history and current processes

Settlement system
structure of the
Kaliningrad Region:
history and current
processes
III Congress of Lithuanian geographers
Vilnius, 2014-09-26
Dr. Andrey Levchenkov
Baltic federal university (Kaliningrad)
• History of settlement system forming
• Development after 1945
• Current process
Schlüter O. Wald, Sumpf und Siedlungsland in Altpreußen von der Ordenszeit, Jena 1921
Forming history: stages
- Stage 1 (VI a.d.-1280): Prussian period of settlement, land settle
predetermined by features of nature, sustainable condition, minor
human impact.
- Stage 2 (1280-1525): The beginning of German period of
settlement. Intensive colonization of western margins of the area,
deforestation, watercourse regulation, extensive agriculture.
- Stage 3 (1525-1810): Reclamation of eastern margins of the area,
expansion of the large-scale farming, rise of human impact on an
environment.
- Stage 4 (1810-1945): Land reform, settlement system is formed.
Melioration, intensive agriculture, forest devastation.
- Stage 5 (1945-90): Fundamental changes of the settlement system
and land ownership.
- Stage 6 (1991-now): changing of the economic system (i.e.
landuse feature).
Colonization
of Old Prussia
Scheu, E. Ostpreußen. Eine wirtschaftsgeographische Landeskunde, Königsberg 1936
Settling of the area by peasants
Pr.-Eylau, 1450 (M.Rousselle)
Angerweiler: Sollecken-Косатухино, 1407, Kr.Heiligenbeil
Angerweiler Woydehnen, Kr. Tilsit-Ragnit (Ветрово), 1722
Streusiedlung: Unter-Eiseln, Kr. TilsitRagnit (Большое Село), gegr. 1504
State at 1507/19
State at 1540
State at 1618
Schirwindt-Kutuzovo – 1515; Schloßberg-Dobrovolsk– 1519; Gumbinnen-Gussev –
1539; Darkehmen-Ozersk, Stallupönen-Nesterov – 1540
Plague 1709-11
• About 200000 persons was dead, 10834 farmsreads became
empty
• Resettlement programm FW I. 1714-21
• about 53 000 migrants total, 16 000 from Salzburg
• also Schwitzerland, Nassau, Pfalz, Lithuania
Salzburger Church in Gumbinnen 1840
von Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Stage 4: Land Reform in Prussia 1807/1811 and
consequences
• Liberation of the serfs
• Separation, rural community secession
• New forms of settlement: isolated farmstead,
household, estate
• New agricultural approaches
Estate of Ackerau-Armejskoje settling
1908
1942
New settlements
1890-1919
1919-1927
Melioration
First melioration in 1852 at estate Fuchsberg (now – Kholmogorovka) by
Belgium engineer Leclerc, subsurface drainage system
Pasture management union
area, ha
Drainage society
area, ha
Dams union
area, ha
Total
area, ha
Reg.-Bez.
Königsberg
Reg-.Bez.
Gumbinnen
Provinz
176
141
540
48 247
32 343
150 490
254
108
395
140 965
37 563
191 426
14
12
26
24 342
46 243
70 585
444
261
961
213 554
116 149
412 501
Hansen, J. Die Landwirtschaft in Ostpreußen 1916
Elchtal colony at Grosses Moosbruch
• History of settlement system forming
• Development after 1945
• Current process
State at 1939
•
•
•
•
•
•
Population – 1 165 837 , including rural – 512 000
Population density – 67,3 Einw./qkm
Settlements – 10 614
Small forms of settlements
Employment: per 100 ha – 25 persons
Agricultural employment 36,5% labour force
Number of frontiermen in the countryside 1947-55
according to other sources, thous. people
Source
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
Regional
38,4
frontierman
department
Regional statistics 54,4
department
44,1
21,4
20,4
5,8
6,7
4,5
4,6
3,5
54,5
37,9
33,8
21,3
20,9
25,5
25,5
20,7
Frontiermen data during 1947-50. According to
point of outcome, thous. people
Income
Outcome
Amount of
growth
Relative share in
amount of growth, %
RSFSR
253,3
79,2
174,1
70,0
Belarus
35,2
7,6
27,6
11,1
Ukraine
29,2
11,7
17,5
7,0
Baltic states
24,1
11,6
12,5
5,0
Other USSR
Republics
50,0
32,9
17,1
6,9
391,8
143,0
248,8
100
Total
Archival documents
«...during land settle campaign the economic, cultural and general
construction in kholhoz had not been provided. Kolkhoz centers are
located at settlements and farm yards which do not challenge the
requirements to modern kolkhoz centers and which are in need of
redivision»
«...хозяйственного и культурно-бытового строительства в
колхозах, в период кампании заселения, не проводилось.
