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The Emoji Primer
A Word About Word Choice
As anyone doing any kind of digging into the world of Emoji Academia can tell
you, it is difficult to find any kind of consistency in the words people use to speak
about emojis (or any kind of online topic for that matter, such as the ongoing
debate about the pronunciation of the word gif). In some of the articles you may
see me citing, people refer to plural “emoji” as “emojis” and some as “emoji.”
This book, for consistency’s sake, will be using the term “emojis” to express
plurality, but will not change the grammar of the cited articles.
2 Table of Contents
Part One: What Are They?
Intro: Did You Know?
Ch. 1: What Are People Saying About These New-Fangled Things?
Ch. 2: Where Did They Come From?
Ch. 3: Symbols, Icons, and Indexes
Ch. 4: What do Emojis Say?
Ch. 5: Where are Emojis Going?
Part Two: What Can They Do?
Intro: Did You Know?
Ch. 1: Whose Face Looks Like That?
Ch. 2: Grammar Basics
Ch. 3: ?
Ch. 4: &
Ch. 5: Describing
Ch. 6: More Complicated Grammar
Ch. 7: Grammar Exceptions
Ch. 8: Where Does It Go From Here?
Part Three: Appendices
Glossary of Terms
Sources
About the Author
3 Part One
What Are They?
4 Name_________________________ Date________ Intro Did You Know?
Every year the wordies over at Oxford Dictionary choose an honorary Word of the Year, with
past winners ranging from posh celebrities like “austerity” and “pragmatic” to more hip (and
subsequently controversial) selections like “selfie” and “blog” in recent years. In 2015, they chose a
word that has received a distinctly un-dictionary-like level of intrigue: 1
It is otherwise known as the “face with tears of joy” emoji – which, as some people took the
pains to point out, is not a word. Or possibly five words. Or, some witty smart alecks might say, a
thousand words. This little cackling circle has caused quite a stir, and people have attacked the
decision in every corner of the Internet. “This emoji was named word of the year by Oxford
Dictionaries. Or as it’s commonly called ‘publicity’,” says Twitter user @NeonWhisky. “The Oxford
English Dictionary word of the year is ,” Comedy Central tweeted. “They don’t give a .”2
Why have people had this reaction? Why did the Oxford Dictionary wordies choose this
blubbering blob rather than any of the other contenders, like “lumbersexual” or “ad blocker”? How
is different from any of the other words on this page? Would I be personally attacked on Twitter if
I said they weren’t so different? What makes the emoji so much less valuable as a form of expression
than the English word? In this grammar textbook we seek the answers to these questions, with
helpful lessons, exercises, pictures, and diagrams to aid in the learning. The language of emoji is
ever changing, so we ask you to engage with the lessons as you read, adding your own thoughts,
questions, and doodles of smiley faces laughing until they cry. Let’s get started.
What is your favorite emoji? Draw it below:
5 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 1 What Are People Saying About These
New-Fangled Things?
Let the debates begin…
The Definition You’ll Find on Google
e·mo·ji /ēˈmōjē/
A small digital image or icon used to express
an idea, emotion, etc., in electronic
communication. Origin: Japanese (1990s)
from e “picture” and emoji “letter, character”
The No Show
Neil Cohn, linguist and writer for BBC
[Emojis’] increasing popularity serves as a
reminder that there is a lot more to our
communication than words alone. However,
they pale in comparison to the richness or
complexity of both natural written languages
and the visual languages that already exist
5
in the drawings we have used for millennia.
@The_No_Show
In case you were wondering, the correct way
to pronounce the Oxford Dictionaries’ Word of
the Year – ‘
3
forever*
’ – is: *screams into void
3:57AM – 17 Nov 2015
Maeve Maddox, writer for Daily Writing
Tips, online English grammar resource
Pictograms are not words. They cannot be
pronounced. They can be described with
4
English words: “face with tears of joy.”
Little Miss Jess
Vivian Evans, blogger for Oxford
Dictionaries Online
Some linguistic systems function perfectly
effectively, just like emoji, in being largely
iconic in nature. While we often think of
language as meaning spoken language, sign
languages are the functional equals of spoken
language: sign language users manage to
communicate extremely successfully without
6
sound.
The Robfather
TM
@thatUPSdude
Oxford dictionary chose an emoji for word of
the year.
