Detailed Management Plan for Swamplovers Preserve

Transcription

Detailed Management Plan for Swamplovers Nature Preserve Managed by Swamplovers Foundation and Ice Age Trail Alliance Dane County, Wisconsin ∳
Integrated Restorations, LLC Ecological Restoration & Land Management Services Ecological Restoration & Land Management Services Compiled by: Craig A. Annen Operations Manager and Director of Research Integrated Restorations, LLC Comments provided by: Kevin Thusius Director of Land Conservation–The Ice Age Trail Alliance Graphic layout and typesetting: Daniela Annen First Edition: July 2010 Revised Edition: February 2012 This detailed management plan is supplemental to the document entitled “Management Plan for the Swamplovers Property” prepared by IATA Staff and signed into effect on January 25, 2005. This detailed management plan is complementary to the document entitled “Land Management Plan for Swamplovers, Inc.”, prepared by The University of Wisconsin‐Madison Department of Forestry on December 15, 1998, which focuses primarily on management of timber stand production for the property. Cover photo courtesy of Gary Nelson. Table of Contents Executive Summary History of the Swamplovers Foundation Legal Description and Location Status of Adjacent Land Vision Statement Ecological Management Goals Regional Context of the Preserve Climate Hydrology Geology and Geomorphology, and Soils Geologic History (Precambrian to Ordovician Periods) Glaciation (Quaternary Period) Glacial Retreat (Holocene Epoch) Soils Vegetation Postglacial Vegetation History of Southwestern Wisconsin Presettlement Vegetation of the Preserve General Ecological Context of the Preserve and Management Summaries for Ecological Communities Descriptions of Communities Prairie Summary of Ecological Management Goals Management Recommendations Sedge Meadow Summary of Ecological Management Goals Management Recommendations Oak Savanna (Oak Opening) and Open Oak Woodland Summary of Ecological Management Goals Management Recommendations Emergent Pond Margins and Open Water Summary of Ecological Management Goals Management Recommendations Mesic Forest References Appendix A – Species Lists A – 0: Summary of species richness A – 1: Total species richness A – 2: Species of conservation concern A – 3: Species richness and floristic quality (unit 1) A – 4: Species richness and floristic quality (unit 7) A – 5: Species richness and floristic quality (unit 20) A – 6: Planting list for management unit 31 A – 7: Planting list for management unit 13 A – 8: Planting list for management units 2 and 3 Page 6 Page 9 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 19
Page 20 Page 20
Page 21 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 30
Page 31 Page 37
Page 37 Page 40 Page 42 Page 44 Page 47 Page 56
Page 57
Page 64 Page 69 Page 70 Page 74
Page 82
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Page 89 Page 92 Page 93
Page 129 Page 135
Page 146
Page 148 Appendix B – Specific Recovery Plans for Plant Species of Conservation Concern B – 1: Yellow hyssop B – 2: Purple milkweed B – 3: Tuberous Indian plantain B – 4: Clustered poppy mallow B – 5: Pale purple coneflower B – 6: Cream gentian B – 7: Butternut B – 8: Glade mallow B – 9: Marbleseed B – 10: Wild quinine B – 11: Prairie turnip B – 12: Eastern prairie fringed orchid B – 13: Casey’s ladies tresses Appendix C – General Management Recommendations for Avian and Herpetofauna Species of Conservation Concern C – 1: Grassland and migratory birds C – 2: Herpetofauna Appendix D: Management Units of the Preserve Appendix E: Soils Map of the Preserve Appendix F: Autumn Transplanting of Federally‐Endangered Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid Page 150 Page 154 Page 155
Page 157 Page 159
Page 168 Page 170
Page 177 Page 178 Page 180 Page 181 Executive Summary The Detailed Management Plan for the Swamplovers Nature Preserve was prepared as a supplement to the document “Management Plan for the Swamplovers Property” (a perpetual management plan for the property) prepared by IATA Staff and the Swamplovers Board of Directors and signed into effect on January 25, 2005. This detailed supplemental plan is subservient to the property’s perpetual management plan should any conflicts arise between the two documents. The overall purpose of this management plan was to develop and record long‐
term ecological and land‐use management goals for the Swamplovers/Ice Age Trail Alliance Nature Preserve (for brevity, hereafter referred to as the SL/IATA Preserve or simply ‘the Preserve’). The current draft of this plan provides a baseline for an adaptive ecological management approach to accomplish those goals in accordance with the vision statement of the Swamplovers Foundation Board of Directors. Future renditions of this document shall contain management goals and strategies for recreation and education on the Preserve, to be prepared by IATA staff. The first edition of this supplementary Detailed Management Plan was developed by Integrated Restorations, LLC, the Swamplovers Foundation, Inc., and Ice Age Trail Alliance during the months of May 2009 through July 2010. The second edition was updated by Integrated Restorations, LLC in February 2012. To accommodate changing management needs and midcourse corrections necessary to achieve long‐term management goals, and to update species lists and management recommendations for species of conservation concern, this 6
document should be revisited and revised/updated at two‐year intervals. Subsequent revisions should also document in detail the history of restoration and management activities completed up to that date at the SL/IATA Preserve. Data updates and detailed site history descriptions will provide a permanent record of habitat enhancement histories at the Preserve for use by future land managers and consultants. This detailed history will provide baseline data to guide future land management initiatives and will record the accomplishments (and setbacks) observed after the implementation of various restoration techniques and practices. This supplementary document provides detailed geological and ecological descriptions of the SL/IATA Nature Preserve and the surrounding landscape, long‐
term ecological management goals, a summary of species richness that has been documented at the Preserve (consolidated from all existing species inventory, research, and management projects from the inception of the Swamplovers Foundation as a Sub S corporation through January 2012), brief overviews of the management history of some of the Preserve’s various habitat units, and detailed management recommendations for many of the Preserve’s species of conservation concern. It is the intention of the Swamplovers and IATA that future land managers, consultants, and site stewards of this property utilize this document (or any subsequent revisions), along with the perpetual management plan when prioritizing and conducting future management initiatives at the Preserve. 7
Swamplovers’ Foundation: ________________________________ Gerald R. Goth, President ________________________________ H. Lee Swanson, Vice‐President & Treasurer ________________________________ Tom Kuehn, Secretary Ice Age Trail Alliance: ________________________________ Kevin Thusius, Director of Land Conservation ________________________________ Michael G. Wollmer, Executive Director _________________ date _________________ date _________________ date _________________ date _________________ date 8
History of the Swamplovers Foundation Contributed by H. Lee Swanson and Gerald R. Goth In the mid‐1980s, Joe Kuehn and H. Lee Swanson were interested in the purchase of approximately 600 acres of land (Sections 27, 28, 33, and 34 in T8N R7E of Dane County) from the von Rutenbergs of the Mariner’s Inn [Restaurant] fame. Joe received a telephone call from the von Rutenbergs in spring 1987 that they were willing to sell the property on County Highway KP. Following a couple of months of negotiations, the sale was closed on August 5, 1987 with a purchase price of $380,000. Contemporaneously with the purchase, a Sub S corporation was formed called Swamplovers, Inc. with five shareholders (Joe Kuehn, Lee Swanson, Tom Kuehn, Gerry Goth and Jim Kuehn). Joe Kuehn coined the name “Swamplovers” in jest to reflect the belief by the group that local people would think they were crazy for buying a parcel of “unproductive swamp land”. Jim Kuehn was only a partner for a short time. The property had been completely plotted for development by the von Rutenbergs. That, however, was never the intent of the Swamplovers group, who initially saw the property as a hunting and recreational opportunity. In early 1988 Swamplovers decided to sell four lots on the east side of Highway KP totaling approximately 141 acres. These sales left 460 acres on the west side of KP in possession of the Swamplovers Sub S Corporation. The farmland in the east and west valleys were rented to local farmers Gerald Kerl and LaVerne Marten and was initially entered into the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in 9
1988. A forest management plan was prepared by the UW‐Madison Forestry Department in 1998, and in 2002 the west ridge was put into the Forest Crop Protection Program. Swamplovers pursued several select logging operations over the next few years. The effort led to more attention to the woods as a resource to improve by removing invasives such as buckthorn, garlic mustard and honeysuckle. In concert with Steve Holaday of the DNR, several Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) projects were undertaken with grants (and cost sharing from the Foundation) which has provided the means to a program to improve the quality of the oak‐dominated timber stands on the property. Large‐scale management of the property began in 1988 and has been gaining momentum ever since. In that year, the first prairie planting took place in conjunction with the new CRP plan. In 1988 Swamplovers also reached its first agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service to restore wetlands, and the first ponds were built in the wetlands on the southwest part of the property. These would be the first of several agreements and 19 constructed ponds and the beginning of a long‐standing relationship with U.S. Fish and Wildlife to restore wetlands and prairie on the property. In that same year, access trails began to be developed throughout the property and presently amount to almost seven linear miles. It was also decided in 1988 to cease allowing use of the farm for a motorcycle endurance course that had existed on the property for a number of years. The scars from that activity are still visible on the picnic hill prairie remnant. The resilience of the land is great however, and pale purple coneflowers among other native prairie plants emerged in the tracks left by the cycles. At about this time, it was decided to allow hunting and trapping on the property. Hunting and trapping rules and parameters were established, and all of 10
these practices are still in use today. As well, hunting for pheasants was provided for and a shooting preserve license was acquired. Pheasants have been stocked for many years and in recent years Pheasants Forever has sponsored a youth day to encourage youth hunting and outdoor appreciation. Attention to bird habitat and waterfowl production began in 1991 with the first duck and goose nests as well as bluebird houses. Many have been added since, in addition to providing more natural cover and food sources by establishing prairie plantings and wildlife food plots, and by restoring the property to its presettlement condition. Prescribed fire was initially reintroduced to the site in 1991. Burning permits were acquired after consulting with state DNR officials and the township fire warden. Burning became very important in the control and management of prairie, wetland and woodland and has been carried on annually ever since with proper controls, equipment and trained personnel. In 1997 the Swamplovers contracted Boehnen, Inc. to bulldoze the picnic area so that it could be mowed. Subsequent years began to expose many relic prairie plants on the hill. The presence and increasing abundance of these relic populations (along with encouragement from Gary Eldred, among others) fostered the Swamplovers’ interest in prairie restoration and to the potential this remnant held for regional prairie conservation. In 1999, Pat Sutter of ASCS assisted the Swamplovers group with funding from Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed to repair and straighten a badly eroded area at the north end of west valley, as well as put in a new large pond in the front valley, for which they did the planning and got approvals from CRP and DNR. He 11
also got a 50% cost sharing for that project and the Swamplovers agreed to destroy all drainage tiles in the east valley and plant 25 acres to wet mesic prairie. In 1992 discussion began with DNR personnel about easements and other sources of funding to help with restoration of the property. In 2003, after much discussion and research with attorneys, accountants and an overriding desire to protect the land into perpetuity, it was decided to enter an agreement with Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation (now known as the Ice Age Trail Alliance, IATA) that would facilitate most of the Swamplovers’ objectives. Additional discussion with the DNR and IATA ensued in the following years, which eventually led to a conservation easement and final disposition of the land to the IATA with state, county and National Park Service involvement in a unique agreement with the Swamplovers in January 2005. Joe Kuehn’s untimely death and escalating value of the property and concern about how to protect it forever from development and save the native remnants that had been found, became the overriding factors in reaching an agreement with the aforementioned to make the property a permanently‐protected nature preserve. In the process, the partners established the Swamplovers Foundation to provide for the enhancement and care for the land in perpetuity with dividends from investments of the easement purchase. It was decided in 2003 to build two new machine sheds, one for accumulated equipment and one to house picnic tables. Gerry and Lee suffered much consternation with the county in receiving approvals. It was decided that Lee & Gerry would also purchase some land and build homes on the property that would at some date in the future be donated to the Ice Age Trail Alliance. In June 24‐26, 2005, a dedication was held on the picnic hill with local, county and state 12
dignitaries present to recognize the new arrangement that had been reached. Kathleen Falk, Spencer Black, Tammy Baldwin and others were present. In 2007, Craig Annen of Integrated Restorations, LLC, approached the Swamplovers group with a proposal to assist them on a contract basis with acquiring funding and helping to facilitate the many large‐scale restoration and rehabilitation projects being undertaken by the Foundation. This arrangement provided additional funding for enhancement and rehabilitation projects and has thus far led to documented increases in the presence and abundance of several species of conservation concern that utilize the property. Since its inception and not counting the initial cost of the property, more than $1.5 million has been spent on improvements, maintenance and upkeep related to the many projects, buildings, equipment, seed, labor, taxes, chemicals and everything else needed to get the property to its current condition. The Foundation has provided tens of thousands of dollars to several professional consulting and contracting firms in southern Wisconsin. Untold numbers of volunteer hours have been put in by dedicated owners, friends, and others who care about making the “Swamp Farm” a wonderful legacy to future generations, in hopes that they will appreciate and learn the importance of wetland, woodland and prairie to both human life and all the critters and flora that need places like this to survive. 13
Location and Legal Description of the Preserve The SL/IATA Preserve is located in the Township of Berry, two miles northwest of the Village of Cross Plains in Dane County, Wisconsin. The Preserve is legally described as “A parcel of land located in the Southeast ¼ of the Northwest ¼ and the Northeast ¼ of the Southwest ¼ of Section 33, the northwest ¼ of Section 34, the southwest ¼ of Section 27, and southeast ¼ of Section 28 in Township 8 North, Range 7 East, Town of Berry in the county of Dane”. 14
Status of Adjacent Land The SL/IATA Preserve and adjacent landscape total more than 1,200 acres of protected land: Public Property Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed State Fishery Area Festge County Park Private Property Plastic Ingenuity, Inc. Wahl Farm and Schroeder Farm Burlington Railroad Mesic Prairie Remnant Long Family Prairie Remnant Land Trusts and Nonprofit Organizations Ice Age Trail Alliance (Hickory Hill, Holmes Tract, and S.B. Andersen Preserve) Festge Farm/Natural Heritage Land Trust Table Bluff Prairie Remnant American Farmland Trust 15
Vision Statement of the Preserve Contributed by H. Lee Swanson and Gerald R. Goth The Foundation’s long‐term endpoint ecological goal for the property is to restore, enhance, and perpetually manage a large‐scale landscape mosaic consisting of intergrading remnant prairie, sedge meadow, oak savanna, open oak woodland, and wetland, all providing sustenance for plants, waterfowl, and wildlife, and open to the public to enjoy and experience, and also for hunting and trapping on a limited basis. The Foundation’s ultimate ecological management goal is to maximize the biodiversity potential of the Preserve and set aside a landscape‐scale example of the presettlement condition of southwestern Wisconsin’s Driftless Area. A secondary goal is to contribute ecosystem services (such as improvement of water quality in the Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed and carbon storage) to the region. The Swamplovers envision long‐term use of the property by hunters, hikers, educators, and people interested in grassland and woodland communities and all that reside in them, scientists of various disciplines, and people who just want to experience and enjoy the outdoors. The Swamplovers envision an experience for young and old alike that will generate an appreciation of Leopold’s conservation ethic, the sacrifice and commitment that the Swamplovers have invested in the property, and the invaluable symbiotic relationship geologic history offers all of us. The Swamplovers hope that such groups as Pheasants Forever, The Prairie Enthusiasts, UW‐Madison’s Entomology Department, Wisconsin Wetlands 16
Association, Ducks Unlimited, UW‐Madison Forestry, Ice Age Trail Alliance, Scouts, and school classes can continue to enjoy the property. When the original Swamplovers group and their immediate family are no longer involved in the Swamplovers Foundation, it is the intention of the founding members that the board of directors be made up of conservation‐minded representatives from groups such as the Ice Age Trail Alliance, The Prairie Enthusiasts, Pheasants Forever, Ducks Unlimited, Wisconsin Wetlands Association, Wisconsin Waterfowl Association, or similar types of conservation groups that can foster and perpetuate the dreams envisioned for the property. It is the intention of the Swamplovers that hunting continues on the Preserve on a controlled basis indefinitely. Young people should also learn to hunt at the property on a controlled basis and learn to explore and appreciate what is here and it is the Swamplovers intention that the Foundation Board members from the aforementioned groups will use the property to see that this happens. The Swamplovers further hope that the Foundation will be able to continue to support contracting professional management services on at least a part time basis with professional consultants such as Craig Annen, and that with the assistance of family and volunteers, as well as funding opportunities through management grants, professionally‐contracted management will continue to make the property all that it can be. 17
Recreational and Educational Management Goals The Recreational and Educational Management Goals are not yet included in this Detailed Management Plan. It is the intent to work with professional educators, interpreters and site designers to develop these goals and a plan to realize them. In the meantime, resources include the Ice Age Trail National Scenic Trail Handbook for Trail Design, Construction and Maintenance, the Perpetual Management Plan, the Recorded Easement as well as professionals on a case‐by‐
case basis. 18
Ecological Management Goals  Restore remnant plant communities to their presettlement condition.  Enhance habitat quality of remnant prairie, sedge meadow, oak savanna, and open oak woodland to benefit populations of native species across all trophic levels and also increase the distribution and abundance of species of conservation concern to maintain these populations in a favorable conservation status (viable population sizes, metapopulations, and infraspecific genetic variability to avoid genetic bottlenecks).  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Restore prairie and sedge meadow plant communities into buffer zones to connect adjacent vegetation communities along a wetland to upland continuum and maximize habitat (beta) diversity.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.  Restore and maintain concurrent habitat requirements for a multitude of native species across all trophic levels.  Allow for experimental and/or observational research into general biology and ecology, habitat management and ecological restoration techniques, local geology, and archeology, and disseminate these findings to the public. Use experimental results to modify management approaches in an adaptive restoration framework.  Allow the controlled removal of pheasant, turkey, deer, and other game species by hunting and trapping, especially by young hunters. 19
Regional Context of the Preserve Climate Southern Wisconsin experiences a continental climate that is dominated by Pacific air masses from March through November and by arctic air masses from December through February (NOAA 2009). Southern Wisconsin’s climate experiences large annual temperature fluctuations, ranging from 110°F in summer to minus 40°F during winter. Seasonal snowfall ranged from 40 to 50 inches and annual precipitation ranged from 34 to 36 inches during the 1971‐2000 normals period (NOAA 2009). Annual precipitation is distributed relatively evenly throughout the year with only slight increases during summer months. On average, there are 90 rainy days per year in southwestern Wisconsin, with sixty percent of annual precipitation occurring between May and September. During the normals period, summer temperatures in southwestern Wisconsin averaged 68°F, with average July temperatures of 72°F. Western Dane County had an average of 60 days per year with daily high temperatures in excess of 68°F. Winter temperatures averaged 20°F (NOAA 2009). The median date of first autumn frost ranged from October 4th to October 10th during the normals period, and the median date of last spring frost ranged from April 26th to May 2nd (Wisconsin State Climatologist 2009). The Preserve is located near the 100 isocline of the precipitation‐evaporation ratio; precipitation near this isocline is 100‐fold greater than evaporation, making the site’s local climate humid rather than arid. The average evaporating power of air is 57.5% RH in July, and western Dane County averages 5.5 inches of July evaporation. The length of the growing season in southern Wisconsin ranges from 130 to 170 days. 20
Hydrology The Preserve is located entirely within the Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed, which is a part of the larger Lower Wisconsin River Watershed Complex. An unnamed tributary of the Black Earth Creek flows from northeast to southwest through the eastern and southern borders of the Preserve. The headwaters of this tributary are located near the junction of Otto Kerl Road and Enchanted Valley Road, in the Township of Berry. For lack of a name, this tributary will be referred to as the Otto Kerl Creek when referenced within this document. Although at the present time this creek functions locally as a stormwater outflow conduit, it was present on this site at the time of Euro‐
American settlement, and its presence was recorded by surveyors in 1832 (Figure 1). 21
Like many tributary streams in southwestern Wisconsin, the Otto Kerl Creek has been disturbed by human activities during post‐settlement times. Conversion of prairie to row crop agriculture over the previous 180 years has led to increased surface runoff and erosion, which has increased the frequency and amplitude of high‐discharge flooding events, deepening and widening the stream bank profile. Prior to Euro‐American settlement, wet prairie and sedge meadow vegetation bordering the Otto Kerl Creek (documented by land surveyors in 1832) captured and retained surface runoff, which then entered the creek gradually rather than abruptly. However, unlike many of the tributary streams in this and other southwest Wisconsin watersheds, the section of the Otto Kerl Creek transversing the Preserve lacks the deep layer of accumulated agricultural sediment covering the Holocene alluvial soils that support wet prairie and sedge meadow vegetation (Booth et al. 2009) at the southern end of the east valley (Figure 2). 22
The confluence of the Otto Kerl Creek with the Black Earth Creek is located approximately one‐quarter mile southwest of the Preserve. From there, the Black Earth Creek merges with the East Branch of Blue Mounds Creek approximately 10 miles northwest of the Preserve. The Blue Mounds Creek empties into the Wisconsin River approximately 1.75 miles northeast of the Village of Arena. Owing to its size, position in the watershed, and the diverse assemblages of wetland vegetation that it supports, the Preserve provides valuable ecosystem services (sensu Costanza et al. 1997) to the Black Earth Creek Watershed, particularly in terms of water quality enhancement. Additional hydrological input to the Preserve comes from several natural springs located throughout the property. Recharge of wetland hydrology occurs as 1) surface runoff (the west valley has a 560‐acre drainage basin and the east valley drainage basin exceeds 800 acres), 2) springs and seeps located throughout the property, 3) bank overflow from the Otto Kerl Creek, which does not occur annually, 4) intersection of low areas with the groundwater table. When the property was acquired in 1987, the northern portions of the east valley had been artificially drained for agricultural purposes by tiling and ditching. Hydrological loss was exacerbated by wildfire suppression, which indirectly facilitated successional progression to shrub‐carr and lowland forest. In the absence of wildfire, fast‐growing tree and shrub species with high evapotranspiration rates, such as willows (Salix spp.), box elder (Acer negundo), cottonwood (Populous deltoides), honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.), and dogwoods (Cornus spp.), invaded the site and contributed to hydrological losses. Together, these hydrological disturbances uncoupled remnant sedge meadow and wet prairie vegetation from their hydrology and facilitated invasion by reed 23
canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea). To restore wetland structure and function to the east valley, drainage tiles were probed, smashed, and then buried by a backhoe in 1994‐95, and in 2007 a ditch fill/scrape construction project, funded in part by the USFWS, was undertaken to restore hydrology to the sedge meadow remnant. In the winter of 2008‐09, these efforts were followed up by tree and brush clearing, funded in part by the USDA‐NRCS Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP). Beginning in the spring of 2009, reed canarygrass control, funded in part by the WDNR Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Program, was initiated and so far has yielded encouraging results. This particular project, broad in its scope, is one example of how the Swamplovers Foundation, Inc., working in concert with government agency programs, ecological consultants, and contractors, has been able to successfully restore and rehabilitate ecosystem functioning at the Preserve, not as isolated individual projects but as an integrated, concerted effort within a landscape‐scale context. Sedge meadow restoration in the east valley will be tied into additional rehabilitation and enhancement projects being conducted in adjacent sections of the Preserve (funded in part by WDNR Landowner Incentives Program (LIP) and Turkey Stamp Program) to provide Wisconsin’s indigenous flora and fauna with a continuum of habitats along the wetland to upland continuum. An ephemeral drainage ditch runs north to south through the low points of the west valley and typically has standing water during heavy rain events in the spring but is either dry or drawn down during most summers. This ditch empties into the newly‐constructed (summer 2010) six‐acre waterfowl production scrape pond at the south end of the west valley and contributes to hydrological input for 24
remnant sedge meadow wetlands located on John Brooks’ property, immediately south of the Preserve. A total of 22 natural and constructed ponds occur throughout the Preserve. The ponds of the east valley have an average concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) of 282 ppm (SE = 13.1, range {256 ppm – 317 ppm}) and an average conductivity of 403 µS (SE = 19.4, range = {364 µS – 454 µS}). (Both sets of measurements were recorded in July 2009, at an average water temperature of 21.4°C.) Geology, Geomorphology, and Soils Throughout the span of geologic time, interactions among processes of intrusion, metamorphosis, deposition, sedimentation, erosion, and glacial action have given rise to the geologic cross‐section of the preserve that we see today (Figure 3). 25
Geologic History (Precambrian to Ordovician Periods) The earliest geological record remaining in Wisconsin dates back 3.5 billion years, when the region that is now the Midwestern United States and north central Canada was the site of intense volcanic activity. By 2.5 billion years ago, deformation and metamorphosis of these volcanic substrates into gneisses, with additional intrusions of igneous granitic magmas, resulted in the formation of the Superior Continent, which would eventually merge with other embryonic continents and form the present‐day continent of North America (Dott and Attig 2004). Between 1.8 and 1.9 billion years ago, additional plate tectonic activity intruded igneous rocks (principally granite and quartzite) into the present‐day Baraboo Hills region located to the north‐northwest of the Preserve. The Baraboo Hills are the remnants of what were once the Penokean Mountains, a Precambrian mountain range that extended from Michigan to Minnesota. Although the area occupied by the Preserve was at the foothills of this mountain chain and there are no igneous intrusive features in the site’s regolith (apart from any unconsolidated igneous material brought in to the site by erosion and glacial activity), erosion and sedimentation of these mountains over the course of hundreds of millions of years has likely influenced the Preserve’s present‐day bedrock geology and soil characteristics. The majority of southern Wisconsin is underlain with Paleozoic‐age bedrock deposited during the Cambrian and Ordovician geologic time periods. The bedrock geology of the Preserve consists of Cambrian sandstones underlying early‐Ordovician dolomite, with late‐Ordovician sandstone caps present at certain locations. The oldest stratum in this series consists of Jordan sandstone, which was deposited as the quartzite of the Penokean mountains was weathered and 26
transported south by wind and water approximately 545 million years ago during the Cambrian geologic period. During that time period, Wisconsin and much of the Midwest was inundated by a large inland sea with an estimated average depth of 100 feet. Approximately 485 million years ago, during the early Ordovician period, sea levels dropped to an estimated 20 – 30 feet, and the next layer, consisting of Prairie du Chien dolomite, was gradually deposited (Dott and Attig 2004). The Prairie du Chien layer was initially deposited as marine limestone (calcium carbonate) but was geochemically transformed to dolomite (calcium‐
magnesium carbonate). Some weathering products of this dolomite still bear discernable fossils of small marine organisms, but fossils are uncommon at the Preserve. The inland sea that covered southern Wisconsin became shallower and periodically intertidal during the late Ordovician period (approximately 450 million years ago). Weathering of exposed segments of Jordan sandstone, followed by wind and water erosion, led to deposition of a relatively thin layer of St. Peter sandstone atop the Prairie du Chien dolomite. The St. Peter layer, occurring as sandstone caps on the taller portions of the northeast and southwest ridges (Figure 3) provides substrate for remnant dry prairie that supports a unique assemblage of several rare plant species. Glaciation (Quaternary Period) During the Quaternary Period (beginning 1.8 million years ago), glaciers periodically covered much of northern United States. In a broad sense, glaciers form when the amount of snowfall during winter exceeds the amount of snowmelt in spring and summer (though the detailed mechanisms underlying glacial epochs are still debated by geologists). The gradual accumulation of snow and ice gives rise to large continental glaciers that move slowly in response to 27
gravity, scouring and modifying the landscape as they advance. The continental glaciers that covered Wisconsin originated in the Hudson Bay area of Canada. The channeling of ice flow to the east and west by the deep Lake Superior and Lake Michigan basins protected a region covering portions southwestern and central Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa, northwestern Illinois, and southeastern Minnesota from glaciation (Dott and Attig 2004). The Driftless Area (so named due to the conspicuous absence of glacial deposits) was not covered by glaciers during the Quaternary Ice Age. Glaciation was not continuous during the Quaternary, and this period is punctuated by at least 20 glacial‐interglacial cycles (Cochrane and Iltis 2000). The most recent period of glacial advance is known as the Wisconsin Glaciation. Geologists believe that at least eight glacial advance‐retreat cycles occurred during the Wisconsin Glaciation Phase, which began approximately 100,000 years ago. The most recent glacial advance began 26,000 years ago and reached its maximum extent 18,000 years ago, during the Pleistocene Epoch. The Laurentide Ice Sheet of the Green Bay Lobe of the Wisconsin glaciation reached its maximum advancement approximately three miles to the southeast of the Preserve, where the Johnstown terminal moraine marks the boundary between the Driftless Area and glaciated Wisconsin (Figure 4). 28
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Glacial Retreat (Holocene Epoch) Approximately 12,000 years ago, northern latitudes began experiencing climactic warming and the glaciers began to recede. Rivers of glacial meltwater flowed through depressions in the east and west valleys of the Preserve, scouring out sediment and widening them as they did so, a demonstration of the tremendous erosive power of water. As the glacier receded from the area, meltwater flow rates and discharge decreased and these outwash rivers deposited at least ten feet (and up to 50 feet in some areas) of unconsolidated glacial outwash material in the valley bottoms of the Preserve. As the continental glaciers that covered western portions of North America melted, meltwater streams and rivers carried sediment into the western Great Plains Region of the United States. When these meltwater streams dried up, the highly‐sorted sediment that was deposited in vast outwash plains dried to the point that lighter fractions could be picked up and transported great distances by wind. Strong easterly winds that predominated Wisconsin’s climate at the closing of the Pleistocene transported this fine sediment and deposited it throughout the Midwest as loess, a silt loam with high water holding capacity ideally suited to agriculture but also to the development of a suite of grassland vegetation communities (Pielou 1991). Loess deposits in western Dane County are estimated to range from one to three feet thick, and can be found in varying degrees of thickness throughout the preserve. Throughout the Quaternary Ice Age, subarctic temperatures during periods of glacial advance resulted in the development of a permafrost layer, which penetrated deeply into the Prairie du Chien dolomite stratum. As the glaciers advanced and receded, repeated freeze‐thaw cycles fractured the dolomite into a 30
series of large blocks, some of which were tilted and skewed as the permafrost melted. Today, these blocks provide habitat structural elements for a variety of animal species. For example, bullsnakes use them for dens and for thermoregulation. Beginning in 2011, John Attig and Eric Carson of the Wisconsin Natural History Survey have been collecting sediment cores from the south marsh (management unit 18) to determine the geological and botanical history of the Preserve and surrounding landscape during the previous 30,000 years. These data are still being analyzed, and their findings will be incorporated into future editions of the management plan as they become available. Soils Soil development (pedogenesis) is a function of bedrock regolith, climate, vegetation, and time (Jenny 1941). Three major soil orders are present at the Preserve (refer to Appendix E). Entisols occur in the east valley and southern third of the west valley, Mollisols occur along the valley borders and within the depressions between ridges, and Alfisols occur on steep slopes and high points of the eastern and western ridges. The mollisols at the Preserve are further classified as belonging to the suborder Udolls, which are mollisols that form under Udic moisture regimes in humid continental climates. In the Udic moisture regime, moisture inputs from cumulative precipitation and stored soil moisture exceed losses through evapotranspiration, and there are less than 90 cumulative dry days per year. Similarly, the Alfisols belong to the suborder Udalfs, which are Alfisols that also form under Udic moisture regimes. Entisols are not divided into suborders based on moisture regime. Soil temperature regimes for both soil 31
