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Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda)
from sciaenid fishes of the southern coast
of Brazil
Joaber PEREIRA Jr
Departamento de Ciências Morfobiológicas,
Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande,
Caixa Postal 474, Rio Grande, R. G. do Sul 96650-900 (Brazil)
[email protected]
Walter A. BOEGER
Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná,
Caixa Postal 19073, Curitiba, Paraná, 81530 (Brazil)
and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
[email protected]
Pereira J. Jr & Boeger W. A. 2005. — Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from
sciaenid fishes of the southern coast of Brazil. Zoosystema 27 (1) : 5-25.
KEY WORDS
Platyhelminthes,
Cestoda,
Trypanorhyncha,
Heteronybelinia,
Nybelinia,
Progrillotia,
larval tapeworms,
Sciaenidae,
coast of Brazil.
ABSTRACT
Cestode larvae were collected from 10 species of sciaenid fishes from the coast
of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eleven species of Trypanorhyncha and two
unindentified larvae are reported: Pterobothrium heteracanthum, P. crassicolle,
Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, C. speciosus, Dasyrhynchus pacificus, Heteronybelinia
nipponica, H. annakohnae n. sp., H. estigmena, Nybelinia bisulcata, Progrillotia
dollfusi, Dollfusiella sp., an unidentified species of plerocercoid larva, and an
unidentified species of procercoid larva. Heteronybelinia annakohnae n. sp. is
described based on specimens from four host species. It is characterized by a
long pars postbulbosa and by bothridial margins covered with spines and that
overlap the bulbs. Progrillotia dollfusi is redescribed based on paratypes and
specimens collected in the present study. The basal tentacular armature, the
presence of a prebulbar organ and of a pars postbulbosa, the attachment of
the retractor muscle of the tentacle in the first third of the bulb, and the presence of gland cells in the interior of the bulbs, are reported in this species for
the first time. These characteristics support and amend the diagnosis of
Progrillotia. A procercoid larva is described for the first time from fish in
Brazil. Measurements, descriptions, and drawings of the specimens of those
species which are insufficiently or incompletely known are presented.
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.
www.zoosystema.com
5
Pereira J. & Boeger W. A.
MOTS CLÉS
Platyhelminthes,
Cestoda,
Trypanorhyncha,
Heteronybelinia,
Nybelinia,
Progrillotia,
ténias larvaires,
Sciaenidae,
côte du Brésil.
RÉSUMÉ
Cestodes larvaires (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) de poisson Sciaenidae de la côte sud
du Brésil.
Des larves de cestodes ont été collectées chez 10 espèces de poissons sciaenidés
provenant de la côte de Rio Grande do Sul, Brésil. Onze espèces de trypanorhynques et deux larves non identifiées sont signalées : Pterobothrium heteracanthum, P. crassicolle, Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, C. speciosus, Dasyrhynchus pacificus,
Heteronybelinia nipponica, H. annakohnae n. sp., H. estigmena, Nybelinia bisulcata,
Progrillotia dollfusi, Dollfusiella sp., une espèce non identifiée de larve plerocercoïde ainsi qu’une espèce indéterminée de larve procercoïde. Heteronybelinia
annakohnae n. sp. est décrit sur la base de spécimens collectés chez quatre espèces
d’hôtes. Ce cestode est caractérisé par une longue pars postbulbosa et par les
marges des bothridies qui sont couvertes d’épines et qui chevauchent le bulbe.
Progrillotia dollfusi est redécrit sur la base des paratypes et des spécimens collectés
lors de cette étude. L’armature tentaculaire de base, la présence d’un organe prébulbaire et de la pars postbulbosa, l’attachement du muscle rétracteur du tentacule au niveau du premier tiers du bulbe et la présence de glandes cellulaires à
l’intérieur des bulbes sont observées pour la première fois chez cette espèce. Ces
caractéristiques soutiennent et modifient la diagnose de Progrillotia. Une larve
procercoïde est décrite pour la première fois chez un poisson brésilien. Les
mesures, descriptions et dessins des spécimens de cette espèce, qui sont insuffisamment ou incomplètement connues, sont présentés dans ce travail.
INTRODUCTION
Cestodes from fishes off the coast of Rio Grande do
Sul have been previously reported by Santos & Zogbi
(1971), São Clemente & Gomes (1989a, b, 1992),
São Clemente et al. (1991) and Pereira (1993), all
of which are records of species of Trypanorhyncha.
In the present study, cestode larvae from 10 species
of Sciaenidae collected from the coast of Rio
Grande do Sul are reported. A new species of
Heteronybelinia Palm, 1999 is described, the diagnosis of Progrillotia Dollfuss, 1946 is amended, and
P. dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983 is redescribed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fish hosts were obtained from fishermen of the city
of Rio Grande, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Blastocysts, when present, were opened with the
help of probes and the larva kept for 24 h in refrigerated distilled water. The worms were fixed in AFA
(Humason 1979) for 24 h and preserved in 70%
ethanol. Cestodes were stained with Semichon’s
6
carmine or Delafield’s hematoxilin and mounted in
Canada balsam. Histological sections (15 mm) were
stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Terminology
for hooks and armature types is that proposed by
Dollfus (1942), Campbell & Beveridge (1994), and
Beveridge & Campbell (1989), respectively. The
classification used herein is that of Campbell &
Beveridge (1994), and of Palm (1999) for
Tentaculariidae. Paratypes of P. dollfusi Carvajal &
Rego, 1983, deposited in the Helminthological
Collection of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil (CHIOC 32018 b-d), were examined for comparison. Drawings were made with the
aid of a drawing tube. Descriptions, measurements,
and drawings are presented for those species for
which systematic and/or morphological knowledge
are/is incomplete. Measurements were made either
with an ocular micrometer or a digital image system
using the program Sigma Scan Pro (Jandel Scientific
Software) and are presented in mm, unless otherwise
indicated in the respective descriptions; the mean
and standard deviation (±) is presented followed by
the range in parentheses when more than two specimens are available.
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
Cestoda (Platyhelminthes) of Sciaenidae from Brazil
ABBREVIATIONS
Used in Host sections
IGD
LH
MI
MA
NH
P
incresed geographical distribution;
smallest and largest length (cm) of parasitized host;
mean intensity (sensu Bush et al. 1997);
mean abundance (sensu Bush et al. 1997);
new host record;
prevalence.
