Brash, Dr. Marina - Poultry Service Industry Workshop

Dr. Marina Brash
Animal Health Laboratory
University of Guelph Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ontario Poultry Industry
Methodology
Broilers Top 3 Diseases
Broiler Breeders Top 3 Diseases
Turkeys Top 3 Diseases
Layers Top 3 Diseases
Other Diseases/Conditions of Importance
Questions
Ontario Poultry Industry
Commodity Class
Bird numbers
# of producers
Broilers
200 million
1119
Broiler Breeders
1.2 million
Turkeys
8.8 million
250
Layers
8 million
385
Ontario Poultry Practitioners :
Drs. Elizabeth Black, Arpi Ferencz, Peter Gazdzinski, Mike Joyce, Mike Petrik, Cynthia Philippe, Rachel Ouckama, Joanne Rafuse, Lloyd Weber and Alex Weisz
Methodology:
Ontario poultry practitioners surveyed for top 3 diseases over last year:
COMMODITY
CLASS
1 (3 points) 2 (2 points) 3 (1 point)
Broilers
Broiler Breeders
Turkeys
Value = 3 points
Value = 2 points
Value = 1 point
Layers
Also asked for further comments on these diseases as well as on those emerging diseases or diseases of importance that would never make the top 3 list.
Broilers Top 3 Diseases
2 (2 points)
3 (1 point)
Early bacterial infection/Yolk sacculitis
Colibacillosis
Necrotic Enteritis
25% related to RWA programs)
Yolk Sacculitis
Colisepticemia
IBH
Drs. Weber &Weisz
Leg Problems/Angular Bone Deformities
Early bacterial infection Bronchitis
Dr. Rachel
Ouckama
Early
mortality/Yolk Sac/E. coli peritonitis
Lameness: FHN, mild rickets, VVD, Reovirus
Immune Deficiency:
Primarily IBD, reovirus? Variants?
Animal Health Lab
Long Bone Deformities/Rickets/ TD/Osteomyelitis/ Synovitis/ Tenosynovitis
Bursal Atrophy
IBH
Practitioner
Dr. Elizabeth Black
Dr. Mike Joyce
1 (3 points)
Summary: Broilers 2011‐2012
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Compare with Broilers (2009‐2010)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Decrease in # of IBH Cases
•As of April 2010,Ontario broiler breeder flocks vaccinated for IBH
•Specific seronegative flocks with approx 85% birds being vaccinated
•Autogenous vaccine incorporating the most common serotypes (8 & 11)
•When IBH diagnosed in broiler flocks:
•Virus is hardy
•Cleaning and disinfection, using hot water wash, detergent, broad spectrum disinfectant
• Use of commercial clean up crew
•Immune system enhancers such as Vitamin E
•Reduce stresses including early infections such as yolk sacculitis, other diseases such as IBD
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
July
May
March
January
November
September
July
May
March
January
November
September
July
May
March
January
November
September
July
May
March
January
November
September
July
May
March
January
Number of IBH
Number of IBH Pathology Cases, Ontario, AHL Sep 2012
25
20
15
10
5
0
Comments – Dr. Ouckama
y IBH has basically disappeared with the vaccination program in breeders
y Not seeing the high mortality y Low level background finding (approx 1 % mortality)
y Very few reports of cocci, NE, Enterococcus and ascites
y Early yolk sac/E. coli in broilers remains a primary concern
y Overall incidence remains same as last 2 years in terms of flock frequency but % mortality decreased
y As other disease conditions disappear, focus turns to those diseases still present
y Importance of good husbandry during the brooding period cannot be overstated Comments – Dr. Weber/Dr. Weisz
y Mixed Pseudomonas aeruginosa & E. coli infections in young chicks
y
y
hot summer, high humidity
sprinklers in broiler breeder barns
Sweating eggs
y Let infection runs its course y Enterococcus cecorum infections are still a concern
y Splay‐leg syndrome associated with reovirus
infections, affected weight gain also
y Heat stress in Ontario this summer also had influence on performance
