Celstran - Hi Polymers

Transcription

Celstran
®
®
Compel
Celstran
®
Compel
®
Long-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (LFT)
• markedly higher
mechanical properties
• high notched
impact strength
• reduced creep tendency
• very good stability
over a broad range of
temperatures and
climatic conditions
Celstran®
Compel®
long-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (LFT)
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
4
1.1
1.2
1.3
General information
Quality Management
Brief description
4
5
5
2.
Grades
7
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Overview of grades
Survey and nomenclature of Celstran
Survey and nomenclature of Compel
Form supplied
Colours
7
8
8
9
9
3.
Material Data
10
4.
Physical Properties
20
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
General information
Mechanical properties
Preliminary remarks
Short-term stress
Creep properties
Toughness
Fatigue
Surface properties
Thermal properties
Coefficient of expansion
Specific heat, enthalpy
Thermal conductivity
Electrical properties
Optical properties
Acoustic properties
20
21
21
21
23
25
26
26
27
27
27
28
28
29
29
5.
Environmental Effects
30
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.3
5.4
Thermal properties
Heat deflection temperature
Heat ageing
Flammability
Chemical resistance
Weathering and UV resistance
30
30
30
31
32
32
® = registered trademark
2
Celstran®
Compel®
Introduction
1
Grades
2
Material Data
3
Physical Properties
4
Environmental Effects
5
43
43
43
45
Processing
6
Recycling
46
Finishing
7
9.
Photo supplement showing typical applications
47
10.
Subject Index
51
Recycling
8
11.
Literature
53
Photo supplement
showing typical applications
9
6.
Processing
33
6.1
6.2
33
33
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.2.6
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.4
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.6
Preparation
Injection moulding of Celstran
including mould making
Machine requirements
Processing conditions
Flow properties and flow path lengths
Shrinkage
Gate and mould design
Special methods
Blow moulding of Celstran
Materials
Machine requirements
Parison die
Temperatures
Extrusion of Celstran
Processing of Compel
Plasticizing/compression moulding
Other methods
Safety notes
33
34
36
36
38
38
39
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
42
42
7.
Finishing
43
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
Machining
Assembly
Welding
Adhesive bonding
8.
Subject Index
10
Literature
11
3
Celstran®
Compel®
1. Introduction
1.1 General information
Celstran and Compel are long-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (LFT) made by Ticona. Various processing
methods are used to produce high-strength components from these materials, which are tailor-made to
customers' requirements (fig. 1.1). Almost all partially crystalline and amorphous thermoplastics are suitable as thermoplastic matrix materials.
These grades are produced in a special patented
pultrusion process [1]. The fibres incorporated in this
process can be glass, carbon, aramid or stainless steel.
In pultrusion the continuous filaments are pulled
through the thermoplastic melt. Process control and
die are optimized so that
Fig. 1.2 · Diagram of a fully impregnated
long-fibre pellet (right) compared with
wire coating (centre) and short-fibre pellets (left)
Ce
Co lstran ®
mp
el ®
Short-fibre pellet
Wire coating
fibre length = 0.2 to 0.4 mm
Fully impregnated
long-fibre pellet
fibre length
= 10 to 25 mm
Fig. 1.3 · Cross-section through
a Celstran PP-GF50 pellet, a PP reinforced with
50% by weight long glass fibres
- high impregnation quality without damage to the
fibres is achieved and
- the individual filament of the reinforcing fibres is
thoroughly wetted [1, 2], fig. 1.2 and 1.3.
Fig. 1.1 · Celstran and Compel are starting
materials for high-strength components
These materials have substantially better mechanical
properties than comparable short-fibre-reinforced
thermoplastics. The long-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics are thus suitable for the manufacture of
mouldings that are subject to high mechanical stress –
even at elevated temperatures – and for products that
have in the past been made of cast metals or thermosets.
The most important field of application at present for
Celstran is the automotive sector [3]. For example,
gear levers and sunroof drainage channels are made
from it because of the mechanical stress imposed on
them. Parts near the engine such as fan shrouds, fig.
1.4, engine noise deadening casings, fig. 1.5, or housings for electronic engine control systems, fig. 1.6,
also have to withstand additional temperature stress.
4
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 1.4 · Fan shroud made from Celstran PP-GF40
for the BMW E38 and E39 diesel vehicles
(manufacturer: Geigertechnik GmbH,
Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany)
1.2 Quality Management
Celstran is a unit of Ticona, Kelsterbach and is registered to ISO 9001. QS-9000 certification is scheduled until end of 2000.
1
The quality system and the associated documentation
are constantly being developed. The basis for this is
VDA vol. 6, 4th edition, 1998, QS-9000 and an
annual self-assessment in accordance with the criteria
model of the European Quality Award (EQA) of the
European Foundation of Quality Management.
Fig. 1.5 · Engine noise deadening casing
made from Celstran PP-GF40 for the Porsche Boxster
(manufacturer: Mürdter, Mutlangen, Germany)
To foster effective partnerships with our customers
Ticona offers to conclude quality agreements and also
to issue test certificates. These agreements document
the specifications for our products. 3.1B certificates in
accordance with EN 10 204 can be arranged for each
consignment.
1.3 Brief description
The most important application properties of the
long-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics compared with
the corresponding short-fibre-reinforced materials are
- markedly higher mechanical properties
- higher notched impact strength
- reduced creep tendency
- very good stability at elevated temperatures in
humid conditions.
Fig. 1.6 · Housing made from Celstran PP-GF40
for the electronic engine control system of the
Mercedes Benz Roadster “SLK” (manufacturer:
Kostal GmbH & Co.KG, Lüdenscheid, Germany)
Celstran is the trademark for long-fibre-reinforced
thermoplastics. They are supplied in form of cylindrical moulding granules (typical geometry: diameter
3 mm, length up to 12 mm), in which fibre length and
pellet length are identical.
The range of Celstran products comprises a number
of possible matrix-fibre combinations. They are
intended for injection moulding, extrusion and blow
moulding and produce moulded parts with markedly
greater fibre lengths than conventional short-fibrereinforced plastics.
Celstran mouldings display fracture behaviour typical
of long-fibre reinforcement. This is demonstrated
when the fibre length exceeds a critical value. This
value depends on the fibre-matrix combination; practical experience shows that it is between 0.8 and
3 mm. Above this fibre length the material has the
characteristics of a fibre composite [1].
5
Celstran®
Compel®
The long-fibre reinforcement is manifested by the
fibre skeleton whose outer shape remains unchanged
after the resin matrix is burned off, fig. 1.7. This
fibre skeleton is responsible among other things for
the good impact strength; it absorbs the impact energy and dissipates it in the moulding. The long-fibre
reinforcement also has a beneficial effect on the properties at elevated service temperatures and on the
creep properties.
Fig. 1.7 · After burning off, a moulding
(example: pump head made from Celstran
PA66-GF50, top) retains its geometry almost intact
as a fibre skeleton (bottom)
Celstran SF grades are masterbatches with 50 to 60%
by weight stainless steel filaments [4, 5]. They are
used to produce housings with electromagnetic shielding properties and antistatic components, see supplement [4] (will be mailed upon request).
Compel is the trademark for even longer pellets
(typical length: 25 mm). When processed, they are
plasticized gently and then compression-moulded.
This gentle process yields higher impact strength and
energy absorption than injection moulding, particularly with large-area structural components, fig. 1.8.
Processing of Compel by plasticizing/compression
moulding offers the following advantages compared
with e.g. GMT compression moulding:
- freedom of shaping without the use of cut outs
- low energy requirement due to screw plasticizing
- low moulding pressure required
- very good melt flowability
- uniform glass fibre content even in thin ribs
- good moulded part surfaces
- immediate recycling of production waste.
For further details of Compel please order our
Compel brochure.
6
Fig. 1.8 · Instrument panel carrier for a car
made from Compel PP-GF30 by plasticizing /
compression moulding
Celstran®
Compel®
2. Grades
2.1 Overview of grades
1
Celstran
Material
Glass fibres
Filaments of stainless
high-grade steel
Carbon fibres
Aramid fibres
PP
PP-GF30-04
PP-GF30-05
PP-GF40-04
PP-GF40-05
PP-GF50-04
PP-GF57-05
PP-SF60
PE-HD
PE-HD-GF60-01
PA66
PA66-GF40-01
PA66-GF40-02
PA66-GF50-01
PA66-GF50-02
PA66-GF60-01
PA66-GF60-02
PA66-SF50
PA66-CF40-01
PA66-AF35-02
PA
PA12-SF50
PA6-CF30
ABS
ABS-SF50
PC
PC/ABS-GF25-02
PC/ABS-GF40-02
PC-SF50
PBT, PET
PBT-GF40-01
PBT-GF50-01
PET-GF40-01
PET-GF50-01
PBT-SF50
PPS
PPS-GF50-01
PPS-GF40-01
PPS-SF 50
TPU
TPU-GF30-01
TPU-GF40-01
TPU-GF50-01
TPU-GF60-01
POM
POM-GF40-01
PPS-CF40-01
2
PPS-AF35-01
TPU-CF40-01
POM-SF50
POM-AF30-01
Compel
PP
PP-GF30-04
PP-GF30-05
PP-GF40-04
PP-GF40-05
PP-GF50-04
PP-GF57-05
7
Celstran®
Compel®
2.2 Survey and nomenclature of Celstran
Fig. 2.1 · Grade designation for Celstran
In the grade designation for Celstran, fig. 2.1,
Example:
- the first group of symbols indicates the basic
polymer
- the letters after the hyphen indicate the type of
reinforcing fibres
- the number immediately following indicates the
fibre content in % by weight
- the pair of numbers appended after the grade designation (modification) indicate special features as
viscosity, impact strength, heat stabilization etc.
- the second pair of numbers is an additional suffix
for special formulations like high light stabilization,
ease of demoulding, markedly low emission rate etc.
- P with the following numbers characterise the pellet
length and with it the fibre length in mm
- the numbers after the dash symbolize the colour
code. Natural grades have no declaration.
Matrix material
2.3 Survey and nomenclature of Compel
Grades of Compel with polypropylene as matrix
material with 30-57% long-glass-fibre reinforcement
are currently available.
All Compel grades are heat-stabilized.
Celstran PP-GF40-0414P10/10
Type of fibre
Fibre content in % (w/w)
Modification
Additional suffix
Pellet length in mm
Colour
Key to abbreviations:
Matrix materials:
PP
PA66
PA6
PA12
PBT
PC
PE-HD
PET
POM
PPS
TPU
ABS
Polypropylene
Polyamide 66
Polyamide 6
Polyamide 12
Polybutylene terephthalate
Polycarbonate
High-density polyethylene
Polyethylene terephthalate
Polyoxymethylene
Polyphenylene sulphide
Thermoplastic polyurethane
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
Fibres:
GF
CF
AF
SF
Glass
Carbon
Aramid
Stainless steel
Modification of Celstran PP:
03
04
chemically coupled, heat stabilized
chemically coupled, heat stabilized,
increased flowability
chemically coupled, heat stabilized,
high impact modificated
05
Modification of Celstran PA:
01
02
10
high gloss
heat stabilized
flame-retardant
(V-0 in accordance with UL 94)
Modification of Celstran PE-HD:
01
chemically coupled
Additional suffix:
16
05
53
55
easily demouldable
highly light-stabilized
markedly low C emission
markedly low C emission and light stabilized
Colours:
without
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
8
natural
black
white
grey
red
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
yellow
brown
green
blue
specialities
Celstran®
Compel®
2.4 Form supplied
2.5 Colours
To a large extend Celstran and Compel are supplied
to individual requirements both in terms of the
thermoplastic matrix and of the fibres used for reinforcement. Possible matrix systems are
Celstran PP and Compel PP are normally supplied
in natural and black. In-house coloration by the processor is not recommended because of the need for
gentle plasticization.
