Introduction to nanophysics

Transcription

2234-7
Meeting of Modern Science and School Physics: College for School
Teachers of Physics in ICTP
27 April - 3 May, 2011
Introduction to nanophysics
Yuri Galperin
University of Oslo
Oslo
Norway
What is nanoscience and nanotechnology?
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Very broad area of
science and
technology having
many branches.
This lecture
Introduction to Nanophysics
1
Meeting of Modern Science and School Physics:
College for School Teachers of Physics in ICTP (27 April - 3 May 2011)
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Introductory course in Oslo:
http://folk.uio.no/yurig/Nanotechnology/MEF5010.html
2
What is nanoscience and nanotechnology?
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Very broad area of
science and
technology having
many branches.
This talk
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Nanometer scale
Atoms
Molecules &
Clusters
Micro
Length scale
Electron
mean free
path
Meso
Bulk
materials
Macro
Modern electronic devices belong to mesoscopic scale
9
CMOS TECHNOLOGY
Intel’s Prescott processor
(released March 2004):
• 150 million transistors
• 90 nm design rules
• 3.4 GHz clock frequency
DRAM chips:
4 Gb chips demonstrated
(~ 109 transistors/cm2)
Intel’s Norwood (Pentium 4 - 130 nm) processor
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Examples
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2DEG is a generic
object for new physics
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It serves as a building
block for electronic
devices
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
(MOS) structures
2DEG is formed at the
semiconductor-insulator
interface
Semiconductor heterostructure
2DEG is formed at the interface
between two semiconductors
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More about formation of 2D electron gas
Bending of the energy bands at
the interface
Formation of 2D conduction
channel
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# # !"
'& Introduction to Nanophysics
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SINGLE-ELECTRON
SINGLE-MOLECULE TRANSISTORS
J. Park et al. (2002)
see also:
- E. S. Soldatov et al. (1996)
- H. Park et al. (2000)
- N. Zhitenev et al. (2002)
- S. Kubatkin et al. (2003)
SET within the “Orthodox” theory:
21
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Two types of experimental evidence which arose in the 1920s suggested an
additional property of the electron.
One was the closely spaced splitting of the hydrogen spectral lines, called fine
structure.
The other was the Stern-Gerlach experiment
which showed in 1922 that a beam of silver
atoms directed through an inhomogeneous
magnetic field would be forced into two beams.
It was recognized in the early years of quantum mechanics that atomic spectra
measured in an external magnetic cannot be predicted with just orbital quantum
numbers. A solution to this problem was suggested in early 1925 by George
Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit, students of Paul Ehrenfest (who rejected the
idea), and independently by Ralph Kronig, one of Lame's assistants.
Uhlenbeck, Goudsmit, and Kronig introduced the idea of the self-rotation of the
electron, which would naturally give rise to an angular momentum vector in
27
addition to the one associated with orbital motion.
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In quantum mechanics spin is a fundamental characteristic
property of particles. Spin is a type of angular momentum.
When combined with the spin-statistics theorem, the spin of
electrons results in the Pauli exclusion principle, which in turn
underlies the periodic table of chemical elements.
Electrons are
fermions, while
photons,
phonons and
magnons are
bosons
28
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Encapsulated 4 nm Au
particles self-assembled into
a 2D array supported by a
thin film, Anders et al., 1995
Scheme for molecular
manufacturing
29
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“Shuttle” transfer of electrons
A movable cluster “conveys” electron one by
one
In some cases electro-mechanic instabilities
can take place
“Shuttle” transport has been observed in
several concrete systems
31
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Simulation of
increased light
intensity beneath a
metal nanoparticle
on a silicon cell
Key players: Centre for
Sustainable Energy Systems at
the Australian National
University (ANU) ; Caltech, US;
FOM-Institute, AMOLF,
the Netherlands.
32
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Conclusion
$# Introduction to Nanophysics
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44

Introduction to nanophysics

Transcription

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