orders are thermic, possessing a mean annual soil temperature of 15 to 22°C (84.6 to 97.2°F) at a standardized depth of 50 cm with a difference between mean summer and mean winter air temperatures greater than 5°C (41°F) (Birkeland 1984). Entisols Entisols are recent soils, meaning that they are not separated into readily discernable horizons, and entisols are characterized by their lack of significant profile development (Brady 1974). The entisols of the Preserve consist of highly productive soils on glacial and stream bank alluvium. Two series of entisols occur at the Preserve (Appendix E) (Whitson et al. 2008): 1. The Orion Series (Or) occurs in the bottomlands of the eastern valley and is characterized by a layer of silt loam at least five feet deep. The Orion Series entisol in the eastern valley sedge meadow remnant is a hydric mineral soil possessing redoximorphic features of soils subject to periodic inundation or saturation. This soil qualifies as a wetland soil under the definitions outlined in the Clean Water Act of 1973: The Orion Series posses a Thick Dark Surface Indicator of Hydric Soils (Hurt and Vasilas, USDA‐NRCS 2006), evidenced by a depleted matrix with greater than 60% chroma less than or equal to 2 at 30 cm below the surface, with a top layer (from 0 – 30 cm) having a value less than or equal to 2.5 and chroma of 1. Consultants from Integrated Restorations, LLC measured a color of 7.5YR 2.5/1 in the upper 30 cm of these soils, and a color of 7.5YR 2.5/2 below 30 cm. Thus, the Orion Series soils of the east valley meet the legal criteria for wetland soils, and a permit is required to modify hydrology in the east valley. The entisols of the east valley are somewhat unique in that they 32
developed partially from the weathering of deep layers of glacial outwash till, giving them a more sandy texture than the mucky entisols typical of sedge meadows in glaciated portions of the state. Textural analysis of the east valley entisols estimated sand‐silt‐clay fractionation at 11‐69‐20 (sand‐silt‐clay), categorizing these soils as silt loams (Brady 1974). In 2007, when selecting donor sites for autumn transplants of Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) (see Appendix F), Orion Series soils of the eastern valley were sampled and three composite samples of (n = 5) subsamples were analyzed by the University of Wisconsin Soil and Plant Analysis Lab (Verona, WI). Soil bulk density was estimated at 1.02 g/cm3, indicating that these soils contain roughly equal amounts of soil and pore spaces, giving them medium to high water‐holding capacity. Calcium and magnesium levels were high, at 2,474 ppm and 566 ppm, respectively. This is not surprising since these cations are accumulating in the valleys following erosion and transport of weathered Prairie du Chien dolomite from the uplands. The soils of the Preserve’s eastern valley contained 3.9% organic matter and had a CEC of 18 milliequivalents per 100g of soil, meaning that 18% of the adsorption sites in the clay‐humus soil matrix were available to adsorb soil cations, principally divalent calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) and univalent potassium (K+), while 100 – 18 = 82% of the exchange sites were already occupied by these cations. We can therefore conclude that base saturation in the west valley soils is indeed high, evidenced both by their low CEC and also near‐neutral pH (soil pH in the eastern valley was 7.5). Soil potassium and phosphorus were high, at 91 ppm and 57 ppm. Soil available nitrate‐nitrogen and ammonium‐nitrogen were low, at 9.2 ppm and 10.7 ppm. 33
2. The Elvers Series (Ev) occurs near the southern third of the west valley, and is characterized by a layer of silt loam to a depth of 35 inches subtended by a layer of muck from 35 – 60 inches. Mollisols Mollisols are characterized by their deep, dark surface horizons (mollic epipedons) and are relatively fertile (Brady 1974). A mollic epipedon can be identified in the field as having a minimum thickness of at least 10 cm over bedrock or a thickness of 18 to 25 cm over subsurface horizons, with organic matter content greater than 0.6% and base saturation exceeding 50% (Birkeland 1984). Base saturation is defined as the ability of exchangeable bases to neutralize soil pH, and is expressed as a percentage of cation exchange capacity (CEC) by subtracting measured CEC from 100% (complete base saturation). Prior to Euro‐American settlement, mollisols were formed under mesic, wet‐mesic, and wet tallgrass prairie and sedge/wet meadow vegetation, and are rich in organic matter. Three series of mollisols occur at the Preserve (Whitson et al. 2008): 1. The Elburn Series (EgA), which occurs in the bottoms of the gulleys and ravines of the northern part of the west ridge, are characterized by slopes of 0 – 3%, with profiles consisting of silt loam (to a depth of 15 inches) overlying subsurface horizons of silty clay loam (from 15 to 44 inches) and sand and gravel (from 45 to 60 inches). Depth to bedrock is greater than 10 feet. 34
2. The Otter Series (Ot), which can be found within the northern two‐thirds of the west valley and in the southwest bottomlands of the preserve, are characterized by five feet of silt loam with a depth to bedrock greater than 10 feet. 3. The Port Byron Series (PrB and PrC), which can be found under the mesic prairie remnant (unit 7) and buffer strip grasslands of the east and west valleys, are characterized by slopes of 2 – 12% with up to five feet of silt loam and a depth to bedrock ranging from four to ten feet. Although the Soil Survey of Dane County (Whitson et al. 2008) classifies the Sogn Series (SoD) as mollisols, this series does not meet the criteria for a mollisols. Its profile is only seven inches thick underlain with dolomite regolith to a depth of five feet, and is thus actually an alfisol. Alfisols Alfisols occur on the ridges, and are often associated with dry prairies and deciduous forests. Alfisols are characterized by a thin A1 horizon with a light‐
colored albic subsurface horizon formed by clay accumulation (Birkeland 1984). Alfisols are further diagnosed by medium to high (35 – 50%) base saturation (Brady 1974). Five series of mollisols occur at the Preserve (Whitson et al. 2008): 1. The aforementioned Sogn Series (SoD), which occurs on 2 – 20% slopes of the unit 2 oak savanna remnants on the west ridge, is characterized by seven inches of loess overlying dolomite regolith. 2. The Dunbarton Series (DuC2 and DuD2), which occur on 6 – 20% slopes of the west ridge, have well‐defined soil profiles consisting of loess (to a depth 35
of 11 inches) covering an albic horizon (from 11 – 18 inches) overlying dolomitic bedrock. 3. The Elva Series (EhE2), which occurs on 20 – 30% slopes of the east ridge, is characterized by a top layer of sandy loam (to a depth of 22 inches) with a subsurface horizon of loamy sand (from 23 to 38 inches) overlying sandstone bedrock. 4. The Hixton Series (HbD2), which occupies 12 – 20% slopes of the east ridge, has well‐developed profiles consisting of loam (to a depth of 24 inches), covering subsurface horizons of sandy loam (from depths of 25 – 31 inches) and sand (from 32 – 39 inches), overlying sandstone bedrock. 5. The Seaton Series (SmD2), which occurs on 12 – 20% slopes of the west ridge, is characterized by silt loam to a depth of at least five feet. Stony and Rocky Soils The Soil Survey of Dane County (Whitson et al. 2008) further segregates the substrates of the mid‐slope portions of the southwest ridge of the Preserve as stony and rocky. These substrates support a 30‐acre dry/dry‐mesic prairie remnant which was probably spared from the effects of grazing due to its slope and thin soil characteristics. 36
Vegetation Postglacial Vegetation History of Southwestern Wisconsin Detailed descriptions of the postglacial vegetation history of the Midwest and Wisconsin are presented in Pielou (1991) and Cochrane & Iltis (2000), and the following summary was compiled primarily from these sources. Analysis of fossilized pollen occurring in sediment cores taken from ancient lake beds provides evidence that at least some grassland vegetation existed in what is now southwestern Wisconsin prior to the Quaternary Ice Age and also during the interglacial periods when the climate warmed slightly and glaciers temporarily receded (Pielou 1991). During the Quaternary Period, southwestern Wisconsin’s climate became more arctic and many of the existing grassland species were compelled to migrate to the south, east, and west of the advancing ice. The majority of these species took refuge in clearings in the eastern forests of the Allegheny highlands, in the Great Plains region of the west, in the Ozark highlands, or in the arid southwest and Texas. Often, some of the more widely distributed species migrated to more than one of these areas. Genetically isolated from other populations, these species underwent evolutionary divergence into separate ecotypic races, varieties, and subspecies, and even into new species. After returning to southwest Wisconsin during the Holocene, they occupied habitats similar to those they had migrated from and were once again sympatric with their cousin populations. When the climate became milder and drier, the glaciers retreated and these species were able to migrate back into their former ranges, although these migrations were by no means uniform and were probably still occurring up to the 37
time of Euro‐American settlement. Additional migrations from eastern coastal areas and arctic and cordilleran (subarctic) Canada have also contributed species to the flora of southwestern Wisconsin. Post‐settlement land‐use patterns have fragmented the present landscape to such an extent that natural long‐distance migrations probably no longer occur. Plant species indigenous to the Preserve and surrounding landscape that arrived from the Alleghenian‐Ozarkian Floristic Element (migrated from glacial refugia in the interior and Midwest) include cream gentian (Gentiana alba), round‐headed bush clover (Lespedeza capitata), bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula), and purple milkweed (Asclepias purpurescens). Many of the species occurring in the dry and dry‐mesic prairie remnants of the Preserve migrated from the Northern Great Plains and Arid Southwest Elements, and include prairie turnip (Pediomelum esculentum), downy yellow painted cup (Castilleja sessiliflora), silky aster (Aster sericeus), hoary vervain (Verbena stricta), and the dropseeds (Sporobolus heterolepis and S. cryptandrus). These species had become adapted to the dry conditions of the Great Plains, and took residence in similar habitats in southwestern Wisconsin. The dry calcareous southern and western slopes of the driftless area possess microclimates similar to the Great Plains, as do the St. Peter Sandstone caps. Species that migrated from the Southeastern Floristic Element include the compass plants (Silphium terebinthinaceum, S. integrifolium, S. laciniatum, and S. perfoliatum), glade mallow (Napaea dioica), and white and cream indigo bushes (Baptisia leucantha and B. leucophaea). Species that migrated from the Eastern Deciduous Forest Element include New England aster (Aster novae‐anglae), early buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis), culver’s root (Veronicastrum virginicum), bottle gentian 38
(Gentiana andressii), prairie phlox (Phlox pilosa), Canada tick‐trefoil (Desmodium canadense), and also several woodland species including wood betony (Pedicularis canadensis), wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), and wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis). Plant species that migrated to southwestern Wisconsin from Southwestern Floristic Elements include leadplant (Amorpha canadensis), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and the bluestems (Andropogon gerardii and Schizachyrium [Andropogon] scoparium). Several species of the Preserve’s dry mesic prairie remnants migrated from the Madro‐Tertiary Floristic Element, with origins in the Sierra Madre Mountains. These include white and purple prairie clovers (Dalea candida and D. purpurea), side oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata). In addition, several species with transcontinental distributions migrated from northern Arcto‐Tertiary Floristic Elements, among them pasque flower (Pulsatilla [Anenome] patens), Canada anemone (Anenome canadensis), dwarf two‐flowered Cynthia (Krigia biflora), Canada wild rye (Elymus canadensis), smooth aster (Aster laevis), meadow rue (Thalictrum dasycarpum), prairie cinquefoil (Potentilla arguta), and white prairie sage (Artemesia ludoviciana). The present composition of the vegetation of southwestern Wisconsin is thus a composite mixture of species that migrated from southern, western, eastern, and northern glacial refugia into the bareground areas left behind by the retreating glaciers. As the glaciers receded, the bareground they exposed was initially colonized by conifer forests (Anderson 1998). Fossil pollen analyses indicate that grassland and savanna communities first appeared in the area approximately 8,000 years ago (Anderson 1998). During the interval between the replacement of conifer forests with the grassland/savanna complex and Euro‐
39
American settlement (8,000 years ago until ca. 1830), southwestern Wisconsin was vegetated by a shifting mosaic of grassland, savanna, oak woodland, and southern mesic forest vegetation, each community expanding and contracting in response to changes in wildfire regimes brought on by short‐term climatic variations (Curtis 1959; Anderson 1998; Cochrane and Iltis 2000). Grassland and savanna in southwestern Wisconsin reached its greatest extent during the Hypsithermal Interval between 8,000 and 3,500 years ago, a warm and dry period conducive to increased frequency of wildfire. 3,500 years ago, southwest Wisconsin’s climate became cooler and moister, and the prairie‐oak savanna vegetation complex began to be replaced by mesic forest (Anderson 1998). Continued use of wildfire as a management tool by indigenous populations stabilized the range of prairie‐savanna communities, and was the first large‐scale example of human alteration of nature in North America. Presettlement Vegetation of the Preserve The Preserve is located within Wisconsin’s Prairie‐Southern Forest Province (Curtis 1959). At the time of settlement, approximately one‐third of the Driftless Area consisted of a shifting mosaic of prairie, oak savanna, and oak woodland (Curtis 1959). Original surveyor’s notes dating from October 1832 (available through the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Map Library) described Section 33 of Township 8 North Range 7 East as consisting of bur and white oak savanna interspersed with prairie and “marsh” (probably sedge meadow and/or emergent aquatic vegetation). The surveyor (John H. Mullett) also noted the existence of several stands of “timber oak” which may indicate oak woodlands dominated by white oak, since bur oak is often unsuitable for framing and finish lumber. From these records, we can infer that the presettlement vegetation of the Preserve 40
consisted of oak savanna interspersed with oak woodland, prairie, and sedge meadow. Despite 180 years of Euro‐American occupancy (with associated disturbances related to changes in land‐use and wildfire suppression), a shadow of this presettlement condition has persisted on this landscape. Restoration and rehabilitation of these remnant communities to their presettlement condition is possible given diligent management, adequate funding, and time. 41
General Ecological Context of the Preserve and Management Summaries for Ecological Communities 42
The 460‐acre Swamplovers Foundation/Ice Age Trail Alliance Nature Preserve supports 142.5 acres of prairie, 26 acres of sedge meadow, 37.5 acres of oak savanna, 135.5 acres of oak woodland, 13.5 acres of southern mesic forest, 13 acres of emergent aquatic and open water communities, 61 acres of grassland surrogate, and 26 acres of wildlife food plots (Table 1). Adjacent habitat acreage that is part of John Brooks’ property is also actively managed by the Swamplovers Foundation. These acres are denoted in blue in the summary page for each habitat type, but were not included in the overall Preserve acreage, and are also delineated as management units in Appendix D. The Preserve is a mosaic of the presettlement vegetation of Wisconsin, and most of the communities in this landscape are in highly restorable condition. The Preserve’s community types have been delineated into 33 separate management units (Appendix D). The Preserve is among the most species‐rich nature sanctuaries in the Midwest (see Appendix A‐0 for a summary). With 419 plant species, the Preserve supports one‐fifth of Wisconsin’s total vascular floral diversity. Herptile surveys conducted at the preserve in 2007 by Dr. Josh Kapfer estimated a Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) for reptile and amphibian populations of 0.86, meaning that there is an 86% chance of capturing a herptile in a sampling device, an indicator that these organisms are abundant at the Preserve. As of January 2012, a total of 1,206 species have been surveyed at the Preserve (Appendix A‐1), 85 of which are considered species of conservation concern (Appendix A‐2). Of these 85 species, 13 are in metapopulation, meaning that their overall population at the Preserve is composed of several subpopulations (called demes) that occur in different management units. Metapopulation status confers added stability to these populations (Kot 2001; Pastor 2009) because any localized disturbance that 43
affects one deme will not always affect all demes of the metapopulation and surviving demes can be used to reestablish depopulated demes. Table 1: Summary of Vegetation Communities at the Preserve Grassland Communities Prairie (CP‐2 and remnant) Sedge Meadow Grassland Surrogate (CP‐10 or wet meadow) Total Surrogate Unit 16 Unit 17 Unit 18 Unit 19 Unit 24 CP‐10 warm‐season grasses CP‐10 (orchard) Phalaris‐dominated wet meadow CP‐10 (horseshoe) CP‐10 (west valley collective) Wooded Communities Oak Savanna Open Oak Woodland Southern Mesic Forest Aquatic Communities Emergent Marsh/Open Water Wildlife Food Plots 142.5 acres 26 acres 61.0 acres 12.5 acres 14.5 acres 7 acres 8 acres 19 acres 37.5 acres 135.5 acres 13.5 acres 18 acres 26 acres 460.0 acres TOTAL 44
The Preserve supports 419 plant species, 106 avian species, 22 mammal species, 20 herptile species, and more than 630 species of insect (Appendix A‐1). Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) records for T8N R7E list an additional nine conservation concern species, autumn coral‐root (Corallorhiza odontorhiza), Wilcox’s panic grass (Panicum wilcoxianum), timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), cyrano darter (Nasiaeschna pentacantha), western slender glass lizard (Ophisaurus attenuates), two species of prairie leafhopper (Polyamia dilata and Prairiana angustens), and ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornate), as historically occurring within six miles of the Preserve. The western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis), was collected in 1998 from T8N R7E Section 36, less than three miles to the east of the Preserve. Further survey and inventory may reveal the presence of one or more of these species at the Preserve, and will undoubtedly add additional species to the site’s total species richness. Entire taxa have yet to be sampled, including ferns, primitive non‐vascular plants (mosses and bryophytes), fungi, and several classes of insects. Perhaps even a species or two presently unknown to science is still waiting to be discovered. The Preserve also contains features of archaeological significance. Oscar Danz discovered numerous arrowheads and spearheads at the Preserve, and Gerald Goth (along with archaeologists from the University of Wisconsin‐Madison) surveyed the property for additional archeological remains and artifacts. These authorities discovered small flint quarries scattered throughout the northern end of the eastern ridge. 45
General guidelines for the management of the different community types are also presented in this section of the management plan, following community descriptions. It will be up to land managers, working within the context of the Preserve’s vision statement, overall management goals, available funding, and variable site conditions, to determine specific management actions along with their relative feasibility, cost‐effectiveness, priority, timing, and sequence. The specific course of action taken will depend on several factors, including the presence, composition, and abundance of invasive, non‐target, or at‐risk species, context of active management being conducted within each management unit, as well as financial and personnel resources. When possible, surveying and monitoring initiatives should be used to provide feedback on the effectiveness of management actions, which can then be adjusted to enhance their efficacy toward achieving the Preserve’s overall vision statement and ecological management goals. The Preserve provides habitat for a variety of species of conservation concern across all trophic levels, many of which have incompatible or conflicting management needs and habitat optima. Specific recovery plans for selected plant species of conservation concern are presented in Appendices B‐1 through B‐13. Appendix C‐1 is a compilation of habitat feature preferences for bird species of conservation concern. Appendix C‐2 is a summary of management recommendations for herptile species of conservation concern provided by Josh Kapfer (University of Wisconsin‐Whitewater) and Robert Hay (WDNR). The information summarized in these appendices should be reviewed and considered when designing and implementing management initiatives. 46
Prairie (Management units 1, 7, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 26, and 28) Unit 1 7 12 14 15 20 21 22 26 28 31 Prairie Type Intergrading Dry/Dry‐Mesic Prairie Remnant Mesic Prairie Remnant Dry Prairie Remnant Restored Prairie Wet‐Mesic Restoration (1998; expanded in 2003) West Valley Wet Prairie Restoration Planting (1997) Wet Prairie Restoration (1999) Dry Prairie Remnant (Brooks Property) Restored Prairie (2006; expanded in 2007) (Brooks Property) Restored Prairie (2008) Restored Prairie (2008) Total Area: Remnant Restored Size 30 acres 8 acres 4 acres 4 acres 25 acres 60 acres 8 acres 1.5 acres 10 acres 1.75 acres 2 acres 142.50 acres 43.50 acres 99.00 acres 47
The term grassland is collectively applied to any plant community that exhibits a lack of trees and tall shrubs and is dominated by graminoid (i.e., grass and sedge) species. Ecologists recognize several types of plant communities with grassland structure that grade into each other along a soil moisture continuum from dry (e.g., sand barrens, dry prairie) to wet (e.g., sedge meadow, fen) conditions. Prairie is a more specific term used to describe grasslands dominated by grasses rather than sedges, and occurring near the middle of the soil moisture spectrum. Prairies occur where soils are neither typically dry (as in sand barren grasslands) nor permanently wet (as in sedge meadows). Curtis (1955; 1959) quantitatively arranged plant species abundance and composition along a gradient of soil moisture, and divided Wisconsin’s prairies into five types: wet, wet‐mesic, mesic, dry‐mesic, and dry. Each of these types grade imperceptibly into one another, and it can be difficult to differentiate among them based upon superficial characteristics such as plant species composition alone. Examples of each of these five prairie types can be seen at the Preserve. The vegetation structure of prairie is maintained by periodic wildfire regimes, which serve as a major controlling variable for this community type (Hobbs and Suding 2009). In the absence of fire, prairie vegetation is eventually replaced by fire‐intolerant shrubs and trees. Prior to Euro‐American settlement, prairie covered approximately 2.1 million acres of Wisconsin (Curtis 1959). The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has estimated that only 13,000 acres of prairie remain in remnant condition in Wisconsin (Henderson and Sample 1995), a mere 0.6% of the original acreage. Conversion of prairie to agricultural production, rural land speculation 48
and development, suppression of natural wildfire regimes (leading to invasion by shrubs and trees and successional advancement to alternative stable states), overgrazing, and displacement of native prairie vegetation by invasive species have all contributed to the loss of acreage of original prairie. The Department further estimated that between 15 and 20 percent of the state’s original grassland flora and fauna are either considered rare or in decline (Henderson and Sample 1995). Most of the remaining remnant prairies are either of the wet or dry type, with many acres of remnant wet prairie impacted negatively by Phalaris dominance. Prior to Euro‐American settlement, mesic prairie was the dominant prairie type, covering more than one million acres. Today, less than 150 acres of remnant mesic prairie remains and much of this acreage is confined to small (less than five‐acre) isolated segments. Leach and Givnish (1996) quantified rates of species loss in 54 Wisconsin prairie remnants, and reported that unmanaged isolated Wisconsin prairie remnants were experiencing species losses between 0.5 and 3 species every year, an alarming loss of biodiversity and ecotypic identities. These authors also estimated that between eight and sixty percent of plant species were lost from isolated prairie remnants during a 32 to 52‐year time period. However, as Cochrane and Iltis (2000) point out, the prairie remnants used in their data set were unburned remnants and management regimes (or lack thereof) may have influenced their findings. Nevertheless, mathematical models of population dynamics predict that the only stable equilibrium point for an isolated population is local extinction (Kot 2001). Needless to say, prairie conservation is a top priority for Southwestern Wisconsin land managers. The Preserve is a reservoir of Wisconsin’s prairie 49
heritage, with 43.5 acres of high‐quality remnant and 99.0 acres of high‐quality restored prairies. Remnants are of particular conservation value since they harbor residual species from the original prairies. Since 1987, the Swamplovers Foundation, Inc. has taken an active role in the preservation, rehabilitation, and maintenance of these imperiled communities. The 30‐acre dry/dry‐mesic prairie remnant located at the southern point of the west ridge (management unit 1) supports more than 165 native plant species (Appendix A‐3), one‐third of which have a coefficient of conservatism of seven or higher, meaning that these species are habitat specialists that typically only occur within high‐quality, well‐managed prairie remnants. Five species, cliff brake (Palleae glabella subsp. glabella), hoary puccoon (Lithospermum canescens), Leiberg’s panic grass (Panicum leibergii), prairie dropseed (Sporobolous heterolepis), and downy yellow painted cup (Castilleja sessiliflora), have a coefficient of conservatism of 10; four species, tuberous Indian plantain (Arnoglossum [Cacalia] plantagineum), clustered poppy mallow (Callirhoe triangulata), marbleseed (Onosmodium molle), and prairie turnip (Pediomelum esculentum), are considered species of Special Concern in Wisconsin, and an additional four species, giant yellow hyssop (Agastache nepetoides), pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida), cream gentian (Gentiana alba), and wild quinine (Parthenium integrifolium), are listed in Wisconsin as Threatened (Appendix A‐2). Two species that are indigenous to the Preserve, E. pallida and C. triangulata, occur beyond the range of what was thought to be their historical distributions. The population of E. pallida at the preserve is the northernmost indigenous population of this species in Wisconsin. Similarly, C. triangulata was not known to 50
occur in Dane county prior to its discovery in this remnant in 2008 by Gerald Goth and Craig Annen. Permanent records of the locations, presence, and abundance (when known) of all species of conservation concern at the Preserve have been submitted to Wisconsin’s Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI). This remnant further provides habitat for two species of Protected Wild Animal, the blue racer (Coluber constrictor) and bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi), a population of prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster, Special Concern), eight species of grassland birds considered Special Concern in Wisconsin, and a species of wasp (Stephanidae: Megischus sp.) that was previously undocumented in Wisconsin. Floristic quality (Swink and Wilhelm 1994; Wisconsin values from WDNR 2003) of this remnant was estimated at 65.6 in 2009. To put this figure into perspective, Swink and Wilhelm (1994) considered a vegetation assemblage with a FQI (Floristic Quality Index) value ≥ 45 to be indicative of a remnant community with high natural area (and conservation) potential. Intensive management of this remnant, funded by the Wisconsin DNR’s Landowner Incentives Program (LIP) and the Swamplovers Foundation, Inc., led to a 16.3% increase in floristic quality during the 2007‐2009 sampling period. The eight‐acre mesic prairie remnant, located at the base of the eastern slope of the eastern ridge (management unit 7), has a species richness of 46, with a mean coefficient of conservatism of 4.7 and FQI value of 32 (a value of 35 indicates that there is sufficient floristic quality present for a community to have moderate natural area potential (Swink and Wilhelm 1994) (Appendix A‐4). An additional small mesic prairie remnant occurs along the Burlington‐Northern Railroad immediately south of the Preserve, and the presence of two mesic 51
prairie remnants in close proximity further increases the conservation potential of unit 7. Nine species in this unit are modal to mesic prairie, meaning that they were sampled in highest frequency in this prairie type by Curtis (1959). This unit also supports a small population of the Special Concern species tuberous Indian plantain, scattered individuals of the Threatened pale purple coneflower, and a large population of the Threatened cream gentian. Less is known about the diversity and composition of the remnant prairies of units 12 and 22, which were initially discovered in 2008. Preliminary management actions (tree and brush clearing and prescribed burns) were initiated in these units in 2008. The 25‐acre restored prairie located at the north end of the eastern valley (management unit 15) was planted with a mixture of 50 wet‐mesic species in 1998. The seed source of some species was local remnants; others were purchased from local nurseries. Prior to planting and enrollment in the CRP program, all of unit 15 was in agricultural production (usually corn but occasionally soybeans) for several decades. The site was prepared for planting by repeated iterations of disking and glyphosate application (two to three times per growing season) for three growing seasons. Twenty acres of unit 15 was planted in the autumn of 1998 by culimulching to a depth of four inches followed by planting with a Bruillon Seed Drill. The restoration was mowed annually during its initial establishment and subsequent maintenance has consisted of biennial prescribed burns and control of thistle outbreaks (Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare, and Carduus natans) with the herbicide clopyralid. An additional five acres of this 52
section was planted with 45 wet‐mesic species in the autumn of 2003 according to the same procedure, except that the seed was hand broadcast onto the soil surface rather than drilled into the soil. Eleven years after planting, this wet‐
mesic prairie restoration is a reasonable facsimile of a remnant prairie. In 2008, FWS technicians who were participating in a workshop on the property initially thought this planting was indeed a remnant rather than a restoration. Unit 15 supports a population of the Wisconsin‐Endangered Silphium borer moth (Papaipena silphii), and also populations of pink streak moth (Faronta rubiperennis), ottoe skipper (Hesperia ottoe), and Leonard’s skipper (Hesperia leonardus), which are listed as Special Concern species in Wisconsin. This restored prairie further supports three additional unique moth species, Thelma’s Agronopterix (Agronopterix thelmae), which was never documented in Wisconsin prior to being collected at the Preserve in 2008, Franclemont’s Pinion (Lithophceue franclemonti), which was first described as a new species in 1998 (but not at the Preserve) and is rarely sampled in surveys, and the Brick Red Borer Moth (Papaipema marginidens), of which there is only one other known record from Wisconsin. In 2009, the hickory hairstreak butterfly (Satyrium caryaevorum), another uncommonly collected species, was sampled near unit 15. In 2010, this species was observed by four different individuals (Karl and Dorothy Legler, Ann Thering, and Kyle Johnson) on different sampling dates, indicating that it occurs in abundance at the Preserve. The 60‐acre restored prairie of the west valley (management unit 20) was planted with 80 wet and wet‐mesic prairie species in autumn 1997. Again, seed sources were a mixture of seed collected from local remnants and nursery stock. 53
Prior to planting and enrollment in the CRP program, this planting was also in agricultural production for several decades. This unit was prepared for planting with the same methods used for unit 15 in the east valley. Unfortunately, the aggressive perennial reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) soon invaded this planting and by 2006 was the dominant species at ca. 80% cover. In 2007, a reed canarygrass suppression program was initiated to return this planting back to its full ecological potential. Subsequent maintenance has consisted of late‐season annual prescribed burns (conducted from late April to early May, in accordance with reed canarygrass management) followed by broadcast applications of grass‐
selective herbicides. This management regime has been moderately successful, although high water levels during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons precluded application of reed canarygrass treatment prescriptions over the entire 60 acres of this unit. In 2008, following a single growing season of active reed canarygrass management, Craig Annen (as part of a reed canarygrass research project funded in part by the Swamplovers Foundation) documented the presence of 79 native species in management unit 20. Interestingly, four non‐planted species of conservation value were also documented in unit 20 including turk’s cap lily (Lilium superbum), glade mallow (Napaea dioica, a species of Special Concern), sweet Indian plantain (Special Concern), and wild quinine (Threatened). In addition, eastern prairie fringed orchids (Platanthera leucophaea, an Endangered species) were transplanted into this management unit in 2007 and 2008, one of which survived the transplant. This orchid bloomed in 2008 and 2009. The 79 species of unit 20 had a mean coefficient of conservatism of 5.36 and the FQI value of 47.6 (Appendix A‐5). Species density ranged from 5.1 – 6.1 species per 0.125 m2 (n = 32 quadrat samples). In September 2008, mean aboveground 54
biomass was estimated at 467.8 g/m2. If we assume that two‐thirds as much biomass occurs in the belowground fraction, as has been posited by several authors, multiplying aboveground standing crop by a factor of 1.67 gives us an approximate estimate of 781.3 g/m2 for belowground biomass. Summing the estimates for above‐ and belowground biomass and multiplying by the acreage of this management unit, we arrive at an estimate of the amount of carbon that has been stored in this restored wet prairie since planting, roughly 288,220 kg (5,056 kg/acre). The eight‐acre wet prairie restoration of Unit 31 was planted in 1999 with a mixture of species collected from management unit 20. On 19 November 2008, a two‐acre buffer between units 13 and 14 (designated management unit 31) was planted with a mixture of 57 species at a rate of 5.3 lbs/acre and a graminoid/forb ratio of 1:3 (Appendix A‐6). The site was prepared by two rounds of late spring treatment with the broad‐leaf herbicide dicamba to eliminate invasive weeds and create a smooth brome monotype. This stand was burned and lightly disked in early November 2008 to expose the soil surface for planting without stirring up any of the residual weed seed bank that may have still been present. Seed was hand‐broadcast and mixed with vermiculite pellets to ensure uniform coverage and was lightly cultipacked soon after planting. 55
Summary of Ecological Management Goals for Prairie and Grassland Surrogate Communities  Restore remnant prairie communities to their presettlement condition.  Establish mesic prairie vegetation in buffer zones between adjacent community types at the Preserve to facilitate a wetland‐to‐upland continuum of habitat gradation and increase the effective acreage of mesic prairie in Wisconsin.  Reintroduce periodic wildfire regimes to grassland communities.  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.  Establish and maintain habitat structural elements to benefit wildlife. 56
Management Recommendations for Prairie and Grassland Surrogate Use of Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool: Prairie is a fire‐dependent community. In the absence of periodic wildfire, prairie is overtaken by shrubs and fast‐growing, fire‐intolerant shrub and tree species. Periodic wildfire is a major variable controlling the existence and extent of the prairie vegetation condition. The use of prescribed fire as a management tool will need to be an essential component of long‐term prairie management at the Preserve. Management units in which desired endpoint vegetation is already well‐established should be burned in a random pattern with each unit experiencing a frequency of one to three years between burns. This frequency is similar to historical fire frequency. Burns should also be randomized across seasons (spring and autumn) when practical or possible to do so. At no time should the entire acreage of prairie at the Preserve be burned. Unburned units are needed as refugia for fire‐sensitive species, particularly at‐risk or rare insect populations. Management units undergoing intensive management (active vegetation reestablishment, high levels of invasive species control) can be burned annually (if site conditions and fuel structure allow for a burn) to facilitate restoration and management activities. Once native vegetation has been established and the abundance of invasive species has been reduced in these units, they can be placed into the intermittent rotation described above. Construction and maintenance of permanent firebreaks around the perimeters of each management unit or around adjacent management units is highly desirable when using fire as a management tool. By dividing the Preserve’s prairies into 57
