co‡Z †kLvi wb‡`©kbv - readbangladesh.org

Transcription

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eIibmURMoghWcUPRnMo`ZKeIibmOURMo
co‡Z †kLvi wb‡`©kbv
ghWcUPRnMo`ZKeIibmOURMoghWcUPRnM
(Z_¨cyw¯ÍKv- cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wel‡qi wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨)
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kvnxb Bmjvg
†gvt AvKZvi †nv‡mb
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cÖKvkbv
wiW cÖKí
wkÿv wefvM
†mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb Bb evsjv‡`k|
gy`ªY:
cÖKvkKvj
cÖ_g cÖKvk- Ryb, 2014|
wØZxq cÖKvk- Rvbyqvwi, 2015
MÖš’mË¡
†mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb Bb evsjv‡`k (me©mË¡ msiwÿZ)|
wiW (READ)
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wiW (READ)
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K…ZÁZv
†mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb evsjv‡`k Gi M„nxZ cvovwfwËK mv¶iZv Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq wkïi Rb¨ cov I cVb mv_x
Kvh©µg †_‡K cÖvß AwfÁZvjä Áv‡bi gva¨‡g wkï‡K we`¨vj‡qi evB‡iI cov I †jLv †kLvq mnvqZv Kivi
Rb¨ wjUv‡iwm ey÷ bvgK GKwU D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| mv¶iZv AMÖMwZ‡Z GjvKvevmxi m‡PZbZv e„w× welqK
Kg©KvÐ cwiKíbvq cÖviw¤¢K wkï weKvk Kg©m~wPi wkï jvjb-cvjb wb‡`©wkKvq G m¤úwK©Z welqe¯‘ †_‡K
wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ MÖnY Kiv nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ wdwjcvBb, my`vb, †gvRvw¤^K, wgki, nÛyivm, AvdMvwb¯Ívb,
wf‡qZbvg, Gj mvj‡fì, gvqvbgvi, Bw_Iwcqv, †bcvj I gvwj‡Z wkï‡ì Rb¨ cov welqK GB Kvh©µg
Pj‡Q|
¯úÝiwkc A_©vq‡b wkï‡ì Rb¨ cÖK‡íi †gŠwjK wk¶v Kg©m~wP †_‡K †g‡nicyi †Rjvq 36wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q
cix¶vg~jKfv‡e wjUv‡iwm ey÷ ev mv¶iZv AMÖMwZ Kg©KvÐ me©cÖ_g ïiy nq 2012 mv‡j| cieZ©x‡Z G KvR
†mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb evsjv‡`k Gi wkÿv †m±‡ii Av‡iv wewfbœ cÖK‡í m¤úªmvwiZ nq †hgb, BDGmGBW A_©vq‡b
cÖwZfv Ges BDGbGBPwmAvi A_©vq‡b kiYv_©x wkï wkÿv cÖKí| wkky‡ì wkLbdj DbœwZKi‡Y I gvbm¤§Z
cÖv_wgK wk¶v wbwðZKi‡Y mgwš^Z G Kg©KvÐwU wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLbdj Abyhvqx covi g~j¨vqb, ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q M„nxZ
wewfbœ D‡`¨vMmg~n Ges wk¶K cÖwk¶Y mn‡hv‡M MwVZ| co‡Z †kLvi wb‡`©kbv welqK cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvjwU
g~jZ wjUv‡iwm ey÷-Gi wk¶K cÖwk¶Y As‡k eëüZ cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii fvlv wk¶v wk¶K‡ì Rb¨ mv¶iZv
AMÖMwZ wk¶K cÖwk¶Y wb‡`©wkKv †_‡K cwigvR©b K‡i msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| `xN© `yB eQ‡ii AwfÁZvi wbh©v‡m
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A‡kl K…ZÁZv Rvbv‡bv n‡”Q|
co‡Z †kLvi wb‡`©kbv welqK cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvjwUi cÖYq‡b miKvwi ch©v‡q cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq,
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†mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb Bb evsjv‡`k|
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cUf~wg
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ewjô †bZ…‡Z¡ Dbœqb mn‡hvMx I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi mdj Askx`vwi‡Z¡
evsjv‡`k †gŠwjK wkÿvq we‡kl K‡i AwfMg¨Zv I mvg¨Zvi †ÿ‡Î Afvebxq mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q|
Z‡e wkÿv-AwfMg¨Zv I mvg¨Zvi GB mvdj¨ ¯^‡Ë¡I 2011 mv‡ji RvZxq K…wZ Afxÿvq Z…Zxq †kÖwY I cÂg
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mvgwMÖK wkÿv eë¯’vq †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i|
Gme cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi Z…Zxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi (wcBwWwc- 3) gva¨‡g
GKwU mgwš^Z Kg©KvVv‡gv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b wiW cÖKí Gi gva¨‡g miKvwi
cÖ‡Póv‡K Av‡iv †eMevb Kivi Rb¨ BDGm G‡RwÝ di B›Uvib¨vkbvj †W‡fjc‡g›U (BDGmGAvBwW) †K
abëv`|
wiW (READ- Reading Enhancement for Advancing Development)
BDGmGBW (USAID) Gi cZvKvevnx Pvi eQi †gqv`x wiW cÖKí †mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb Gi mn‡hvwMZvq cÖviw¤¢K
cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡ì cVb-`ÿZv Dbœq‡b Ki‡e| Avkv Kiv hvq, we`¨vjq Rxe‡bi ïiæ‡Z covi GB gReyZ
wfZ wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g GKB †kÖwY‡Z wkïi cybive„wË ev cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i S‡i covi nvi n«vm Kiv m¤¢e|
d‡j eZ©gvb we‡k¦i GKwU Acwinvh© Rxeb-`ÿZv A_©vr mvÿiZv AR©bc~e©K AwaKvsk wkï cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Íi
mgvcb Ki‡e|
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wiW cÖK‡íi AvIZvfy³ wbw`©ó †Rjvmg~‡ni we`¨vj‡q cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wk¶v_©x‡ì cVb `ÿZv e„w× Kiv|
cVb `ÿZv
wkÿv_©x‡ì evsjv fvlv covi Rb¨ wiW cÖKí co‡Z †kLvi cuvPwU Dcv`v‡bi mgwš^Z Kvh©KiZv myk„•Ljfv‡e
wbwðZ Ki‡e| covi `ÿZvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv
2. eY©Ávb
3. kãÁvb
4. mvejxjZv
5. †evaMg¨Zv
cÖZ¨vwkZ djvdj
1. cÖviw¤¢K cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i cÖgvYwfwËK cvi¯úwiKfv‡e mwµq cVb wb‡`©kbvi Dbœqb|
2. cÖviw¤¢K cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i cVb `ÿZv hvPvB m¤úwK©Z Kg©ZrciZv e„w×KiY|
3. cÖvmw½K I eqm Dc‡hvMx wkÿv_©xi covi mvg‡_©ï ¯ÍiwfwËK m¤ú~iK cVb mvgMÖx mieivn I Gi eënvi
wbwðZKiY|
4. cÖviw¤¢K cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii cVb D‡`¨v‡M ¯’vbxq Rbmgv‡Ri m¤ú„³Zv e„w×KiY|
wiW (READ)
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wiW cÖK‡íi we¯Í…wZ
wiW cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g 3221wU miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖvq 40 jÿ gvbyl A_©vr wkÿv_©x, wkÿK, wkÿv
Kg©KZ©v I we`¨vjq eë¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`mïv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e DcK…Z n‡eb| G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖZ¨ÿ I
c‡ivÿfv‡e h_vµ‡g 13 jÿ 12 nvRvi I 26 jÿ 50 nvRvi Rb gvbyl cVb mnvqZv cv‡eb| c‡ivÿfv‡e
DcK…Z‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Afxó we`¨vjq¸‡jvi PZz_© I cÂg †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x, covi wel‡q Rbm‡PZbZvg~jK
Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôx Ges wiW cÖK‡íi AšÍf©~³ I ewnf©~Z we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK I wkÿv_©x hviv wiWI‡qemvB‡U cÖ`Ë Z_¨ eënvi Ki‡eb|
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wiW cÖKí cÖ_g ch©v‡q (A‡±vei 2013 †_‡K Rvbyqvwi 2015) 21wU †Rjvq cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi cwiPvwjZ
660wU bZzb miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi m‡½ KvR Ki‡e| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯K
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cÖviw¤¢K cÖv_wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi wkÿvµg ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZvi Rb¨ cVb wb‡`©kbv-†KŠkj I cVb`ÿZv hvPvB m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv n‡e| †kÖwY Dc‡hvMx wkÿv_©x‡ì covi mÿgZvi ¯Íi
Abyhvqx m¤ú~iK cVb mvgMÖxi cÖvc¨Zv evov‡bv n‡e| GQvovI cÖavb wkÿK, mnKvwi Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZ©v I
GmGgwm-Gi Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡e|
wØZxq ch©v‡q (Rvbyqvwi 2015 †_‡K †m‡Þ¤î 2017) 2561wU miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, 45wU gvZ…fvlwfwËK
eûfvwlK we`¨vjq we`¨vj‡q wiW cÖK‡íi Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡e| GQvovI 900wU gvwëwgwWqv †kÖwYK‡ÿ
AvBwmwU myweav m¤úªmviY I wKQz wbw`©ó AÂ‡j RbmgvRwfwËK cVb Kg©m~wP Pvjy Kiv n‡e|
ev¯ÍevqbKvix ms¯’vmg~n
RvZxq ch©v‡q mycÖwZwôZ cvuPwU †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vi gva¨‡g wiW cÖKíwU ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡e| GB †emiKvwi
ms¯’v¸‡jv n‡jv:
fvK© (XvKv wefvM), †Kv‡WK (ewikvj I PÆMÖvg wefvM), †RwmGd (Lyjbv wefvM), GdAvBwfwWwe (wm‡jU
wefvM), AviwWAviGm (iscyi I ivRkvnx wefvM)| GKB mg‡q LvMovQwo †Rjv‡ZI Rvevis bvgK GKwU ¯’vbxq
†emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vi gva¨‡g wiW cÖK‡íi Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡e| cVb `ÿZv cÖmv‡ii G KvR¸‡jv
(cVb-cÖPvivwfhvb, wkÿK cÖwkÿY, wkLb hvPvB I m¤ú~iK DcKiY Dbœqb) †mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii
wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq, wefvM I Awa`ß‡ii m‡½ †hŠ_fv‡e cwiPjvbv Ki‡e| cVb `¶Zvq Zyjbvg~jK fv‡e fv‡jv
djvd‡ji GB A½xKvi BDGmGAvBwW (USAID) Gi wb‡`©kbvq ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡e|
we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z wfwRU Kiyb
: http://www.readbangladesh.org A_evÖw¶‡Z Gwvdj¨gwÐZ| Avcbv
wiW cÖKí
†mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb
evwo-wmWweøDGb (G) 35, †ivW-43,
Myjkvb-2, XvKv-1212, evsjv‡`k|
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B‡gBjt [email protected]
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 6 / 71
†mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb m¤ú‡K© wKQy K_v:
evsjv‡`‡k †mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb wkkyi cÖwZcvj‡b we‡k¦i Pjgvb avivq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dbœq‡b AbycÖvwYZ Kivi Rb¨,
wkky‡ì Rxe‡b µgweKvkgvb Ges ¯’vqx cwieZ©b Avbvi Rb¨, Avgiv Avgv‡ì mn‡hvMx ms¯’vmg~‡ni mv‡_
mw¤§wjZfv‡e KvR Kwi|
1970 mvj †_‡K Avgiv evsjv‡`‡k KvR KiwQ| eZ©gv‡b Avgiv eQ‡i GK †KvwUiI †ewk gvbyl‡K †mev w`B|
Avgv‡ì bq kZvwaK wb‡ew`Z Kg©xmn kZvwaK mn‡hvMx ms¯’vi GKwU kw³kvjx †bUIqvK© i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k
wkkyi AwaKvi wb‡q Kg©iZ ms¯’vMy‡jvi g‡a¨ †mf `¨ wPj‡Wªb Ab¨Zg e„nËi GKwU cÖwZôvb|
we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z wfwRU Kiyb
: http://bangladesh.savethechildren.net
cÖKvkKvj: Ryb, 2014
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co‡Z †kLv
cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq †kÖwYi evsjv wel‡qi wkÿvµg: cov
co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡b MvVwbK g~j¨vqb
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv
eY©Ávb
kãÁvb
mvejxjZv
†evaMg¨Zv
co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡b mgwš^Z cvVcwiKíbv I †kLv‡bv Abykxjb
co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡b P¨v‡jÄ
wiW (READ)
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wkïi co‡Z †kLv
K‡_vcK_‡b eëüZ fvlv m¤úwK©Z c~e©Ávb I mvg_©¨ eënvi K‡i wk¶K wkïi co‡Z †kLvi `¶Zv e„w× Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| wkïi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Ab¨vb¨ wkï I cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ †Ljvayjv ev K_v ejv, M„n¯’vwj KvR Kiv
†hgb-ivbœv Kiv, cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ _vKv BZ¨vw` welqK AZxZ AwfÁZv wkïi co‡Z †kLvi `ÿZvi mv‡_
A½vAw½fv‡e RwoZ| †ewkifvM wkïiB D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †gŠwLK kãfvÐvi _v‡K hv Zviv cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì KvQ
†_‡K †k‡L| GB kãfvÐvi wkïi co‡Z †kLvi `ÿZv‡K †hgb e„w× K‡i †Zgwb wjwLZ kãfvÐvi e„w×‡ZI
mnvqZv K‡i| cwiev‡ii m`m¨ I cÖhZœKvixMY wkwÿZ n‡j wkïi covi †ÿ‡Î Afvebxq my‡hvM m„wó nq|
cwiev‡ii m`m¨M‡Yi ˆ`bw›`b KvRK‡g© wPwVcÎ †jLv ev Li‡Pi ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki‡Z †`Lv wkï‡K co‡Z I
wjL‡Z †kLvq AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| GB AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K wkïi co‡Z I wjL‡Z †kLvi `ÿZv‡K cwievi ch©vq
†_‡K we`¨vjq ch©v‡q ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv mnR nq| Z‡e †kªwYK‡ÿ wKQy wk¶v_©xi G ai‡bi AwfÁZv bvI _vK‡Z
cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì co‡Z I wjL‡Z †kLvi Rb¨ evowZ mnvqZvi cÖ‡qvRb|
co‡Z †kLvi †¶‡Î †gŠwLK fvlv wkïi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkï †gŠwLK fvlvi gva¨‡g fvlvi KvVv‡gv I
D”PviY (†hgb †Kvb AskwU M‡íi ïiæ, †KvbwU gv‡Si Ask I †KvbwU †k‡li NUbv) †k‡L Ges kãfvÐvi e„w×
K‡i| †mB mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wKQz eY©bv Kivi †KŠkj wkïi ˆkkeKvjxb kãfvÐv‡ii kãmsL¨v e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
GwU wkïi co‡Z †kLvi mvd‡jï mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| ZvB wkïi mv‡_ K_v ejv I wewfbœ AvbyôvwbK fvlve„Ëxq
Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv †hgb, †kªwYK‡¶ mevi mvg‡b Qov ev KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z ev cQ‡›ì Mí ej‡Z †`qv
wkïi co‡Z †kLvq mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
co‡Z †kLvi Rb¨ wkïi fvlvi KvVv‡gv Rvbv ìKvi| GRb¨ e‡Y©i aŸwb I AvK…wZ- GB `ywU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb
m¤ú‡K© wkïi m‡PZbZv _vKv Riæwi| e‡Y©i ï× D”PviY ïb‡Z I Ki‡Z cvivi `ÿZv‡K K_¨ fvlvq D”Pvi‡Yi
mvg_©¨ A_©vr aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv eySv‡bv nq | Gi A_© n‡”Q k‡ãi wewfbœ kãvsk ev wfbœ wfbœ e‡Y©i aŸwb ev
aŸwbmgwó‡K D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g c„_K Kiv eySvq, †hgb AR kãwU‡Z /A/ /R/ `ywU e‡Y©i c„_K aŸwb I evwjk
kãwU‡Z /ev/ /wjk/ `ywU kãvs‡ki c„_K aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó Av‡Q| Avevi evwjk kãwU‡K KviwPýnxb Kíbv
Ki‡j e, j I k wZbwU c„_K eY© Ges G‡ì aŸwbI †h c„_K ZvI ¯úó| Avgv‡ì g‡b ivLv ìKvi, aŸwbMZ
m‡PZbZv I eY©Ávb D”Pvi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
evK¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ wbqg Abyhvqx KZ¸‡jv k‡ãi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb ìKvi| G‡K c`‡hvRbv e‡j| Avgvi bvg
ej‡j GKwU evK¨ nq bv| eis Avgvi bvg Kvgvj ej‡jB GKwU evK¨ nq| wkïiv we`¨vj‡q Avmvi Av‡MB
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g aŸwb I ev‡Kï G web¨vm m¤úwK©Z m‡PZbZv jvf K‡i| Avi we`¨vj‡q G‡m G
m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf K‡i|
co‡Z †kLvi `¶Zv evov‡bvi Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki cvkvcvwk wewfbœ ai‡bi eB, cwÎKv, g¨vMvwRb LyeB MyiyZ¡c~Y©|
cvVewnfy©Z m¤ú~iK DcKiY covi my‡hvM m„wó Kivi cvkvcwk wkïi co‡Z †kLvi Rb¨ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| †Kbbv GB my‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wkïiv gyw`ªZ DcKi‡Yi êwkó¨ †R‡b I mywbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b co‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb-eB‡qi wk‡ivbvg, c„ôv Dwë‡q evg †_‡K Wv‡b, Ici †_‡K wb‡P Ges GK jvBb †_‡K Av‡iK
jvB‡bi avivevwnKZv †g‡b co‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi m¤ú~iK DcKiY covi my‡hvM wkï‡ì‡K mvwn‡Zï
wewfbœ cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© eyS‡Z I co‡Z †kLvi e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
co‡Z †kLvi †¶‡Î kãÁvb MyiæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z‡e bZzb kã we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| covi mgq
wkï‡K kã †Pbvi mv‡_ mv‡_ A_©I eyS‡Z nq| kã †Pbvi mgq D”Pvi‡Yi cvkvcvwk kãwU‡Z †Kvb †Kvb e‡Y©i
eënvi n‡q‡Q ZvI Rvb‡Z nq| ZvB bZzb kã wkïi co‡Z †kLvi e„w×i GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb|
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cvi`k©x coyqvi wewfbœ w`K
co‡Z †kLv GKwU RwUj KvR| GRb¨ wkï‡K c~e©Ávb, kã MV‡bi `¶Zv, kãÁvb, fvlvi KvVv‡gv BZ¨vw`
mvg_©¨¸‡jvi mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv wkïi co‡Z †kLvi `¶Zv e„w×i wewfbœ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨
m¤úK©hy³| wb‡P G m¤úwK©Z GKwU g‡Wj Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|
Dc‡iv³ g‡W‡j `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZt co‡Z †kLvi Rb¨ wkï‡ì KZ¸‡jv mvg_©¨ AR©b Riæwi,
†h¸‡jv‡Z wk¶‡Ki mnvqZv Acwinvh©| wØZxqZt covi D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv: †evaMg¨Zv | ZvB kãÁvb, fvlvi
MVbcÖYvjx BZ¨vw` †kLv‡bvi g~j D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q cvV¨welq ey‡S covi m¶gZv e„w× Kiv| ZvB covi mgq
†evaMg¨Zvi welqwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z nq|
co‡Z †kLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv




co‡Z †kLv wkï‡K AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i M‡o †Zv‡j Ges wkïi g‡a¨ AvZ¥gh©v`v †eva ˆZwi K‡i|
co‡Z †kLv wkï‡K eB co‡Z Ges cvV¨vf¨vm MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
co‡Z †kLv wkky‡K wb‡Ri wk¶vi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i Ges mywkw¶Z gvbyl wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zv‡j|
Avb‡›ì mv‡_ cvV Ki‡j Z_¨ AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk h‡_ó we‡bv`bI jvf Kiv hvq| GB we‡bv`b wkïi
Ávb¯ú„nv‡K evwo‡q †`q|
 wkïi kãivR¨ e„w×i Ab¨Zg Dcvq n‡jv co‡Z †kLv|
 co‡Z †kLvi gva¨‡g wkï weÁvb, MwYZ, BwZnvm, ag©, mgvR BZ¨vw` wel‡q bZzb bZzb Z_¨ AvniY
K‡i|
 gbxlx‡ì Rxebx I Ab¨vb¨ welq covi ga¨ w`‡q g~j¨‡eva, bv›`wbKZv, cwikªg, AvZ¥wek¦vm BZ¨vw`
wel‡qi m‡½ wkï cwiwPZ nq Ges G Ávb I Dcjwä Zvi gvbwmK e„w× I e¨w³Z¡ MV‡b mnvqK wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i|
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 co‡Z †kLv wkï‡K weÁvbgb¯‹, hyw³ev`x I m„Rbkxj gvbyl wn‡m‡e weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i|
 wkïi me wel‡q cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv mvgwMÖK AR©b wbiƒc‡Y co‡Z †kLv GKwU Kvh©Ki gvcKvwV|
 D”Pvi‡Y ï×Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ co‡Z †kLv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g|
co‡Z †kLvi cuvPwU Kvh©Kix Dcv`vb
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv n‡jv K_v ejv ev covi mgq k‡ãi D”PviYMZ cv_©K¨ Kivi I cÖwZwU k‡ãi c„_K kãvsk
MVb Kivi `¶Zv ev mvg_©¨| †Zgwbfv‡e †jLv †kLvi Av‡MI wkï‡K k‡ãi D”PviY wkL‡Z nq| A_©vr kã †h
KZ¸‡jv aŸwb A_ev kãvs‡ki D”Pvi‡Yi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq Zv Zv‡K eyS‡Z nq| hviv GB D”PviYMZ welqwU‡Z
m‡PZb Zviv fvlv`ÿZv ejv I covq †ewk mvejxj nq| GK K_vq ejv hvq, aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvwenxb wkïi
Zzjbvq aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvm¤úbœ wkïiv k‡ãi ï× D”PviY I mwVK evbvb Ki‡Z AwaK cvi`k©x nq|
aŸwb n‡jv K_¨ fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK| Avgiv Rvwb †h, D”PviYMZ cv_©¨‡Ki Kvi‡Y KL‡bv KL‡bv k‡ãi A_©
e`‡j hvq| †hgb- cov k‡ãi `ywU c„_K aŸwb n‡”Q /c/ /ov/| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j cov kãwUi D”PviY †cvov
A_©vr D”Pvi‡Y eëüZ aŸwb /†cv/ /ov/ †kvbv hvq| †KejgvÎ c eY©wU I-KvišÍ D”Pvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y A‡_©i cv_©K¨
nq| Avevi Kjwg kãwUi K eY©wU I-KvišÍ K‡iB D”PviY Ki‡Z n‡e| G kãwUi †ÿ‡Î A‡_©i cv_©K¨ bv NU‡jI
ïb‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M bv| †Zgwb Kjg k‡ãi wZbwU c„_K aŸwb n‡”Q /K/ /j/ /g/| GLv‡b cÖ_g aŸwb K Gi ¯’‡j
g n‡j kãwU nq gjg| G‡ÿ‡ÎI D”Pvi‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_ A‡_©iI cv_©K¨ N‡U| aŸwbMZ GB m‡PZbZv wkï
bvbvfv‡e AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P K‡qKwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
 ïiæ‡Z GKB D”PviY nq Ggb kã (BU, Bwjk; CMj, Ckvb; Kjg, Kjm, K`g, Kgjv,Kjv,K_v) wPb‡Z
cviv|
 k‡ãi cÖ_g I †kl aŸwb wP‡b D”PviY Ki‡Z cviv (Kjg- k‡ãi cÖ_g aŸwb /K/ I †kl aŸwb /g/ Ges
Po–B- k‡ã cÖ_g aŸwb /P/ I †kl aŸwb /B/)|
 kã ms‡kølY I we‡kølY Ki‡Z cviv (e + B
eB, g
O+M
j
g½j)|
 D”PviY Abyhvqx eY© ev kãvsk Avjv`v Ki‡Z cviv| (HK Zvb
HKZvb)
m~Î: Put Reading First: The research building blocks for teaching children to read, US National Institute
for Literacy, 3rd edition.
eY©Ávb
eY©Ávb n‡jv eY©gvjv †_‡K eY© kbv³ Kivi mvg_©¨ A_©vr †h‡Kv‡bv eY© wPb‡Z, ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvivi `¶Zv|
eY© n‡jv k‡ãi ev †h‡Kv‡bv aŸwbi ¶z`ªZg GKK| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q,co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡bi Ab¨vb¨
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ Gi Mfxi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
wkïi eY©Ávb wbf©i Ki ˆkk‡e covi AwfÁZvi Ici| eY©gvjvi cwiwPwZ Kvh©Kix cÖvK cV‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx
wb‡`©kK| wkïi `ªæZ eY© wPb‡Z cviv k‡ã e‡Y©i avivevwnK I ixwZe× eënvi eyS‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GK e‡Y©i
mv‡_ Ab¨ e‡Y©i AvK„wZi cv_©K¨ †ei Kivi gva¨‡g wkï wewfbœ k‡ã eëüZ eY© I Gi D”Pvi‡Yi g‡a¨ wgj I
Awgj Lyu‡R cvq| GRb¨ e‡Y©i bvg †kLv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv mvejxjfv‡e cov I ï×fv‡e †jLvi mgq
wkï‡K D”PviY Abyhvqx e‡Y©i Kvh©Ki eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq|
m~Î: Teaching Reading: A Balanced, Comprehensive Approach to Teaching Reading in
Prekindergarten Through Grade Three, California Department of Education, 1996.