Material depositories
CHIOC Helminthological Collection of the
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro;
HWML Harold W. Manter Laboratory of the University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln,
Nebraska;
MNHN Helminthological Collection of Muséum
national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.
USNPC US National Parasite Collection, Beltsville,
Maryland;
RESULTS
Specimens of Trypanorhyncha were collected
from 180 specimens of Micropogonias furnieri
(Desmarest, 1823), 116 Umbrina canosai Berg,
1895, 134 Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner,
1875), 105 Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830),
60 C. jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883),
59 Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1860),
49 M. americanus (Linnaeus, 1758), 33 Pogonias
cromis (Linnaeus, 1766), 33 Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus (Metzellar, 1919), and 60 Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). A taxonomical
account for their cestode species follows.
Order TRYPANORHYNCHA Diesing, 1863
Family TENTACULARIIDAE Poche, 1926
Genus Heteronybelinia Palm, 1999
Heteronybelinia nipponica (Yamaguti, 1952)
(Fig. 1)
HOSTS. — Menticirrhus americanus (NH) (LH = 39.7;
P = 2.04; MI = 1.0; MA = 0.02); Umbrina canosai
(NH) (LH = 11.9; P = 0.86; MI = 1.0; MA = 0.01).
SITE OF INFECTION. — Coelomic cavity.
SPECIMENS DEPOSITED. — CHIOC 33786, 33787.
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
DESCRIPTION (based on two specimens)
Scolex craspedote, 0.75-0.88 long. Maximum
width 0.25-0.33 at the posterior level of the
bothridia. Four bothridia 0.32-0.41 long, overlapping apices of bulbs. Internal margins of bothridia densely covered by long spines, other
groupings of cuticular spines spread throughout
surface of tegument, and sensory fossette near
the margin at the center of each bothridium
(observed in a single specimen). Tentacle sheath
long, irregularly coiled. Bulbs 0.17-0.30 long,
0.04-0.05 wide. Velum 0.06-0.07 long; appendix
0.13-0.15 long. Hooks in continuous spirals.
Basal row with uncinate hooks 6-7 μm long, base
2-3 μm wide. Rows 2-4 with similar, “serpe à
bec” hooks, longer, and more robust than hooks
of other rows, forming a basal armature. Hooks
of third row larger than others, 22-25 μm long,
base 4-5 μm wide. Hooks of the fifth row rosethorn shaped, 22 μm (20-25) long, base 9 μm (810) wide.
REMARKS
This species was originally described as Nybelinia
nipponica by Yamaguti (1952) from Japan.
Dollfus (1960) describes Nybelinia rougetcampanae based on a single larva collected from
Liosaccus cutaneus (Günter, 1870), captured off
the coast of Dakar. This species was later transferred to Heteronybelinia by Palm (1999). The
adult form was described by São Clemente &
Gomes (1992) based on six specimens collected
from Sphyrna lewini (Cuvier, Griffith & Smith,
1834) from the coast of Rio Grande do Sul.
Knoff (2001) reports adults of H. rougetcampanae
from Sphyrna zigaena (Linnaeus, 1758) and
H. nipponica from Carcharinus signatus (Poey,
1868) from the coast of the state of Santa
Catarina as distinct species. Palm & Walter
(2000) considered H. rougetcampanae a junior
synonym of H. nipponica.
Measurements of the material collected in the
present study are similar to those reported by São
Clemente & Gomes (1992) but are smaller than
those presented by Dollfus (1960). The tentacular armature observed in the material examined
herein also corresponds with the previously
7
A
B
fs
C
D
FIG. 1. — Heteronybelinia nipponica (Yamaguti, 1952); A, larva in toto; B, bothridium; C, basal armature; D, hooks of the first seven
rows of the tentacles. Abbreviation: fs, sensory fossette. Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 mm; C, 0.1 mm; D, 100 μm.
8
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
reported descriptions. However, the marginal
spines and the sensory fossettes in the bothridia
were not described in the previous taxonomic
accounts of the species (listed above). The unusual shape of the hooks of the base of the tentacles
and the presence of sensory fossettes in the margin of the bothridia observed in H. nipponica are
similar to those of Pseudonybelinia odontacantha
Dollfus, 1966, based on the description of larvae
collected from the plankton. Dollfus (1967) provided additional information on this species and
suggested that the presence of the sensory
fossettes placed P. odontacantha in the Otobothriidae Dollfus, 1942. However, Paranybeliniidae Schmidt, 1970 was proposed to include
Pseudonybelinia with sensory fossetes and two
bothridia. The specimens studied here are clearly
members of H. nipponica sensu Palm & Walter
(2000). Species of Pseudonybelinia bear two bothridia and the armature is homeacanth and invariabily homeomorphous, whereas species of
Heteronybelinia have four bothridia and the
metabasal armature is homeacanthous with heteromorphous hooks, according to the diagnosis of
Palm (1999) and Palm & Walter (2000). These
authors also report the presence of cuticular
spines (hook-like microtriches) in species of
Heteronybelinia. They did not provide redescriptions of H. rougetcampanae or H. nipponica.
Knoff (2001) reports that hook-like microtriches
were not observed in H. yamaguti and H. nipponica. However, these structures are very fragile and
can easily be lost. This is the first time that this
character is formally described for H. nipponica.
Several phylogenetic reconstructions of Trypanorhyncha utilized the presence of sensory
fossettes as a character (Campbell & Beveridge
1994; Palm 1995, 1997a; Beveridge et al. 1999).
Beveridge et al. (1999), however, prior to the
proposal of Heteronybelinia and Mixonybelinia
Palm, 1999 (see Palm 1999), state that the character is homoplastic, appearing independently in
many genera. This character, is thus not as evolutionarily informative as considered by Palm
(1995, 1997). Further, as described by São Clemente & Gomes (1992), H. rougetcampanae has
an I-shaped uterus. All these characters suggest
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
that Nybelinia Poche, 1926 requires further revision, as also indicated by Beveridge et al. (1999),
despite the previous efforts of Palm (1999) and
Palm & Walter (2000).
Heteronybelinia annakohnae n. sp.
(Fig. 2A-C)
TYPE HOST. — Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus (LH = 1;
P = 3.03; MI = 1.0; MA = 0.03).
T Y P E M A T E R I A L . — Holotype: CHIOC 33790;
Paratypes: CHIOC 33791 to 33794, 33795; USNPC
87422, 87423.
TYPE LOCALITY. — Rio Grande, Brazil.