- high-density polyethylene, PE-HD
- polypropylene, PP
- polyacetal, POM (Hostaform®)
- polybutylene terephthalate, PBT (Celanex®)
- polyethylene terephthalate, PET (Impet®)
- polyphenylene sulphide, PPS (Fortron®)
- thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU
- acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS
- polycarbonate, PC, and PC blends with ABS
- polyamide 66, PA66
- polyamide 6, PA6
- polyamide 12, PA12.
Coloration of Celstran PP and Compel PP is subject
to limitations; colours on request. Celstran PA can
be supplied coloured.
2
Other matrix systems are being prepared.
The following reinforcing fibres are available:
- glass
- carbon
- aramid
- stainless steel filaments.
Celstran is supplied in 25-kg bags and 500-kg large
containers.
Silo truck delivery is also possible (à 20 t) with
Celstran. Because of the high impregnation of the
fibres pneumatic conveyance is possible.
Compel is supplied in 20-kg bags and 400-kg large
containers.
9
Celstran®
Compel®
3. Material Data
Physical property
Unit
Test method
Test specimen
Content of reinforcing material
% by wt.
ISO 3451, part 1
No test specimen (pellets)
Density
g/cm3
ISO 1183
10 x 10 x 4 mm
Water absorption at 23°C after 24 h
% by wt.
ISO 62
80 x 80 x 1 mm
Mechanical properties, measured under standard conditions, ISO 291-23/50
Tensile strength at 23°C
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
Multi-purpose test specimen
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
Elongation at break at 23°C
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
Tensile modulus at 23°C
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
Flexural strength at 23°C
MPa
ISO 178
80 x 10 x 4 mm from multi-purpose test specimen to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 178
Flexural strain at flexural strength at 23°C
%
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
Flexural modulus at 23°C
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
Impact strength (Charpy) at 23°C
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
Impact strength (Charpy) at -30°C
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
Notched impact strength (Charpy) at 23°C
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
Notched impact strength (Charpy) at -30°C
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
Notched impact strength (Izod) at 23°C
J/m
ASTM D 256
Notched impact strength (Izod) at -30°C
J/m
ASTM D 256
Puncture energy at 23°C
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
Puncture energy at -30°C
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
Maximum force
N
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
Heat deflection temperature HDT/A (1.8 MPa)
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
Heat deflection temperature HDT/C (8.0 MPa)
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
Thermal properties
10
Celstran®
Compel®
Celstran PP
PP-GF30-04
PP-GF30-05
PP-GF40-04
Celstran PE-HD
PP-GF40-05
PP-GF50-04
PE-HD-GF60-01
30
30
40
40
50
60
1.12
1.12
1.22
1.22
1.33
1.51
–
–
–
–
–
–
95
75
110
100
125
90
52
–
63
–
70
–
2.3
2.8
2
2.3
1.8
1.6
2.9
–
2.5
–
2.4
–
7,200
5,300
9,100
7,300
11,700
12,000
4,400
–
6,500
–
7,200
–
160
135
190
155
200
88
95
–
100
–
105
–
2.9
3.7
2.7
3.2
2.4
–
3.7
–
3.6
–
3.2
–
7,000
5,300
9,500
7,100
11,100
9,000
4,800
–
6,400
–
7,200
–
48
60
59
70
59
–
44
–
55
–
57
–
18
23
16
25
19
–
20
–
13
–
14
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3.9
–
4.8
–
6.3
–
4.9
–
–
3
296
5.1
–
6.1
–
–
–
–
–
148
–
152
–
155
121
122
–
128
–
132
–
11
Celstran®
Compel®
Physical property
Unit
Test method
Test specimen
% by wt.
ISO 3451, part 1
Density
g/cm3
ISO 1183
10 x 10 x 4 mm
% by wt.
ISO 62
80 x 80 x 1 mm
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
J/m
ASTM D 256
J/m
ASTM D 256
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
Maximum force
N
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
Thermal properties
12
Celstran®
Compel®
Celstran PA66
PA66-GF40-02
DAM
PA66-GF40-02
cond.
PA66-GF40-01
DAM
PA66-GF40-01
cond.
PA66-GF50-02
DAM
PA66-GF50-02
cond.
40
40
40
40
50
50
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.56
1.56
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.4
0.4
235
170
230
155
260
190
140
120
135
115
160
130
2.4
2.8
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
3
2.9
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.7
14,000
10,200
13,000
8,700
16,200
12,300
8,100
7,500
7,800
7,100
10,500
9,600
370
290
300
245
405
320
250
210
215
195
–
–
3.5
4.1
3.2
3.8
3.2
3.8
4.1
3.7
3.4
3.9
–
_
12,300
9,800
11,100
8,600
14,800
11,700
7,500
6,800
7,200
6,500
9,500
9,000
85
95
81
91
90
95
75
–
72
65
85
80
30
30
36
36
33
34
30
30
36
37
33
34
230
240
260
300
250
295
220
–
240
280
275
–
8.6
–
–
–
8.6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
4,950
–
–
–
4,600
–
255
255
242
242
256
256
240
240
218
218
249
249
13
Celstran®
Compel®
Physical property
Unit
Test method
Test specimen
% by wt.
ISO 3451, part 1
Density
g/cm3
ISO 1183
10 x 10 x 4 mm
% by wt.
ISO 62
80 x 80 x 1 mm
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
J/m
ASTM D 256
J/m
ASTM D 256
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
Maximum force
N
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
Thermal properties
14
Celstran®
Compel®
Celstran PA66
PA66-GF50-01
DAM
PA66-GF50-01
cond.
PA66-GF60-02
DAM
PA66-GF60-02
cond.
PA66-AF35-02
PA66-CF40-01
50
50
60
60
35
40
1.55
1.55
1.69
1.69
1.22
1.33
0.4
0.4
0.25
0.25
–
–
255
175
285
200
115
270
150
120
175
140
–
–
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.3
2
1
2.4
2.4
1.9
2
–
–
16,500
11,200
19,000
15,200
8,600
30,800
9,800
8,500
15,000
11,900
–
–
350
260
410
330
183
440
250
210
–
–
–
–
3.1
3.6
3
3.3
–
–
4.5
3.5
–
–
–
–
14,500
8,700
18,000
15,000
7,800
26,000
8,600
7,200
–
–
–
–
96
107
100
100
–
–
82
76
–
–
–
–
41
40
45
–
12
21
41
41
–
–
–
–
330
360
280
320
140
255
290
330
280
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
242
242
257
257
246
260
217
217
250
250
–
–
3
15
Celstran®
Compel®
Physical property
Unit
Test method
Test specimen
% by wt.
ISO 3451, part 1
Density
g/cm3
ISO 1183
10 x 10 x 4 mm
% by wt.
ISO 62
80 x 80 x 1 mm
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
J/m
ASTM D 256
J/m
ASTM D 256
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
Maximum force
N
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
Thermal properties
16
Celstran®
Compel®
Celstran PC/ABS
Celstran PBT/PET
PC/ABS-GF
25-02
PC/ABS-GF
40-02
PBT-GF
40-01
PBT-GF
50-01
PET-GF
40-02
PET-GF
50-01
25
40
40
50
40
50
1.36
1.5
1.65
1.75
1.7
1.8
–
–
–
–
–
–
120
152
132
166
189
165
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.8
1.4
1.25
1.3
1.8
1.1
–
–
–
–
–
–
8,100
12,000
13,500
15,000
15,300
16,000
–
–
–
–
–
–
185
235
216
262
310
252
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7,400
11,000
11,800
13,000
13,700
14,500
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
28
–
36
–
18
–
–
–
–
–
213
182
352
454
267
347
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
107
113
213
216
249
249
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
17
Celstran®
Compel®
Physical property
Unit
Test method
Test specimen
% by wt.
ISO 3451, part 1
Density
g/cm3
ISO 1183
10 x 10 x 4 mm
% by wt.
ISO 62
80 x 80 x 1 mm
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
%
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 5 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 527 part 1/2;
test speed 1 mm/min
to ISO 3167
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
%
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
MPa
ISO 178
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eU
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
kJ/m2
ISO 179 1eA
J/m
ASTM D 256
J/m
ASTM D 256
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
J/mm
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
Maximum force
N
ISO 6603 part 2
60 x 60 x 2 mm
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
°C
ISO 75 part 1/2
Thermal properties
18
Celstran®
Compel®
Celstran PPS
PPS-GF
50-01
PPS-AF
35-01
Celstran TPU
PPS-CF
40-01
TPU-GF
30-01
TPU-GF
40-01
TPU-GF
50-01
Celstran POM
TPU-GF
60-01
POM-GF
40-01
POM-AF
30-01
50
35
40
30
40
50
60
40
30
1.72
1.35
1.46
1.43
1.52
1.63
1.76
1.72
1.42
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
148
74
158
180
209
248
230
102
106
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1.3
0.5
2.8
2.55
2.4
1.6
1.1
2.3
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
18,000
8,300
35,000
8,400
11,300
15,000
18,600
12,000
8,000
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
265
138
297
272
300
363
408
182
137
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17,000
8,380
30,000
8,000
10,000
13,000
16,000
11,000
6,000
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23
9
–
41
48
–
58
28
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
359
125
161
426
588
645
692
374
421
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
282
260
277
85
91
96
102
160
157
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
19
Celstran®
Compel®
4. Physical Properties
Fig. 4.1 · Long-fibre reinforcement in a threaded
part reduces notch sensitivity in the thread root
4.1 General information
Sections 4. “Physical Properties” and 5. “Environmental Effects” deal with the important properties
that are descriptive of Celstran and Compel, specifically – where available – as a function of temperature
and time.
All properties are determined by standardized test
methods wherever possible. A survey of the physical
properties is given in section 3. “Material Data”. The
values are also available as a data sheet.
20,000
Long-fibre materials
10,000
Short-fibre
materials
Unreinforced termoplastics
0
100
300
400
500
J/m
700
Izod notched impact strength K (ASTM D 256)
17
17.2
10
5
0
= 307 N/mm2
= 1.33 g/cm3
15
Celstran
PA66-GF60
Celstran
PA66-GF50
9.8
5.1
5.9
Steel*
Zinc*
Celstran
PA66-CF40
Aluminium*
= 225 N/mm2
= 1.80 g/cm3
16.5
= 285 N/mm2
= 1.69 g/cm3
20
= 370 N/mm2
= 7.40 g/cm3
23.5
= 345 N/mm2
= 6.00 g/cm3
30
km
25
= 270 N/mm2
= 2.80 g/cm3
Fig. 4.3 · Specific strength of Celstran PA
– reinforced with glass fibres or carbon fibres –
compared with metals
Celstran
PA66-GF40
20
200
= 260 N/mm2
= 1.56 g/cm3
Generally speaking, long-fibre-reinforced plastics
have a high modulus of elasticity – typical values are
between 10,000 and 20,000 MPa – with no change in
their good impact and notched impact strength, fig.
4.2. Owing to their high rigidity and strength longfibre-reinforced plastics are able to replace metals. In
specific strength they far surpass metals, fig. 4.3.
MPa
= 235 N/mm2
= 1.45 g/cm3
Of particular importance to designers is the very
sharply reduced creep tendency brought about by the
long-fibre reinforcement. The orientation of the reinforcing fibres frequently contributes to a reduction in
notch sensitivity. A typical example is a screw injection-moulded from Celstran: the fibre orientation
gives it increased strength in the thread root between
the thread flights, fig. 4.1.