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kãÁvb
Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ kã GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| GRb¨ kãÁvb Riæwi| hvi kãÁvb hZ †ewk Zvi
kãivR¨ ZZ †ewk we¯Í…Z| Avi kãivR¨ n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Rvbv k‡ãi mgvnvi| A_©vr †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Áv‡bi
fvÐv‡i hZ¸‡jv Rvbv kã Av‡Q ZvB n‡jv Zvi kãivR¨| Avgv‡ì kãÁvb e„w× cvq †kvbv, ejv I covi
gva¨‡g| ejv I †kvbvq eëüZ kãmg~n n‡jv Avgv‡ì †gŠwLK kãÁvb| Avi Qvcv‡bv †Kv‡bv †jLvq wPb‡Z ev
wb‡Ri †jLvq eënvi Ki‡Z cviv kãmg~n n‡jv Avgv‡ì covi kãÁvb|
co‡Z †kLvi †¶‡Î kãÁvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| co‡Z wkL‡Q Ggb wkï †hme kã ïb‡Q ev k‡ãi A_©
eyS‡Z cv‡i ev gyw`ªZ Ae¯’vq †Kv_vI †`‡L‡Q Zv Zviv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †Kvbv wkï eB‡q Kjg kãwU
†`Lvi ci K, j I g eY© wZbwU wPb‡Z cvi‡j, eyS‡Z n‡e eY©¸‡jv Zvi Kv‡Q cwiwPZ I kãwU †m eûevi ï‡b‡Q
ev e‡j‡Q| ZvB kãwU wPb‡Z cviv Zvi Rb¨ A‡bK mnR| wKš‘ kãfvÐv‡i †bB Ggb kã wPb‡Z ev co‡Z cviv
wkïi Rb¨ †ek KwVb|
mvejxjZv I †evaMg¨Zvi Rb¨ kãÁvb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| k‡ãi A_© Rvbv bv _vK‡j GKRb cvVK †Kv‡bv wKQz
mvejxjfv‡e c‡o eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| Avgiv Rvwb †h, wkïi covi aib µgkt KwVb n‡Z _v‡K| ZvB Zv‡ì
†gŠwLK kãÁv‡bi cvkvcvwk bZzb kãI Rvb‡Z nq|
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB kãÁvb e„w× cvq c‡ivÿfv‡e| Z‡e wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿfv‡eI e„w×
cvq| wkï mvaviYZt c‡iv¶fv‡e kãÁvb e„w× K‡i _v‡K| A_©vr kã ky‡b I wewfbœ †cÖwÿ‡Z eënvi †`‡L wkï
kãÁvb e„w× K‡i| †hgb- eo‡ì mv‡_ AvjvcKv‡j ev †Kv‡bv wKQz wb‡R covi mgq ev Kv‡iv cov Dc¯’vc‡bi
mgq †h kã¸‡jv ï‡b ev eënvi †`‡L| Avi cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e wkï kãÁvb e„w× K‡i wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv kã wb‡q KvR Kiv
ev wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv †KŠkj eënvi Kivi gva¨‡g| g‡b ivLv fv‡jv, co‡Z †kLvi †evaMg¨Zvi Dbœq‡b kãÁvb
cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
mvejxjZv
mvejxjZv n‡jv †Kv‡bv GKwU cvV ev cvV¨vs‡k ewY©Z kã I evK¨ ï× D”Pvi‡Y I ¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z covi
`¶Zv| mvejxj cvVK covi mgq ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB kã wPb‡Z cv‡i| mvejxj cvVK Mjvi ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv K‡i
mi‡e co‡Z cv‡i | Zvi covi D”PviY mvaviY K_v ejvi g‡Zv ¯^vfvweK nq| hviv mvejxjZv AR©b Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb Zviv ax‡i c‡o Ges GKwU GKwU K‡i kã evbvb K‡i c‡o| Zv‡ì cov nq evbvb K‡i KL‡bv ev A¯úó
A_©vr mvejxj nq bv|
mvejxjZv LyeB MyiæZ¡c~Y©| mvejxj cvVK GKwU GKwU K‡i kã †Pbv I evbv‡bi Ici g‡bvwb‡ek bv K‡i
¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z covi cÖwZ †ewk g‡bv‡hvM †`q| Zviv `ªæZ cvV¨vs‡ki g~j aviYvi mv‡_ wb‡Ri c~e©Áv‡bi mgš^q
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨ K_vq, mvejxj cvVK cÖwZwU kã wP‡b `ªæZ cvV¨vskwU co‡Z cv‡i| hviv mvejxj cvVK bq,
Zviv ¸iæZ¡ †`q kã †Pbv I evbvb Kivi Ici| d‡j Zv‡ì cov mvejxj nq bv |
mvejxj cv‡Vi Dbœqb N‡U mymsMwVZ I ch©vqµwgK Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g| co‡Z †kLvi e„w×i cªviw¤¢K ¯Í‡i wkïi
†gŠwLK cov A‡c¶vK…Z axi MwZi I Aï× nq| †Kbbv G mgq wk¶v_©xiv aŸwb †_‡K eY©, eY© wgwj‡q kã MVb
K‡i A_© D×vi Ki‡Z wk‡L| GgbwK wkï A‡bK kã ¯^vfvweKfv‡e wPb‡Z cvi‡jI A_© bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì
†gŠwLK cov mvejxj nq bv| Awfe¨w³mn covi †¶‡Î cvVK‡K Aek¨B cvV‡K A_©c~Y©fv‡e wef³ Kivi `¶Zv
_vK‡Z nq| GB wef³ kã¸‡”Qi g‡a¨ wewfbœ evMaviv ev kã¸”Q _vK‡Z cv‡i| ev‡Kï g‡a¨ ev †k‡l †Kv_vq,
KZUzKz _vg‡Z nq Ges KLb ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv Ki‡Z nq Zv Aek¨B cvVK‡K Rvb‡Z nq|
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mvejxj cvVK ev‡K¨ eëüZ kã¸‡jv `ªæZ I mn‡R co‡Z cv‡i| cvV¨vs‡ki aib, kã cwiwPwZ Ges cwVZ
AskwU covi msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i `ªæZcv‡V cwieZ©b N‡U| cvV¨vs‡k AcwiwPZ kã _vK‡j `¶ cvVKI axi
MwZ‡Z fve‡jknxbfv‡e co‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvVK mqswµqfv‡eB wKQy bZzb kã wPb‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvVK GKB kã
cvV¨vs‡ki AšÍM©Z Ab¨ ev‡K¨ eënvi Kiv n‡jI Zv wPb‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯^qswµqfv‡e kã wPb‡Z cviv LyeB
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| `ªæZZvi mv‡_ cov PP©vi Rb¨ wkï‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv Kiv ìKvi| †hme wkky mwVK wb‡`©kbv I
MVbg~jK gZvgZmn wbw`©ó cvV¨vsk gy‡L gy‡L c‡o I evievi Abykxjb K‡i, Zviv DËg co–qv n‡Z cv‡i| GKB
cvV evievi mi‡e cov; cvV‡Ki kã wPb‡Z cvivi nvi e„w×, MwZgqZv, `ªæZZv I wbf©yjZvi †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨
Dbœqb NUvq|
†evaMg¨Zv
covi g~j D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q †evaMg¨Zv | hw` †Kv‡bv cvVK kã ev evK¨ co‡Z cv‡i A_P Zvi A_© eyS‡Z bv cv‡i,
Zvn‡j †mUv cÖK„Z A‡_© cov nq bv|
†evaMg¨Zv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi Rb¨ covi welqe¯‘ I cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU D‡Ïk¨g~jK I wPšÍbkxj wg_w¯Œqv
ìKvi nq| †evaMg¨Zv n‡”Q D‡Ïk¨g~jK wPšÍbcÖwµqv, hv cvV¨welq I cvV‡Ki wg_w¯Œqvi gva¨‡g msNwVZ nq
(Harris & Hodges, 1995)| A_© Rvbvi Rb¨ D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQy covi †ÿ‡Î cvVK †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx
nq| GRb¨ cvVK mgm¨v mgvavb cÖwµqvq c‡o I wPšÍv K‡i eySvi Kv‡R wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L| A_©vr cwVZ
wel‡qi mv‡_ wbR¯^ Ávb I c~e© AwfÁZvi mgš^q Ki‡Z cvi‡jB cvV‡Ki †evaMg¨Zv ev‡o|
gy`ªYmg„× wkLb cwi‡ek
Avgv‡ì †kÖwYK‡ÿi †`qv‡j bvbv ai‡bi Qwe I †jLv msewjZ DcKiY †`Lv hvq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQz DcKiY
wkïi wKQz Avevi wkÿ‡Ki ˆZix| G¸‡jv gy`Yª mg„× wkLb cwi‡ek wbwðZ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K †kÖwYKÿwUi covi
cwi‡ek AvKl©Yxq K‡i| d‡i wkï‡K covi cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i|
gy`ªYmg„× wkLb cwi‡ek
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gy`ªYmg„× wkLb cwi‡ek wkïi cov I †jLvi †¶‡Î MyiæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| cvVmswkøó Qwe, PvU©, KvW©,
K¨v‡jÛvi, w`bcwÄ, wbqgKvbyb, Kg©cwiKíbv BZ¨vw` †kÖwYK‡¶i †`qv‡j jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI we`¨vjq
GjvKvi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ †hgb- iv¯Ívq PjvP‡ji wbqg, GjvKvi gvbwPÎ, wkï myi¶vi bxwZ, wkï AwaKvi
mb`, ˆ`bw›`b eënvh© wewfbœ e¯‘i bvg, cvV¨cy¯Í‡K eëüZ kãZvwjKv, ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó evZ©v, myAf¨vm MV‡b
KiYxq, wkïi bv‡gi ZvwjKv, Qwe‡Z eY©gvjv I kã, wPwVi bgybv, wewfbœ ai‡bi nv‡Zi †jLv BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©‡bi
eë¯’v Kiv hvq| GQvovI †kÖwY Dc‡hvMx wkï‡Zvl M‡íi eB, cwÎKv ev g¨vMvwRb †kÖwYK‡ÿ ivLvi eë¯’v Ki‡j
gy`ªYmg„× wkLb cwi‡ek‡K Av‡iv DbœZ Kiv hvq| wb‡P Av‡iv K‡qKwU †KŠkj D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
 †kªwYK‡¶i GK †KvYvq covi Kb©vi wn‡m‡e GKwU eyK‡kj‡d KZ¸‡jv †kÖwY Dc‡hvMx eB ivLv| A_©vr
†kÖwYKÿ cvVvMvi ˆZwi Kiv|
 KZ¸‡jv eBmn GKwU covi Szco ivLv|
 cyi‡bv Kvco ev j¤^v `wo‡Z wK¬c w`‡q eB ev g¨vMvwRb Szwj‡q ivLv|
 G‡KK w`b G‡KK †kªwY‡Z eB weZi‡Yi Rb¨ we`¨vj‡q GKwU åvg¨gvb cvVvMvi cÖwZôv Kiv|
Avgiv mvaviYZt †kªwYK‡¶ cvVëB eënvi K‡i _vwK| wKš‘ wkïiv wewfbœ ai‡bi m¤ú~iK cvV mvgMÖx covi
gva¨‡g AwaK DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| KíKvwnbx ev ev¯Íeagx© Dfq ai‡bi cvV mvgMÖx w`‡qB ïiæ n‡Z cv‡i wkïi
covi hvÎv| DwjøwLZ `yB ai‡bi m¤ú~iK cvV mvgMÖxi welqe¯‘¸‡jv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv|
KvíwbK Mí ev Dcb¨vm
ev¯Íeagx© Mí/cÖeÜ ev Z_¨g~jK †jLv
†cŠivwYK Kvwnbx/DcK_v
†jvKKvwnbx
iƒcK_v/cwii Mí
KweZv
bvUK (Awfbq Kiv hvq Ggb cvÐzwjwc)
msev`c‡Îi cÖeÜ/cwÎKvi †jLv
Z_¨wfwËK eB/mvaviY Ávb
RxebKvwnbx/gbxwli Rxebx
e³…Zv
KweZv
wkï wfbœZv I cybive„wËi gva¨‡g †ewk †ewk †kLvi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î ZvwjKvfy³ wewfbœ cÖK…wZi m¤ú~iK
cvV mvgMÖx eënvi Kiv hvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi mvwn‡Zï g‡a¨ mgš^q Kivi GKwU mnR Dcvq n‡”Q GKB wel‡q
wfbœ cÖK…wZi `ywU cvV¨vsk wbe©vPb Kiv| wbe©vwPZ G cvV¨vsk `ywU wkï‡ì co‡Z w`‡q Zzjbv Ki‡Z ejv hvq| G‡Z
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wbw`©ó welq m¤ú‡K© wkï‡ì Áv‡bi MfxiZv I †evaMg¨Zv `yBB ev‡o| ZvQvov mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ cÖK…wZ I êwkó¨
m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf K‡i| GKB iK‡gi k‡ãi cybive„wË wkï‡ì H kã¸‡jv wkL‡Z I kãfvÐvi e„w×‡Z mnvqZv
Ki‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc, wmsn I Bu`yi GKwU KvíwbK Mí Aciw`‡K wms‡ni cwiPq GKwU evšÍeag©x eY©bvg~jK Mí|
covi ¯Íi
Qwe cÖavb eB covi ¯Íi
- Mí ˆZwi n‡e bv
covi wb‡`©kK
- wkï Qwe wb‡`©k K‡i| cÖvmw½K Mí e‡j bv
- Mí ˆZwi n‡e
- wkï c„ôv Dwë‡q Qwe wb‡`©kc~e©K Mí e‡j| eB‡q ewY©Z M‡íi mv‡_
wkïi Mí ejv wg‡j hvq|
- wjwLZ fvlv cQ›`
- wkï eo‡ì g‡Zv ¯îm½wZ ¯îvNvZ eRvq †i‡L Mí covi †Póv K‡i|
eB‡qi M‡íi mv‡_ Zv‡ì Mí ejv wg‡j hvq|
Aÿi/fvlv cÖavb eB covi ¯Íi
- Aÿi †`‡L c¨vUvb© cove ev co‡Z - wkï eY©/kã wb‡`©kc~e©K c‡o| Zv‡ì GB cov nq A‡bKv eo‡ì
bv PvIqv
g‡Zv| G‡ÿ‡Î wkïiv covq wb‡R‡ì wegyL iv‡L, eis covi cÖwµqvi
Ici †Rvi †`q| hwÌev ¯^vaxbfv‡e c‡o Z‡e covi GKwU
Dcv`v‡bi Ici †Rvi †`q| †hgb,A_© LuyR‡Z aŸwb ev `„k¨gvb k‡ãi
Ici †Rvi †`q|
- mvwe©Kfv‡e/mvgwMÖKfv‡e Aÿi †`‡L - wkï covi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Ici †Rvi w`‡q M‡íi avivevwnKZv iÿv
cov
K‡i co‡Z ïiæ K‡i| G ¯Í‡i wkï aŸwb, `„k¨gvb kã I ev‡KÏ A_©
LuyR‡Z cv‡i|
- ¯^vaxbfv‡e cov
- wkï covi Dcv`vb¸‡jv eënvi K‡i A_©vr aŸwb, `„k¨gvb kã I
ev‡Kï mv‡_ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e Mí co‡Z cv‡i|
†KvbwU cwVZ M‡íi Rb¨ †ewk Kvh©Ki Zv ey‡S co‡Z cv‡i|
cvV Af¨vm
wbqwgZ cvV Af¨vm n‡jv Kvh©Ki wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi GKwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| wbqwgZ cov PP©v I
evi evi wewfbœ ai‡bi covi gva¨‡g wkïiv covi AwfÁZv AR©‡b jvfevb nq| we`¨vj‡q †hme wkï GLbI
mvej¤^xfv‡e co‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡ì co‡Z †kLv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ wk¶‡Ki| Ic‡ii †kªwYi ev GKB †kªwYi †h mKj
wkï mvej¤^x co–qv ev ¯^vaxb cvVK Zviv Kg co‡Z cviv wkï‡ì mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| mie cvV †kªwYK‡¶i
GKwU wbqwgZ KvR| †hme †kªwYi me wkï mvej¤^x co–qv Zv‡ì †¶‡ÎI GwU cÖ‡hvR¨| GgbwK †hme wkï
mvejxj co–qv A_©vr hviv `ªæZZvi mv‡_ wbf©yjfv‡e, Mjvi ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv K‡i co‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì RbÏ
mg¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
mie cvV QvovI mvej¤^xfv‡e covi gva¨‡gI wkïi co‡Z †kLvi e„w×i my‡hvM N‡U| wkïi cQ›`g‡Zv eB co‡Z
w`‡j wkïiv covq DØy× nq Ges covi †¶‡Î Zv‡ì AvMÖn ev‡o| G‡ÿ‡Î wkïi covi mÿgZvi ¯ÍiwfwËK
m¤ú~iK cVb mvgMÖx weivU f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| GKK Ges ¯^vaxb cvV †kªwYK‡¶i evB‡i ev †fZ‡i n‡Z cv‡i|
wkïiv Avb‡›ì Rb¨ ev we‡kl †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ co‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-GKwU cvV¨vsk †kªwYi mKj‡K
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 14 / 71
c‡o †kvbv‡Z cv‡i| Avevi cwiev‡i gv-evev wKsev cÖhZœKvixi mv‡_ GK‡Î co‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †Kv‡bv GKwU
eB‡qi ch©v‡jvPbvI wjL‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZw`b wbqwgZ covi Af¨vm wkï‡K covq Drmvnx Kivi †¶‡Î eo ai‡bi
mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†kªwYK‡¶ wbqwgZ cov PP©vi †KŠkjmg~n:
1. †h‡Kv‡bv cvV †_‡K cÖwZw`b mi‡e covi (wk¶K-wk¶v_©x) PP©v ïiæ Kiæb|
2. cÖwZw`b cvV †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv cvV¨vsk wbe©vPb K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì mvg‡b co–b|
3. †kªwYK‡¶ covi Rb¨ wkï‡ì‡K Zv‡ì evco ev cvov †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv m¤ú~iK cvV mvgMÖx (†hgb, msev`cÎ
ev cwÎKvi †Kv‡bv †jLv, wjd‡jU, wPwV ev weÁvcb) msMÖn K‡i Avb‡Z ejyb| †m¸‡jv †_‡K G‡KK w`b
G‡KKwU wkï‡K mi‡e co‡Z w`b|
4. †kÖwY Abyhvqx wkï‡ì wbi‡e co‡Z ejyb|
5. mewKQy eÜ K‡i cov kyiy Kwi Drop Everything And Read (DEAR) wbqg Pvjy Kiæb| G KvRwU Ki‡Z
Avgiv RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW© KZ…©K wb‡`©wkZ †kÖwY iæwUb Abyhvqx mßv‡ni wbw`©ó GKwU w`‡bi
GKwU wcwiq‡W wkïi covi mÿgZvi ¯ÍiwfwËK m¤ú~iK DcKiY covi Abykxj‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡ev|
cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq †kÖwYi evsjv wel‡qi wkÿvµg: cov
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 15 / 71
cÖv_wgK wk¶vi j¶¨
wkïi kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, ˆbwZK, gvbweK, bv›`wbK, Ava¨vwZ¥K I Av‡ewMK weKvk mvab Kiv Ges
Zv‡ì †`kvZ¡‡ev‡a, weÁvbgb¯‹Zvq, m„RbkxjZvq I DbœZ Rxe‡bi ¯^cœ`k©‡b DØy× Kiv|
cÖv_wgK wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Avjøvn ZvÕqvjv/m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ wek¦vm I wbR wbR a‡g©i wfwË‡Z wkïi g‡a¨ ˆbwZK I gvbweK g~j¨‡eva
m„wó Kiv Ges mKj ag© I ag©vej¤^x‡ì cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj nIqv|
†kLvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve m„wói gva¨‡g wkïi Kíbv-kw³, m„RbkxjZv I bv›`wbK‡ev‡ai D‡b¥‡l
mnvqZv Kiv|
weÁv‡bi bxwZ-c×wZ I cÖhyw³i Ávb AR©b, mgm¨v mgvav‡b Zvi eënvi Ges weÁvbgb¯‹ I AbymwÜrmy
K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
fvlv I †hvMv‡hvM `¶Zvi gva¨‡g wkïi wPšÍvkw³i weKvk Ges wb‡R‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
MvwYwZK aviYv, †hŠw³K wPšÍv I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
mvgvwRK I mybvMwiK nIqvi ¸Yvewj Ges wek¦Rbxb `„wófw½ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ Abyave‡bi gva¨‡g mwVK c‡_ Pj‡Z DØy× Kiv|
Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv, cigZmwnòzZv, Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve I wg‡jwg‡k evm Kivi gvbwmKZv m„wó Kiv|
cÖwZK~jZv †gvKv‡ejvi gva¨‡g wkïi AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó Kiv|
wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kivi gva¨‡g kª‡gi gh©v`v Dcjwä I AvZ¥gh©v`v weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv|
cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I fvjevm‡Z mnvqZv Kiv Ges cwi‡ek msi¶‡Y DØy× Kiv|
wbivc` I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Rxebhvc‡b m‡Pó Kiv|
RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq DØy&× Kivi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k‡K fvjevm‡Z mvnvh¨
Kiv|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
1. me©kw³gvb Avjøvn ZvÕqvjv/m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ Av¯’v I wek¦vm ¯’vcb, mKj m„wói cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvq DÏxß nIqv|
2. wbR wbR ag© cÖeZ©‡Ki Av`k© Ges ag©xq Abykvmb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g ˆbwZK I PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj AR©b
Kiv|
3. mKj ag© I agv©ej¤^x‡ì cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b I åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡a DÏxß I kª×vkxj nIqv|
4. Kíbv, †KŠZ‚nj, m„RbkxjZv I eyw×i weKv‡k AvMÖnx nIqv|
5. msMxZ, Pviy I KviyKjv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g m„RbkxjZv, †mŠ›`h©‡PZbv, myKzgvie„wË I bv›`wbK‡ev‡ai cÖKvk
Ges m„RbkxjZvi Avb›` I †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fv‡M mvg_©¨ AR©b Kiv|
6. cÖK„wZi wbqg¸‡jv Rvbvi gva¨‡g weÁv‡bi Ávb AR©b Kiv|
7. weÁv‡bi bxwZ I c×wZ Ges †hŠw³K wPšÍvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Af¨vm MVb Ges weÁvbgb¯‹Zv AR©b
Kiv|
8. cÖhyw³ Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb Kiv|
9. evsjv fvlvi †gŠwjK `¶Zv AR©b Ges Rxe‡bi me©‡¶‡Î Zv Kvh©Kifv‡e eënvi Kiv|
10. we‡`wk fvlv wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR fvlvi †gŠwjK `¶Zv AR©b I eënvi Kiv|
11. MvwYwZK aviYv I `¶Zv AR©b Kiv|
12. †hŠw³K wPšÍvi gva¨‡g MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cviv|
13. gvbevwaKvi, AvšÍR©vwZKZv‡eva, wek¦åvZ…Z¡ I wek¦ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ AvMÖnx I kª×vkxj nIqv|
14. ¯^vaxb I gy³wPšÍvq DrmvwnZ nIqv Ges MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abykxjb Kiv|
15. ˆbwZK I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi gva¨‡g fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ges Zv evšÍe Rxe‡b cª‡qvM Kiv|
16. e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I ivóªxq m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi I msi¶‡Y hZœkxj nIqv|
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 16 / 71
17. we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïmn bvix-cyiyl, RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji m‡½ m¤cÖxwZ I kvwšÍc~Y© mnAe¯’v‡bi gvbwmKZv AR©b Kiv|
18. Ab¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqvi gva¨‡g Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve AR©b I cigZmwnòzZv cÖ`k©b Ges gvbweK ¸Yvewj
AR©b Kiv|
19. mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û mwµq AskMÖnY Ges wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nIqv|
20. cÖwZK‚jZv I `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges Zv †gvKv‡ejvq `¶ I AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nIqv|
21. wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kiv Ges kª‡gi gh©v`v ‡Ìqv|
22. cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I wek¦RMr m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I fv‡jvevmv Ges cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb I msi¶‡Y DØy× nIqv|
23. AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡bi mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq BwZevPK f~wgKv MÖn‡Y m‡Pó nIqv|
24. gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v I cwi‡e‡ki Ici RbmsL¨vi cÖfve Ges Rbm¤ú‡ì ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv|
25. kixiPP©v I †Ljvayjvi gva¨‡g kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKvk mvab Ges †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj AR©b Kiv|
26. wbivc` I ¯^v¯’¨Ki Rxeb hvc‡bi Af¨vm MVb Kiv|
27. gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq †`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DÏxß nIqv Ges Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfve MVb I †`k Movi Kv‡R
mwµq AskMÖnY Kiv|
28. RvZxq BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges G¸‡jvi cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv |
29. evsjv‡`k‡K Rvbv I fv‡jvevmv|
evsjv fvlv : cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
†kvbv
1.