ETYMOLOGY. — This species is named for Dr Anna
Kohn, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, in recognition of her
contributions to the knowledge of helminthology in
South America.
ADDITIONAL HOSTS. — Menticirrhus americanus (LH
= 33.9-38.7; P = 4.08; MI = 1.0; MA = 0.04),
Cynoscion jamaicensis (LH = 22.0-26.9; P = 3.33; MI =
1.0; MA = 0.03) and Cynoscion guatucupa (LH = 23.340.7; P = 3.81; MI = 1.25; MA = 0.05).
DESCRIPTION (based on seven specimens)
Scolex craspedote, 0.54 ± 0.06 (0.44-0.62) long;
maximum width 0.29 ± 0.03 (0.24-0.35) at
bothridia level. Four bothridia 0.20 ± 0.01 (0.190.22) long, almost totally overlapping bulbs.
Margin of bothridia densely covered by short
cuticular spines. Sheaths short, irregularly sinuous. Bulbs 0.18 ± 0.01 (0.12-0.40) long, 0.04 ±
0.01 (0.02-0.05) wide. Length/width ratio of
bulbs 3.25 ± 0.67 (2.80-4.25). Total length/length
ratio of bulbs, 3.66 ± 0.67 (2.75-4.60). Pars postbulbosa distinct, long, about 65% of total length.
Velum 0.12 ± 0.02 (0.10-0.19) long, appendix
0.27 ± 0.05 (0.18-0.35) long. Hooks homeomorphous, uncinate, in continuous spirals; basal row
with smaller hooks, 5-6 μm long; base 3-4 μm
wide, other hooks 12 μm ± 2.44 (8-15) long, base
9 μm ± 1.32 (7-11) wide. Half spiral with six hooks.
REMARKS
Palm (1999) recognizes three species of
Heteronybelinia with basal hooks smaller than
9
metabasal hooks (subgroup II of Palm et al.
1997). Heteronybelinia annakohnae n. sp. differs
from these by lacking basal “serpe à bec” or
recurvate hooks as are found in H. nipponica
(Yamaguti, 1952), and H. yamagutii (Dollfus,
1960). Heteronybelinia annakohnae n. sp. and
H. robusta (Linton, 1890) are the only species in
this genus in which the bothridia almost completely overlap the bulbs. The new species differs
from H. robusta by having a shorter scolex, by
having a dilated appendix, and by the comparative onchotaxy.
Heteronybelinia estigmena (Dollfus, 1960)
(Fig. 2D-F)
HOST. — Cynoscion jamaicensis (NH) (IGD) (LH =
26.2-27.0; P = 3.33; MI = 1.0; MA = 3.03).
SPECIMENS DEPOSITED. — CHIOC 33796; MNHNC-IX-144 (JJ1384-3-1).
DESCRIPTION (based on two specimens)
Scolex craspedote 1.01-1.10 long, bothridia
0.48-0.58 long, overlapping apices of bulbs.
Maximum width 0.30-0.40, at level of the
posterior portion of bothridia. Bulbs 0.260.30 long, 0.05-0.08 wide. Length/width ratio
of bulbs 3.75-5.20. Total length/length ratio of
bulbs 2.1-3.6. Sheaths regularly coiled at
base. Velum 0.11-0.18 long; appendix 0.170.18 long. Hooks uncinate in continuous spirals; hooks of bothridial and antibothridial faces
significantly different in size; hooks of antibothridial face (6-8 mm) long, base (6-8 μm) wide,
hooks of bothridial face (3-3 μm) long, base (33 μm) wide.
REMARKS
Nybelinia estigmena Dollfus, 1960 was described
based on larval forms from Boops boops
(Linnaeus, 1758), Alectis alexandrinus (Geoffroy
St Hilaire, 1858) and Selene setapinnis (Mitchill,
1815). Palm (1999) transferred the species to
Heteronybelinia and Palm & Walter (2000) considered it as a senior synonym of H. senegalensis.
10
Genus Nybelinia Poche, 1926
Nybelinia bisulcata (Linton, 1889)
(Fig. 3A, B)
HOST. — Umbrina canosai (NH) (LH = 23.0-31.5;
P = 3.45; MI = 1.25; MA = 0.04).
SPECIMENS DEPOSITED. — CHIOC 33788 a-b, 33789;
MNHN-C-IX-144 (JJ1014-8-1).
DESCRIPTION
Measurements (based on three specimens): scolex
1.86 ± 0.74 (1.05-2.53) long. Bothridia 0.92 ± 0.34
(0.55-1.23) long. Bulbs 0.46 ± 0.19 (0.25-0.62)
long, 0.13 ± 0.06 (0.05-0.17) wide. Velum 0.23 ±
0.10 (0.12-0.31) long, appendix 0.44 ± 0.44 (0.250.63) long. Hooks 13 μm ± 1.52 (12-15) long.
REMARKS
The adult of this species has a wide geographical
distribution, having been previously recorded
from the coast of Rio Grande do Sul in Notorhynchus pectorosus (Garman, 1884) by São
Clemente et al. (1991) and São Clemente &
Gomes (1992). This is the first record of its
plerocercoid larval stages.
The larvae examined in the present study are
about three times longer than the scolex of the
adult specimens described by São Clemente &
Gomes (1992). Great variations in the dimensions of the scolex are also mentioned by these
authors and by Stunkard (1977). Palm & Walter
(2000) report that vouchers of different species of
Nybelinia, Heteronybelinia and Mixonybelina
were deposited in the National Helminthological
Collection, Beltsville, USA, by Linton under the
name of N. bisulcata and for that reason they
indicate that N. bisulcata is a species inquerenda.
Dollfus (1942) revised these specimens and transferred the species to Nybelinia, since it was originally described as Rhynchobothryum. Linton
(1890), however, refers to this species as Tetrarhynchus bisulcatum while stating that it was
described in 1886 (see Rhynchobothrium bisulcatum in Linton, 1889: pl. IV). This document,
according to Palm (1995) was only published in
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
A
C
B
E
D
F
ab
a
FIG. 2. — A-C, Heteronybelinia annakohnae n. sp.; A, larva in toto; B, hooks of the first rows of the tentacles; C, basal and metabasal
armature; D-F Heteronybelinia estigmena (Dollfus, 1960); D, Larva in toto; E, basal armature; F, hooks of the first rows of the
tentacles. Abbreviations: ab, antibothridial; b, bothridial. Scale bars: A, C, D, 0.1 mm; B, 60 mm; E, 0.01 mm; F, 20 μm.
