. ras miscems adamians brboSi gandideba? sabraloa adamiani, visac es cxovrebis miznad gauxdia da raoden sabraloa masze daqvemdebarebuli, misi mimdevari. maT pirveloba TviTgandidebisTvis surT. maTi amocnoba advilia _ ,,... uyuars zemojdomaÁ sersa zeda da pirveldajdomaÁ SesakrebelTa Soris. Dda mokiTxvaÁ ubanTa zeda, da raÁTa xadodian kacni: rabi! rabi!“ [maTe23, 6-7].uzenaesi Zalis aRiareba da masze daqvemdebareba is Ruzaa, romelic pirovnebas arasodes akargvinebs simSvides, WeSmarit napirs. Tavis mowafeebs ufali ganuCens mokrZalebul adgils sazogadoebaSi _ ,,xolo Tquen nu iwodebiT rabbi, rameTu erTi ars moZRuari Tqueni _ qriste, xolo Tquen yovelni Zmani xarT. da mamiT nuvis xadis queyanasa zeda, rameTu erTi ars mamaÁ Tqueni, romel ars caTa Sina. nuca geTqumin Tquen winamZRvari, rameTu erT ars winamZRuari Tqueni _ qriste” [maTe 23, 8-10]. ioane oqropiris qadagebebi mniSvnelovani swav- 186 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi lebaa WeSmarit mmarTvelobaze _ ,,ra aris WeSmariti Zalaufleba? is, rac adamianisgan gaqvs miRebuli Tu is, rac SenSia? gana mefe gaqcevs ritorad an eqimad? asevea ufrosobac. ufrosis saxeli jer kidev ar niSnavs ufrosobas, rogorc wmindanTa mosaxeleni ar arian wmindanni. arseboben ufrosebi aseTi saxelebis gareSe. ufrosia is, vinc Tavis Tavs marTavs. visac saxlSi ufrosoba unda, man pirvelad sakuTari suli unda marTos. Tu sakuTar suls ver warmarTavs, sadac martoa da baton-patronia, maS sxvaTa warmarTvas rogor apirebs? vinc saxls marTavs, is qalaqsac warmarTavs, xolo vinc qalaqis warmarTva SeZlo, is saxelmwifosac gauZRveba. visac sakuTari sulis warmarTva ar SeuZlia is saxelmwifos rogor gauZRveba? miTxari ra Tvisebebi unda hqondes ufross? xelqveiTebisaTvis sikeTe ar moaqvs da maTTvis ar qvelmoqmedebs? Tuki msgavsi araferi aqvs, rogor SeZlebs sxvebs sikeTe moutanos iman, visac sikeTis qmna TavisTvis ar SeuZlia? nu ityvi, rom esa da es etliT dabrZandeba, warbebi maRla auzidavs da mcvelebs garemoucavT. nurc mis sartyelze metyvi nurafers, nurc mis xmamaRal yvirilze. amas nuki miCveneb, rogorc mis gamorCeul Tvisebas, aramed misi sulieri mdgomareoba miCvene, sakuTar vnebebs, wamxdar survilebs da miswrafebebs Tu marTavs da Zlevs. magaliTad: vercxlis moyvareobisadmi midrekilebas, mrisxanebas da bilw vnebebs Tu iokebs, Suriani xom ar aris, mzvaobrobiT xom ar SfoTavs, siRaribis, an araxelsayreli cvlilebebis xom ar eSinia. es SiSi bolos xom ar uRebs. ai aseTi ufrosi miCvene, ai es aris – Zalaufleba... Tuki adamianebs warmarTavs, Tavad ki vnebebs emoneba, maSin is yvela adamianze ufro damoneb- 187 ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia ulia, is monaa da vnebebis Zaladobrivi xelmwifeba mis sulSia ganmtkicebuli. vinces xelmwifeba gadaigdo, borot survilebs ar mihyveba, siRaribis da saxelis dakargvis ar eSinia da cxovrebiseul siZneleTa winaSe ugonod ar Zrwis, is Tundac flasiT iyos Semosili, satusaRoSi jaWviT Seborkili ijdes, ufross vuwodeb. is Tavisufalic aris da mefeze mefec”[3. gv. 221]. ioane oqropiri brZanebs, rom adamianma unda ganiZarcvos ,,bilwi samoseli” _cudmedidoba, radgan igi codvisTvis aRZravs adamians da SfoTis, mrisxanebis, angarebis, Suris, dasmenis, ciliswamebis ,,deda, fesvi da wyaroa”. pavle mociquli angarebas kerpTTayvanismcemlobad miiCnevs [ef. 5,5]. efrem asuri locviT SesTxovs