That’s just
Oxford Dictionary’s word of the year is the
crying face emoji --->
.
3
We are truly living in the end of days.
10:55PM – 16 Nov 2015
Gretchen McCulloch, independent
linguist and writer focusing on language
& Internet
Emojis make our writing more like speech. It breaks down the artificial distinction between words and pictures.7
3
.
9:12PM – 16 Nov 2015
@LikkleJess
…. What do you think?
6 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 1 (continued) It’s not for us to determine why the Oxford English Dictionary chose an emoji as their word of
the year. It is the reaction both in academia and in mainstream social media that concerns us. A
wave of distain and #smh’s (shaking my head hashtags) flooded the Internet – why? In many ways
the emoji provides yet another platform for us to express ourselves and enhance the feelings that
we couldn’t convey in our writing. Yet they are looked upon as childish, lowbrow, and cheap. Is it
because they are childish, lowbrow, and cheap? Possibly. Or because they mean we no longer have
to strive for the exact right words to convey how we feel, but instead resort to quick and easy ? Or
maybe because the emojis are being shaped, expanded, discussed, and used by the generation
credited with bringing the selfie stick into the world? Both also possible. Is it a combination of all of
these things, among others not yet mentioned? The most possible of all.
What we do know is that the emergence of the emoji has prompted linguists all over the
world to rethink how they view language. What makes a word a word? Are words like pictures? What
makes a picture different from a word? Can emojis have as much capacity for meaning-making as
languages like English?
A large majority of the dialogue around emojis consists of “Yeah, they’re kind of similar to
words, but… they’re just not.” According to Ben Zimmer, a linguist and the chair of the American
Dialect Society’s New Words Committee, “An emoji even under the most generous definition of a
word doesn’t fit.”7 Oxford Dictionary defines a word as “A single distinct, meaningful element of
speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown
with a space on either side when written or printed.” A definition which, for some, just doesn’t hold
up when applied to emoji.
Some argue that unlike words, emojis aren’t symbols, but icons (see next chapter), which
makes them entirely different, while others insist that sign language, like emojis, rely on icons to
convey meaning, not symbols. Some argue that emojis add the equivalent of a facial expression that
was lacking in text communication, rather than a character of meaning in and of itself. And yet when
emojis are strung together to form a sort of picture-sentence, it can be done in a way that conveys a
story, the way an English sentence would.
“Emoji are becoming word-like in some ways,” Zimmer says. “They have linguistic
characteristics even though they are just pictures. People are figuring out a [proper] syntax of emoji
without being told, [similar to] the way we string words together. This is something developing
organically. We can watch this unfold as a new frontier of communication.”7
Add your own thoughts to the mix. What do you think? Are emojis words?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_______________________________
7 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 2 Where Do They Come From?
1990
Microsoft creates Wingdings, a series of symbols that one can type into their Word
documents. Symbols include .ADKJL:M<N@*, and (, many of
which will one day make their way into emoji canon. Microsoft later vamps up the
Wingdings with a new version, Webdings, in 1997.8
1999
Japanese cell phone companies realize that people are sending picture text
messages more than ever before. In a brilliant and revolutionary move, Shigetaka
Kurita, an employee at NTT DoKoMo, invents the emoji to keep up with the texters’
transition from word to image.9
2007
Apple releases the first iPhone. The smart phone – the most widely used platform
for emoji keyboards – explodes (not literally). Everyone wants one. In order to
appeal to their Japanese customers, Apple creates an emoji keyboard for their
phones, which, as it turns out, nearly everyone in the world falls in love with.8
2016
_________ (insert your name here) invents the ___________ (insert
your emoji name) emoji.
(Draw your emoji in the box to the left)
There were many contributions to the invention of what we now think of as the emoji.
Whether or not Microsoft’s Wingdings and Webdings contributed to the initial concept of Kurita’s
emoji language, many of the symbols used in Microsoft Word have been implemented in everyday
emoji usage, such as
and . The emoticons already in popular use such as :) and D:< also
contributed to what developed into the present day emoji.