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
11
1889, which apparently explains the date
assigned to the species by most authors.
Family EUTETRARHYNCHIDAE Guiart, 1927
Genus Dollfusiella Campbell & Beveridge, 1994
Dollfusiella sp.
(Fig. 3C, D)
HOST. — Micropogonias furnieri (LH = 38.0; P = 0.56;
MI = 1.0; MA = 0.005).
SPECIMENS DEPOSITED. — CHIOC 33797.
DESCRIPTION (based on one specimen)
Scolex 1.71 long. Maximum width at level of
pars postbulbosa, 0.30. Bothridia patelliform,
0.2 long. Pars vaginalis 0.44 long, sheath irregularly coiled near bulbs. Pre-bulbar organ present.
Bulbs 0.5 long, 0.05 wide; length/width ratio of
bulb 10; scolex total length/length of bulb ratio,
3.42. Pars postbulbosa 0.56 long. Basal armature
with uncinate hooks in a swollen portion of the
tentacle followed by long spiniform hooks.
REMARKS
Campbell & Beveridge (1994) proposed
Dollfusiella to accomodate species of Eutrarhynchidae with basal armature inflated and lacking
macrohooks in the tentacles. The only specimen
collected during this study presented tentacles
not everted. The presence of a distinct group of
hooks, the dilation in the base of the tentacle,
and the absence of macrohooks justifies the
inclusion of the species in Dollfusiella.
Superfamily OTOBOTHRIOIDEA Dollfus, 1942
Family GRILLOTIIDAE Dollfus, 1969
Genus Progrillotia Dollfus, 1946
AMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — Scolex acraspedote. Posterior
margins of bothridia not notched. Tentacular armature with longitudinal bands of hooks in external face;
basal armature present or not. Bulbs long, variable,
with or without prebulbar organ. Testes in longitudi-
12
nal bands, anterior to ovary; accessory seminal vesicle
absent. Ovary at posterior extremity of proglottid. In
Sciaenidae Cuvier, 1817 (intermediary hosts) and
Elasmobranchii (definitive hosts).
Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983
(Figs 4; 5)
T YPE HOST . — Cynoscion guatucupa (= C. striatus
(Cuvier, 1829) according to Figueiredo (1992)) (LH =
9.8-46.0; P = 90.48; MI = 2683.46; MA = 2427.90).
OTHER HOSTS. — Cynoscion jamaicensis (LH = 9.434.6; P = 81.67; MI = 433.45; MA = 353.98);
Macrodon ancylodon (LH = 6.8-36.3; P = 96.67; MI =
792.21; MA = 765.8); Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus (LH
= 13.3-25.4; P = 54.54; MI = 5.83; MA = 3.18);
Umbrina canosai (LH = 11.0-36.5; P = 50.0; MI =
42.10; MA = 21.05); Menticirrhus americanus (LH =
24.2-26.6; P = 4.08; MI = 2.0; MA = 0.08);
Menticirrhus littoralis (LH = 25.4-31.6; P = 3.39; MI =
1.5; MA = 0.05); Paralonchurus brasiliensis (LH = 4.717.4; P = 3.73; MI = 1.4; MA = 0.05); Micropogonias
furnieri (LH = 28.0; P = 0.56; MI = 2.0; MA = 0.01)
(all NH).
TYPE LOCALITY. — Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil).
ADDITIONAL
(IGD).
LOCALITY.
— Rio Grande, RS (Brazil)
MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Paratypes CHIOC 32018 bd. Vouchers CHIOC 33725 to 33735; USNPC
86903 to 86923; HWML 39254 to 39284; MNHNC-IX-144 (JJ1009-1-5-6; JJ1294-1-1; JJ1304-1-2;
JJ1383-1-9; JJ1424-1-2; JJ1491-1-7; JJ1571-2-1).
REDESCRIPTION (based on 95 specimens)
Measurements of specimens from each host
species presented in Tables 1-3. Plerocercus with
spherical blastocyst. Scolex with two lateral patelliform bothridia, posterior margins free, not
notched. Sheath long, irregularly coiled when
tentacles invaginated; non sinuous when tentacles
evaginated. Pre-bulbar organ conspicuous.
Retractor muscle of tentacle attaches in anterior
third of bulb. Gland cells present within bulb.
Pars postbulbosa short. Scolex length/bulb length
ratio 3.07 ± 1,02 (1.87-5.19). Armature heteroacanthous, heteromorphous; hooks hollow. First
row in internal face of basal armature with two
uncinate hooks (Ba and Bb, Fig. 4D), field of
robust hooks; external face with three uncinate
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
A
D
C
B
FIG. 3. — A, B, Nybelinia bisulcata (Linton, 1889); A, larva in toto; B, basal armature; C, D, Dollfusiella sp.; C, larva in toto; D, hooks
of the first rows of the tentacles. Scale bars: A, B, 0.5 mm; C, 20 mm; D, 0.2 mm.
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
13
A
C
b
a
b’
a’
4
3
2
2’
1
1’
B
D
3’
3
1’
2’
rm
1
2
gc
Bb
Be
Ba
FIG. 4. — Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983; A, larva in toto; B, longitudinal section of the bulb showing implantation of the
retrator muscle (rm) in the tentacle and glandular cells (gc) (schematic); C, internal face, metabasal armature; D, internal face, basal
armature. Abbreviations: 1-4, falciform hooks of principal row half spiral of metabasal armature in the antibothridial face; 1’-3’, in the
bothridial face; a, b, intercalar hooks in the antibothridial face; a’, b’, in the bothridial face; Ba, Bb, Be, uncinate hooks of basal
armature. Scale bars: A, 0.4 mm; B, 100 μm; C, D, 0.05 mm.
14
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
TABLE 1. — Measurements of the scolex (μm) of Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983 from nine Sciaenidae fish host species of
the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Abbreviations: R, range; <, lower limit; >, upper limit; χ- , mean; ±, standard deviation; Tl, total
length; Bl, bulb length.