ufals daifaros mTavrobis moyvarebisgan. ,,ufalo da meufeo cxovrebisa Cemisao sulsa uqmobisasa da mimomwvilvelobisasa mTavrobismoyvarebisasa da cudadmetyvelebisasa nu mimcem me”. WeSmariti gandideba, simdidre da Zalaufleba modis mxolod maSin, roca uzenaesi simarTlis msaxurni vxdebiT. ,,arca veZiebT kacTagan didebasa, arca Tquengan da arca sxuaTagan”[ITes. 2,6]; ,,eZiebdiT pirvelad sasufevelsa RmrTisasa... da ese yovelni SegeZinos Tquen”[mT. 6,33]. Orthodox Comprehension of Leadership E. Gulua, M. Khokhobaia Leadership is actual subject among modern society; Individuals desireto get more information in this direction. Leadership became highly required and valued skill. Some people believe that leadership is 188 menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi the way of personal, social, professionalimprovement. The situation in labour market is the confirmation (corroboration) of abovementioned point. Companies endeavour select persons with leadership skills, which are great assets for every organization. This article heeds Orthodox vision of leadership. When we make a choice how to attitude to leadership, the main buttress in this way is The Bible. Leadership, prioress isn’t interdicted; contrariwise, if it submits divine lows, it’s beatified. The Bible defines how must behave and which features must have the leader. ,, Jesus called them together and said, “You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them. Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be your slave— just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.” (Mathew 20, 25-28). The truth is not written on the stone or on the board, but on the candid heart. “You show that you are a letter from Christ, the result of our ministry, written not with ink but with the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts.” (2 Corinthians 3:3). Scientific understanding of leadership is not contradicting with orthodox comprehension. Leadership is the rediness for responsibility (Joe Montana);Leadership is skills in which leader gives to ather person means of expend their point of view. (Drucker); gamoyenebuli literatura 1. wminda werili, Zveli aRTqma mcxeTuri xelnaweris mixedviT. axali aRTqma, giorgi mTawmindelis redaqciiT – http://www.nekeri.net/society/religion/pmb/ 189 ekaterine gulua, merab xoxobaia 2. ganmarteba saxarebisaTvis wmindisa mociqulisa da maxarebelisa maTesi., wminda ioane oqropiri konstantinepolis mTavarepiskoposi. ,,alilo”,Tbilisi, 2009; 3. cxovreba da rCeuli Txzulebani wmidaTa Soris mamisa Cvenisa ioane oqropirisa, konstantinepolel mTavarepiskoposisa. ,,sameba”, Tbilisi 2007; 4. John Maxwell, “The Maxwell Leadership Bible”, Second Edition, New King Jame’s Version, NKJV, 2007; 5. http://www.dwaynebess.com/139-2/ 190 finansuri ekonomika optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTis gaangariSebis sakiTxisaTvis Tamar kbilaZe, ivane javaxiSvilis Tsu-is doqtoranti optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTebi mTlianad sagadasaxado tvirTis, samewarmeo seqtorisa da mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis stimulirebis umniSvnelovanesi berketia. amitom, bunebrivia kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,Tu ra zomis unda iyos sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, rom