30,000
Flexural modulus E
- impact strength, notched impact strength,
low-temperature impact strength,
- energy absorption capacity under impact stress,
- rigidity and strength at elevated temperatures,
- mechanical and thermal properties in continuous
service (creep, fatigue),
- reduced warpage.
Fig. 4.2 · Comparison of the typical performance
ranges of unreinforced, short-fibre-reinforced and
long-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics
Specific strength sp
With gentle processing a skeleton-like fibre structure
is formed in Celstran and Compel mouldings. As
a result they have properties characteristic of fibre
composites. Compared with short-fibre-reinforced
plastics there is a substantial improvement particularly in
12.7
Magnesium*
*typical values
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 4.4 · Density of some long- and shortfibre-reinforced plastics compared with light metals
4.2 Mechanical properties
4.2.1 Preliminary remarks
2.8
The properties of Celstran are determined by the
standard test methods used for the ®Campus materials
data base. These properties make it easier for designers to make a preliminary selection of materials.
g/cm3
1.36
1.45
1.22
1.12
Aluminium
1.36
Magnesium
1.2
1.33
PA66-GV30 short fibres
1.4
1.6
Celstran PP-GF50
1.8
Celstran PP-GF40
2.0
Celstran PP-GF30
Density
2.2
2.4
1.0
Fig. 4.5 · Comparison of the volume price of
Celstran PP and short-fibre-reinforced PA66
that result from differences in density, assuming
identical prices per kilo
DM/l
7.25
Volume price
7.00
6.80
Celstran PP-GF50
Density: 1.33 g/cm3
Density: 1.36 g/cm3
6.00
Density: 1.45 g/cm3
6.65
Celstran PP-GF40
Density: 1.22 g/cm3
8.00
6.10
5.00
5.00 DM / kg
(price per kilo assumed as an example)
A special advantage of Celstran PP is its low density
compared e.g. to short-glass-fibre-reinforced PA,
fig. 4.4.
The physical property values given in section 3.
“Material Data” may vary from those reached in
mouldings owing to different production conditions
and processing parameters. In the case of Compel the
values – also given in section 3. “Material Data” –
were determined on specimens taken from compression-moulded parts. These values are therefore not
comparable with those for Celstran. They reflect
with reasonable accuracy the property values actually
attained in mouldings.
In dimensioning components the long-term properties and possibly the temperature-dependency of
the properties as well as the values obtained under
short-term stress must be taken into account. It is
these long-term properties that are improved by
long-fibre reinforcement compared with the unreinforced or short-fibre-reinforced matrix materials.
4.2.2 Short-term stress
Reinforcement with long fibres improves in particular
strength and modulus of elasticity at elevated temperatures and/or under long-term stress compared with
short-fibre reinforcement. Long-fibre reinforcement
also gives better impact strength.
This is shown in fig. 4.6 for some important application properties of Celstran PP with chemically coupled glass fibres. The flexural strength and flexural
modulus values of a Celstran PP-GF40 are almost
doubled compared with a PP with 30% by weight
short glass fibres. The value for Charpy notched
impact strength is nearly three times higher. A corresponding picture emerges for PA, i.e. with PA66 as
matrix material, fig. 4.7.
Because of their low volume price resulting from
their low density, Celstran PP components can offer
substantial cost advantages over short-glass-fibrereinforced PA66 and PA6, even if the fibre content in
the PP is higher than that in the PA, fig. 4.5.
21
4
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 4.6 · Improvement in some typical
mechanical properties of glass-fibre-reinforced PP
on switching from commercial short-fibre products
to commercial long-fibre products
20,000
60%
Tensile strength
[MPa]
9,100
115
6,200
Flexural strength
[MPa]
80
PP
short-fibre
compound
100
MPa
5,500
PPlong-fibre
pellets,
9
Charpy notched
impact strength
[kJ/m2]
cemically
coupled
20
Flexural modulus E
Tensile modulus
[MPa]
195
Fig. 4.8 · Tensile strength and flexural modulus
of some Celstran PA66 grades compared
with short-glass-fibre-reinforced PA66
Flexural modulus
[MPa]
Tensile modulus
[MPa]
PA
short-fibre
compound
305
10,700
PAlong-fibre
pellets,
13
freshly
moulded
200
MPa
150
300
Celstran PA66-GF50
conditioned
Celstran PA66-GF40
100
PA66-GV33
short fibres
50
Charpy notched
impact strength
[kJ/m2]
0
0.5
0
1
1.5
32
2.5
2
Strain
3
%
4
ε
35
50
Fig. 4.10 · Stress-strain curve for
Celstran POM-GF40
15,000
Flexural modulus
[MPa]
MPa
250
Fig. 4.9 · Stress-strain curves for Celstran PA
grades and short-glass-fibre-reinforced PA66
Stress
260
210
200
Tensile strength
[MPa]
17,000
PA66 short fibres
Tensile strength
Fig. 4.7 · Improvement in some typical
mechanical properties of glass-fibre-reinforced
PA66 on switching from commercial short-fibre
products to commercial long-fibre products
405
40%
10,000
25%
5,000
150
Fibre content
[%]
50%
40%
30%
40
13,000
15,000
30
9,500
Flexural strength
[MPa]
Celstran PA66
Fibre content
[%]
120
Reinforcement with long glass fibres also increases
the tensile modulus and tensile strength when POM
is used as the matrix material, as shown by the stressstrain diagram for Celstran POM-GF40, fig. 4.10.
22
MPa
80
Stress
The combination of high flexural modulus and high
tensile strength, fig. 4.8, opens up particularly in
the case of Celstran PA fields of application in which
light metal castings have been used in the past. In this
substitution the benefits of the high rigidity of the
Celstran PA grades, especially compared with shortfibre-reinforced PA, are a clear advantage, fig. 4.9.
40
0
0
0.4
0.8
Strain
ε
%
1.2
Celstran®
Compel®
4.2.3 Creep properties
Designers have to know the creep properties of
components subject to constant mechanical stress.
Depending on the test conditions, these properties
indicate how
In similar fashion to when PP is used as matrix
material, the long glass fibres in PA66 reduce the
creep tendency substantially. This is evident particularly at high load with a tensile stress of 90 MPa,
fig. 4.12.
Details of the creep properties of Celstran
PA66-GF40 – measured in accordance with ISO 899
part 1 – are given in figs. 4.13 and figs. 4.14. The
corresponding details for Celstran PA66-GF60
are given in figs. 4.15 and figs. 4.16.
- strain at constant stress increases with time
(creep test to ISO 899 part 1)
- stress at constant strain decreases with time
(stress relaxation test to DIN 53441).
Fig. 4.11 · Creep curves for two Celstran PP grades
(PP-GF40 and PP-GF50) compared with short-glassfibre-reinforced PP (PP-GF30) and short-glass-fibrereinforced PA66 (tensile stress: 35 MPa)
4
%
For stress at high temperature and very high load
(120°C and 120 MPa) fig. 4.17 shows the creep
properties of Celstran PP-GF40 characterized by
the flexural creep modulus compared with a shortfibre-reinforced PP. In this accelerated test the longfibre-reinforced material does not fail even after a
time under load of 100 hours.
Strain
3
2
1
Fig. 4.13a · Characteristic values for the
creep behaviour of Celstran PA66-GF40:
creep curves for various stress values
PP-GV30
short fibres
3
PA66-GV30
short fibres
Celstran
PP-GF40
100
%
90
1
Celstran PP-GF50
1
10
Time t
100
h
1,000
70
0.1
Strain
0
50
0.3
30
0.1
Fig. 4.12 · Decrease in creep tendency of PA66
when reinforced with long fibres: comparison of
a short-glass-fibre-reinforced material and Celstran
PA66-GF40 (tensile stress: 90 MPa)
2.5
PA66-GV40
short fibres
%
0.03
10-1
100
101
Time t
102
h
103
Fig. 4.13b · Characteristic values for the creep
behaviour of Celstran PA66-GF40: creep curves
for various strain values
2
Strain
Equivalent stress 10 MPa
1.5
Celstran PA66-GF40
300
1
0.1
1
10
Time t
100
h
1,000
The increase in strain under constant load, known
as flow, shown in stress-strain curves is considerably
less in the case of Celstran PP than in the case of a
comparable short-fibre-reinforced PP, fig. 4.11. As
the diagram shows, the creep tendency is even less
than that of short-fibre-reinforced PA66.
Equivalent stress
0.5
0
MPa
1.0%
100
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
30
strain 0.2%
10
10-1
100
101
Time t
102
h
103
23
4
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 4.14a · Characteristic values for the
creep behaviour of Celstran PA66-GF40:
stress-strain curves for various times under stress
MPa
10
75
104
Equivalent stress
MPa
102
103
(extrapolated)
0
0
300
0.1h
1
Time under stress T
Equivalent stress
100
for various strain values
50
25
0.6
0.5
100
0.4
0.3
30
0.2
Strain 0.1%
10
10-1
0
0
0.4
0.8
Strain
1.2
%
1.6
behaviour of Celstran PA66-GF40: creep modulus
as a function of time for various stress values
100
0
Equivalent stress
Creep modulus Ec
50
75
Equivalent stress 100 MPa
5,000
0
10-1
101
Time t
100
102
h
1
Creep modulus Ec
70
Strain
50
30
0.1
Equivalent stress MPa
24
50
104 (extrapolated)
25
0
0.25
0.50
Strain 0.75
%
1
MPa
90
100
102
103
25,000
%
0.03
10-1
10
behaviour of Celstran PA66-GF60: creep modulus
as a function of time for various stress values
100
0.3
103
1
75
0
103
Fig. 4.15a · Characteristic values for the creep
for various stress values
h
Time under stress T 0.1h
MPa
25
10,000
102
Fig. 4.16a · Characteristic values for the creep
behaviour of Celstran PA66-GF60: stress-strain
curves for various times under stress
15,000
MPa
101
Time t
100
101
Time t
20,000
25
50
75
15,000
Equivalent stress MPa
102
h
103
10-1
100
101
Time t
102
h
103
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 4.17 · Flexural creep modulus of
Celstran PP-GF40 as a function of time compared
with a PP with 40% by weight short glass fibers [6]
(flexural stress: 120 MPa, temperature: 120°C)
4,000
Creep modulus Ec
MPa
Celstran PP-GF40
3,000
Compel components have even better impact strength
than comparable Celstran components. The increase
with PP as matrix material is about 40% for the
impact-resistant formulation (Compel PP-GF30-05
P25).
2,000
PP-GV40
short fibres
1,000
failure
0
0.1
Direct information on the behaviour under impact
stress is provided by the multi-axial stress in the
penetration test. The results are shown in fig. 4.20 for
Celstran PP and fig. 4.21 for Celstran PA. In both
cases the long-fibre reinforcement substantially
increases the maximum force and the fracture energy
(this corresponds to the area beneath the curve).
1
10
h
100
Time under stress t
Fig. 4.19 · Flexural modulus as a function of
Charpy impact strength of Celstran PP compared
with short-fibre-reinforced plastics
4
15,000
4.2.4 Toughness
MPa
This applies not only at room temperature but also to
low-temperature impact strength, fig. 4.18. With the
combination of high flexural modulus and very good
impact strength, fig. 4.19, the long-fibre-reinforced
Celstran can be used in those cases in which this
combination of properties is not adequate in shortfibre-reinforced plastics.