2.
3.
evsjv fvlvi MVb-êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv|
Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí BZ¨vw` kÖæwZMÖvn¨ mvwnZ¨ ï‡b eyS‡Z cviv I Avb›` jvf Kiv|
K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` kÖæwZMÖvn¨ welq ï‡b eyS‡Z cviv|
ejv
1.
2.
3.
4.
evsjv fvlvi MVb-êwkó¨ m¤úwK©Z aviYv cÖ‡qvM K‡i K_v ej‡Z cviv|
Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` ey‡S ej‡Z cviv|
mncvVx I Ab¨‡ì m‡½ cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y K_v ej‡Z cviv|
wewfbœ wel‡q gZvgZ cÖ`vb I Abyf~wZ e¨³ Ki‡Z cviv|
cov
1.
2.
3.
¯úó, ï× I cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y mvejxjfv‡e co‡Z cviv|
Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
nv‡Zi †jLv I gyw`ªZ †jLv co‡Z cviv|
†jLv
1.
2.
3.
4.
¯úó, cwi”Qbœ I ï×fv‡e wjL‡Z cviv|
Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí, K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vwì welqe¯‘ I g~jfve ey‡S wjL‡Z cviv|
ch©‡e¶Y, AwfÁZv I g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` ï× I ¯úófv‡e wb‡Ri fvlvq wj‡L cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv|
mvaviY wPwV I ìLv¯Í wjL‡Z cviv Ges dig c~iY Ki‡Z cviv|
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 17 / 71
Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg
welq : evsjv fvlv
welqwfwËK cÖvwšÍK †hvM¨Zv
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
1. ¯úó, ï× I cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y
mvejxjfv‡e co‡Z cviv|
2. Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí,
K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw`
c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
cÖ_g †kªwY
1.1 evsjv eY©gvjv co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.2 e‡Y©i m‡½ KviwPý hy³ K‡i co‡Z
cvi‡e|
1.3 wbe©vwPZ K‡qKwU hy³e¨Äb co‡Z
cvi‡e|
†kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
wØZxq †kªwY
1.1
1.2
-
1.1
1.2
1.3 hy³e¨Äb co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.3 hy³e¨Äb ¯úó I ï× D”Pvi‡Y
co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4 cvV¨cy¯K
Í I mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã I
evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4 cvV¨cy¯K
Í I mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã I
evK¨ cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5 ùvwo weivgwPýwU wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z
cvi‡e|
1.5 ùvwo, cÖkœ‡evaK, Kgv weivgwPý
wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e
2.1 mnR Qov KweZv co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.1 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Qov I KweZv co‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.2 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Qov I KweZv
Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3
2.4 MíK_v I iƒcK_v c‡o eyS‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv c‡o eyS‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.2
-
2.3
2.4 MíK_v c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv co‡Z cvi‡e|
Z…Zxq †kªwY
-
1.4 cvV¨cy¯K
Í I mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã
I evK¨ kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯^‡i I cÖwgZ
D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5 wewfbœ weivgwPý wP‡b
¯^vfvweKfv‡e evK¨ I PiY co‡Z
cvi‡e|
co‡Z cvi‡e|
Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3
2.4 MíK_v I iƒcK_v c‡o eyS‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv cÖwgZ
D”Pvi‡Y c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
3. nv‡Zi †jLv I gyw`ªZ †jLv
co‡Z cviv|
†kªwYwfwËK AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
cÖ_g †kªwY
wØZxq †kªwY
2.6 cwiwPZ dzj, dj, is, cïcvwL
2.6 cwiwPZ dzj, dj, is, cïcvwL,
BZ¨vwì bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
MvQcvjv, b`x BZ¨vw` wel‡q co‡Z I
welq eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.7 mvZ w`‡bi bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.7 evsjv ev‡iv gvm I Qq FZzi bvg
co‡Z I welq eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.8 GK †_‡K wek ch©šÍ MYbvevPK kã 2.8 GK †_‡K GK k ch©šÍ MYbvevPK
co‡Z cvi‡e|
kã co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1 wb‡Ri †jLv eY©, kã I evK¨ co‡Z 3.1 wb‡Ri I A‡bï †jLv kã I evK¨
cvi‡e|
co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.2
-
3.3 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mggvbm¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl
eB co‡Z cvi‡e|
wiW (READ)
3.2
-
3.3 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mggvbm¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl
eB co‡Z cvi‡e|
c„ôv 19 / 71
2.6
Z…Zxq †kªwY
-
2.7 loFZzi eY©bv co‡Z I welqe¯‘
eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.8 cÖ_g †_‡K `kg ch©šÍ µgevPK
kã co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1 wb‡Ri I A‡bï †jLv Aby‡”Q`
co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.2 wewfbœ ai‡bi mnR
ms‡KZ/wb‡`©k, e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi
bvgdjK co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.3 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mggvbm¤úbœ
wkï‡Zvl I Ab¨vb¨ eB co‡Z cvi‡e|
we¯Í…Z wk¶vµg
welq: evsjv fvlv
cÖ_g †kÖwY
AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
1.
¯úó, ï× I cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y
1.1 evsjv eY©gvjv co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.1.1 evsjv eY©gvjv ¯úó I k× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.2 e‡Y©i m‡½ Kvi-wPý hy³ K‡i co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.2.1 KviwPý wP‡b co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.2.2 e‡Y©i m‡½ Kvi-wPý hy³ K‡i co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.3
wbe©vwPZ K‡qKwU hy³e¨ÄY co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.3.1 e¨Äb e‡Y©i m‡½ e¨Äb eY© hy³ K‡i co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4 cvV¨cy¯‡Í K eëüZ mggv‡bi kã I evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.1 cv‡V eëüZ kã ï×fv‡e co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.2 cv‡V eëüZ evK¨ ï×fv‡e co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.3 mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã ï×fv‡e co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.4 mggv‡bi eB‡qi evK¨ ï×fv‡e co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5
ùvwo weivgwýwU wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.1 mnR Qov I KweZv co‡Z cvi‡e|
K‡_vcK_b, eY©bv BZ¨vw` c‡o
g~jfve eyS‡Z cviv|
wiW (READ)
1.5.1 ùvwo weivgwýwU wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.1.1 cvVëB‡qi Qov co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.1.2 cvVëB‡qi KweZv co‡Z cvi‡e|
c„ôv 20 / 71
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
2.2
-
2.2.1
-
2.3
-
2.3.1
-
2.4
MíK_v c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e |
2.4.1 MíK_v co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.2 MíK_v c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.1 K‡_vcK_‡bi wjwLZ eY©bv co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.2 eY©bv co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6 cwiwPZ dzj,dj, is,cïcvwL,
BZ¨vwì bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.1 cwiwPZ dz‡ji bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.2 cwiwPZ d‡ji bvg bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.3 i‡Oi bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.4 cwiwPZ cïcvwLi bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.7
mvZ w`‡bi bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.8 evsjv fvlvq GK †_‡K wek ch©šÍ MYbvevPK kã co‡Z
cvi‡e|
wiW (READ)
2.7.1 mßv‡ni mvZ w`‡bi bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.8.1 evsjv fvlvq GK †_‡K wek ch©šÍ MYbvevPK kã co‡Z
cvi‡e|
c„ôv 21 / 71
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
co‡Z cviv|
3.1 wb‡Ri †jLv eY©, kã I evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1.1 wb‡Ri †jLv eY© wP‡b co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1.2 wb‡Ri †jLv kã co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1.3 wb‡Ri †jLv evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.2
-
3.3 cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki mggvbm¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl eB co‡Z cvi‡e|
wiW (READ)
3.2.1
-
3.3.1 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mggvbm¤úbœ
cvi‡e|
wkï‡Zvl eB‡qi kã co‡Z
3.3.2 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki mggvbm¤úbœ
cvi‡e|
wkï‡Zvl eB‡qi evK¨ co‡Z
c„ôv 22 / 71
we¯Í…Z wk¶vµg
welq: evsjv fvlv
wØZxq †kÖwY
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
1. ¯úó, ï× I cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y
1.1
1.2
-
1.1.1
1.2.1
-
1.3 hy³e¨Äb co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.3.1 hy³e¨Äb co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4 cvV¨cy¯K
Í I mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã I evK¨ cÖwgZ
D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.1 cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki kã ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.2 cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki evK¨ cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.3 mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.3 mggv‡bi eB‡qi evK¨ cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5.1 ùvco weivgwýwU wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5
ùvwo, cÖkœ‡evaK wPý, Kgv wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5.2 cÖkœ‡evaK wPý wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5.3 Kgv wPý wP‡b evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
wiW (READ)
2.1 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Qov I KweZv co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.1.1 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Qov co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.1.2 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y KweZv co‡Z cvi‡e|
c„ôv 23 / 71
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
2.2 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Qov I KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.2.1 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Qov Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.2.2 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3
Ñ
2.4 Mí I iƒcK_v c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3.1
-
2.4.1 Mí co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.2 Mí c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.3 iƒcK_v co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.4 iƒcK_v c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv
c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e |
2.5.1 K‡_vcK_‡bi AvKv‡i †jLv co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.2 K‡_vcK_b AvKv‡i †jLv welq c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.3 eY©bvg~jK welq co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.4 eY©bvg~jK welq c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6 cwiwPZ dzj, dj, is, cïcvwL, MvQcvjv, b`x BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.1 cwiwPZ dzj m¤ú‡K© c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.2 cwiwPZ dj m¤ú‡K© c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.3 cwiwPZ is m¤ú‡K© c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.4 cwiwPZ cïcvwL m¤ú‡K© c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 24 / 71
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
2.6.5 cwiwPZ MvQcvjv m¤ú‡K© c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.6.6 cwiwPZ b`x m¤ú‡K© c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.7 evsjv ev‡iv gvm I Qq FZzi bvg co‡Z I welq eyS‡Z 2.7.1 evsjv ev‡iv gvm I Qq FZzi bvg co‡Z cvi‡e|
cvi‡e|
2.7.2 evsjv ev‡iv gvm I Qq FZzi welq c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
co‡Z cviv|
2.8
GK †_‡K GK k ch©šÍ MYbvevPK kã co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.8.1 GK †_‡K GK k ch©šÍ MYbvevPK kã co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1
wb‡Ri I A‡bï †jLv kã I evK¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1.1 wb‡Ri †jLv kã ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1.2 wb‡Ri †jLv evK¨ cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1.3 A‡bï ¯úó †jLv kã ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.1.4 A‡bï ¯úó †jLv evK¨ cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.2
Ñ
3.2.1
Ñ
3.3 cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki mggvb-m¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl eB co‡Z cvi‡e| 3.3.1 cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki mggvb- m¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl eB co‡Z cvi‡e|
we¯Í…Z wk¶vµg
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 25 / 71
welq: evsjv fvlv
Z…Zxq †kÖwY
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
1 ¯úó, ï× I cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y 1.1 1.1
co‡Z cviv|
1.2
1.3
2
1.1.1
-
-
1.2.1
-
hy³e¨Äb ¯úó I ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.3.1 hy³e¨Äb ¯úó I ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
-
1.4 cvV¨cy¯ÍK I mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã I evK¨ kªeY‡hvM¨
¯úó ¯^‡i I cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.1 cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki kã kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯úó ¯^‡i I ï× D”Pvi‡Y
co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.2 cv‡V eëüZ evK¨ kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯úó ¯^‡i I cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y
co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.3 mggv‡bi eB‡qi kã kªeY‡hvM¨ ¯úó ¯^‡i I ï×D”Pvi‡Y
co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.4.4 mggv‡bi eB‡qi evK¨ cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
1.5
1.5.1 wewfbœ weivgwPý (ùvwo, Kgv, cÖkœwPý) wP‡b mvejxjfv‡e
evK¨ I PiY co‡Z cvi‡e|
wewfbœ weivgwPý wP‡b evK¨ I PiY co‡Z cvi‡e|
Qov, KweZv, iƒcK_v, Mí,
2.1
2.2 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Qov I KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3
-
2.4 Mí I iƒcK_v c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
wiW (READ)
2.1
-
2.2.1 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Qov Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.2.2 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2.3
-
2.4.1 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y Mí co‡Z cvi‡e|
c„ôv 26 / 71
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
2.4.2 Mí c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.3 cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y iƒcK_v co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.4.4 iƒcK_v c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5 K‡_vcK_b I eY©bv c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.1 K‡_vcK_‡bi AvKv‡i †jLv cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.5.2 K‡_vcK_‡bi AvKv‡i †jLv c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.3 mnR wel‡qi eY©bv cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.4 mnR wel‡qi eY©bv c‡o eyS‡Z cvi‡e|
2.5.5 cvV I cvV-ewnf©~Z cvVmvgMÖx c‡o g~jfve eyS‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.6 2.6.1
-
[
wiW (READ)
2.7 loFZzi eY©bv co‡Z cvi‡e I Ges mswk- ó cÖkœ
Ki‡Z I DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e|
2.7.1 wewfbœ FZzi êwkó¨ co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.8 cv‡V eëüZ cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg ch©šÍ µgevPK kã
co‡Z cvi‡e|
2.8.1 cv‡V eëüZ cÖ_g †_‡K cÂg ch©šÍ µgevPK kã co‡Z
cvi‡e|
2.7.2 loFZzi eY©bv Ges mswk- ó cÖkœ Ki‡Z I DËi w`‡Z
cvi‡e|
c„ôv 27 / 71
wkLbdj
(fvlv`¶Zv : cov)
co‡Z cviv|
3.1 wb‡Ri I A‡bï †jLv co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.3.1 wb‡Ri nv‡Zi †jLv Aby‡”Q` co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.2 wewfbœ ai‡bi mnR ms‡KZ/ wb‡`©k, e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi
bvgdjK co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.3.2 A‡bï (wk¶K I mncvVx‡ì) nv‡Zi †jLv Aby‡”Q`
co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.2.1 wewfbœ ai‡bi mnR ms‡KZ/ wb‡`©kg~jK kã co‡Z
cvi‡e|
3.2.2 wewfbœ ai‡bi mnR ms‡KZ/ wb‡`©kg~jK evK¨ co‡Z
cvi‡e|
3.2.3 e¨w³i bvgdjK co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.2.4 cÖwZôv‡bi bvgdjK co‡Z cvi‡e|
3.3 cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki mggvbm¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl eB co‡Z cvi‡e|
wiW (READ)
3.3.1 cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki mggvbm¤úbœ wkï‡Zvl cvVmvgMÖx co‡Z
cvi‡e|
c„ôv 28 / 71
cov `ÿZvi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ fvlv`ÿZvi Acivci m¤úK©
cÖ_g †kÖwYi evsjv wel‡qi fvlv`ÿZvi (†kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLv) 1 b¤^‡ii wkLbdj¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc:
†kvbv- 1.1.1 evK¨ I k‡ã eëüZ evsjv eY©gvjvi aŸwb g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡e I g‡b ivL‡e
ejv- 1.1.1 evK¨ I k‡ã eëüZ evsjv eY©gvjvi aŸwb ¯úó I ï×fv‡e ej‡Z cvi‡e|
cov- 1.1.1 evsjv eY©gvjv ¯úó I ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cvi‡e|
†jLv- 1.1.1 ¯úó I mwVK AvK…wZ‡Z evsjv eY©gvjv wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
evK¨ I k‡ã eëüZ evsjv eY©gvjvi aŸwb g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡e I g‡b ivL‡e/ evsjv eY©gvjv ¯úó I
ï×fv‡e ej‡Z/¯úó I ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z/ ¯úó I mwVK AvK…wZ‡Z wjL‡Z cvi‡e|
PviwU fvlv`ÿZvi GKB b¤^‡ii wkLbdj¸‡jvi m¤úK© eyS‡Z Ic‡i GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv| GK Av‡iv
ms‡ÿ‡c wjL‡j cvB: evsjv eY©gvjv ïb‡Z/ej‡Z/co‡Z/wjL‡Z cvi‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kgb K‡i ïb‡Z/ej‡Z/
co‡Z/wjL‡Z cvi‡e Zv †evSv bv †M‡jI fvlv`ÿZv¸‡jv †h, G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Zv mn‡RB †evSv
hvh| welqwU Av‡iv ¯úófv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ wkïi fvlv`ÿZv AR©‡bi µg fv‡jvfv‡e †evSv ìKvi| Avgiv Rvwb
†h, wkï cÖ_‡g †kv‡b Zvici e‡j| Gici c‡o Zv e‡j I wj‡L cÖKvk K‡i| myZivs †KD hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz
c‡o Abïv †hgb †kv‡b †Zgwb wb‡Ri covI wb‡R †kv‡b| A_©vr ï‡b I c‡o Z_¨ MÖnY K‡i Avi cÖKvk K‡i
e‡j I wj‡L| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, fvlv`ÿZv¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ A½vA½xfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| GLv‡b
fvlv`ÿZv covi Ici †ewk †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q|
co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡b MvVwbK g~j¨vqb
Assessment kãwU j¨vwUb kã Assidere †_‡K G‡m‡Q| G iA_© n‡jv cv‡k emv| GLv‡b cv‡k emv ej‡Z
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q wkÿv_©xi mv‡_ Nwbô m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv ev Zv‡K Rvbv|
wkÿvbxwZ, wkÿvµg, wkÿv msµvšÍ Kvh©µg ev wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ wkLb m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi D‡Ï‡k Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni cÖwµqvB g~j¨vqb| mvaviY A‡_© g~j¨vqb n‡”Q †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi g~j¨ Av‡ivc Kiv ev †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi g~j¨
hvPvB ev wePvi Kiv| Avi wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î g~j¨vqb n‡”Q D‡Ï‡kï KZUzKz wkÿv_©xiv AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q ev †Kv‡bv
wkLbdj wkÿv_©xi AR©b n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv wbY©‡qi Z_¨ msMÖn, we‡kølY I e¨vL¨vi avivevwnK cÖwµqv| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡P
ewY©Z welq¸‡jv g‡b ivLv ìKvi:
 g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wkÿv_©xi wkL‡b Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b Avbv
 g~j¨vqb wkLb †kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask
g~j¨vqb mvaviYZt `yai‡bi| h_v: mvgwóK g~j¨vqb I MvVwbK g~j¨vqb|
†Kv‡bv GKwU Aa¨v‡qi/mvgwq‡Ki/eQ‡ii/wb‡`©kbv Kvh©µ‡gi †k‡l wkÿv_©xi AR©b hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †h g~j¨vqb
Kiv nq Zv‡K mvgwóK g~j¨vqb ejv nq|
mvgwóK g~j¨vqb mvaviYZt wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Kiv nq|
 wkÿv_©xi P~ovšÍ †MÖW ev b¤î cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv K‡i
 wkÿv_©xi cieZ©x †Kvm© ev †kÖwY ev kvLv wbe©vP‡b mnvqZv K‡i
 wkÿ‡Ki †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i
wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ ey‡S †mB Abyhvqx eë¯’v †bqvi Rb¨ †h g~j¨vqb ZvB MvVwbK g~j¨vqb| MvVwbK g~j¨vqb `yfv‡e
Kiv hvq| GKwU AbvbyôvwKfv‡e I Ab¨wU AvbyôvwbKfv‡e| cvVPjvKvjxb AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß djvdj
Abyhvqx wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡Z ZvrÿwYK cwieZ©b Avbv hvq| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, wk¶v_©xi cv‡Vi wba©vwiZ
wkLbdj AR©b Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K wkLb †kLv‡bvi cÖwZwU av‡c †h g~j¨vqb K‡i ZvrÿwYKfv‡e wbivgqg~jK
eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib Zv‡K AbvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb (Informal Formative Assessment) ejv hvq| G
ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi †Kv‡bv †iKW© ivLv nq bv| Z‡e AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq|
mvaviYZt wbw`©ó mgqv‡šÍ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e wkÿv_©xi wkLb `ye©jZv hvPvB‡qi ci †m Abyhvqx †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g
cwieZ©b Avbvi Rb¨ †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K Avgiv AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb (Formal Formative
Assessment) e‡j _vwK| Gi gva¨‡g wkïi covi AMÖMwZ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq| wk¶K G ai‡bi
g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß djvdj eënvi K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Av‡iv Kvh©Kifv‡e wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj
cwiKíbv I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
covi †ÿ‡Î AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi f‚wgKv1 wb‡P n‡jv:
1. wkïi covi Ávb I `¶Zv kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i
2. wkïi cov `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K cvV cwiPvjbvq Kx ai‡bi mywbw`©ó †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡eb Zv
wPwýZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i
3. wkï‡ì AMÖMwZ ey‡S wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i
4. wkïi covi Ae¯’vb hvPvB K‡i Kx †KŠk‡j Zvi Rb¨ co‡j fvj AMÖMwZ n‡e †m wel‡q Ab¨vb¨ wk¶K
wKsev Awffve‡Ki mnvqZvi aiY wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
1
Birdyshaw, CIERA †_‡K msM„nxZ
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 30 / 71
AbvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi †KŠkj:
co‡Z †kLvi mvg‡_©ï A_©vr aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv, eY©Ávb, kãÁvb, mvejxjZv I †evaMg¨Zvi †KvbwU‡Z †Kvb
mywbw`©ó mgm¨v n‡”Q Zv kbv³c~e©K ZvrÿwYK cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ wb‡P ewY©Z †KŠkj¸‡jv Aej¤^b
Kiv hvq| †hgb





eY©, kã, evK¨, Aby‡”Q` ev Mí ïwb‡q ej‡Z w`‡q
ejvi ci mgm¨vi aib wPwýZ K‡i
eY©, kã, evK¨, Aby‡”Q` ev Mí co‡Z w`‡q
covi ci mgm¨vi aib wPwýZ K‡i
†QvU †QvU cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i
wPwýZ mgm¨vi ZvrÿwYK mgvavb K‡i
co‡Z †kLvi hvPvB‡q AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi cwiKíbv I †m Abyhvqx cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mgq †ei
Kiv GKwU Ab¨Zg KvR| Ab¨ wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ mgš^q I mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g G KvRwU mn‡R Kivi Rb¨ GLb
Avgv‡ì Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM Av‡Q| gv‡S gv‡S GKB we`¨vj‡qi mnKg©x‡ì GKmv‡_ emvi my‡hvM nq| 2 ZLb
Avgiv GK‡Î e‡m mviv eQ‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi cwiKíbv Kwi| Gi g‡a¨ g~j¨vqb cwiKíbvI AšÍf©y³ _v‡K|
wb‡P ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †Zgwb GKwU g~j¨vqb cwiKíbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev:
1. co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡b Avgvi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb cwiKíbvi m¤¢ve¨ mgq KLb?
2. co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡b Avwg KLb cwiKwíZfv‡e AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡ev?
3. co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡b †Kvb mgq Avwg AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb †_‡K cÖvß djvdj we‡kølY Ki‡Z
cvi‡ev?
4. co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡b AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© mnKg©x ev ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi †Kv‡bv wk¶vbyivMx ev
e¨w³i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q wK?
AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g covq we`¨vjq, †kªwY A_ev wkïi avivevwnK AMÖMwZ cwigv‡ci Rb¨
ch©‡e¶Y QK c~iY Kiv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avcbvi wkï m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi Aek¨B GKwU aviYv Av‡Q| mvaviYZ
wk¶v eQ‡ii ïiæ‡ZB Avcbviv wkïi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq bvbv ai‡bi Z_¨ †c‡q hvb| wKš‘ Zv‡ì covq mvg‡_©ï
mKj w`K m¤ú‡K© nq‡Zv Rvbv m¤¢e nq bv| GLbKvi KvR †_‡K wk¶v_©x‡ì covi welq wb‡q Avcbv‡ì wPšÍv
Kivi my‡hvM NU‡e|
AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb cwiKíbvq wk¶v_©x‡ì co‡Z †kLvi ch©‡e¶‡Yi QKwUI mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| G‡Z
wkïi covi mvg‡_©ï cuvPwU †¶Î m¤^wjZ GKwU cÖkœgvjv i‡q‡Q: aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv, eY©Ávb, kãÁvb,
mvejxjZv I †evaMg¨Zv| †QvU `‡j e‡m †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb me¸‡jv cÖkœ mi‡e co–b| covi mgq gv‡S gv‡S
_vgyb Ges Av‡jvPbv K‡i cÖkœ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cwi®‹vi Kiæb| `‡j cov †kl n‡j mevB mewKQz eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb wKbv Zv wbwðZ Kiæb| Gevi wb‡R‡ì wkïi Rb¨ †Kvb¸‡jv cÖ‡hvR¨ Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z ejyb|
Avcbv‡ì Av‡jvPbv †kl n‡j Avwg wkïi co‡Z †kLvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv I
AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi †KŠkj m¤úwK©Z wb‡P ewY©Z `ywU cÖkœ m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
1| co‡Z †kLvi †Kvb As‡k Avcbvi AwaKvsk wkï DËg?