In an interview with Ignition, Kurita explained why the thought entered his head. “Prior to our
i-mode, AT&T was already offering information services for cell phone users,” he said. “Everything
was shown by text. Even the weather forecast was displayed as ‘fine.’ When I saw it, I found it difficult
to understand. I’d rather see a picture of a sun, instead of a text saying ‘fine.’”10
8 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 3 Symbols, Icons, and Indexes
Guess what? Emojis can be all three!
zIcon: resembles the thing it stands for
Examples: (emojis are most commonly icons)
zIndex: represents something by depicting its outcome
Examples:
(representing a dog)
(representing a toot)
zSymbol: arbitrarily assigned; has nothing to do with appearance or function of the
signified
Examples: (emojis actually have a whole section called symbols)
According to these definitions, words are symbols. The things they represent have nothing to
do with the way they look. So already one big difference between words and emojis is that “emoji”
encompasses a wide range of sings, while words do not.11
Label the following emojis. Is it an icon, an index, or a symbol? If it seems to be two or
three, write your justification in the space below.
____ ____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____
9 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 4 What do Emojis Say?
At the Special Olympics Youth Activism Summit in 2009, the “Spread the Word to End the
Word” movement began. Its purpose was to spread awareness about the destructive nature of using
the word “retarded” as a derogatory term. The word had evolved from meaning “mentally retarded”
to being adopted as a blanket term for “stupid” or “messed up,” such as “It’s retarded that there
aren’t any free hotdogs on Free Hotdog Day anymore.” The premise of the campaign was that using
this word so offhandedly and in such a manner – though it may seem harmless – was actually
perpetuating a harmful, unjust environment for mentally disabled people. The movement gained a lot
of publicity and support, beginning a shift in the way our society approached using the word
“retarded.” The word “gay” went through a similar journey around the same time.
The idea behind this type of movements is that using words in this manner is perpetuating
stereotypes and negative associations with someone’s identity. One similarity between emojis and
English words is that they have both undergone these critiques and changes.
If you’ve kept your iPhone up to date, you may know where I’m headed – the iOS 8.3 update
of April 2015. After the Emoji Equality Revolution (a term I’ve just made up), the emojis of the iOS
8.2s and all previous updates may now seem to us very limited. What’s the issue? People began to
notice that the family emoji consisted of two children and a mother and a father (not very
representative of all emoji-using families). But possibly the largest critique of Apple’s emojis was that
all of their characters had the same daffodil-colored skin tone as your everyday smiley-face, which,
some argued, only represented those emoji-users with light-colored skin.
With 300 new emojis in April of 2015, Apple changed the game. Suddenly there were families
with two moms, families with two dads, girls kissing girls, boys kissing boys, and more. “Apple’s new
emoji are the gayest ones yet!” said Raffy Ermac in an article for Advocate12. The Apple Emoji
Makers (otherwise known as the AEMs – another made-up term) also created a platform where the
user could change the skin tone of their emoji characters between a gradient of five varying colors.
The world of emoji changed from one of
to one of
, which, many said,
13
was a much more accurate representation of our world.
Does this mean that the fight for accurate emoji representation is over? Few people think so.
Some, like Paige Tutt of the Washington Post, argue that the new emojis are more problematic than
ever. “The emoji are being used to make racist comments on social media and insert questions of
race in texts and tweets where it may never have arisen before,” she writes. “Instead of correcting
its mistake – excluding people of color from emoji – Apple has, in some ways, made the situation
worse.”14
Gender is another issue in emoji representation that the latest iOS updates have yet to
address (the latest update was iOS 9.1 in October 2015). Take a second to think – what can you
remember about the gender of some of your favorite emojis? What are they doing? What do they
look like?
10 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 4 (continued) All emojis depicting women:
All emojis depicting men:
All emojis whose gender seems ambiguous:
Some people have raised concern that none of the female emojis are doing any kind of
exercise or profession other than princess, dancer, Mrs. Emoji, and professional ditz. The male
emojis, on the other hand, enjoy a variety of activities, from running to swimming to spying to
catching some waves. Nearly all of the women also wear pink, whereas none of the men do. Always,
a feminine product company, interviewed pre-teen and teen girls about their impressions of the
emojis, trying to shed light on what they believe to be a harmful stereotype (similar to the campaigns
that have tried to change the way we use English words in a hurtful or stereotypical way). “There’s
no girl in the profession emojis,” said one girl. “Unless you count being a bride as a profession.”15
“We found that 60% of girls even felt that society limits them, by projecting what they should
or should not do, or be,” says Michele Baeten, Always #LikeAGirl leader.15
In the ongoing debate of how emojis are different from conventional language, it is
interesting to note that words we use in our everyday English are constantly under question as we
strive for PC and (more importantly) safe speech. Now that emojis have become a part of that
everyday talk, they have come under the very same scrutiny.