is optimalurad miviCnioT. am kiTxvaze msoflioSi dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani pasuxi. SeumuSavebelia mocemul problematikasTan dakavSirebuli, saerTa Sorisod aRiarebuli meTodologia. mecnier-ekono mistebs, samTavrobo da biznesseqtoris warmomadgenlebs ar aqvT calsaxa, dasabuTebuli pasuxi kiTxvaze: ratom aris mogebis gadasaxadis ganakveTi dasabegri mogebis 15% da mosaxleobis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi daricxuli Semosavlis 20%? mocemuli problema gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Tanamedrove interaqtiul msoflioSi, rodesac globalizaciis maRalma tempebma ekonomikuri zrdisa da socialuri progresis tradiciul parametrebSi koreqtivebi Seitana. es gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis, ekologiuri mdgomareobisa da 191 Tamar kbilaZe ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis Sefasebis inovaciuri indikatorebis danergvis problemas exeba. bunebrivia, axali midgomebia saWiro sagadasaxado Semosavlebis integrirebis, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ganakveTebisa da mTlianad sagadasaxado tvirTis optimalurobis uzrunvelyofis mxriv. makro doneze optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTis miRwevis RonisZiebebze ufro naTeli warmodgenisaTvis, avagoT laferis dinamikuri mrudi saqarTvelos ekonomikis magaliTze 1996–2012 wlebis mixedviT. dinamikuri laferis mrudi balackiseuli interpretaciiT Caiwereba Semdegi formuliT: x=a ∙q+b ∙q2 (1), sadac a da b Sefasebadi parametrebia. (1) modeli, erTdroulad, sami indikatoris miRebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. esenia, dinamikuri laferis wertili (q*), statikuri laferis wertili (q**) da ekonomikis maqsimaluri matebis tempi (x*). x= q= xt-xt-1 xt-1 - aris mSp-is matebis tempi; T x - aris sagadasaxado tvirTi [1, gv.209]. (mocemul problematikasTan dakavSirebiT Jurnal ,,ekonomika da biznesis’’, N4, 2012 - aRniSnulia gamoCenili qarTveli mecnierebis iuri ananiaSvilis da vladimer papavas damsaxureba). optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTis Sesafaseblad gavaanalizoT oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi. (ix. cxrili 1) 192 finansuri ekonomika saqarTvelos mSp-isa da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis maCveneblebi 1996-2012 wlebSi (1996 wlis ucvleli fasebiT, mln lari) cxrili 1 weli mSp sagadasaxado Semosavlebi 1996 3868,5 386,2 1997 4275,4 727,9 1998 4408,1 663,0 1999 4534,6 736,9 2000 4617,9 753,1 2001 4839,9 833,9 2002 5104,8 887,2 2003 5669,3 890,8 2004 6001,5 964,3 2005 6577,3 975,8 2006 7194,5 1043,5 2007 8082,1 1223,6 2008 8269,1 1230,4 2009 7956,9 1209,1 2010 8454,5 1224,5 2011 9060,9 1349,2 2012 9615,0 1450,6 eqselSi Catarebuli regresiuli analizis Sedegebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0,998816 R Square 0,997634 Adjusted R Square 0,930809 Standard Error 0,055063 Observations 17 ANOVA df Regression Residual Total SS MS F Significance F 2 19,17362 9,586811 3161,945 2,57E-19 15 0,045479 0,003032 17 19,2191 193 Multiple R 0,998816 R Square 0,997634 Adjusted R Square 0,930809 Standard Error 0,055063 Observations 17 Tamar kbilaZe ANOVA df Regression Residual Total SS MS F Significance F 2 19,17362 9,586811 3161,945 2,57E-19 15 0,045479 0,003032 17 19,2191 