2| co‡Z †kLvi †Kvb As‡k Avcbvi AwaKvsk wkïi Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb?
2
GKB we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K‡ì `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb MVbg~jK g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î Zuviv mgš^q Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GKB we`¨vjq †_‡K hw` GKvwaK AskMÖnYKvix
bv _v‡K Zvn‡j wewfbœ we`¨vj‡qi GKB ¯—i/†kªwY wk¶‡Ki `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` ZvI m¤¢e bv nq Zvn‡j GKB GjvKv/K¬v÷vi Gi wk¶K `j MVb
Ki‡Z n‡e †hb eo `‡j cvi¯úwiK AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi †ewk †ewk my‡hvM N‡U|
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 31 / 71
co‡Z †kLvi AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi mymg †¯‹viKvW©
AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi co‡Z †kLvi mvg_©¨ ch©‡e¶Y Riæwi| G‡Z wk¶v_©xi co‡Z
†kLvi mvg‡_©ï cuvPwU †¶Î (eY©Ávb, aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv, mvejxj cvV, kã †kLv Ges ey‡S cov) m¤^wjZ mylg
†¯‹viKv‡W© wewfbœ cÖkœgvjv i‡q‡Q| GwU eënvi K‡i Lye mn‡RB wkÿv_©xi co‡Z †kLvi mvg_©¨ cwigvc Kiv
hvq| Gi me©vwaK j¶Ÿxq welqe¯‘ n‡jv:
1. wk¶v_©x, wk¶K Ges we`¨vj‡qi mvaviY Z_¨vejx hv‡Z i‡q‡Q we`¨vjq, MÖvg, BDwbqb, wk¶v_©x, wk¶‡Ki
bvg, †Kvb †kªwY Ges wk¶vel©|
2. G Q‡Ki Dc‡ii As‡k _v‡K MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi ZvwiL I mgq|
3. Q‡Ki evgw`‡Ki cÖ_g Kjv‡g H †kªwYi wkï‡ì bv‡gi ZvwjKv _v‡K|
4. co‡Z †kLvi mvg_©¨ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ wk¶v_©xi Wvb cv‡ki N‡i wb‡P ewY©Z GKwU b¤î em‡e :
0/1 = Dbœqb‡hvM¨: Gi A_© n‡jv wk¶v_©x LyeB Kg cv‡i ev wKQzB cv‡i bv| A_©vr GLbI Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb ev
GLbI wkL‡Z n‡e (jvj)|
2/3 = Dbœqbkxj: Gi A_© n‡jv wk¶v_©x AvswkK cv‡i| A_©vr wKQy As‡k GLbI †kLv cÖ‡qvRb (njy`)|
4/5 = DbœxZ: Gi A_© n‡jv wk¶v_©x me cv‡i| A_©vr Dbœqb n‡q‡Q ev ¯^vaxb cvVK (meyR)|
GKwU wkÿve‡l© Avcbvi †kªwYi wkï‡ì covi mvg‡_©ï cvuPwU Dcv`vb g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| Aek¨ †kÖwY Abyhvqx
covi mvg‡_©ï me¸‡jv Dcv`vb g~j¨vqb bvI Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cÖwZwU g~j¨vq‡bB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb Avcbvi
cieZx© wb‡`©kbv Kx n‡e| GRb¨ cÖ_‡gB ìKvi GKwU evrmwiK cwiKíbv Kiv| wb‡P cÖ`Ë Q‡K GB cwiKíbvwU
K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
cwiKíbv Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ w`‡b Avcwb Avcbvi wkÿv_©x‡ì gv‡m GKevi covi mvg‡_©ï Dcv`vb g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| wb‡P cÖ`Ë mvg_©¨ cwigv‡ci QK Abyhvqx GB g~j¨vqbwU Avcwb m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gi eënviwewa
Q‡Ki wb‡P ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ co‡Z †kLvi mvg_©¨ cwigv‡ci QK
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 32 / 71
covi mvg_©¨
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv
eY©Ávb
kãÁvb
mvejxjZv
†evaMg¨Zv
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
wb‡`©kK
Q›`hy³ kã kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i
eY© ev kãvs‡ki aŸwb D”PviY Ki‡Z cv‡i
k‡ã eëüZ e‡Y©i aŸwbi cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i
evsjv eY© wPb‡Z I co‡Z cv‡i
aŸwb‡K cÖZx‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i
KviwPýhy³ eY© co‡Z cv‡i
k‡ãi D”PviY Ki‡Z cv‡i
k‡ãi evbvb Ki‡Z cv‡i
k‡ãi eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i
cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cv‡i
¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z co‡Z cv‡i
GKK mg‡q kã co‡Z cv‡i
AvÿwiK A_© eyS‡Z cv‡i
Avbygvbwm× A_© eyS‡Z cv‡i
g~j¨vqbag©x A_© eyS‡Z cv‡i
nu¨v
bv
we‡kl `ªóe¨: cÖ‡hvR¨ nuv/bv N‡i wUK wPý () †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Z‡e wkÿv_©x covi mvg‡_©ï †KvbwU‡Z
KZwU nuv/bv †c‡q‡Q Zv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv cÖvß nuv/bv Abyhvqx wkÿv_©x wkÿ‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq/mn‡hvwMZv
Qvov ewY©Z wb‡`©k‡Ki 3wU nuv cÖvwßi Rb¨ DbœxZ A_©vr 4/5, mn‡hvwMZvq/mn‡hvwMZv Qvov 2wU nuv cÖvwßi Rb¨
Dbœqbkxj A_©vr 2/3 I GKwUI cv‡i bv ev 1wU nuv cÖvwßi Rb¨ Dbœqb‡hvM¨ A_©vr 0/1 †¯‹vi cÖ`vb K‡i AvbyôvwbK
MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi mymg †¯‹viKvW© c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wiW (READ)
m
‡
P
Z
b
Z
v
a
Ÿ
w
b
M
Z
covi
mvg_©¨
AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ co‡Z †kLvi mvg_©¨ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wbw`©ó wb‡`©kK Abyhvqx `ÿZv
wb‡`©kK
wb‡`©kK Abyhvqx wk¶v_©xi cvi`wk©Zvi m~PK1. Qovi wewfbœ Q›`hy³ kã kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
c„ôv 33 / 71
Q›`hy³ kã kbv³ Ki‡Z cviv
eY© ev kãvs‡ki aŸwb D”PviY Ki‡Z cviv
k‡ã eëüZ e‡Y©i aŸwbi cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cviv
eY©Ávb
evsjv eY© wPb‡Z I co‡Z cviv
aŸwb‡K cÖZx‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv
KviwPýhy³ eY© co‡Z cviv
k‡ãi D”PviY Ki‡Z cviv
kãÁvb
k‡ãi evbvb Ki‡Z cviv
k‡ãi eënvi Ki‡Z cviv
mvejxjZv
cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cviv
¯^vfvweK MwZ‡Z co‡Z cviv
GKK mg‡q kã co‡Z cviv
†evaMg¨Zv
AvÿwiK A_© eyS‡Z cviv
Avbygvbwm× A_© eyS‡Z cviv
g~j¨vqbag©x A_© eyS‡Z cviv
2. GKBiKg D”Pvi‡Yi/aŸwbi wewfbœ kã wPb‡Z cv‡i|
3. Qov ˆZwii Rb¨ wewfbœ Q›`hy³ kã wPwýZ Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
4. GKwU k‡ãi kãvsk msL¨v MYbv K‡i †m Abymv‡i
Zvwj w`‡Z cv‡i|
5. †h‡Kv‡bv k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z/gv‡S/‡k‡li eY© kbv³ Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
1. evsjv eY©gvjvi ¯îeY© wPb‡Z cv‡i|
2. evsjv eY©gvjvi e¨ÄbeY© wPb‡Z cv‡i|
3. k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z/gv‡S/‡k‡li A¶i kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. k‡ã eëüZ eY©¸‡jv co‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i|
5. KviwPý hy³ K‡i eY© co‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i|
1. cvV¨cy¯Í‡K me©vwaK eëüZ kã¸‡jv mn‡RB co‡Z
cv‡i|
2. ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b eëüZ mnR-mij kã¸‡jv co‡Z
cv‡i|
3. ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b eoiv eënvi K‡ib Ggb kã co‡Z
cv‡i|
4. ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b eëüZ mnR-mij kã¸‡jv wjL‡Z
cv‡i (†hgb- LvB, AvR BZ¨vw`)|
5. ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b eoiv eënvi K‡ib Ggb kã wjL‡Z
cv‡i|
1. †kÖwY Dc‡hvMx evK¨ ï×fv‡e co‡Z cv‡i (100 Gi
g‡a¨ ï×fv‡e co‡Z cviv k‡ãi msL¨v wjLyb)|
2. welqe¯‘ ¯^”Q‡›` co‡Z cv‡i|
3. KÚ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv K‡i co‡Z cv‡i|
4. weivgwP‡ýi h_vh_ eënvi K‡i co‡Z cv‡i|
5. †kÖwY Dc‡hvMx evK¨ ï×fv‡e co‡Z cv‡i (1 wgwb‡U
ï×fv‡e cwVZ k‡ãi msL¨v wjLyb)|
1. cwVZ welqe¯‘i g~j Dcv`vb¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i
(†hgb- g~j PwiÎ, NUbv, aviYv)|
2. cwVZ welqe¯‘i Ici cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cv‡i|
3. cwVZe¨ welqe¯‘ Abygvb K‡i cieZ©x aviYv m¤ú‡K©
ej‡Z cv‡i|
4. cwVZ welqe¯‘i mvigg© wb‡Ri fvlvq ej‡Z cv‡i|
5. cwVZ welqe¯‘i mv‡_ e¨w³MZ Áv‡bi mgš^q Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
we‡kl `ªóe¨: covi mvg‡_©ï wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wb‡`©kK hvPvB Ki‡Z GKvwaK cvi`wk©Zvi m~PK n‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv 1wU
cvi`wk©Zvi m~PK eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 34 / 71
AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi mymg †¯‹viKvW©
we`¨vj‡qi bvg:
Dc‡Rjv:
†kÖwY:
†ivj
kvLv:
wkÿv_©xi
bvg
covi mvg_©¨
gvm
wkÿvel©:
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv
†Rjv:
wkÿ‡Ki bvg:
eY©Ávb
kãÁvb
mvejxjZv
hvPvBKvixi ¯^vÿi
mycvifvBR‡ii ¯^vÿi
myylg †¯‹viKvW© c~i‡Yi wb‡`©kbv: DbœxZ=1, Dbœqbkxj=2, Dbœqb‡hvM¨=3
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 35 / 71
†evaMg¨Zv
†kÖwY‡Z AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡b covi mvg‡_©¨ wkÿv_©xi kZKiv nvi
we`¨vj‡qi bvg:
†kÖwY:
kvLv:
eY©Ávb
wkÿ‡Ki bvg:
kãÁvb
mvejxjZv
Dbœqbkxj
Dbœqb‡hvM¨
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv
wkÿvel©:
†Rjv:
mycvifvBR‡ii hvPvBKvix
¯^vÿi
wkÿ‡Ki
¯^vÿi
DbœxZ
wkÿv_©xi kZKiv nvi
covi
mvg_©¨
gvm
Dc‡Rjv:
wiW (READ)
c„ôv 36 / 71
†evaMg¨Zv
eënviwewa Abyhvqx cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi covi mvg‡_©ï wbw`©ó Dcv`vb g~j¨vqbc~e©K AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi
mylg †¯‹viKvW© c~iY Ki‡eb| aiv hvK, Avcbvi †kÖwb‡Z 50Rb wkÿv_©x Av‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ 25Rb DbœxZ A_©vr
4/5 †c‡q‡Q, 15Rb Dbœqbkxj A_©vr 2/3 †c‡q‡Q I 10Rb Dbœqb‡hvM¨ A_©vr 0/1 †c‡q‡Q| †kÖwY‡Z AvbyôvwbK
MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡b covi mvg‡_©ï wbw`©ó Dcv`v‡b wkÿv_©xi kZKiv nvi n‡e DbœxZ wkÿv_©x 50%, Dbœqbkxj
30% I Dbœqb‡hvM¨ 20%| m½Z Kvi‡YB Dbœqb‡hvM¨ I Dbœqbkxj wkÿv_©x‡ì DbœxZ KivB n‡e wkÿK wn‡m‡e
Avgv‡ì KZ©e¨| GRb¨ cvVcwiKíbv I †kÖwY eë¯’vcbvq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cvVcwiKíbvi
cwieZ©bwU n‡e wkÿv_©xi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx KvR kbv³ Kiv| Avi †kÖwY eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK wn‡m‡e
Avcbv‡K mivmwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Dbœqb‡hvM¨ wkÿv_©x‡ì| Ab¨w`‡K `j wefvR‡bi mgq Dbœqbkxj
wkÿv_©x‡ì DbœxZ wkÿv_©x‡ì mv‡_ ewm‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, wkÿv_©x‡ì wPwýZ Kiv wVK n‡e
bv; G‡Z Dbœqbkxj I Dbœqb‡hvM¨ wkÿv_©x‡ì nxbgb¨Zv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß djvdj Abyhvqx
wkÿK †KŠk‡j †kÖwY eë¯’vcbvq mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b G‡b G KvRwU AZ¨šÍ myPviƒ‡c m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 37 / 71
webv AbygwZ‡Z Gi cyYtgy`ªY m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbwl×
aŸwb n‡jv k‡ãi ¶y`ªZg GKK| cÖwZwU e‡Y©i aŸwb‡Z ¯^KxqZv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv kãg‡a¨ eY©
eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y aŸwbi GB ¯^KxqZv nviv‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î D”Pvi‡Yi GB cv_©K¨ k‡ãi A_©I e`‡j w`‡Z
cv‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc, ÔKjgÕ kãwU‡Z wZbwU eY© ev aŸwb Av‡Q K-j-g, GLv‡b GB wZbwU eY©B Kjg kãwUi
c„_K wZbwU aŸwb wb‡`©k K‡i| Avevi Kjwg k‡ã wZbwU aŸwb n‡jv †Kv-j-wg wKš‘ eY© Av‡Mi g‡ZvB K, j Ges
g ïaygvÎ eY©¸‡jvi mv‡_ KviwPý hy³ n‡q aŸwbi cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q, cvkvcvwk kã `ywUi A‡_©iI cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q|
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv n‡jv K_¨ fvlv ev evK¨ †_‡K kã Ges kãvs‡ki g‡a¨ eëüZ aŸwb¸‡jv c„_K Ki‡Z cvivi
`¶Zv| wkïi G m¤úwK©Z m‡PZbZv _vKv ìKvi| KviY wkï G m‡PZbZv eënvi K‡iB g~jZt evbvb K‡i
co‡Z I mwVKfv‡e wjL‡Z cv‡i| wkïi aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv m¤úwK©Z wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi mgq
wk¶K mvavibZt k‡ãi GKBiKg aŸwb ev cv_©K¨ ev wfbœ wfbœ k‡ã GKB aŸwbi D”PviY wb‡q aviYv w`‡q _v‡Kb
(Adams,Foorman, Lundberg & Beeler, 1997). aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv Abykxj‡bi †¶‡Î wb‡P ewY©Z KvR¸‡jv Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i:
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv Abykxj‡bi KvR
1. GKBiKg kã ev aŸwb A_ev wfbœ wfbœ kã ev aŸwb wPwýZ Kiv ( eD, gD, cvwL)
2. Q›` nq Ggb kã kbv³ Kiv (UzwU-QzwU, cvB-hvB, mKv‡j-Kcv‡j, cvqiv-Uvqiv)
3. ev‡K¨ k‡ãi msL¨v Abymv‡i nvZZvwj †Ìqv (BZj{Zvwj}, weZj{Zvwj}, Mv‡Qi{Zvwj},
cvZv{Zvwj})
4. GKB ai‡bi kã¸‡”Q AbïKg kã A_©vr aŸb¨vZ¥K kã Luy‡R †ei Kiv (nbnb, cbcb,
SbSb, KbKb, kbkb, nvIqv)
5. k‡ãi mv‡_ Q›` wgwj‡q kã ˆZwi Kiv (†hgb, dzj-fzj, Qq-fq, Pvi-nvi, AvU-NvU)
6. k‡ãi AšÍM©Z kãvsk AbymiY K‡i nvZZvwj †Ìqv (bvMi{Zvwj}, †`vjv{Zvwj}A_©vr kãwU
bvMi‡`vjv-`yB kãvs‡ki Rb¨ `yevi nvZZvwj)
7. gy‡L gy‡L kãvsk †ei K‡i evbvb Kiv (†Xvj-Kjwg; gnv-bwe)
8. kãvsk Avjv`v Kiv (cÖRv-cwZ, `vw`-gv)
9. k‡ãi Av`¨¶i ev cÖ_g aŸwb kbv³ Kiv (Kjg, Kjv, Kjm)
Drm: Simmons and Kameenui, 1999 †_‡K msM„wnZ
Dc‡iv³ KvR¸‡jv GKB iKg bq| wkï‡ì Rb¨ k‡ãi Av`¨¶i ev cÖ_g aŸwb kbv³ Kivi †P‡q GKB iKg kã
I aŸwb ev wfbœ wfbœ kã I aŸwb wPwýZ Kiv mnR| GRb¨ aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi KvR Kivi Av‡M wkÿK‡K
Aek¨B wkïi c~e© AwfÁZv, Zv‡ì eqm I mv¶iZv Dbœq‡bi ¯Íi hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g †kªwYi wk¶v_©xiv
Dc‡iv³ ZvwjKvi cÖ_g w`‡Ki KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †h mKj wkï B‡Zvg‡a¨ GKB iKg kã I aŸwbi ev wfbœ
wfbœ kã I aŸwb wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì Rb¨ G KvR ev` w`‡q cieZ©x KvR¸‡jv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv g~j¨vqb
eY©Áv‡bi g‡Zv wk¶v_©xi aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi mvg‡_©ï cwigv‡ci Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| g‡b
ivLv ìKvi, GB g~j¨vq‡bi g~j KviY n‡jv: 1) wk¶v_©x‡ì mvg_©¨ cwigvc Kiv Ges 2) cvV cwiPvjbvi †KŠkj
wba©viY Kiv|
wkÿK wn‡m‡e Avcwb Kxfv‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì aŸwb m‡PZbZvi mvg_©¨ cwigvc Ki‡eb? GwU wbqwgZfv‡e wbw`©ó mgq
ci ci g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| cÖ_gevi g~j¨vq‡bi mgq aŸwb m‡PZbZv g~j¨vq‡bi wewfbœ `¶Zv cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v_©x mvg_©¨ cwigv‡ci ch©‡e¶Y QK I mymg †¯‹viKvW©
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 38 / 71
mvaviYZt †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g covi mgq weKí c×wZ‡Z
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq
wk¶K mvg_©¨ cwigvcK QK eënvi K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì
AMÖMwZi †bvU wb‡Z cv‡ib| GwU GKwU AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨vqb
†KŠkj n‡Z cv‡i hv eënvi K‡i wk¶K wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ
m¤ú‡K© aviYv jv‡fi cvkvcvwk Zuvi wb‡Ri cvV cwiPvjbvi
†KŠkj wba©viY/cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GwU eënvi K‡i
cÖwZw`b me wk¶v_©x‡K g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
wk¶v_©xi mvg_©¨ cwigvcK QK
aŸwb m‡PZbZv
1. wk¶v_©x wK Qovi wewfbœ Q›`hy³ kã mbv³
Ki‡Z cv‡i?
2. wk¶v_©x wK wewfbœ kã¸”Q †_‡K GKBiKg
D”Pvi‡Yi/aŸwbi wewfbœ kã wPb‡Z cv‡i?
3. wk¶v_©x wK Qov ˆZwii Rb¨ wewfbœ Q›`hy³
kã ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i?
4. wk¶v_©x wK GKwU k‡ãi kãvsk msL¨v MYbv
K‡i †m Abymv‡i Zvwj w`‡Z cv‡i?
5. wk¶v_©x wK †h‡Kv‡bv k‡ãi cÖ_g A¶i/aŸwb
(hy³eY© I KviwPý mnKv‡i) wPb‡Z cv‡i|
G QK eënvi K‡i AvbyôvwbKv‡e MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi
gva¨‡gI wk¶v_©x‡ì g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î GKwU
wk¶ve‡l© wk¶K wZbevi GwU eënvi K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì
AMÖMwZ cÖwZ‡e`b Kivi cvkvcvwk wb‡Ri wkLb †kLv‡bv †KŠk‡jiI ¯^-g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvbyôvwbK
MvVwbKg~jK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ mylg †¯‹viKvW© eënvi K‡i wkÿv_©xi aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ mgq
cwiKíbv Abyhvqx Dc‡iv³ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DË‡ii wfwË‡Z mKj wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ †iKW© Ki‡eb|
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi m¤ú~iK †Ljv
(Phonemic Awareness in Young Children, 1998 †_‡K msM„wnZ)
kªe‡Yi †Ljv
D‡Ïk¨: wkïiv Kx ïb‡Z Pvq Ges ev¯Í‡e Kx ïb‡Q Zv cv_©K¨ Kivi mvg_©¨ AR©b Kiv
DcKiY: Mvb, Qov A_ev †jvKMxwZ †h¸‡jv wkï‡ì cwiwPZ
c×wZ: Qov cov
cÖwµqv: GwU GKwU eo `‡ji KvR| wkïiv GKmv‡_ e‡m wk¶‡Ki Ave„wË Kiv Qov, Mvb A_ev cwiwPZ
†jvKMxwZ ïb‡e| GwU ejevi mgq wk¶K Gi MZvbyMwZK avivevwnKZv G‡jv‡g‡jv K‡i ej‡eb|
wk¶v_©xiv GwU ï‡b G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e ejv ev B”QvK…Zfv‡e bv ejv kã¸‡jv Luy‡R †ei K‡i ï×fv‡e
ej‡e| wk¶K m¤ú~Y© †kªwY‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i cÖkœ Ki‡jI GKRb wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q DËi Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb|
cwiwPZ Qovi jvBb:
†LvKb †LvKb WvK cvwo
†LvKb †gv‡ì Kvi evwo
cwiwPZ Qov‡K AcwiwPZ Dc¯’vcb:
†LvKb †LvKb WvK Mvwo
†LvKb †gv‡ì Kvi Nwo
Q›` wgjv‡bv
D‡Ïk¨: AwaKvsk kã w`‡qB †h Q›`hy³ kã ˆZwi Ziv hvq Zv eyS‡Z cviv
DcKiY: Q›` wgjv‡bv k‡ãi ZvwjKv, GKwU big Zzjvi ej
c×wZ: Q›`gq kã
cÖwµqv: wkïiv myk„•Ljfv‡e wb‡Ri RvqMvq e‡m _vK‡e| wk¶K †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU kã ej‡e (†hgb,
MvQ) Ges ejwU †h‡Kv‡bv wkïi w`‡K Quy‡o w`‡eb| †h wkïwU ejwU cv‡e †m H k‡ãi mv‡_ Q›` wgwj‡q
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 39 / 71
`ªæZ GKwU kã ej‡e (†hgb, gvQ) Ges ejwU cybivq wk¶‡Ki w`‡K w`‡e| hZ¶Y Q›`hy³ kã Avm‡e
wk¶K GKB cÖwµqvq ej Quyoevi my‡hvM w`‡eb| AMÖMvgx ev AwaK †gavex wk¶v_©x‡ì bZzb kã Pq‡bi
`vwqZ¡ †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
GK ev‡K¨ KZ kã
D‡Ïk¨: ev‡K¨ eëüZ kã m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv ˆZwi Kiv
DcKiY: k³ KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv ev eM©vK…wZ KvUv KvMR, cv_i, KvwV A_ev Av‡kcvv‡k mnRjf¨
†h‡Kv‡bv wKQy
c×wZ: †Rvov ev `‡j KvR
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wkï‡ì 3/4 R‡bi ev `yB †eÂ wgwj‡q `j MVb Ki‡eb| wk¶K cÖwZ `‡j 5/6wU k³
KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv (cÖwZwU UzK‡iv‡Z kã †jLv _vK‡Z cv‡i †h¸‡jv GKwU A_©en evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i)
mieivn Ki‡eb| wk¶K GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨ mi‡e co‡eb Ges ev‡K¨ eëüZ k‡ãi mgvb msL¨K
KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv `‡ji wk¶v_©xiv †e‡Â, †Uwe‡j ev †g‡S‡Z myk„•Ljfv‡e mvwR‡q ivL‡e| Gevi wk¶K
GB KvW©¸‡jv‡Z gy‡L ejv ev‡Kï AšÍM©Z kã¸‡jv Avjv`vfv‡e wjL‡Z ej‡eb| mevi †jLv Ges k‡ãi
KvMR c„_K Kiv †kl n‡j `j †_‡K GKRb wk¶v_©x‡K Zv‡ì cÖvß evK¨wU co‡Z ej‡eb| Gevi
cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K G‡K G‡K Zv‡ì mvRv‡bv kã¸‡jv †`wL‡q MwVZ evK¨wU mi‡e co‡Z ejyb| wk¶K
KvRwUi KvwV‡bï gvÎv evov‡bvi Rb¨ †ewk k‡ãi evK¨ w`‡Z cv‡ib A_ev `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kãvsk
Av‡Q Ggb kã eënvi K‡i evK¨ w`‡Z cv‡ib|
Avwg hv fvwe Zzwg wK Zv Rv‡bv?