Fig. 4.18 · Improvement in low-temperature impact
strength by long-fibre reinforcement: comparison of
various Celstran PP grades with short-glass-fibre-reinforced PP and with short-glass-fibre-reinforced PA66
Izod notched impact strength
40%
35%
25%
PA-GV
25% short fibres
conditioned
20%
PP-GV
short fibres
10
20
30
40
Charpy impact strength
50
kJ/m2
70
s
Fig. 4.20 · Force-deflection curve in the
instrumented puncture test on Celstran PP-GF40
and a polypropylene with 40% short glass fibres
4,000
N
Celstran PP-GF50
400
long fibres
long fibres
long fibres
Celstran PP-GF30
2,000
Celstran
PP-GF40
1,000
short fibres
short fibres
PP-GV30 short fibres
0
-40
35%
3,000
Celstran PP-GF40
200
30%
5,000
0
Force F
K*
J/m
PA-GV
short fibres
freshly moulded
10,000
0
800
600
Celstran
PP-GF
50%
Flexural modulus E
Toughness is crucial to the behaviour of a component
under impact stress. As already shown in figs. 4.6 for
Celstran PP and 4.7 for Celstran PA, long-fibre reinforcement brings an above-average increase in impact
strength.
-30
-20
*according to ASTM D 256
-10
0
Temperature [°C]
°C
20
PP-GV40
short fibres
0
0
5
10
Deflection s
15
mm
20
25
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 4.21 · Force-deflection curve in the instrumented
puncture test on Celstran PA66-GF40 and a
polyamide with 40% by weight short glass fibres
Fig. 4.23 · Flexural fatigue strength of
Celstran PP-GF40 compared with PP reinforced
with 30% by weight short glass fibres
70
5,000
N
MPa
Stress amplitude
A
4,000
Force F
3,000
2,000
50
Celstran PP-GF40
40
PP-GV30
short glass fibres
30
20
Celstran
PA66-GF40
1,000
103
104
105
106
107
108
Number of cycles n
PA66-GV40
short fibres
0
0
2
4
6
mm
8
Deflection s
4.2.5 Fatigue
4.2.6 Surface properties
Components that are subject to fluctuating stress
must be dimensioned by means of the fatigue strength.
Celstran mouldings generally have a good surface
because of the good flowability of the melt. For parts
with visible surfaces the following grades are highly
suitable:
The long-fibre reinforcement substantially increases
the fatigue strength at room temperature and especially at elevated temperature and high load compared
with short-fibre reinforcement, fig. 4.22.
The flexural fatigue strength*) of Celstran
PP-GF40 compared with a short-fibre-reinforced
PP is shown in fig. 4.23.
Fig. 4.22 · Results of the tensile fatigue test
on glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene at elevated
temperature (70°C)
Stress amplitude
MPa
Number of cycles until failure of
Celstran PP-GF40
long fibres
PP-GV40
short fibres
80
14
1
60
300
66
50
871
182
*) Fatigue strength: Stress amplitude determined in a fatigue test
that a specimen withstands for a specific number of load cycles
without fracture.
26
- Celstran PP grades with modification 04
(increased flowability)
- Celstran PA grades with modification 01
(high gloss).
In each case graining of visible surfaces is
recommended.
Sliding properties: As with unreinforced plastics,
an addition of PTFE improves the sliding properties
of Celstran. A Celstran PA-GF50 modified with
PTFE to suppress the stick-slip effect is obtainable
from Lehmann & Voss & Co., Hamburg, Germany.
Wear: Like the sliding properties, wear is a characteristic of the system. Abrasion is dependent on variables such as sliding partner, surface pressure, sliding
speed and lubrication. Under comparable conditions
Celstran PP and Celstran PA generally display less
abrasion than corresponding short-fibre-reinforced
materials, fig. 4.24: abrasion against steel of longand short-fibre-reinforced PA66 (40% by weight
glass fibres).
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 4.24 · Abrasion against steel of
long- and short-fibre-reinforced PA66
(40% by weight glass fibres)
8
Fig. 4.25 · Coefficients of thermal expansion
(range: –30 to +30°C)
of some frequently used Celstran grades
Material
Taber abrasion method
Coefficient of expansion (-30 to +30°C)
in
flow direction
10-6 · °C-1
perpendicular
to flow direction
10-6 · °C-1
PA66 unreinforced
90
not measurable
PA66-GF40
PA66-GF50
PA66-GF60
19
17
15
not measurable
not measurable
not measurable
PA66-CF40
13
not measurable
PP unreinforced
83
not measurable
PP-GF30
PP-GF40
PP-GF50
16
15
13
36
34
17
PET-GF40
16
72
PBT-GF40
19
75
PC/ABS-GF40
18
70
Fibre reinforcement substantially reduces the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of plastics. Because
of the skeleton structure the differences in flow direction and perpendicular to it are less than for comparable short-fibre-reinforced materials.
PPS-GF50
12
39
TPU-GF40
TPU-GF50
13
10
52
50
TPU-CF40
18
64
The coefficient of expansion of Celstran reaches
values of 10 to 20 · 10–6 · °C–1 in the temperature range
–30 to +30°C for the different test specimen geometries, fig. 4.25. It is thus in the same range as steel
(12.1 · 10–6 · °C–1) and aluminium (22.5 · 10–6 · °C–1).
Blends
PA66-SF6
66
74
ABS-SF6
64
96
PC-SF10
43
–
Test material
2
Celstran
PA66-GV40
(40% by weight short fibres)
4
Celstran PA66-GF40
(40% by weight
long fibres)
Relative abrasion
6
0
4.3 Thermal properties
4.3.1 Coefficient of expansion
4
4.3.2 Specific heat, enthalpy
Fig. 4.26 · Specific enthalpy (based on 20°C)
as a function of temperature for Celstran PP-GF40
600
J/g
Specific enthalpy
For designing the processing machines and moulds
and for dimensioning mouldings it is necessary to
know the amount of heat that has to be supplied for
melting the long-fibre-reinforced thermoplastics and
then removed from the mould by cooling. Fig. 4.26
shows by way of example the specific enthalpy curve
of Celstran PP with 40% by weight long glass fibres
as a function of temperature. The amount of heat to
be removed from the mould can be calculated from
the melt temperature and the demoulding temperature for Celstran PP with the values given in fig. 4.27
in accordance with the procedure in fig. 4.28.
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
Temperature 250
°C
350
27
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 4.27 Values for specific enthalpy of polypropylene, glass and Celstran PP grades, based on 20°C
Temperature
Specific enthalpy in J/g, based on 20°C, of
°C
PP
Glass
Celstran PP-GF40
Celstran PP-GF50
20
0
0
0
0
0
50
55
24
46
43
40
72
100
42
82
77
71
100
160
64
131
122
112
115
200
76
163
150
138
150
310
104
248
228
207
170
400
120
316
288
260
172
445
122
348
316
283
200
525
144
411
373
334
250
660
184
517
470
422
300
795
224
624
567
510
Fig. 4.28 · Procedure for calculating the amount
of heat to be removed on solidification
Celstran PP-GF40:
Cooling from 250°C to 72 °C
-
Enthalpy at
Enthalpy at
250°C
72°C
=
heat to be removed
470 J/g
77 J/g
393 J/g
4.3.3 Thermal conductivity
Generally speaking, the reinforcing fibres have higher
thermal conductivity than the matrix material.
Therefore the thermal conductivity of fibre-reinforced plastics rises slightly with the fibre content. The
thermal conductivity of Celstran PP-GF50 black (at
30°C) is λ = 0.28 ± 0.01 W/(m·K).
28
Celstran PP-GF30
4.4 Electrical properties
Reinforcement with electrically non-conductive glass
fibres or aramid fibres has no appreciable influence
on the electrical properties of the individual matrix
material. In particular the very good electrical insulating properties and good dielectric strength of the
plastics remain virtually unchanged.
Of the Celstran grades with carbon fibre reinforcement PA66-CF40 has good conductivity and even
some shielding effect against electromagnetic radiation. Because of these properties this material is used
e.g. for the housings of laptops. By adding a small
amount of stainless steel filaments the shielding effect
and surface conductivity of plastics can be increased
specifically. The Celstran SF masterbatches, which are
described in more detail in the offprint B182 d + e
“Stainless steel fiber filled plastics – shielding components” (delivery upon request), were developed specially to meet these requirements.
Celstran®
Compel®
4.5 Optical properties
Fibre-reinforced thermoplastics are not transparent
and are translucent only if the wall thickness is low.
Fig. 4.29 · Frequency spectra on excitation with
a rectangular impulse, measured on cable trays
made from Celstran PP-GF40
0.6
4.6 Acoustic properties
- they have considerably better sound-deadening
properties than components made from short-fibrereinforced PA or metal
- noise emission is lower because of the higher
sound-deadening effect
- owing to their high rigidity the natural frequency is
higher, given otherwise unchanged conditions, and
so additional ribs to increase the natural frequency
are not necessary
- they have lower oscillation amplitudes – with the
same design rigidity
- large-volume hollow components also attain high
acoustic damping
- they permit a reduction in weight because of their
acoustic passivity.
0.4
Amplitude
From the acoustic point of view components made
from long-glass-fibre-reinforced Celstran PP offer
the following advantages:
292 Hz
dB
306 Hz
0.3
PA6-GV30
short glass
fibres
0.2
Celstran PP-GF40
0.1
0.0
0
200
400
600
Hz
1,000
Frequency
4
Fig. 4.30 · Decay curve on excitation with
a rectangular impulse, measured on cable trays
made from Celstran PP-GF40 and from a PA6
with 30% by weight short glass fibres
100
%
Relative amplitude
The good acoustic damping is shown by oscillation
measurements on cable trays for the electronic engine
control system of cars: because of its lower weight
and higher rigidity the cable tray made from Celstran
PP-GF40 has a higher natural frequency at a much
lower amplitude than a cable tray made from PA6
with 30% by weight short glass fibres, fig. 4.29.
60
40
Celstran PP-GF40
20
0
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
s
0.20
Time t
Because of their good acoustic damping properties
components made from Celstran have good sounddeadening properties, fig. 4.30.
29
Celstran®
Compel®
5. Environmental Effects
Fig. 5.1 · Shear modulus of Celstran PP-GF40
as a function of temperature compared with
conditioned PA6 and PA66, each with 30% by
weight short glass fibres
5.1 Thermal properties
5.1.1 Heat deflection temperature
The long-fibre reinforcement of Celstran PP-GF40
accounts for the shear modulus up to a temperature
of 130°C being higher than that of short-glass-fibrereinforced PA6 and PA66, fig. 5.1. Shear modulus
of Celstran PA is plotted against temperature in fig.
5.2. The long-fibre reinforcement furthermore significantly reduces the creep tendency compared with
that of corresponding short-fibre-reinforced plastics.
This is shown by stress-strain curves of PP measured
at 120°C, fig. 5.3.
MPa
Shear modulus G
Because of the long-fibre reinforcement the heat
deflection temperature of all Celstran grades is significantly higher than that of the corresponding shortfibre-reinforced matrix materials.
5,000
2,000
Celstran PP-GF40
1,000
500
PA66-GV30 cond.
short fibres
PA6-GV30 cond.
short fibres
200
-50
0
50
Temperature °C
150
Fig. 5.2 · Shear modulus of various Celstran PA
grades as a function of temperature
16,000
Celstran PA66-GF60-02
5.1.2 Heat ageing
The heat ageing of plastics is not a pure material property but is also dependent on environmental circumstances, the loading condition and the natural colour
of the material.
Shear modulus G
MPa
8,000
4,000
The base material used for Celstran PP is stabilized
effectively against thermo-oxidative degradation and
therefore displays good ageing properties.