separate burn units with firebreaks, alternate units (or portions of larger units) can be burned/unburned to provide refugia for sensitive species that require standing litter in the spring (e.g., some bird species) or use prairie plants as larval hosts (e.g., insects). Firebreaks should be a minimum of five feet wide in management units dominated by shortgrass species (fuel model 1, FM‐1), and ten to twelve feet wide in tallgrass management units (fuel model 3, FM‐3). Firebreaks should be devoid of dry, flammable vegetation and litter and readily accessible to fire equipment. Where possible, a permanent cover (such as smooth brome or bluegrass) should be established within firebreaks and regularly mowed to a height of no more than three inches. “Rough” firebreaks can harbor invasive species and act as dispersal corridors for their spread. Additional considerations for the use of prescribed fire in prairie management units:  To protect bullsnake populations from the adverse impacts of burning, light low intensity backfires near bullsnake dens. NEVER light a headfire downslope from bullsnake dens.  Populations of the Silphium borer moth require plants of the Silphium genus for overwintering. Silphium spp. are established in management units 9 and 15, and have been planted into units 13 and 31 but are not yet established. Do not burn both units 9 and 15 during any single burn season until Silphium spp. are establish in units 13 and 31. When Silphium spp. are established in units 13 and 31, do not burn all four management units during a single burn season. 58
Dealing with Invasive Species: Given the abundance of invasive species in southwestern Wisconsin’s landscape, the potential for propagule influx from adjacent non‐managed properties, the longevity of certain invasive species seed banks (e.g., sweetclover), and public usage of the Preserve and Ice Age Trail, some level of invasive species management will probably be required indefinitely in the prairie communities of the Preserve. That said, many prairie units will in time only require a minimal degree of annual scouting and small‐scale treatment actions. For example, the dry prairie remnant located atop the St. Peter sandstone cap in management unit 1 is in such good condition that it is only invaded by weeds in low (i.e., easily manageable) density. Invasive species that threaten the prairie remnants and restorations at the Preserve can be divided into two categories based upon their distribution and abundance: Pioneer populations and established populations. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources operationally defines pioneer populations of invasive species as having a spatial distribution of either less than five acres or less than five percent of the total habitat acreage. Established populations have a total spatial distribution of more than five acres and cover more than five percent of the total habitat acreage. Two species in the pioneer category, Japanese hedge parsley (Torilis japonica) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), have been introduced to the Preserve along the Ice Age Trail but both species occur in small numbers. Each of these species has the potential to devastate the remnant condition of the Preserve’s prairies and can be extremely costly (not to mention difficult) to control if left 59
unmanaged. Japanese hedge parsley and leafy spurge should be scouted for and eradiated annually. Installing information kiosks with boot brushes at the southern trailhead and at the north end of the property where the Swamplovers Preserve abuts with the Ice Age Trail land holding will curtail transport and spread of pioneer populations of these and other invasive species. Pioneer populations of dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) also occur in some of the prairie plantings. Managers should also regularly scout for pioneer populations of cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissas), bird’s foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), crown vetch (Coronilla varia) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), which are not yet known to occur at the Preserve, but are abundant along State Highway 14 and most of southwestern Wisconsin. Established invasive species occurring in the Preserve’s prairie habitats include herbaceous species such as perennial and biennial thistles (Cirsium spp. and Carduus sp.), wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), white and yellow sweetclover (Melilotus alba and M. officinalis), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), false ox‐eye sunflower (Leucanthemum vulgare), wild carrot (Daucus carota), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), and also shrub species such as common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), Morrow’s and hybrid honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii and L. X bella), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), sumac (Rhus spp.), and brambles (Rubus sp.). Several additional non‐native species also occur in the Preserve’s prairies; many of these are disturbance species (e.g., foxtail, Seteria spp.) or agricultural weeds (e.g., velvet leaf, Abutilon theophrasti) and none are considered to be particularly aggressive under most circumstances (with the exception of highly disturbed ground). Most of these species will gradually decrease in abundance and density as native species recover and wildfire regimes 60
are reintroduced to the site. For the time being, it is best to focus management efforts and cost expenditures on the aggressive (high‐impact) species listed above. Several time‐proven approaches are known to be effective against these species, but the specific course of action taken will depend on several factors, including the presence, composition, and abundance of non‐target or at‐risk species, context of active management being conducted within each management unit, as well as financial resources. Specific actions for reed canarygrass control in management unit 20 are similar to those underway in management unit 9 (refer to the section entitled Sedge Meadow for more details). General strategies to reduce or eliminate collateral damage to non‐target and at‐
risk species:  Use a sticking additive when administering herbicide treatments. Sticking additives reduce drift and make herbicide adhere tightly to treated surfaces, curtailing runoff from overspray and wash‐off from rewetting.  Hand‐pull biennial species in areas immediately adjacent to at‐risk species.  Apply treatments in early spring, prior to emergence of native species, or in late autumn, after senescence.  Cover at‐risk species with plastic exclosures during herbicide application to prevent contact with herbicide spray. Grassland Surrogates and Buffer Zones: An Opportunity to Increase CRP Payments to the Foundation while Stabilizing the Ecological Integrity of the Preserve’s Prairie Remnants The Preserve contains 59.5 acres of grassland surrogate enrolled in the CRP program under the USDA‐NRCS CP‐10 payment schedule (defined as vegetative cover of established cool‐season grasses). Planting these fields to native prairie 61
assemblages will create buffer zones surrounding the core remnant prairies at the Preserve. According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (1995), buffer lands are essential to the survival and long‐term sustainability of small isolated prairie remnants and the species they support. Buffer prairies protect remnants against invasive species encroachments, stochastic events, and provide refugia to at‐risk species during growing seasons with sub‐optimal conditions (e.g., prolonged drought). The Wisconsin DNR recommends planting buffers with mesic prairie species as long as the soil moisture regime present in the buffer strip will support such species. Most, if not all, of the CP‐10 acreage at the Preserve occur over loamy alfisols that will support mesic prairie species. An additional advantage of enhancing the quality of vegetation in buffer strips is the potential to increase the existing CRP payment schedule from CP‐10 to CP‐2 (defined as permanent cover of native warm‐season grasses). Conversion of CP‐10 brome fields to CP‐2 prairie restorations should be undertaken as soon as contracts for each parcel of land require renewal (or sooner if the Farm Service Agency (FSA) is willing to sponsor habitat enhancement during an existing contract period). In the meantime, these fields should be prepared for planting by repeated applications of broad‐leaf (to control parsnip and wild carrot) and composite‐
specific (to control Canada goldenrod and thistles) herbicides to bring them to a condition of smooth brome monoculture and reduce the potential for secondary weed outbreaks after planting. Habitat Structural Elements: Habitat structural elements are objects that provide heterogeneity in a landscape, and are indispensible prerequisites for trophic diversity in ecological 62
communities. Fallen logs, brush piles, small shrubs within an open grassland, rock outcroppings, and oak grubs are examples of habitat structural elements in grassland communities. Bareground is also an important structural element. Structural elements provide plants and animals with a variety of microhabitats for nutrient capture, dening, nesting, feeding, perching, protection from predators, and thermoregulation. Oak grubs are important habitat structural elements for leaf hoppers and other insects. Several habitat structural elements have already been created in management unit 1 in accordance with bullsnake recovery. Cedar basking logs have been placed near bullsnake dens, and approximately 20% of low stature native shrubs were not cleared from the perimeter of the dens. This action was deemed compatible with management for species of grassland bird that nest in shrubs, provided the bullsnakes do not predate upon the nests. Brush piles made during LIP‐funded brush clearing from unit 1 were left unburned to provide habitat for mice and other small mammals which are a food source for bullsnakes. Additionally, several grubs have already been created from black oak trees by cutting them low to the ground and allowing them to resprout. 63
Sedge Meadow (Management units 9, 10, and 13) Unit 9 10 10a 13 Designation Sedge Meadow Remnant (Swamplovers Tract) Sedge Meadow Remnant (Brooks Tract) Shrub‐carr (Brooks Tract) Restored Sedge Meadow Total Area: Remnant Restored Size 24.5 acres 10 acres 1 acre 1.5 acres 26 acres 24.5 acres 1.5 acres 64
Sedge meadow is a grassland community dominated by sedges rather than grasses. Sedge meadow occurs on soils that are saturated during most of the growing season. Standing water is usually present during the spring following snow melt, and the water table remains close to the soil surface throughout the remainder of the growing season. Similar to prairie grasslands, sedge meadow grasslands are maintained in part by periodic wildfire regimes, although wildfire in sedge meadow has a lower return interval (frequency) in this grassland type. In the absence of fire, sedge meadow is invaded and displaced by shrub‐carr and fire‐intolerant tree species such as box elder (Acer negundo), willow (Salix spp.), and cottonwood (Populous deltoides). Perhaps the most conspicuous feature of the remnant sedge meadow are the tussock mounds formed by the tussock sedge (Carex stricta), a dominant species of this plant community. Tussock mounds (sometimes referred to as hummocks) are composed primarily of organic material (92% of the total mass), consisting of compact layers of C. stricta roots, rhizomes, senescent shoots, senescent leaves, and duff (partially decomposed humic and fulvic material) (Lawrence and Zedler 2011). Carex stricta tussocks form as an adaptation to high water levels and are an important ecological feature of these communities; research has implicated them as major drivers of species diversity and carbon storage capacity of sedge meadows. Tussocks enhance plant species diversity in sedge meadows by creating microsites with a gradient of redox potentials that can be occupied by species that are less tolerant of prolonged flooding (Vivian‐Smith 1997). Their low bulk density (Lawrence and Zedler (2011) estimate a bulk density of 0.139 g/cm3) provides aeration to the roots and rhizomes of flood‐intolerant species. A co‐dominant species of sedge meadows is Canada bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis). Coexistence of tussock sedge 65
and Canada bluejoint grass is enabled by character displacement. Differences in root and rhizome morphology, vertical stratification, and differences in seasonal development (C. stricta reaches its maximum growth earlier in the growing season than C. canadensis) allow both species to occupy similar niche space without competing with each other for resources. A variety of additional species of forbs and graminoids are also present in varying abundance in sedge meadows. A related plant community, the fresh or wet meadow (Eggers and Reed 1997), represents an alternative disturbed state that arises when wet prairie or sedge meadow is disturbed by nutrient enrichment, artificial drainage (or other hydrological disturbance), or siltation, which leads to species invasions and displacement of the original vegetation structure with an alternative species mixture. Wet meadows are dominated by aggressive, nutrient‐demanding perennial grasses and forbs, such as reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), and tall saw‐toothed sunflower (Helianthus grossesseratus). Prior to Euro‐American settlement, approximately one million acres of Wisconsin was sedge meadow (Curtis 1959). At present, it is difficult to assess the present acreage of Wisconsin’s sedge meadows because much of the acreage the Wisconsin DNR considers remnant sedge meadow exists in the wet meadow condition. Undisturbed sedge meadow that is free of reed canarygrass is probably as rare as remnant prairie and savanna, especially in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin. Recently, Zedler and Potter (2008) concluded that tussock meadows are in decline throughout the Midwest. Most of the remaining sedge meadows in Wisconsin occur north of the Tension Zone, and sedge 66
meadow losses may be as high as 75% in southern Wisconsin. Reasons for the decline in acreage of high‐quality sedge meadow remnant include losses due to artificial drainage for agricultural purposes, invasion by reed canarygrass, and wildfire suppression facilitating successional advancement into shrub‐carr. The sedge meadow remnant occurring in the southern portions of the eastern valley (unit 9) was probably spared the plow due its near‐regular wetness. Nevertheless, the presence of drainage ditches and drainage tiling systems when the property was acquired bespeaks of attempts to drain the sedge meadows for agriculture. Portions of the sedge meadow remnant still possess characteristic microtopographic features such as tall Carex stricta tussocks that are indicative of undisturbed remnant sedge meadow, but these remnants have been impacted by reed canarygrass invasion. A small (less than one acre) portion of unit 10 contains shrub‐carr species, red‐osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), speckled alder (Alnus incana subsp. rugosa), high‐bush cranberry (Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum), and Bebb’s willow (Salix bebbii) that provides habitat structural elements for grassland birds. Rehabilitation of these remnants to their presettlement condition is presently underway. The remnant sedge meadows of units 9 and 10 support populations of the Special Concern sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis), pickerel frog (Rana palustris), woodcock (Scolopax minor), tuberous Indian plantain (Cacalia [Arnoglossum] plantagineum), and glade mallow (Napaea dioica), the Threatened species cream gentian (Gentiana alba) and pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida) on its margins, and a transplanted deme of the Endangered eastern prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) (Appendix B‐12 and Appendix F). 67
The 1.5‐acre sedge meadow planting (unit 13) was planted with 60 species at a rate of 10.5 lbs/acre (graminoid/forb ratio of 1:2.5) on 20 November 2007, with an additional 13 species planted as plugs (live plants) or bare root tubers (aquatic vascular plants) on 11 June 2008 (Appendix A‐7). Species were planted according to a log‐series abundance curve model (Krebs 1989), a distribution thought to mimic abundance patterns in undisturbed natural areas and use up all available niche space to discourage invasion by Phalaris arundinacea (Annen, unpublished data; Wisconsin RCG Working Group 2009). To encourage transplant success, plugs were dipped in a 4.0% (a.i.) solution of cytokinin rooting hormone (X‐Cyte® growth regulator) immediately prior to planting. Seed was obtained from sedge meadow remnants on the property, from local sources near the preserve, and from local nurseries. Following removal of drainage tiles in the mid‐1990s and a ditch fill‐scrape pond construction‐wetland recontouring project in 2007, exposed bareground surfaces were culimulched to a depth of four inches, and seed was hand broadcast onto the soil surface. The planting was immediately cultipacked after seeding to mend the seed to the soil surface, and there was a snowfall of five inches the following day. The bareground was also seeded with perennial rye at a rate of 4 lbs/acre as a cover crop to stabilize the exposed soil from erosion. The restored sedge meadow supports populations of glade mallow (Napaea dioica) planted from seed collected from populations growing along the Sugar River and along State Highway 14, cream gentian (Gentiana alba) collected from management unit 7, and eight eastern prairie fringed orchids (Platanthera leucophaea) transplanted from the van Altena Preserve, near Milton, WI (see Appendix B‐12 and Appendix F). 68
Summary of Ecological Management Goals for Sedge Meadow Communities  Restore remnant sedge meadow communities to their presettlement condition.  Reintroduce periodic wildfire regimes to sedge meadow communities.  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.  Establish and maintain habitat structural elements to benefit wildlife. 69
Management Recommendations for Sedge Meadow Communities Use of Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool: Similar to prairie, sedge meadow is a fire‐dependent community. In the absence of periodic wildfire regimes, sedge meadow successionally advances to shrub‐carr and then to lowland forest. The use of prescribed fire as a management tool will need to be an essential component of long‐term sedge meadow management at the Preserve. However, owing to their wet condition in spring, sedge meadow historically experienced a lower fire frequency than prairie. A suitable burn frequency for the sedge meadow remnants is 3 – 5 years, but this schedule is less conducive to reed canarygrass management. Although not directly lethal to established reed canarygrass stands, prescribed fire enhances reed canarygrass abatement efforts, particularly if site conditions allow burns to be timed properly. Treatment areas should be burned on April 15th or later. Burning too early (e.g., March) or too late (late summer or autumn) gives reed canarygrass a competitive advantage over native species because cool‐season forbs and sedges emerge and attain maximum seasonal productivity later in the growing season than reed canarygrass (more than a month later for most of the common native wetland species). Reed canarygrass emerges and attains maximum aboveground biomass production earlier in the spring than most native species, which is one reason it is able to successfully invade plant communities and displace other species. It does this by utilizing both rhizome carbohydrate reserves and photosynthetic carbohydrate assimilation during the entire period from emergence throughout the initial stages of seed development. In contrast, 70
most native perennial species utilize reserves for emergence and development first‐ and second‐leaves only. An early burn gives reed canarygrass an even bigger head start on competing native species, enabling it to grow taller more quickly and shade out other species. In contrast, a burn timed later in spring will set back established reed canarygrass plants by scalding its newly emerging (and somewhat fragile at this growth stage) crown buds while concomitantly removing litter and warming soil at a time when native species are just beginning to emerge. Additionally, the primary germination window for reed canarygrass seeds occurs during March‐April, and a late burn can have lethal effects on newly‐
emerged reed canarygrass seedlings that have not had a chance to develop extensive rhizome networks and tillers. Late season burning can also prevent panicle development in established (vernalized) tillers. Moreover, results from empirical research being conducted in the Pacific Northwest have documented a 40% increase in herbicide performance when herbicide applications were coupled to burning. One perceived drawback to burning reed canarygrass stands (which is actually an advantage) is that litter removal can (and does) affect initial surges in seed germination from the active reed canarygrass seed bank. Seed germination in reed canarygrass is bimodal, and there is a second germination window for reed canarygrass seeds, which occurs mid‐June through mid July. Immature reed canarygrass seedlings (i.e., those plants that have not yet tillered or been vernalized by low temperature/short day photoperiods) are more susceptible to postemergence systemic herbicides because they do not have rhizome carbohydrate reserves (etiolated regrowth potential) or dormant lateral rhizome buds from which to recover from herbicide treatments. Although the number of studies that have addressed the question of seed viability and seed bank longevity 71
in RCG are regrettably few, existing data predicts that RCG seed viability is typically low in most stands and declines rapidly after only two or three years in wet soil. If so, then coupling prescribed burning to herbicide applications may have an indirect effect of “flushing” out any existing RCG seed bank within a short period of time. Notwithstanding the above argument regarding the timing of prescribed burns in RCG settings, a point that bears emphasis is that burning will augment RCG control efforts regardless of when the burn is conducted. In an ideal world, we would be free to choose the optimal burn window for our management initiatives, but in the real world we often have to burn when conditions permit. The advantages of burning, in terms of litter removal and opening up the native seed bank to light outweigh the potential for shifting competitive advantages from desirable species to reed canarygrass. Several theoretical models of plant species competition show that litter processes might be a greater predictor of species replacements than light competition. Selective herbicide applications after a burn will set RCG back long enough for native species to emerge and gain the upper hand in the struggle for light. The 3 – 5 year rotation can be adopted when reed canarygrass abundance reaches a level of less than one percent. Dealing with Invasive Species: Reed canarygrass, Canada goldenrod, and Canada thistle are the most abundant invasive species present in the Preserve’s remnant sedge meadow communities. Unit 13 also has, in addition to these species, small amounts of sweetclover and parsnip. Canada goldenrod and thistles should be treated with composite‐specific herbicides rather than broad‐spectrum herbicides because the 72
former are more effective against these perennial species and won’t create bareground kill zones where reed canarygrass or other weed species could become established. The general management strategy for reed canarygrass control will be to use low‐impact selective treatments to suppress reed canarygrass while minimizing the risk of inflicting collateral damage to desirable species. Sweetclover and parsnip in unit 13 should be hand pulled because of the risks associated with using broadleaf herbicides near eastern prairie fringed orchid plants (see Appendix B‐12). 73
Oak Savanna (Oak Opening) (Management units 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, and 12) Unit 2 3 4 6 11 12 33 Designation LIP Savanna Remnant East Savanna Remnant Brooks’ Savanna IAT Savanna Remnant Goth Savanna Remnant WHIP Savanna Remnant KP Savanna Remnant Total Area: Size 10 acres 12 acres 4.5 acres 5 acres 3 acres 7 acres ½ acre 37.5 acres 74
Southwestern Wisconsin’s oak savanna lies at the ecotonal boundary between the prairies of the western Great Plains and the eastern deciduous forests (Cottam 1949). Transeau (1935) referred to this boundary as “The Prairie Peninsula”. Due to its position in the regional landscape, oak savanna contains elements of both prairie and forest. Oak savanna is a fire‐maintained community dominated by open grown oak trees. Curtis (1959) divided Wisconsin’s oak savanna into three community types: 1) Oak Barrens, which occur in the central sands region of Wisconsin, are dominated by black oak (Quercus velutina) and Hill’s oak (Q. ellipsoidalis) on sandy soils, with an understory composition similar to dry prairie or sand barrens, 2) Riparian Savannas, which occur on wet soils bordering rivers and streams, are dominated by swamp white oak (Q. bicolor), with an understory similar to wet prairie or sedge meadow, and 3) Oak Openings, which occur in mesic alfisols on loamy upland sites, are dominated by bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), with white oak (Q. alba), black oak, shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) as frequent subdominant components. Although the presettlement composition of oak opening understory is not precisely known (Henderson 1995), several authors who have surveyed the literature on this subject (e.g., Cottam 1949; Curtis 1959; Bray 1960; Anderson 1998; Leach and Givnish 1998; Cochrane and Iltis 2000) indicated that the understory of oak openings was composed of a changing mixture of prairie species, true savanna species, and fire‐tolerant mesic forest species. Cottam (1949), citing earlier authors, described “hazel” (probably Corylus americana), New Jersey tea (Ceoanthus americanus), prairie grasses, and grubs of oak and hickory formed by “almost annual” wildfires. Bray (1960) described prairie species occurring in a lower grass/forb ratio (i.e., they were more forb‐rich) than 75
open prairie grasslands. Leach and Givnish (1998) recorded the presence of rare or conservation concern species such as cream gentian (Gentiana alba), wild hyacinth (Camassia scilloides), lady’s tresses (Spiranthes spp.), and autumn coral root (Corallorhiza odontorhiza) in southern Wisconsin savanna remnants. Relic populations of two of these species exist in the oak savanna remnants of the Preserve (Appendix A‐2) and Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) records exist for the presence of autumn coral root within Berry Township. Unfortunately, the understory composition was not recorded in the original surveyor’s notes for section 33 of Berry Township. Traditionally, land managers have defined oak openings according to the canopy coverage of oak trees, and conservation programs were designed and implemented with an endpoint of greater than one tree per acre and less than 50% total canopy cover. This definition was first presented by Curtis (1959), who was compelled to use arbitrary cut‐off points to classify the vegetation of Wisconsin into distinct community types. Using this definition, Curtis (1959) estimated that oak savanna covered 5.5 million acres (or 42% of the land surface south of the tension zone) of Wisconsin prior to Euro‐American settlement. Using the same definition of oak savanna, the Wisconsin DNR estimated that less than 500 acres of this community remain in remnant condition in Wisconsin (possessing both open grown oak trees and an intact understory species composition) less than 0.01% of the original acreage (Henderson 1995). However, Leach and Givnish (1998) argued that conservationists have been employing a definition of oak savanna that is too narrow. Their assertion was based on three premises: 1) Percent canopy can be an inaccurate and misleading measure of 76
direct sunlight reaching the understory canopy, 2) Historically, savanna trees were not evenly distributed on the landscape, but were arranged in clusters, groves, and peninsulas (Cottam (1949) made this same observation), and these heterogeneous associations skew the meaning of percent canopy when averaged over a specified area, and 3) Percent canopy describes the present condition of a savanna but not its past conditions. Anderson (1998) and Cochrane & Iltis (2000) argued that oak savanna had already been disturbed by human activity for more than 100 years before they were described scientifically, and that a more realistic definition of oak savanna canopy might range from between 10 and 80 percent canopy cover. Leach and Givnish (1998) proposed three criteria for identifying highly restorable oak savanna remnants in southern Wisconsin: 1) The presence of open grown oak trees, 2) The presence of a ground layer dominated by both shade‐tolerant and sun‐loving species, and 3) A history of fire within the previous ten years. The savannas of the Preserve meet all three of these criteria, qualifying them as retrievable oak savanna remnants. However, the understory compositions of management units 2, 3, and 4 have been severely degraded by decades of competition by invasive shrubs, principally buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). The understory compositions of management units 5, 12, and 24 are in better condition yet are still in danger of replacement by buckthorn encroachment. In an effort to restore understory structure to remnant savanna recently cleared of brush and fire‐intolerant tree species, management unit 2 and the northern portion of management unit 3 were planted with a mixture of 95 understory species on 11 November 2008 (Appendix A‐8). Species with a variety 77
of shade tolerances were selected for the planting. Some species were collected from adjacent remnants at the preserve, some were donated by the Dane County Parks Commission and Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation, and some were purchased from local nurseries. The site was seeded at a rate of 6 lbs/acre with a graminoid/forb ratio of 1:2. Prior to planting, the site was burned to remove leaf litter and any senescent herbaceous vegetation. The site was prepared for planting by raking and piling any remaining slash and debris to expose the soil surface. The planting surface was prepared by making sets of perpendicular passes on an all‐terrain vehicle equipped with a drag with two‐inch teeth. Seed was hand broadcast onto the exposed soil surface. Seed was mixed with vermiculite to ensure uniform coverage. One‐half inch of precipitation fell onto the site during planting, which helped the seed stick to the soil. Two inches of snow fell on the site the evening after planting. In 2008, four Casey’s lady’s tresses (Spiranthes casei var. casei), a species considered to be of Conservation Concern in the recently published Flora of North America (volume 26), were observed in management unit 2, as was a deme of the Threatened giant yellow hyssop (Agastache nepetoides). An additional yellow hyssop deme occurs in management unit 3. Protective exclosures were placed around all of these plants to curtail deer browsing. All savanna management units support populations of the Threatened red‐headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). Management unit 12 is also utilized by brown thrasher (Taxostoma rufum) and woodcock (Scolopax minor), two species of Special Concern in Wisconsin. 78
Open Oak Woodland (Management units 5, 8, and 25) Unit 5 8 25 Designation LIP Oak Woodland Remnant East Ridge Oak Woodland Remnant North Oak Woodland Remnant Total Area: Size 40.0 acres 32.5 acres 63.0 acres 135.5 acres 79
As canopy closure increases, oak savanna grades into open oak woodland. Open oak woodland is generally defined as a fire‐dependent tree stand dominated by white oak (Q. alba) with closed canopy structure of 80 – 100%. Periodic wildfire is required for oak regeneration and to prevent succession to mesic forest dominated by maples (Acer spp.) and other fire‐intolerant hardwoods, and Cottam (1949) postulated that periodic drought may also play a role in maintaining oak‐dominated plant communities. The understory species composition of open oak woodland consists of the most shade‐tolerant savanna species and the most fire‐tolerant mesic forest species. Shrubs, such as hazelnut (Corylus americana) and grey dogwood (Cornus racemosa) were dominant understory species in many stands studied by Curtis (1959), who concluded that these species helped stabilize the community by shading out box elder (Acer negundo), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), and other mesic forest species that would otherwise become established within canopy gaps. Prior to settlement, open oak woodland covered 1.4 million acres of Wisconsin (Henderson 1995). By the time of the Plant Ecology Laboratory (PEL) studies in the mid‐1900s, open oak woodlands in Wisconsin had been so degraded (by timber and firewood harvests, overgrazing, and lack of wildfire with concomitant encroachment by fire‐
intolerant shrub and tree species) that few stands still remained in a undisturbed condition for study. Curtis (1959) considered open oak woodland as a type of southern xeric forest, and only quantified a single stand in Dane County. Several understory species considered modal to open oak woodlands (southern xeric forests) by Curtis (1959) can be found in abundance in the open oak woodland remnants at the Preserve, including wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), spikenard (Aralia racemosa), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex 80
pennsylvanica), pointed‐leaf tick trefoil (Desmodium glutinosum), woodland anemone (Anenome virginiana), white avens (Geum canadense), elm‐leaved goldenrod (Solidago ulmifolia), bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora), early meadow rue (Thalictrum dioicum), and bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula). Additional understory species that are common in the Preserve’s open oak woodland remnants include rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera pubescens), poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata), rue anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides), early buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis), and hooked buttercup (R. recurvatus). Tree stand composition of the oak woodland remnants grades from oak‐dominated or oak‐
hickory associations on the ridge tops and south‐ and west‐facing slopes of the ridges (southern xeric forest consisting of bur, white, red, and black oak, shagbark and yellow bud hickory, and hackberry), to mixed‐oak forest stands covering much of the east‐facing slopes (southern dry‐mesic forest consisting of red and sugar maple (Acer spp.), basswood (Tilia americana), cherry (Prunus serotina), white ash (Fraxinus americana) and butternut (Juglans cinerea, Special Concern) in addition to white and black oak). The open oak woodlands at the Preserve are presently in a highly restorable condition, and much of the restoration objectives for these communities can be accomplished with prescribed fire regimes alone. 81
Summary of Ecological Management Goals for Oak Savanna and Open Oak Woodland Communities  Restore remnant oak savanna and open oak woodland communities to their presettlement condition.  Reintroduce periodic wildfire regimes to oak savanna and open oak woodland communities.  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity.  Establish and maintain habitat structural elements to benefit wildlife. 82
Management Recommendations for Oak Savanna (Oak Opening) and Open Oak Woodland Use of Prescribed Fire as a Management Tool: Similar to prairie and sedge meadow, oak savanna and open oak woodlands are fire‐dependent communities. In the absence of wildfire, oak savanna and open oak woodland will gradually convert to mesic forest. The use of prescribed fire as a management tool will need to be an essential component of long‐term oak savanna and open oak woodland management at the Preserve. Management units in which desired endpoint vegetation is already well‐established should be burned in a random pattern with each unit experiencing a frequency of 1 – 3 years between burns. This frequency is characteristic of historical fire frequency prior to Euro‐American settlement. Burns should also be randomized across seasons (spring and autumn) when practical or possible to do so. At no time should the entire acreage of oak savanna or open oak woodland at the Preserve be burned. Unburned units are needed as refugia for fire‐sensitive species. Management units undergoing intensive management (active vegetation reestablishment, high levels of invasive species control) should be burned annually (if site conditions permit) to facilitate restoration and management activities. Once native vegetation is well‐established in these units, they can be placed into the intermittent rotation described above. Construction and maintenance of permanent fire breaks around the perimeters of each management unit or adjacent management units is highly desirable to the use of fire as a management tool in these communities. Firebreaks in these 83