D‡Ïk¨: k‡ãi Av`¨¶i/cÖ_g aŸwb wPb‡Z cviv
DcKiY: wewfbœ e¯‘/bvg Av‡Q Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek
c×wZ: †Ljv
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wkï‡ì ÔAvwg hv fvwe Zzwg wK Zv Rv‡bvÕ †LjvwUi wbqg e‡j w`‡eb| wk¶K GKwU mnR
Bw½Z w`‡eb, ÒAvwg Ggb GKR‡bi bvg fvewQ hvi bv‡gi ïiy [aŸwb/eY©]Ó| wk¶v_©xiv wewfbœ DËi
†`qvi †Póv Ki‡e| †h wk¶v_©x mwVK DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e, †m GKBfv‡e bZzb GKwU kã/bvg g‡b g‡b
†f‡e GKB wbq‡g ej‡e, ÒAvwg Ggb GKR‡bi bvg/GKwU wRwb‡mi bvg fvewQ hvi ïiy [aŸwb/eY©]Ó|
wk¶K GKvwaK DËi ï‡b GKB eY© w`‡q MwVZ kã¸‡jv wkï‡ì LvZvq wjL‡Z ej‡eb| GwU wkÿv_©xi
eY©Ávb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi cÖviw¤¢K g~j¨vqb
(Phonemic Awareness in Young Children, 1998 †_‡K msM„wnZ)
D‡Ïk¨: wk¶v_©x‡ì aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi `¶Zv m¤úwK©Z Ávb g~j¨vqb Kiv: Q›` wgjv‡bv kã kbv³ Kiv, k‡ãi
kãvsk fvM K‡i MYbv Kiv Ges k‡ãi Av`¨¶i/cÖ_g aŸwb wPb‡Z cviv
DcKiY: wZb ai‡bi Qwei KvW© (me¸‡jvB wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU I wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ GKwU), †cwÝj
cÖwµqv: g~j¨vqbwU b~¨bZg 15wgwb‡Ui n‡Z n‡e| GwU GKK I `jxqfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i|
Afx¶v 1: Q›` wgjv‡bv kã kbv³ Kiv
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 40 / 71
AvR Avgiv Q›` wgjv‡bvi GKwU †Ljv †Lj‡ev| Avwg †Zvgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKwU K‡i Qwe m¤^wjZ KvM‡Ri
UzK‡iv wè| cÖwZwU Qwei GKwU †Rvov Av‡Q hv w`‡q Q›` MVb n‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc GLv‡b PviwU Qwe Av‡Q|
GKwU Qwe †`wL‡q wRÁvmv Kiæb wK‡mi Qwe? (DËi ïbyb) nu¨v, GwU GKwU eB| ÔeBÕ Gi mv‡_ Q›` †g‡j Ggb
GKwU kã Kx ej‡Z cv‡iv? (DËi ïbyb| mwVK DËiwU ïbevi ci Q›` wgjv‡bv Qwe [eB-gB] `yBwU‡Z GKwU `vM
†U‡b †`Lvb)| GKBfv‡e Ab¨ Av‡iKwU Qwe †`wL‡q wRÁvmv Kiæb Ges GKB cÖwµqvq `vM †U‡b †`Lvb| Qwe
wgjv‡bvi KvW© msMÖn bv Kiv †M‡j ïaygvÎ Q›` wgjv‡bv kã¸‡jv G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e mvwR‡q wkï‡ì w`‡q Q›`
wgjv‡bvi Abykxjb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wKQz bgybv
cÖ_g †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB Gi aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvg~jK wKQz KvR wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
gv‡qi fv‡jvevmv (c„ôv 60) †_‡K WvK‡jb WvK †jb, ej †jb| Avi evwK¸‡jv cvV¨cy¯K
Í ewnf©yZ †hgb, Ki
†jb, ai †jb, w` †jb, wb †jb, †M †jb, †L †jb BZ¨vw` w`‡q GKwU †Ljvi wWRvBb K‡i aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi
KvR †`qv|
c„ôv 45 †_‡K wSwKwgwK, wSwiwSwi aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi KvR †`qv|
GKBfv‡e gygyi mvZ w`b (c„ôv 62) †_‡K kwbevi kwb evi, †jLvcov †jLv cov, IBw`b IB w`b, †Ljvayjv †Ljv
ayjv kã¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU †Ljvi wWRvBb K‡i aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi KvR †`qv|
GKBfv‡e gyw³‡hv×v‡ì K_v (c„ôv 71) †_‡K evOvwj‡ì- evOvwj †ì, Avg‡ì- Avgv †ì, gyw³‡hv×v‡ì- gyw³
†hv×v †ì, Zv‡ì- Zv †ì, †mbv‡ì- †mbv †ì; gyw³hy‡×i- gyw³ hy‡×i, Nievwo- Ni evwo, e½eÜz- e½ eÜz,
fv‡jvevwm- fv‡jv evwm kã¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU †Ljvi wWRvBb K‡i aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZvi KvR †`qv|
wØZxq †kÖwYi c„ôv 27 Gi 6 bs
wØZxq†kÖwYi c„ôv 42 Gi 7 bs
Afx¶v
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 41 / 71
1: kãvsk MYbv
AvR Avgiv kãvsk MYbvi †Ljv †Lj‡ev| Avwg LyeB Av‡¯Í GKwU kã ej‡ev Avi †Zvgiv †mwU †_‡K Gi g‡a¨
KZ¸‡jv kãvsk Av‡Q Zv ej‡e| G‡mv mevB wg‡j Avgiv ïiæ‡ZB GKwU kã †_‡K kãvsk Luy‡R †ei Kwi|
†hgb, Avwg hw` ewj ÔLyKzgwYÕ Zvn‡j G‡Z `yBwU kãvsk Av‡Q: LyKz-gwY (wk¶K k‡ãi `yBwU c„_K D”PviY ax‡i
ax‡i ejvi mgq `ywU Zvwj w`‡eb)| Avwg hw` ewj ÔMuv`vdzjÕ Zvn‡j G‡Z KqwU kãvsk n‡e? Gevi †Zvgv‡ì
cvjv- kãvsk MYbv K‡i Gevi †Zvgiv Zvwj w`‡e| ( wk¶v_©x‡ì DËi †kvbvi A‡c¶v Kiæb)| PgrKvi! Zvn‡j
ÔMuv`vdzjÕ kãwU‡Z `ywU kãvsk i‡q‡Q ÔMuv`v-dzjÕ|
Gevi Avwg †Zvgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K cuvPwU Qwe m¤^wjZ KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv wè| cÖwZwU
Qwei Rb¨ †Zvgiv Gi kãvsk MYbv K‡i cv‡ki Lvwj N‡i wjL‡e| †hgb, wb‡Pi
Qwe‡Z ÔnbnbÕ K‡i nuvUvi Qwe Av‡Q Zvn‡j Gi cv‡ki Lvwj N‡i Ônb-nbÕ A_©vr
`ywU kãvs‡ki Rb¨ 2 em‡e|
nbnb
2
†Zvgiv wK kãvsk MYbv †Ljvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z? ïiæ Kivi Av‡M †Zvgv‡ì KvMR¸‡jv‡Z †`qv Qwe¸‡jvi bvg Avwg
e‡j w`w”Q (wk¶K ¯úó D”Pvi‡Y kã¸‡jv mi‡e co‡eb)| kãvsk wbY©q Kiv n‡j Qwei cv‡k wjL‡e Ges
†Zvgv‡ì †cwÝj †i‡L w`‡e| G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †Zvgv‡ì mgq 3wgwbU|
Qwei KvMR bv _vK‡j weKí c×wZ
1. wk¶K gy‡L gy‡L cuvPwU kã ej‡eb Ges wk¶v_©xiv wb‡R‡ì LvZvq kã¸‡jv wj‡L Gi cv‡k kãvs‡ki
msL¨v ewm‡q Rgv w`‡e|
2. Qwe¸‡jvi GKwU eo †cv÷vi ˆZwi K‡i ev †ev‡W© wj‡L wkï‡ì LvZvq DËi †jLv‡bvi KvRwU Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
we:`ª: G Abykxj‡b hy³eY© Av‡Q Ggb kãI wbe©vPb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Afx¶v 2: k‡ãi Av`¨¶i/cÖ_g aŸwb kbv³ Kiv
AvR Avgiv k‡ãi cÖ_g aŸwb wgjv‡bvi GKwU †Ljv †Lj‡ev| Avwg †Zvgv‡ì 10wU Qwe †`Lv‡ev I Gi bvg
ej‡ev| Avgiv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q kãwU ï‡b Gi cÖ_g aŸwb/Av`¨¶i Luy‡R †ei Ki‡ev| cÖwZwU k‡ãi ïiæi aŸwb
w`‡q Ab¨ Av‡iKwU kã ïiæ n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc, GKwU Qwe †`wL‡q wRÁvmv Kiæb, GwU Kx? (DËi †kvbv
ch©šÍ QwewU mevi Rb¨ a‡i ivLyb)
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 42 / 71
wVK, GwU GKwU Kjg| Kjg-Gi cÖ_g aŸwb Kx? (DËi ïbyb)| nu¨v, Kjg-Gi cÖ_g aŸwb
/K/| Gevi Av‡iv Qwe †`‡Lv †h¸‡jvi cÖ_g aŸwb GKB eY© w`‡q ïiæ nq| A_©vr, GKB
e‡Y© wfbœ wfbœ KviwPý †hvM n‡q A¶i wVK _vK‡jI aŸwb‡Z cv_©K¨ G‡m‡Q|
PgrKvi! Kjg I Kjv Gi cÖ_g A¶i ÔKÕ w`‡q ïiæ n‡q‡Q| ÔKÕ Gi mv‡_ Ô y -KviÕ hy³ n‡q ÔKzKziÕ, Ô„-KviÕ
hy³ n‡q ÔK…lKÕ, Ges Ô† v-KviÕ hy³ n‡q Ô†KvwKjÕ nq| †h‡nZz cÖwZwU Qwei kã GKB A¶i w`‡q ïiæ nq,
G¸‡jv‡K `vM †U‡b wgjvB (wk¶K GKwU eo KvM‡R K‡i †`Lv‡eb)|
Gevi †Zvgiv wb‡RivB G †LjvwU †Lj‡e| †Zvgv‡ì nv‡Z 10wU Qwe m¤^wjZ GKwU KvMR Av‡Q| cÖwZwU Qwei
Rb¨ †Zvgiv Av‡iKwU Qwe cv‡e hv‡ì cÖ_g A¶i GKB- Z‡e KviwP‡ýi cv_©‡K¨ aŸwb wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| G
Qwe¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `vM †U‡b wgj Ki‡e| Avwg ïiæ‡ZB me¸‡jv Qwei bvg e‡j w`w”Q (ï× I ¯úó D”Pvi‡Y
Qwe¸‡jvi bvg ejyb)| †Zvgiv G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 3wgwbU mgq cv‡e, KvRwU †kl n‡j `vM Uvbv eÜ K‡i †cwÝj
†i‡L w`‡e|
Qwei KvMR ch©vß bv n‡j GKwU eo KvM‡R Qwe¸‡jv Gu‡K gy‡L gy‡L G‡ì bvg ejyb Ges wkï‡ì cÖwZwU k‡ãi
cÖ_g aŸwb/eY© wb‡R‡ì LvZvq wj‡L GKB e‡Y© ïiæ nIqv Ab¨ kãwU LvZvq wjL‡Z ejyb| kã¸‡jv ï‡b wkïiv
ïay cÖ_g e‡Y©i aŸwb ZvwjKvI wb‡Ri LvZvq wjL‡Z cv‡i|
eY©Ávb
eY©Ávb n‡jv eY©gvjv †_‡K eY©¸‡jv wPb‡Z cviv, ej‡Z cviv Ges wjL‡Z cviv| eY©Ávb _vK‡j wkïiv Rvb‡e
†Kvb eY©wU †`L‡Z †Kgb, †Kvb e‡Y©i Kx bvg Ges †Kvb e‡Y©i Kx aŸwb| eY©Ávb eY©gvjvi bxwZ ev aŸwbweÁvb
bv‡gI cwiwPZ| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, mv¶iZv Dbœq‡bi Ab¨vb¨ `¶Zvi mv‡_ eY©Ávb GKwU AZxe ¸iZ¡¡c~Y©
`¶Zv| GwU we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i Av‡M A_ev ïiæi w`‡KB AR©‡bvc‡hvMx GKwU †hvM¨Zv|
wkÿv_©xi eY©Ávb AR©‡b wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq
wkï‡ì eY© †kLv‡bvi †¶‡Î wk¶K Aek¨B wKQy †KŠkj we‡ePbv K‡ib †hgb, ¯îeY©-e¨ÄbeY©, Bs‡iwR †QvU-eo
nv‡Zi eY©, Qvcv‡bv ev nv‡Zi †jLv eY© Ges eY©µg Abymv‡i eY©Ávb msµvšÍ cvV cwiPvjbv Kiv| D`vniY¯îƒc,
e¨Äbe‡Y©i Av‡M ¯îeY©, Bs‡iwR †QvU nv‡Zi eY© †kLv‡bvi Av‡M eo nv‡Zi eY© †kLv‡bv| `ywU GK‡Î †kLv‡bvi
†¶‡Î wKQy wkïi †¶‡Î Aek¨B wKQz mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
eY© †kLv‡bvi µg mvaviYZt wbf©i K‡i wkïi Rvbv GKwU k‡ã eY©wU KZevi Ges KZ ai‡bi D”PviY (Kvi-Gi
wfbœZv Abymv‡i) eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| Gfv‡e eY© †kLv‡bvi d‡j wkïiv `ªæZ eY© Ges k‡ãi mgš^q Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges Gi gva¨‡g wkï H eY©wU †_‡K k‡ãi D”PviYI Ki‡Z cv‡i| KvVv‡gvMZfv‡e eY© †kLv‡bvi d‡j wkïiv
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 43 / 71
k‡ãi AšÍM©Z wbw`©ó e‡Y©i aŸwbi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nq, GgbwK bZzb †Kv‡bv kã m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì c~e© aviYv bv
_vK‡jI H aŸwb m‡PZbZv †_‡K kãwU wb‡R wb‡RB co‡Z †Póv K‡i/cv‡i| Gfv‡e eY©Ávb AR©‡bi gva¨‡g
wkïiv hLb Zv‡ì Kw_Z ev‡Kï/aŸwbi cvkvcvwk kã/eY©-Gi mgš^q Ki‡Z cvi‡e ZLb Zviv wb‡R wb‡RB bZzb
bZzb eY© eënvi K‡i bZzb kã wkL‡Z †Póv Ki‡e|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, AwaKvsk wkï GKB mg‡q 4wU eY© wkL‡Z cv‡i, GKbvMv‡o 3 w`‡bi g‡a¨, hw`
cÖwZw`b G¸‡jv †kLv‡bv nq| (Walpole & McKenna, 2007)
eY©Ávb m¤úwK©Z †kªwY Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvq hv Abykxjb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|





wkï‡ì‡K eY©gvjvi Mvb †kLv‡bv
wkÿK ms¯‹iY Abyhvqx eY© †kLv‡bv
†Ljvi gva¨‡g eY© †kLvi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv
Qwe AuvKv ev †jLvi gva¨‡g eY© †kLvi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv
GKB eY© †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ GKvwaK c×wZ Ges aviYv eënvi Kiv (†hgb: e‡Y©i bvg ejv, GKwU k‡ãi
Av`¨v¶i Ges GwUi aŸwb D”PviY Kiv, evZv‡mi g‡a¨ eY©wU †jLv)
 cvV PjvKvjxb wbqwgZfv‡e e‡Y©i cwiwPZ Ges AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e mncvVx‡K eY© wRÁvmv Kiv
 e‡Y©i †jLv Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ nv‡Zi †jLv PP©v Kivi my‡hvM †`qv Ges eY©wU †jLvi wbqg I eY©wU w`‡q ïiy
nq Ggb wRwb‡mi Qwe AuvKvi my‡hvM †`qv|
†hme wkï cVb AMÖMwZi cÖ_g av‡c Av‡Q Ges †Kv‡bv eY©Ávb †bB ev mvgvb¨ Av‡Q Zv‡ì Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³
avç‡jv AbymiY K‡i wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
1) wk¶K Av‡M †_‡KB cÖwZ wkïi bv‡gi KvW© ˆZwi Ki‡eb
2) wØZxq mie cvV wb‡RB Ki‡eb|
3) †QvU `‡j bv‡gi KvW©¸‡jv w`‡q GKB iKg eY© Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z w`‡eb|
4) mßÕ m †g‡b eY©wU wjL‡Z w`‡eb
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 44 / 71
m~Î: cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡qi cÖwkÿY mnvwqKv|
eY©Ávb Gi fvwlK KvR
eY©gvjvi Mvb: ¯îeY©
A-G H ARMi Avm‡Q †Z‡o
Av-G AvgwU Avwg Lve †c‡o|
Bu`yi QvbvUv f‡q g‡i
CMj cvwLUv cv‡Q a‡i|
DUwU P‡j‡Q AvR gyLwU Zz‡j
E Kvi †hb Av‡Q Sz‡j|
Fwl gkvB AvR e‡mb DPvq
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 45 / 71
9(wj)-Kvi †hb AvR wWMevwR Lvq|*
G°vMvwo Lye Qy‡U‡Q
H †`L bv Puv` D‡V‡Q|
Ij †L‡qv bv ai‡e Mjv
Jla †L‡Z wg‡Q ejv
(*Q›` †gjv‡bvi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q)
ARMi H Avm‡Q †Z‡o
AvgwU Avwg Lve †c‡o|
Bu`yi Qvbv f‡q g‡i
CMj cvwL cv‡Q a‡i|
DU P‡j‡Q gyLwU Zz‡j
Ewg© †`L mvMi K~‡j|
FwlgkvB Av‡Qb e‡m
me FZz‡Z mgvb h‡k|
GKZvivwU ev‡R my‡i
evDj bv‡P Ny‡i Ny‡i|
HiveZwU †ek Qz‡U‡Q
H AvKv‡k Pvu` D‡V‡Q|
Ij †Zv‡jv gvwU †S‡i
Jla †L‡j AmyL mv‡i| (m¤úvw`Z)
eY©gvjvi Mvb: e¨ÄbeY©
1
K G Kjv L G LvB
GZ †ekx †L‡Z bvB
M G Miy N G Nvm
KZ Nvm †L‡Z Pvm
O e‡j †Kvjv e¨vO
mviv w`b N¨vO N¨vO
K L M N O (2)
2
P G †PvL Q G Qj
†PvL `yÔwU Qj Qj
R G Rj S G wSj
KZ Rj wSj wgj
T e‡j wgTv fvB
fq bvB fq bvB
P Q R S T (2)
3
U G Uzwc, V G wVK
†n‡i †M‡j waK waK
W G Wvj, X G †Xvj
Wv‡K †Xvj mi‡Mvj
Zvjy Avi wR‡e e‡j gya¨bœ (Y)
U V W X Y (2)
4
Z G Zzwg, _ G _vwg
_vg‡ev bvv Zzwg Avwg
` G ùvZ a G avi
Kvi ùv‡Z KZ avi
Zvjy Avi wR‡e wg‡j n‡jv `š—bœ (b)
Z _ ` a b (2)
5
c G cvc, d G dj
ivRv †Mj imvZj
e G †evb, f G fvB
KZ †evb KZ fvB
g G gvwU g G gv
gvwU Avgvi gv
c d e f g (2)
8
n G nvwZ i G eo
nvwZ †`L KZ eo
e G †dvUv w`‡j i
gay eo Mvp
r G Kz‡cvKvr
nU K‡i evwRgvZ
6
h G hv‡e i G i_
i_ hv‡e Qv‡ov c_
j G jvj e G evwZ
R¡j‡Q †i jvj evwZ
Zvjye¨ k G e‡j †ewk †ewk †Kb wbwj
h i j f k (2)
7
Zvjy Avi wR‡e wg‡j gyabœ l
ùv‡Z Avi wR‡e wg‡j nq `š— m
l G luvo m G mvc
cvjv m‡e I‡i evc
†Svc ey‡S †KvcUv gvi‡ev
l m n o p (2)
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 46 / 71
qr s
u (2)
eY©Ávb mswkøó GiKg AviI wKQz D`vniY:
(1g †kªwY evsjv-cvV 41)AR, Awj (c„ôv 11); Kjg (c„ôv 20); PiY (c„ôv 24); Uvqiv (c„ôv 34); ïay
AbyKvi/aŸb¨vZ¥K kã Qwemn (c„ôv 39); Av-Kvi
v (c~Y© c„ôv 44); B-Kvi
w (c~Y© c„ôv 45);
C-Kvi
x (c~Y© c„ôv 46); D-Kvi
y (c~Y© c„ôv 47); I-Kvi
† v (c~Y© c„ôv 52); †fvi n‡jv
KweZvi cÖ_g Pvi jvBb Qwemn (c„ôv 56); ïf I `vw`gv M‡íi cÖ_g Aby‡”Q` Qwemn (c„ôv 57)
†Rvovq eY© †kLv
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wkÿv_©x‡ì †Rvovq em‡Z ej‡eb| wk¶v_©xiv †Rvovq e‡Y©i KvW©mn Lvg cv‡e| Gici wk¶v_x©iv
cÖvß eY©¸‡jv w`‡q †Rvovq e‡m wb‡P ewY©Z KvR¸‡jv Ki‡e:
 eY©mg~n avivevwnKfv‡e mvRv‡bv|
 eY©mg~n w`‡q wb‡Ri bvg †jLv ev kã ˆZwi Kiv|
 †kÖwYK‡ÿi cv‡V c‡o‡Q Ggb kã ˆZwi Kiv
 KweZv ev Mí †_‡K cïcvwLi bvg, †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi bvg, ¯’v‡bi bvg cÖf…wZ ˆZwi Kiv|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 47 / 71
Mv‡bi gva¨‡g eY© †kLv
DcKiY: eY©gvjvi Mv‡bi n¨vÛAvDU (K G Kjv L G LvB)
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wkÿv_©x‡ì D‡Ï‡k eY©gvjvi MvbwU MvB‡eb Ges mKj‡K MvB‡Z ej‡eb| wk¶K MvbwU wk¶v_©xi
cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j weZiY Ki‡eb A_ev †ev‡W© ev †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wj‡L w`‡eb| wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì wRÁvmv Ki‡eb
Zviv Mv‡bi eY©mg~n wP‡b wKbv| hw` †Kv‡bv wk¶v_x© eY©mg~n wP‡b Zv‡K Zv ej‡Z ej‡eb| Gici †kªwYK‡¶
A_ev †kªwYK‡¶i evB‡i mKj wkÿv_©x‡K †Mvj n‡q em‡Z/`vuov‡Z ej‡eb| Zvici ej‡eb †h Avgiv GLb
mKj eY© wb‡q ˆZwi GKwU gRvi Mvb MvB‡ev| wk¶K Q›` I Zvj wVK †i‡L ÒK G Kjv L G LvBÓ MvbwU
MvB‡eb, wk¶v_x©iv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡e I wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ mv‡_ MvB‡e| Mvb MvIqv †k‡l wk¶K wkÿv_©x‡ì
Mvb m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ wRÁvmv Ki‡eb †h, Zviv KL‡bv G MvbwU ï‡b‡Q wKbv? MvbwU Zv‡ì Kv‡Q †Kgb †j‡M‡Q?