0
-50
Because of their good heat ageing properties lightly
stressed Celstran PP components are suitable for
continuous service temperatures up to 130°C. Under
short-term stress – up to about 1,000 hours – temperatures up to 150°C can be tolerated (medium: air).
0
50
100
150
Temperature °C
250
Fig. 5.3 · Creep curves for Celstran PP-GF40
compared with a PP with 40% by weight
short glass fibres
1
The base material of the heat-stabilized Celstran PA
(modification -02) is stabilized against thermo-oxidative and hydrolytic degradation. Components
made from heat-stabilized Celstran PA are suitable
under low loading for continuous service temperatures up to 150°C and for short periods – up to
about 1,000 hours – for temperatures of 170 to 200°C
30
%
Strain In the flexural test based on ISO 178 the flexural
modulus and flexural strength even rise slightly after
heat ageing, whereas the strain, normally highly
sensitive to ageing, falls only slightly, fig. 5.4.
0.5
Celstran PP-GF40
0
0
500
1,000
Time t
h
1,500
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 5.4 · Heat ageing of
Celstran PP-GF40-04-P10 black
Celstran PA-GF50-02-P10 black
14,000
150°C
10,500
10,000
130°C
9,500
Flexural strain
at break Flexural
modulus EB
MPa
MPa
12,000
10,000
2.0
2.30
%
130°C
2.10
2.00
%
Strain Flexural
modulus E
11,500
1.8
150°C
1.90
1.6
450
10
100
h
Heat ageing time t
Flexural
modulus EB
12,000
MPa
10,000
250
freshly 100
500 h 1,000
200
moulded
Heat ageing time t
5.2 Flammability
The behaviour of numerous Celstran grades in the
event of fire has been tested and classified to UL 94.
Fig. 5.7 shows an extract from these ratings, which
are constantly being updated.
Celstran PP-GF30 test specimens have withstood
exposure to edge and surface flame application in
accordance with DIN 4102 B2.
8,000
2.2
%
Strain MPa
350
1,000
Celstran PA-GF40-02-P10 black
2.0
Fig. 5.7 · UL rating of flammability and
relative temperature index (RTI) of some Celstran PP
and PA grades
1.8
B
MPa
strength
330
Flexural
B
130°C
160
150
Flexural
170
150°C
strength
B
Flexural
MPa
strength
190
300
270
freshly 100
500 h 1,000
200
moulded
Heat ageing time t
(medium: air). At a temperature of 150°C even after
more than 500 hours heat ageing Celstran PA66GF40-02 has a flexural modulus of over 10,000 MPa,
fig. 5.5, while Celstran PA66-GF50-02 has a flexural
modulus of over 12,000 MPa, fig. 5.6.
Because of their good heat ageing properties the
Celstran PA grades frequently replace light metals
in the manufacture of complex castings. They usually
permit considerably higher functional integration.
Material
Colour
Thickness
[mm]
Flamm.
class
UL 94
Polypropylene
PP-GF30
PP-GF40
PP-GF50
natural
natural
natural
1.57
1.57
1.57
HB
HB
HB
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
natural
black
natural
black
all
1.57
3.17
1.57
3.17
1.5
3.0
1.57
3.17
1.2
HB
HB
HB
HB
HB
HB
HB
HB
V-0
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
Polyamide
PA66-GF40
PA66-GF50
PA66-GF50HG
PA66-GF60
PA6-CF35-10
natural
black
black
Temperature index
elec.
mechan.
with without
impact impact
31
5
Celstran®
Compel®
In the flammability test to FMVSS 302 frequently
used in the vehicle industry the following values were
recorded on 1-mm thick test specimens:
- Celstran PP-GF40 burning rate 1.61 inch/min,
- Celstran PP-GF50 burning rate 1.63 inch/min.
Both materials thus qualify for a standard burning
rate of less than 4 inch/min. Their burning rate is
below the value of 2.37 inch/min measured on shortfibre-reinforced PP-GV30.
5.3 Chemical resistance
The chemical resistance is influenced essentially by
the base material. Celstran PP and Celstran PA are
resistant to glycol-water mixtures (engine cooling in
cars) up to 135°C. The changes with time of the
mechanical properties at 132°C are shown in fig. 5.8,
fig. 5.9, fig. 5.10 and fig. 5.11.
5.4 Weathering and UV resistance
Celstran PP and Celstran PA can be supplied on
request with highly effective light stabilization.
Fig. 5.8 · Effect of heat ageing at 132°C in a
glycol-water mixture on the flexural strength of
various Celstran grades
glycol-water mixture on the tensile strength of
various Celstran grades
400
250
Celstran PA66-GF40-02P10 black
MPa
200
Celstran PP-GF50-04P10 black
100
0
Z
Tensile strength
Flexural strength
B
MPa
150
100
50
0
250
500
Immersion time t
750
h
0
1,000
glycol-water mixture on the Charpy impact strength
of various Celstran grades
0
250
500
Immersion time t
750
h
1,000
glycol-water mixture on the elongation at break
of various Celstran grades
100
3
%
Tensile strain at break Charpy impact strength a
kJ/m2
60
40
20
32
0
250
500
Immersion time t
750
1.5
1
0.5
0
2
h
1,000
0
0
250
500
Immersion time t
750
h
1,000
Celstran®
Compel®
6. Processing
Celstran is intended for injection moulding, blow
moulding and extrusion. Compel is suitable for
plasticizing/compression moulding. In processing all
Celstran and Compel grades care should be taken to
ensure that fibre breakage is kept to a minimum. The
longer the glass fibres in the component, the better
are its mechanical properties.
6.2 Injection moulding of Celstran
including mould making
Celstran can be processed by the various injection
moulding methods commonly used for thermoplastics. For the gentlest possible melting it is generally
recommended that screw speed, injection speed and
back pressure should be kept as low as possible.
6.1 Preparation
6.2.1 Machine requirements
The pellets should be stored in a dry place in closed
containers until they are processed so as to prevent
contamination and moisture absorption (including
condensation).
Celstran PP and Compel PP: drying is not normally
required before processing. Should the material have
become damp owing to incorrect storage, it must be
dried for 2 hours at 80°C.
Celstran PA: drying in a dehumidifying dryer for
4 hours at 80°C is recommended in principle before
processing.
Other Celstran grades: drying in a dehumidifying
dryer is in principle recommended before processing.
The drying conditions are given in the product data
sheet – see fig. 6.5.
Fig. 6.1 · Metering Screw for Celstran Materials
All Celstran grades can be processed on commercial
injection moulding machines. For optimum care of
the reinforcing fibres and to prevent feed problems
because of the relatively long pellets, fairly large plasticizing machines should be used, preferably with a
screw diameter of more than 40 mm.
Pellets 7 mm long are available for processing glassfibre-reinforced Celstran PA66 grades on smaller
machines. Three-zone screws are recommended,
fig. 6.1, if possible with a deep-flighted feed zone,
low compression ratio and a three-piece annular nonreturn valve of large cross-section to ensure smooth
even flow, fig. 6.2. Plasticizing units with mixing
zones are in principle not suitable.
Fig. 6.2 · Three Piece Screw Tip Ring Valve
total length
generously dimensioned slots
for gentle melt throughput
effective screw length
outside diameter
non-return valve
shaft length
feed zone
compression
zone
metering zone
highly polished
flight depth,
feed zone
flight depth,
metering zone
precision-ground mating surfaces
for good seal
screw tip
33
5
6
Celstran®
Compel®
Since all Celstran grades contain reinforcing fibres, it
is necessary for the plasticizing unit to be wear-resistant. Depending on the matrix material, additional
corrosion protection may be necessary, e.g. for PA66
or PPS.
Details of recommended machine equipment are
given in fig. 6.3. Pneumatic conveying equipment has
proved successful for automatic material supply. The
diameter of the conveying lines should be at least
40 mm. Low air speeds (up to about 16 m/s) should
preferably be used. Suction tubes cut at an angle have
proved successful for feeding the product.
Gravimetric metering equipment is recommended for
producing blends with a fairly low fibre content.
The conveying and metering equipment used in producing conductive blends of Celstran with stainless
steel filaments must not have any magnetic components. These blends can also be processed on machines with smaller screws (diameter 20 mm and above)
owing to the good stability of the stainless steel filaments.
Fig. 6.3 · Recommended equipment and
parameters for injection moulding machines for
processing Celstran PP and Celstran PA
Celstran PP
Machine size
Screw
Non-return valve
Celstran PA
preferably fairly large machines
standard 3-zone screw,
screw diameter preferably ≥ 40mm
streamlined non-return valve for good flow,
with large cross-section
L/D
18 : 1 to 22 : 1
18 : 1 to 22 : 1
Compression ratio
1 : 1.8 to 1 : 2.5
1 : 1.8 to 1 : 2.5
Functional
zone ratios
feed 50 to 60%
compression 20 to 30%
metering 20%
Flight depth
feed zone preferably ≥ 4.5mm
Steel quality
Shot weight
wear-resistant
steels
HRC ≥ 56
wear-resistant
and corrosionresistant steels
HRC ≥ 56
30 to 60% of machine capacity
Nozzle
open, diameter ≥ 4mm, preferably ≥ 6mm,
own temperature control for the nozzle
Gating
if possible central sprue gate, diameter ≥ 4 mm,
preferably ≥ 6mm, all flow channels streamlined
for good flow, gate diameter ≥ 3mm, if possible
no pin or film gates
Predrying
34
4h at 80°C
dehumidifying dryer
6.2.2 Processing conditions
Celstran can be injection-moulded without any
problems. Machine settings that result in optimum
finished parts are dependent on the moulded part
geometry, the injection mould and the injection
moulding machine used. Settings that have proved
successful are given in
- fig. 6.4 for Celstran PP and Celstran PA,
- fig. 6.5 for other Celstran grades.
Plasticizing and cylinder temperatures
Gentle plasticizing is necessary to keep fibre length
reduction during melting to a minimum. The required melt temperature is achieved firstly by cylinder
heating (heat supply from outside by heat conduction) and secondly by friction (heat supply through
internal and external friction, produced by back
pressure and screw speed).
The melt shear occurring on melting may shorten the
long reinforcing fibres. It is therefore particularly
important to maintain very low back pressure or
even to plasticize without back pressure, but at the
same time to ensure uniform metering and adequate
melt homogeneity. It is recommended that the screw
speed should be as low as possible so that about 90%
of the cooling time can be utilized for metering. In
order for a maximum amount of heat to be supplied
via the cylinder heating, the pellets should melt
rapidly in the feed zone. For this material, therefore,
a somewhat higher temperature profile should be
chosen than for processing corresponding short-fibre
compounds.
Mould wall temperatures
The recommended mould wall temperatures are
governed by the matrix material. Details are given in
figs. 6.4 and 6.5. For Celstran PP mould wall temperatures of 40 to 50°C have proved successful.
Mouldings with a very good surface are obtained if
the mould wall temperature is raised to 70°C. The
mould wall temperatures for Celstran PA are normally 90°C.