communities should be a minimum of ten feet wide, devoid of flammable vegetation and litter, and accessible to fire equipment. Any snags occurring near firebreaks that are taller than the width of the break should be removed unless known to be occupied by wildlife. Large debris (slash or fallen branches greater than five inches in diameter) within twenty feet of the firebreak should be also be removed to lessen the risk of spot fires breaking out near firebreaks. Dealing with Invasive Species: The most abundant invasive species occurring in the oak savanna and open oak woodlands of the Preserve are garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), and brambles (Ribes spp. and Rubus spp.). Honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) is also abundant in some management units. Additional species that occur in low densities (mostly within canopy gaps) are thistles (Cirsium spp. and Carduus sp.), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), field mustard (Brassica niger), motherwort (Leonurus cardaca), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea). Thinning Stands to their Presettlement Condition: Decades of wildfire suppression have enabled several fire‐intolerant tree species to become established in the oak savanna and open oak woodland remnants of the Preserve, directly altering light quality and indirectly altering understory species composition, oak regeneration, and fire behavior. Several additional tree species with a moderate degree of fire tolerance that were historically present in pre‐settlement oak savanna and open oak woodland have increased in abundance since Euro‐American settlement. The most abundant species of fire‐intolerant trees that have become established in the oak savanna 84
and open oak woodlands are walnut (Juglans nigra), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), cherry (Prunus serotina), box elder (Acer negundo), basswood (Tilia americana), eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), white birch (Betula papyrifera), red and silver maple (A. rubrum and A. saccharium), and white ash (Fraxinus americana). These species occur in varying densities among the different management units. Some of these trees can be converted into habitat structural elements (see below), but most will need to be removed to restore the oak savanna and oak woodland management units to their presettlement condition. Lumber‐grade walnut and cherry trees can be harvested and marketed to help defray the costs associated with restoration and management. A cost‐effective way to remove trees not suitable as timber is to allow them to be harvested for firewood. Trees that can be harvested for lumber or firewood should be clearly marked as such, but only AFTER HABITAT STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN CREATED (see below). It is advisable to have firewood harvesters sign release forms to protect the Foundation from liability for injury or property destruction. Tree species in the latter group (those present at the time of Euro‐American settlement) include hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), black oak (Quercus velutina), yellow bud hickory (Carya cordiformis), and shagbark hickory (C. ovata). These species should be thinned to reduce their density but not removed entirely. Some of these trees can also be converted into habitat structural elements (see below). Habitat Structural Elements: The first Euro‐American settlers described the oak savanna and open oak woodlands they encountered in southwestern Wisconsin as having a “park‐like” quality. Later generations have taken this description literally (perhaps too literally) and sought to restore oak savanna and open oak woodland to a near 85
debris‐free state. Widespread reintroduction of wildfire regimes to these communities and the associated risks of spot fires and damage to private property have fueled the desire to completely remove snags, fallen logs, and other debris from burn units. This approach is still widespread as budgets tighten and fire wardens are requiring burn crews to conduct mandatory (and expensive) post‐
burn mop‐up efforts. The problem with restoring oak savanna and open oak woodland to a near “clean” state is that hundreds of species across all trophic levels require snags, fallen logs, tree cavities, rotten stumps, and other woodland debris in their life cycle. These habitat structural elements are used for dening, nesting, feeding, food storage, perching, preening, courtship rituals, and thermoregulation. A rotten log in the woods is covered with mosses, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens. Break it open and there are scores of different insects present. Recent research found that completely removing logging slash decreased the diversity and abundance of several species of fungi, which in turn uncoupled biogeochemical decay and nutrient cycles within European forests. A similar trophic cascade of indirect effects could occur in Wisconsin if too much debris is removed from wooded communities. For example, beetles that live in the bark of shagbark hickory trees are hosts for the parasitoid wasp Stephinidae: Megischus sp., a species recently sampled at the Preserve whose presence was previously undocumented in Wisconsin. Removing hickory snags could reduce the amount of microhabitats available to the beetles, decreasing their abundance and indirectly causing a population decline of the Megishus wasp. Shrubs are also habitat structural elements that were common in presettlement oak savanna and especially open oak woodlands. American hazelnut (Corylus americana), dogwoods (Cornus spp.), speckled alder (Alnus 86
incana), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), high‐
bush cranberry (Viburnum sp.), prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum), and plum (Prunus americana) were all historically present in these communities. All of these species occur in the open oak woodlands of the Preserve. Brown thrasher (Taxostoma rufum), field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), Kentucky warbler (Oporonis formosus), and wood thrush (Hylocichia mustelina), species of conservation concern that have been documented at the Preserve, all require shrub structure for nesting and brooding. Woodcock (Scolopax minor) also utilizes shrubby oak woodlands during its life cycle (Appendix C‐1). Grubs of oak and hickory are important structural elements for several species of insect and were historically present in abundance in southwestern Wisconsin’s presettlement oak savanna and open oak woodland communities. Equally important but perhaps not historically common in these communities are stands of aspen (Populus tremuloides) which provide habitat for a variety of bird species. These stands should be maintained over at least some acreage of the Preserve. Guidelines for creating habitat structural elements in oak savanna and open oak woodland:  In general, the larger the snag, the more species it can support.  When selecting trees for habitat structural elements, it is important to choose trees for BOTH PRESENT AND FUTURE habitat needs.  Make use of both hard (e.g., hackberry, hickory) and soft (e.g. box elder, cedar, aspen) snags.  Check for wildlife (e.g., woodpecker holes) prior to removing a snag and do not remove an inhabited snag. 87
 Leave at least four or five standing snags per acre in every management unit.  Create snags from a variety of size classes: 5% (>18 inches DBH), 35% (>14 inches DBH) and 60% (>6 inches DBH). Leave one tree per acre of each size class for future snag trees. Select trees that are not shading young oaks for this purpose.  Protect standing and fallen snags from prescribed fire by using a leaf blower to remove fine fuels from their perimeter before conducting a burn.  Toppled snags are important for tree and shrub regeneration, and for wildlife food and cover. Leave at least four fallen logs per acre as nurse logs.  Eastern red cedar trunks make excellent basking logs for reptiles and amphibians and are more resistant to decay than logs of other species.  When selecting or placing fallen logs on slopes, make sure they are perpendicular to the slope so that wildfires do not cause them to catch fire and roll down the hill.  Rotten stumps are still present from previous timber harvests. Do not remove these structures.  In areas where savanna trees (oak and hickory) can be thinned without harming the integrity of the stand, create oak and hickory grubs by cutting trees at ground level and allowing them to resprout.  If native shrubs are present in management units, even in high density, simply allow fires to keep them in check. If native shrubs are not present, attempt to establish them. 88
Emergent Aquatic Pond Margins and Open Water Communities (Collectively, management unit 32) 18 acres 89
The open water areas and drawdown margins of the 22 constructed and natural ponds occurring throughout the Preserve are critical elements for waterfowl production and provide habitat for several migratory bird species. Most of the ponds are equipped with waterfowl brooding boxes. In 2009, the most abundant aquatic vascular plant species present within the ponds of the east valley were sago pondweed (Stuckenia [Potamogeton] pectinata), floating‐
leaved pondweed (Potamogeton natans), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), and duckweed (Lemna spp. and Spirodela polyrhiza). The ecologically invasive curly‐leaved pondweed (P. crispus) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale) occur in low to moderate abundance in some of these ponds. The gradually sloping banks of these scrape ponds enhance wetland plant diversity at the Preserve by creating coenoclinal (hydroseral) banding of vegetation in response to water depth. Emergent aquatic and sedge meadow species sort out along water‐depth gradients, resulting in concentric rings of vegetation surrounding the pond margins. These pond margins support several species of emergent aquatic plants, some of which are important food sources for waterfowl, including arrowheads (Sagittaria latifolia and S. rigida), and several species of smartweed (Polygonum spp.). Additional emergent aquatic species that are common around pond margins include soft‐stemmed bulrush (Schoenplectus tabernaemontani [Scirpus acutus]), river bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis), broad‐leaved cattail (Typha latifolia), giant bur‐reed (Sparganium eurycarpum), water plantain (Alisma subcordatum), and lake sedge (Carex lacustris). One Wildlife Action Species (mallard, Anas platyrhynchos) and four Special Concern species (blue‐winged teal (Anas discors), great egret (Ardea alba), great blue heron (Ardea herodias), and snowy egret (Egretta thula)) have been observed using these open water communities during 90
their spring and autumn migrations. Typically, a given waterfowl species produces several broods during a given season, and the open water habitats of the Preserve contribute to North America’s waterfowl production potential. 91
Summary of Ecological Management Goals for Emergent Aquatic and Open Water Communities  Reduce or eliminate populations of high‐impact invasive species.  Establish and maintain vegetative cover that can be utilized by waterfowl for food, bedding, and/or nesting substrate.  Establish and maintain waterfowl brooding boxes to benefit waterfowl production capacity.  Take measures to maintain or increase waterfowl production.  Catalog species richness across all trophic levels and enhance habitat quality to maximize species richness and diversity. 92
Management Recommendations for Emergent Pond Margins and Open Water Communities Waterfowl Production: The primary ecological function of the ponds that make up management unit 32 is waterfowl production. The diverse vegetation assemblages growing in the Preserve’s pond margins provide cover, nesting substrate, and food (either directly or by creating leaf litter that is inhabited by aquatic invertebrates) to waterfowl species. The emergent pond margins at the Preserve contain several natural food sources for waterfowl, including annual mudflat species such as smartweed (Polygonum spp.) and beggarticks (Bidens spp.) and perennial species such as sedges (Carex spp., Cyperus spp., and Juncus spp.), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoidies), and marsh dock (Rumex orbiculatus). These naturally‐occurring food sources augment the presence of 26 acres of wildlife food plots at the Preserve, and the aforementioned indigenous species contain nutrients not present in domesticated row crop grains commonly planted in food plots (FWS 1982). The presence of both food plots and naturally‐occurring vegetation enable the scrape ponds at the Preserve to support more species of waterfowl than food plots alone. Aquatic vascular plants such as pondweed (Potamogeton spp.) are abundant within the ponds and are also a waterfowl food source. In addition, amphibians and aquatic invertebrates, important prey species for blue heron, are also abundant. Most of the ponds at the Preserve contain waterfowl brooding 93
boxes, all of which are occupied by waterfowl every year. Managers should continue to install and maintain brooding boxes for waterfowl production. Dealing with Invasive Species: The aquatic invasive plants curly‐leaved pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale) occur within some of the ponds of the Preserve. These species should be removed so that waterfowl do not transport them to other ponds. Both species are capable of regenerating from fragments, so care must be taken when removing them. The best method is to use a rake with large tines to gently scoop up the plants, which should be bagged and destroyed. An aquatic plant management (APM) permit is not required for mechanical control of these species. The ponds should also be routinely scouted for the presence of Eurasian water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), which should also be immediately removed before it can spread. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) is well‐established around the margins of several ponds, especially in management unit 18. Reed canarygrass stands occurring in or near ponds should be treated with an aquatic‐approved post‐emergence herbicide that will not cause harm to waterfowl (glyphosate or imazapyr) along with an aquatic‐
approved spreader‐sticker additive, then replanted with a mixture of annual and perennial replacement species at a high seeding rate. Pond margins should also be annually scouted for the presence of narrow‐leaved and hybrid cattail (Typha angustifolia and T. X glauca) and also for purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Although these species are not presently known to exist at the Preserve, they are widely distributed in southwestern Wisconsin and seeds can be introduced by migrating waterfowl. A single culm of narrow‐leaved cattail was discovered in the scrape pond near management unit 13 in July 2009, was dug out of the sediment 94
and destroyed. Rapid response to pioneer individuals as soon as they arrive is the most effective method of keeping these high‐impact invaders out of the Preserve. 95
Southern Mesic Forest (Management unit 23) 13.5 acres 96
For several reasons, less is known about the presettlement condition and composition of southern mesic forests in Wisconsin than other dominant community types (Kotar and Matthiae 1995). Mesic forests are dominated by shade‐tolerant, fire‐intolerant hardwood trees such as black walnut (Juglans nigra), red and sugar maple (Acer rubrum and A. saccharum), basswood (Tilia americana), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), with bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) and butternut (J. cinerea) common but not abundant in most stands and white ash (Fraxinus americana) and elm (Ulmus spp.) as associates. Historically, southwestern Wisconsin was alternatively vegetated by mesic forest and oak savanna/open oak woodland/prairie, with the dominant phase during any given time period determined by climate and its affect on the frequency of wildfires (Anderson 1998). During drier periods, wildfire was more frequent, and fire‐dependent communities dominated the landscape. Refugia of mesic forest probably persisted on north‐facing slopes that were less susceptible to frequent wildfire due to site conditions (north‐facing slopes receive less sunlight, making their interior conditions more humid than south‐facing slopes, and are generally lacking in flammable understory fuels). During wetter periods, fire frequency decreased and mesic forests expanded from their north slope refugia. As shade‐
tolerant mesic forest species migrated into oak savanna and open oak woodland, they inhibited oak regeneration by decreasing the amount of light penetrating to the understory. Evidence from fossilized pollen supports the hypothesis that mesic forests were increasing in area prior to Euro‐American settlement (Anderson 1998), although the rate of replacement was probably slowed due to use of fire by indigenous populations to drive game. 97
Land surveys conducted in 1832 do not give any indication of the presence of southern mesic forest at the Preserve, and it is possible (perhaps even likely) that the mesic hardwood stand of unit 23 is a post‐settlement artifact resulting from a combination of land‐use history factors, such as high‐grade logging, wildfire suppression, and grazing by cattle. In any case, southern mesic forest was never extensive in southwestern Wisconsin prior to settlement (Kotar and Matthiae 1995). Wildfire suppression and high‐grade logging of oaks during the first decades of settlement encouraged a temporary expansion of southern mesic forests, but much of this acreage was converted to farm land and all that remains are small, isolated forest remnants. The largest block of southern mesic forest occurs in the Baraboo Hills Region, which was spared conversion to agriculture by the presence of extensive quartzite talus. Southern mesic forest is a relatively stable vegetation association in the absence of wildfire, and the dominance of shade‐tolerant species often increases over time. 98
REFERENCES Anderson, R.C. (1998). Overview of Midwestern oak savanna. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 86: 1‐18. Birkeland, P.W. (1984). Soils and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press, 372pp. Booth, E.G., S.P. Loheide, and R.D. Hansis. (2009). Postsettlement alluvium removal: A novel floodplain restoration technique (Wisconsin). Ecological Restoration 27(2): 136‐141. Brady, N.C. (1974). The Nature and Properties of Soils, 8th edition. MacMillan Publishing, 639pp. Bray, J.R. (1960). The composition of savanna vegetation in Wisconsin. Ecology 41(4): 721‐732. Cochrane, T.S. and H.H. Iltis. (2000). Atlas of the Wisconsin Prairie and Savanna Flora. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin Number 191, 226 pp. Costanza, R., R. D'arge, R. De Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R.V. O'neill, J. Paruelo, R. G. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. Van Den Belt. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253‐260. Cottam, G. (1949). The phytosociology of an oak woods in southwestern Wisconsin. Ecology 30(3): 271‐287. Curtis, J.T. (1955). A prairie continuum in Wisconsin. Ecology 36(4): 558‐566. Curtis, J.T. (1959). The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities. University of Wisconsin Press, 657pp. Dott, R.H. and J.W. Attig. (2004). Geology of Wisconsin. Mountain Press, 345pp. Eggers, S.D. and D.M. Reed. (1997). Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of Minnesota and Wisconsin. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 263pp. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1982). Management of Seasonally Flooded Impoundments for Wildlife. Resource Publication 148, 29pp. Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Press, 910pp. Henderson, R.A. (1995). Oak Savanna Communities. Pages 88‐96 in Wisconsin’s Biodiversity as a Management Issue, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publication Pub‐RS‐915‐
95. 99
Henderson, R.A. and D. Sample. (1995). Grassland Communities. Pages 116‐129 in Wisconsin’s Biodiversity as a Management Issue, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publication Pub‐RS‐915‐95. Henderson, R.A. (1998). Plant Species Composition of Wisconsin Prairies. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin Number 188, 58pp. Hobbs, R.J. and K.N. Suding (eds.). (2009). New Models for Ecosystem Dynamics and Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, 352pp. Hurt, G.W. and L.M. Vasilas (eds.) (2006). Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service Publication. Jenny, H. (1941). Factors of Soil Formation. McGraw‐Hill, 281pp. Kot, M. (2001). Elements of Mathematical Ecology. Cambridge University Press, 453pp. Kotar, J. and P. Matthiae. (1995). Southern Forest Communities. Pages 72‐87 in Wisconsin’s Biodiversity as a Management Issue, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publication Pub‐RS‐915‐95. Krebs, C.E. (1989). Ecological Methodology. HarperCollins, 419pp. Lawrence, B.A. and J.B. Zedler. (2011). Formation of tussocks by sedges: Effects of hydroperiod and nutrients. Ecological Applications 21(5): 1745‐1759. Leach, M.K. and T.J. Givnish. (1996). Ecological determinants of species loss in remnant prairies. Science 273: 1555‐1558. Leach, M.K. and T.J. Givnish. (1998). Identifying highly restorable savanna remnants. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 86: 119‐125. NOAA. (2009). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration website, http://www.noaa.gov, accessed 7/2009. Pastor, J. (2008). Mathematical Ecology of Populations and Ecosystems. Wiley‐Blackwell, 329pp. Pielou, E.C. (1991). After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America. University of Chicago Press, 364pp. Sample, D.W. and M.J. Mossman. (1997). Managing Habitat for Grassland Birds. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publication SS‐925‐97, 149pp. 100
Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm. (1994). Plants of the Chicago Region. Indiana Academy of Science, 921pp. Transeau, J.W. (1935). The prairie peninsula. Ecology 16: 423‐437. Vivian‐Smith, G. (1997). Microtopographic heterogeneity and floristic diversity in experimental wetland communities. Journal of Ecology 85: 71‐82. Wetter, M.A., T.S. Cochrane, M.R. Black, H.H. Iltis, and P.E. Berry. (2001). Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin 192, 258pp. Whitson, A.R., W.J. Geib, and G.W. Conney. (2008). Soil Survey of Dane County, Wisconsin. BiblioBazaar, 108pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (1993). Guide to Wisconsin’s Endangered and Threatened Plants. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publication PUBL‐ER‐067, 129pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (1995). Wisconsin’s Biodiversity as a Management Issue: A Report to Department Natural Resource Managers. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publication RS‐915‐95, 240pp. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2003). Development of a Floristic Quality Assessment for Wisconsin (T.W. Bernthal, principal author). Final Report to the USEPA for Wetland Grant CD975115‐01‐0. Wisconsin Reed Canary Grass Working Group. (2009). Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) Management Guide: Recommendations for Landowners and Restoration Professionals. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Publication PUB‐ER‐428‐09. Wisconsin State Climatology Office website http://www.aos.wisc.edu/, accessed 7/2009. Zedler, J.B. and K. Potter. (2008). Southern Wisconsin’s Herbaceous Wetlands: Their Recent History and Precarious Fragility. Pages 193‐210 in The Vanishing Present, edited by D. Waller and T. Rooney. University of Chicago Press. 101
Appendices A ‐ F 102
Appendix A‐0: Summary of Species Richness
Species Richness: 1,206
Conservation Priority Species: 85
Plantae ‐ Species Richness: 419
Conservation Priority:
Extirpated
Endangered
Threatened
Special Concern
SGCN
Conservation Concern Species
Rare (C ≥ 9) , Uncommon, or in Decline
35
1
4
7
12
1
1
9
Fungi (Mushrooms and Molds) ‐ Species Richness: 2
Avians (Birds) ‐ Species Richness: 106
Threatened
SGCN/Special Concern
Species of Conservation Concern
Wildlife Action Plan Species
Protected Wild Animal
23
1
19
1
1
1
Mammalia (Mammals) ‐ Species Richness: 22
Special Concern
1
1
Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibians) ‐ Species Richness: 20
Threatened
Special Concern
SGCN
5
1
1
1
2
Crustacea: Decapoda (Crayfish) ‐ Species Richness: 1
Insecta: Coleoptera (Beetles) ‐ Species Richness: 105
Insecta: Hemiptera (Leafhoppers and Planthoppers) ‐ Species Richness: 1
Insecta: Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps) ‐ Species Richness: 50
Previously Undocumented
1
1
Insecta: Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies) ‐ Species Richness: 464
Endangered
Special Concern
Uncommonly Collected
New to Wisconsin
20
1
7
8
4
Insecta: Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) ‐ Species Richness: 13
Insecta: Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, Locusts) ‐ Species Richness: 2
Insecta: Phasmatodea (Stick‐Bugs) ‐ Species Richness: 1
103
Appendix A‐1: Total Species Richness
Scientific Name
Common Name
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S
N
S
N
N
N
N
S
S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N,S
N,S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S
N,S
N
N
S
N
N
S
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
PJM
CAA
GRG
Plantae
Acer negundo
Acer rubra
Acer saccharinum Achillea millefolium
Actaea album
Actaea rubra
Adiantum pedatum
Agalinus tenuifolia
Agastache foeniculum
Agastache nepetoides
Agastache scrophulariafolia
Agrimonia gryposepala
Agrostis gigantea
Agrostis hyemalis
Alisma subcordatum
Allium cernuum
Allium canadense
Allium tricoccum
Alnus incana
Amaranthus retroflexus
Ambrosia artemesiifolia
Ambrosia psilostachya
Ambrosia trifida
Amorpha canescens
Andropogon gerardii
Andropogon scoparius
Anenome [Hepatica] americana
Anenome canadensis
Anenome cylindrica
Anenome [Pulsatilla] patens
Anenome quinquefolia
Anenome virginiana
Angelica atropurpurea
Antennaria neglecta
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Apocynum cannabinum
Aquilegia canadensis
Arabis canadensis
Arabis lyriata
Aralia racemosa
Arenaria stricta subsp. stricta
Arisamea triphyllum
Artemisia ludoviciana
Box Elder
Red Maple
Silver Maple
Common Yarrow
White Baneberry
Red Baneberry
Maidenhair Fern
Small‐Flowered False Foxglove
Anise Hyssop
Yellow Giant Hyssop (Threatened)
Purple Giant Hyssop
Tall Agrimony
Red Top
Bent Grass
Common Water Plantain
Nodding Wild Onion
Wild Garlid
Wild Leek
Black Alder
Wild Amaranth
Common Ragweed
Western Ragweed
Giant Ragweed
Leadplant
Big Bluestem
Little Bluestem
Hepatica
Canada Anenome
Thimbleweed
Pasque Flower
Wood Anenome
Tall Anenome
Great Angelica
Pussy Toes
Plantain‐Leaved Pussy Toes
Spreading Dogbane
Hemp Dogbane
Columbine
Sicklepod
Lyre‐Leaved Rock Cress
Spikenard
Rock Sandwort
Jack‐in‐the‐Pulpit
White Prairie Sage
CAA
GRG
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
HLS
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
HLS
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
EJJ
CAA
104
Source: N = indigenous to site, T = transplanted, S = seeded
Scientific Name
Common Name
Asclepias amplexicaulis
Asclepias exalta
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias meadii
Asclepias purpurescens
Sand Milkweed
Poke Milkweed
Swamp Milkweed
Mead's Milkweed (ENDANGERED)
Purple Milkweed (ENDANGERED)
Sullivant's Prairie Milkweed
(ENDANGERED)
Common Milkweed
Butterfly Milkweed
Whorled Milkweed
Green Milkweed
Sky Blue Aster
Drummond's Aster
Heath Aster
Smooth Aster
Calico Aster
Linear‐Leaved Aster
Large‐Leaved Aster
New England Aster
Frost Aster
Marsh Aster
Red Stem Aster
Hairy Wood Aster
Silky Aster
Short's Aster
Red‐Stem Aster
Canada Milk Vetch
Cream False Indigo
White Wild Indigo
Paper Birch
Beggar‐Ticks
Common Beggar‐Ticks
Side Oats Grama
Buffalo Grass
Long‐Awned Wood Grass
Water Shield
Fringed Brome
Woodland Brome Grass
Indian Plantain
Asclepias sullivantii
Asclepias syriaca
Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias verticilatta
Asclepias viridiflora
Aster azureus [oolentangnesis]
Aster drummondii
Aster ericoides
Aster laevis
Aster lateriflorus
Aster linariifolius
Aster macrophyllus
Aser novae‐anglae
Aster pilosus
Aster prenanthoides
Aster punecius
Aster sagittifolius
Aster sericeus
Aster shortii
Aster simplex
Astragalus canadensis
Baptisia bracteata
Baptisia leucantha
Betula papyrifera
Bidens cernuua
Bidens frondosa
Bouteloua curtipendula
Bouteloua gracilis
Brachelectrum erectum
Brasenia schreberi
Bromus ciliatus
Bromus kalmii
Cacalia [Arnoglossum] atriplicifolia
Source
Voucher
S
N,S
N
S
T
CAA
GRG
CAA
GRG
BROCK
S
N
N
N
S
N,S
S
N,S
N,S
N
N
S
S
N
N
N
S
N
S
N
S
S
S
N
S
S
N
S
N
T
N
S
S
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
DC
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
GRG
GRG
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
Cacalia suaveolens
Cacalia tuberosa
[Arnoglossum plantagineum]
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamovilfa longifolia var. longifolia
Hastate Indian Plantain (Special Concern)
S
CAA
Tuberous Indian Plantain (Threatened)
Canada Blue‐Joint Grass
Prairie Sandreed (C = 9)
N
N
N
GRG
CAA
CAA
Callirhoe triangulata
Caltha palustris
Clustered Poppy Mallow (Special Concern)
Marsh Marigold
N
N,S
GRG
CAA
105
Scientific Name
Common Name
Camassia scillioides
Campanula rotundifolia
Carya cordiformis
Carya ovata
Carex annectens xanthocarpa
Carex aquatilis
Carex bebbii
Carex bicknellii
Carex cephalopora
Carex comosa
Carex crinita
Carex eburnia
Carex granularis
Carex gravida
Carex hystericina
Carex intumescens
Carex lacustris
Carex lasiocarpa
Carex lupulina
Carex lurida
Crarex meadii
Carex muhlenbergii
Carex normalis
Carex pellita
Carex pennsylvanica
Carex rosea
Carex scoparia
Carex squarrosa
Carex stipata
Carex stricta
Carex tenera
Carex tonsa
Carex trichocarpa
Carex vulpinoidea
Castilleja sessiliflora
Caulophyllum thalictroides
Ceanothus americanus
Ceanothus herbaceous [ovatus]
Celastrus scandens
Celtis occidentalis
Ceratophyllum demersum
Chamaecrista [Cassia] fasciculata
Chenopodium album
Chlelone glabra
Cicuta maculata
Circaea lutetiana
Cirsium discolor
Cirsium hillii
Prairie Hyacinth (ENDANGERED)
Harebell
Bitternut, Yellow‐Bud Hickory
Shagbark Hickory
Small Yellow Fox Sedge
Water Sedge
Bebb's Sedge
Bicknell's Sedge
Yellow Savanna Sedge
Bristly Sedge
Nodding Yellow Sedge
Ivory Sedge
Pale Sedge
Long‐Awned Bracted Sedge
Porcupine Sedge
Shinning Bur Sedge
Lake Sedge
Narrow‐Leaved Wooly Sedge
Hop Sedge
Yellow Sedge
Mead's Sedge
Sand Bracted Sedge
Woodland Sedge
Broad‐Leaved Wooly Sedge
Pennsylvania Sedge
Curly‐Styled Wood Sedge
Nodding Sedge
Narrow‐Leaved Cattail Sedge
Brown Fox Sedge
Tussock Sedge
Fox Sedge
Parachute Sedge
Black‐Stemmed Sedge
Fox Sedge
Downy Yellow Painted Cup (C = 10)
Blue Cohosh
New Jersey Tea
Inland New Jersey Tea
Bittersweet
Hackberry
Coontail
Partridge Pea
Lamb's Quarters
Turtlehead Poison Hemlock
Broad‐Leaved Enchanter's Nightshade
Native Field Thistle
Hill's Prairie Thistle (Threatened)
Source
S
N
N
N
S
S
S
S
N
T
T,S
N
S
S
N
N
N
N
N
T
N
N, S
N
N
N
S
N
S
N
N
S
N
N
N,P
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
P
P
N
P
T
Voucher
GRG
CAA
CAA
PJM
CAA
PJM
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
PJM
CAA
PJM
EJJ
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
GRG
GRG
PJM
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
GRG
106
Scientific Name
Common Name
Cirsium mucicum
Clintonia borealis
Conzya [Erigeron] canadensis
Coreopsis palmata
Coreposis grandiflorus
Cornus racemosa
Corylus americana
Crataegus sp.
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperus lupulinus
Cyperus strigosus
Cypripedium parviflorum
Desmodium canadense
Desmodium illinoiense
Desmodium glutinosum
Dicentra cucullaria
Dodecatheon meadia
Echinacea pallida
Echinacea purpurea
Eleocharis acicularis
Elymus canadensis
Elymus hystrix
Elymus riparius
Elymus villosus
Elymus virginicus
Epilobium coloratum
Equisetum arvense
Eragrostis spectabilis
Erigeron annus
Erigeron pulchellus
Erigeron strigosus
Erechities hieracifolia
Eryngnium yuccifolium
Eupatorium altissimum
Eupatorium maculatum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium rugosum var. rugosum
Native Marsh Thistle
Blue‐Beard Lily
Horseweed
Bird's Foot Coreopsis
Coreopsis
Grey Dodwood
Hazelnut
Hawthorn
Field Nut Sedge
Sand Hop Sedge
Yellow Nut Sedge
Yellow Lady Slipper Orchid (Special Concern)
Canada Tick‐Trefoil
Illinois Tick‐Trefoil
Pointed‐Leaved Tick‐Trefoil
Dutchman's Breeches
Shooting Star
Pale Purple Coneflower (Threatened)
Purple Coneflower
Spike Rush
Canada Wild Rye
Bottle Brush Grass
Riverbank Wild Rye
Silky Wild Rye
Virginia Wild Rye
Common Willow Herb
Common Horsetail
Ticklegrass
Annual Fleabane
Robin's Plantain
Daisy Fleabane
Fireweed
Rattlesnake Master
Tall Upland Boneset
Joe‐Pye Weed
Perfoliate Boneset
Upland Purple Joe Pye Weed
White Snakeroot
Eupatorium sessilifolium
Euphorbia corollata
Fragaria vesca
Fragaria virginiana
Fraxinus americana
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Galearis spectabilis
Galium boreale
Sessile‐Leaved Boneset (Special Concern)
Flowering Spurge
Wild Strawberry
Wild Strawberry
White Ash
Green Ash
Showy Orchis
Northern Bedstraw
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
P
N
N
N
N
N
N
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
PJM
CAA
CAA
N
P
N
N
N
N,P
N
S
N
P
N
S
N
S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N,P
N
N
N
S
N,P
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
GRG
CAA
CAA
GRG
CAA
S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
CAA
SK
CAA
CAA
EJJ
DC
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
GRG
GRG
CAA
CAA
107
Scientific Name
Common Name
Galium circaezans var. hypomalacum
Galium triflorum
Gauria biennis var. biennis
Gentiana alba
Gentiana andrewsii
Gentiana andrewsii forma rhodantha
Gentiana flava
Gentiana quinquefolia
Gentianopsis crinita
Geranium maculatum
Geum allepicum
Geum canadense
Geum triflorum
Glyceria canadensis
Gnapthalium obtusifolium var. obtusifolium
Goodyera pubescens
Hackelia deflexa
Hedeoma hispida
Hedyotis [Houstonia] longifolia
Helianthemum canadense
Helianthus grosseserratus
Helianthus hirsutus
Helianthus occidentalis
Helianthus pauciflorus
Helianthus strumosis
Helianthus tuberosus
Helenium autumnale
Heliopsis helianthoides
Heuchera richardsonii
Hieracium kalmii
Hypericum pyrimidatum
Hypoxis hirsuta
Impatiens capensis
Iris virginica var. shrevei
Juglans cinerea
Juglans nigra
Juncus canadense
Juncus dudleyi
Juncus effusus
Juncus tenuis
Juniperus communis
Juniperus virginiana
Koeleria pyrimidata [cristata]
Krigia biflora
Kunhia [Brickellia] eupatoroides
Lactuca biennis
Laportea canadensis
Lathyrus palustris
Forest Bedstraw
Sweet‐Scented Bedstraw
Bee‐Blossom
Cream Gentian (Threatened)
Bottle Brush Gentian
Pink Bottle Brush Gentian
Yellow Gentian
Stiff Gentian
Fringed Gentian
Wild Geranium
Yellow Avens
White Avens
Prairie Smoke
Tall Manna Grass
Pearly Everlasting
Rattlesnake Plaintain
American Stickseed
Rough False Pennyroyal
Long‐Leaved Bluets
Rock Rose
Saw‐Toothed Sunflower
Hairy Rough Sunflower
Western Sunflower
Showy Sunflower
Woodland Sunflower
Jerusalem‐Artichoke
Sneezeweed
Woodland Sunflower
Alum Root
Canada Hawkweed
Great St. John's Wort
Yellow Star Grass
Jewelweed
Blue Flag Iris
Butternut (Special Concern)
Black Walnut
Canada Rush
Dudley's Rush
Rush
Path Rush
Common Juniper
Eastern Red Cedar
June Grass
Two‐Flowered cynthia
False Boneset
Wild Lettuce
Canada Wood Nettle
Marsh Pea
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
T
S
N,S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S
S
N
N,S
S
N
S
N
N
N,T
N
N
S
S
N
N
N
N
P
N
N
N
N
N
EJJ
CAA
CAA
GRG
CAA
JVA
CAA
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ, CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
CAA
GRG
EJJ
EJJ
108
Scientific Name
Common Name
Leersia oryzoides
Lemna minor
Lepidium virginicum
Lespedeza capitata
Liatris aspera
Liatris cylindracea
Liatris ligulistylus
Liatris pychnostachya
Lilium superbum
Lithospermum canescens
Lithospermum incisium
Lobelia cardnalis
Lobelia inflata
Lobelia siphilitica
Lupinis perennis
Lycopus americanus
Lysmachia lanceolata
Lythrum alatum
Maianthemum canadense
Mentha arvensis
Mertensia virginica
Mimulus ringens
Monarda fistulosa
Monarda punctata
Monotropa uniflora
Muhlenbergia racemosa
Muhlenbergia schreberi
Napaea dioica
Nelumbo lutea
Nothocalais [Microseris] cuspidata
Nymphaea odorata
Oenothera biennis
Onosmodium [molle] bejariense var. occidentalis
Rice Cut Grass
Common Duckweed
Virginia Pepperweed
Bushclover
Prairie Blazing Star
Cylindrical Blazing Star
Meadow Blazing Star
Turk's Cap Lily
Hoary Pucoon (C = 10)
Pucoon
Cardinal Flower
Indian Tobacco
Great Blue Lobelia
Wild Lupine
Water Horehound
Lance‐Leaved Loosestrife
Winged Loosestrife
Wild Lily of the Valley
Common Marsh Mint
Virginia Bluebells
Monkeyflower
Wild Bergamont
Horsemint
Indian Pipe
Upland Wild Timothy
Nimble‐Will Muhly
Glade Mallow (Special Concern)
Water Lotus
Prairie Dandelion (Threatened)
White Water Lily
Common Evening Primrose
Opuntia humifusa
Osmorhiza claytonii
Osmorhiza longistylis
Oxalis stricta
Oxalis violacea
Panax quinquefolius
Panicum capillare
Panicum [Dichanthelium] depauperata
Panicum [Dichanthelium] liebergii
Panicum [Dichanthelium] oligosanthes
Panicum virgatum
Parietaria pennsylvanica
Parthenium integrifolium
Marbleseed (SGCN)
Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus (Special Concern)
Hairy Sweet Cicely
Sweet Cicely
Yellow Wood Sorrel
Violet Wood Sorrel
American Ginseng (Special Concern)
Witch Grass
Panic Grass
Lieberg's Panic Grass (C = 10)
Schribner's Panic Grass
Switchgrass
Pennsylvania Pellitory
Wild Quinine (Threatened)
Source
Voucher
P
N
N
N,P
N,P
N,P
S
N,P
N
N
N
T
S
N,P
S
N,S
N
S
N
N
S
S
N
N
N
S
N
N
T
T
T
N,P
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
GRG
CAA
EJJ
EJJ
CAA
DC
HLS
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
HLS
GRG
CAA
N
CAND
T
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N,S
N
N,S
N
N
EJJ
EJJ
CAA
HLS
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
GRG
109
Scientific Name
Common Name
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Paspalum ciliatifolium
Pedicularis canadensis
Pediomelum esculentum
Pellaea glabella subsp. glabella
Penstemon digitalis
Penstemon grandiflorus
Penthorum sedoides
Petalostemum [Dalea] candida
Petalostemum [Dalea] purpurea
Phlox pilosa
Phlox divaricata
Physalis heterophylla
Physalis virginianum
Virginia Creeper
Hairy Lens Grass
Wood Betony
Prairie Turnip (Threatened)
Smooth Cliffbreak (C = 9)
Smooth Pennstemon
Beardtongue
Ditch Stonecrop
White Prairie Clover
Purple Prairie Clover
Downy Phlox
Wild Blue Phlox
Ground Cherry
Virginia Ground Cherry
Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid
(ENDANGERED)
Canada Bluegrass
Patterson's Bluegrass (Threatened)
Marsh Bluegrass
May Apple
Seneca Snakeroot
Solomon's Seal
Downy Solomon's Seal
Water Smartweed
Pennsylvania Smartweed
Smartweed
Common Purslane
Floating‐Leaf Pondweed
Pondweed
Sago Pondweed
Prairie Cinquefoil
Rough Cinquefoil
Common Cinquefoil
Rattlesnake Root
Wild Plum
Wild Black Cherry
Virginia Mountain Mint
Wax‐Flower Shin Leaf
White Oak
Bur Oak
Red Oak
Black Oak
Kidneyleaf Buttercup
Early Buttercup
Swamp Buttercup
Blisterwort
Prairie Buttercup
Cursed Crow Foot
Platanthera leucophaea
Poa compressa
Poa paludigena
Poa palustris
Podophyllum peltatum
Polygala senega
Polygonatum biflorum
Polygonatum pubescens
Polygonum amphibium
Polygonum pennsylvanicum
Polygonum sp.
