Soil Texture Triangle

Transcription

10
Soil Texture Triangle
20
90
30
80
40
Clay
50
Silty Clay
Loam
Clay Loam
30
70
40
Silty Clay
60
Sandy
Clay
ilt
50
60
S
nt
r ce
Pe
Pe
rce
nt
Cla
y
70
20
80
Sandy Clay Loam
Loam
Sandy Loam
Lo
90
10
Silty Loam
am
Sand
yS
an
Silt
d
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Percent Sand
Ecological Climatology
Chapter 6
Copyright G. Bonan 2002
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Typical Soil Profile
Leaching
Soil Layer
Organic
Matter
O Horizon
A Horizon
Clays
Oxides
Carbonates
E Horizon
B Horizon
Salts
C Horizon
Bedrock
Chapter 6
End-Products
Pathways Of Weathering
Continued
Disintegration
Very slowly weathered minerals
(e.g., quartz, muscovite)
Physical
Weathering
Resistant primary
minerals (e.g., quartz)
Slowly weathered minerals
(e.g., feldspars, biotite)
Easily weathered minerals
(e.g., augite, hornblende, olivine)
Chemical
Weathering
Iron and aluminum
oxide clays
Rock
Igneous
Silicate clays
Sedimentary
Chemical Weathering
Metamorphic
Soil solution (K+, Na+,
Ca2+ , Mg2+, Fe2+, SO42-)
Chapter 6
Influence Of Temperature And Precipitation
On Chemical Weathering
0.8
Si Flux (mol⋅m-2⋅yr-1)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Me
5
an
An
nu 10
al
15
Te
mp
era
20
tur
e(
°C
)
0
4000
3000
m)
m
(
2000
on
a ti
1000
t
i
ip
ec
r
P
al
u
n
An
Chapter 6
Igneous Rock Soil On East Coast Of U.S.
Central Great Plains
0
Depth To Maximum Clay (cm)
50
Soil Clay Content (%)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
20
40
60
80
5
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Mean Annual Temperature (°C)
18
100
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Annual Precipitation (mm)
Chapter 6
Forest Soil Development
Organic matter
Maximum leaching
Clay accumulation
Unweathered bedrock
Disintegrated weathered
soil material
100
1000
10,000
Time (years)
100,000 Well-developed
Ultisol
Grassland Soil Development
Organic matter
Unweathered loess
CaCO3, CaSO4 accumulation
2000
4000
6000
Time (years)
8000 Well-developed
Mollisol
Chapter 6
Soil Loss During Water Erosion
Without
vegetation
900
Annual Sediment Yield (g⋅m-2)
800
Semiarid
700
600
500
Grass
land
400
300
200
Forest
100
Desert
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Annual Precipitation (mm)
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Soil Temperature Profile
Diurnal Soil Temperature Cycle
45
40
5 mm
35
25 mm
30
50 mm
100 mm
25
400 mm
22:00
20:00
18:00
16:00
15
14:00
20
12:00
0600
45
10:00
1400
40
8:00
35
6:00
30
4:00
25
2:00
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
20
0:00
Depth (mm)
15
Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)
Hour Of Day
Chapter 6
Vertical Heat Transfer
Fin
F = -k(∆T) = -k (∂T)
∆z
∂z
F
GH
I
JK
∆y
∆x
change in storage = flux in - flux out
∆z
Fout
5 mm
A
41°C
F = − 1.5
15 mm
B
37°C
W
41o C − 37 o C
⋅
o
0 .01 m
m⋅ C
F = − 600 W / m
2
Chapter 6
Loamy Soil With 75 mm Litter Layer
o
Temperature ( C)
Depth (mm)
24
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
bare - day
litter -day
bare -night
litter - night
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Moisture Characteristic Curves
Suction (mm)
sandy loam
1.E+11
1.E+09
loam
1.E+10
1.E+08
clay loam
1.E+09
clay
1.E+07
f ield capacity
1.E+08
1.E+06
w ilting point
1.E+07
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+02
1.E+03
80 90 100
0
10 20
30
40
50 60
70
Suction (Pa)
sand
1.E+10
Soil Water (Percent Saturation)
Chapter 6
Vertical Water Flow
LM ∆ (ψ + z ) OP = − k F ∆ψ +1I
N ∆z Q H ∆z K
L ∂(ψ + z ) OP = − k F ∂ψ +1I = − k F ∂θ ⋅ ∂ψ +1I
F = −k M
N ∂z Q H ∂z K H ∂z ∂θ K
F = −k
Fin
∆y
∆x
change in storage = flux in - flux out
∆z
FG ∆θ IJ ⋅∆x ⋅∆y ⋅∆ z = − ( Fin − Fout )⋅∆ x ⋅∆y
H ∆t K
∆θ / ∆t = − ∆F / ∆z
LM FG
NH
IJ OP
K Q
∂θ ∂
∂θ ∂ ψ
=
⋅
+1
k
∂t ∂ z
∂z ∂θ
Fout
50 mm
A
ψ=-478 mm
z=500 mm
F = −2
550 mm
B
ψ=-843 mm
z=0 mm
LM
N
m m ( − 478 m m + 500 mm ) − ( − 843 mm + 0 m m )
⋅
hr
500 m m
OP
Q
F = − 3.46 mm / hr
Chapter 6
Hydraulic Conductivity (mm per hour)
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
1.E-01
1.E-02
1.E-03
1.E-04
1.E-05
1.E-06
1.E-07
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Soil Water (Percent Saturation)
sand
sandy loam
loam
clay loam
clay
Chapter 6
Soil Drainage
500
Soil Water (mm)
450
400
350
300
250
200
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
Time (hours)
sand
sandy loam
loam
clay loam
clay
Chapter 6
Green-Ampt Infiltration Capacity
0.09
I (mm)
80
0.08
i (mm/s)
70
0.07
60
0.06
50
0.05
40
0.04
30
0.03
20
0.02
10
0.01
0
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
Infiltration Rate, i (mm per
second)
Cumulative Infiltration, I (mm)
90
60
Time (minutes)
Chapter 6
Philip's Infiltration Capacity
Infiltration Rate (mm per
second)
1
sand
0.1
sandy loam
loam
clay loam
0.01
clay
0.001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (minutes)
Chapter 6
Relative Rate Of Decomposition
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Relative Rate Of Decomposition
Temperature (°C)
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Soil Moisture (percent of saturation)
Chapter 6
Weight Loss During First Year(%)
80
Dogwood
70
North Carolina
60
Red Maple
White Oak
50
Chestnut Oak
40
White Ash
30
Red Maple
20
White Pine
Pin Cherry
Paper Birch
Sugar Maple
New Hampshire
10
Beech
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Lignin:Nitrogen Ratio
Chapter 6
100
y = 127.2 - 36.1⋅x
r2 = 0.968
90
80
70
60
50
Nitrogen Concentration When
Net Mineralization Begins
40
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Nitrogen Concentration In Residue (%)
Percent Original Nitrogen Remaining
Percent Original Biomass Remaining
Decomposition And Nitrogen Dynamics Of Yellow Birch Leaves
150
140
130
120
110
100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Percent Original Biomass Remaining
Chapter 6
Dynamics Of Soil Organic Matter In Grasslands
Mineralization
Metabolic
(0.1-1 yr)
Lignin:N
Structural
(1-5 yr)
Active
(1-5 yr)
Slow
(20-50 yr)
Litter
Immobilization
Passive
(200-1500 yr)
Mineralization
Chapter 6

Soil Texture Triangle

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