MvbwUi g‡a¨ †Kvb †Kvb eY© i‡q‡Q? Gici wk¶K cybivq MvbwU MvB‡eb| cwi‡k‡l wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K
GKKfv‡e MvbwUi wbw`©ó Ask MvB‡Z ej‡eb| wk¶v_x©iv wk¶‡Ki wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i MvbwU MvB‡e Ges †Kv‡bv
cÖKvi mgm¨v n‡j wk¶K cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv Ki‡eb|
evZv‡m eY© †jLv
DcKiY: eY©gvjv wjwLZ †cv÷vi, eY© w`‡q kã Ges Qwemn PvU©|
cÖwµqv: wk¶K eY©gvjvi K‡qKwU eY© ev me¸‡jv eY© †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ GB †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡eb| wk¶K
wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K wb‡q e‡Y©i PP©v Kiv‡eb| wk¶K evZv‡m nvZ Nywi‡q eo K‡i eY© wjL‡eb Ges wk¶v_x©‡ì wR‡Ám
Ki‡eb †Kvb eY© wZwb wjL‡Qb? wk¶v_xiv mi‡e eY©wUi bvg ej‡e| wk¶K Gici eY©wU w`‡q †Kvb kã nq Zv
wR‡Ám Ki‡eb †hgb: Av-Av‡cj, Av-Avbvim, K-Kjv, Kgjv, Q-QvZv, QvMj| wk¶v_x©iv wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ Ges
c‡i GKKfv‡e evZv‡m eY©wU wjL‡e| Gmgq wk¶K Ny‡i Ny‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì †jLv PP©v ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡eb|
eY©KvW© eënvi K‡i evbvb †kLv
DcKiY: eY©gvjvi KvW©, cÖ‡Z¨K e‡Y©i Rb¨ wZbwU KvW©| eY©¸‡jv †ev‡W© jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ AvVv ev †Uc, k‡ãi
KvW©|
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K ej‡eb Avgiv GLb k‡ãi D”PviY I evbvb wb‡q GKwU †Ljv †Lje|
wk¶K GKwU kã D”PviY Ki‡eb wk¶v_x©iv D”PviY Abyhvqx kãwU e‡Y©‡Z †f‡O ej‡e| wk¶K k‡ãi AšÍM©Z
wfbœ wfbœ aŸwb wR‡Ám Ki‡eb| wk¶v_©xiv aŸwb kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡j H aŸwbi eY©wU †evW© G †Uc w`‡q AvUKv‡eb
ev †ev‡W© wjL‡eb| me †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv mwVK kãwU ej‡e| Zvici wk¶K eY©¸‡jv w`‡q ˆZwi k‡ãi KvW©
†gjv‡eb Ges evbvbwU ej‡eb| Gfv‡e wk¶v_x©iv ch©vqµ‡g K‡qKwU kã D”PviY Ki‡e, aŸwb we‡kølY Ki‡e
Ges gy‡L gy‡L evbvb Ki‡e|
D`vniY¯îƒc wk¶K ej‡eb, Avwg GKwU kã ejwQ- ÒKjgÓ| Kjg k‡ãi cÖ_g aŸwb Kx? wk¶v_x©iv ej‡e
ÒKÓ| Gici wk¶K wR‡Ám Ki‡eb †Kvb e‡Y©i D”PviY ÒKÓ? wk¶v_x©iv ej‡e ÒKÓ| Gici wk¶K GKRb
wk¶v_x©‡K ej‡eb †K ÒKÓ eY©wU †ev‡W© AvUKv‡Z cvi‡e ev wjL‡Z cvi‡e? wk¶K Kjg kãwU cybivq ej‡eb
Ges Kjg k‡ãi wØZxq aŸwb wR‡Ám Ki‡eb| wk¶v_x©iv ej‡e ÒjÓ| wk¶K GKRb wk¶v_x©‡K j eY©wU ÒKÓ
e‡Y©i Wvb cv‡k †ev‡W© AvUKv‡Z ev wjL‡Z ej‡eb| wk¶K Kjg kãwU cybivq ej‡eb Ges Kjg k‡ãi Z„Zxq
D”PviY wR‡Ám Ki‡eb? wk¶v_x©iv ej‡e ÒgÓ| wk¶K Ab¨ GKRb wk¶v_x©‡K Av‡Mi g‡Zv K‡i ÒgÓ eY©wU ÒjÓ
e‡Y©i Wvb cv‡k †ev‡W© AvUKv‡Z ev wjL‡Z ej‡eb| wk¶v_x©iv 2/3 evi kãwU mg¯^‡i D”PviY Ki‡e| wk¶K
wR‡Ám Ki‡eb Avgiv Kjg w`‡q Kx Kwi| Gici ej‡eb Avgvi Kv‡Q Kjg †jLv kã i‡q‡Q hv Avwg
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 48 / 71
†Zvgv‡ì‡K †`Lv‡ev| Gevi wk¶K Kv‡W© †jLv Kjg kãwU †`Lv‡eb Ges kãwU D”PviY Abymv‡i evbvb
Kiv‡eb| Gfv‡e wewfbœ D”Pvi‡Yi kã wb‡q wk¶K KvR Ki‡eb| cwi‡k‡l wk¶K wkï‡ì abëv` w`‡q KvR
†kl Ki‡eb|
eY©Ávb g~j¨vqb
eY©Áv‡bi AvbyôvwbK g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i wbqwgZ cvwe©K Ges AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK
g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g| wkïiv eY© wPb‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i wKbv Zv g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g hvPvB Ki‡eb| mvaviYZt †kªwY
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi mgq weKí c×wZ‡Z ¯^Ztù~Z© I AbvbyôvwbK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡gI wk¶v_©x‡ì eY©Ávb
g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯îƒc, wKQy cÖkœ m¤^wjZ GKwU ch©‡e¶Y †PKwjó eënvi K‡i G g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq
(MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi covi mvg_©¨ cwigv‡ci QK `ªóe¨)| cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq wk¶v_©x‡ì eY©Ávb As‡ki mvg_©¨
cwigvc K‡i †bvU ivL‡eb| AMÖMvgx wk¶v_©x‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ G Q‡K Av‡iv wKQy RwUj Ask AšÍfy©³ Ki‡Z
n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: eY©gvjv‡K eënvi K‡i hy³eY© ms‡kølY I we‡kølY n‡Z cv‡i hv eY©gvjv †_‡K cÖvß wKš‘
eY©gvjvq mivmwi †bB|
wk¶v_©x‡ì eY©Ávb m¤úwK©Z AMÖMwZ cÖwZ‡e`b wewfbœ ai‡bi Q‡K msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU
n‡jv mylg †¯‹vi KvW© | GwU‡Z wk¶K me mgq Zuvi ch©‡e¶Y¸‡jv ZvwiL w`‡q msi¶Y Ki‡eb hv‡Z cÖwZwbqZ
wk¶v_©x‡ì AMÖMwZ †`Lv hvq|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 49 / 71
kãÁvb
co‡Z †kLv e„w×i Rb¨ kãÁvb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv †Kv‡bv wKQz c‡o †evSvi Rb¨ wkïi kãÁvb LyeB Riæwi|
ZvQvov kãÁvb wkïi aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv, eY©Ávb I mvejxjZv‡KI kw³kvjx K‡i| GRb¨ †mB wkï ¯^vaxb
cvVK hvi kãiv‡Rï kãmsL¨v we¯Í…Z |
†Kv‡bv k‡ãi A_© Rvbv kãÁv‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg wb‡`©kK| evievi †`Lv ev †kvbv kã wkïi kãÁvb
MV‡b we‡kl mnvqK| Avi GB Ávb cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ `yfv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i|
Drm: (NRP, 2000)
G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Ggb kã wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e †h¸‡jv- 1) wkïi RxebNwbô (†hgb- GjvKvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
kã); 2) cvVëB‡q eûj eëüZ (†hgb- cÖviw¤¢K ¯Í‡ii cvVëB‡q me©vwaK eëüZ ev cwiwPZ kã); 3) wkï
evwo‡Z †k‡L bv wKš‘ eo‡ì K_vq I †jLvq cÖvqkB eënvi nq| wb‡P GMy‡jv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv:
1. RxebNwbô kã
G ai‡bi kã Pq‡bi mgq j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e wkïi cwi‡ek we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| wkïi evm¯’vb †Kv_vq? H
GjvKvi †ewkifvM gvby‡li †ckv Kx ? G cÖkœ¸‡jv we‡ePbv K‡i wkïi RxebNwbô kã wbe©vPb Ki‡j
†kLv‡bvi KvRwU mnR nq|
2. me©vwaK eëüZ kã
me©vwaK eëüZ kã wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î Aek¨B cvVëB m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vKv ìKvi| Avgv‡ì †`‡k Awfbœ
cvVëB eënvi Kiv nq e‡j Lye mn‡RB me©vwaK eëüZ k‡ãi ZvwjKv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi G¸‡jv
eënvi K‡i wkï‡K †kLv‡bvi KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡j Zv †ewk Kvh©Ki n‡e|
3. eo‡ì eëüZ kã
G ai‡bi kã Luy‡R †ei Kiv me‡P‡q KwVb| aiv hvK AvPgKv I A‡hŠw³K kã `ywU wkïiv evwo‡Z †k‡Lwb
wKš‘ eo‡ì K_‡cvK_‡b ï‡b‡Q ev †Kv‡bv †jLvq †`‡L‡Q| Zvn‡j †kªwYi cv‡V G ai‡bi kãÁv‡bi
wb‡`©kbv AšÍf©y³ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY Giƒc kã cÖvqkB eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB
Gi Avgv‡ì MÖvg KweZvq †gvUv ni‡di kã¸‡jv A‡bKUvB AvPgKv I A‡hŠw³K Gi g‡Zv| wb‡P †m¸‡jv
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
kã¸‡jv †R‡b wbB I bZzb evK¨ ˆZwi Kwi
KwVb/bZzb kã kãv_©
evK¨ iPbv
m‡e
Kfz
m`v
Wwi
†mvbvi iwe
Avgiv m‡e wg‡jwg‡k _vwK|
Kfz wg_¨v ewj bv|
m`v mZ¨ K_v ewj|
wec‡` Wwi bv|
mKv‡j †mvbvi iwe †`wL|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
mK‡j
KL‡bv
memgq
fq Kwi
†mvbvi g‡Zv m~h©
c„ôv 50 / 71
kãÁvb Gi K‡qKwU fvwlK KvR
co‡Z †kLvi ïiæi w`‡K †kvbv ev ejvq eëüZ AwaKvsk kãB wkï co‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wkïi co‡Z †kLvi
†¶‡Î †kvbv I ejvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z kãivR¨ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †kvbv I ejvi gva¨‡g kãÁvb e„w×i Rb¨ wk¶K
fvlvMZ wewfbœ †gŠwLK Kv‡R wkïi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib (†hgb- mi‡e c‡o †kvbv‡bv,
K_‡cvK_b, †Kv‡bv wKQz Dc¯’vcb)| Z‡e †gŠwLK fvlvi weKvkB wkïi kãÁvb e„w×‡Z h‡_ó bq| †Kbbv co‡Z
†kLvi mgq mPivPi e‡j bv wKsev Av‡M †kv‡bwb Ggb wKQz k‡ãi mv‡_I wkï cwiwPZ nq| G ai‡bi bZzb
k‡ãi A_© †R‡b cov I †jLvi †¶‡Î eënv‡ii `¶Zv wkï‡K AR©b Ki‡Z nq| evbvbMZ Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i I
cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y c‡o k‡ãi A_© Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z cviv wkïi Rb¨ LyeB ìKvi| GQvov wkïi †jLvq kã¸‡jv
eënvi Ki‡Z cvivi `¶ZvI wkïi Rb¨ Riæwi| G `ÿZv AR©‡b wkÿK‡K bvbv ai‡bi KvR w`‡Z nq|
wkï AcwiwPZ kã mvaviYZ †kvbv I covi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì kãiv‡R¨ hy³ K‡i| GRb¨ wkïi mv‡_ K_v ejv I
cov m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ KvR kãÁvb e„w×‡Z LyeB Riæwi| Mí ejvq AskMÖnY, Ave„wË I Ab¨vb¨ fvwlK KvR
kãÁvb e„w×i c‡iv¶ †KŠkj| wkïi cov I †jLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kãÁvb e„w×i wewfbœ ai‡bi fvwlK KvR
wb‡P †`qv n‡jv|
1)
cvVëB‡qi bZzb kã eënvi Kiv
wkïi cov I †jLv `ÿZv AR©‡b kãÁvb Riæwi| GRb¨ wkÿK wkï‡K cv‡V eëüZ bZzb ev KwVb k‡ãi A_©
eyS‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡eb| ZvQvov wkïiv hv‡Z wb‡RivB bZzb bZzb kã mwVK evbv‡b I ï× D”Pvi‡Y c‡o A_©
Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i ev‡K¨ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB `¶Zv e„w×‡Z wkÿK mnvqZv
Ki‡eb ( †hgb- Avgvi evsjv eB Gi cvV wkwL Ask)|
2)
g~j kã eënvi K‡i bZzb kã ˆZwi
wkki bZzb kã †kLvi GKwU Kvh©Ki †KŠkj n‡jv g~j kã wPb‡Z mnvqZv Kiv| D`vniY¯îƒc- wkï‡K g~j
kã w`‡q bZzb bZzb kã ˆZixi GKwU bgybv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv| †hgb ÔgvÕ wkïi Kv‡Q GKwU cwiwPZ kã|
GB g~j kãwU eënvi K‡i bZzb kã ˆZwii †KŠkj †`qv n‡jv:
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 51 / 71
gvSvgvwS
gvbyl
gvbv
gvgv
gv_v
gv
gvwg
gvjx
gvwU
gvjv
gvqv
gvwS
gvjvgvj
wkïi mv‡_ Gfv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU g~j kã ev kãvsk (ïiæ/†kl) w`‡q bZzb kã ˆZixi †Ljv Kiv hvq| Gi
gva¨‡g wkïiv bZzb bZzb kã ˆZwi Ki‡Z †k‡L| GiKg Av‡iv `ywU †Ljv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
gv
Rv
Qv
C
Lv
_v
jv
Wv
g
k
†eC
Rv
we
_v
gvb
ax
d
Kv
eyw×
m
fvlvi KvVv‡gv PP©v I kãiv‡R¨ bZzb kã e„w×i Ab¨Zg GKwU †KŠkj n‡jv k‡ãi cÖ_g Ges †kl Ask wkL‡Z
mnvqZv Kiv| cÖ_g I †kl kãvsk eënvi K‡i bZzb I AcwiwPZ kã Luy‡R †ei Kivi welqwU LyeB mnR GKwU
†KŠkj| †hgb, Ac DcmM©wU k‡ãi Av‡M eënvi K‡i A‡bK kã MVb Kiv hvq| A_©vr AcKvi, AcPq,
Ace¨q, Ac‡Póv BZ¨vw`| G‡ÿ‡Î wkï‡K Ac GKwU DcmM© Zv ejvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GQvov k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z, gv‡S
ev †k‡l hy³eY© eënvi K‡iI bZzb bZzb kã MVb Kiv hvq| †hgb- ¶wZ, ¶yav, A¶i, `w¶Y, e„¶, wk¶v|
GLv‡b ¶ GKwU g~j hy³eY©| GQvovI cÖwZkã, mgv_©K kã wKsev evMavivI wkïi kãivR¨ e„w×‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 52 / 71
3)
cÖvmw½K aviYvi eënvi
†Kv‡bv kã m¤ú‡K© cÖvmw½K aviYv w`‡q Gi A_© †evSv‡bvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì AcwiwPZ kã wkL‡Z mnvqZv
Kiv hvq| †hgb- wkïi Kv‡Q ¯’vbvšÍi kãwU GKwU bZzb kã wn‡m‡e GLv‡b cÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb| Gi
AvwfavwbK A_© †Kv‡bv wKQyi Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©b A_©vr GK RvqMv †_‡K Av‡iK RvqMvq hvIqv| wKš‘ G A_©
wkïi Kv‡Q cÖ_g Ae¯’vq wbi_©K n‡e hZ¶Y bv †m Gi cÖK…Z A_© eyS‡Z bv cv‡i| A_P mnR D`vniY ev ev¯Íe
†cÖ¶vcU w`‡q e¨vL¨v Ki‡j Zv †kLvi †¶‡Î mnvqK| cvV¨cy¯‡Í K Ggb ARvbv ev AcwiwPZ A‡bK kãB _vK‡Z
cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wk¶K wkïi Rxe‡bi mv‡_ wgj K‡i D`vniY w`‡q _v‡Kb ev cÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| bZyb kã
Rvbvi †¶‡Î cÖvmw½K aviYv w`‡q †kLv‡bvi †KŠkj wkïi kãivR¨ e„w×‡Z LyeB mnvqK|
4)
GKB kã evievi Lyu‡R †ei Kiv
†h‡Kv‡bv bZzb kã gvÎ GKevi c‡o g‡b ivLv LyeB KwVb| wkïiv bZzb kã fv‡jvfv‡e wkL‡Z cv‡i hw` †mwU
covi ev †jLvi mgq evievi kãwUi eënvi †`‡L ev wb‡R eënv‡ii my‡hvM cvq| cvV¨cy¯Í‡K eëüZ AcwiwPZ
kã¸‡jv w`‡q kã‡Kvl ev k‡ãi K¨v‡jÛvi ˆZwi K‡i †kªwYK‡¶ wkïi `„wómxgvi g‡a¨ Szwj‡q ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
G‡Z wkïiv AcwiwPZ kã¸‡jv evievi †`Lvi my‡hvM jvf Ki‡e| G ai‡bi m¤ú~iK DcKiY bZzb kã MVb I
evK¨ iPbvi Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki GKwU Dcvq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we‡kl‡Ái g‡Z, bZzb kã †kLvi Rb¨
kãwU Kgc‡¶ 13-14 evi †`Lvi ìKvi nq| Gfv‡e evievi wk¶v_©x‡K kãwU †`Lv ev eënv‡ii my‡hvM w`‡j
wkï Zv mn‡RB wkL‡Z cv‡i|
Awfbq †`‡L kã ewj
cÖwµqv: wk¶K †kÖwYK‡¶i me wkï‡K `yfv‡M fvM Ki‡eb| †h‡Kv‡bv GK `j †_‡K GKRb wkï mK‡ji mvg‡b
ùvov‡e| wk¶K ùvov‡bv wkïi Kv‡b Kv‡b Zvi cov †Kv‡bv welq ev Mí †_‡K †bqv GKwU kã ej‡eb| H wkï
kãwU wb‡q Awfbq K‡i †`Lv‡e| GB Awfbq †`‡L Ab¨ `‡ji wkïiv Abygvb Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡e kãwU Kx Ges
Zv w`‡q GKwU evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡e| cvi‡j Zviv GK c‡qÈ cv‡e| Gici Ab¨`‡ji GKRb wkï mvg‡b hv‡e I
bZzb Avi GKwU k‡ãi Ici Awfbq Ki‡e| Av‡Mi g‡ZvB Ab¨`j Awfbq †`‡L kãwU ej‡e I GKwU evK¨
ˆZwi Ki‡i| bv cvi‡j Ab¨`j my‡hvM wb‡e| Zviv hw` mwVK kã Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e AveviI bZzb kã
Awfbq Kivi my‡hvM cv‡e| Gfv‡e m‡e©v”P c‡qÈ cvIqv `jwU weRqx n‡e|
Mvb wjwL
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wkï‡ì mvg‡b cwiwPZ GKwU Mvb MvB‡eb| †hgb- ¯îeY©/e¨Äbe‡Y©i Mvb| Gici wk¶K
wkï‡ì 3/4wU †QvU `‡j fvM Ki‡eb| bZzb †kLv kã eënvi K‡i `‡j Avi GKwU Abyiƒc Mvb wjL‡Z ej‡eb|
Mvb †jLvi ci me `j Zv‡ì Mvb Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e| Gici mK‡ji gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z†miv Mvb wbe©vPb Ki‡eb|
wgwj‡q †`wL
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wkï‡ì †Rvovq A_ev †QvU `‡j fvM Ki‡eb| cÖwZ †Rvovq/`‡j K‡qKwU K‡i KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv
msewjZ GKwU c¨v‡K‡U w`b| cÖ‡Z¨K c¨v‡K‡U 8wU K‡i bZzb kã _vK‡e| †mB mv‡_ cÖwZwU k‡ãi A_©I
_vK‡e| wkïiv †Rvovq/`‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i cÖwZwU k‡ãi A_© wgj Ki‡e| †gjv‡bvi ci cÖwZwU kã w`‡q GKwU
K‡i evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡e|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 53 / 71
mgv_©K kã wjwL
cÖwµqv: wkï‡ì `yB `‡j fvM Ki‡eb| wk¶K m¤úªwZ †kLv kãÁvb †_‡K GKwU kã ej‡eb| `yB `‡ji Rb¨
†ev‡W© `ywU QK AvuK‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K GKevi GKwU K‡i mgv_©K kã ej‡Z ej‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji ejv kãwU
†ev‡W©i wba©vwiZ Q‡K wjL‡Z ej‡eb| †hgb- e„nr kãwUi mgv_©K kã- eo, A‡bK, wekvj, Lye, †ewk BZ¨vw`|
†Kv‡bv `jB Ab¨ `‡ji ejv kã ej‡Z cvi‡e bv| †h `j hZ †ewk msL¨K kã ej‡Z cvi‡e, ZvivB Rqx n‡e|
GKB k‡ãi KZ iƒc
cÖwµqv: wkï‡ì †QvU `‡j fvM Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K wba©vwiZ GKwU kã eënvi K‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
ej‡eb| †hgb- ej w`‡q nq dzUej, wµ‡KU ej, wcscs ej, g‡bvej BZ¨vw`| †h `j GKwU k‡ãi me‡P‡q †ewk
eënvi †`Lv‡Z cvi‡e †mB `jB me‡P‡q fv‡jv Ki‡e|
(Drm: Vocabulary in Young Children, 1998)
kãÁvb Gi Av‡iv K‡qKwU fvwlK Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv: k‡ãi A_© †R‡b ev‡K¨ eënvi wbwðZ K‡i wkïi kãÁvb |
ï‡b I c‡o †evSvi cvkvcvwk e‡j I wj‡L k‡ãi h_vh_ eënv‡i mnvqZv K‡I Ggb K‡qKwU fvwlK KvR:
mywbw`©ó k‡ãi eënvi
†Kv‡bv cvV ïiæi Av‡M wkï‡K cv‡Vi AšÍM©Z bZzb kã †kLv‡bv n‡j Zv LyeB mnvqK nq| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© k‡ãi A_©
†kLv‡bv n‡j Zv kãÁvb e„w×‡Z †hgb mnvqZv K‡i †Zgwb wkïi c‡o †evSvi `¶ZvI e„w× K‡i|
Kg©c‡Îi eënvi
GKwU †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g Kg©c‡Î êwPÎc~Y© kã eënvi K‡i KvR Kivi w`‡j wkï mn‡RB bZzb kã wkL‡Z cv‡i|
GQvov bZzbfv‡e †kLv kã wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wkï hZ †ewk eënv‡ii my‡hvM cvq Zvi kãÁvb ZZ †ewk ev‡o|
wkï‡Zvl Awfavb
wkï‡Zvl Awfavb eënvi Ki‡Z †kLv wkïi Rb¨ LyeB Riæwi| GQvov AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e wkï‡K evbvb I
fvlvixwZI Rvb‡Z nq| Avi G¸‡jv wkïi kãÁvb e„w×‡Z mnvqK| fv‡jv GKwU wkï‡Zvl Awfav‡b k‡ãi
evbvb, D”PviY, A_©, mgv_©K I wecixZv_©K kã _v‡K| wewfbœ ev‡Kï eënvi _v‡K| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we`¨vj‡q G
ai‡bi Awfavb cÖYqb Kiv hvq| wkï Lye mn‡RB GwU eënvi Ki‡Z †k‡L| GB Ávb cieZ©x‡Z wkï‡K Awfavb
eënv‡i AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j| eûfvwlK we`¨vjq `yB †_‡K wZbwU fvlvi Awfavb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
gvZ…fvlvi ni‡d wjwLZ kã I mswkøó Qwe Ges wØZxq (RvZxq) fvlvi ni‡d wjwLZ kã w`‡q G Awfavb cÖYqb
Kiv hvq|
(m~Î: Put Reading First by the US National Institute for Literacy)
kã wb‡q †Ljv
wk¶v_©x‡ì kã m‡PZbZv Ab¨fv‡eI evov‡bv hvq †hgb, evbvbmn kã †kLvi Drmvn ˆZwi I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi
Av‡qvRb, k‡ãi A_© Rvbv I Gi eûgywL eënv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ eyS‡Z mnvqZv Kiv| kã m‡PZb wk¶v_©xiv kã
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 54 / 71
†kLvi †KŠkj Rv‡b Ges Zviv Av‡iv bZzb bZzb kã †kLvq AvMÖnx nq| wk¶v_©xi kã m‡PZbZv wewfbœ
Dcv‡q ˆZwi Kiv hvq| wfbœ wfbœ covi welqe¯‘‡Z †jLK †Kvb kã †Kvb A‡_© eënvi K‡i‡Qb Zv †evSv‡bvi
Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiæb| kã wb‡q Zv‡K †Lj‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiæb| Zv‡ì‡K k‡ãi Drm
m¤ú‡K© M‡elYvq Drmvn w`b| Zv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b kã¸‡jvi eënvi Kx ZvI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
kãÁvb m¤úwK©Z AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb
kãÁvb m¤úwK©Z AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, 1) wkïi co‡Z †kLvi kãÁv‡bi Ae¯’vb Rvbv I
2) wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi †KŠkj wVK Kiv| wkïi g~j¨vqb †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ `yfv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i|
wkïiv †hme kã ï‡b I c‡o †k‡L †m¸‡jv MÖnYg~jK kã ev receptive vocabulary Avi †hme kã e‡j I
wj‡L †k‡L †m¸‡jv cÖKvkg~jK kã ev expressive vocabulary. G¸‡jvi meB g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
wkïi kãÁvb hvPvB †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Kiv n‡q _v‡K| cÖkœ¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶ (contextualized) ev
c‡iv¶ (de-contextualized) Dcv‡q n‡Z cv‡i| Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB †_‡K ivRv I wZb Kb¨v Mí n‡Z
`ywU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv:
cÖZ¨¶ (contextualized): wVK kãwU wb‡q wb‡P `vM †`qv kãwU cwieZ©b Ki|
cviæj Zvi evev‡K by‡bi g‡Zv fv‡jvev‡m|
K) wPwbi
L) cvwbi
M) je‡Yi
N) gayi
c‡iv¶ (de-contextualized): wb‡P †`qv cÖ_g evK¨wUi GKwU k‡ãi wb‡P `vM †`qv Av‡Q| wØZxq ev‡K¨ Gi
GKB iKg A_© †evSvq Ggb GKwU kã Av‡Q| †mwU Luy‡R †ei K‡i wb‡P `vM `vI|
cviæj‡K Ai‡Y¨ cvVv‡bv n‡jv| Ggb GK eb †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv †jvKRb †bB|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 55 / 71
mvejxjZv
mvejxjZv ej‡Z eySvq cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y, KÉ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv K‡i I weivgwP‡ýi h_vh_ eënvi K‡i mi‡e co‡Z
cviv| GKwU ev‡Kï me¸‡jv kã wP‡b co‡Z cvivB wkïi mvejxjZv| †KD mvejxjfv‡e co‡Z cvi‡j eyS‡Z
n‡e †m eY©Ávb I aewb m‡PZbZvq cvi`k©x|
wkïi covq mvejxjZv Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ †KŠkj Av‡Q| wb‡`©wkZ mi‡e cov mvejxj cvV Dbœq‡bi GKwU djcÖm~
c×wZ| wb‡`©wkZ mie covq mvejxj I Kg mvejxj cvV‡Ki mgš^‡q †Rvov MVb Kiv nq| G‡Z Kg mvejxj
cvVK cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y, KÉ¯î IVvbvgv K‡i I weivgwP‡ýi h_vh_ eënvi K‡i mi‡e co‡Z cv‡i| †h wkï
GLbI mvejxj cv‡V `¶ bq Zv‡K GKB †jLv evievi co‡Z †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Avgiv Rvwb †h, GKwU †kªwY‡Z wewfbœ mvg‡_©ï wkï _v‡K| †Kv‡bv mv_xi mv‡_ †Rvo MVb †kªwYK‡¶ covi PP©v
GKwU Kvh©Ki †KŠkj| KviY covi †ÿ‡Î PP©v e„w×i Rb¨ A_©vr mvejxjZvq mg_© GKRb wkï A‡c¶vK…Z Kg
`¶ wkï‡K mvejxjfv‡e co‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡`©wkZ †gŠwLK covi cvkvcvwk wkïi mvejxjZv e„w×i Av‡iv wKQy êwPÎ¨c~Y© †KŠkj wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
1.
