Psychological and Subjective Well-being
Transcription
Psychological and Subjective Well-being
+, - . ,/- /0 %12!,3 4! !--1! 0.5/ 6 /- 7 6 03!60/3 0/--+ , 8 /6/1-! 0 ,/3 6 ! % ! ! ' ( " & , " % !) !" * !+ " &" #$ & , $ " !! / 0" + ! / ! !. ' ! !. 1 ! & ! "# $ &&&' $' ' " $( ) $' '*' % ! /# * ) (2 ( & ! ! &) ( 3 ( 56 4 ! 7( ! 5 ; ( < (2 ( 8 9 &) 5: ! 9 ! &= ! > ( ? (2 ( & Table of contents 1. 2. 3. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 4 BACKGROUND: DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES................ 6 MEASURING POSITIVE FUNCTIONING...................................................... 8 ................................................................................................ 8 !" ......................................................................10 # ......................................................................................................10 ..........................................................................................13 4 ...................................................15 / ( ....................................................................................25 4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS...............................................................................27 @& ) A# B, 'C + , "+D'#*E. ) -. /."'# .' "' " + C , "+......................................................................................................................31 B ...............................................................................................32 ......................................................................................33 ...............................................................................................33 " .............................................................................................34 9 9 .................................36 6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................37 .%. .B .' ........................................................................................................39 " < 4 ..................................................................................46 " <64 D ...............................................................................................48 " <:4 + 3 .............49 " <;4 A ............................................................53 2 Table I – World Values survey question of meaning of life........................................ 1 Table II – Steger’s Meaning in Life questionnaire ..................................................... 1 Table III – Questions on self-determination............................................................... 1 Table IV – Question on overall life satisfaction ......................................................... 1 Table V – Requirements for ‘human flourishing’......................................................19 Table VI – Cummins’ (1996) identification of domains contributing to Quality of Life .................................................................................................................................21 Table VII – Selected domains and items of interest within each................................23 Table VIII – Question on domain-specific satisfaction............................................... 1 Table IX: Question on happiness ..............................................................................25 Figure I – Per capita income and happiness in the 1990s, numerous countries ..........30 Figure II – Income and life satisfaction in the United States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ow often, if at all, do you think about the meaning and purpose of life? 1 Often 2 Sometimes 3 Rarely 4 Never ' 4= ) - 3 &' ! &' (9 K ' ' K D& ! 6IIJ 3 I & ! ' F && > / + &= > &% 6IIJ & * 6III > ( 3 ! & 11 ! ! &" ' ! &6!7 < ! 3 ! 8& = ( ! 5' & & !' > < ( & & ! ( > + + 5 ' ) > &6 > 3 ( ' < ' ' ( 9 6IIJ! & FI ! < < ( & #' E : ' ! 9 !/ 3 ' ! 1 ( ( ' >3 & FF6 3 + ' ' < &: ' , +( K &= <& > ( 6 &) ! ) ( : <( 9 > ! &G@ ! !/ 3 ' 12 ' !E & &) ! !$ + > & !) !' + !" ! ) ( ?' > / + 3 Please take a moment to think about what makes your life feel important to you. Please respond to the following statements as truthfully and accurately as you can, and also please remember that these are very subjective questions and that there are no right or wrong answers. Please answer according to the scale below. 6 B : B ; ' 3/3!8 !03 , 6! / ' # .4 ' 9 ' 3 / ) ( + & 9 ' ) ? ! ? H ! ( 6III! 6II & ) ( ( ( < H > ! & % & ' ) < ( &) ( ( ( < ? ! ( ( & 13 ! . ' ) ( !$ $ & ! 6IIJ! & @: !7 ! ! (2 8& ( 6II ! & ;G 7' ) 3 ! L ! !( 3 <& ) * B &) 6 9 ) ( ' F ; 9 ! !: & ) ( ?A 9 Please read each of the following items carefully, thinking about how it relates to your life, and then indicate how true it is for you. Use the following scale to respond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n general, would you say that you are satisfied with your life? Would you say that you are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verall, how satisfied are you with (domain)? Are you…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ljpubecwellb eingjune2002.pdf ! /& * ( * & ,& Q ' ! & D ! "& E& 6II: #'" FGI FMM ) ! 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