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95%Upper 95%Lower 95,0% Upper 95,0% Intercept 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A X Variable 116,01418 1,039874 15,40011 1,34E-10 13,79774 18,23062 13,79774 18,23062 X Variable 2 -58,671 6,643468 -8,83138 2,5E-07 -72,8312 -44,5108 -72,8312 -44,5108 Tavisuflebis 17 xarisxisTvis da mniSvnelovnebis 5%-iani donisTvis stiudentis ganawilebis kritikuli donea 2,110, orive koeficientisTvis. anu, miiReba alternatiuli hi poTeza da xdeba nulovani hi poTezis uaryofa. es ki niSnavs, rom miRebuli gantolebis orive koeficienti mniSvnelovania. amasve adasturebs ndobis intervali, romelSic nuli ar Cavarda arcerTi koeficientis SemTxvevaSi, rac gvaZlevs nulovani hi poTezis uaryofis da alternatiuli hi poTezis miRebis saSualebas koeficientebis mniSvnelovnebis dasturad. rac Seexeba TviT gantolebis mniSvnelobas, pirvel rigSi, SevxedoT determinaciis koeficients, romelic aris Sedegobrivi cvladis mTlian gafantulobaSi regresiiT axsnili gafantulobis wili. rac ufro axlos aris es koeficienti erTTan, niSnavs, rom dakvirvebis wertilebi miT ufro axlos aris ganlagebuli regresiis wrfesTan. cxrilSi determinaciis koeficienti 0,99-is tolia, rac migviTiTebs regresiis modelis mniSvnelovnebaze. amaze metyvelebs, aseve, maRali koreqtirebuli determinaciis koeficientis mniSvnelobac. 194 finansuri ekonomika gantolebis metyvelebs, aseve, miSvnelovnebis sasargeblod F statistikac, romelic didad aRemateba kritikul mniSvnelobas Tavisuflebis 2 da 14 xarisxebisTvis. rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans, modeli akmayofilebs misdami wayenebul statistikuri Sefasebis parametrebs. laferis mrudi saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamovsaxoT: x=16,014 q-58,671q2 (2) parabolis amoxsniT miviRebT, rom optimaluri sagadasaxado tvirTi, anu dinamikuri laferis wertili q=13,6%-s, xolo ekonomikis Sesabamisi optimaluri zrda aris 9,3%, statikuri laferis wertilis mniSvneloba tolia 17,6 %-is. Tu gadavxedavT ekonomikis realuri zrdis monacemebs (cxrili 2) da aseve, sagadasaxado tvirTis monacemebs, SegviZlia TiToeuli wlisTvis SevafasoT am maCveneblebis optimaluri donidan gadaxris sidide. statikuri laferis mrudis wertilebi (ix. sqema) aRniSnavs ekonomikis iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac mSp inarCunebs zrdis mudmiv temps, romelic tolia erTis. am wertilebs Soris moqceulia fiskaluri politikis samoqmedo diapazoni. am Sualeds miRma gadacdena qveyanas ekonomikur krizisamde miiyvans. statikuri laferis wertilebis Sefasebuli mniSvnelobebi saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis aris, Sesabamisad - 9,6% da 17,6%. es niSnavs, rom sagadasaaxdo tvirTis daweva 9,6% 195 Tamar kbilaZe -is qvemoT gamoiwvevs qveynis ekonomikur vardnas, aseve, sagadasaxado tvirTis gazrda 17,6%-is zemoT, qveynis ekonomikis recesiul mdgomareobaSi Seyvanas niSnavs. saqarTvelos mSp-is realuri zrda (%-obiT wina welTan SedarebiT) da sagadasaxado tvirTi 1996 – 2012 wlebSi cxrili 2 196 wlebi mSp-is realuri zrdis tempebi sagadasaxado tvirTi 1996 1,113 0,099 1997 1,1053 0,170 1998 1,0313 0,150 1999 1,029 0,163 2000 1,018 0,163 2001 1,048 0,172 2002 1,055 0,174 2003 1,111 0,157 2004 1,059 0,160 2005 1,096 0,148 2006 1,094 0,145 2007 1,123 0,151 2008 1,023 0,149 2009 0,962 0,152 2010 1,062 0,145 2011 1,072 0,149 2012 1,061 0,151 