What emoji do you most identify with? Draw it below.
11 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 5 Where are Emojis Going?
What have we learned in this section? It sort of looks like we’ve arrived right back where we
started… “Yeah, they’re kind of similar to words, but… they’re just not.” Write down below what
you’ve learned about the similarities and differences between emojis and the English language.
Similarities
Differences
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Some things you might have written down in the similarities: Emojis convey meanings. They
are signs (whether indexes, icons, or symbols). They can be strung together to make a larger
meaning (aka sentences). They were created by people and didn’t just show up one day in a neat
little bow. They undergo a similar process of revision and critique.
Some things you might have written under differences: Emojis can be icons, indexes, and
symbols, whereas words are only symbols. Emojis often convey more than one character, such as “I
am happy” rather than just “happy.” A single emoji can convey multiple identifying features, such as
race, gender, age, and profession, whereas it took me four words to get that across in English (five
if you count “and”). Emojis are more often used to convey a sense of emotion, whereas words
generally have a wider variety of uses in today’s society.
Both of these lists could have a hundred more points. And both lists will change (maybe have
already changed by the time I finish typing this sentence) as more time goes by. Because emojis
exist in the most quickly evolving medium we’ve ever seen (the Internet/technology/the cell phone in
your pocket), the language will undoubtedly change more quickly than any we’ve ever seen, and has
already done so again and again. Maybe one couldn’t convey the power of a Shakespearean sonnet
through and , but who’s to say Oxford Dictionary’s 2015 Word of the Year decision isn’t the
first step in that direction?
12 Part Two
What Can They Do?
13 Name_________________________ Date________ Intro Did You Know?
Joe Hale, an artist, writer, and designer, translated all of Lewis Carol’s Alice in Wonderland
into emoji. Word by word.
“I think Alice is particularly suited to emoji,” Hale mused in an interview with The Creators
Project. “If I didn’t do this project somebody would eventually. It’s a natural fit.”16
There have been other attempts to translate major literary works into emoji. Fred Benison
and a team funded by Kick Starter translated Moby Dick into emoji, dubbing it Emoji Dick.17 But
Hale’s creation was the first done entirely by one person, culminating in roughly 300 hours of work.
“Down the rabbit hole” translated by Joe Hale16
Sure, people don’t usually write sentences like this with emoji. They’re more often thrown at
the end of a sentence to add a hint of sarcasm or embarrassment or excitement. But the point of
this chapter isn’t how we use emojis but why we read these emoji sentences the way we do. How do
we know that these three icons translate to “Down the rabbit hole”? We certainly weren’t taught the
emoji language in the same way we were English.
This sentence is a simple example to get us started, but as we break into more complicated
grammar, we’ll see that over the evolution of the emoji as a system of meaning, we (the users of
said language) have created a structure through which we can understand a stream of emojis as we
might a sentence.
But how is it possible to translate a whole book into a stream of images? Read on to find
out.
Draw (write?) your own emoji sentence.
____________________________
14 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 1 Whose Face Looks Like That?
J
Let’s first talk about how we can make meaning from individual emojis. Though we take these
tiny meaning-making moments for granted, think objectively about the most fundamental emoji: the
smiley face. Long before we had , there was the :), which, no matter how you look at it, barely
resembles the thing you see in the mirror every morning. And yet most everyone reading this will
recognize that as the original emoticon smiley face.18
Humans see faces everywhere. Anything with a line and two dots can be a face. This isn’t an
accident. It’s an evolutionary advantage. Long ago humans developed the ability to see faces in
objects. This psychological phenomenon is called pareidolia, and research indicates that humans
developed it in order to immediately assess the emotions of faces in order to figure out situations
involving human-to-human contact. If someone frowns and picks up a rock, it might be a good idea
to run. If they smile and pick up a rock, you might extend your hands for a thoughtful gift. Because
of this, an alien without a human face might spend twenty years among the human race and still not
receive the same recognition you or I would when seeing J drawn on the back of a dusty car
windshield.19
This is only one example of how our brains are trained to interpret a simple image in a
certain way. There are also cultural reasons. is considered a friendly greeting. In the United
States, if you flip it around to show the back of your hand, it would mean a similar thing. However, if
you were to do this in Britain, you might get a few nasty looks, as it is much closer to than .