Portulaca oleracea
Potamogeton natans
Potamogeton nodosus
Potamogeton pectinatus
Potentilla arguta
Potentilla norvegica
Potentilla simplex
Prenanthes alba
Prunus americana
Prunus serotina
Pycnanthemum virginianum
Pyrola elliptica
Quercus alba
Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus rubra
Quercus velutina
Ranunculus abortivus
Ranunculus fascicularis
Ranunculus hispidus
Ranunculus recurvatus
Ranunculus rhomboidens
Ranunculus sceleratus
Source
Voucher
N
S
N
N
N
N,S
N,S
S
N
N
S
S
N
N
CAA
T
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N,T
T
T
N
N
N
N
N
N
N,S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
GRG
CAA
CAA, EJJ
CAA
PJM
CAA
CAA
CAA
DC
JVA
EJJ
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA, DC
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
DC
EJJ
110
Source
Scientific Name
Common Name
Ratibida columnifera
Ratibida pinnata
Rosa arkasana
Rubus allegheniensis
Rubus idaeus
Rubus occidentalis
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia subtomentosa
Rudbeckia triloba
Ruellia humilis
Rumex orbiculatus [britannica]
Sagittaria latifolia
Sagittaria rigida
Salix bebbiana
Salix nigra
Sambucus canadensis
Sanguinaria canadensis
Saxifragia pensylvanica
Schoenoplectus [Scirpus]
tabernaemontani [validus]
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus atrovirens
Scirpus cyperinus
Scirpus [Schenobulbus] fluviatilis
Scirpus microcarpus
Scirpus pungens
Scrophularia lanceolata
Scuttelaria galericulata
Scuttelaria parvula var. missouriensis
Senecio aureus
Sicyos angulatus
Silene antiffhina
Silphium integrifolium
Silphium laciniatum
Silphium perfoliatum
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Sisyrichium campestre
Smilacina racemosa
Smilacina stellata
Smilax ecipphata
Smilax herbacea
Smilax hispida
Solidago canadensis
Solidago flexicaulis
Solidago gigantea
Solidago [Euthamia] graminifolia
Solidago juncea
Long‐Headed Coneflower
Yellow Coneflower
Dwarf Prairie Rose
Blackberry
Red Raspberry
Black Raspberry
Black‐Eyed Susan
Cut‐Leaved Coneflower
Sweet Black‐Eyed Susan
Brown‐Eyed Susan
Hairy Wild Petunia (ENDANGERED)
Great Water Dock
Arrowhead
Rigid Arrowhead
Bebb's Willow
Black Willow
Elderberry
Blood Root
Eastern Swamp Saxifrage
S
N,S
N
N
N
N
N,S
N,S
S
S
N
N
N,P
N
N
N
N
N
N
Soft‐Stem Bulrush
Three‐Square Rush
Green Bulrush
Woolgrass
River Bulrush
Barberpole Sedge
Bulrush
Early Figwort
Marsh Skullcap
Leonard's Skullcap
Golden Ragwort
Bur‐Cucumber
Sleepy Catchfly
Rosinweed
Compass Plant
Cup Plant
Prairie Dock
Blue‐Eyed Grass
Solomon's Plume
Starry False Solomon's Seal
Upright Carrion Flower
Jacob's Ladder
Greenbriar
Canada Goldenrod
Zig‐Zag Goldenrod
Giant Goldenrod
Grass‐Leaved Goldenrod
Early Goldenrod
N
S
N,S
N,S
S
S
T
S
N
N
N
N
N
N,S
N,S
N,S
N,S
N
S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S
S
Voucher
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
EJJ
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
DC
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
111
Scientific Name
Common Name
Solidago missouriensis
Solidago nemoralis
Solidago ohiensis
Solidago ridellii
Solidago rigida
Solidago speciosa
Solidago ulmifolia
Sorghastrum nutans
Sparganium eurycarpum
Sparganium angustifolium
Spartina pectinata
Missouri Goldenrod
Grey Goldenrod
Ohio Goldenrod
Ridell's Goldenrod
Rigid Goldenrod
Showy Goldenrod
Elm‐Leaved Goldenrod
Indiangrass
Common Bur‐Reed
Grass‐Leaved Bur‐Reed
Prairie Cordgrass
Casey's Lady's Tresses (Conservation Concern Species)
Meadowsweet
Large Duckweed
Sand Dropseed (C = 10)
Prairie Dropseed
Woodland Hedge Nettle
Needlegrass
Yellow Pimpernel
Fame Flower (Special Concern)
Tall Meadow Rue
Rue Anenome
Basswood, Linden
Poison Ivy
Western Spiderwort
Ohio Spiderwort
Noding Trillium
Large‐Flowered Trillium
Venus' Looking Glass
Tinker's‐Weed
Cattail
Slippery Elm
Nettle
Bellwort
Blue Vervain
Hoary Vervain
White Vervain
Ironweed
Culver's Root
High Bush Cranberry
Prairie Violet (C = 9)
Bird's Foot Violet
Palm‐Leaved Violet
Yellow Violet
Wood Violet
Wild Grape
Prickly Ash
Spiranthes casei var. casei
Spirea alba
Spirodela polyrhiza
Sporobolous cryptandrus
Sporobolous heterolepis
Stachys tenuifolia
Stipa spartea
Taenidia integerrima
Talinum rugospermum
Thalictrum dasycarpum
Thalictrum thalictroides
Tilia americana
Toxicodendron radicans
Tradescantia occidentalis
Tradescantia ohiensis
Trillium cernuum
Trillium grandiflorum
Triodanis perfoliata
Triosetum perfoliatum
Typha latifolia
Ulmus rubra
Urtica dioica
Uvularia grandiflora
Verbena hastata
Verbena stricta
Verbena urticifolia
Veronia fasciculata
Veronicastrum virginicum
Viburnum sp.
Viola pedatifida
Viola pedata
Viola palmata
Viola pubescens Viola sororia
Vitis sp.
Xanthoxylum americanum
Source
Voucher
N
N
S
S
N,S
N,S
N
N,S
S
N
S
EJJ
CAA
N
N
N
N,S
N
N
N
N,S
S
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S
N
N
N
N?
N
N
N
N
CAA
CAA
GRG
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA/SK
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
DC
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
GRG
CAA
CAA
EJJ
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
CAA
112
Source
Voucher
Heart‐Leaved Golden Alexander (C = 9)
Golden Alexander
N
N
EJJ
EJJ
Black Morel Mushroom
White Oak Bark Fungus
N
N
HLS, GRG
CAA
Tiger Salamander
American Toad
Painted Turtle
Snapping Turtle
Blue Racer
Blanding's Turtle (Threatened)
Map Turtle
Cope's Gray Treefrog
Eastern Gray Treefrog
Eastern Milk Snake
Northern Watersnake
Bullsnake (Protected Wild Animal)
Northern Spring Peeper
Northern Chorus Frog
Northern Green Frog
Pickerel Frog (SC)
Northern Leopard Frog
Northern Brown Snake
Northern Red‐Bellied Snake
Common Garter Snake
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
CAA
JMK
JMK
JMK
RH
GRG
GRG
JMK, DC
JMK, DC
JMK
JMK
JMK
JMK, DC
CAA
JMK, DC
JMK
JMK
JMK
JMK
JMK
Short‐Tailed Shrew
Coyote
American Beaver
Opossum
River Otter
Woodchuck, Groundhog
Prairie Vole (Special Concern)
Meadow Vole
American Mink
White‐Tailed Deer
Muskrat
White‐Footed Mouse/Deer Mouse
Northern Racoon
Grey Squirrel
Brown Squirrel, Fox Squirrel
Masked Shrew
Thirteen‐Lined Ground Squirrel
Eastern Cottontail Rabbit
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
JL
GRG
HLS
HLS
HLS
HLS
JL
JL/RBS
HLS
HLS
HLS
JL/RBS
HLS
CAA
CAA
RBS
JL
RBS
Scientific Name
Common Name
ZizIa aptera
Zizia aurea
Fungi
Morchella esculenta
Aleurodiscus sp.
Herpetofauna
Ambystoma sp.
Bufo americanus
Chrysemys picta
Chelydra serpentina
Coluber constrictor
Emydoidea blandingii
Graptemys geographica
Hyla chrysoscelis
Hyla versicolor
Lampropeltis triangulatum triangulum
Nerodia sipedon
Pituophis catenifer sayi
Pseudacris crucifer crucifer
Pseudacris maculata
Rana clamitans melanota
Rana palustris
Rana pipens pipens
Storeria dekayi dekayi
Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis
Mammalia
Blarina brevicauda
Canis latrans
Castor canadensis
Didelphis virginiana
Lutra canadensis
Marmota monax
Microtus ochrogaster
Microtus pensylvanicus
Neovison vison
Odocoileus virginianus
Ondatra zibethicus
Peromyscus leucopus
Procyon lotor
Sciurus carolinensis
Sciurus niger
Sorex cinereus
Spermophilus tridecemilineatus
Sylvilagus floridanus
113
Source
Voucher
Eastern Chipmunk
North American Badger
Red Fox
Meadow Jumping Mouse
N
N
N
N
RBS
HLS
HLS
JL/RBS
Spotted Sandpiper
Red‐Winged Blackbird
Wood Duck
Grasshopper Sparrow (Special Concern)
American Widgeon (Conservation Concern Species)
Northern Shoveler
Green‐Winged Teal
Blue‐Winged Teal (Special Concern)
Gadwall
Mallard (WAP Species)
Ruby‐Throated Hummingbird
Great Egret (Special Concern)
Great Blue Heron (Special Concern)
Redhead
Tufted Titmouse
Cedar Waxwing
Waxwing
Grouse
Canada Goose
Great Horned Owl
Bufflehead
Common Goldeneye
Red‐Tailed Hawk
Green Heron
Northern Cardinal
Hermit Thrush
American Goldfinch
Turkey Vulture
Brown Creeper
Belted Kingfisher
Chimney Swift
Killdeer
Sedge Wren (Special Concern)
Yellow‐Billed Cuckoo (SGCN)
Northern Flicker
Olive‐Sided Flycatcher (SGCN)
Eastern Wood‐Pewee
American Crow
Blue Jay
Yellow‐Rumped Warbler
Palm Warbler
N
N
N
N
KK
KT, KK
KT, KK
KT
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
HLS
HLS
HLS
HLS
KT
HLS
KT
HLS
HLS
HLS
KT, KK
KT
KT
HLS
HLS
HLS
HLS
HLS
HLS
HLS
KT, KK
KT
KT
KT, CAA
KT
KT, DC
KT, KK
KT, KK
BRB, KK
KT
KT, KK
KT
KT, KK
KK
KK
KT
KT
Scientific Name
Common Name
Tamias striatus
Taxidea taxus
Vulpes vulpes
Zapus hudsonius
Avian
Actitis macularia
Agelaius phoeniceus
Aix sponsa
Ammodramus savannarum
Anas americana
Anas clypeata
Anas crecca
Anas discors
Anas streoera
Anas platyrhynchos
Archilochus colubris
Ardea alba
Ardea herodias
Aythya americana
Baeolophus bicolor
Bombycilla cedrorum
Bombycilla garrulus
Bonasa umbellus
Branta canadensis
Bubo virginianus
Bucephala albeola
Bucephala clangula
Buteo jamaicensis
Butorides virescens
Cardnalis cardnalis
Catharus ustulatus
Carduelis tristis
Cathartes aura
Certhia americana
Ceryle alcyon
Chaetura pelagica
Charadrius vociferus
Cistothorus platensis
Coccyzus americanus
Colaptes auratus
Contopus cooperi
Contopus virens
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Cyanocitta cristata
Dendroica coronata
Dendroica palmarum
114
Scientific Name
Common Name
Dendroica petechia
Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Dumetella carolinensis
Egretta thula
Empidonax traillii
Geothlypis trichas
Grus canadensis
Yellow Warbler
Bobolink (SGCN)
Gray Catbird
Snowy Egret (SGCN)
Willow Flycatcher (SGCN)
Common Yellowthroat
Sandhill Crane
American Bald Eagle (Protected Wild Animal)
Barn Swallow
Wood Thrush (SGCN)
Baltimore Oriole
Orchard Oriole
Dark‐Eyed Junco
Hooded Merganzer
American Merganzer
Red‐Bellied Woodpecker
Red‐Headed Woodpecker (Threatened)
Wild Turkey
Swamp Sparrow
Song Sparrow
Brown‐Headed Cowbird
Great Crested Flycatcher
Kentucky Warbler (SGCN)
Eastern Screech Owl
Indigo Bunting
Ring‐Necked Pheasant
Rose‐Breasted Grosbeak
Downy Woodpecker
Hairy Woodpecker
Eastern Towhee
Scarlet Tanger
Pied‐Bill Greeb
Black‐Capped Chickadee
Blue‐Gray Gnatcatcher
Sora Rail
Prothonatory Warbler (Special Concern)
Common Grackle
Eastern Phoebe
Woodcock (SGCN)
Ovenbird
American Redstart
Eastern Bluebird
Red‐Breasted Nuthatch
White‐Breasted Nuthatch
American Goldfinch
Chipping Sparrow
Field Sparrow (Special Concern)
Heliaetus leucocephalis
Hirundo rustica
Hylocichla mustelina
Icterus galbula
Icterus spurius
Junco hyemalis
Lophodytes cucullatus
Merganser americanus
Melanerpes carolinus
Melanerpes erythrocephalus
Meleagris gallopavo
Melospiza georgiana
Melospiza melodia
Molothrus ater
Myiarus crinitus
Oporornis formosus
Otus asio
Passerina cyanea
Phasianus colchicus
Pheucticus ludovicianus
Picoides pubescens
Picoides villosus
Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Piranga olivacea
Podilymbus podiceps
Poecile atricapilla
Polioptila caerulea
Porzana carolina
Protonotaria citrea
Quiscalus quiscula
Sayornis phoebe
Scolopax minor
Seiurus aurocapilla
Setophaga ruticilla
Sialia sialis
Sitta canadensis
Sitta carolinensis
Spinus tristis
Spizella passerina
Spizella pusilla
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KT
KT
KT, KK
HLS
KT, KK
KT, KK
HLS
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SR
KT, KK
KT, KK
KT, KK
KT
KT
HLS
HLS
KT, KK
DP, GRG, CAA
HLS
KT, KK
KT, DC, KK
KT, KK
KT, KK
KT
KT
KT, KK
HLS
KT, KK
KT, KK
KT
KT
KT, DP, KK
DC
KT, KK
KT, KK
DC
CC
KT, KK
KT
CAA, HLS
KT, KK
KT, KK
KT, KK
KT
KT, KK
KK
KT, KK
KT, DC, KK
115
Source
Voucher
Northern Rough‐Winged Swallow
Barred Owl
Eastern Meadowlark (SGCN)
Tree Swallow
Brown Thrasher (SGCN)
Greater Yellow Legs
Lesser Yellow Legs
House Wren
American Robin
Eastern Kingbird
Blue‐Winged Warbler (SGCN)
Yellow‐Throated Vireo
Warbling Vireo
Red‐Eyed Vireo
Yellow‐Headed Blackbird
Mourning Dove
White‐Throated Sparrow
White‐Throated Sparrow
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KT
KT
KT, DC, KK
KT, DC, KK
KT
HLS
HLS
KT, KK
KT
KT
KT
KT, KK
KK
KT, KK
KT
KT
KT, DC
KT
Calico Crayfish
N
CAA
[Taxomony in progress]
Eyed Click Beetle
Lady Beetle
N
N
N
DY
AT
KEJ
N
KEJ
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
Scientific Name
Common Name
Stelgidoperyx serripennis
Strix varia
Sturuella magna
Tachycineta bicolor
Taxostoma rufum
Tringa melanoleuca
Tringa flavipes
Troglodytes aedon
Turdis migratorius
Tyrannus tyrannus
Vermivora pinus
Vireo flavifrons
Vireo gilvus
Vireo olivaceus
Xanthocephalus xanothocephalus
Zenaida macroura
Zonotrichia albicollis
Zonotrichia querula
Crustacea ‐ Decapoda (Crayfish)
Orconectes (Trisellescens) immunis
Insecta ‐ Coleoptera (Beetles)
(103 families)
Alaus oculatus
Harmonia axyridis
Insecta ‐ Hemiptera (Leafhoppers and Planthoppers)
Metcalfa pruinosa
Citrus‐Flatid Planthopper
Insecta: Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)
Andrenidae
Aphelinidae
Apidae
Apidae Ceratina dupla Say
Bethyliidae
Braconidae
Braconidae (Alysiinae)
Braconidae (Cheloninae)
Braconidae (Euphorinae)
Braconidae (Helconinae)
Braconidae (Microgastrinae)
Ceraphronidae
Chalcididae
Charipidae
Chrysididae
Colletidae
116
Scientific Name
Crabronidae
Cynipidae
Diapriidae
Dryinidae
Encyrtidae
Eucoilidae
Eulophidae
Eurytomidae
Figitidae
Formica sp.
Formica exsectoides
Halictidae
Halictidae Dialictus sp.
Halictidae Lasioglossum sp.
Halictidae Sphecodes sp.
Ichneumonidae
Megachillidae
Megaspilidae
Mutilidae
Mymaridae
Pergidae
Platygastridae
Pompilidae (Pompilinae)
Pteromalidae
Scelionidae
Sierolomorphidae
Signiphoridae
Specidae
Stephanidae: Megischus sp.
Tenthrenidae
Tiphiidae
Trichrgrammatidae
Vespidae
Unidentified
Common Name
Scaffold Ant
Allegheny Scaffold Ant
Stephanid Wasp
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
DC
DC
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
KMK
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
Insecta ‐ Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies)
Abagrotis alternata
Abagrotis cupida
Abrostola urentis
Acanalonia conica
Achyra rantalis
Acleris bowmanana
Acleris semipurpurana
Acrolophus sp.
Acronicta hasta
Acronicta interrupta
Acronicta lobeliae
Acronicta ovata
Mottled Grey Cutworm Moth
Cupid Dart Moth
Spectacled Nettle Moth
Planthopper Moth
Dark‐Spotted Moth
Tort Moth
Yellow Tort Moth
Burrowing Webworm Moth
Cherry Dagger Moth
Interrupted Dagger Moth
Lobelia Dagger Moth
Ovate Dagger Moth
117
Scientific Name
Common Name
Acronicta rubricoma
Actias luna
Aethes angulatana
Aglossa cuprina
Agnorisma badinodis
Agonopterix clemensella
Agonopterix nigrinotella
Agonopterix pulvipennella
Agonopterix robiniella
Agonopterix thelmae
Agriphila vulgivagellus
Agrochloa bicolorago
Agrotis gladiaria Agrotis ipsilon
Agrotis venerabilis
Aletia oxygala
Allagrapha aerea
Alsophila pometaria
Amolita fessa
Amorpha juglandis
Amphipoea sp.
Amphipyra pyramidoides Amphipyra tragopoginis Anageshna primordialis
Anagrapha falcifera
Anavitrinella pampinaria
Ancyloxypha numitor
Anicia illapsa
Antaeotricha schlaegeri
Antheraea polyphemus
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Anticlea multiferata
Apamea amputatrix
Apamea dubitans
Apamea lignicolora
Apantesis phalerata
Apatelodes torrefacta
Apoda buguttata
Apoda y‐inversum
Aristotelia roseosuffusella
Argyresthia oreasella
Argyrotaenia quercifoliana
Asterocampa celtis
Atalopedes campestres
Athetis miranda
Atteva aurea
Atteva punctella
Autographa precationis
Ruddy Dagger Moth
Luna Moth
Angular Aethes
Grease Moth
Pale‐Banded Dart Moth
Clemens's Agonopterix
Walsingham's Agonopterix Moth
Featherduster Agonopterix Moth
Four‐Dotted Agonopterix Moth
Thelma's Agonopterix Moth
Vagabond Crambus Moth
Dot Moth
Swordsman Dart Moth
Black Cutworm Moth
Dusky Cutworm Moth
Bog Grass Moth
Unspotted Looper Moth
Fall Cankerworm Moth
Feeble Grass Moth
Walnut Sphinx
Ear Moth
Copper Underwing Moth
Mouse Moth
Yellow‐Spotted Webworm
Celery Looper
Common Grey Moth
Least Skipper Butterfly
Reaper Dart Moth
Schlaeger's Fruitworm Moth
Polyphemus Moth
Velvetbean Caterpillar Moth
Many‐Lined Carpet Moth
Yellow‐Headed Cutworm Moth
Doubtful Apamea Moth
Wood‐Colored Quaker Moth
Harnessed Moth
Spotted Apatelodes Moth
Shagreened Slug Moth
Yellow‐Colored Slug Moth
Garden Webworm, Clover Aristotelia
Cherry Shoot Borer Moth
Oak Leaf Roller Moth
Hackberry Emperor Moth
Sachem Butterfly
Miranda Moth
Ermine Moth
Ailanthus Webworm Moth
Common Looper Moth
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ and LF
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
118
Scientific Name
Common Name
Baileya australis
Baileya levitans
Balsa tristrigella
Besma quercivoraria
Bleptina caradrinalis
Boloria bellona
Baloria selene
Bucculatrix angustata
Caenurgia chloropha
Caenurgina crassiuscula
Caenurgina erechtea
Calledapterxy dryopterata
Calophasia lunula
Callophrys gryneus
Small Baileya Moth
Pale Baileya Moth
Three‐Lined Balsa Moth
Oak Besma Moth
Bent‐Winged Owlet Moth
Meadow Fritillary Butterfly
Silver‐Bordered Fritillary Butterfly
Ribbed Cocoon‐Maker Moth
Vetch Looper Moth
Range Grass Moth
Forage Looper Moth
Calledapterxy Moth
Toadflax Brocade Moth
Juniper Hairstreak Butterfly (Special Concern)
Promethea Moth
Leaf Roller
Maple Leaf Roller
Canadian Owlet Moth
Oak Leaf Miner
Pale Beauty Moth
Curved Halter Moth
Girlfriend Underwing Moth
Charming Underwing Moth
Darling Underwing Moth
Habilis Underwing Moth
Ilia Underwing
Little Bride Underwing Moth
Little Underwing Moth
Bride Underwing Moth
Obscure Underwing Moth
Oldwife Underwing Moth
Mother Underwing Moth
Yellow‐Grey Underwing Moth
Underwing Moth
Underwing Moth
Reniform Sedge Moth
Spring Azure
Reticulated Fruitworm Moth
Elm Sphinx
Waved Sphinx
Common Wood‐Nymph
Tufted Bird‐Dropping Moth
Black‐Smudged Chionodes Moth
Blackberry Looper
Oblique‐Banded Leafroller
Soybean Looper
Topiary Grass Veneer Moth
Callosamia promethea
Caloptilia belfrageella
Caloptilia umbratella
Calyptra canadensis
Cameraria conglomeratella
Campaea perlata
Capis curvata
Catocala amica
Catocala blandula
Catocala cara Catocala habilis
Catocala ilia
Catocala micronympha
Catocala minuta
Catocala neogama
Catocala obscura
Catocala palaeogama
Catocala parta
Catocala retecta Catocala serena
Catocala ultronia
Celaena reniformis Celastrina ladon neglecta
Cenopis reticulatana
Ceratomia amyntor
Ceratomia undulosa
Cercyonis pegala
Cerma cerintha
Chionodes thoraceochrella
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria
Choristoneura rosaceana
Chrysodeixis includens
Chrysoteucha topiaria
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ, KL/DL, LF
KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
AT
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
GRG Coll.
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
119
Scientific Name
Common Name
Cisseps fulvicollis Cissusa spadix
Clemensia albata
Clostera apicalis
Clostera strigosa
Coleophora trifolii
Colias eurytheme
Colias philodice philodice
Coryphista meadii
Cosmia calami
Cosmopteri x sp.
Costaconvexa centrostrigaria Crambodes talidiformis
Crambidia pallida Crambus agitatellus
Crambus albellus
Crambus leachellus
Ctenoplusia oxygramma
Ctenucha virginica
Cucullia asteroides
Cupido comyntas
Danaus plexpppus
Darapsa choerilus
Darapsa myron
Datana angusii
Datana integerrima
Decantha boreasella
Decodes macdunnoughi
Deidamia inscriptum
Depressaria pastinacella
Desmia funeralis
Diachrysia balluca
Diaphania hyalinata
Dichomeris flavocostella
Dichomeris furia
Dichomeris ligulella
Dichomeris ventrella
Dicymolomia julianalis
Diedra cockerellana
Dyspteris abortivaria
Eacles imperialis
Ectropis crepuscularia
Elachista sp.
Elaphria chalcedonia
Elaphria versicolor
Ennomos magnaria
Eoreuma densella
Epiblema tandana
Yellow‐Covered Scape Moth
Black‐Dotted Brown Moth
Little White Lichen Moth
Apical Prominent Moth
Striped Chocolate‐Tipped Moth
Large Clover Casebearer Moth
Orange Sulfur
Clouded Sulfur
Barberry Geometer Moth
American Dun‐Bar Moth
Cosmopterix Moth
Bent‐Line Carpet Moth
Verbena Moth
Pale Lichen Moth
Little Grass Moth
Small White Grass‐Veneer Moth
Leache's Grass‐Veneer Moth
Sharp Stigma Looper Moth
Virginia Ctenucha Moth
Goldenrod Hooded Owlet Moth
Eastern Tailed Blue Butterfly
Monarch Butterfly
Azalea Sphinx Moth
Virginia Creeper Sphinx Moth
Angus's Datana Moth
Walnut Caterpillar Moth
Reticulated Decantha Moth
McDunn's Tortricid Moth
Lettered Sphinx Moth
Parsnip Webworm Moth
Grape Leafhopper
Green‐Patched Looper Moth
Melonworm Moth
Cream‐Bordered Dichomeris Moth
Dichomeris Moth
Juniper Webworm Moth
Dichomeris Moth
Julia's Dicymolomia Moth
Cockerell's Moth
Bad‐Wing Moth
Imperial Moth
Small Engrailed Moth
Grass Miner Moth
Chalcedony Midget Moth (Rare)
Variegated Midget Moth
Maple Spanworm Moth
Wainscot Grass‐Veneer Moth
Kearfott's Epiblema Moth
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and KL/DL
KEJ/KL‐DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
GRG Coll.
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
GRG Coll.
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
120
Scientific Name
Common Name
Epicallima argenticinctella
Epiglaea decliva
Epinotia lindana
Epirrhoe alternata
Orange‐Headed Epicallima Moth
Sloping Sallow Moth
Diamondback Epinotia Moth
White‐Banded Toothed Carpet Moth
Columbine Duskywing Moth (Special Concern)
Dusky Wing Moth
Salt Marsh Moth
Milkweed Tiger Moth
Scalloped Sallow Moth
Triangle‐Backed Eucosma Moth
Giant Silphium Eucosma Moth
Beautiful Wood Nymph Moth
Pearly Wood Nymph Moth
Snowy Geometer Moth
Lesser Grapevine Looper Moth
Greater Grapevine Looper Moth
Broad‐Banded Eulogia Moth
Pandorus Sphinx
Baltimore Checkerspot (Rare)
Black Dash
Common Goldenrod Eupithecia Moth
Morrison's Sallow Moth
Three‐Spotted Sallow Moth
Straight‐Tooth Sallow Moth
Little Yellow
Confused Eusarca Moth
Spotted Peppergrass Moth
Dogwood Thyatirid Moth
Scholastic Dart Moth
Tessellate Dart Moth
Fleece‐Winged Dart Moth
Pink Streak Moth (Special Concern)
Dingy Cutworm Moth
Subgothic Dart Moth
Common Earwing Moth
White Furcula Moth
Grey Furcula Moth
Long Snout Moth
Wedgling Moth
Grape Plume Moth
Common Gluphisia Moth
Chamber's Narrow‐Winged Moth
Arge Moth
Tiger Moth
Gray‐Flanked Gretchena Moth
Chickweed Geometer Moth
Banded Tussock Moth
Erynnis lucilius
Erynnis tiliaria Estigmene acrea
Euchaetes egle
Eucirroedia pampina
Eucosma dorsisignatana
Eucosma giganteana
Eudryas grata
Eudryas unio
Eugonobapta nivosaria
Eulithis diversilineata
Eulithis gracilineata Eulogia ochrifrontella
Eumorpha pandorus
Euphydryas phaeton
Euphyes conspicua
Eupithecia miserulata
Eupsilia morrisoni
Eupsilia tristigmata
Eupsilia vinulenta
Eurema lisa
Eusarca confusaria
Eustixia pupula Euthyatira pudens
Euxoa scholastica
Euxoa tessellata
Euxoa velleripennis
Faronta [Dargida] rubripennis
Feltia jaculifera Feltia subgothica
Forficula auricularia
Furcula borealis
Furcula cinerea
Donacaula sp.
Galgula partita
Geina sp.
Gluphisia septentrionis
Glyphipterix circumscriptella
Grammia arge
Grammia virgo
Gretchena bolliana
Haematopis grataria
Halysidota tessellaris
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ and KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and KL/DL
AT
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
AT
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
121
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
Hesperia leonardus
Leconte's Hapola Moth
Reversed Hapola Moth
Harris's Three‐Spot Owlet Moth
Corn Earworm Moth
Common Spring Moth
Cambrid Snout Moth
Bold‐Feathered Grass Moth
Zigzag Herpetogramms Moth
Leonard's Skipper Butterfly (Special Concern)
N
KEJ/GRG Coll.
Hesperia ottoe
Heterocampa guttivitta
Heterocampa obliqua
Holomelina aurantiaca
Horisme intestinata
Hydraecia immanis Hylephila phyleus
Hyles lineata
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Hypena scabra
Hypenodes sp.
Hypercompe scribonia
Hypoprepia fucosa
Hypoprepia miniata
Hyppa xylinoides
Hypsopygia costalis
Idaea demissaria
Idia aemula
Idia americalis
Idia lubricalis
Idia majoralis
Ipimorpha pleonectusa
Iridopsis larvaria
Isogona tenuis
Isturgia dislocaria
Itama pustularia
Junonia coenia
Lacinipolia implicata
Lacinipolia meditata
Lacinipolia renigera
Lacinipolia subjuncta
Lemmeria digitalis Lethe eurydice
Leucania commoides
Leucania inermis
Leucania linda Leucania multilinea Ottoe Skipper Butterfly (Special Concern)
Saddled Prominent Moth
Oblique Heterocampa Moth
Orange Holomelina Moth
Brown Bark Carpet Moth
Hop Vine Borer Moth
Fiery Skipper Butterfly
White‐Lined Sphinx
One‐Spotted Variant Moth
Green Cloverworm Moth
Broken‐Line Moth
Giant Leopard Moth
Painted Lichen Moth
Scarlet‐Winged Lichen Moth
Common Hyppa Moth
Gold Triangle Moth
Red‐Bordered Wave Moth
Waved Tabby Moth
American Snout Moth
Glossy Black Idia Moth
Greater Idia Moth
Even‐Lined Sallow Moth
Bent‐Line Grey Moth
Thin‐Lined Owlet Moth
Pale‐Veined Isturgia Moth
Sailing Dinghies Moth
Common Buckeye Butterfly
Implicit Arches Moth
Thinker Moth
Minor Birstly Cutworm Moth
Brown Arches Moth
Fingered Lemmeria Moth
Eyed Brown
Wainscot Moth
Unarmed Wainscot Moth
Linda Wainscot Moth
Many‐Lined Wainscot Moth
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
GRG Coll.
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ, KL/DL, LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
Scientific Name
Common Name
Haploa lecontei
Haploa reversa
Harrisimemna trisignata
Helicoverpa zea
Heliomata cycladata
Herpetogramma abdominalis
Herpetogramma pertextalis
Herpetogramma thestialis
122
Scientific Name
Common Name
Leucania phragmitidicola
Leucania pseudargyria
Leucania ursula
Leucomele miriamella
Leuconycta diphtheroides
Limenitis archippus
Limnaecia phragmitella
Lineodes integra
Lintneria eremitus
Lithophane antennata
Lithophane bethunei
Lithophane franclemonti
Phragmites Wainscot Moth
False Wainscot Moth
Ursula Wainscot Moth
Tineid Moth
Green Leuconycta Moth
Viceroy Butterfly
Shy Cosmet Moth
Eggplant Leafroller Moth
Hermit Sphinx Moth
Ashen Pinion Moth
Bethune's Pinion Moth
Franclemont's Pinion Moth (New to Wisconsin)
Grote's Pinion Moth
Hemina Pinion Moth
Oriunda Pinion Moth
Downy Pinion Moth
Veiled Ear Moth
Alfalfa Webworm Moth
Beet Webworm Moth
Bronze Copper Butterfly (Rare)
American Copper Butterfly
Bog Lygropia Moth
Gypsy Moth
Common Lytrosis Moth
Many‐Lined Angle Moth
Gold‐Striped Leaf Moth
Slant‐Lined Fan Foot Moth
Bronzy Macrochilo Moth
Orbed Narrow‐Wing Moth
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Moth
Forest Tent Caterpillar Moth
Black‐Dotted Lithacodia Moth
White Pine Barkminer Moth
Dark Marathyssa Moth
Confused Meganola Moth
Hitched Arches Moth
Zebra Caterpillar Moth
Newman's Brocade Moth
Yellow‐Lined Thorn Moth
Unsated Sallow Moth
Elegant Grass‐Veneer Moth
Texas Mocis Moth
Monopis Moth
Fluid Arches Moth
Lesser Wainscot Moth
White Speck
White‐Dotted Prominent Moth
Lithophane grotei Lithophane hemina Lithophane oriunda
Lithophane unimoda
Loscopia velata
Loxostege cereralis
Loxostege sticticalis
Lycaena hyllus
Lycaena paleas
Lygropia rivulalis
Lymantria dispar
Lytrosis unitaria
Macaria multilineata
Machimia tentoriferella
Macrochilo absorptalis
Macrochilo orciferalis
Magusa orbifera
Malacosoma americana
Malacosoma disstria
Maliattha synochitis
Marmara sp.