finansuri ekonomika optimalurobis TvalsazrisiT, racionaluria Tu sagadasaxado tvirTis mniSvneloba miuaxlovdeba 13,6%-s marcxnidan, Tumca, aucilebeli sabiujeto xarjebis gawevisaTvis, fiskaluri politikis SedgeniT dakavebuli aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo organoebi, albaT, sagadasaxado tvirTis parametrebad 13,6% - 17,6%mde Sualeds airCeven. aseT pirobebSi, garda imisa, rom maRalia biujetis Semosavlebi, ekonomikac Sesabamisad izrdeba. amrigad,sagadasaxado tvirTis 13,6% - 17,6%-iani intervali sakontrolo da saprognozo, saorientacio parametria. makro doneze sagadasaxado tvirTis optima lurobis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT mimarTulebad gvesaxeba evrokavSiris wevr axal da Zvel qveynebTan 197 Tamar kbilaZe saqarTvelos sagadasaxado tvirTis Semdgomi daaxloeba. am ideis sicxadisaTvis saWiroa ganvixiloT sagadasaxado tvirTis dinamikis tendenciebi evrokavSirsa da masSi Semaval qveynebSi. sagadasaxado tvirTma evrokavSiris 27 qveynis mixedviT (EU 27)1 2011 wels mSp-is 38,8% Seadgina. aRniSnulma maCvenebelma 2010 wels _ 38,3%, xolo 2009 wels _ 38,4% Seadgina. sagadasaxado tvirTma evrozonaSi (EA 17)2 2011 wels moimata wina wlebTan SedarebiT da Seadgina 39,5%, maSin roca 2010 wels-39,0%, xolo 2009 wels-39,1% iyo. sagadasaxado tvirTi gansxvavdeba evrokavSiris wevri qvynebis mixedviT: 2011 wels 30%-ze naklebi dafiqsirda Semdeg qveynebSi: litva-26,0%; bulgareTi 27,2%; rumineTi-28,2%; slovakeTi-28,5%; irlandia-28.9%; 40%-ze meti dafiqsirda daniaSi-47,7%; SvedeTSi-44,3%; belgiaSi-44.1%; safrangeTSi-43.9%; fineTSi-43.4%; italiaSi-42.5% da avstriaSi-42.0%. sagadasaxado tvirTis maCveneblis yvelaze mkveTri zrda dafiqsirda 2010- 2011 wlebSi portugaliaSi (31,5 %-dan 33,2%-mde), rumineTSi (26,7%-dan 28,2%-mde), safrangeTSi (42,5%-dan 43,9%-mde), xolo Semcireba dafiqsirda estoneTSi (34,1%-dan 32,8%-mde), SvedeTSi (45,4%-dan 44,3%-mde), litvaSi (27,0%-dan 26,0%-mde). 1 EU 27- belgia, bulgareTi, CexeTis respublika, dania, germania, estoneTi, irlandia, saberZneTi, espaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, kvi prosi, latvia, litva, luqsemburgi, ungreTi, malta, holandia, avstria, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi, slovenia, slovakeTi, fineTi, SvedeTi da didi britaneTi. 2 EA17- belgia, germania, estoneTi, irlandia, saberZneTi, espaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, kvi prosi, luqsemburgi, malta,niderlandebi, avstria, portugalia, slovenia, slovakeTi, fineTi. 198 finansuri ekonomika evrokavSiris 27 wevr qveyanaSi (EU 27) sagadasaxado Semosavlebis yvelaze didi nawili modis saSemosavlo gadasaxadebze, romelsac mosdevs gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze (Semosavlebis erTi mesamedi) da gadasaxadebi kapitalze (Semosavlebis erTi mexuTedi). sagadasaxado tvirTis moculobam Sromaze EU 27Si, 2010 wlidan 2011 wlamde, 35,4%-dan 35,8%-mde moimata. 2011 wels maltaSi sagadasaxado tvirTi Sromaze dafiqsirda-22,7%; bulgareTSi-24,6%; portugaliaSi25,5%; did britaneTSi-26,0%; belgiaSi-42,3% da avstriaSi40,8%. sagadasaxado tvirTis moculobam moxmarebaze EU 27-Si, 2010 wlidan 2011 wlamde, 19,7%-dan 20,1%-mde moimata. 