Comments – Dr. Joyce
y Significant increase in E. cecorum infections in the last 3‐6 months
Comments – Dr. Ouckama
y FHN with E. coli may be related to earlier yolk sacculitis
y Recently emerging (variant?) reovirus in broilers showing sudden lameness at 21‐28 days, ricket‐like with splayleg and stall in growth
y Occasional heat mortality during summer in specific barns
Lameness in broilers
y Osteomyelitis, Synovitis, Tenosynovitis
y Enterococcus cecorum
y Staph aureus
y E. coli
Courtesy of Dr. M. Joyce
Lameness in broilers
Recently seeing a syndrome with: y Synovitis, Tenosynovitis
y Splayleg
y Long bone deformities (VVD)
y Between 2 & 4 weeks of age, seeing increased numbers of birds with splayleg (hockey‐stick leg) y Can have 2‐4 % and as high as 9% culled
y Did see low number of cases early in the spring but recently another spike
Lameness in broilers
y Associated with non‐suppurative tenosynovitis and synovitis with lymphoid nodule formation
y Also see non‐suppurative epicarditis with lymphoid nodule formation
y Can have fibrinous exudate with a few heterophils
y Can have some protein exudation, few heterophils
(bacterial component?) in the joint y Hock joint fluid/tendon positive for reovirus with PCR testing
y Reovirus isolated y Histological evidence of mild rickets and tibial
dyschondroplasia
y Only mild reduction in bursal cellularity
Lameness in broilers
y In Pennsylvania started to see cases in late Jan/early Feb y
y
y
y
y
y
with broilers presenting with splayleg
Reports of same syndrome in southern and eastern states
Isolated reovirus from the gastrocnemius tendons
Have conducted some analysis on the viral isolates
Significantly different from the standard strain of reovirus
Little or no protection offered by the standard vaccines
Autogenous vaccine production but not implemented yet
Lameness in broilers
y In ovo vaccination, increased downtime, C&D, increased y
y
y
y
darkling beetle control
In Pa, now seeing a decrease in cases‐ attributable to ?? since so many changes made
Tendon changes‐ the fibrosis causes the leg deformities
Also some intestinal effects‐ so see the stalling of growth (runting/stunting)
At this time, Ontario does not have any information on their isolates‐ testing in progress
Lameness in broilers
Courtesy of Dr. Lloyd Weber
Courtesy of Dr. Alex Weisz
Courtesy of Dr. Alex Weisz
Nonsuppurative Epicarditis
Infectious Bronchitis
y In the last few months, multiple submissions from late growout broilers y histories including y increased mortality y tracheitis, pneumonia
y urate nephrosis
y At necropsy, some birds looked like died from heat stress
y Could get secondary E. coli infection
Infectious Bronchitis
y Weber and Weisz:
y Appearance of bronchitis in broilers‐ both respiratory and renal forms, reduced weight for age
y Some birds looked like they had heat stress
y Joyce:
y Late breaking bronchitis seen throughout the summer
Infectious Bronchitis
y Nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis infections in Ontario broilers last seen in summer of ’99 into the winter of 2000
y Ontario IBV isolates were similar to Pennsylvania strains recovered from PA broilers with nephropathogenic IB in 1998 and 1999
y This form of bronchitis then disappeared in Ontario….. until now
y Twelve of the 2012 strains of IBVs y
y
y
y
from poultry were genotyped by spike (S1) protein gene sequencing. S1 sequences from all viruses were different from those previously reported in Canada. Three viruses showed highest identity to a variant IBV previously described in California, Georgia and Delmarva
Seven viruses appeared to be highly related to IBV strain 793/b not previously described in North America, but reported in Europe and Asia. Further investigations are underway.