These things we are taught as we grow up. Unlike face recognition, they aren’t something
we’re born with. Still others like we might learn in a textbook, or we might recognize as a
woman because through media and cultural stereotypes, we learn that women wear pink and have
long hair.
Somehow or another, this information makes its way into our brains.
How might you draw the following emotions using as simple a design as possible?
Happy
Sad
Confused
Angry
Mischievous
Surprised
15 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 2 Grammar Basics
And now, how can we make meaning from multiple emojis? How do we create the emoji
sentence? To find the answer, we dive into the wonderful world of emoji sentence diagramming.
#SimpleSubject&Predicate
“The smirking cat skis.”
The emoji sentence almost always has the subject come first, as it does in English.
is a little confusing. Is
the skier being followed by a coy cat? Therefore, “The smirking cat” is the subject and comes first. “Skis” is the verb,
and comes second.5
#UnderstoodSubjects
(for commands, directives)
“Stop”
This emoji stands alone to mean stop or no, in the same way that the sentence “stop” stands alone, with the subject
“you” implied and not explicitly stated.
Complete the exercise:
Emoji Sentence
Translate to English
Diagram Emojis
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
16 Name_________________________ Date________ #Questions
Ch. 3 ?
“What are you reading?”
Why is it that in emoji, the subject (you) of this sentence is implied? In English, we would say “What
are you reading?” and probably wouldn’t say “What are reading?” unless we’ve been cast to play a
caveman in a cheesy movie. So then why wouldn’t we translate this sentence this way?
Because of the Rule of Importance (which we have just made up). With emojis sitting side-by-side on
our cell phones or our emoji grammar textbook, each emoji holds just as much importance as the
one next to it. This isn’t the same in English; in the sentence “What are you reading?” the what is
more important than the you. “What are you reading changes” the sentence’s meaning, but “What
are you reading” doesn’t in the same way. We can see this easily in English, but in emoji, when the
writer uses both the subject and the predicate, they are held as equally important. “Hm,” the reader
might say. “What are you asking about? The person or the book?” The message gets lost. It makes
more sense to leave the subject out (or implied) and leave the sentence asking, “What is this book?”
The following sentence is full of superfluous emojis. Cut out a few to make the sentence make more
sense:
__________________________
17 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 4 &
#CompoundSubject&Predicate
“Poop and Sun danced and drank.”
There are a bunch of different emojis that can be used for “and”:
Or there could be no “and” at all.
Someone asks, “Who was there?”
You say, “The grandma, the dragon, the construction worker, and the caterpillar”
But in emoji, you wouldn’t say:
You would say:
Or you could say:
(but it’s probably overkill)
For this exercise, draw a line matching the emoji sentence to the English sentence.
Good luck
I love to write
Back off
The whale spouted water, and soon swam away
*
Time works in mysterious ways
*Sort of a trick question. The poop emoji was included originally because in Japan, a pile of poop meant good luck. Another example of learning in context of culture.
18 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 5 Describing
#Adverbs&Adjectives
“The puppy angrily stabbed the crab.”
As a general rule, emojis with distinct features like costumes, hair, and skin tone are used as the
subjects whereas the smiley face emojis, which have no features except for a signature emotion and
a portly (usually yellow) bald face, are used more typically as an indication of emotion or state of
being. Note these two examples. Which one makes more sense as an adjective?
“How’s it going?”
(I’m in love!)
“How’s it going?”
(I’m feeling like a police officer…?)
Let’s check in. How are you feeling, in emoji?
19 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 6 More Complicated Grammar
#PredicateNouns
“Baby is a spy.”
The simplest way to connect two emojis and let one inform another is the classic equals sign.
The baby equals a spy. The baby is a spy.
Of course, this strategy can be used for adjectives as well.
#PrepositionalPhrases
”Old Man flies to Japan”
Bonus question: how would you translate this emoji sentence into English?