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 6.4 · Processing conditions for Celstran PP and PA
Celstran PP
PP-GF30
PP-GF40
PP-GF50
Celstran PA
heat stabilized = 02
high-gloss = 01
PA66-GF40
PA66-GF50
PA66-GF60
PA66-GF40 PA66-GF50 PA66-GF60
Temperature
cylinder
[°C]
230 to 270
250 to 290
250 to 290
275 to 310
280 to 315
285 to 320
270 to 305
270 to 305
275 to 310
Temperature
nozzle and melt
[°C]
240 to 270
260 to 290
280 to 290
305 to 315
310 to 320
315 to 325
290 to 305
295 to 305
295 to 310
Temperature
mould
[°C]
30 to 70
40 to 70
40 to 70
80 to 120
pref. 90
80 to 120
pref. 90
80 to 120
pref. 90
70 to 110
pref. 90
70 to 110
pref. 90
70 to 110
pref. 90
[mm/sec] 40 to 60
40 to 60
40 to 60
40 to 75
40 to 75
40 to 75
40 to 60
40 to 60
40 to 60
40 to 60
40 to 60
400 to 800
400 to 800
500 to 800
500 to 800
500 to 800
Injection
speed
Screw speed
[min-1]
40 to 60
Holding pressure [bar] 400 to 800
Injection pressure [bar] 600 to 1200 600 to 1200 600 to 1200 1200 to 1500 1200 to 1500 1200 to 1500
Back pressure
as low as possible
as low as possible
Fig. 6.5 · Drying and processing conditions for other Celstran grades
Drying
Time Temp
Product
Processing
temperatures [±10°C]
Cylinder temperatures
at
at
hopper centre nozzle
Processing
temperatures [±10°C]
Nozzle
Melt
Mould
[h]
[°C]
Polybutylene terephthalate
PBT-GF40-01P10
4
PBT-GF50-01P10
4
120
120
255
260
260
265
265
270
260
265
265
270
90
90
Polycarbonate blend
PC/ABS-GF25-02P10
PC/ABS-GF40-02P10
4
4
90
90
265
270
270
275
275
280
275
280
275
280
Polyethylene
PE-HD-GF60-03P10
2
90
230
240
250
240
Polyethylene terephthalate
PET-GF40-01P10
4
PET-GF50-01P10
4
150
150
265
270
270
275
275
285
Polyphenylene sulphide
PPS-GF50-01P10
130
305
315
Polyoxymethylene (Polyacetal)
POM-GF40-01P10
3
80
195
Thermoplastic polyurethane
TPU-GF30-01P10
4
TPU-GF40-01P10
4
TPU-GF50-01P10
4
TPU-GF60-01P10
4
80
80
80
80
With aramid fibres
PA66-AF35-02P10
POM-AF30-01P06
PPS-AF35-01P06
4
3
4
With carbon fibres
PA66-CF40-01P10
PPS-CF40-01P10
TPU-CF40-01P10
4
4
4
4
Injection
speed
Back
pressure
Screw
speed
Comments
[bar]
[min-1]
medium
medium
0 to 3
0 to 3
30 to 50
30 to 50
80
80
medium
medium
0 to 3
0 to 3
30 to 50
30 to 50
250
70
medium
0 to 3
40 to 60
270
280
275
285
150
150
medium
medium
0 to 3
0 to 3
30 to 50
30 to 50
Predry to 0.015%
moisture content
320
310
320
150
medium
0 to 2
30 to 50
Predry to 0.02%
moisture content
200
205
205
205
80
medium
0 to 3
30 to 50
Melt < 230°C
240
245
250
255
245
250
255
260
250
255
260
265
245
250
255
260
250
255
260
265
70
70
70
70
medium
medium
medium
medium
0
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
80
80
130
295
200
315
310
205
320
315
210
320
310
210
320
315
210
320
90
70
150
medium
medium
medium
0 to 3
0 to 3
0 to 3
30 to 50
30 to 50
30 to 50
80
130
80
300
305
245
305
310
250
310
315
255
310
315
255
310
315
255
90
150
70
medium
medium
medium
0 to 3
0 to 3
0 to 3
30 to 50
30 to 50
30 to 50
to
to
to
to
3
3
3
3
to
to
to
to
50
50
50
50
Predry to 0.015%
moisture content
Predry to 0.02%
moisture content
Melt < 275°C
35
6
Celstran®
Compel®
Injection and holding pressure
6.2.3 Flow properties and flow path lengths
High shear can also occur in the melt in the injection
operation and shorten the fibres. Therefore low injection speeds are recommended. Injection and holding
pressure should be adapted to the moulded part geometry. A holding pressure of 60 to 100% of the injection pressure is recommended. To ensure as constant
a moulded part quality as possible, an adequate holding pressure time must be ensured. This is achieved
when the moulded part weight remains constant
despite a lengthy holding pressure time with a constant total cycle time.
In the spiral flow test under simulated service conditions the Celstran PP grades reach flow path
lengths up to 550 mm for 2 mm wall thickness at an
injection pressure of 1,000 bar and a melt temperature
of 245°C, fig. 6.7. Raising the melt temperature by
45 K to 290°C increases the flow path length by
about 15%, fig. 6.8. Thus, despite reinforcement with
long glass fibres the flowability of Celstran PP is
better than that of standard PP compounds with a
comparable short glass fibre content, fig. 6.9.
Regrind addition
When Celstran is processed, it is possible to add
coarsely ground production waste to virgin material
of the same grade. Additions of up to 10% have virtually no adverse effect on moulded part properties
[3], fig. 6.6.
6.2.4 Shrinkage
Fig. 6.6 · Change in tensile strength and
Charpy notched impact strength as a result of
regrind addition
Shrinkage has a major influence on the dimensional
stability and warpage of a moulding. It is governed
not only by the fibre content but also to a considerable extent by the fibre orientation and the processing
conditions, and so shrinkage data can be no more
than guide values.
100
Relative change
%
Similarly, the Celstran PA grades too have better
flowability than corresponding short-fibre compounds. Even the heat-stabilized grades reach flow
path lengths up to 300 mm in the spiral flow test at
an injection pressure of 1,000 bar and a melt temperature of 305°C, fig. 6.10. Raising the melt temperature
by only 15 K to 320°C increases the flow path length
by over 20%, fig. 6.11.
Tensile strength
in accordance with ISO 527-1,2,
initial value 115 MPa
60
Charpy notched impact strength
in accordance with ISO 179/1eA,
initial value 20 kJ/m2
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Regrind content
30
%
40
Despite reinforcement with long glass fibres the
anisotropy of shrinkage, i.e. the ratio of longitudinal
to transverse shrinkage, is fairly low and generally
more favourable than that of short-fibre-reinforced
plastics. The average shrinkage measured on test bars
is 0.25% in flow direction and 0.3% in transverse
direction. Owing to the low anisotropy of shrinkage
the warpage tendency of Celstran components is
similarly low.
Additional information on the dimensional accuracy
of Celstran components can be derived from the
ratio of the flexural modulus in flow direction to that
in transverse direction. This anisotropy is much
lower in Celstran PP components than in identical
components made from a corresponding short-fibre
compound, as shown by tests on an injectionmoulded air intake pipe for a car engine, fig. 6.12.
36
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 6.7 · Flow lengths of the commercial
Celstran PP grades
800
Celstran PP-GF30-04
mm
700
Fig. 6.10 · Flow lengths of Celstran PA66-GF40
and PA66-GF50
mm
500
Celstran PP-GF40-04
500
Celstran PP-GF40-03
400
Flow length
Flow length
Celstran PP-GF50-04
600
400
Celstran PA66-GF40
300
Celstran PA66-GF50
Celstran PP-GF30-03
300
800
1,000
1,200
Injection pressure
1,400
bar
200
700
1,600
Fig. 6.8 · Influence of melt temperature Tm
on the flow length of Celstran PP-GF50-04
mm
Celstran PP-GF50-04
1,300
bar
Celstran PA66-GF40
500
700
Tm = 320°C
Tm = 290°C
600
Tm = 245°C
Flow length
Flow length
1,100
Injection pressure
Fig. 6.11 · Influence of the melt temperature Tm
on the flow length of Celstran PA66-GF40-02
800
mm
900
500
400
Tm = 305°C
6
300
400
300
800
1,000
1,200
Injection pressure
1,400
bar
Fig. 6.9 · Flow lengths of Celstran PP-GF30
compared with PP with 30% by weight
short glass fibres
800
1,100
Injection pressure
1,300
bar
2.00
PP-GV30
short fibres, easy flowing
1.75
short glass fibres
600
Anisotropy
Flow length
900
Fig. 6.12 · Component anisotropy, determined
from the ratio of the flexural modulus measured in
flow direction and transversely to it
Celstran PP-GF30-04
mm
700
200
700
1,600
500
1.50
long glass fibres
1.25
400
1.00
Celstran PP-GV30-03
300
800
0.75
1,000
1,200
Injection pressure
1,400
bar
1,600
10
15
20
30
40
Fibre content
%
30
37
Celstran®
Compel®
6.2.5 Gate and mould design
Fig. 6.13 · Indication of fibre length
distribution of Celstran components: correctly
produced moulding, critical fibre length range
drawn diagrammatically [7]
For Celstran PP and Celstran PA a central sprue gate
having a diameter of at least 4 mm, better 6 mm, with
all runners designed to promote smooth even flow
has proved successful. The diameter of the gate
should if possible be greater than 3 mm. Smaller
cross-sections (down to 1 mm diameter) can be chosen for blends with Celstran SF (stainless steel fibres).
Pinpoint and film gates can be used with good results
provided they have adequately large cross-sections.
Hot runner technology for sprueless processing of
Celstran can readily be used provided open hot runner nozzles are used. If the recommendations for
plasticizing and mould design are observed, a moulding is obtained with a fibre length distribution in
which a high proportion of fibres are above the critical length [7] (see section 1.3), i.e. with optimum
reinforcing effect, fig. 6.13.
Critical fibre
length
range
Weight content
As with the injection unit, care must be taken to
ensure minimal shortening of the reinforcing fibres in
designing moulds. For this reason the diameters and
radii of curvature of runners in flow direction and the
cross-sections of gates must be dimensioned as large
as possible.
0.8
0
Moulding
3 mm
1
5
Fibre length
mm
10
6.2.6 Special methods
The usual special methods can be used for injection
moulding Celstran. For example, the gas injection
method has proved successful for a gear lever,
fig. 6.14.
Decorative effects can be achieved with two-colour
injection moulding. When multicomponent injection
moulding is used, for example for producing combinations of hard and soft materials, the compatibility
and bond strength between matrix material and soft
component must be borne in mind. Practical experience has shown that Celstran PP can also be processed without any problems by foam injection
moulding, fig. 6.15.
Virgin and recycled polyolefines are often processed
into complex large components by special methods
such as transfer moulding, low-pressure injection
moulding or intrusion. In such applications the effect
of Celstran or Compel is to improve properties; an
addition of as little as 10 to 40% by weight gives
these components the required rigidity and strength.
In addition, the stable parts are easier to demould,
and so shorter cycle times are possible.
38
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 6.14 · Gear lever made from
Celstran PP-GF40 by gas injection moulding (manufacturer: Möller Plast GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany)
6.3 Blow moulding of Celstran
Fundamental tests carried out by a machine manufacturer have shown that long-glass-fibre-reinforced
plastics can be blow-moulded if a conventional blow
moulding machine is equipped with a special screw
with a gentle action for melting the pellets [8].
The long-glass-fibre-reinforced materials used for
blow moulding normally have fibre contents between 5 and 30% [8]. To achieve these low contents a
corresponding amount of Celstran with a higher
fibre content is added to the unreinforced matrix
material by means of a metering unit.
6.3.1 Materials
The most important matrix material in blow moulding is PE-HD. For low fibre contents the blow
moulding grade normally employed for the unreinforced blow-moulded part is used. Celstran
PE-HD-GF60-01P10 is added to this material.