Comments – Dr. Black
y In the past month, sudden mortality in late growout
broilers (> 35 days of age)
y 0.5‐ 1.0 % mortality/day
y Seeing enteritis suspected to be E. maxima +? (botulism/clostridial disease suspected)
y Continuing to investigate
Broiler Breeders Top 3 Diseases
Practitioner
1 (3 points)
Bacterial Dr. Elizabeth Black tenosynovitis
Dr. Mike Joyce
2 (2 points)
3 (1 point)
Yolk Sacculitis
Pododermatitis
Peritonitis
Fatty liver
Drs. Weber
&Weisz
Arthritis/Synovitis
Coccidiosis
Early bacterial infections
Dr. Rachel
Ouckama
Staph tenosynovitis, Early mortality/yolk sac/E. some E. coli, Femoral coli peritonitis
head necrosis
Peak of lay mortality‐
primarily E. coli peritonitis/yolk peritonitis
Animal Health Lab
Bacterial Osteomyelitis/ Synovitis/ Tenosynovitis Bacterial septicemia‐
Staph, E. coli, E. Staph/E.coli
cecorum
Early mortality/Yolk sacculitis
Summary: Broiler Breeders
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Joint/Bone Tendon Early Mortality
Infections
Bacterial Peritonitis
Comments – Dr. Ouckama
y Staph tenosynovitis in breeders remains # 1 concern
y Importance of attention to detail during brooding
y The early mortality may be related to the later development of y
y
y
y
y
y
Staph infections
Staph infections seem to come in continal waves so different now
Used to be able to treat and resolve
One suspect case of Histomoniasis with necrotizing typhlitis. No cecal worms present and no liver lesions.
One case of confirmed cecal Histomoniasis with minimal liver lesions
Quieter with respect to outbreaks of White Chick Syndrome in Ontario so far this year
l
Staphylococcal Infections
Staphylococcal Infections
POX
•Pox vaccination not being practiced in breeders in Ontario at present
•Cluster of cases last fall
ILT
•Small cluster of cases last fall
White Chick Syndrome
y Has been recognized more frequently in Ontario for y
y
y
y
y
last 15 years or more but very rare before that
Serious outbreaks in Manitoba, couple of cases in Quebec, previous reports from Maritime provinces
More mention of this syndrome in recent years and more investigations conducted
Acts like an infectious agent
Can move to another barn, but no mycotoxin or nutritional deficiency identified in spite of in depth testingE
Etiology still not confirmed however…
White Chick Syndrome
y Slight drop in production occurs and three weeks later see white chicks
y Hatch drops 5‐15% , can be as high as 35% and noticeable for 10‐14 days worth of egg production then disappears, back to normal. y Good chicks in the flock perform normally. Losses are dead in shell, and cull white chicks.
y One disease that can be culled at the hatchery.
White Chick Syndrome
y Liver lesions are characteristic. y CAstV RNA has been demonstrated in kidney and liver of affected chicks/embryoes but not in normal chicks or embryoes (based on limited testing)
y However CAstV commonly found in feces of older broilers in Ontario based on surveys
y Different strain?
y Timing of infection?
y Next step is to test sera from affected broiler breeder flocks and compare with unaffected broiler breeder flocks to look for seroconversion
Turkeys Top 3 Diseases
Practitioner
Dr. Elizabeth Black
1 (3 points)
2 (2 points)
3 (1 point)
Cardiomyopathy
Necrotic Enteritis
Roundheart
Roundworms
E. coli infection
Drs. Weber &Weisz
Necrotic Enteritis
E. coli infection
Cannibalism
Animal Health Lab
E. coli infection
Enteritis‐ bacterial, viral, parasitic
Crop Mycosis
Dr. Mike Joyce
Summary: Turkeys
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Enteritis
E. coli Infection
Cardiomyopathy
Enteritis‐ Dr. Weisz
y Multiple turkey flocks range in age 6 to 9 weeks old
y Flocks not vaccinated for HE
y Spike in mortality
y NE also in some birds
yv
Merck Veterinary Manual Courtesy of Dr. Jean Sander
Enteritis‐Dr. Weber
y
y
y
y
y
y
History of alternating good and poor flocks
Move birds at 4 weeks, also give HE vaccine
See enteritis Because bedding is straw, gets wet
Huddled birds, runting/stunting
Stresses:
y Moving
y Vaccination
y Grower barn cools down at night
y Crop mycosis, non‐specific enteritis: positive for coronavirus by PCR‐ “Bluecomb”
y C&D between flocks, reduce stresses, increase night time barn temps
Comments‐ Dr.Black
y Dilated Cardiomyopathy ‐ In poults 2 – 3 weeks old. They appear to have started well, and have been raised without any light restriction. Producer is often surprised by this unexpected loss that may be in the 0.2 ‐0.5% range per day for 3 ‐5 days.
y Necrotic enteritis – Often a muconecrotic enteritis, with small oocysts (E. meleagrimitis?). Appears to respond to penicillin. Spring and fall most often ‐
litter moisture?