2011 wels yvelaze dabali sagadasaxado tvirTi moxmarebaze dafiqsirda espaneTSi (14,0%), saberZneTSi (16,3%), latviaSi (17,2%), italiaSi (17,4%). yvelaze maRali saprocento ganakveTi aRiniSna daniaSi (31,4%), SvedeTSi (27,3%), luqsemburgSi (27,2%), ungreTSi (26,8%), fineTSi (26,4%). sagadasaxado tvirTis moculobam kapitalze, 2011 wels 2010 welTan SedarebiT, 10 wevri qveynis mixedviT daiklo, xolo 9 qveyanaSi moimata. misma moculobam litvaSi 5,5%, xolo safrangeTSi - 44,4 % Seadgina.[3, http://ec.europa.eu] evrokavSiris 27 wevr qveyanaSi (EU 27) saSemosavlo gadasaxadis saSualo maCvenebelma 2013 wels 38,7% Seadgina, xolo 2012 wels 38,1%. yvelaze maRali saprocento ganakveTi dafiqsirda SvedeTSi (56,6%); daniaSi (55,6%); belgiaSi (53,7%); portugaliaSi (53,0%); 199 Tamar kbilaZe espaneTsa da niderlandebSi (52,0%); yvelaze dabali aRiniSna bulgareTSi (10,0%); litvaSi (15,0%); ungreTsa da rumineTSi (16,0%). mogebis evrokavSiris gadasaxadis 27 wevr saSualo qveyanaSi maCvenebelma (EU 27) 2013 wels Seadgina 23,0%. yvelaze maRali saprocento ganakveTi mogebaze dafiqsirda safrangeTSi (36,1%); maltaSi (35,0%); belgiaSi (34,4%); xolo yvelaze dabali aRiniSna bulgareTsa da kvi prosSi (10%) da irlandiaSi (12,5%). dRg-is saSualo procentulma maCvenebelma 27 wevr qveyanaSi (EU 27) 2013 wels 21,3% Seadgina. 2012 welTan SedarebiT eqvsma wevrma qveyanam gazarda saprocento ganakveTi dRg-ze, mxolod da mxolod litvaSi Semcirda aRniSnul gadasaxadze saprocento ganakveTi. 2013 wels, dRg-ze ganakveTi gansxvavdeboda qveynebis mixedviT: 15% dafiqsirda luqsemburgSi, 18% _ kvi prossa da maltaSi, 27,0% _ ungreTSi da 25% _ daniasa da SvedeTSi. [4, http://ec.europa.eu] saqarTveloSi calkeuli saxeobis gadasaxadebis saprocento ganakveTebi dabalia rogorc mTlianad evrokavSiris, aseve mis calkeul Zvel da axal wevr qveynebTan SedarebiT. saqarTveloSi da sagadasaxado tvirTis analizma mocemul sakiTxze Cven mier Catarebulma kvlevam gviCvena, rom saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis arsebuli sagadasaxado tvirTi saWiroebs Semdgom optimizacias, rac ekonomikis mdgradi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. 200 ganviTarebis erT–erTi finansuri ekonomika For the Issue of calculating Optimal Tax Burden T. Kbiladze High speed of globalization has created inevitability of ensuring objectives of sustainable development of economics and optimally determined taxes can play very important role in it, which is the main factor for formation of tax burden. This in itself is an important leverage for achieving the sustainable development and prosperity of society. Sustainable development of economy and business promotion greatly depends on heaviness and lightness of tax burden. Thus, it is very important and difficult scientific and practical problem to determine the optimal size of tax burden. There still does not exist universally accepted methodology for determining optimal tax rates, which is the main issue for optimal tax burden formation. Thus, analysis of tax burden and according to our research it is obvious that nowadays the existing tax burden in Georgia needs further optimization which is the most important factor for sustainable development of country’s economy. Ggamoyenebuli literatura 1. Е.В.Балацкий, Н.А.