Fig. 6.15 · Pallet for the “Stecon”, returnable
collapsible container made by foam injection
moulding of Celstran PP-GF40, side walls and
cover compression moulded with Compel PP-GF30
For higher fibre contents a PE-HD with a lower viscosity, i.e. with higher MFI, must be employed for
uniform, gentle incorporation of the long-fibre material. In this case it is particularly important to ensure
homogeneous distribution in the melt of the fibres
contained in the added Celstran. This can be achieved
by adapting the extruder temperatures. The long glass
fibres give the melt the elasticity necessary for blow
moulding. With PP as matrix material blow-moulded
parts are obtained that withstand higher service temperatures.
As with PE-HD, Celstran PP-GF50 is added to a PP
with low melt viscosity via a metering and mixing
unit so as to achieve the desired content of long glass
fibres in the moulding.
Blow-moulded PP parts with long glass fibres are
suitable for applications in the engine compartment
of vehicles. Since they do not exhibit environmental
stress cracking, they can also be used for mouldings
in contact with fuel, lubricants or cooling water.
Because of their good strength even at elevated temperatures they are suitable for service temperatures
up to 130°C under low load.
In the case of both PE-HD and PP the achievable
blow-up ratio is lower with reinforced plastics than
with standard blow moulding materials [8].
39
6
Celstran®
Compel®
Coextrusion enables mouldings with an unreinforced
inner and outer layer to be produced by blow moulding. As a result the surface quality can be influenced
within wide limits. Materials with a high glass fibre
content can also be processed by this method [8].
6.3.2 Machine requirements
Celstran can be processed on commercial blow
moulding machines with single-screw extruders. In
selecting machine and screw care must be taken to
ensure that
- the material is melted gently so as to minimize fibre
damage and
- the fibres remain uniformly distributed in the melt.
The screw must not have any shear elements, in
particular no Maddock shear elements. Barrier-type
screws are also unsuitable because they cause considerable fibre breakage. Other mixing elements
should also be avoided if possible. If it is necessary
to use them, they should have an adequately large
free cross-section for the melt flow.
The screw diameter must be matched to the required
throughput; it should be at least 40 mm. In principle
large screw diameters, low compression and low
speeds should be employed so as to minimize shear
energy. The feed zone of the screw should be deepflighted.
The compression ratio must not exceed 2:1.
The energy required for melting the pellets should if
possible be provided solely via the barrel heating.
Shear must be avoided. The extruder must not have
any screens or strainer plates because these can be
blocked by the fibres.
40
6.3.3 Parison die
Celstran can be processed with continuous parison
dies and with accumulator heads. The glass fibres
give the parison increased rigidity in longitudinal
and transverse direction. As a result the parison
stretches less severely than in the case of unreinforced
PE-HD or PP.
The long glass fibres give the melt high rigidity.
The diameter of the extruded parison should be as
large as possible so as to minimize the blow-up ratio.
The long glass fibres reduce parison swell markedly.
Fibre orientation in the component is influenced by
the design of the flow channels in the parison die.
The fibres are aligned in flow direction by means of
spider legs. This results in weld lines, which should
be located in component areas subject to low stress.
Narrow flow channels also cause strong fibre orientation in longitudinal direction. Layers with differently
oriented fibres often form in the parison. In melt
layers flowing near the wall the fibres are oriented in
longitudinal direction, whereas in the middle layer
they are oriented in circumferential direction.
6.3.4 Temperatures
The processing temperatures are governed by the
plasticizing and homogenizing characteristics of the
machine. Normally the material can readily be processed with a temperature profile similar to that for
unreinforced PE-HD. Should poorly dispersed fibre
bundles still be visible in the melt, the temperatures
must be raised. In so doing, temperatures up to 50 K
above those for unreinforced PE-HD are possible for
the rear extruder zones.
In the case of PP to which Celstran PP has been
added it is advisable to use the temperature profile
commonly employed for unreinforced PP. The
temperatures should be 240°C at the heating zone,
230 and 220°C at the following zones and 210°C at
the extruder tip.
Celstran®
Compel®
6.4 Extrusion of Celstran
Extruded sheets and profiles can be obtained from
Ensinger GmbH, Nufringen, Germany. Coextruded
profiles with a Celstran core and unreinforced inner
and outer layers are supplied under the trade name
VHME (very high modulus extrudate) by Intek
Weatherseal Product Inc., Hastings, Minnesota, USA.
Fig. 6.16 · Drawing of a plasticizing/compression
moulding machine, consisting of screw plasticizing
unit, vertical press and positive mould, for
processing Compel [10]
6.5 Processing of Compel
6.5.1 Plasticizing/compression moulding
Because of its typical fibre length of 25 mm Compel
is processed mainly by a gentle combination of
plasticizing and compression moulding [9]. A suitable
machine is shown in fig. 6.16 [10].
Procedure
Plasticizing/compression moulding comprises the
following steps [10]:
1. The pellets are conveyed to the hopper and fed to
the plasticizing unit.
2. A deep-flighted screw plasticizes the material
gently. The screw then retracts and places the prepared melt in the enclosed space in front of it.
3. The plasticizing unit enters the opened mould.
4. The closure device at the plasticizing unit opens,
the screw pushes the melt out and places it in the
form of a strand in the mould.
5. The closure device at the plasticizing unit cuts off
the melt strand and the unit retracts from the
mould.
6. The press closes and the melt is distributed under
fairly low pressure (typically 30 to 50 bar) and
under low shear stress in the cavity between the
top and bottom of the mould.
Fig. 6.17 · Processing conditions for the
plasticizing/compression moulding of Compel PP
Melt temperature
200 to 280°C, depending on the moulding
Mould temperature
up to 80°C
6
Closing speed
as high as possible to prevent premature cooling
Compression speed
≥ 5 mm/s, depending on the moulding
Specific cavity pressure
depending on the moulding
Cooling time
normally 15 s for 2 mm wall thickness,
depending on the moulding
7. At the end of the cooling time the press opens.
Parallel to this the plasticizing unit has prepared
fresh melt.
8. The finished moulding is demoulded automatically
or manually. With the placement of melt in the
mould the production cycle for the next moulding
begins.
41
Celstran®
Compel®
Machine and mould technology
The gentle plasticizing of Compel requires special
plasticizing units with a screw diameter of at least
80 mm. Reductions in cross-section caused e.g. by
inserts, nozzles or deflectors should be avoided.
The processing conditions for Compel PP are summarized in fig. 6.17. The rod-shaped pellets should
be melted without compression. The back pressure
should be as low as possible. Cylinder temperatures
of 220 to 280°C can be used, depending on the
moulded part geometry. The mould temperatures
should be between 50 and 80°C.
The mould for shaping the parts must be designed
as a positive mould, as in conventional compression
moulding. The same design guidelines apply to ribs,
drafts etc. as for Celstran. Components of complex
geometry, for example mountings and fascia panel
supports for cars, can be made from Compel without
any problems.
A vertical hydraulic press, if possible with synchronization control, is required to hold the mould and
produce the locking force. Because of the relatively
low cavity pressure locking forces of 8,000 to
30,000 kN are sufficient even for large mouldings.
This and other facts of importance for recycling longfibre-reinforced plastics are investigated in the project
“Material recycling of long- and continuous-fibrereinforced thermoplastics into high-quality, longfibre-reinforced flow-moulded components” by the
“Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt”, Osnabrück,
Germany. This project is a cooperative venture involving, among others, the “Institut für Aufbereitung
(IFA)”, Aachen, the “Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe
GmbH (IVW)”, Kaiserslautern, and the “Institut für
Kraftfahrwesen Aachen (ika)”.
Further information on the processing of Compel is
obtainable from Ticona.
6.5.2 Other methods
Apart from plasticizing/compression moulding,
injection stamping is also suitable for processing
Compel. Here too, gentle melting of the pellets by
an adequately dimensioned screw (diameter at least
80 mm) without a non-return valve and with low
back pressure must be ensured.
When the melt is injected into the still partly opened
positive mould, a low injection speed is essential for
protecting the fibres from damage.
6.6 Safety notes
Recycling
After compression moulding of Compel, waste from
punching operations is produced when openings are
cut out in mouldings. This waste can amount to as
much as 30% of the component weight. It can be
recycled immediately in plasticizing/compression
moulding provided it is granulated correctly: the fines
content in the granulated material must be low. Our
own investigations show that up to 30% waste from
punching operations can be added to a component,
depending on the stress to which it will subsequently
be subjected.
Long-fibre-reinforced plastics, like many organic
substances, are flammable (exceptions: Celstran PPS
is not flammable, the Celstran PA6-CF30 and
Celstran PC/ABS-GF40 grades are flame-retardant
and reach UL 94 rating V-0).
It is in the interest of the processor when storing,
processing or fabricating the material to take the
necessary fire prevention measures. Certain end
products and fields of application may be subject
to special fire prevention requirements.
The statutory safety regulations vary from one
country to another. In each case the local regulations
are mandatory. It is the responsibility of the processor to ascertain and observe such requirements.
Important information is given in safety data sheets,
which are available from Ticona on request.
Due to danger of thermooxidative degradation not
processed plastificates must always be cooled down
completely in a water basin.
42
Celstran®
Compel®
7. Finishing
Fig. 7.1 · Major variables on heated tool welding
Process variables
7.1 Machining
Compression-moulded parts may require deflashing
because material is unavoidably squeezed out of the
mould. In many cases the flash is removed with cutting tools.
Generally speaking, the high reinforcing fibre content must be taken into account in milling, drilling or
turning Celstran, Compel or Fiberod parts. In principle, tools with hard metal or diamond cutters are
recommended in order to achieve high-quality surfaces and long service life.
7.2 Assembly
7.2.1 Welding
Of the assembly techniques for plastic mouldings the
various welding methods have achieved outstanding
importance.
Mouldings made from long-fibre-reinforced plastics
can be welded to each other or to parts made from
unreinforced or short-fibre-reinforced plastics. The
type and quantity of reinforcing fibres must however
be taken into account in designing the weld area and
in selecting the welding parameters.
Material
· Density
(type of filler
and content)
· Surface
temperature of
the heated tool
· Shear modulus
(if possible
high and
constant over
temperature
profile)
· Heating
pressure
· Viscosity
(too low can
lead to the
matrix being
squeezed out
of the welding
zone)
Moulding
Welding
parameter
Injection
geometry
· Moulding
rigidity
· Surface
defects (voids)
· Radius design
(to avoid
stress cracking
> 5 mm)
· Dimensional
variations
(shrinkage,
warpage)
· Weld
geometry
· Processing
defects
(demixing,
decomposition)
· Heating time
· Welding
pressure
· Welding time
· Internal stresses
· Moulding
contamination
(e.g. release
agents)
Fig. 7.2 · Heated tool butt welding of Celstran PP
6
Weld strength: 25 to 40 MPa
(depending on the glass fibre content, welding parameters,
moulding geometry, injection moulding)
F
F
7
4
The two most important methods of processing plastics, namely injection moulding and blow moulding,
produce moulded parts that normally do not require
any finishing if the moulds are correctly designed.
Recommended welding parameters
In the case of glass-fibre-reinforced Celstran PP,
regardless of the fibre content, heated tool welding
yields the highest values for weld strength. The
major variables are given in fig. 7.1. The weld
strength achieved with Celstran PP is
- values between 25 and 40 MPa in heated tool butt
welding with the parameters given in fig. 7.2
- a tensile shear strength of about 15 MPa in
heated tool lap welding under the conditions given
in fig. 7.3.