_________________
Answer: This sentence is “Call me Ishmael,” translated by Fred Benison and his team in Emoji Dick17
20 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 7 Grammar Exceptions
For the most part, we can create meaning from emojis using the grammar rules above. However,
emoji grammar is complicated by the fact that some emojis are icons (reminder: they look like the
things they represent). So when you put emojis together, occasionally they look like a complete
picture, which can take precedence over the grammar rules listed above.
“The chicken shoots the ditsy girl.”
According to our grammar rules, that sentence would look like this:
The chicken is the subject, the gun is the verb (shoots) and the ditzy girl is the object. But that
image doesn’t make sense when you look at it like a picture, because in the complete picture, the
girl is behind the gun, pointing it at the chicken. A clearer way to write that sentence would be:
For this exercise, draw the following emojis in a sentence that will make the most sense. Is it best to
put them in order according to the grammar rules we’ve laid out or will the reader automatically
create a picture out of the emojis?
____________ _____________ _____________
____________ _____________ _____________
21 Name_________________________ Date________ Ch. 8 Where Does It Go From Here?
As we’ve emphasized throughout this emoji grammar textbook, the language of emoji (if we
have in fact convinced you that it is a language) is evolving as we speak, and will continue to evolve
until the rules laid out in this book are rendered obsolete. Though we have gone back and forth
between how similar and different emojis are from English words (and haven’t quite reached a
conclusion, nor, maybe, should we try), one major difference is that they are far more easily changed
by cultural whims and signals. Apple, the predominant force in providing the public with the
characters of this strange, morphing language, constantly searches for new ways to please its
customers. Marketing teams are probably chewing on their pencils as we speak/read/write. Will the
next update include celebrity emojis? Game of Thrones emojis? Dabbing emojis? Female emojis who
do something other than cut their hair?
We’ll leave you with the words of Adam Sternbergh, New York Times writer, from his article
Smile, You’re Speaking Emoji:
“It’s easy to dismiss emoji. They are, at first, ridiculous. They are a small invasive
cartoon army of faces and vehicles and flags and food and symbols trying to topple
the millennia-long reign of words. Emoji are intended to illustrate, or in some cases
replace altogether, the words we send each other digitally, whether in a text
message, email, or tweet. Taken together, emoji look like the electronic equivalent
of those puffy stickers tweens used to ornament their Trapper Keepers. And yet, if
you have a smartphone, emoji are now available to you as an optional written
language, just as any global langue, such as Arabic and Catalan and Cherokee and
Tamil and Tibetan and English. You’ll find an emoji keyboard on your iPhone,
nestled between Dutch and Estonian.”8
In short, we haven’t heard the last from
.
22 Part Three
Appendices
23 Glossary of Terms
CAEM: Apple Emoji Makers; the people behind the madness
CEmoji: a small digital image or icon used to express an idea, emotion, etc., in electronic
communication.
CEmoji Equality Revolution: the iOS 8.3 update of April 2015, including emojis of multiple races and
sexualities
CEmoticon: a representation of a facial expression such as:-) (representing a smile), formed by
various combinations of keyboard characters and used in electronic communications to convey the
writer's feelings or intended tone
CIcon: a sign that resembles the thing it stands for
CIndex: a sign represents something by depicting its outcome
CPareidolia: a psychological phenomenon in which the human brain perceives faces in objects that
have no real faces
CRule of Importance: the rule that states that each emoji in an emoji sentence or stream of emojis
holds as much importance or weight as the one next to it.
CSymbol: a sign arbitrarily assigned; has nothing to do with appearance or function of the signified
CWingding: a lively event or party; also refers to the language invented by Microsoft to allow users
to put signs into their Word documents
CWord: a single distinct, meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes
alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.
24 Sources
19 BBC.
"Pareidolia: Why We See Faces in Hills, the Moon and Toasties." BBC News. BBC, 31 Mar. 2013. Web.
Neil. "Will Emoji Become a New Language." Future. BBC, 13 Oct. 2015. Web.
9 EmojiChat. "Where Did Emoji Come From?" Emoji. SalesforceIQ, 2016. Web.
12 Ermac, Raffy. "Apple's New Emoji Are The Gayest Ones Yet." Advocate.com. Advocate, 17 Nov. 2015. Web.
6 Evans, Vyvyan. "Beyond Words: How Language-like Is Emoji? | OxfordWords Blog." OxfordWords Blog. Oxford
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25 About the Author
Graham Marema
(This is the emoji that I identify with the most)
26