Marathyssa inficita
Meganola minuscula
Melanchra adjuncta
Melanchra picta
Meropleon ambifusca
Metanema inatomaria
Metaxaglaea inulta
Microcrambus elegans
Mocis texana
Monopis spilotella
Morrisonia latex
Mythimna oxygala
Mythimna unipuncta
Nadata gibbosa
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and KL/DL
KEJ and KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
123
Scientific Name
Common Name
Nedra ramosula
Nematocampa resistaria
Neodactria luteolellus
Nephelodes minians Noctua pronuba
Nomophilia nearctica
Nymphalis antiopa
Ochropleura implecta
Odontosia elegans
Ogdoconta cinereola
Olethreutes devotana
Operophtera bruceata
Oreta rosea
Orgyia leucostigma
Orthodes goodelli
Orthodes majuscula
Orthonama centrostrigaria
Orthonama obstipata
Orthosia alurina
Orthosia garmani
Orthosia hibisci
Orthosia rubescens
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pachysphinx modesta
Palthis angulalis
Paonias myops
Papaipema arctivorens
Papaipema baptisiae
Papaipema cataphracta
Papaipema cerina Papaipema eupatorii Papaipema furcata
Papaipema harrisii Papaipema impecuniosa Papaipema inquaesita
Papaipema leucostigma
Papaipema maritima
Papaipema marginidens
Papaipema nebris Papaipema necopina
Papaipema nepheleptena
Papaipema rigida
Papaipema sciata Papaipema silphii
Papaipema unimoda
Papilio polyxenes
Parapoynx badiusalis
Parornix sp.
Grey Half‐Spot Moth
Horned Spanworm Moth
Mottled Grass‐Veneer Moth
Bronzed Cutworm Moth
Yellow Underwing
Crambid Moth
Mourning Cloak Butterfly
Flame‐Shouldered Dart Moth
Elegant Prominent
Common Pinkband Moth
Tortrix Moth
Bruce Spanworm Moth
Rose Hooktip Moth
White‐Marked Tussock Moth
Goodell's Archer Moth
Rustic Quaker Moth
Bent‐Line Carpet Moth
Gem Moth
Grey Quaker Moth
Garman's Quaker Moth
Speckled Green Quaker Moth
Ruby Quaker Moth
European Corn Borer
Big Poplar Sphinx
Dark‐Spotted Palthis Moth
Small‐Eyed Sphinx
Northern Burdock Borer Moth
Indigo Stem Borer Moth
Burdock Borer Moth
Golden Borer Moth
Eupatorium Borer Moth
Ash Tip Borer Moth
Heracleum Stem Borer Moth
Aster Borer Moth
Sensitive Fern Borer Moth
Columbine Borer Moth
Maritime Sunflower Borer Moth
Brick Red Borer Moth (Rare)
Common Stalk Borer Moth
Sunflower Borer Moth
Turtle Head Borer Moth
Rigid Sunflower Borer Moth
Culver's Root Borer Moth
Silphium Borer Moth
Meadow Rue Borer Moth
Black Swallowtail
Chestnut‐Marked Pondweed Moth
Leaf Mining Moth
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ/GRG Coll.
KEJ
KEJ and KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
124
Scientific Name
Common Name
Peridroma saucia Perispasta caeculalis
Pero sp.
Phaeoura quernaria
Phalaenostola larentioides
Pheosia rimosa
Phigalia strigataria
Phoberia atomaris
Phragmatobia fuliginosa
Phycoides selenis
Phycoides tharos
Phyllocnistis sp. (white species group)
Phyllocnistis insignis
Phyllocnistis vitifoliella
Phyllodesma americana
Phyllonorycter celtifoliella
Pieris rapae
Plagodis fervidaria
Plagodis phlogosaria
Plathypena scabra Platypolia mactata
Pleuroprucha insulsaria Plusia contexta
Poanes massasoit
Pococera expandens
Polites mystic
Polygonia comma
Polygonia interrogationis
Polygonia oreas
Polygonia progne
Ponometia candefacta
Prionoxystus macmurtrei
Prionoxystus robiniae
Prochoerodes lineola
Prochoerodes transversata
Prolimacodes badia
Protodeltote muscosula
Protolampra brunneicollis
Proxenus miranda
Psaphida electilis
Psaphida grandis
Psaphida resumens
Pseudaletia unipuncta
Pseudoplusia includens
Pseudopostega cretea
Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides
Pyrausta acrionalis
Pyrausta bicoloralis
Variegated Cutworm Moth
Titian Peale's Pyralid Moth
Pero Moth
Oak Beauty Moth
Black‐Banded Owlet Moth
Black‐Rimmed Prominent Moth
Small Phigalia Moth
Common Oak Moth
Ruby Tiger Moth
Northern Crescent
Pearl Crescent
Miner Moth
Aster Miner Moth
Grape Leaf Miner Moth
Lappet Moth
Hackberry Miner Moth
Cabbage White Butterfly
Fervid Plagodis Moth
Straight‐Lined Plagodis Moth
Green Cloverworm Moth
Adorable Brocade Moth
Common Tan Wave Moth
Connected Looper Moth
Mulberry Wing Butterfly (Rare)
Striped Oak Webworm Moth
Long Dash Butterfly
Comma
Question Mark Butterfly
Grey Comma Grey Comma Olive‐Shaded Bird Dropping Moth
Little Carpenterworm Moth
Carpenterworm Moth
Large Maple Spanworm Moth
Maple Spanworm Moth
Skiff Moth
Large Mossy Lithacodia Moth
Brown‐Collared Dart Moth
Miranda Moth
Chosen Sallow Moth
Gray Sallow
Figure‐Eight Sallow Moth
Armyworm Moth
Soybean Looper
White Eyecap Moth
Tufted Thyatrid Birch Moth
Mint Pyrausta Moth
Bicolored Pyrausta
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
125
Scientific Name
Common Name
Pyrausta orphisalis
Pyrgus communis
Pyrrharctia isabella
Rachiplusia ou
Raphia frater
Renia flavipunctalis
Rivula propinqualis
Satyrium calanus
Satyrium caryaevorum
Orange Mint Moth
Checkered Skipper (Rare)
Isabella Tiger Moth
Grey Looper Moth
Brother Moth
Even‐Lined Renia Moth
Yellow Snout Moth
Banded Hairstreak Butterfly
Hickory Hairstreak Butterfly (Special Concern)
Striped Hairstreak Butterfly (Rare)
Coral Hairstreak
Eyed Brown
Arcigera Flower Moth
Double‐Striped Scoparia Moth
Soft‐Lined Wave Moth
Large Lance Border Moth
Sharp‐Lined Yellow Moth
Henry's Marsh Moth
Greenish‐Yellow Sitochroa Moth
Clandestine Dart Spaelotis Moth
Fruitworm Moth
Drab Angle Moth
Lesser Maple Spanworm Moth
Barred Angle Moth
Aphrodite Fritillary (Rare)
Great Spangled Fritillary
Laurel Sphinx
Fall Armyworm Moth
Yellowstriped Armyworm Moth
Hawaiian Beet Webworm Moth
Western Bean Cutworm Moth
Gray Hairstreak Butterfly
Bicolored Sallow Moth
Fringe‐Tree Sallow Moth
Sticky Cat Moth
Waterlily Leafcutter Moth
Bagworm Moth
Olive‐Shaded Bird Dropping Moth
White‐Banded Telphusa Moth
Florida Tetanolita Moth
Yellow Slant‐Line Moth
Large Tolype Moth
Abbreviated Button Slug Moth
White‐Striped Black Moth
Cabbage Looper Moth
Celery Leaftier Moth
Grote's Satyr Moth
Satyrium liparops
Satyrium titus
Satyrodes eurydice eurydice
Schinia arcigera
Scoparia biplagialis
Scopula inductata
Scopula limboundata
Sicya macularia
Simyra insularis
Sitochroa palealis
Spaelotis clandestina
Sparganothis sulfureana
Speranza evagaria
Speranza pustularia
Speranza subcessaria
Speyeria aphrodite
Speyeria cybele
Sphinx kalmiae
Spodoptera frugiperda
Spodoptera ornithogalli
Spoladea recurvatis
Striacosta albicosta
Strymon melinus
Sunira bicolorago
Sympistis chionanthi
Synchlora aerata
Synclita obliteralis
Taleporia walshella
Tarachidia candefacta
Telphusa latifasciella
Tetanolita floridana
Tetracis crocallata
Tolype velleda
Tortricidia flexousa
Trichodezia albovittata
Trichoplusia ni
Udea rubigalis
Ufeus satyricus
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
AT
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ/AT/KL‐DL
AT
KEJ and KL/DL
KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and KL/DL
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
126
Source
Voucher
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KEJ
KEJ and KL‐DL
KEJ and KL‐DL
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ and LF
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
KL/DL
Two‐Spotted Tree Cricket
Narrow‐Winged Tree Cricket
N
N
KEJ
KEJ
Giant Walking Stick
N
CAA, KEJ
Scientific Name
Common Name
Urola nivalis
Vanessa atalanta
Vanessa cardui cardui
Virbia aurantiaca
Vitacea polistiformis
Walshia miscecolorella
Xanthorhoe ferrugata
Xanthrotype sospeta
Xanthrotype urticaria
Xestia [Agnorisma] badinodis
Xestia c‐nigrum
Xestia dolosa
Xestia normaniana
Xestia smithii
Xylena curvimacula
Xylesthia pruniramiella
Ypsolopha dentella
Ypsolopha falciferella
Zale lunata
Zanclognatha cruralis
Zanclognatha ochreipennis
Unidentified Blastobasinae
Unidentified Epermeniidae
Unidentified Lyonetiidae
Unidentified Nepticulidae
Unidentified Xylorictidae
Snow Urola Moth
Red Admiral Butterfly
Painted Lady Butterfly
Orange Holomelina Moth
Grape Root Borer Moth
Sweetclover Root Borer Moth
Dark‐Barred Twin‐Spot Carpet Moth
Xanthrotype Moth
Xanthrotype Moth
Pale‐Banded Dart Moth
Setaceous Hebrew Character Moth
Greater Black Letter Dart Moth
Norman's Dart Moth
Smith's Dart Moth
Dot‐and‐Dash Swordgrass Moth
Tineid Moth
Honeysuckle Moth
Chokecherry Moth
Moon Zale Moth
Early Zanclognatha Moth
Wavy‐lined Zanclognatha Moth
Insecta: Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)
Anax junius
Celithemis elisa
Celithemis eponina
Erythemis simplicicolis
Leucorrhinia intacta
Libellula pulchella
Libellula luctuosa
Pachydiplax longipennis
Pantala flavescens
Perithemis tenera
Sympetrum semicinctum
Tramea lacerata
Tramea onusta
Common Green Darner
Calico Pennant
Haloween Pennant
Common Pondhawk
Dot‐Tailed Whiteface
Twelve‐Spotted Skimmer
Widow Skimmer
Blue Dasher
Wandering Glider
Eastern Amberwing
Banded Meadowhawk
Black Saddlebags
Red Saddlebags
Insecta: Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Locusts)
Neoxabea bipunctata
Oecanthus niveus
Insecta: Phasmatodea (Stick‐Bugs)
Diapheromera femorata
127
Scientific Name
Common Name
CAA =
CAND =
GRG =
GRG Coll. =
PJM =
EJJ =
BROCK =
RH =
JMK =
JL =
KT =
HLS =
BRB =
SR =
DP =
KEJ =
KMK =
LF =
JVA =
DY =
SK =
KL/DL =
RBS =
DC =
KK =
CC =
Source
Voucher
Craig A. Annen, Integrated Restorations, LLC
Craig Anderson, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources
Gerald R. Goth, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc.
Gerald R. Goth Collection, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc.
Paul J. Michler, Michler & Brown, LLC
Emmet J. Judziewicz, University of WI ‐ Stevens Point
Thomas D. Brock, Savanna Oak Foundation, Inc.
Robert Hay, WDNR, Ret.
Joshua M. Kapfer, Natural Resources Consulting, Inc.
Jeff Lorch, University of WI ‐ Madison
Kevin Thusius, Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation
Harold Lee Swanson, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc.
Brian R. Bubb, Natural Resources Consulting, Inc.
Steve Richter, The Nature Conservency
Dave Phillips, WDNR
Kyle Johnson, University of WI ‐ Madison
Katie M. Kieler, Integrated Restorations, LLC
Les Fergee, University of WI ‐ Madison
John Van Altenach, Dan Young
Susan Kercher, Integrated Restorations, LLC
Karl and Dorothy Legler, Wisconsin Butterfly Association
Ryan B. Stephens, University of Wisconsin‐Stephens Point
David Cordray, Integrated Restorations, LLC
Kim Kreitinger, WDNR
Cherry Carbon
128
129
CAA
Prairie Milkweed
Asclepias sullivantii (P)
Nothocalais [Microseris]
cuspidata (P)
Napaea dioica (I)
(In metapopulation)
Lithospermum canescens (I)
Juglans cinerea (I)
(In metapopulation)
Gentiana alba (I)
Eupatorium sessilifolium (P)
(In metapopulation)
GRG
CAA
Glade Mallow
Prairie Dandelion
CAA
CAA
Butternut
Hoary Puccoon
GRG
Cream Gentian
CAA
Sessile-Leaved Boneset
GRG
Yellow Lady Slipper Orchid
Cypripedium parviflorum (I) (T)
GRG
GRG
Hill's Prairie Thistle
Cirsium hillii (T)
Pale Purple Coneflower
CAA
Downy Yellow Painted Cup
Castilleja sessiliflora (I)
Echinacea pallida (I)
CAA
Prairie Hyacinth
Camassia scillioides (P)
CAA
GRG
CAA
Clustered Poppy Mallow
Tuberous Indian Plantain
Calamovilfa longifolia var. longifolia (I) Prairie Sandreed
Callirhoe triangulata (I)
(In metapopulation)
Cacalia tuberosa
[Arnoglossum plantagineum] (I)
(In metapopulation)
Cacalia [Hasteola] suavolens (P, I?)
CAA
BROCK
Purple Milkweed
Asclepias purpurescens (T)
Hastate Indian Plantain
GRG
Mead's Milkweed
(In metapopulation)
Asclepias meadii (P) (T)
Voucher
CAA
Common Name
Yellow Giant Hyssop
Agastache nepetoides (I)
Plantae
Scientific Name
Appendix A-2: Species of Conservation Concern
Special Concern
Special Concern
DE-LISTED BY WDNR IN 2011
Coefficient of Conservatism = 10
Special Concern
Threatened
Special Concern
Threatened
Special Concern
Threatened
Endangered
Special Concern
Special Concern
Special Concern
Threatened
Endangered
Extirpated
Threatened
Status
10
Multiple sightings;
2007-2011
3 obs. In 2007
1 obs. in 2010
2 (2009) 2 (2010)
Too numerous to count
Not yet observed
10 (2009-10)
4 (2010)
5 (2009-2011)
Not yet observed
A few
1 (2009) 1 (2010) 1 (2011)
> 2 (2008)
Not yet observed
5 (2009)
10 (2010)
301 (2009)
Abundance (if known)
Unit 1
Units 9, 13, 20
Units 1 and 15
Unit 5
Units 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 15
Unit 2
Units 1, 7, 14, 15
Unit 5
Unit 2
Unit 1
Units 1, 2, 13
Unit 1
Unit 1
Units 1, 7, 9, 15
Units 2, 20
Unit 1
Unit 2 (proposed)
Unit 1
Units 1, 2, 3
Location
130
CAA
GRG
CAA
Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus
American Ginseng
Lieberg's Panic Grass
Opuntia humifusa (T)
Panax quinquefolius (I)
Panicum [Dichanthelium] liebergii (I)
CAA
EJJ
Prairie Turnip
Dwarf Cliff Break
Prairie Fame-Flower
Pediomelum esculentum (I)
Pellaea glabella subsp. glabella (I)
Phemeranthus
[Talinum] rugospermus (P)
CAA
CAA
GRG
Patterson' Bluegrass
Hairy Wild Petunia
Poa paludigena (I)
Ruellia humilis (I?)
CAA
Needlegrass
Stipa spartea (I)
Viola pedatifida (I)
Emydoidea blandingii
Coluber constrictor
Herpetofauna
(I) = Indigenous to the Preserve
(T) = Transplanted germplasm
(P) = Planted from local genotype seed
(In metapopulation)
Zizia aptera (I)
(In metapopulation)
Blanding's Turtle
Blue Racer
Heart-Leaved Golden Alexander
HLS
RH
CAA
CAA
CAA
Sand Dropseed
Sporobolous cryptandrus (I)
Prairie Violet
CAA
(In metapopulation)
Casey's Lady's Tresses
Spiranthes casei var. casei (I)
(In metapopulation)
Platanthera leucophaea (T)
CAA
CAA
(In metapopulation)
Wild Quinine
Parthenium integrifolium (I)
CAN
Marbleseed
Onosmodium [molle] bejariense var.
occidentale (I)
Voucher
Common Name
Scientific Name
Threatened
Most recent sighting in
2011
Several
2 clones (2007-2011)
4 (2008) 3+1 (2011)
Species of Conservation Concern (Flora of
North America vol. 26)
Units 1, 9, 20/32
Unit 1
Units 1, 7, 15
Units 1 and 15
Unit 1
Unit 1
Units 2 and 3
Unit 1
Signthing not yet
confirmed
Endangered
Units 1, 9, 13, 20
Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
Units 1, 20
Unit 1
Unit 8
Unit 1
Unit 1
Location
Unit 9
Refer to Appendix F
Not yet observed
Several
13 (2009)
(2007-2011)
Sighting not yet confirmed
2 (2008-10)
2 (2011)
Threatened
Endangered
Special Concern
Special Concern
Threatened
Special Concern
Special Concern
Species of Greatest Conservation Need
Status
131
Boreal Chorus Frog
Pickerel Frog
Pseudacris maculata
Rana palustris
Blue-Winged Teal
Mallard
Great Egret
Great Blue Heron
Sedge Wren
Yellow-Billed Cuckoo
Olive-Sided Flycatcher
Bobolink
Eastern Meadowlark
Snowy Egret
Willow Flycatcher
Anas discors
Anas platynchos
Ardea alba
Ardea herodias
Cistothorus platensis
Coccyzus americanus
Contopus cooperi
Sturuella magna
Egretta thula
Empidonax traillii
American Bald Eagle
American Wigeon
Anas americana
Heliaetus leucocephalis
Grasshopper Sparrow
Avian
Microtus ochrogaster
Prairie Vole
Bullsnake
Pituophis catenifer sayi
Mammalia
Common Name
Scientific Name
SR
KT
HLS
KT
BRB
KT
KT
BRB
KT
KT
KT
KT
HLS
KT
JL
JMK, DC
JMK
JMK
Voucher
Special Concern/In Decline (BBS)
Special Concern
Special Concern
Wildlife Action Plan Species
1 (2008-09) 1 (2011)
Multiple Sightings; most
recent in 2010
7 (2008)
Unit 9, 20, 32
Units 1, 9, 18
Unit 31
Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 9
Unit 31
Unit 31
Unit 31
Unit 31
Units 9, 31
Species of Conservation Concern (Sample
and Mossman 1997)
Unit 1
Unit 9
Unit 1
5 (2008)
4 (2008)
Multiple Sightings (2009 11)
Units 1, 3
Population size increased
from 1 to 5 (2008-2011)
Unit 20
Location
SCGN/Special Concern
Special Concern
Status
132
Wood Thrush
Red-Headed Woodpecker
Kentucky Warbler
Prothonatory Warbler
Woodcock
Field Sparrow
Eastern Meadowlark
Brown Thrasher
Blue-Winged Warbler
Hylocichla mustelina
Oporornis formosus
Protonotaria citrea
Scolopax minor
Spizella pusilla
Sturuella magna
Taxostoma rufum
Vermivora pinus
KL/DL
Baltimore Checkerspot
Pink Streak Moth
Ottoe Skipper
Leonard's Skipper
Franclemont's Pinion Moth
Bronze Copper Butterfly
Euphydryas phaeton
Faronta [Dargeta] rubripennis
Hesperia ottoe
Hesperia leonardus
Lithophceue franclemonti
Lycaena hyllus
Brick Red Borer Moth
Rarely Observed
KL/DL
Columbine Duskywing Moth
Erynnis lucilius
Papaipema marginidens
Special Concern
KEJ
Chalcedony Midget Moth
Elaphria chalcedonia
KEJ
Only one other record from WI
Rarely Observed
KEJ/KL/DL
Unknown
Multiple Sightings
1 (2008) 2 (2009)
Uncommonly Collected - New species to
science in 1998
KEJ
Unknown
Unknown
Special Concern
Multiple Sightings
Unknown
Multiple Sightings
Unknown
Unknown (2011)
Unknown
Multiple Sightings
Multiple Sightings (200411)
Multiple Sightings (200612)
Special Concern (In decline*)
KEJ
KEJ
Rarely Observed
AT
Juniper Hairstreak Moth
Callophrys gryneus
LF/KEJ
Special Concern
KEJ
Rarely Observed
Special Concern
Threatened
Status
Thelma's Agonopterix Moth
KT
KT
KT/DC/KK
KT
HLS
CC
KT
DP
KT
Voucher
Agronopterix thelmae
Insecta
Common Name
Scientific Name
Unit 15
Unit 9
Unit 15
Unit 15
Unit 15
Unit 15
Units 9, 15
East Valley
Unit 15
Unit 1
Unit 15
Units 8, 12
East Valley
Unit 1
Units 9, 12, 20, 25
Unit 25
Units 2, 3, 8, 12, 25
Unit 12
Location
133
KEJ
KMK
Grape Leaf Miner Moth
Aster Miner Moth
Mulberry Wing Butterfly
Checkered Skipper Butterfly
Hickory Hairstreak Butterfly
Striped Hairstreak Butterfly
Aphrodite Fritillary
Stephanid Wasp
Phyllocnistis vitifoliella
Phyllocnistis insignis
Poanes massasoit
Pyrgus communis
Satyrium caryaevorum
Satyrium liparops
Speyeria aphrodite
Stephanidae: Megischus sp.
Rarely Observed
AT
CAA =
CAND =
GRG =
GRG Coll. =
PJM =
EJJ =
BROCK =
RH =
JMK =
JL =
KT =
HLS =
BRB =
SR =
DP =
KEJ =
KMK =
LF =
JVA =
2 (2008)
Unknown
Unknown
Multiple Sightings
(2009) 3 (2010)
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
1
Unit 1/2 (border)
East Valley
East Valley
Unit 15
Unit 9
East Valley
Unit 15
Unit 15
Unit 15
Multiple Sightings (2009 2011) 10 (2009)
Unknown
Location
Craig A. Annen, Integrated Restorations, LLC
Craig Anderson, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources
Gerald R. Goth, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc.
Gerald R. Goth Collection, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc.
Paul J. Michler, Michler & Brown, LLC
Emmet J. Judziewicz, University of WI - Stevens Point
Thomas D. Brock, Savanna Oak Foundation, Inc.
Robert Hay, WDNR, Ret.
Joshua M. Kapfer, Natural Resources Consulting, Inc.
Jeff Lorch, University of WI - Madison
Kevin Thusius, Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation
Harold Lee Swanson, Swamp Lover's Foundation, Inc.
Brian R. Bubb, Natural Resources Consulting, Inc.
Steve Richter, The Nature Conservency
Dave Phillips, WDNR
Kyle Johnson, University of WI - Madison
Katie M. Kieler, Integrated Restorations, LLC
Les Fergee, University of WI - Madison
John Van Altena
*Ann Thering is of the opinion that this species is in severe decline and its status should be changed to WI Endangered.
Previously undocumented in Wisconsin
Rarely Observed
Special Concern
KEJ/AT/KL
Rarely Observed
Special Concern
KL/DL
AT
New to Wisconsin
New to Wisconsin
Endangered
Status
KEJ
KEJ
KEJ
Silphium Borer Moth
Papaipema silphii
Voucher
Common Name
Scientific Name
134
Scientific Name
Common Name
DY =
SK =
KL/DL =
RBS =
DC =
KK =
CC =
Voucher
Dan Young
Susan Kercher, Integrated Restorations, LLC
Karl and Dorothy Legler, Wisconsin Butterfly Association
Ryan B. Stephens, University of Wisconsin-Stephens Point
David Cordray, Integrated Restorations, LLC
Kim Kreitinger, WDNR
Cherry Carbon
Status
Location
Appendix A-3: Species Richness and Floristic Quality of Management Unit 1
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Achillea millefolium
Actaea rubra
Adiantum pedatum
Agastache nepetoides
Agrostis gigantea
Agrostis hyemalis
Ambrosia artemesiifolia
Ambrosia psilostachya
Amorpha canescens
Andropogon gerardii
Anenome canadensis
Anenome cylindrica
Anenome [Pulsatilla] patens
Anenome virginiana
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Antennaria neglecta
Apocynum androsaemifolium
Arabis canadensis
Arabis lyriata
Arenaria stricta ssp. stricta [Minuartia michauxii]
Arisamea triphyllum
Asclepias syriaca
Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias verticilatta
Aster azureus [oolentangnesis]
Aster ericoides
Aster lateriflorus
Aster leavis
Aster linariifolius
Aser novae-anglae
Aster pilosus
Aster sericeus
Baptisia alba
Baptisia bracteata
Brachelectrum erectum
Bromus ciliatus
Bromus kalmii
Cacalia [Arnoglossum] atriplicifolia
Cacalia [Hastolea] suavolens
Cacalia [Arnoglossum] tuberosa [plantaginea]
Calamovilfa longifolia var. longifolia
Callirhoe triangulata
Campanula rotundifolia
Carex cephalophora
Carex eburnia
Carex intumescens
Carex meadii
Carex muhlenbergii
Carex normalis
Carex pennsylvanica
Carex tonsa
Castilleja sessiliflora
Common Yarrow
Red Baneberry
Maidenhair Fern
Yellow Giant Hyssop (THR)
Red Top
Bent Grass
Common Ragweed
Western Ragweed
Leadplant
Big Bluestem
Little Bluestem
Canada Anenome
Thimbleweed
Pasque Flower
Tall Anenome
Plantain-Leaved Pussy Toes
Pussy Toes
Prairie Dogbane
Columbine
Sickle Pod
Lyre-leaved Rock Cress
Rock Sandwort
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
Common Milkweed
Butterfly Milkweed
Whorled Milkweed
Sky Blue Aster
Heath Aster
Calico Aster
Smooth Aster
Linear-Leaved Aster
New England Aster
Frost Aster
Silky Aster
Canada Milk Vetch
White False Indigo
Cream False Indigo
Side Oats Grama
Long-Awned Wood Grass
Fringed Brome
Woodland Brome Grass
Indian Plantain
Sweet Indian Plantain (SC)
Tuberous Indian Plantain (SC)
Prairie Sandreed
Clustered Poppy Mallow (SC)
Harebell
Oval-Headed Sedge
Bristle-Leaved Sedge
Greater Bladder Sedge
Mead's Sedge
Muhlenberg's Sedge
Woodland Sedge
Pennsylvania Sedge
Parachute Sedge
Downy Yellow Painted Cup
1
7
7
5
0
4
0
2
7
4
4
4
6
7
5
3
3
2
5
7
4
7
5
1
6
2
5
4
3
6
8
3
1
8
8
7
8
6
7
7
8
4
8
8
9
8
5
6
8
5
6
4
5
3
4
10
X
X
X
62
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
157
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
not obs.
1
not obs.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
297
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
2
X
X
X
X
X
4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
X
4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
135
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
Celastrus scandens
Cirsium discolor
Conzya [Erigeron] canadensis
Coreopsis palmata
Coreposis grandiflora
Cyperus lupulinus
Desmodium canadense
Dodecatheon media
Echinacea pallida
Echinacea purpurea
Elymus canadensis
Elymus hystrix [Hystrix patula]
Elymus villosus
Eragrostis spectabilis
Erigeron annus
Erigeron strigosus
Eupatorium altissimum
Eupatorium rugosum var. rugosum
Euphorbia corollata
Fragaria vesca
Fragaria virginiana
Galearis spectabilis
Galium boreale
Galium circaezans var. hypomalacum
Gaura biennis var. biennis
Gentiana puberulenta
Gentiana alba
Gentianopsis crinita
Geum allepicum
Geum canadense
Geum triflorum
Gnapthalium obtusifolium var. obtusifolium
Goodyera pubescens
Hedyotis [Houstonia] longifolia
Helianthemum canadense
Helianthus occidentalis
Helianthus pauciflorus
Hieracium kalmii
Hypoxis hirsuta
Juncus tenuis
Koeleria pyrimidata [cristata]
Krigia biflora
Kunhia [Brickellia] eupatoroides
Lactuca biennis
Lespedeza capitata
Liatris aspera
Liatris cylindracea
Lilium michiganense
Lithospermum canescens
Lithospermum incisum
Lupinis perennis
Lysimachia lanceolata
Monarda fistulosa
Bittersweet
Old Field Thistle
Horseweed
Bird's Foot Coreopsis
Large Flowered Coreopsis
Sand Sedge
Canada Tick-Trefoil
Illinois Tick-Trefoil
Pointed Leaved Tick-Trefoil
Shooting Star
Pale Purple Coneflower (THR)
Purple Coneflower
Canada Wild Rye
Bottlebrush Grass
Silky Wild Rye
Ticklegrass
Annual Fleabane
Fleabane
Rattlesnake Master
Tall Upland Boneset
White Snakeroot
Flowering Spurge
Wild Strawberry
Hillside Strawberry
Showy Orchis
Bedstraw
Forest Bedstraw
Bee-Blossom
Stiff Gentian
Cream Gentian (THR)
Fringed Gentian
Yellow Avens
White Avens
Prairie Smoke
Pearly Everlasting
Rattlesnake Plaintain
Long-Leaved Bluets
Rock Rose
Western Sunflower
Showy Sunflower
False Sunflower
Canada Hawkweed
Yellow Star Grass
Path Rush
June Grass
Two-Flowered Cynthia
False Boneset
Wild Lettuce
Bushclover
Cylindrical Blazing Star
Turk's Cap Lily
Hoary Puccoon
Fringed Puccoon
Wild Lupine
Lance-Leaved Loosestrife
Wild Bergamont
3
4
0
8
0
3
4
7
6
7
7
0
4
6
6
3
0
2
8
4
1
4
3
1
6
5
7
2
9
7
6
3
2
7
3
7
6
6
6
7
5
5
8
1
7
4
5
3
5
5
9
6
10
8
6
6
3
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TNTC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TNTC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TNTC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TNTC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4
X
4
X
12
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
136
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
2007
2008
2009
2010
Monarda punctata
Muhlenbergia schreberi
Oenothera biennis
Onosmodium molle
Opuntia humifusa
Oxalis stricta
Oxalis violacea
Panicum [Dichanthelium] capillare
Panicum [Dichanthelium] depauperatum
Panicum [Dichanthelium] leibergii
Panicum [Dichanthelium] oligosanthes
Panicum virgatum
Parietaria pensylvanica
Pediomelum esculentum
Pellaea glabella subsp. glabella
Penstemon digitalis
Penstemon grandiflorus
Petalostemum [Dalea] candida
Petalostemum [Dalea] purpurea
Phlox pilosa
Physalis heterophylla
Physalis virginiana
Poa compressa
Podophyllum peltatum
Polygala senega
Polygonatum biflorum
Potentilla arguta
Potentilla norvegica
Prenanthes alba
Ranunculus recurvatus
Ranunculus rhomboideus
Ratibida pinnata
Rosa arkansana
Rudbeckia hirta
Scutellaria parvula var. missouriensis
Senecio aureus
Silphium laciniatum
Sisyrichium campestre
Smilacina stellata
Smilax ecirrhata
Smilax hispida
Smilacina racemosa
Solidago canadensis
Solidago gigantea
Solidago nemoralis
Solidago rigida
Solidago speciosa
Solidago ulmifolia
Sorghastrum nutans
Horsemint
Nimble-Will Muhly
Marbleseed (SC)
Prickly Pear Cactus (SC)
Yellow Wood Sorrel
Violet Wood Sorrel
Witchgrass
Starved Panic Grass
Leiberg's Panic Grass
Schribner's Panic Grass
Switchgrass
Pennsylvanian Pellitory
Wild Quinine (THR)
Prairie Turnip (SC)
Smooth Cliff Brake
Beardtongue
Large-Flowered Beardtongue
Downy Phlox
Ground Cherry
Virginia Ground Cherry
Canada Bluegrass
May Apple
Seneca Snakeroot
Solomon's Seal
Prairie Cinquefoil
Common Cinquefoil
Rattlesnake Root
Early Buttercup
Woodland Buttercup
Prairie Buttercup
Yellow Coneflower
Dwarf Prairie Rose
Black Eyed Susan
Blood Root
Leonard's Skullcap
Golden Ragwort
Rosinweed
Compass Plant
Cup Plant
Prairie Dock
Blue-Eyed Grass
Starry False Solomon's Seal
Upright Carrion Flower
Greenbriar
False Solomon's Seal
Canada Goldenrod
Giant Goldenrod
Missouri Goldenrod
Grey Goldenrod
Rigid Goldenrod
Showy Goldenrod
Elm-Leaved Goldenrod
Indiangrass
3
1
1
5
5
0
8
1
4
10
4
4
2
8
8
10
4
4
8
7
7
3
4
0
4
8
4
7
0
6
6
4
5
7
5
4
4
6
6
5
6
8
4
7
7
5
5
5
5
1
3
7
4
5
5
5
5
X
X
X
X
32
T (2)
X
X
X
X
85
T (2)
X
X
X
X
X
X
3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TNTC
12
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TNTC
13
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4
X
X
X
X
TNTC
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2011
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
14
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
137
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Sporobolous heterolepis
Sporobolous cryptandrus
Stachys tenuifolia
Stipa spartea
Taenidia integerrima
Tradescantia occidentalis
Triosetum perfoliatum
Uvularia grandiflora
Verbena stricta
Verbena urticifolia
Veronia fasciculata
Viola palmata
Viola pedata
Viola pedatifida
Viola pubescens
Viola sororia
Zizia aptera
Zizia aurea
Prairie Dropseed
Sand Dropseed
Woodland Hedge Nettle
Porcupine Grass
Yellow Pimpernel
Tall Meadow Rue
Western Spiderwort
Ohio Spiderwort
Tinker's-weed
Bellwort
Hoary Vervain
Nettle-Leaved Vervain
Ironweed
Hybrid Violet
Bird's Foot Violet
Prairie Violet
Yellow Violet
Wood Violet
Heart-Leaved Golden Alexander
Golden Alexander
10
3
6
9
7
4
5
5
3
3
7
3
2
5
8
7
9
5
3
9
7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Species Richness
C
122
160
166
Mean C
FQI
5.11
56.40
5.03
63.64
5.09
65.58
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
149
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
151
4.97
5.11
60.667 62.793
138
Appendix A‐4: Species Richness and Floristic Quality of Management Unit 7
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
Modal
Achillea millefolium
Andropogon gerardii
Anenome cylindrica
Arnoglossum atriplicifolium
Arnoglossum [Cacalia] plantiganea
Asclepais syriaca
Aster azureus
Aster ericoides
Aster leavis
Aster sp.