Колхозные центры размещены в населённых пунктах и
хуторах, которые в полной мере не отвечают требованиям
современных колхозных центров и должны быть в ближайшее
время подвергнуты перепланировке»
ГАКО, Ф.332, Оп.1 Д.1 Л.1-2
«...for frontiermen at 1949 it was repaired 5 069 houses-apartments
while 5000 was planned. Meanwhile, in 1949 all frontiermen
together with theirs families were settled to repaired housesapartments located in settlements, farmstead settle had not been
allowed»
«...для переселенцев 1949 года отремонтировано 5 069 домовквартир при плане 5 000. Таким образом, все прибывшие в 1949
г. семьи переселенцев были вселены в отремонтированные
дома-квартиры, находящиеся в населённых пунктах, не
допуская расселения их на хуторах»
ГАКО, Ф.183 Оп.5 Д.133 Л. 11
Statement from 3 March 1947 by Chairman of Molotov Kolkhoz on
proposal argumentation about kolkhoz division:
«Settlement system based on isolated farmsteads provide difficulties
to see after each kolkhoz member… theft of property is occur…, further
it will be difficult to detect theft of yield… its easier to manage and to
reduce to discipline being in kolkhoz, to look into the matter of each
person… it takes more than 8 hours to gather all to common meeting
and its not possible to gather all the people due to long distance,
people come to work out of step of the time, its impossible to detect
the violation as well as overcome the mess on-time…
on the common meeting it was unanimously resolved that its better to
divide us into two equal kolkhozes, everybody will work harder as well
as it will be able to get the governance going better…»
ГАКО, Ф.325, Оп.1, Д.3 Л.169
The dynamics of rural population
List of settlements liable for further development and settlements
liable for gradual liquidation and demolition
(Ozersk Production and kolkhoz office. 1963-09-02)
agriculture
Perspectives
settlements
Destiny
Population
Liquidation
1963
1980
2013
1. Sovkhos
«Luzhki»
Лужки
Пограничный
Central estate
Branch-office
38
93
1500
500
237
49
21
2. Sovkhos
«Yudinsky»
Новостроево
Юдино
Central estate
Branch-office
705
279
1700
500
591
436
20
3. Sovkhos
„Trudovik“
Ново-Гурьевское Central estate
71
1500
447
8
4. Sovkhos
«Ozersky»
Суворовка
Кадымка
Жучково
Дубрава
Central estate
Branch-office
Branch-office
Branch-office
172
235
179
167
500
500
500
500
….
...
...
...
...
16. Kolkhos
«Vlast truda»
Садовое
Шишково
Central estate
Brigade
347
161
7
...
...
652
12
1000
164
500
Ф. 297. Оп. 8. Д. 723. Л. 104-111
Settling of Lower Neman lowland
1939
2011
Rural settlements according to the regions, 1939 in
compasion with 2012
Settling system after 1945
• History of settlement system forming
• Development after 1945
• Current process
Population of settlements, 2010
Geodemographic situation
Service centers, 2000
Municipalities, since 2009
Saldo in rayons, 1989-2010
Saldo in communal units, 1989-2010
Factors
•
•
•
•
•
•
Economic situation
Municipal reform
Infrastructure objects
Change in agriculture sectors
Support of major producers
Unemployment, but luck of personnel
Thanks for your Attention!