Екимова, Налогово- бюджетная политика и Экономический рост, «Общество и экономика», N4-5,2011; 2. qarTvel mecnierTa aRiareba, Jurnali ,, ekonomika da biznesi’’, N4, 2012; 3. http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/index_en.htm 4. www.geostat.ge 201 JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero statiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi 1. JurnalSi qarTul, inglisur, germanul da rusul enebze qveyndeba statiebi ekonomikuri Teoriisa da ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoriis, ekonomikuri politikis, ekonomikisa da biznesis aqtualur sakiTxebze, aseve, recenziebi bolo periodSi gamoqveynebul monografiebsa da saxelmZRaneloebze. 2. statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi problemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis meTodologia, kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle), rekomendaciebi. 3. statia warmodgenili unda iyos 4 formatiT. statiis moculoba, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalisa da referatebis CaTvliT, ar unda aRematebodes kompiuterze 1,5 intervaliT da 11 SriftiT nabeWdi teqstis 15 gverds. 4. qarTul enaze daweril statias unda axldes referatebi qarTul da inglisur enebze - TiToeuli 1000dan 1500-mde niSnis moculobiT. Uucxo enaze daweril statias Tan unda axldes ZiriTadi Sinaarsi 2-3 gverdze qarTul enaze da referati imave ucxo enaze. 5. redaqciaSi statiis warmodgena aucilebelia or nabeWd egzemplarad, elversiasTan erTad( MS word, qarTuli statia SriftiT AcadNusx, ხოლო უცხოურ ენაზე ტექსტი - Times New Roman). 6. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) unda mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, akademiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTi;. 7. statiaSi unda Candes sakvlev problemasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba. literaturis dasaxeleba unda ganTavsdes statiis bo- 202 los erTiani siis saxiT: a) wignis dasaxeleba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari da inicialebi, wignis dasaxeleba, gamocemis adgili, gamomcemloba, weli; b) saJurnalo statiisaTvis - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari da inicialebi, statiis dasaxeleba, Jurnalis dasaxeleba, weli, Jurnalis nomeri. literaturis siaSi miTiTebuli wyaro gamoyenebuli unda iyos statiis teqstSi. ama Tu im avtoris naSromidan citirebisas, mas unda mieTiTos wyaro Sesabamisi gverdis aRniSvniT Semdegi saxiT [5,gv.41], sadac pirveli cifri Seesabameba citirebuili wyaros rigiT nomers gamoyenebuli literaturis siaSi, xolo meore - im gverds, saidanac moyvanilia citata. literaturis siaSi yoveli wignis (Jurnalis) bibliografiuli aRwera unda Seesabamebodes mis satitulo furcels. 8. ZiriTadad teqstSi cxrilebi, grafikebi da sqemebi unda ganTavsdes maTi miTiTebis adgilze, Tu iq adgili arasakmarisia - SeiZleba momdevno gverdze. cxrilebs, grafikebs da sqemebs unda hqondes dasaxeleba da numeracia. 9. statias, romelic ar pasuxobs zemoT CamoTvlil moTxovnebs, redaqcia ar miiRebs 10. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantebisa da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) avtorebi ixdian safasurs – erT gverdze 5 (xuT) lars, rac maT mier Cairicxeba Tsu-is ekonomikuri Semosavlebis angariSSi. sakontaqto telefonebi: 2 30 36 68; 2 30 40 78; 599 24 77 47; 599 10 38 16 e-Mail:[email protected]; [email protected] 203 ISSN 1987-5789 daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa manana jixviSvili 204
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