Cardiomyopathy ‐ Dr. Joyce
Roundheart/Cardiomyopathy:
y Starts early at 5‐10 days and mortality persist for 4‐5 weeks with the older birds being runts and either die or are culled.
y In weeks 3‐5 usually 1 or 2 birds above normal mortality. y Can then see odd RH cull in grower barn after they are moved. y Watch for the secondary E. coli. Intestinal Parasites‐ Dr. Joyce
Roundworms:
y Temporary loss of effective dewormers for five months earlier this year
y Returned to piperazine
y Explosion of roundworms in heavy turkey growout
barns
y At same time, feed costs were spirally upwards
Cannibalism – Dr. Weber
y Cannibalism is an issue in tom turkeys
y can occur at any age but most significant economically when in the last 4 weeks of growout
y Seen in curtain sided barns y 1% mortality or more per week
y Factors include long day light, aggressive behaviour
y Starts with feather pulling on the neck
y Bales of straw‐ divert attention
y Salt, bicarb, mag oxide in ration can help
Cannibalism in Turkeys‐ Starts with Feather Pulling
y
Courtesy of Dr. Lloyd Weber
Other Comments‐ Dr. Weisz
• 14 week old turkeys
• Panting, appeared to be under heat stress but was April
• Ionophore identified in feed
• Likely due to involvement of tracheal muscles, intercostal/ abdominal wall muscles Layers Top 3 Diseases
Practitioner
1 (3 points)
2 (2 points)
3 (1 point)
Dr. Elizabeth Black
Osteoporosis
Dr. Mike Joyce
Infectious Bronchitis
Production drops‐
undiagnosed
Dr. Mike Petrik
Osteoporosis
Colibacillosis
Infectious Bronchitis
Vaginal
prolapse/Vent pecking
Egg Peritonitis
Calcium
Drs. Weber &Weisz
depletion
Animal Health Lab
Osteoporosis
Fatty liver hemorrhage
Layers‐ Top 3 Diseases
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Osteoporosis– Dr. Weber
y More Calcium depletion this summer
y Feed intake decreased 3‐5 grams per bird, related to heat
y Many leghorn flocks producing over 90% over 40 weeks of lay and birds going to slaughter at 90% production
y Producing 320‐330 eggs in 53 weeks of lay
y Some Ontario producers going to 56‐60 weeks of lay
Comments – Dr. Petrik
y Infectious bronchitis occurred on multiple farms of hens y Suspected was strain different from vaccine strains since presenting complaint was usually mortality with severe lung congestion, edema and some tracheal involvement
y
y
Markedly elevated IBV titres
Difficult to get viral isolate for further investigation
y Production drops
y can be seen with IBV
y Serology to confirm
y Not so much of an issue with shell quality
y Heat this summer had impact on production
Comments – Dr. Petrik
y Cocci/necrotic enteritis on the decline‐ parallels the increase in live vaccine usage
y Limited availability of antibiotics for use in laying hens y Flocks with colibacillosis not responding to traditional treatments
y More of issue in future especially with pressure of more extensive laying hen housing
y One barn of hens on the floor‐ 35% mortality
y
y
Could not get the birds to stop dying
New flock
y Vaccinated for E. Coli
y Increased down time
y Extra C&D
Colibacillosis
Diseases/Issues of Concern
y One case of ILT reported so far this year in small flock of laying hens
y M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae also identified in flock
y MG/MS in another laying/fancy flock
y ORT airsacculitis in flock of fancy chickens
y Free range fancy turkeys with sinusitis (MG) close to commercial turkeys
ILT
BIOSECURITY is the KEY
“Keep what is outside ‐ outside and what is inside –
inside”
Dr. Alex Weisz and Dr. Margaret Stalker
Marina L. Brash, Megan J. MacAlpine, Josepha DeLay & Davor Ojkic
Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
Acknowledgements
y Private Poultry Practitioners :
Drs. Elizabeth Black, Mike Joyce, Mike Petrik, Rachel Ouckama, Lloyd Weber and Alex Weisz
y Stephanie Piercy, Poultry Health Services
y AHL:
Drs. Bev McEwen, Emily Martin, Margaret Stalker, Jan Shapiro, Andrew Brooks, Davor Ojkic, Durda Slavic