Host species
and number
R
Tl
Pars
bothridialis
Pars
vaginalis
Bl
Bulb
width
Tl x Bl
ratio
Pars
postbulbosa
Ctenosciaena
gracilicirrhus
(n = 6)
<
>
χ- ±
807
2270
1420
(672)
122
350
233
(99)
240
1180
619
(424)
220
670
390
(172)
37
160
65
(55)
2
4
3
(0.5)
110
240
177
(49)
Cynoscion
guatucupa
(n = 25)
<
>
χ- ±
620
2030
1285
(409)
100
380
240
(66)
250
870
487
(181)
200
780
487
(136)
30
90
60
(18)
1
3
2.82
(0.4)
120
500
263
(113)
Cynoscion
jamaicensis
(n = 10)
<
>
χ- ±
1220
1980
1722
(239.48)
240
350
290
(36.81)
530
790
673
(91.04)
300
700
534
(120)
50
90
71
(13.01)
2
4
3.3
(0.39)
120
300
225
(68.51)
Macrodon
ancylodon
(n = 10)
<
>
-χ ±
910
1850
1218
(356)
169
320
216
(58)
240
640
384
(141)
240
530
387
(104)
30
160
67
(35)
2
3
3
(0,4)
90
400
231
(106)
Menticirrhus
americanus
(n = 3)
<
>
χ- ±
752
2215
1285
(807)
132
275
190
(75)
218
800
444
(311)
262
675
408
(231)
90
–
–
2
3
3
(0.4)
113
365
209
(135)
Menticirrhus
littoralis
(n = 3)
<
>
χ- ±
838
1510
1142
(342)
140
250
189
(55)
282
540
374
(144)
280
410
351
(66)
28
55
42
(13)
2
4
3
(0.9)
97
300
209
(102)
Micropogonias
furnieri (n = 2)
<
>
865
1305
135
250
242
400
295
312
32
51
2
4
175
360
Paralonchurus
brasiliensis (n = 1)
<
871
162
330
316
35
2
62
Umbrina canosai
(n = 10)
<
>
χ- ±
908
1045
1213
(211)
180
305
216
(37)
315
700
441
(129)
275
460
351
(61)
45
60
50
(5)
2
5
3
(0.9)
165
360
225
(51)
All hosts (n = 70)
Range
<
>
-χ ±
620
2270
100
380
218
1180
200
780
28
160
1
5
62
500
1321
(422)
232
(65)
512
(211)
433
(137)
61
(27)
3
(0.6)
232
(96)
General average
hooks (Bc, Bd and Be, Fig. 5B, D), field of
numerous spiniform microhooks (mh, Fig. 5B,
D) surrounded by two longitudinal files of hastate hooks (hh, Fig. 5B, D). Principal rows of
metabasal armature with groups of four falciform
hooks in each half-spiral (hooks 1-4, 1’-4’,
Figs 4C; 5A, C, D); intercalary rows with three
spiniform hooks near the base, and five or six
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
spiniform hooks in distal portion; external face
with discontinuous longitudinal band formed by
groups of 5 (2+3) spiniform hooks located at end
of each half-spiral of principal hooks.
REMARKS
The presence of a prebulbar organ in species
of Progrillotia is not included in previous
15
4
A
4’
C
3
2
1
4’
4
c
1’
a
2’
3’
1’
2 3
b
1
c’
B
a’
b’
D
mh
hh
hh
mh
Bc
Bb
Bd
Be
Bc
Bd
Be
FIG. 5. — Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983; A, metabasal armature, antibothridial face; B, basal armature, antibothridial
face; C, metabasal armature, external face; D, basal armature, external face. Abbreviations: mh, microhooks; hh, hastiform hooks.
Abbreviations: 1-4, falciform hooks of principal row half spiral of metabasal armature in the antibothridial face; 1’-4’, in the bothridial
face; a-c, intercalar hooks in the antibothridial face; a’-c’, in the bothridial face; Bb, Bc, Bd, Be, uncinate hooks of basal armature.
Scale bars: A, B, D, 0.05 mm; C, 0.03 mm.
16
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
TABLE 2. — Basal armature. Hooks measurements (μm) of Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983 from nine Sciaenidae fish host
species of the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Abbreviations: R, range; <, lower limit; >, upper limit; χ- , mean; ±, standard deviation. For hook identification see redescription and legends of the Figures 4C; 5A, D.
Hooks
Host species
and number
R
a
B
C
d
e
mh
Hh
Ctenosciaena
gracilicirrhus
(n = 6)
<
>
-χ ±
7
19
13
(4)
7
20
15
(4.5)
9
17
12
(2.8)
7
16
11
(3)
9
17
13
(2.6)
2
5
4
(1.1)
7
11
10
(1.5)
Cynoscion
guatucupa
(n = 6)
<
>
χ- ±
7
12
9
(1.7)
7
11
9
(1.4)
6
13
9
(2.2)
8
19
12
(3.8)
7
14
10
(2.2)
2
4
2.3
(0.8)
4
13
9
(3.4)
Cynoscion
jamaicensis
(n = 5)
<
>
χ- ±
9
16
12
(2.5)
8
15
11
(3.2)
8
13
11
(2)
9
16
11
(2.9)
8
15
11
(2.5)
1
3
2.6
(0.8)
8
15
10
(2.8)
Macrodon
ancylodon
(n = 5)
<
>
χ- ±
9
10
9.8
(0.4)
8
15
11
(2.5)
7
11
9
(1.5)
7
11
9
(1.5)
7
13
10
(2.2)
2
3
2.8
(0.4)
7
11
8
(1.7)
Menticirrhus
americanus (n = 2)
<
>
7
15
7
14
6
9
10
12
7
16
4
4
8
9
Menticirrhus
littoralis (n = 2)
<
>
12
–
–
–
9
–
–
–
–
–
2
3
8
14
Micropogonias
furnieri (n = 1)
<
–
–
7
–
–
2
6
Umbrina canosai
(n = 2)
<
>
10
–
14
–
8
10
–
–
–
–
4
6
8
11
All hosts (n = 29)
Range
<
>
χ- ±
7
19
7
20
6
17
7
19
7
17
1
6
4
15
11
(4.4)
11
(5.3)
10
(3.4)
11
(4.9)
11
(4.9)
3
(1.1)
9
(2.4)
General mean
diagnoses of the genus (Campbell & Beveridge
1993, 1994). In the only known description of
P. pastinacae, Dollfus (1946) observed a refringent structure in the base of the sheath that could
represent a prebulbar organ. Carvajal & Rego
(1983) do not report this structure in their
description of P. dollfusi. However, in all paratypes and vouchers studied herein a prebulbar
organ was present. This characteristic is, therefore, included in the diagnosis of the genus.
Gland cells in the bulb have not been reported
previously.