Aster novae‐anglae
Aster pilosus
Carex sp. (ovales)
Carex cephalophora
Carex intumescens
Carex stipata
Carex trichocarpa
Desmodium canadense
Dodecatheon meadia
Echinacea pallida
Erigeron strigosus
Gentiana alba
Geum allepicum
Juncus tenuis
Heuerchera richardsonii
Liatris aspera
Lobelia spicata
Monarda fistulosa
Onoclea sensiblis
Pycnanehemum virginianum
Ratibida pinnata
Rudbeckia hirta
Silphium laciniatum
Solidago canadensis
Solidago rigida
Solidago speciosa
Yarrow
Big Bluestem
Thimbleweed
Pale Indian Plantain
Tuberous Indian Plantain (Special Concern)
Common Milkweed
Sky Blue Aster
Heath Aster
Smooth Aster
1
4
6
4
8
1
5
4
6
Yes
Yes
New England Aster
Frost Aster
Sedge
Oval‐Headed Sedge
Greater Bladder Sedge
Common Fox Sedge
3
1
4
6
5
2
7
4
7
6
7
7
2
8
7
3
1
5
7
5
6
3
5
6
5
4
8
4
1
5
5
5
4
Canada Tick Trefoil
Illinois Tick Trefoil
Pointed Leaf Tick Trefoil
Shooting Star
Pale Purple Coneflower (Threatened)
Fleabane
Rattlesnake Master
Cream Gentian (Threatened)
Yellow Avens
Path Rush
Ox Eye Sunflower
Alum Root
Prairie Bushclover
Pale Spiked Lobelia
Bergamont
Sensitive Fern
Yellow Coneflower
Black‐Eyed Susan
Compass Plant
Cup Plant
Canada Goldenrod
Rigid Goldenrod
Showy Goldenrod
Ohio Spiderwort
Tall Meadow Rue
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
139
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
Verbena urticifolia
Violata palmata
Nettle‐Leaved Vervain
Culver's Root
Palm‐Leaved Violet
2
6
5
S
46
Mean C
4.67
6.782329983
31.65
FQI MP2008
Modal
140
Appendix A‐5: Species Richness and Floristic Quality of Management Unit 20
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
Ambrosia artimesifolia
Andropogon gerardii
Angelica atropurpurea
Arnoglossum atriplicifolia
Asclepias incarnata
Asclepias syriaca
Aster ericoides
Aster novae‐anglae
Aster pilosus
Aster prenanthoides
Aster simplex [puniceus]
Baptisia leucantha
Baptisia leucophaea
Cacalia [Hasteola] suavolens
Calamagrostis canadensis
Carex scoparia
Carex sp.
Carex stipata
Carex stricta
Carex vulpinoidea
Chelone glabra
Cicuta maculata
Conyza canadensis
Cyperus strigosus
Desmodium canadense
Dodecatheon media
Elymus canadensis
Equisetum arvense
Erechites hieracifolia
Erigeron strigosus
Fragaria virginiana
Gentiana andrewsii
Geum allepicum
Geum canadnese
Helenium autumnale
Heleopsis helianthoides
Helianthus grossesserratus
Common Ragweed
Big Bluestem
Great Purple Angelica
Prairie Indian Plantain
Marsh Milkweed
Common Milkweed
Heath Aster
New England Aster
Frost Aster
Red Stem Aster
Marsh Aster
White Wild Indigo
Cream Wild Indigo
Sweet Indian Plantain (SPECIAL CONCERN)
Canada Bluejoint Grass
Nodding Sedge
Sedge
Common Fox Sedge
Tussock Sedge
Brown Fox Sedge
Turtlehead
Poison Hemlock
Canada Horseweed
Yellow Nut Sedge
Canada Tick Trefoil
Shooting Star
Spike Rush
Canada Wild Rye
Horsetail Rush
Fireweed
Daisy Fleabane
Rattlesnake Master
Spotted Joe Pye Weed
Perfoliate Boneset
Wild Strawberry
Bottle Gentian
Yellow Avens
White Avens
Sneezeweed
Ox Eye Sunflower
Sawtooth Sunflower
0
4
6
4
5
1
4
3
1
9
5
7
8
8
5
4
1
2
7
2
7
6
0
1
4
7
5
4
1
2
2
8
4
6
1
6
3
2
4
5
2
141
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
Helianthus tuberosus
Juncus tenuis
Lilium superbum
Mentha arvense
Monarda fistulosa
Napaea dioica
Pennstemon hirsutus
Poa compressa
Polygonum careyi
Ratibida pinnata
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia triloba
Rumex orbiculatus
Scirpus atrovirens
Scirpus cyperinus
Scirpus validus
Scutelaria galericulata
Silphium laciniatum
Solidago canadensis
Sorghastrum nutans
Spartina pectinata
Verbena hastata
Veronia fasciculata
Viola sororia
unknown forb 1
unknown forb 2
Tuberous Sunflower
Path Rush
Marsh Blazing Star
Turk's Cap Lily
Marsh Mint
Wild Bergamont
Glade Mallow (SPECIAL CONCERN)
Wild Quinine (THREATENED)
Beardtongue
Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (ENDANGERED)
Canada Bluegrass
Carey's Smartweed
Yellow Coneflower
Black Eyed Susan
Golden Glow
Brown Eyed Susan
Marsh Dock
Green Bulrush
Woolgrass
Soft Stemmed Bulrush
Marsh Skullcap
Rosinweed
Compass Plant
Cup Plant
Prairie Dock
Canada Goldenrod
Missouri Goldenrod
Indiangrass
Prairie Cord Grass
Ohio Spiderwort
Marsh Vervain
Ironweed
Culver's Root
Wood Violet
S
Mean C
2
1
7
6
3
3
6
8
4
10
0
6
1
6
5
4
6
4
8
3
4
4
5
6
8
4
7
1
7
5
5
5
3
5
6
3
1
1
79
418
5.36
8.888194417
142
Botanical Name
Common Name
C
FQI WP2007
47.63
143
Appendix A-6: Planting List for Unit 31 Wet Prairie Planting (2008)
Botanical Name
Allium cernuum
Anenome canadensis
Asclepias incarnata
Aster azureus
Aster punecius
Aster sagittifolius
Baptisia leucophaea
Bidens cernua
Bidens frondosa
Cacalia suavolens
Carex annectens xanthocarpa
Carex bebbii
Carex bicknelii
Carex crinita
Carex hystericina
Carex intumescens
Carex meadii
Carex normalis
Carex scoparia
Carex tenera
Carex vulpinoidea
Chelone glabra
Dodecatheon meadii
Gentiana alba
Gentiana andrewsii
Geum allepicum
Juncus canadensis
Juncus dudleyi
Juncus tenuis
Liatris pycnostachya
Lilium superbum
Lycopus americanus
Monarda fistulosa
Napaea dioica
Oenothera biennis
Phlox pilosa
Ratibida pinnata
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia subtomentosa
Rudbeckia triloba
Scirpus atrovirens
Solidago graminifolia
Solidago ohioensis
Solidago riddellii
Common Name
Nodding Wild Onion
Canada Anenome
Swamp Milkweed
Sky Blue Aster
Red-Stemmed Aster
Arrow-Leaved Aster
Canada Milkvetch
Cream Baptisia
Nodding Bur Marigold
Common Beggar's Ticks
Sweet Indian Plantain
Small Yellow Fox Sedge
Bebb's Sedge
Copper-Shouldered Oval Sedge
Fringed Sedge
Porcupine Sedge
Shinning Bur Sedge
Mead's Stiff Sedge
Spreading Oval Sedge
Nodding Sedge
Narrow-Leaved Oval Sedge
Fox Sedge
Turtlehead
Shooting Star
Spotted Joe Pye Weed
Cream Gentian
Bottle Gentian
Bottlebrush Gentian Variant
Downy Gentian
Yellow Avens
Early Sunflower
Canada Rush
Dudley's Rush
Path Rush
Prairie Blazingstar
Turk's Cap Lily
Water Horehound
Bergamont
Glade Mallow
Evening Primrose
Prairie Phlox
Mountain Mint
Yellow Coneflower
Black-Eyed Susan
Wild Golden Glow
Sweet Black-Eyed Susan
Brown-Eyed Susan
Green Bulrush
Grass-Leaved Goldenrod
Ohio Goldenrod
Riddell's Goldenrod
Meadow Rue
weight (oz)
1
2
1
1
1
1.25
2
8
0.25
1
1
1
8
1
0.5
1
0.125
0.25
1
1
0.5
16
0.125
8
1
0.75
0.125
0.5
0.125
1
4
0.5
0.5
0.25
4
0.25
16
1
16
1
0.125
3
1
1
0.25
1
1
3
3
1
0.25
0.5
Source
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
Agrecol
DCP
Eldred
P. Moon
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
Agrecol
Agrecol
P. Moon
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
Collected
P. Moon
DCP
Collected
Collected
Collected
VAP
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
Agrecol
P. Moon
Sugar/Blk Earth
Collected
P. Moon
Agrecol
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
Agrecol
P. Moon
Collected
Agrecol
Agrecol
Collected
Collected
144
Botanical Name
Verbena hastata
Zizia aurea
Common Name
Ohio Spiderwort
Hastate Vervain
Golden Alexander
weight (oz)
5
1
1
Source
Collected
Collected
Collected
Totals
57 species (1:3 graminoid/forb ratio)
42 forbs
15 sedges
127.3 ounces (7.95 lbs) of seed planted
1.5 acres; 5.3 lbs per acre
Source:
Collected (On-site at the Preserve)
Agrecol = Agrecol Nursery (Local Genotype Seed Requested)
P. Moon = Prairie Moon Nursery (Local Genotypes Requested)
Sugar/Blk Earth = Collected from remnant populations along the Sugar River and Black Earth Creek
DCP = Donated by Dane County Parks
VAP = Donated by Jon van Altena, Koshkonong Corners State Natural Area
145
Appendix A-7: Planting List for Unit 13 Scrape Planting (2007 - 2008)
Abundance Category Species
Species that were planted from seed in November 2007:
Matrix species
Fox Sedge
Matrix species
Softstem Bulrush
Matrix species
Lake Sedge
Matrix species
Sedge
Matrix species
Water Horehound
Matrix species
Green Bulrush
Matrix species
Rice Cut Grass
Matrix species
Nodding Sedge
Matrix species
Cream Gentian
Subdominant
Bottlebrush Gentian
Subdominant
Porcupine Sedge
Subdominant
Shooting Star
Subdominant
Cream Baptisia
Subdominant
New England Aster
Subdominant
Red Stem Aster
Subdominant
Marsh Vervain
Subdominant
Perfoliate Boneset
Subdominant
Ridell's Goldenrod
Subdominant
Marsh Blazing Star
Subdominant
Water Plantain
Subdominant
Canada anemone
Subdominant
Wild Bergamont
Subdominant
Swamp Marigold
Subdominant
River Bullrush
Subdominant
Arrowhead
Subdominant
Yellow Coneflower
Subdominant
Field Sedge
Subdominant
Woolgrass
Subdominant
Sneezeweed
Subdominant
Spotted Joe-Pye Weed
Subdominant
Marsh Marigold
Subdominant
Common Hop Sedge
Subdominant
Fringed Sedge
Subdominant
Riparian Wild Rye
Subdominant
Swamp Milkweed
Rarefraction
Stipate Sedge
Rarefraction
Marsh Avens
Rarefraction
Winged Loosestrife
Rarefraction
Monkey Flower
Rarefraction
Rarefraction
Three-square Rush
Rarefraction
Canada Rush
Rarefraction
Ohio Spiderwort
Rarefraction
Cardinal Flower
Rarefraction
Bur-Reed
Rarefraction
Grass-Leaved Goldenrod
Rarefraction
Yellow Nutsedge
Rarefraction
Path Rush
Rarefraction
Turtlehead
Rarefraction
Culver's Root
Rarefraction
Spike Rush
Rarefraction
Cup Plant
Rarefraction
Ironweed
Rarefraction
Scientific Name
Carex vulpinoidea
Schenoplectus tabernaemontaini
Carex lacustris
Carex lurida
Lycopus americanus
Scirpus atrovirens
Leersia oryzoides
Carex scoparia
Gentiana alba
Gentiana andrewsii
Carex hystericina
Dodecatheon media
Baptisia leucophaea
Aster novae-angliae
Aster puniceus
Verbena hastata
Solidago ridellii
Alisma subcordatum
Anemone canadensis
Monarda fistulosa
Bidens cernua
Scirpus fluviatilis
Sagittaria latifolia
Ratibida pinnata
Carex normalis
Scirpus cyperinus
Helenium autumnale
Caltha palustris
Carex lupulina
Carex crinita
Elymus riparius
Asclepias incarnata
Carex stipata
Geum allepicum
Lythrum alatum
Mimulus ringens
Scirpus americanus
Juncus canadensis
Lobelia cardnalis
Solidago graminifolia
Cyperus strigosus
Juncus tenuifolia
Chelone glabra
Veronia fasciculata
Liatris aspera
Weight (oz.)
Source
18
8
8
16
10
32
8
10
10
7
8
8
8
8
8
6
7
6
6.5
4
3
3
2
2
3
5
1
2.5
5
5
1
1
1
1
2.25
0.125
1.5
0.125
0.25
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.125
0.5
0.5
0.125
0.125
1
1.5
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.5
Collected
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
Agrecol
Collected
Agrecol
Collected
Collected
Collected
Agrecol
DCP/IAT
Eldred
Agrecol
Agrecol
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
Agrecol
Collected
JF New
Collected
Collected
Collected
Collected
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
P. Moon
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
JF New
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
Collected
JF New
Collected
Collected
Collected
146
Abundance Category
Special
Special
Special
Special
Special
Special
Species
Pink-Flowered Gentian
Glade Mallow
Turk's Cap Lily
Water Hyacinth
Abundance Category Species
Species that were added as live plants in June 2008:
Matrix species
Tussock Sedge
Subdominant
White Water Lily
Subdominant
Common Pondweed
Subdominant
Nodding Pondweed
Subdominant
Sago Pondweed
Subdominant
Bur-Reed
Subdominant
Prairie Blazingstar
Subdominant
Blue Flag Iris
Subdominant
Nodding Sedge
Subdominant
Hop Sedge
Subdominant
Cardinal Flower
Subdominant
Spiderwort
Subdominant
Porcupine Sedge
American Water Lotus
Rarefraction
Rarefraction
Bulrush
Scientific Name
Oenothera biennis
Napaea dioica
Lilium superbum
Camassia scillioides
Scientific Name
Carex stricta
Nymphaea odorata
Potamogeton natans
Potamogeton nodosus
Potamogeton pectinatus
Liatris pycnostachya
Iris virginica shrevi
Carex comosa
Carex lupulina
Lobelia cardnalis
Carex hystericina
Nelumbo lutea
Scirpus pungens
Weight (oz.)
1.5
0.375
4
2.25
0.125
1
Source
JF New
VAP
Sugar/Blk Earth
Collected
VAP
Midwest
Propagule
Source
Plugs
Rooted Tuber
Bareroot
Bareroot
Bareroot
Plugs
Plugs
Plugs
Plugs
Plugs
Plugs
Plugs
Plugs
Plants
Plugs
Agrecol
JF New
JF New
JF New
JF New
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
JF New
Agrecol
Totals
73 species total (1:2.5 graminoid/forb ratio)
52 forbs
17 sedges
2 grasses
2 rushes
252 ounces (15.8 lbs) of seed planted
1.5 acres; 10.5 lbs/acre
Source:
P. Moon = Prairie Moon Nursery (Local Genotypes Requested)
Agrecol - Agrecol Nursery (Local Genotypes Requested)
Midwest = Midwest Prairies (Local Genotypes Requested)
JF New = JF New Nursery
Sugar/Blk Earth = Sugar River and Black Earth Creek Collection Sites
DCP/IAT = Donated by Dane County Parks and Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation
VAP = John van Altena Property
147
Appendix A-8: Planting List for Units 2 and 3 Savanna Understory Planting (2008)
Forbs and Legumes
Botanical Name
Common Name
Agastache foeniculum
Agastache scrophulariaefolia
Allium canadense
Allium cernuum
Amorpha canescens
Anenome canadense
Aralia racemosa
Arisaema triphyllum
Artemesia ludoviciana
Asclepias exaltata
Asclepias purpurescens
Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias viridiflora
Aster azureus
Aster drummondii
Aster ericoides
Aster macrophyllus
Aster novae-anglae
Aster sagittifolius
Aster shortii
Caulophyllum thalictroides
Cirsium discolor
Coreopsis palmata
Dodecatheon media
Echinacea pallida
Eryngium yuccifolium
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium rugosum
Eupatorium sessilifolium
Gentiana quinquefolia
Geranium maculatum
Helianthus strumosis
Heuchera richardsonii
Hypericum prymidatum
Kuhnia eupatoroides
Lespedeza capitata
Liatris aspera
Liatris cylindracea
Lobelia inflata
Lupinus perennis
Mertensia virginica
Monarda fistulosa
Oenothera biennis
Pedicularis canadensis
Penthorum sedoides
Lavender Hyssop
Purple Giant Hyssop
Wild Garlic
Nodding Wild Onion
Leadplant
Canada Anenome
Wild Columbine
Spikenard
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
Prairie Sage
Poke Milkweed
Purple Milkweed
Butterfly Milkweed
Green Milkweed
Sky Blue Aster
Drummond's Aster
Heath Aster
Big-Leaved Aster
New England Aster
Arrow-Leaved Aster
Short's Aster
Canada Milk Vetch
Blue Cohosh
Native Thistle
Bird Foot Coreopsis
Pointed-Leaved Tick Trefoil
Shooting Star
Pale Purple Coneflower
Rattlesnake Master
Upland Joe Pye Weed
White Snakeroot
Upland Boneset
Downy Gentian
Stiff Gentian
Wild Geranium
Woodland Sunflower
Early Sunflower
Alum Root
Great St. John's Wort
False Boneset
Bushclover
Rough Blazing Star
Dwarf Blazing Star
Indian Tobacco
Wild Lupine
Virginia Bluebells
Wild Bergamont
Evening Primrose
Wild Quinine
Wood Betony
Ditch Stonecrop
Quantity (oz.)
SOURCE
16
8
4
5
4
0.125
4
0.25
1
8
3
0.125
16
1.5
8
16
0.5
0.25
8
8
1
10
5
4
2
8
32
16
16
5
1
8
0.125
1
4
1
8
2
32
16
10
4
32
4
0.25
32
0.25
16
4
0.125
0.5
1
P. Moon
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
Agrecol
Collected
PVC
Collected
P. Moon
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
DCP/IAT
Agrecol
Collected
Collected
DCP/IAT
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
JF New
Agrecol
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
Collected
Collected
Collected
Collected
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
MKNS
P. Moon
Agrecol
JF New
Collected
Collected
Agrecol
148
Botanical Name
Common Name
Quantity (oz.)
SOURCE
Petalostemum candidum
Petalostemum purpureum
Phlox divaricata
Polygonatum canaliculatum
Prenanthes alba
Ratibida columnifera
Ratibida pinnata
Rudbeckia hirta
Scrophularia lanceolata
Smilacina racemosa
Silphium mix
Solidago rigida
Solidago flexicaulis
Solidago juncea
Solidago speciosa
Solidago ulmifolia
Talinum rugospermum
Verbena stricta
Zizia aurea
Wild Blue Phlox
Soloman's Seal
Lion's Foot
Early Buttercup
Long-Headed Coneflower
Yellow Coneflower
Black-Eyed Susan
Bloodroot
Early Figwort
Soloman's Plume
Rosinweed/Compass/Dock
Stiff Goldenrod
Zig-Zag Goldenrod
Early Goldenrod
Showy Goldenrod
Elm-Leaved Goldenrod
Fameflower
Ohio Spiderwort
Hoary Vervain
Golden Alexander
16
16
0.125
1
1
1
4
16
16
1
0.125
0.25
32
32
4
0.125
8
16
0.125
5
0.125
16
4
P. Moon
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
Agrecol
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
P. Moon
P. Moon
Collected
Agrecol
P. Moon
Agrecol
P. Moon
P. Moon
P. Moon
Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes
Bouteloua gracilis
Bromus kalmii
Carex sp.
Carex bicknellii
Carex brevior
Carex cephaloides
Carex gravida
Carex muhlenbergii
Carex rosea
Elymus villosus/Hystrix patula mix
Elymus virginicus
Juncus effusus
Koeleria cristata
Muhlenbergia racemosa
Panicum leibergii
Paspalum ciliatifolium
Sporobolus cryptandrus
Little Bluestem
Side Oats Grama
Buffalo Grass
Prairie Brome
Sedge
Prairie Sedge
Plains Oval Sedge
Sedge
Long-Awned Bracted Sedge
Sand Bracted Sedge
Curly-Styled Wood Sedge
Silky Wild Rye/Bottlebrush Grass mix
Virginia Wild Rye
Rush
June Grass
Upland Wild Timothy
Leiberg's Panic Grass
Hairy Lens Grass
Sand Dropseed
80
80
16
16
0.25
8
16
0.25
8
4
0.125
80
32
4
32
2
1
0.125
4
Agrecol
Collected
P. Moon
Collected
Collected
Agrecol
P. Moon
Collected
Agrecol
P. Moon
P. Moon
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
Agrecol
P. Moon
Collected
P. Moon
Collected
Totals
95 species (1:2 graminoid/forb ratio)
75 forbs
12 grasses
7 sedges
1 rush
961.60 ounces (60.1 lbs) of seed planted
10 acres; 6 lbs per acre
149
Appendix B: Specific Recovery Plans for Plant Species of Conservation Concern (B‐1): Lamiaceae/Labiatae (Mint Family): Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Giant Yellow Hyssop Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing geometrically, and plants are migrating into areas recently cleared of shrubs in unit 1. Metapopulation have been established in units 2 and 3. Habitat: Oak savanna and open oak woodlands. Location(s): The largest deme is in management unit 1. Smaller demes have been established in management units 2 and 3. Unit 3: N43° 07.497’ GPS Grid: Unit 1: N43° 07.450’ Unit 2: N43° 07.551’ W089° 40.303’ W089° 40.357’ W089° 40.250’ 970’ elevation 1,011’ elevation 959’ elevation Abundance: The large population in management unit 1 was initially discovered by Craig Annen in July 2004 while mowing sweet clover. Detailed surveys began in 2007, and have measured geometric increases in the number of individuals in this metapopulation: Abundance (total number of stems) Deme 2007 2008 2009 Increase 2007‐09 Unit 1 62 155 295 376% [233] 0 1 3 200% [2] Unit 2 Unit 3 0 1 3 200% [2] Total 62 157 301 385% [239] 150
Registration with NHI: Record submitted in March 2009 by Craig Annen. Subsequent record was submitted in 2011 by Craig Annen, at the request of Ryan O’Connor (WDNR). Comments: Detailed annual surveys have documented geometric increases in the number of individuals comprising this metapopulation during the 2007‐09 sampling period. By calculating the differential series (δN/δt = rN) for the number of individuals sampled from 2007‐09, the per capita finite rate of increase was estimated at (r = 2.225) for the yellow hyssop metapopulation. This growth rate means that the number of individuals in this population doubles every reproductive cycle, and, on average, each plant produces one additional plant every generation so that perennial individuals are replacing themselves. We can use the estimated value of r to predict the size of this population in 2010, rNt=4 or (2.225) (301) = 669 individuals. Specific Recovery Plan: Since the deme in unit 1 consists of > 250 individuals, seed from these plants can be harvested and planted elsewhere at the Preserve. However, managers must be careful to not overharvest seed from the deme in unit 1 in their effort to establish additional demes in units 2 and 3. Harvesting seed can be thought of in terms of emigration from the population; too much emigration with too little replacement and the population size of the unit 1 deme will decline and eventually crash as existing plants mature and die out without being replaced by new individuals through seed rain. We can use an expanded version of the logistic population growth model that includes a set of terms quantifying the effects of harvesting on population size (the Schaefer‐Clark Model) to determine the upper limit of seed that can be harvested without causing population decline. Plotting N (the population size) as a function of time yields an equilibrium point at N = K, when the population size has reached the maximum number of individuals that the resources present in unit 1 can support. In other words, eventually this population will reach a point when the number of deaths is balanced by the number of newly emerging seedlings, and will no longer grow in size. Plotting the harvest terms in the Schaefer‐Clark Model as a proportion of N gives three possible outcomes with two additional equilibrium points. If no seed is harvested, N will continue to increase over time until the population reaches K (curve r = 2.225). Harvesting seed will cause r to decrease over time. As long as r > 1, the population will continue to grow with seed harvesting, albeit at a slower rate. Moving set‐point equilibria will emerge at a value of N corresponding to the intersection of the harvest term function with the growth curve for the population (N = Nt), the precise equilibrium estimate of N depending on the level of seed harvested (the shaded region of values 2.225 > r > 1). If too much seed is harvested, r will decrease below 1, shifting the set‐
point equilibrium toward the origin (r < 1 curve) and eventually resulting in local extirpation of the population (N = 0): 151
Since the estimated growth rate for the metapopulation is r = 2.225, we can predict that slightly more than half of this value will result in a population equilibrium that is near the value of N at the time when collecting efforts are initiated. The maximum decrease in r that this population can absorb without leading to eventual population decline is 1.225, which corresponds to a collection effort of 61.25% of the annual seed produced. However, since the estimate for r was derived from only three data points (sampling years 2007‐09), variability about this estimate is probably high and a safety factor should be introduced to the final management recommendation. For convenience, let us assume that up to 50% of the seed can be harvested from unit 1 every year without indirectly affecting the population’s long‐term viability. Therefore, DO NOT collect seed from more than 50% of the population in a given year; harvesting more than 50% will cause a bifurcation leading to eventual extirpation of the deme from unit 1. Collect seeds from flowering plants and sow into the vicinity of newly establishing demes within management units 2 and 3. Sow seed into management unit 12 to expand the range of this population and establish an additional metapopulation deme on the east ridge. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within ten feet of any individual plants of this metapopulation. Conservation Actions: Approximately 50% of the seed produced by this deme was collected in autumn 2007 and 2008 and sowed into adjacent parts of management unit 1, concomitant with shrub removal efforts. Seed was also raked into units 2 and 3 in autumn 2007. The plants in units 2 and 3 that grew were allowed to self‐seed in 2008. A portion of the seed collected from the unit 1 deme was 152
sowed into the unit 2 savanna understory planting in 2008. In 2009, no individuals had yet been observed from this seeding. Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp. 153
(B‐2): Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family): Asclepias purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed Conservation Status: Endangered (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Five transplants are established in the seed nursery near the Goth residence. Two transplants flowered in June‐July 2009. Habitat: Oak savanna and open oak woodlands. Location(s): Nursery next to Goth residence. Registration with NHI: N/A, since this is a transplanted population and is not indigenous to the Preserve. Comments: Although historically present in the Driftless Area of Dane County, indigenous populations of this species have never been sampled at the Preserve. Two plugs (live plants) and approximately 25 seeds were donated to the Preserve by Tom and Kathie Brock. The germplasm was originally obtained from the Pleasant Valley Conservancy, near Black Earth, WI. Plugs were grown from seed at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Greenhouse, and the donated seed was stratified and grown by Craig Annen. Plugs were transplanted into the seed nursery in May of 2008 over black landscape fabric and surrounded by protective exclosures to curtail deer browsing. Conservation Actions: Mature pods will be collected from flowering plants and the seed will be frost‐sowed into management units 2 and 3 in 2009. Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp. 154
(B‐3): Asteraceae/Compositae (Composite Family): Arnoglossum [Cacalia] plantagineum [tuberosa] Raf. Tuberous Indian Plantain Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing and is in metapopulation with four demes. In portions of unit 9, population appears to be increasing in response to Phalaris arundinacea management. Habitat: Broad ecological amplitude ranging from sedge meadow to dry‐mesic prairie. Location(s): Largest deme occurs in management unit 9, with smaller demes in units 1, 7, and 15. Unit 1: No data available GPS Grid: Unit 9: N43° 07.658’ Unit 7: N43° 07.553’ W089° 39.819’ W089° 39.968’ 848’ elevation 870’ elevation Unit 15: N43° 07.721’ W089° 39.689’ Abundance: The only deme that has been monitored is in management unit 1. In July 2007, one individual was observed growing near a limestone seep on the east slope of management unit 1 (it did not flower). Four depauperate individuals were observed in June 2008 (none were in flower). This species was not observed in unit 1 in 2009. Brush clearing and the resultant drying out of this slope may have made the east slope of unit 1 uninhabitable to this species. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in April 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: Richard Oberle (The Prairie Enthusiasts, Inc.) has been collecting seed from the deme in unit 9 for several years (possibly since 2004). Specific Recovery Plan: DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in any of the management units where it occurs; doing so could eliminate this population’s unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or 155
aminopyralid for any management purposes within ten feet of any individuals of this population. DO NOT apply clopyralid within 15 feet of any individual of this population. Allow smaller demes to self‐seed. Since there is not enough data to predict how much seed can be harvested without affecting the long‐term sustainability of this population, instruct seed collectors not to harvest more than 25% of the seed from the unit 9 deme. Conservation Actions: As per the specific recovery plan above. Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp. 156
(B‐4): Malvaceae (Mallow Family): Callirhoe triangulata (Leavenw.) A. Gray Clustered Poppy Mallow Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is stable, but in danger of genetic drift and inbreeding depression. Habitat: Dry and dry‐mesic prairies. Location(s): Growing in the St. Peter sandstone cap atop management unit 1. GPS Grid: N43° 07.381’ W089° 40.298’ 965’ elevation Abundance: One flowering stem was initially observed by Gerald Goth in July 2008. Craig Annen assisted with identification and verification. In 2008, this individual consisted of two stems. In 2009, four stems were recorded. These stems are probably all from the same individual. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in March 2009 by Craig Annen. Subsequent record was submitted in 2011 by Craig Annen, at the request of Ryan O’Connor (WDNR). Comments: This is the first recorded observance of a relic population of this species from Dane County. Specific Recovery Plan: Scan the remnant for additional individuals. Since only one individual was observed, there is a major risk of a founder effect/genetic drift occurring in this small “population”, along with inbreeding depression if new local genetic material is not introduced to the site. It is imperative to find a local seed source from a relic population. Seed should be collected from nearby populations and sown into appropriate niche space at the Preserve, preferably within managed or remnant‐quality locations. Since this species is listed as Special Concern, a permit is not required to collect its seed. DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in management unit 1; doing so could eliminate this population’s 157
unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within 100 feet of this population. Conservation Actions: We are presently attempting to locate additional individuals and a local relic seed source for this population. For the being, we have been allowing this individual to self‐seed. Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp. 158
(B‐5): Asteraceae/Compositae (Composite Family): Echinacea pallida (Nuttal.) Nuttal. Pale Purple Coneflower Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing and is in metapopulation with four demes. Habitat: Modal to mesic prairie, occurs from dry to wet prairie. Location(s): Largest deme occurs in management unit 1, with smaller demes in units 7, 14, and 15. Unit 14: No data available GPS Grid: Unit 1: N43° 07.394’ Unit 7: N43° 07.554’ W089° 40.246’ W089° 39.971’ 910’ elevation 870’ elevation Unit 15: No data available Abundance: Too Numerous to Count (TNTC). Abundance appears to be increasing in response to prairie and savanna management in unit 1. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in March 2009 by Craig Annen. Subsequent record was submitted in 2011 by Craig Annen, at the request of Ryan O’Connor (WDNR). Comments: This is the northernmost indigenous population of this species known from Wisconsin. Specific Recovery Plan: Continue to collect seed from the unit 1 deme and sow into brush clearing zones, commensurate with prairie and savanna restoration. Since this species is modal to mesic prairie, collect seed from the unit 1 deme and frost‐sow into unit 7 to increase the population size of the deme already present there. DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in any of the management units where it occurs; doing so could eliminate this population’s unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within five feet of 159
any individuals of this population. DO NOT apply clopyralid within 15 feet of any individual of this population. Allow smaller demes to self‐seed. Since there is not enough data to predict how much seed can be harvested without affecting the long‐term sustainability of this population, instruct seed collectors not to collect more than 25% of the seed from the unit 1 deme. Conservation Actions: In autumn 2007, seed was collected and sown into areas recently cleared of brush to expand this species’ range in unit 1. In 2008, this species was growing within these areas, and several of these individuals flowered in 2009. In autumn 2008, seed was collected and sown into the unit 2 planting. Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. (2006). Flora of North America, volume 21, Magnoliophyta: Asteridae: Asteraceae, part 3. 616pp. 160
(B‐6): Gentianaceae (Gentian Family): Gentiana alba Muhl. Cream or Yellow Gentian Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing and is in metapopulation with five demes. Population appears to be increasing in response to brush control and prairie restoration efforts in management unit 1. Habitat: Modal to mesic prairie, occurs from dry to wet prairie. Location(s): Largest deme occurs in management unit 7, with smaller demes in units 1, 13, 14, and 15. Unit 7: N43° 07.558’ Unit 13: N43° 07.800’ GPS Grid: Unit 1: No data available W089° 39.97’ W089° 39.765’ 857’ elevation Unit 14: No data available Unit 15: N43° 07.719’ W089° 39.689’ Abundance: Too Numerous to Count (TNTC). Abundance is increasing in response to prairie and savanna management in unit 1. In 2007 and 2008, four individuals were observed in unit 1. In 2009, 12 individuals were observed, an overall increase of 200% during the 2007‐09 sampling period. Registration with NHI: Records submitted in April 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: This species has been present at the Preserve since at least 1987. Specific Recovery Plan: Continue to collect seed from the unit 7 deme and sow into the other demes. Since this species is modal to mesic prairie, allow at least 50% of the seed production to reseed itself within the unit 7 mesic prairie remnant. DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in any of the management units where it occurs; doing so could eliminate this population’s unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, 161
broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within five feet of any individuals of this population. Allow smaller demes in units 1, 13, 14, and 15 to self‐seed. Since there is not enough data to predict how much seed can be harvested without affecting the long‐term sustainability of this population, instruct seed collectors not to collect more than 50% of the seed from the unit 7 deme. Conservation Actions: In autumn 2007, seed was collected and sown into the unit 13 restoration planting and into areas recently cleared of brush in unit 1. In 2008 and 2009, this species was already growing within unit 13, and several of these individuals flowered in 2009. In autumn 2008, seed was collected from unit 7 and sown into the unit 31 planting. Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp. 162