These values show that the weld strength is determined basically by the matrix material.
for PTFE-coated
heated tool
or
for uncoated
heated tool
Temperature of the
heated tool: 260°C
Temperature of the
heated tool: 360°C
Heating time: 10 to 20 s
Heating time: 5 to 10 s
Heating pressure:
0.5 to 0.6 MPa
Heating pressure:
0.4 to 0.5 MPa
Welding pressure:
0.5 to 0.6 MPa
Welding pressure:
0.4 to 0.5 MPa
43
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 7.3 · Heated tool lap welding of Celstran PP
Tensile shear strength: 15 MPa
(depending on the glass fibre content, welding parameters,
moulding geometry, injection moulding)
F
4
4
F
15
Vibration welding also gives good values for weld
strength. Values up to 25 MPa are achieved with
Celstran PP under the conditions given in fig. 7.4.
The weld strength is largely independent of the welding depth, fig. 7.5.
In line with the higher strength of the matrix material
the weld strength of Celstran PA rises to 45 to
55 MPa, fig. 7.6. Ultrasonic spot welding can be used
instead of riveting. The characteristic welding parameters and the achievable tensile shear forces are
shown in fig. 7.7.
for PTFE-coated heated tool
Fig. 7.5 · Weld strength as a function of
welding depth of Celstran PP
Temperature of the heated tool: 360°C
Heating time: about 20 s
30
Welding pressure: about 0.3 MPa
MPa
Fig. 7.4 · Vibration welding of Celstran PP
Weld strength
Celstran PP-GF40-04
20
Celstran PP-GF50-04
10
Weld strength achieved with
Celstran PP-GF40-04: about 21 MPa
Celstran PP-GF50-04: about 17 MPa
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Welding depth
3
mm
4
4
Linear movement
Fig. 7.6 · Weld strength as a function of
welding depth of Celstran PA
100
60
Weld strength
for Celstran PP, modification 04
MPa
40
Celstran PA66-GF50
20
Welding pressure: 1 MPa
Welding time: 5 s
0
Welding depth: about 2.0 mm
44
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Welding depth
mm
3
Celstran®
Compel®
Fig. 7.7 · Ultrasonic spot welding of Celstran PP
Number of
welding points
Tensile shear force in N where
s = 3 mm
s = 4 mm
2800
3400
2
4500
5200
3
6200
8200
1.5 s
1
In adhesive bonding of components made from
Celstran or Compel the matrix material is of crucial
importance. For instance, pretreatment of Celstran
PP is necessary to lower the surface tension (corona
discharge, flame application) so as to obtain bonded
joints with adequate strength.
Bonded joints are simpler to produce with Celstran
PA. Two-pack adhesives based on polyurethane and
one-pack adhesives based on cyanoacrylate give good
results.
s
1.5 s
7.2.2 Adhesive bonding
3s
Sonotrode diameter: 4 mm
Amplitude: 0.05 mm
Ultrasonic exposure time: 1.2 s
Welding pressure: 0.25 MPa
Holding time: 3 s
7
45
Celstran®
Compel®
8. Recycling
Recycling of Celstran production waste (sprues, rejects) is described in section 6.2.2 “Processing conditions”.
After use Celstran mouldings can be recycled. The
most important requirement is to segregate Celstran
from other polymers. Celstran PP recyclate can be
blended with other PP recyclates. An addition of
Celstran PP recyclate to unreinforced PP generally
improves the latter’s properties because of the glass
fibre reinforcement. The same applies to Celstran
PA66 and PA66 recyclates. Further shortening of the
fibres is likely in recycling, and so mouldings made
from pure Celstran recyclates have poorer values than
virgin Celstran material especially in impact strength.
46
Celstran®
Compel®
9. Photo supplement showing
typical applications
Assembled Frontend for AUDI,
Compel PP-GF40
8
9
Battery Tray for Opel Astra,
Celstran PP-GF40
47
Celstran®
Compel®
Lever for Electrical Cabinet,
Celstran PA66-GF50
Housing Part for Seat Belt Mechanism,
Celstran PA66-GF40
48
Celstran®
Compel®
Mirror Bracket and Housing made from
Celstran PP-GF50 and Hostalen PPU
9
DEU Housing for Board Communication
in Airplanes, Celstran PPS-SF20
49
Celstran®
Compel®
Tilt Tray Mechanism, Celstran PP-GF40
(company: WPK, Radevormwald)
50
Celstran®
Compel®
10. Subject Index
abrasion, relative 27
acoustic properties 29
adhesive bonding 45
anisotropy (shrinkage) 36
back pressure 35, 36
blow-up ratio 39
blow moulding 39, 40
bonding 45
burning-off (resin matrix) 6
chemical resistance 32
coefficient of thermal expansion 27
coloration 9
colour masterbatches 9
content of reinforcing material 10 – 19, 22
continuous service temperatures 30, 39
creep modulus 23 – 25
creep properties 23, 25
creep tendency 5, 23, 30
density 10 – 19, 21
dielectric strength 28
drilling 43
drying 33 – 35
electrical insulation 28
electrical properties 28
electromagnetic shielding 28
elongation at break 10 – 19, 31, 32
enthalpy 27, 28
environmental effects 30 – 32
extrusion (Celstran) 41
fatigue strength 26
fibre length 5, 6
fibre skeleton 6, 20
film gate 38
finishing 43
flammability 31
flexural fatigue strength 26
flexural modulus 10 – 19, 20, 22, 25, 31
flexural strength 10 – 19, 31, 32
flow path length 36
flow properties 36
fluctuating stress 26
foam injection moulding 38
form supplied 9
fracture energy in
puncture test 10 – 19, 25, 26
gas injection method 38
gate design 38
GMT compression moulding 6
heat ageing 30, 31
heat deflection temperature 10 – 19, 30
heated tool welding 43, 44
hot runner technology 38
hybrid reinforcement 9
impact strength 6, 10 – 19, 25, 32
in-house coloration 9
injection moulding 33 – 38
injection moulding machines,
equipment for 34
injection pressure 36
injection speed 35
intrusion 38
literature 53
long-fibre pellet 4, 6
low-pressure injection moulding 38
material data 10 – 19
matrix, thermoplastic 4
mechanical properties 10 – 19, 21 – 27
melt temperature
(injection moulding) 34 – 37
metering screw 33
milling 43
mould design (injection moulding) 38
mould temperature
(injection moulding) 34 – 36
nomenclature 8
non-return valve 33
notched impact strength 5, 10 – 19, 20, 25, 36
optical properties 28
outer fibre strain 8 – 17
overview of grades 5
9
parison die 40
puncture test 10 – 19, 25, 26
pinpoint gate 38
plasticizing (Celstran) 34
plasticizing/compression moulding 6, 41, 42
preparation (processing) 33
processing 33 – 42
processing conditions (Celstran) 34 – 36
10
51
Celstran®
Compel®
processing conditions (Compel) 41, 42
processing temperatures (Celstran) 35
processing temperatures (Compel) 42
properties, acoustic 28,
electrical 28
mechanical 10 – 19, 21 – 27
optical 29
physical 20 – 29
thermal 27, 28
pultrusion process 4
quality management 5
recycling (Celstran) 46
recycling (Compel) 43
regrind, addition 36
safety data sheets 42
safety notes 42
screws (blow moulding) 40
screws (injection moulding) 33
screw speed (injection moulding) 34 – 36
shear modulus 30
short-fibre pellet 4
short-term stress 21, 22
shrinkage 36, 38
shut-off nozzles 38
sliding properties 26
sound deadening 29
special methods (injection moulding) 38
specific strength 20
specific heat 27
spiral test 36
sprue gate 38
strand sheating 4
stress-strain curves 23, 30
stress-strain diagrams 22
surface properties 26
temperatures (blow moulding) 40
temperatures (injection moulding) 34 – 36
tensile modulus 10 – 19, 20, 22
tensile strength 10 – 19, 20, 22, 36
thermal conductivity 28
thermal properties 27, 28
thermoplastic matrix 4
toughness 25, 26, 30
transfer moulding (Celstran) 38
transfer moulding (Compel) 42
turning 43
two-colour injection moulding 38
52
UL rating 31
ultrasonic welding 43, 44
vibration welding 43, 44
volume price 21
warpage tendency 36
water absorption 10 – 19
wear 26, 27
wear resistance 33
welding 43, 44
weld strength 43, 44
Celstran®
Compel®
11. Literature
[1]
Lücke, A.: Thermoplaste mit Rückgrat.
Kunststoffe 87 (1997) 3, p. 279 – 283
[7]
Wolf, H. J.: Personal communication from the
DKI, Darmstadt
[2]
Lücke, A.: Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
von langfaserverstärkten Thermoplasten.
In: Zepf, H.-P. et al.: Faserverbundwerkstoffe
mit thermoplastischer Matrix.
Reihe Kontakt & Studium, vol. 529, ExpertVerlag, Eßlingen 1997
[8]
Thielen, M.: Starke Hohlkörper.
Kunststoffe 84
(1994) 10, p. 1406 – 1412
[9]
Thomas, G.: Entwicklung kostengünstiger,
serientauglicher Plastifizier- und Preßverfahren zur Herstellung von Strukturbauteilen
aus anwendungsspezifisch entwickelten,
unidirektional langfaserverstärkten
Thermoplast-Granulaten.
Abschlußbericht der Hoechst AG zum
BMFT-Projekt 03 M 1055, Frankfurt 1996
[10]
Plastifizier-/Preßanlage – Verarbeitung
thermoplastischer Kunststoffe im Strangablegeverfahren.
Firmenschrift der Kannegießer KMH
Kunststofftechnik GmbH, Minden 1997
[3]
Lücke, A.: Long Fiber Reinforced
Thermoplastics in Cars.
In: Handbuch zur 18th SAMPE Europe
International Conference, Paris 1997
[4]
Pfeiffer, B.: Konstruktionswerkstoffe mit
Edelstahlfasern gefüllt.
In: Handbuch zum 7. Symposium
Elektrisch leitende Kunststoffe, Technische
Akademie Eßlingen 1997
[5]
Pfeiffer, B.: EMI-Shielding mit Edelstahlfilamenten.
Plastverarbeiter (1997)
[6]
Dr. Edward M. Silverman: “Creep and Impact
Resistance of Reinforced Thermoplastic:
Long Fibers vs. Short Fibers”
SPI/RPC 1985
10
11
53
Celstran®
Compel®
Important: Properties of molded parts can be influenced by a wide variety of factors involving material
selection, further additives, part design, processing
conditions and environmental exposure. It is the
obligation of the customer to determine whether a
particular material and part design is suitable for a
particular application. The customer is responsible
for evaluating the performance of all parts containing
plastics prior to their commercialization. Our products are not intended for use in medical or dental
implants. Unless provided otherwise, values shown
54
merely serve as an orientation; such values alone do
not represent a sufficient basis for any part design.
Our processing and other instructions must be followed. We do not hereby promise or guarantee specific properties of our products. Any existing industrial property rights must be observed.
© Copyright by Ticona GmbH
Published in December 2000
Hostaform® POM
Celcon® POM
Duracon® POM
Celanex® PBT
Impet ® PET
Compel
®
Vandar® Thermoplastic polyester blends
Riteflex® TPE-E
Vectra® LCP
Celstran
®
Fortron® PPS
Topas® COC
Celstran® LFT
Compel ® LFT
GUR® PE-UHMW
Ticona GmbH
Customer Service Europe
D-65926 Frankfurt am Main
Tel.: +49 (0) 69 - 3 05 -8 47 32
Fax: +49 (0) 69 - 3 05 -8 47 35
Technical Information
Tel.: +1 - 8 00 - 6 33 - 48 22
Customer Service
Tel.: +1 - 8 00 - 6 33 - 48 22
B 341 E BR-12.2000
Ticona
90 Morris Avenue
Summit, NJ 07901
USA

Celstran - Hi Polymers

Transcription

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