Other amendments to earlier diagnoses of Progrillotia include the relative length of the bulb
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
and the origin of the retractor muscle. The
length/width ratio for the bulbs of species of the
genus varies from 1.63 to 2.15 (based on measurements provided by Dollfus (1946, 1969) and
those reported in this paper). Thus, it is considered highly variable. A retractor muscle originating at the posterior half of the bulb has been
considered diagnostic for Progrillotia (Campbell
& Beveridge 1993, 1994) but a rectrator muscle
that originates at the anterior third of the bulb is
present in P. dollfusi.
Of all three species known to occur in the genus,
only P. pastinacae Dollfus, 1946, the type species, lacks a basal armature in the tentacle. Only
17
TABLE 3. — Metabasal armature. Hooks measurements (μm) of Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal & Rego, 1983 from nine Sciaenidae fish
host species of the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Abbreviations: R, range; <, lowest limit; >, highest limit; χ- , mean; Ir/bf, intercalary rows/bothridial face; Mh/ef, microhooks/external face. For hook identification see redescription and legends of Figures 4; 5.
Hooks
Host species
and number
R
1
1’
2
2’
3
3’
4
4’
Ir/bf
Mh/ef
Ctenosciaena
gracilicirrhus
(n = 5)
<
>
-χ ±
15
42
29
(15)
22
39
28
(6.7)
16
47
29
(15)
17
48
29
(12)
17
35
28
(11)
13
38
24
(9.5)
15
47
29
(14)
14
36
27
(8.4)
6
18
11
(4.4)
2
8
6
(2.4)
Cynoscion
guatucupa
(n = 5)
<
>
χ- ±
10
15
11
(4.5)
9
12
12
(1.3)
16
26
19
(8)
18
36
26
(7.3)
16
36
26
(11)
13
23
18
(4)
11
19
15
(5)
13
21
15
(3.2)
7
8
7
(0.4)
2
5
4
(1.2)
Cynoscion
jamaicensis
(n = 5)
<
>
χ- ±
14
23
18
(7.4)
19
32
24
(4.8)
18
29
24
(9.5)
21
31
27
(3.8)
19
33
25
(9.9)
15
26
20
(3.8)
14
23
19
(6.4)
16
24
21
(3.1)
6
11
8
(1.8)
5
11
7
(2.3)
Macrodon
ancylodon
(n = 5)
<
>
χ- ±
12
30
20
(9.6)
15
25
19
(4.3)
15
23
20
(7.6)
18
30
23
(4.6)
17
30
26
(10)
15
30
21
(5.5)
9
23
16
(6.4)
16
24
20
(2.9)
6
9
7
(1.2)
4
7
6
(1.2)
Menticirrhus
americanus
(n = 2)
<
>
19
25
21
37
23
27
20
34
16
23
19
22
18
24
15
23
4
6
5
7
Menticirrhus
littoralis (n = 1)
<
16
16
13
14
–
–
–
–
7
3
Micropogonias
furnieri (n = 2)
<
>
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
24
29
22
25
18
22
10
–
7
–
–
–
<
>
χ- ±
10
42
20
(9.9)
9
39
22
(9.8)
13
47
23
(9.3)
14
48
26
(10)
16
36
25
(5.6)
13
38
21
(5.6)
9
47
19
(7.8)
10
36
20
(7.4)
4
18
8
(3.1)
2
11
6
(2.5)
All hosts
(n = 25)
two characters associated with the scolex are
diagnostic for the genus, i.e., bothridia without
indentation and a longitudinal band of hooklets
of the external face of the tentacular armature
interrupted. Thus, differentiation of species of
Progrillotia and Grillotia Guiart, 1927, based on
diagnostic characters proposed previously, is not
clear.
Even the most recent diagnoses of Grillotia are
dubious. Although proposed by Campbell &
Beveridge (1994), the absence of a basal armature cannot be considered diagnostic for species
of Grillotia since, in the same publication, these
authors report a basal armature in G. erinaceus
(Van Beneden, 1858). Further, Beveridge &
18
Campbell (2001) describe G. australis and
G. pristiophori, both with basal armature in the
tentacles, and indicate that the genus requires
extensive revision. The definition of Progrillotia
(Beveridge et al. 1999) is equally problematic.
In the phylogenetic analysis of Trypanorhyncha,
these authors did not report blastocysts in the
plerocerci in species of the genus (their character 2), which we have observed in our specimens of P. dollfusi. Further, their morphological
matrix also considered the prebulbar organ
(their character 7), the attachment of the retractor muscle of the tentacle in the base of the bulb
(charater 8), the gland cells in the bulb (character 20), and the basal armature (character 27)
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
erroneously absent in species of Progrillotia.
Both the type and voucher specimens of P. dollfusi studied herein depict these characters.
Consequently, Beveridge et al. (1999) did not
resolve the sister-group relationship of the genus
nor did they sufficently differentiate Progrillotia
from Grillotia. Thus, their consideration that
the analysis is preliminary and their suggestion
that Grillotia, presently with 20 nominal
species, requires an extensive revision, are justified.
Measurements of P. dollfusi from the different
host species examined (Tables 1-3) do not indicate significant differences among host species.
Pogonias cromis, among the 10 species of Sciaenidae examined, is the only one in which P. dollfusi was not found. All host species, found in the
present study with the exception of C. guatucupa,
are new host records for this cestode.
Family PTEROBOTHRIIDAE Pintner, 1931
Genus Pterobothrium Diesing, 1850
Pterobothrium heteracanthum Diesing, 1850.
H OST . — Pogonias cromis (LH = 120.0; P = 3.03;
MI = 5.0; MA = 0.15); Umbrina canosai (NH) (LH
= 30.0; P = 0.86; MI = 1.0; MA = 0.01); Cynoscion
guatucupa (NH) (LH = 27.0; P = 0.95; MI = 1.0;
MA = 0.01); Micropogonias furnieri (LH = 22.0-59.5;
P = 49.44; MI = 45.31; MA= 22.41).
SPECIMENS DEPOSITED. — CHIOC 33798 a-d, 33799,
33800 a-c; USNPC 87409, 87410, 87411; MNHNC-IX-144 (JJ706-1-3).
REMARKS
In a recent revision of the Pterobothriidae,
Campbell & Beveridge (1996) redescribed this
species in detail. It has a wide geographic distribution and the larvae have been previously
reported from several species of Sciaenidae.