(B‐7): Juglandaceae (Walnut Family): Juglans cinerea L. Butternut Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population is in decline due to butternut canker (Sirococcus clavigignenti‐
juglandacearum) infection. Habitat: Dry, rocky slopes in open oak woodlands and mesic forests. Location(s): Growing on the west ridge atop management unit 5. GPS Grid: N43° 07.903’ W089° 40.406’ Abundance: Several butternuts were observed by Paul Michler and Craig Annen during a savanna restoration project in 2005, south of where the GPS population occurs. Craig Annen was unable to relocate those trees during a June 2009 survey. Two butternut trees were observed along the Ice Age Trail during an IAT work party in January 2009, and a fallen dead tree was observed while clearing buckthorn from an oak woodland remnant in March 2009. Both live trees were relocated during a June 2009 survey. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in June 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: Butternut canker has definitely affected at least one tree. A younger tree appeared symptom‐free in late May 2009. Specific Recovery Plan: Scan the Preserve for additional individuals. Jeff Long reported seeing some within management unit 8 or 15 in 2009. Continue to monitor the younger tree for signs of canker infection. If none appears, contact P. Thomas Boos at the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (Forestry Division) and report any relevant information to him. 163
Conservation Actions: Buckthorn and elm have been cleared from the surrounding area to encourage these trees to regenerate. For the being, we have been allowing this individual to self‐seed. Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Committee. (1997). Flora of North America, volume 13. Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. 590pp. 164
(B‐8): Malvaceae (Mallow Family): Napaea dioica L. Glade Mallow Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) DE‐LISTED by WDNR IN 2011 Habitat: Disturbed ground along stream banks and in low wet areas. Location(s): Management unit 9, near a scrape pond and at the south end of unit 20. GPS Grid: Unit 9: N43° 07.559’ Unit 20: No data available W089° 39.970’ 850’ elevation Abundance: Two individuals have been observed at the Preserve by Craig Annen. Both occurrences (units 9 and 20) consisted of isolated, single plants. The glade mallow in unit 9 was observed in June 2008, the one in unit 20 in September 2007 and again in August 2008. Neither was observed in 2009. Large populations exist less than one‐half mile to the south of the Preserve, within the Burlington National Railroad easement and along the banks of the Black Earth Creek. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in April 2009 by Craig Annen. Specific Recovery Plan: Since only one individual was observed in each management unit, and since this species is dioecious (bearing male and female flowers on separate plants), and also since large populations exist nearby, seed should be collected from nearby populations and sown into appropriate niche space at the Preserve, preferably within managed or remnant quality locations. Since this species is Special Concern, a permit is not required to collect its seed. Conservation Actions: In 2007, seed collections were made from adjacent areas (The banks of both the Black Earth Creek (near the Preserve) and Sugar River (near Belleville, WI) and frost‐seeded into unit 13. Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp. 165
(B‐9): Boraginaceae (Borage Family): Onosmodium [molle] bejariense DC. var. occidentale (Mack) B.L. Turner. Marbleseed Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing. Managers are attempting to establish metapopulations. Habitat: Dry‐mesic prairies. Location(s): On top of the south slope of management unit 1. GPS Grid: N43° 07.404’ W089° 40.321’ 994’ elevation Abundance: Craig Annen documented four individuals in 2007, 32 in 2008, and 85 in 2009, an increase of 2,025% during the 2007‐09 sampling period. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in April 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: Two varieties are recognized by NHI botanists: O. bejarense var. hispidissimum (Mack.) B.L. Turner, and O. bejarense var. occidentale (Mack.) B.L. Turner. NHI botanists are presently tracking both varieties. A flowering sample was collected in June 2009 by Craig Annen, pressed, and mailed to Craig Anderson of the WDNR for verification of the variety. It was Craig Anderson’s opinion that the sample was O. bejarense var. occidentale. At Craig Anderson’s request, Craig Annen gave permission to deposit the sample in the University of Wisconsin‐Madison herbarium as a permanent record of this species and variety occurring in Dane County prairie remnants. A collection permit was not required for this activity since this species is listed as Special Concern. Detailed annual surveys have documented increases in the number of individuals comprising this population during the 2007‐09 sampling period. By calculating the differential series (δN/δt = rN) for the number of individuals sampled from 2007‐
09, the per capita finite rate of increase was estimated at (r = 5.38) for this marbleseed population. The population grew by a factor of eight during the first sampling interval, but only 166
by a factor of 2.5 during the second interval. There is high variability in the population growth estimate and this should be considered when deciding how much seed can be collected without causing population decline. Specific Recovery Plan: Collect seed and sow into adjacent parts of unit 1 and also into unit 11. Plugging population growth data for this species into a Schaefer‐Clark Model yields a seed collection effort of 81.4% as the threshold for r < 1 and population decline. However, since there was a considerable degree of variability around this estimate, and seed harvest should not exceed 50% per year. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within five feet of any individual of this population. Conservation Actions: Seed of this species was collected in autumn 2007 and 2008 and frost‐sowed into adjacent parts of management unit 1, concomitant with brush clearing activities. Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp. 167
(B‐10): Asteraceae/Compositae (Composite Family): Parthenium integrifolium L. Wild Quinine, American Feverfew Conservation Status: Threatened (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size is increasing, and plants are migrating into areas recently cleared of shrubs in unit 1. One additional metapopulation deme has been established in unit 20. Habitat: All types of prairies. Location(s): Largest deme is in management unit 1. A smaller deme occurs near the middle of management unit 20. Unit 20: N43° 07.841’ GPS Grid: Unit 1: N43° 07.420’ W089° 40.313’ W089° 40.261’ 1,020’ elevation 855’ elevation Abundance: There are more than 100 individuals in unit 1, and approximately 10 individuals in unit 20. This population is too abundant for detailed survey (TNTC = Too Numerous to Count). Registration with NHI: Record submitted in June 2009 by Craig Annen. Comments: Seed viability is low, though seed production is high. Sow site‐collected seed at higher rates to compensate. Specific Recovery Plan: Collect seeds from flowering plants and sow into adjacent areas of management unit 1. Sow seed into management units 7, 11, and 12 to expand the range of this population and establish additional metapopulation demes. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within five feet of any individual plants of this population. DO NOT apply clopyralid within 15 feet of any individual of this population. Since there is not enough data to predict how much seed can be harvested without affecting the long‐term sustainability of this population, instruct seed collectors not to collect more than 25% of the seed from the unit 1 deme. 168
Conservation Actions: Seed was collected in autumn 2007 and 2008 and sowed into adjacent parts of management unit 1, concomitant with shrub removal efforts. Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. (2006). Flora of North America, volume 21, Magnoliophyta: Asteridae: Asteraceae, part 3. 616pp. 169
(B‐11): Fabaceae/Leguminosae (Legume Family): Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh.) Rydb. Prairie Turnip, Pomme‐de‐Prairie Conservation Status: Special Concern (Wisconsin) Preserve Status: Population size increased from 2005‐2009. Managers are attempting to establish metapopulations of this population. Habitat: Dry prairies of the Driftless Area. Location(s): Growing in the St. Peter sandstone cap atop management unit 1. GPS Grid: N43° 07.385’ W089° 40.292’ Abundance: This species was observed in April 2005 by Paul Michler and Craig Annen. One flowering individual was recorded in 2007, 12 individuals in 2008 (all flowered), and 13 individuals (12 flowering and one non‐flowering) in 2009, an overall increase of 1,200% during the 2007‐09 sampling period. As of June 2011, no new individuals have been observed. Registration with NHI: Record submitted in March 2009 by Craig Annen. Subsequent record was submitted in 2011 by Craig Annen, at the request of Ryan O’Connor (WDNR). Specific Recovery Plan: Seed should be collected from this population and sown into appropriate niche space at the Preserve, preferably within managed or remnant quality locations. Since this species is listed as Special Concern, a permit is not required to collect its seed. Seed from this population should also be sown into the dry prairie remnant in management unit 11 to put this species into metapopulation status. DO NOT under any circumstances sow nursery seed of this species in management units 1 or 11; doing so could eliminate this population’s unique genetic identity. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, aminopyralid, or clopyralid for any management purposes within 100 feet of this population. 170
Conservation Actions: In 2008, Gerald Goth and Linnea Smith collected seed of this species and sowed it into unit 1 near the source population. Taxonomic Reference: Gleason, H.A., and A. Cronquist. (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden Publication, 910pp. 171
(B‐12): Orchidaceae (Orchid Family): Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttal.) Lindley. Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid Conservation Status: Endangered (Wisconsin) (Federally Threatened) Preserve Status: Population size is small but stable and is in metapopulation, with three demes. This population has moderate population viability according to FWS recovery criteria (1999). Habitat: Wet prairies. Location(s): Largest deme occurs in management unit 13, with smaller demes in units 1, 9 and 20. GPS Grid: Refer to Appendix F. Abundance: Refer to Appendix F. Registration with NHI: N/A, since this population consists of transplanted germplasm. Comments: EPFO was placed on the federal threatened species list on September 28, 1989. The germplasm present at the Preserve was donated by Jon van Altena. Established EPFO plants were transplanted as live plants in November of 2007 and 2008 (see Appendix F). A permit was not required for this transplant since 1) The plants were donated, not purchased for cash, goods, or services, and the transplanting took place under the guidance, permission, and cooperation of the landowner, 2) The plants were not transported across state boundaries or outside of the continental United States, and 3) The donor site was (at the time of transplanting) private property not under direct federal control (Endangered Species Act of 1973, Section 9 page 31, General Article 2 (Prohibited Acts), Subsections A through E). Transplant sites were selected based on the findings of Bell et al. (2005), who summarized factors that limit the distribution and abundance of EPFO in the Midwest. USFWS (1999) provides an index of population viability based on population size, trends in the number of 172
individuals of a population, habitat size, protection status of habitat, successional status of habitat, and level of management required to maintain the population. The EPFO population at the Preserve scored 14.5 out of a possible 21, meaning that this population has moderate viability according to FWS standards. Increasing population size above 50 individuals would result in a highly viable population at the Preserve. Specific Recovery Plan: The USFWS outlines four Priority Recovery Actions for this species: 1) Provide for legal protection of sites where EPFO occurs; ideally, sites will be larger than 125 acres in size (the Preserve is permanently protected, and is more than 500 acres in size). 2) Increase the size of the population (additional transplants and/or self‐seeding by established individuals). 3) Monitor the status of the population (already underway). 4) Manage habitat (reduce impacts from drainage and invasion by woody plants and reed canarygrass, also presently underway at the Preserve). DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within 25 feet of any individuals of this population. Allow existing demes to self‐seed. Since it is unclear how EPFO populations respond to prescribed burns, sites containing EPFO plants should be burned as early as possible in the spring. If there is concern of killing frosts beyond an early burn date, the plants can be mulched to a depth of six inches with leaf mulch or hammermill chaff. Mulch should be manually removed when daily low temperatures rise above the risk of frost damage. USFWS (1999) lists three species of nocturnal hawk moths responsible for EPFO pollination, Eumorpha pandorus (Pandorus Sphinx), Eumorpha achemon, and Sphinx eremitis. The Pandorus Sphinx has been documented at the Preserve near units 13 and 15. The larval host for E. pandorus is Vitis spp., and therefore TSI programs aimed at completely eliminating Vitis spp. from timber‐bearing tree stands should take pollinator requirements of EPFO and E. pandorus into account. Leave at least 20% of Vitis spp. unharmed during TSI activities, particularly in management units 8, 23, 24, and 25, which are nearest to the EPFO demes. Common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) is pollinated by these same moth species. To attract pollinators, plant O. biennis near EPFO demes, but do so at low densities to not completely distract pollinators from EPFO flowers. Protect EPFO plants from browsing by erecting protective exclosures around them. Conservation Actions: In 2007, a ditch fill/scrape construction/wetland recontouring project was conducted to restore hydrology to remnant sedge meadow in management units 9 and 10. EPFO were transplanted 173
into low bareground areas of units 9 and 13 following scrape construction. Reed canarygrass and brush management have been underway since autumn 2007. Since exposed EPFO flowers are more likely to be pollinated (FWS 1999), only short‐stature sedges and forbs were planted near EPFO locations when planting unit 13. O. biennis was planted at a rate of 1 oz per acre in 2007, and a couple of mature plants were observed flowering in 2009. Unit 13 was burned on 16 March 2009 and unit 9 on 20 March 2009. Burning on these dates did not harm EPFO plants. Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Committee. (2002). Flora of North America, volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. 723pp. Additional References: Beacham, W., F.V. Castronova, and S. Sessine. (2001). Beacham’s Guide to the Endangered Species of North America, volume 6: Dicots and Monocots. Gale Group Publishing, 503pp. Bell, T., P. Kelsey, M. Bowles, and L. Zettler. (2005). Relationships between soil characteristics, distribution and restoration potential of the federal threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. American Midland Naturalist 154(2): 273‐
285. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1999). Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) Recovery Plan, 62pp. 174
(B‐13): Orchidaceae: Spiranthes casei Catling & Cruise var. casei Casey’s Lady’s Tresses Conservation Status: Listed in Flora of North America as a Species of Conservation Concern. Preserve Status: Not observed in 2009. Habitat: Dry, open woodlands. Location(s): Management unit 2 GPS Grid: N43° 07.572’ W089° 40.422’ 978’ elevation Abundance: A cluster of four flowering stems covering an area of about two m2 were observed in September, 2008 by Craig Annen. Gerald Goth and Linnea Smith assisted in initial identification. Registration with NHI: Since this is species is listed in a regional non‐specific conservation status category (SCC), its location information was not reported to WDNR NHI. Comments: First described as a new species in 1974; uncommon throughout its range. Specific Recovery Plan: Since orchids are difficult and costly to propagate, continue restoring and maintaining savanna habitat and monitor the spread of this species into adjacent restored area. Conservation Actions: Attempting to restore and maintain dry, open savanna habitat with buckthorn and honeysuckle removal. This species appeared in management unit 2 following firebreak construction along the western property boundary in March 2008, and was initially observed in September 2008. Protective exclosures were placed around each individual to prevent deer browsing. DO NOT apply broad‐spectrum herbicides, broadleaf‐specific herbicides, or aminopyralid for any management purposes within 25 feet of this population. Taxonomic Reference: Flora of North America Committee. (2002). Flora of North America, volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. 723pp. 175
176
Medium
Medium
Shrub structure required
0 - 5%
> 2 meters
< 25 acres
< 25 acres
≈ 1.0
> 2.5/1
Low-Medium
High
Medium
Medium
*Residual vegetation refers to senescent vegetation standing in spring, prior to the onset of the growing season.
Sturuella magna (Eastern
Meadowlark) IN DECLINE
Taxostoma rufum (Brown
Thrasher)
Spizella pusilla (Field Sparrow)
IN DECLINE
Scolopax minor (Woodcock)
15 - 35 cm preferred
> 1 meter
for nesting
0 - 5%
Requires open marsh and
woody vegetation
5 - 30% shrubs (> 1 m)
required; gradual ecotonal
transitions
Units 5, 8, 12
Unit 1
Units 2, 3, 4
Units 9, 12, 15, 20, 25
Units 5, 8
Units 2, 3, 12
Units 5, 8
Units 2, 3, 10
Unit 32 (Requires Open
Water)
Requires herbaceous vegetation for
nesting
> 1 m shrub height
Unit 1
Units 1, 2, 3
Unit 10, Black Earth
Creek
Units 9, 10, 15
Water)
Water)
Water)
Unit 1
Suitable Habitat
> 35 cm
nesting
nesting
15 - 35 cm preferred for nesting cover
< 15 cm preferred
Requires well-established understory
canopy
High
Medium
Requires open marsh and
woody vegetation
Requres forest edges and
savanna
0 - 5%
0 - 5%
< 30%
Vegetation Height Requirements
for nesting (> 1 m)
< 1.0
Medium
High
Low
Medium
Tree/shrub Cover
Oporonis formosus (Kentucky
Warbler)
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
Cover of
Residual
Vegetation*
> 15 cm dbh standing snags
80 - 125 acres
≈ 1.0
High
Medium
Medium
Bareground
Area
5 - 50% trees
25 - 250 acres
25 - 250 acres
20 - 200 acres
> 2.5/1
> 2.5/1
< 25 acres
25 - 250 acres
≈ 1.0
25 - 250 acres
Litter
(Red-Headed Woodpecker)
Empidonax trailii (Willow
Flycatcher)
Hylocichia mustelina (Wood
Thrush)
Egretta thula (Snowy Egret)
Ardea herodias (Great Blue
Heron)
Cistothorus platensis (Sedge
Wren)
Coccyzus americanus (YellowBilled Cuckoo)
Contopus cooperi (Olive-Sided
Flycatcher)
(Bobolink)
Ardea alba (Great Egret)
Species
(Grasshopper Sparrow) IN
DECLINE
Anas discors (Blue-Winged
Teal) IN DECLINE
Preferred
graminoid/forb
ratio
Miminum Area
Required
Appendix C-1: General Management Guidelines for Avian Species of Conservation Concern (some data were adapted from Sample and Mossman 1997).
Appendix C‐2: General Management Guidelines for Herptiles Contributed by Dr. Josh M. Kapfer (Natural Resources Consulting, Inc.) and Robert Hay (Wisconsin DNR, retired)  Maintain or create habitat heterogeneity at a level of 5 – 25% of the total habitat area  Burn fire‐dependent management units in a random rotation with an optimal burn timing window of 1 November through 15 March.  Restrict weed, brush, and forestry mowing to periods when air temperatures are in excess of 80°F.  Maintain or create gradual ecotonal transitions between adjacent management units for predator evasion and foraging.  Maintain or create brush cover in open areas for predator evasion and foraging.  Maintain brush and rock piles in open areas to provide habitat for small mammals and other prey species.  Place large logs into scrape ponds to provide basking sites.  Use herbicide Best Management Practices (BMPs) to avoid incidental harm to amphibians.  Reduce or eliminate dense stands of Phalaris arundinacea and Rhamnus cathartica. 177
Appendix D: Management Units of the Preserve. 178
KEY to Management Units 1. Dry Lime Prairie Remnant 2. LIP Savanna (West) 3. LIP Savanna (East) 4. Brooks Savanna 5. West Ridge Oak Woodland 6. IAT Savanna 7. Mesic Prairie Remnant 8. East Ridge Oak Woodland 9. Sedge Meadow Remnant (SL) 10. Sedge Meadow/Shrub‐Carr Remnant (Brooks) 11. Goth Savanna 12. WHIP Savanna 13. Scrape Plantings 14. Goth‐Swanson Prairie Plantings 15. Wet‐Mesic Prairie Plantings 16. Warm‐Season Planting (CP‐10) 17. Orchard (CP‐10) 18. Phalaris‐dominated Meadow 19. Horseshoe (CP‐10) 20. Wet Prairie Planting (West) 21. North Scrape/Wet Prairie Planting 22. Dry Prairie Remnant 23. Mesic Forest 24. West Valley (CP‐10) 25. North Oak Woodland 26. Brooks Prairie Planting (South) 27. Implement Yard/Ditch 28. Brooks Prairie Planting (North) 29. East Valley Wildlife Food Plots 30. West Valley Wildlife Food Plots 31. Wet Prairie Buffer Strip 32. Open Water 33. KP Savanna Remnant 133 179
Appendix E: Soils of the Preserve. 134 180
CONFIDENTIAL DOCUMENT – NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION Appendix F November Transplanting of Federally‐Endangered Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) Craig A. Annen and Jon van Altena Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Orchidaceae: Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindley, hereafter EPFO) is a federally‐threatened species that occupies seasonally inundated open‐canopy herbaceous vegetation communities within the glaciated regions of north central and northeastern United States. The species is also listed as endangered in Wisconsin. Conversion of habitat to agriculture, invasions by exotic species (such as Phalaris arundinacea L. and Lythrum salicaria L.), encroachment of shrub‐carr (principally red‐osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera [sericea]) and common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)) in the absence of natural wildfire regimes, and poaching/over collecting have all been implicated as causes of EPFO’s decline and at‐risk status (Beacham et al. 2001; USFWS 2003). Density‐
dependent factors, such as inbreeding depression (Wallace 2003) and genetic drift (USFWS 1999), have also been linked to further population decline and loss of viability in isolated remnant populations. The USFWS outlines four Priority Recovery Actions for this species: 1) Provide for legal protection of sites where EPFO occurs, especially sites larger than 125 acres in size, 2) Increase the size of existing populations, 3) Monitor the status of existing populations, and 4) Manage habitat in a manner conducive to EPFO survival and viability. The objective of this project was to establish a viable satellite population of EPFO at the Swamplovers Nature Preserve by transplanting dormant EPFO plants 135 181
from the highly viable population of the Jon and Connie van Altena property (now known as Koshkonong Corners State Natural Area), located near Milton, WI. The transplanted population was not registered with the DNR Natural Heritage Inventory since this population consists of transplanted germplasm. A permit was not obtained for this transplant since 1) the plants were donated, not purchased for cash, goods, or services, and the transplanting took place under the guidance, permission, and cooperation of the landowner, 2) the plants were not transported across state boundaries or outside of the continental United States, and 3) the donor site was (at the time of transplanting) private property not under direct federal control (Endangered Species Act of 1973, Section 9, page 31, General Article 2 (Prohibited Acts), Subsections A through E). Transplant Methods Soil characteristics, particularly texture, might be an important predictor of orchid transplant success (Scott Weber, Bluestem Farm, pers. comm.). When soil types are mismatched, frost heaving can occur, which can damage the orchid’s fragile perenniating buds (Case 1987). In September 2007, prior to our initial EPFO transplant into the first of four metapopulation demes, we collected five composite soil samples consisting of three soil cores taken to a depth of 15 cm from both the donor and recipient sites. Soils were analyzed for pH, organic matter, phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, CEC, and texture (sand‐silt‐clay fractional analysis) at the University of Wisconsin‐
Madison Soil and Plant Analysis Lab. Soil analysis results are presented in Table 1 of this document. Since EPFO are known to be variably distributed along the soil 136 182
hydrosere (Bell et al. 2005), we matched hydrology between the donor and recipient sites qualitatively. Transplants were dug to a depth of nine inches with a stainless steel transplanting shovel (W.W. Manufacturing Co., Inc., Bridgeton, NJ). Prior to transplanting, the shovel was washed clean of any adhering soil material and then sterilized with 90% Ethanol Alcohol. Transplants were removed by digging a concentric ring with a diameter of 0.5‐m around each plant or cluster of plants (doubles, triples, and quadruples) and then slowly and gently prying up the soil ball containing the EPFO perenniating bud. Soil balls were wrapped in 20‐mil transparent visquene to prevent desiccation and protect the EPFO buds from wind blasts during transport, and then placed within 0.5‐m diameter tree transplanting baskets. Transplant baskets were transported in open truck beds. Transplants were protected from browsing by steel wire exclosures fixed in position with ¾‐inch diameter stainless steel electrical conduit and then mulched with hammermill chaff to a depth of 10 – 15 cm. To encourage pollination, we planted seeds of Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.), a species that is also pollinated by nocturnal Hawk Moths, near transplants at a density of ten seeds per square meter (this low sowing density was chosen to not completely distract pollinators from EPFO flowers). In 2007 and 2009, we also collected four soil plugs (ca 1 dm3), which were spread out to a depth of 15 cm at the recipient site and planted with EPFO seeds. We reasoned that soil from the donor site would provide the mycorrhizal inoculant for seed germination. Metapopulations (populations made up of subpopulations separated in space but linked by gene flow) add additional stability to rare or at‐risk species. Dividing 137 183
a metapopulation into separate demes that occupy similar habitats within a habitat matrix increases the likelihood that at least one deme will survive perturbations (e.g. unfavorable growing conditions, hail damage, disease, etc.) that could affect other demes. EPFO were transplanted into four demes at the Swamplovers Nature Preserve: 1. Bareground area created by ditch fill and scrape pond construction (‘Scrape’); 2. A restored wet prairie with a history of agricultural land‐use patterns (‘West Valley’); 3. Into a low spot near a waterfowl production pond in a sedge meadow remnant (‘Far Pond’); 4. Into a calcium‐rich low spot at the ecotonal boundary between a sedge meadow remnant and mesic/dry‐mesic prairie remnant (‘Ice Age Trail’). Table 2 summarizes outcomes for this project. The USFWS (1999) provides an index of EPFO population viability based on population size, trends in the number of individuals in a population, habitat size, protection status of the habitat, successional status of the habitat, and level of management required to maintain the population. The established EPFO population at the Swamplovers Nature Preserve scored 14.5 out of a possible 21, meaning that this population has moderate viability according to FWS standards. Increasing the EPFO population size above 50 individuals would result in a highly viable population at the Swamplovers Preserve, according to the FWS criteria. 138 184
Table 1: Soil parameters of the EPFO donor and recipient sites (2007). Soil Characteristic Donor Site Recipient Site 7.3 7.5 Organic Matter (%) 7.9 3.9 PO4 (ppm) 19 57 NH4‐N (ppm) 11.5 10.7 NO3‐N (ppm) 22.2 9.2 Ca (ppm) 1633 2474 Mg (ppm) 969 566 K (ppm) 77 91 Cation Exchange Capacity 16 18 Texture Class Loam Silt Loam pH Soil Texture Fractionation Sand (%) 41 11 Silt (%) 39 69 Clay (%) 20 20 139 185
186
7 Nov 2007
7 Nov 2007
7 Nov 2007
7 Nov 2007
7 Nov 2007
7 Nov 2007
Total
Cumulative
4 Nov 2008
4 Nov 2008
4 Nov 2008
4 Nov 2008
4 Nov 2008
Total
Cumulative
11 Nov 2009
11 Nov 2009
11 Nov 2009
11 Nov 2009
11 Nov 2009
Total
Cumulative
1 Nov 2010
1 Nov 2010
1 Nov 2010
1 Nov 2010
1 Nov 2010
1 Nov 2010
1 Nov 2010
Total
Cumulative
triple
single
single
single
double
single
single
10
38
quadruple
single
single
double
double
10
28
triple
double
single
double
single
9
18
triple
double
single
single
single
single
9
9
Far Pond (unit 9)
Far Pond (unit 9)
Far Pond (unit 9)
Far Pond (unit 9)
Ice Age Trail (unit 1)
Far Pond (unit 9)
Scrape (unit 13)
West Valley (Unit 20)
Scrape (unit 13)
Far Pond (unit 9)
Far Pond (unit 9)
Scrape (unit 13)
Scrape (unit 13)
Scrape (unit 13)
Scrape (unit 13)
Scrape (unit 13)
Scrape (unit 13)
Deme Location
2011 Cumulative Total = 25
Pi 2010 Transplants Established
Cumulative Pi Established (2007-10)
N43°07.644' W089°39.804'
N43°07.644' W089°39.803'
N43°07.647' W089°39.799'
N43°07.645' W089°39.800'
N43°07.267' W089°40.405'
N43°07.264' W089°40.406'
N43°07.264' W089°40.407'
Totals
N43°07.645' W089°39.801'
N43°07.805' W089°39.768'
N43°07.484' W089°40.087'
N43°07.266' W089°40.402'
N43°07.266' W089°40.406'
Totals
N43°07.802' W089°39.766'
N43°07.644' W089°39.806'
N43°07.646' W089°39.801'
N43°07.801' W089°39.766'
N43°07.442' W089°40.056'
Totals
N43°07.805' W089°39.758'
N43°07.803' W089°39.760'
N43°07.816' W089°39.782'
N43°07.806' W089°39.755'
N43°07.802' W089°39.762'
no data-exclosure destroyed
Totals
GPS grid
2008b
3
0
0
1
0
1
5
2008r
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2008
66.7%
2008s
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
2009b
2
0
1
1
1
5
2009b
2
0
1
1
1
0
5
2009r
0
0
0
0
0
0
2009
2009r
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2009
55.6%
55.6%
2009s
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
55.6%
2009s
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
Abundance data (b = blooming; r = basal plant; s = seedling)
Plug class: Operationally defined as more than one distinct EPFO plants growing in close proximity (within 1 dm of each other).
2010-1
2010-2
2010-3
2010-4
2010-5
2010-6
2010-7
2010 Transplants (t = 10)
2009-1
2009-2
2009-3
2009-4
2009-5
2008-1
2008-2
2008-3
2008-4
2008-5
2007-1
2007-2
2007-3
2007-4
2007-5
2007-6
plug class
Table 2. EPFO metapopulation at Swamplovers Nature Preserve, 2008 - 2011.
EPFO ID
Tran. date
2010b
4
0
1
1
1
7
2010b
3
0
1
2
0
6
2010b
3
0
0
1
1
0
5
2010r
0
0
1
0
4
5
2010
2010r
0
1
0
0
0
1
2010
2010r
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2010
130.0%
92.9%
2010s
1
0
0
0
0
1
13
77.8%
72.2%
2010s
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
66.7%
2010s
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
2011b
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
2011b
1
0
0
0
4
5
2011b
0
0
1
4
0
5
2011b
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2011r
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2011
2011r
0
0
1
1
1
3
2011
2011r
1
0
1
1
0
3
2011
2011r
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
2011
50.0%
65.8%
2011s
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
90.0%
71.4%
2011s
0
0
0
0
1
1
9
88.9%
61.1%
2011s
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
33.3%
2011s
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
References for Appendix F Beacham, W., F.V. Castronova, and S. Sessine. 2001. Beacham’s Guide to the Endangered Species of North America, volume 6: Dictos, Monocots, Glossary, Indexes. Gale Group Publishing, New York, NY. Pgs. 3270‐3272. Bell. T., P. Kelsey, M. Bowles, and L. Zettler. 2005. Relationships between soil characteristics, distribution and restoration potential of the federal threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindl. American Midland Naturalist 154:273‐285. Case, F.W. Jr. 1987. Orchids of the Western Great Lakes Region, 2nd Ed. Cranbrook Institution of Science Bulletin 48, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. 251pp. USFWS. 1999. Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) Recovery Plan. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. 62pp. Wallace, L.E. 2003. The cost of inbreeding in Platanthera leucophaea (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 90(2):235‐242. 141 187
142 ∳
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Detailed Management Plan for Swamplovers Preserve

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