2.
3.
4.
mie cvV : †Kv‡bv cvV mevB wg‡j †Rv‡i co‡Z †`qv
mg¯^‡i cvV : wkÿ‡Ki cov AbymiY K‡i GKB evK¨ ev Aby‡”Q` GK‡Î cov
GKK cvV : †Kv‡bv cvV wkÿv_x©‡K GKKfv‡e co‡Z †`qv
co–qvgÂ: †Kv‡bv †jLv ev w¯ŒÞ evievi c‡o Awfbq Kiv
D³ †KŠkj¸‡jv wkÿK hw` cÖwZwU cv‡VB mwbœ‡ek Ki‡eb| G‡Z wkï wfbœ wfbœ Dcv‡q †ewk †ewk Abykxj‡bi
gva¨‡g Lye mn‡RB wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡e| mvejxjZvi cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi mgq mZK©fv‡e wkïi †kÖwY
Dc‡hvMx mwVK ˆ`‡N©ï †jLv msewjZ cvV wbe©vPb Kiv Riæwi| Av‡iv GKwU welq g‡b ivLv ìKvi, cv‡Vi welq
†QvU n‡j wk¶v_©xi mvejxj cv‡Vi `¶Zv e„w×‡Z mnvqK nq bv| KviY Gi gva¨‡g Zviv PP©vi my‡hvM Kg cvq|
Avevi, AcwiwPZ I †ewk KwVb kã m¤^wjZ †jLvI wkïi mvejxj cv‡Vi `¶Zv e„w×‡Z mnvqK nq bv| KviY
AcwiwPZ kã¸‡jv wPb‡Z Ges eyS‡ZB Zv‡ì †ewk g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq| Kv‡RB mvejxj cv‡Vi `¶Zv e„w×i
Rb¨ cwiwPZ I me©vwaK eëüZ kã m¤^wjZ Lye †QvUI bq Avevi Lye eoI bq Ggb †jLv eënvi Kiv DwPZ|
GRb¨ cvV¨cy¯K
Í Abb¨ f~wgKv iv‡L| Z‡e cvV¨cy¯‡Í Ki cvkvcvwk mggv‡bi m¤ú~iK cVb mvgMÖx eënvi Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
mvejxjZv cÖwZ cv‡VB PP©v Kiv hvq| cÖwZw`‡bi †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡gB mie I mg¯^‡i cvV Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨
GKB cvV evievi Abykxjb Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e GKB cvV covi Abykxj‡bi cybive„wË wkïi mvejxj
covq AMÖMwZ nq|
mvejxjZv g~j¨vqb
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 56 / 71
covq mvejxjZv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wkïi mie cvV ïb‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î wk¶v_©xi covi mwVKZv (†hgb, D”Pvi‡Yi
g‡a¨ fy‡ji gvÎv), covi MwZ (†hgb, cÖwZ wgwb‡U kã covi nvi), Q›` cÖKiY ev KÉ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv (†hgb,
weivgwPý I k‡ãi eënvi Abymv‡i covi aib) Avjv`v Avjv`v ev mgwš^Zfv‡e g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| g‡b ivLv
ìKvi, GB AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv: 1) wkïi covi mvg‡_©¨ mvejxjZv cwigvc Kiv Ges 2)
wkÿ‡Ki wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi †KŠkj wba©viY Kiv| Ab¨vb¨ g~j¨vq‡bi g‡Zv wkïiv wba©vwiZ
mg‡qi eëav‡b wba©vwiZ wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q wKbv Zv cwigvc Kiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ZvQvov mg‡qi
mv‡_ mv‡_ wkïi AMÖMwZ n‡”Q wKbv Zv †`LvI Riæwi| wkÿv_©x ïiæi w`‡K mvejxj cvVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿv_©xi covi GB DbœwZ ax‡i ax‡i n‡Z cv‡i| GwU GKwU fv‡jv w`K| A_©vr wk¶K wn‡m‡e Avcbvi
mn‡hvwMZv mwVK c‡_B Av‡Q| mvejxjZv g~j¨vq‡bi wZbwU Dcv`vb wb‡P †`qv n‡jv1| wkï cÖwZ GKk k‡ã KZwU kã fyj c‡o‡Q Zv cwigvc Kiv|
2| wkï cÖwZ wgwb‡U KZwU kã cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z cv‡i Zv cwigvc Kiv|
3| wkÿv_©x GKwU Aby‡”Q` Q›` cÖKiY ev Mjvi ¯î IVvbvgv eënvi K‡i co‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv Zv cwigvc Kiv|
A_©vr Aby‡”Q‡` eëüZ ev‡K¨ k‡ãi eënvi Abyhvqx †Rv‡i ev Av‡¯Í I weivgwPý eënvi K‡i co‡Z cvi‡Q
wKbv Zv cwigvc Kiv| evsjvq mvejxjZv cwigv‡c †Zgb †Kv‡bv MÖnY‡hvM¨ Uzjm GLb ch©šÍI cvIqv hvqwb|
Z‡e Bs‡iwR wel‡q covi mvejxjZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wb‡P GKwU wb‡`©wkKvi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| evsjvq Ggb Uzjm
ˆZwii c~e© ch©šÍ Bs‡iwRi G UzjmwU eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mvejxj cvV g~j¨vqb 1: Bs‡iwR‡Z covi mvejxjZv cwigv‡ci GKwU bgybv wb‡`©wkKv |
†kÖwY
g~j¨vq‡bi mgq
Qq gvm ci
bq gvm ci
wZb gvm ci
Qq gvm ci
bq gvm ci
wZb gvm ci
Qq gvm ci
bq gvm ci
wZb gvm ci
Qq gvm ci
bq gvm ci
wZb gvm ci
Qq gvm ci
bq gvm ci
cÖwZ wgwb‡U kã co‡Z cvivi msL¨v
39wU
cÖ_g
40-60wU
53wU
72-78wU
wØZxq
82-94wU
79wU
84-93wU
Z…Zxq
100-114wU
90-99wU
98-112wU
PZy_©
105-118wU
105wU
110-118wU
cÂg
118-128wU
Drm: Hudson, Lane & Pullen, 2005 and Good, Simmons & Kame’enui, 2001 †_‡K msM„nxZ
covi mvg‡_©¨ mvejxjZvi AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wKQy ¸iZ¡c~Y© welq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
mvejxjZvi AvbyôvwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡b wkÿ‡Ki we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv n‡jv- welqe¯‘/Aby‡”Q‡ì aib,
welqe¯‘/Aby‡”Q` wbe©vPb, GK g~j¨vq‡bi mv‡_ cieZ©x g~j¨vq‡bi eëavb, wkïi AMÖMwZ cwigvc †KŠkj|
we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv h_vh_ n‡j wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewji †KŠkj wbe©vPbI h_vh_ nq| d‡j wkïi covi mvg‡_©¨
mvejxjZviI Dbœqb nq|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 57 / 71
mvejxjZv g~j¨vq‡b welqe¯‘/Aby‡”Q` wbe©vPb GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq| welqe¯‘/ Aby‡”Q`wU Lye `xN© ev msw¶ß
n‡e bv| 100-200 k‡ãi g‡a¨ nIqv DwPZ| G‡ÿ‡Î †h‡Kv‡bv cÖK…wZi †jLv evQvB Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (†hgb,
Z_¨g~jK, eY©bvg~jK ev mvaviY Mí)| Aek¨B cvV mswkøó gRvi n‡Z n‡e| ïaygvÎ KZ¸‡jv ev‡Kï mgvnvi
bq| welqe¯‘/Aby‡”Q`wU n‡e wkïi cwiwPZ kãÁvb †_‡K iwPZ| Gi 95% kã wkï‡ì cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e|
wbe©vwPZ †jLvwU wkïiv †hb GKKfv‡e co‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov †jLvwU c‡o wkïiv hv‡Z Avb›` cvq, †mw`‡KI
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvovI we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e, GK g~j¨vq‡bi mv‡_ cieZ©x g~j¨vq‡bi eëavb, wkïi
AMÖMwZ cwigvc †KŠkj| we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv h_vh_ n‡j wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewji †KŠkj wbe©v PbI h_vh_ nq|
d‡j wkïi covi mvg‡_©¨ mvejxjZviI Dbœqb nq|
mvejxjZvi fvwlK KvR
evievi cov Ges †Rvovq g~j¨vqb
DcKiY: wk¶v_©xi AvZ¥wbf©ikxj cvV Dc‡hvMx covi welqe¯‘, mvejxj cvV g~j¨vq‡bi wb‡`©kK QK
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wkÿv_©x‡ì †Rvov ˆZwi Ki‡eb| `yRb wg‡j mv_x n‡e Z‡e `yR‡biB covi mvg_©¨ GKBiKg n‡e
bv| †Rvovq wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ GKwU covi welqe¯‘ I mvejxjZv g~j¨vq‡bi `ywU wb‡`©kK QK _vK‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K
†Rvovq ch©vqµ‡g GKRb co–qv I GKRb g~j¨vqbKvix †kªvZv n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨‡K wZbevi GKB cov co‡e| wØZxq
I Z…Zxq evi covi ci †kªvZv mv_x co–qvi g~j¨vqb K‡i wb‡`©kK QK c~iY Ki‡e| KvMR Kg eënv‡ii Rb¨
PK‡ev‡W© wb‡`©kK QKwU †jLv _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges g~j¨vqb †k‡l †¯‹viwU gy‡L e‡j †ev‡W© wjwce× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†Rvovq g~j¨vq‡bi wb‡`©kK QK
mvejxj cv‡Vi wb‡`©kK QKwU c~i‡Yi wbqg wk¶v_©x‡ì D‡Ï‡k e‡j w`‡Z n‡e, wb‡`©kK Abyhvqx g~j¨vqbKvix
†kªvZv †hwU mwVK g‡b K‡i †mB e‡· wUK  wPý w`‡e|
Avgvi mv_x‡K Avwg j¶ K‡iwQ . . . . .
wØZxqevi covi ci
Z…Zxqevi covi ci








wb‡`©kK
1. AwaKvsk kã ï× D”Pvi‡Y co‡Z
†c‡i‡Q
2. `ªæZ co‡Z †c‡i‡Q
3. webv evavq co‡Z †c‡i‡Q
4. KÉ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv K‡i‡Q
co–qvgÂ
DcKiY: msjvcag©x bvUK Kiv hvq Ggb GKwU w¯ŒÞ ( †hgb, wØZxq †kÖwYi kx‡Zi mKvj c„ôv 16)
cÖwµqv: wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì D‡Ï‡k cvV¨welqwU mi‡e co‡eb| wk¶K PwiÎ Abymv‡i wkï‡ì Awfb‡qi f~wgKv
wVK K‡i w`‡eb Ges MíwU bvU‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb| †QvU `‡j wkÿv_©xiv K‡qKevi MíwUi w¯ŒÞ
co‡e Ges msjvç‡jv A½fw½i gva¨‡g PwiÎ Abyhvqx Abykxjb Ki‡e| Pvi evi covi ci wkïiv MíwUi
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 58 / 71
Awfbq K‡i †`Lv‡e|
†miv Mvb`j
DcKiY: me©vwaK eëüZ kã ev cwiwPZ kã Av‡Q Ggb Mvb ev Qov
cÖwµqv: wk¶K ej‡eb AvR Avgiv GKwU Mv‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡ev| wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì 3/4R‡bi †QvU `‡j
fvM Ki‡eb| wk¶K wkÿv_©x‡ì GKwU Mvb w`‡eb| Mvb ev QovwU PK‡ev‡W© †jLv _vK‡e ev n¨vÛAvDU cÖ‡Z¨K
`‡j †`qv n‡e| wk¶K wb‡R MvbwU KÉ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv K‡i ï× D”Pvi‡Y †M‡q †kvbv‡eb| mKj‡K mg¯^‡i Mvb
MvB‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb| Gici wk¶v_©xiv †QvU `‡j 2/3 evi PP©v Ki‡e| Gici Zviv MvbwU Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|
wePviK (†kªwYwk¶K e¨ZxZ wk¶K A_ev Ab¨ †kªwYi wk¶v_©x) †miv Mvb`j wbe©vPb Ki‡eb|
†evaMg¨Zv
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 59 / 71
†evaMg¨Zv A_ev eyS‡Z cvivi mvg_©¨ n‡jv cwVZ welqe¯‘ †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ e¨vL¨v I eënvi Ki‡Z cviv| GLv‡b
Avgiv co‡Z †kLvi †evaMg¨Zvi wZbwU ¯Íi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie|
co‡Z †kLvi †evaMg¨Zvi cÖ_g ¯Íi n‡jv AvÿwiK †evaMg¨Zv/c‡o AvÿwiKfv‡e eyS‡Z cviv/ey‡S cybt¯§iY
Ki‡Z cviv (literal comprehension)| †Kv‡bv wKQz c‡o Av¶wiKfv‡e eyS‡Z cvivi gva¨‡g wkï cv‡Vi AšÍM©Z
wewfbœ Z_¨ cybt¯§iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr wkï †Kv‡bv wKQz covi ci Kx, †K, †Kv_vq, KLb I †Kb BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœi
DËi w`‡Z cv‡i| c‡o Av¶wiKfv‡e eyS‡Z cvivi GKwU D`vniY n‡jv M‡í †_‡K wewfbœ PwiÎ kbv³ Ki‡Z
cviv|
co‡Z †kLvi †evaMg¨Zvi wØZxq ¯Íi n‡jv Abygvbwm× †evaMg¨Zv/c‡o †evSvi †ÿ‡Î Abygvbwm× bvbvgywL A_©
Ki‡Z cviv/ey‡S NUbvi bvbvgywL we‡kølY Ki‡Z cviv (inferential comprehension)| G¶‡Î wkï †Kv‡bv wKQz
AvswkK covi ci c~e©aviYv ev NUbvi ci¤úivq we‡ePbv K‡i Abygvbwm× bvbv ai‡bi KviY I djvdj ej‡Z
cv‡i| d‡j cv‡Vi g~jwelq wb‡`©kmn wewfbœ PwiÎ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wkï cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| G
¯Í‡ii DËi g~jwelq wVK †i‡L KL‡bv KL‡bv cv‡Vi evB‡iI n‡Z cv‡i| c‡o †evSvi †ÿ‡Î Abygvbwm× bvbvgywL
A_© Ki‡Z cviv/ey‡S NUbvi bvbvgywL we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvivi GKwU D`vniY wn‡m‡e Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv
eB‡qi w÷gv‡ii wmwU Mí †_‡K cÖ_g wZbwU jvBb wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
evwl©K cixÿv †kl| A‡bK w`b ¯‹z‡j QzwU _vK‡e| evev gv GB QzwU‡Z XvKvi evB‡i †Kv_vI †eov‡bvi K_v
ej‡jb| ...
G wZbwU jvBb covi ci wkï‡K hw` wR‡Ám Kiv nq- †Kv_vq †eov‡Z hv‡e? Kxfv‡e †eov‡Z hv‡e? DËi n‡Z
cv‡i- wb‡Ri †Rjv, gvgvevwo, `v`vevwo, eÜzi evwo, †Kv‡bv `k©bxq ¯’vb BZ¨vw`| Avi c‡ii cÖ‡kœi DËi n‡Z
cv‡i- ev‡m, j‡Â, w÷gv‡i, wiKkvq BZ¨vw`| GB DËi¸‡jv c‡o †evSvi †ÿ‡Î wkïi Abygvbwm× bvbvgywL A_©
Ki‡Z cvivi `¶Zv cÖ`k©‡b mÿg|
co‡Z †kLvi †evaMg¨Zvi Z…Zxq ¯Íi n‡jv g~j¨vqbag©x †evaMg¨Zv/c‡o †evSvi †ÿ‡Î NUbv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cviv/
ey‡S g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cviv (evaluative comprehension)| g~j¨vqbagx© †evaMg¨Zv ej‡Z eySvq cv‡Vi welqe¯‘i
mv‡_ wb‡R‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i wePvi Ki‡Z cviv| g~j¨vqbag©x †evaMg¨Zvq wkï cv‡Vi Pwi‡Îi ¯’‡j wb‡R‡K we‡ePbv
K‡i NUbvwU wPšÍv K‡i wm×všÍ †`q ev e¨vL¨v K‡i| GKB wel‡q Ab¨ cv‡Vi mv‡_ Zzjbvi wfwË‡ZI Z‡_ï
mZ¨Zv hvPvB K‡i| Avevi cv‡Vi NUbv I gZvg‡Zi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ev cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc Z…Zxq
†kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB‡qi Kuy‡Rv eywoi Mí covi ci wkï DËi w`‡Z cv‡i- Kuy‡Rv eywo †Kb Ggb †KŠkj
Aej¤^b K‡iwQj?
GB wZb ¯Í‡ii ey‡S covi g‡a¨ Av¶wiK †evaMg¨Zv n‡jv wbPzgv‡bi mvg_©¨| Avi Abygvbwm× †evaMg¨Zv n‡jv
ga¨ggv‡bi mvg_©¨| Avi me‡P‡q DPzgv‡bi mvg_©¨ n‡jv g~j¨vqbag©x †evaMg¨Zv| †hme wkïi co‡Z †kLvi
i‡q‡Q Zviv Aek¨B Av¶wiK †evaMg¨Zv, Abygvbwm× †evaMg¨Zv I g~j¨vqbagx© †evaMg¨Zvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
†evaMg¨Zvq mg_© GKRb wkï Aek¨B eY© wPb‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i| Zvi aŸwbMZ m‡PZbZv i‡q‡Q| GQvovI
covq i‡q‡Q mvejxjZv| Zvi kãivR¨ we¯Í…Z| †hme wkï †evaMg¨Zvq mg_© Zviv covi mgq †h †KŠkjmg~n
cÖ‡qvM K‡i †m¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvwkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 60 / 71
†evaMg¨Zvq mg_© wkï1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
†Kb cvVwU co‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Zviv m‡PZb;
covi Av‡M Zviv GK bRi †`‡L cvV m¤ú‡K© mvwe©K aviYv MÖnY K‡i;
cvV¨vsk m¤ú‡K© AvMvg Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i;
cv‡Vi mvwe©K aviYvi Ici wfwË K‡i Zviv cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i cvV¨vsk wbe©vPb K‡i c‡o;
c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_ cv‡Vi aviYvi †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i;
covi Av‡Mi Abygvb I covi c‡ii aviYv m¤ú‡K© †bvU wj‡L iv‡L;
bZzb aviYvi mv‡_ c~‡e©i aviYvi mvgÄm¨ bv n‡j †hŠw³K we‡ePbvq Zviv c~e© aviYv‡K
cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i cwigvR©b K‡i;
8. welqe¯‘i Ici wfwË K‡i Zviv cv‡Vi AšÍM©Z AcwiwPZ k‡ãi A_© †ei K‡i;
9. Zviv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqe¯‘ ev †jLvi wb‡P `vM †`q, evievi c‡o, wj‡L iv‡L, wb‡Ri g‡Zv
K‡i g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj AvqZ¡ K‡i, cvV¨vsk e¨vL¨v K‡i Ges Gi gvb g~j¨vqb K‡i;
10. cov †k‡l Zviv ¸iZ¡c~Y© Ask ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i;
11. cv‡Vi aviYv cieZx©‡Z Kxfv‡e eënvi Ki‡e †m m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv fvebv K‡i;
12. M‡íi aib Abyhvqx wewfbœfv‡e c‡o I wfbœZvi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb _v‡K|
Drm: Pressley, 2001; Duke & Pearson †_‡K msM„wnZ
covi mgq A‡bK wkïB mvaviYfv‡e Gme welq †Lqvj K‡i bv| wkïi †evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨ e„w×i Rb¨ Kxfv‡e
GB †KŠkjmg~n cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Zv wkÿK‡K †kLv‡Z nq| G welqwUi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L †evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨
e„w×i Rb¨ †kªwYK‡¶ cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ PviwU †KŠkj Avgiv Abykxjb Ki‡ev| GB †KŠkjmg~n n‡jv- Abygvb Kiv, cÖkœ
Kiv, mvims‡ÿcKiY I `„k¨gvb Dc¯’vcb| Gme †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kivi gva¨‡g wkïi Av¶wiK †evaMg¨Zv ,
Abygvbwm× †evaMg¨Zv I g~j¨vqbagx© †evaMg¨Zvi mvg‡_©ï Dbœqb NUv‡bv hvq|
GLb Avgiv Z…Zxq †kÖwYi Avgvi evsjv eB †_‡K †bqv Kuy‡Rv eycoi MíwU co‡ev| ïiæ‡ZB Kuy‡Rv eywoi MíwUi
cv‡Vi Qwe cÖ`k©bc~e©K cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg †NvlYv Kie Ges MíwU Kv‡K wb‡q †jLv Zv Rvb‡Z PvB‡ev|
†evaMg¨Zvq cvV cwiPvjbvq we‡eP¨ welqmg~n
cvVcwiKíbv Kivi mgq Avwg1. wkï‡K cv‡Vi welq m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kivi my‡hvM †i‡LwQ;
2. wkï‡K cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM †i‡LwQ;
3. wkï‡K cv‡Vi mvi ms‡¶cKi‡Yi my‡hvM †i‡LwQ;
4. wkïi mvg‡b `„k¨gvb Dc¯’vc‡bi my‡hvM †i‡LwQ;
5. wkï‡K cvV¨ welq wb‡q Av¶wiK †evaMg¨Zv Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM †i‡LwQ;
6. wkï‡K cvV©¨ welq wb‡q Abygvbwm× †evaMg¨Zv Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM †i‡LwQ;
7. wkï‡K cvV¨ welq wb‡q g~j¨vqbag©x †evaMg¨Zv Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM †i‡LwQ|
GLb †evaMg¨Zv e„w×i cÖ_g †KŠkjwU eënvi Ki‡ev| Avgiv †Póv Ki‡ev Abygvb Ki‡Z|
Abygvb Kiv: †evaMg¨Zvi †¶‡Î cvV¨welq m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kiv ej‡Z welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© AvMvg aviYv Kiv eySvq,
cwVZ Ask m¤ú‡K© AbygvbwU wVK bvwK fyj wQj †m m¤ú‡K© g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| cvV m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kivi GKwU
wkï‡ì Rb¨
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†KŠkj n‡jv cvVwU ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv| Aci †KŠkjwU n‡jv wk¶v_x©i Ávb I AwfÁvZvi mv‡_ cv‡Vi g~j welqe¯‘
ev aviYvi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv|
hLb †Kvb wkï‡K Zvi c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Abygvb Ki‡Z ejv nq, ZLb Zv‡K Zvi g~j¨vqbagx©
†evaMg¨Zv evov‡bvi Rb¨ mnvqZv Kiv nq| cvV m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq wkïi c~e©Ávb I
AwfÁZvi mv‡_ cv‡Vi mylg mgš^q|
GLb Avgiv cvVwU mi‡e co‡ev Ges Av‡iKwU †KŠkj Abykxjb Ki‡ev|
cÖkœ Kiv: cwVZ As‡ki Ici K‡qKwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z ej‡ev| Kuy‡Rv eywo †Kv_vq hvw”Q‡jb? KzKzi¸‡jv‡K eywo
Kx Ki‡Z ej‡jb? c‡_ eywoi Kvi mv‡_ †`Lv n‡jv?