Previous records of P. heteracanthum in M. furnieri include those of São Clemente (1986a, b,
1987), for the coast of Rio de Janeiro, and of
Pereira (1993), from Rio Grande do Sul, both
from Brazil.
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
Pterobothrium crassicolle Diesing, 1850
H O S T . — Pogonias cromis (NH) (LH = 120.0;
P = 3.03; MI = 1.0; MA = 0.03); Micropogonias
furnieri (LH = 28.0-59.0; P = 66.67; MI = 5.15; MA=
3.43).
SITES OF INFECTION. — Coelomic cavity, liver.
S P E C I M E N S D E P O S I T E D . — CHIOC 33902 a-b;
USNPC 87412; MNHN-C-IX-144 (JJ142-12-10;
JJ660-5-1).
REMARKS
This species, described from fishes of the northeast coast of Brazil, was redescribed by Rego
(1987) based on specimens collected from Brachyplatistoma flavicans Castelnau, 1855, B. vaillantii (Valenciennes, 1840) and Bagre marinus
(Mitchill, 1814). Campbell & Beveridge (1996)
accepted, with reservations, the identification of
Rego (1987). Rego’s (1987) argument is consistent and the subsequent record by Rego et al.
(1974) supports the identification. This species
was also reported from Cynoscion leiarchus
(Cuvier, 1830) by Rego et al. (1974), Pomatomus
saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) by São Clemente et al.
(1997), and M. furnieri from the coast of Rio de
Janeiro by São Clemente (1986a, b, 1987) (see
Rego 1987) and from the Rio Grande do Sul by
Pereira (1993).
Family LACISTORHYNCHIDAE Guiart, 1927
Genus Callitetrarhynchus Pintner, 1931
Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819)
H OST . — Cynoscion guatucupa (NH) (LH = 27.046.0; P = 14.29; MI = 2.33; MA = 0.33); Macrodon
ancylodon (NH) (LH = 24.8; P = 1.67; MI = 1.0; MA
= 0.2); Micropogonias furnieri (LH = 26.0-59.5; P =
42.22; MI = 4.18; MA = 1.77).
SITES OF INFECTION. — Coelomic cavity, kidney.
SPECIMENS DEPOSITED. — CHIOC 33903, 33904 a-b;
USNPC 87413, 87414, 87415; MNHN-C-IX-144
(JJ1029-3-3; JJ1408-2-1; JJ1507-1-1; JJ1716-1-1).
REMARKS
The first account of Callitetrarhynchus gracilis
from the coast of Brazil is that of Dollfus (1942) in
19
Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) from the
Marajó Island. Palm (1997b) reports C. gracilis
from Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815), Chloroscrombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus, 1758), Oligoplistes
palometa (Cuvier, 1833), Selene vomer (Linnaeus,
1758), Harengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829),
Opistonema oglinum (Le Sueur, 1818), Haemulon
aurolineatum Cuvier, 1829, Larimus breviceps
(Cuvier, 1830), Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill, 1815), and Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier,
1829 from the coast of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. This author indicates that C. gracilis
is the most common host species and that it has
the lowest host specificity in the area studied by
him. Off the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro,
this species is found by Carvajal & Rego (1985)
and by São Clemente et al. (1997) parasitizing
Pomatomus saltatrix, and from M. furnieri by São
Clemente (1986a, b) according to Carvajal &
Rego (1985). In Rio Grande do Sul, C. gracilis is
found parasitizing M. furnieri by Pereira (1993).
Callitetrarhynchus speciosus (Linton, 1897)
HOST. — Cynoscion guatucupa (NH) (LH = 33.0-44.0;
P = 11.43; MI = 2.17; MA = 0.25); Micropogonias
furnieri (LH = 27.0-59.0; P = 3.33; MI = 1; MA= 1.12).
S PECIMENS DEPOSITED . — CHIOC 33905, 33906,
33907; USNPC 87416; MNHN-C-IX-144 (JJ1055-3-1).
REMARKS
Previous records of C. speciosus for the coast of
Brazil include those of Carvajal & Rego (1985)
and São Clemente et al. (1997) for P. saltatrix
from Rio de Janeiro, and São Clemente (1986a, b)
from M. furnieri. In Rio Grande do Sul, the first
record is that of Pereira (1993) from M. furnieri.
Family DASYRHYNCHIDAE Dollfus, 1935
Genus Dasyrhynchus Pintner, 1928
Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1965
(Fig. 6)
HOSTS. — Menticirrhus americanus (NH) (LH = 39.7;
P = 2.04; MI = 2.0; MA = 0.04); Cynoscion jamaicensis
20
(NH) (LH = 22.0-32.3; P = 5.0; MI = 1.0; MA =
0.05); Cynoscion guatucupa (NH) (LH = 16.5-44.0;
P = 6.67; MI = 3.14; MA = 0.21); Macrodon ancylodon
(NH) (LH = 22.0-35.2; P = 5.0; MI = 1.0; MA =
0.05).
SITES OF INFECTION. — Coelomic cavity, pericardial
cavity, and kidneys.
S P E C I M E N S D E P O S I T E D . — CHIOC 33908 a-c;
USNPC 87417, 87418, 87419, 87420; MNHN-CIX-144 (JJ1055-4-1; JJ1390-2-1).
DESCRIPTION
Based on 30 larvae examined; 26 measured. Scolex
13.29 ± 1.38 (9.90-15.42) long; two cordiform
bothridia with margins free and an indentation on
posterior margin; pars bothridialis 0.71 ± 0.08
(0.50-0.87) long. Tentacle sheath regularly coiled;
pars vaginalis 8.37 ± 0.81 (6.50-10.32) long.
Prebulbar organ absent, bulbs elongate, 2.43 ±
0.30 (1.97-3.00) long, 0.17 ± 0.06 (0.12-0.22)
wide, posterior extremity overlapping pars postbulbosa. Length/width ratio of bulbs 14.43 ± 5.79
(11.25-20.40). Length of scolex/length of bulb
ratio 5.48 ± 0.49 (4.44-6.51). Pars postbulbosa
1.68 ± 0.47 (1.07-2.35) long. Basal armature distinct on discrete swelling of the tentacle. Single
chainette, continuous from basal armature to tip
of tentacle. Chainette hooks with cordiform base.
Principal rows in ascending alternate half spiral,
with 10 principal hooks, and five or six intercalary
hooks. Principal hooks diminishing in size along
half spiral. Hooks 1 (1’)-3 (3’) larger, uncinate.
Hooks 4 (4’)-10 (10’) falciform; intercalary hooks
falciform, between hooks 4 (4’)-7 ( 7’).
REMARKS
Adults of D. pacificus were reported from the
coast of South Brazil by São Clemente & Gomes
(1989a) and São Clemente et al. (1991) in
Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günter, 1860) (Carcharhinidae). This is the first record of the larva
of this species in Brazil. The tentacular armature
described here confirms the descriptions of São
Clemente & Gomes (1989a) and Beveridge &
Campbell (1993). However, the scolex of the
larvae collected in the present study are larger.
In their key for species of Dasyrhynchus,
Beveridge & Campbell (1993) suggest that the
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
A
B
C
D
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
c
1
FIG. 6. — Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1965; A, larva in toto; B, portion of the chainette; C, posterior portion of bulbs and
appendix; D, half spiral of principal hooks, intercalary hooks (in black) and chainette (c). Scale bars: A, 0.1 mm; B, D, 0.05 mm;
C, 1 mm.
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
21
posterior portion of the bulbs projecting into the
pars proliferans is a diagnostic character of
D. magnus. However, this characteristic is reported herein for D. pacifica and was noted in
D. thomasi by Palm (2000). Since the Beveridge
& Campbell (1993) studied plerocerci, it is possible that this feature represents a larval characteristic with no diagnostic value at the specific level.
Larvae of Dasyrhynchus located near the pericardial cavity of the hosts were reported by Bussieras
& Aldrin (1965), and Bussieras & BaudinLaurencin (1973) from Thunnus albacares
(Bonnaterre, 1788), T. obesus (Lowe, 1839) from
Guinea and Senegal.
Family OTOBOTHRIIDAE Dollfus, 1942
Genus Poecilancistrium Dollfus, 1929
Poecilancistrium caryophyllum (Diesing, 1850)
HOSTS. — Micropogonias furnieri (LH = 25.8-59.0;
P = 9.44; MI = 3.41; MA= 0.32).
SITE OF INFECTION. — Musculature.
SPECIMENS DEPOSITED. — CHIOC 33910, 33911 a-d.
REMARKS
Previous records of P. caryophyllum for the coast
of Brazil include those of Carvajal & Rego
(1985) and São Clemente et al. (1997) from
P. saltatrix and from M. furnieri both from Rio
de Janeiro. In Rio Grande do Sul, the first record
for M. furnieri is that of Pereira (1993).
Unidentified procercoid larva
(Fig. 7A, B)
H O S T S . — Micropogonias furnieri (LH = 48.0;
P = 0.56; MI = 2.0; MA = 0.01); Cynoscion jamaicensis
(LH = 13.5 - 24.1; P = 6.67; MI = 25.0; MA = 1.67).
S P E C I M E N S D E P O S I T E D . — CHIOC 33909 a-c;
USNPC 87424; MNHN-C-IX-144 (JJ1445-2-25).
DESCRIPTION (based on nine specimens)
Body 1.09 ± 0.25 (0.79-1.48) long, 0.27 ± 0.05
(0.20-0.37) maximum width. Anterior region
22
with a well defined bothrium, 0.025 ± 0.007
(0.02-0.04) in diameter, 0.03 ± 0.01 (0.0270.060) deep. Cercomer subspherical, total or
partially invaginated, 0.20 ± 0.03 (0.13-0.25)
long. Length of the cercomer/total length of the
larva ratio 5.43 ± 0.76 (4.4-6.7). Hooks not
observed within cercomer.
REMARKS
There are few published records of procercoids in
marine fishes. Among those few show forms similar to those larvae found in the present study.
The larval development of Lacistorhynchus dollfusi
Beveridge & Campbell, 1987 (= L. tenuis
Beneden, 1850) has been described by Riser
(1956), Mudry & Dailey (1971), and Sakanari &
Moser (1989). The latter authors also completed
the cycle of L. dollfusi Beveridge & Sakanari,
1987 in the laboratory. Riser (1956) and Mudry
& Dailey (1971) presented descriptions and
drawings of the procercoid larvae.
Except for the fact that embryonic hooks have
not been observed, the material described in the
present study is similar to that reported by the
authors mentioned above. The procercoids
recorded by Riser (1956), Mudry & Dailey
(1971), and Sakanari & Moser (1989) were from
crustaceans and may represent early stages in the
life cycle. The absence of hooks in the present
specimens may be because they are in transition
to the plerocercoid stage.
Unidentified plerocercoid larva
(Fig. 7C, D)
HOSTS. — Macrodon ancylodon (NH) (LH = 28.4;
P = 1.67; MI = 1.0; MA = 0.02).
SPECIMENS DEPOSITED. — CHIOC 33912, 33913,
33914, 33915 a-b; USNPC 87420; MNHN-C-IX144 (JJ1253-4-1; JJ1384-4-3).
REMARKS
Plerocercoid larvae similar to those found in the
present study from Macrodon ancylodon were
reported from Micropogonias undulatus (LinZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
A
bt
C
bt
cr
B
D
cr
FIG. 7. — A, B, unidentified procercoid larva; A, larva in toto; B, same with retracted cercomer; C, D, unidentified plerocercoid larva;
C, anterior region; D, posterior region. Abbreviations: bt, bothria; cr, cercomer. Scale bars: A, 0.25 mm; B, 0.15 mm; C, D, 0.1 mm.
ZOOSYSTEMA • 2005 • 27 (1)
23
naeus, 1766) in the Gulf of Mexico by Overstreet
(1977) and in Micropogonias furnieri off the coast
of Rio de Janeiro by São Clemente (1986b) and
coast of Rio Grande do Sul by Pereira (1993).
Aknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Ian Beveridge, University of Melbourne, Australia, who provided
improvements for the manuscript; Dely Noronha
and Luiz C. Muniz, curators of the Helminthological Collection of the Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, allowed access to material
in that collection; Alain de Chambrier, Muséum
d’Histoire naturelle de Genève, Switzerland,
translated the abstract to French; José Luiz
Bastos, Luiz da Hora Silveira, and Altamiro da
Hora Silveira donated most of the host fishes.
Marco A. Costa, Isabel S. Chaves, and Ieda
Quadros provided laboratory support; Rogério
T. Vianna M. Sc. assisted with the illustrations
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Submitted on 28 February 2003;
accepted on 1st April 2004.
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