wk¶K cv‡Vi Av‡M, PjvKvjxb I †k‡l †evaMg¨Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ Gme cÖkœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wkï‡K cÖkœ
Kiv LyeB Riæwi| wkïi †evaMg¨Zv hvPvB‡qi cvkvcvwk cv‡Vi ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi RbÏ cÖ‡kœi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
cvV ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ wkï cvVwU c‡o DËi w`‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv wbf©i K‡i wkïi `¶Zvi Ici| wkï KZ…©K
cÖkœ Kiv n‡jv Av‡iKwU Kvh©Kix †KŠkj hv †evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨ e„w×‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv iv‡L|
wkï KZ…©K cÖkœ Kiv wkïi Av¶wiK †evaMg¨Zv I Abygvbwm× †evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨ Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i|
†evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨ e„w×i Rb¨ cÖkœ ˆZwii †KŠkj CROWD-HS AbymiY Kiv evÃbxq| GwU GKwU
we‡kølYag©x cÖkœ Kivi †KŠkj hv †evaMg¨Zv hvPvB‡qi cvkvcvwk wkï‡K mwµq iv‡L| G‡ÿ‡Î wk¶K Zuvi
cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i cÖkœ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡P Prof. Stephanie Al-Otaiba, the Florida Center for Reading
Research †_‡K msM„nxZ CROWD-HS Gi †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kuy‡Rv eywoi MíwU c‡o wkïi †evaMg¨Zv
hvPvB‡q wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
C-Completion or fill in the blank questions- mgvßKiY A_ev k~b¨¯’vb c~iY cÖkœ (Completion or
fill in the blank questions): wkï‡K evK¨ m¤ú~Y© ev k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki‡Z w`b|
R-Recall Questions- cybt¯§iY cÖkœ (Recall questions) : wkï‡K cwVZ Ask n‡Z g~j welq g‡b Ki‡Z
ejyb|
O-Open-ended question- gy³ cÖkœ (Open-ended question) : nu¨v/bv DËi nq bv Ggb cÖkœ Kiæb|
A_©vr eB †_‡K mivmwi DËi †`qv hvq bv ev GK K_vq DËi nq bv ev e¨vL¨v K‡i w`‡Z nq Ggb cÖkœ
Kiæb|
W- Wh question- †K/Kx/†Kb/†Kv_vq/Kxfv‡e BZ¨vw` kã eënvi K‡i cÖkœ Kiv (Wh vocabulary
question) : wkï‡K †K, Kx, †Kb, †Kv_vq, Kxfv‡e BZ¨vw` kã eënvi K‡i cÖkœ Kiæb|
D-Distancing questions- Making connections to life experiences- RxebNwbô cÖkœ
(Distancing questions) : cv‡Vi aviYv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi
my‡hvM Ki‡Z A_©vr cv‡Vi evB‡i fve‡Z nq Ggb RxebNwbô cÖkœ Kiæb|
H-Home Prompt- evwoi AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ cÖkœ (Home Prompt) : GwU Av‡iK ai‡bi
RxebNwbô cÖkœ| wkï‡K Ggb cÖkœ Kiæb hv Zvi evcoi †Kv‡bv AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
S-School Prompt- we`¨vj‡qi AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ cÖkœ (School Prompt) : GwU Av‡iK ai‡bi
RxebNwbô cÖkœ| wkï‡K Ggb cÖkœ Kiæb hv Zvi we`¨vj‡qi †Kv‡bv AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
†evaMg¨Zv i Aci `ywU †KŠkj: mvi ms‡¶cKiY I `„k¨gvb Dc¯’vcb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
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[[
mvims‡¶cKiY: mvims‡¶cKi‡Yi Rb¨ wkïi cvV ev cvV¨vsk c‡o †evaMg¨Zvi `¶Zv _vK‡Z nq| GwU n‡jv
cv‡Vi wewfbœ NUbv I mywbw`©ó Z_¨ ¯§iY K‡i cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i †m¸‡jv‡K evQvB Kivi cÖwµqv (Av¶wiK A‡_©
†evaMg¨Zv )| mvims‡¶cKi‡Y cv‡Vi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© wkï‡K wm×všÍ wb‡Z
nq| d‡j wkï fve wVK †i‡L M‡íi NUbv ev g~j welq cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ Aek¨ wkïi ch©vß kãÁvb
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| mvims‡¶cKiY †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ `yfv‡eB n‡Z cv‡i| cvVwU covi ci GwU GKKfv‡e ev †QvU
`‡jI Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wkïi covq †evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨ e„w×i Rb¨ `„k¨gvb Dc¯’vcb n‡jv P~ovšÍ †KŠkj|
`„k¨gvb Dc¯’vcb: GwU wkï‡K Mí ev cv‡Vi KvVv‡gv, avivevwnKZv I k‡ãi A_© eyS‡Z A_©vr Av¶wiK
†evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨ e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB Mí evievi ejv, cvVmswkøó Qwe AvKuv ev cv‡Vi
welqe¯‘ Qwei gva¨‡g `„k¨gvb Dc¯’vcb wkïi †evaMg¨Zvq mnvqZv K‡i| Qwe cÖZ¨¶ Kivi gva¨‡g wkï cv‡Vi
welqe¯‘ Abygvb I g~j¨vqbagx© †evaMg¨Zv Abykxj Ki‡Z cv‡i| `„k¨gvb Dc¯’vc‡bi wKQy D`vniY n‡jv
cÖevnwPÎ, PvU©, kãRvj, M‡íi gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw`|
cÖevnwPÎ
bvg:
ZvwiL: 
cÖevnwPÎ
cÖevnwP‡Îi Dc‡ii e‡· g~j aviYv wjLyb| µgvš^‡q M‡íi avç‡jv A_ev NUbv¸‡jv mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq wb‡P
wb‡P wjLyb
aviYv
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 63 / 71
me©mË¡ msiw¶Z © Houghton Miffin Company
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 64 / 71
Mí gvbwPÎ
bvg:
ZvwiL: 
gvbwPÎ 2
cÖ‡Z¨K As‡k gšÍe¨ wjLyb :
KvR cwiPvjbvi Ae¯’v:
mgq:
¯’vb:
PwiÎmg~n:
mgm¨v:
KvRmg~n/NUbvewj:
mgvavb:
me©mË¡ msiw¶Z © Houghton Miffin Company
covq †evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨ e„w×‡Z mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv Abygvb Kiv, cÖkœ ˆZwi, mvims‡¶cKiY I `„k¨gvb
Dc¯’vc‡bi †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi| covq †evaMg¨Zvi mvg_©¨ e„w×i GB PviwU †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Avcbv‡ì
gZvgZ Kx? GB †KŠkj¸‡jv ev G‡ì †h †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖ‡qv‡Mi †Kv‡bv c~e© AwfÁZv Av‡Q wK? Avcbviv wK
g‡b K‡ib, †evaMg¨Zv e„w×i wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewji Rb¨ GB †KŠkjmg~n Avcwb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb?
co‡Z †kLvi Dbœqb I wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †evaMg¨Zv Ab¨Zg GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`b|
kãÁvb Gi g‡Zv wk¶K †evaMg¨Zvi †¶‡ÎI wkïi BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î wk¶K co‡Z
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 65 / 71
†kLvi Dbœq‡bi me¸‡jv †KŠkj mgwš^Zfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, me †KŠkj
eënv‡ii g~j j¶¨ n‡”Q co‡Z †kLvi e„w× I wkï‡K G KvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m¤ú„³ Kiv |
†evaMg¨Zvi fvwlK KvR
(Reading Comprehension in Young Children, 1998 †_‡K msM„nxZ)
ey‡S covi †Ljv
DcKiY: cvV¨vsk Ges KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv
cÖwµqv: GB †LjvwU eo `‡j n‡e| mKj wk¶v_©x‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiæb| cvV¨vskwU covi ci cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x©‡K
cvV †_‡K GKwU cÖkœ KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv‡Z wjL‡Z ejyb| cÖkœ †jLv †k‡l GK `‡ji wk¶v_x© Ab¨ `j‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi
wR‡Ám Ki‡e| Gfv‡e cvjvµ‡g GK `j Av‡iK `j‡K cÖkœ K‡i DËi Rvb‡e| †h `j me‡P‡q †ewk msL¨K
cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVKfv‡e w`‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡ì‡K weRqx †NvlYv Kiæb|
Q›` wb‡q †Lwj
DcKiY: cvV¨vsk Ges Q›` nq Ggb kã
cÖwµqv: cvV¨vsk/KweZv covi ci Zv †_‡K cÖavb cÖavb kã¸‡jv wbe©vPb Kiæb| H kã¸‡jv †_‡K GKBiKg
D”PviY nq Ggb Q›`hy³ kã (†hgb, Kjg-gjg, Kjv-gjv) wjL‡Z ejyb| Q›`hy³ kã †_‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K
cvkvcvwk †Rvovq e‡m KvR K‡i †QvU GKwU KweZv ev Qov wjL‡Z ejyb| G‡¶‡Î wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K k‡ãi e¨vL¨v
fv‡jvfv‡e cwi¯‹vi Kiæb I aŸwb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiæb|
3-2-1 †KŠkj
DcKiY: KvMR
cÖwµqv: cvV¨vsk covi ci wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K 3/4 wU `‡j fvM Kiæb| †QvU `‡j wk¶v_©xiv cvV †_‡K †kLv 3 wU
bZzb Z_¨ wjL‡Z ejyb| †`L‡eb wkïiv PgrKvi 2wU welq wk‡L‡Q Ges cvV m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì GKwU cÖkœ i‡q‡Q|
`jxq KvR †k‡l wkï‡ì‡K me©‡kl cÖkœ †_‡K 3-2-1 ZvwjKv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ejyb|
†evaMg¨Zv m¤úwK©Z Av‡iv wKQz aviYv
(m~Î: Put Reading First by the US National Institute for Literacy)
mvejxj co–qv mwµq _v‡K
GKRb mvejxj co–qv hv c‡o Zv Kvh©Kifv‡e wPšÍv K‡i| †m hv c‡o‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv ˆZwii Rb¨ mvejxj
co–qv GKwU RwUj cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q hvq| wek¦ m¤ú‡K© Zvi Ávb I AwfÁZv, kãivR¨, fvlvi KvVv‡gv Ges
covi wewfbœ †KŠkj ev cwiKíbv cÖf„wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i GKRb mvejxj ev mv_©K coyqv cvV m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf K‡i
Ges Kxfv‡e cvV c‡o Zv †_‡K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z nq Zv Rv‡b| Zviv Rv‡b †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î †evaMg¨Zvq mgm¨v
nq Ges Kxfv‡e Zvi mgvavb Kiv hvq| wb‡P wKQy †KŠkj †`qv n‡jv hv cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq wkÿv_©xi mwµq
AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wk¶K cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
†evaMg¨Zv cwiex¶Y
hviv mvejxjfv‡e co‡Z cv‡i Zviv cvV c‡o KLb eyS‡jv ev eyS‡jv bv Zv wb‡RivB cwiex¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| c‡o
†evSvi †¶‡Î mgm¨v n‡j mgm¨vwU‡K Zviv mywbw`©ó K‡i †d‡j| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q GB †KŠkj GgbwK
cÖviw¤¢K ch©v‡qi co–qv‡ìI †evaMg¨Zv Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 66 / 71
†evaMg¨Zv cwiex¶Y †KŠk‡ji †¶‡Î wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K wkL‡Z mnvqZv Kiæb c‡o Kx eyS‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv;
 covi ci †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î eyS‡Z mgm¨v nq Zv kbv³ Kiv;
 c‡o †evSvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î mgm¨v mywbw`©óKiY Kiv|
†evaMg¨Zv cwiex¶Y Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v_x© wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cv‡i|





†Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Zviv mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq Zv kbv³ Kiv;
mgm¨vwU Zviv mbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i;
KwVb evK¨ ev Aby‡”Q`wU‡K wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i ev wbR¯^ fvlvq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i;
cvV¨vskwU evi evi c‡o KwVb AskwU g‡b ivLvi †Póv K‡i;
cvV¨vs‡ki cieZx© Ask c‡o wewfbœ Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cv‡i hv cv‡Vi mgm¨v mgvav‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
cÖkœ ˆZwi
cvV †_‡K Kxfv‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq Zv wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K †kLvb| cÖkœ ˆZwii gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv
cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb nq ev c‡o Kx eyS‡jv †m m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq| wk¶v_x©iv cÖkœ Kivi gva¨‡g
m‡PZb nq †h Zviv wb‡R c‡o Zv †_‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cv‡i wKbv| cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v_x©‡K fv‡jvfv‡e
cvVwU co‡Z nq Ges cv‡Vi wewfbœ Ask †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn I wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq|
M‡íi KvVv‡gv Dcjwä:
welqe¯‘ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv I NUbvcÖevn wb‡q Kxfv‡e M‡íi iƒc‡iLv mvRv‡bv Zv M‡íi KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g Rvbv
hvq| †h mKj wk¶v_x© M‡íi KvVv‡gv Dcjw× Ki‡Z cv‡i Zviv M‡íi cwiwa eyS‡Z cv‡i, Mí eyS‡Z cv‡i,
¯§„wZ‡Z a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯§iY Ki‡Z cv‡i| M‡íi KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv welqe¯‘i
†kªwYweb¨vm (NUbvi Ae¯’vb, NUbvi ïiæ, AšÍeZ©x cÖwZwµqv, j¶¨, D‡`¨vM Ges wkLbdj) Ges Kxfv‡e M‡íi
i~c‡iLv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
covi mvg_©¨ †evaMg¨Zv AR©‡b KwZcq wb‡`©kbv
wkÿv_©xi covi mvg_©¨ †evaMg¨Zv AR©‡b wb‡P ewY©Z †KŠkj¸‡jv Kvh©Kix, weÁvbm¤§Z|
mivmwi wb‡`©kbv
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq mivmwi wb‡`©kbv †evaMg¨Zv AR©‡b AwaK Kvh©Kix| G‡Z wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡K e‡jb †Kb, KLb
I Kx †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GwU †Kgb K‡i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| mivmwi wb‡`©kbvq mvaviYZt mivmwi
e¨vL¨v _v‡K, wk¶K nv‡Z-Kj‡g †`Lvb (wPšÍb‡K mi‡e fvlvq cÖKvk), wb‡`©wkZ Abykxjb Ges cÖ‡qvM Kivi
my‡hvM _v‡K|
 mivmwi e¨vL¨v: GLv‡b wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì e¨vL¨v K‡ib †Kb ey‡S covq †KŠkj mnvqZv K‡i Ges KLb
GwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
 nv‡Z-Kj‡g cÖ`k©b: wk¶K nv‡Z-Kj‡g cÖ`k©b K‡ib A_ev †`Lvb Kxfv‡e ey‡S covi †KŠkj eënvi
Kiv hvq, mvaviYZt Òmie wPšÍbÓ covi mgq wb‡Ri wPšÍv‡K fvlvq cÖKvk Kiv|
 wb‡`©wkZ Abykxjb: wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì wb‡`©kbv I mnvqZv †`b †h‡nZz Zviv Rv‡b Kxfv‡e I KLb
†KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
 cÖ‡qvM: wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡ì †KŠkj PP©vq mnvqZv K‡ib hZ¶Y Zviv wb‡R wb‡R Gi eënvi Ki‡Z bv
cv‡i|
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wb‡`©kbv
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 67 / 71
mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z wkLb (g~j welqe¯‘i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z I wg_w®Œqvi wfwË‡Z †kLv) wk¶v_©x‡K G‡K Ac‡ii
mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z †Rvovq wKsev †QvU `‡j mywbw`©ó KvR a‡i †kLvi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| GwU covi mvg_©¨
†evaMg¨Zv Dbœq‡b GKwU mdj †KŠkj| wk¶v_©xiv G‡K Aci‡K mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g †evaMg¨Zv AR©b K‡i|
wk¶K `jxq Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i| cvkvcvwk wk¶K nv‡Z-Kj‡g †`Lvb Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì AMÖMwZ ch©‡e¶Y
K‡ib|
bgbxq ev mgwš^Z wb‡`©kbv
wk¶v_©x‡K GKK †Kv‡bv cvV ey‡S covi †¶‡Î GKK †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ GKRb mvejxj co–qv
wewfbœ †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i me‡P‡q mv_©K †KŠkj wbe©vPb K‡i| GKvwaK †KŠkj Rvb‡j Dchy³
†KŠkj wbe©vP‡b ev GKvwaK †KŠk‡ji mgš^‡qi bgbxqZv †`Lv‡bv hvq| GiKg eûgyLx †KŠk‡ji wkLb-†kLv‡bv
Òe¨v¯ÍvbycvwZK cvV cwiPvjbv- reciprocal teachingÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G‡Z wk¶K-wk¶v_©x †hŠ_fv‡e KvR
K‡i:
- cvV¨welq wb‡q G‡K Aci‡K cÖkœ K‡i;
- cvV¨wel‡qi wewfbœ Aby‡”Q` mvims‡¶c K‡i;
- †h mKj kã ev evK¨ eyS‡Z mgm¨v nq †m¸‡jv e¨vL¨v K‡i;
- cv‡Vi †kl As‡k Kx NUbv NU‡Z cv‡i Zvi c~e© Abygvb K‡i;
wk¶K Ges wk¶v_©x G PviwU †KŠkj g~jZt wewfbœ mvwnZ¨ I Z_¨g~jK †jLv covq bgbxqfv‡e eënvi K‡i|
msM„nxZ: Put Reading First, National Institute for Literacy, www.nifl.gov
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 68 / 71
covi mvg‡_©ï mgwš^Z cvVcwiKíbv
bgybv cvVcwiKíbv
†kÖwY: cÖ_g
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg: AvZv Mv‡Q †ZvZv cvwL
wkLbdj: GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv†kvbv: 2.1.1 Qov ï‡b Avb›` jvf Ki‡e I Zvi Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk Ki‡e|
ejv: 2.1.1 cvVëB‡qi Qov ¯úófv‡e ej‡Z cvi‡e|
welq: evsjv
cvV¨vsk: cy‡iv Qov|
DcKiY: cvVmswkøó Qwe|
wbivcËv‡eva cwi‡ek: e¨w³MZ †LuvR-Lei †bqvi gva¨‡g|
Av‡eM m„wó: cvVmswkøó Qwe cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g|
wkLv‡bv †kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj:
1.
2.
3.
4.
cvVmswkøó QwewU †`L‡Z w`‡q, GKvKx wPšÍv I `‡j Av‡jvPbv K‡i welqe¯‘ ej‡Z wè|
QovwU Q›`, Zvj I jq eRvq †i‡L Avwg Ave„wË Ki‡ev I wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡Z ej‡ev|
Gevi Avgvi mv‡_ mg¯^‡i QovwU Ave„wË Ki‡Z ej‡ev| Q›`hy³ kã¸‡jv Zvwj w`‡q Abykxjb Kiv‡ev|
K‡qKwU `‡j fvM K‡i A½fw½mn QovwU Ave„wË Abykxjb Ki‡Z ej‡ev| †mB mv‡_ Q›`hy³ kã¸‡jvi
D”PviY Abykxjb Ki‡Z ej‡ev| Avwg Ny‡i Ny‡i `jxq KvR ch©‡eÿY Ki‡ev| †Kv‡bv `‡j fzj n‡j
mnvqZv Ki‡ev|
5. `jxq KvR Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡ev| GKB ai‡bi Q›`hy³ Av‡iv kã gy‡L gy‡L ej‡Z ej‡ev|
6. cÖ‡Z¨K `j †_‡K GK GKwU jvBb ch©vqµ‡g Ave„wË Ki‡Z ej‡ev|
7. GKKfv‡e QovwU Ave„wË Ki‡Z ej‡ev|
g~j¨vqb: cvVPjvKvjxb I cvV †k‡l †gŠwLK I wjwLZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡ev|
GK bR‡i co‡Z †kLvi Dcv`vb Abyhvqx kbv³K…Z cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq †kÖwYi evsjv eB‡q ewY©Z welqe¯Í
co‡Z †kLvi Dcv`vb
aŸwbMZm‡PZbZv
eY©Ávb
kãÁvb
mvejxjZv
†evaMg¨Zv
wkï‡ì Rb¨
†kÖwY
cÖ_g
wØZxq
Z…Zxq
cÖ_g
wØZxq
Z…Zxq
cÖ_g
wØZxq
Z…Zxq
cÖ_g
wØZxq
Z…Zxq
cÖ_g
welqe¯‘i b¤î
cvV-4,7-14,16-30,44
2,4,7,9,14
2,6,9,11,13,15,17,20
7-30
hy³eY©
hy³eY©
31-44,46-56
2-16
1-21
46-55,
2-16
1,3-5,7,8,10,12,14,16,18,19,21
46-55
c„ôv 69 / 71
wØZxq
Z…Zxq
2-16
1,3-5,7,8,10,12,14,16,18,19,21
kã‡Kvl
fvlv`ÿZv
covi mvg_©¨
: †Kv‡bv fvlvi †gŠwjK `ÿZvmg~nB n‡jv fvlv`ÿZv| †hgb- †kvbv, ejv, cov I
†jLv|
: †Kv‡bv †kÖwYi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv mg‡q c~e©wba©vwiZ mywbw`©ó wb‡`©kK Abyhvqx co‡Z
cvivB wkïi covi mvg_©¨|
mie cvV
: hLb †KD †Kv‡bv wKQz †Rv‡i †Rv‡i D”PviY K‡i c‡o Ges Abïv Zv ï‡b eyS‡Z
cv‡i ZLb Zv‡K mie cvV e‡j|
mg¯^‡i cvV
: hLb A‡b‡K mg‡eZfv‡e †Kv‡bv wKQz †Rv‡i †Rv‡i D”PviY K‡i c‡o ZLb Zv‡K
mg¯^‡i cvV e‡j| G‡K †hŠ_ cvVI e‡j|
GKK cvV
: D”PviY, ¯îfw½ I k¦vmvNvZ eRvq †i‡L wkÿv_©x‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz co‡Z cvi‡Q
wKbv Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †h cov ZvB GKK cvV|
bxie cvV
: hLb cv‡Vi gg© Abyave‡bi Rb¨ †KD †Kv‡bv wKQz †Kv‡bv iKg kã bv K‡i c‡o
ZLb Zv‡K bxie cvV e‡j|
wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x
: mvaviY wkÿv_©xi Zzjbvq hviv wcwQ‡q _v‡K ZvivB wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x|
cviM wkÿv_©x
: hviv memgq mewKQz cv‡i ZvivB cviM wkÿv_©x|
AcviM wkÿv_©x
: hviv memgq mewKQz cv‡i bv ZvivB AcviM wkÿv_©x|
wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v
: cviM wkÿv_©xi mnvqZvq ev wkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq AcviM wkÿv_©x‡ì cviM K‡i
†Zvjvi eë¯’vB wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v|
: †Kv‡bv Kvh©µg wVZg‡Zv Pj‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv I cÖ‡qvR‡b ZvrÿwYK wb‡`©kbv
cÖ`vb KivB gwbUwis|
: †Kv‡bv KvR ch©‡eÿY Kivi ci mej w`‡Ki Rb¨ cÖksmv I Av‡iv fv‡jv Kivi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© cÖ`vb KivB djveZ©b|
gwbUwis
djveZ©b
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 70 / 71
MÖš’cÄx
1. Put Reading First: The research building blocks for teaching children to read,
US National Institute for Literacy, 3rd edition.
2. Teaching Reading: A Balanced, Comprehensive Approach to Teaching Reading
in Prekindergarten through Grade Three, California Department of Education,
1996.
3. Browne, Ann, Developing Language and Literacy.
4. David Wray and Jane Medwell, Literacy and language in the Primary Years
1991) London and New York.
5. Jeffry Trawick-Smith, Early Childhood Development, A Multiple Perspective 4th
edition.
6. evsjv, wcwUAvB cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì Rb¨, cÖv_wgK wkÿv cwi`ßi,evsjv‡`k|
7. cÖv_wgK wkÿvq evsjv wel‡q wkÿK mnvwqKv, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©, evsjv‡`k, XvKv|
8. evsjv welqÁvb I wkÿYweÁvb, cÖv_wgK wkÿK wkÿv wWwcGW, RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx,
gqgbwmsn, 2012|
9. cÖv_wgK wkÿK c«wkÿY g¨vbyqvj: evsjv (cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY), wcBwWwc-2, c«v_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi,
evsjv‡`k, 2008|
10. eûgyLx wkLb †kLv‡bv I g~j¨vqb, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, evsjv‡`k, XvKv|
11. cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯K
Í †evW©, evsjv‡`k, 2012
wkï‡ì Rb¨
c„ôv 71 / 71

co‡Z †kLvi wb‡`©kbv - readbangladesh.org

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