WingBeats Volume 3 Number 2 - Florida Mosquito Control Association

of the American Mosquito Control Association
,
Vol. 3, No.2
by the Florida Mosquito Control Association
Summer 1992 r-~--------------------------------------~------------------------------------~~~~~~~~~~~~
of the American Mosquito Control Association
,
Vol. 3, No.2
by the Florida Mosquito Control Association
Summer 1992 DIBROM®Concentrate
provides fast, consistent
knockdown of adult
mosquitoes.
DIBROM Concentrate will effectively
control your large-area mosquito problems,
whether it's residential areas and munici­
palities, tidal marshes, swamps and wood­
lands or livestoCk pastures and feedlots.
DIBROM is a fast-acting, short resid ual
organophosphate insecticide that is proven
effective against the most tolerant and
resistant strains of mosquitoes. ·'
By using DIBROM as labeled, you won't
affect fish, wildlife or livestock, so it's
environmentally compatible. It can easily
be applied by ground or air, and its low
application rate gives significantly more
coverage per tankload.
If you're looking for a solution to large­
area mosquito control, look to DIBROM
Concentrate. Ma ke sure they never get off
the ground again.
DIBROM®CONCENTRATE Avoid accidents. For safety. (ead the entire label incrudlng precauliona'Y slate· .
menls. Use all chem1carsonly as direc ted.
DI BR OM isa registered [(ademarkofChevron Chem icalCo.lornaled insecticide Copyright .:: 1991 Val"!nl U SA Corporat ion. All rights reserved. VALENT®
-~
~
Editor:
Dr. Charlie Morris
Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory
IFAS-University of Florida
200 9th Street, SE
Vera Beach, FL 32962
4071778-7200
FAX 4071778-7205
Assistant Editors:
John Gamble, Daytona Beach , Florida
James Mc Nelly, Cape May Court House, Ne w Jersey
Photo Editor: Alan Curtis, Ve t o Beach. Florida
Graphics Editor: Bonnie K. PaHok, Vera Beach. FL
EDITORIAL BOARD:
Kellie Etherson. Gainesville, FL
Tho mas Flool'e. Panama Cit y. FL
Dr. Carlisle Rathbuw , Panama Cit y, FL
Jim Robinson. Odessa , FL
Neil Wilkinson. Fort Myers. FL
Pete Pederson. Altoona. FL
Dr. Da vid Dame. Gainesville. FL
Dr. Lewis Nielsen, Salt Lake City. UT
Dr. Charles Apperson, Raleigh, NC
Sally Wagner, Saginaw, MI
Dr. Edward Wa lker, East Lans ing, MI
William Jany, Lanas ka, PA
Kern Walcher. Valdos ta, GA
Dr. Bruce Eldridge, Davis C A
William Zawicki, Freehold. NJ
Dr. Lai S. Mian, Highland , CA
Dr. James Cilek, Garden City, KS
FLORIDA MOSQUITO CONTROL
ASSOCIATION
P. O. Box 11867
Jacksonville, FL 32211
9041743-4482 FAX: 9041743-6879
1990-91 Board of Directors:
PRESIDENT: George Wichterman. Ft. Mye", FL
PRESIDENT-ELECT: Dr. Richard Baker, Vero Beach, FL
VICE PRESIDENT: Robert Ward, Punta Gorda, FL
SECRETARY-TREASURER: Elisabeth Beck,
Jacksonville, FL
IMMEDIATE PAST-PRESIDENT: Oscar T. Fuilz,
Savannah, GA
N.W. REGIONAL DIRECTOR: James Clauson,
Santa Rosa Beach. FL
N.E. REGIONAL DIRECTOR: Richard Smith,
Jacksonville, FL
S.W. REGIONAL DIRECTOR: Dr. Frank Van Essen,
Naples, FL
S.E. REGIONAL DIRECTOR: Lester Scherer, Stuart, FL
AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL
ASSOCIATION
707 East Prien Lake Road
P. O. Box 5416
Lake Charles, LA 70606-5416
3181474-2723 FAX: 3181478-9434
1990-91 Board of Directors: PRESIDENT: Cyrus R. Le"er, Salibury, MD PRESIDENT ELECT: Dr. John A. Mulrennan, Jr., Jacksonville, FL
VICE PRESIDENT: Dr. Chester G. Moore,
fort Collins, CO
PRESIDENT 1991: Matthew M. Yates, Baton Rouge, LA
PRESIDENT 1990: Dr. Robert D. Sjogren, SI. Paul, MN
TREASURER: John S. Billodeaux, Jennings, LA
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Mark Vinsand,
Lake Charles, LA
REGIONAL DIRECTORS:
Canada: Ke ith Evans, Edmonton, AL
North Atlantic: Thomas Ca ndelelti, Bar negat. NJ
Mid-Atlant ic: Dr . Bruc e Harrison, Washington, DC
South Atlantic : Martin G. Hyatt , Cha rleston Hgls., SC
North Central: Sally Wagn er, Saginaw. MI
South Central : Dr. Dan Sprenger. Houston, TX
West Cent ral: Sammie Lee Dickson, Salt Lake City.
UT
North Pacific: Peter DeChant , Portland, OR
South Pacific: B. Fred Beams, Sana Ana, CA
Latin Am erica-Caribbean: Dr. Marco F. Suarez.
San Juan, PR
Indus try Director: William Zawicki, freehold , NJ
r.
of the American Mosquito Control Association
P
by the Florida Mosquito Control Association
Volume 3, Number 2
Summer 1992
CONTENTS
Source Reduction: "Mosquito Control for Stormwater Managers" . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .... , 5
by John C. Gamble
It seems to many of us that civil engineers are on the mosquito's side when it comes
to building storm water management facilities , They build ideal water-retaining ponds
with shallow slopes that flood and dry up with the regularity that ideally matches flood­
water mosquito biology requirements. The best way to get engineers to help rather
than hinder is to give them something mathematical. Don't try to explain the biology
of mosquitoes, just tell them what should and should not be done to prevent mosquito
breeding. Here is one set of recommendations used to assist in this engineering train­
ing process.
Fly Wheels: "The Minnesota 'Twin' " ... ,.".,.,.,. , .,.,",.,., .. , ...... , ..... . . , ... 8
by Jim Robinson and Joe Ruff
They're back! After missing for a couple of issues, Jim and Joe are back with another
machine review. This time it's Conner Engineering's BISON ULV generator, and that
ain't no bU._.never mind ,
Lines of Flight: "Helicopter: Lease or Purchase?" . , ., ... ,., .. , ., ..................... 13
by Richard D. Huggins
The first article in this new column is by its editor, a pilot and mosquito inspector.
This often asked question is here answered in different ways by three different New
Jersey mosquito control programs. Perhaps their experiences will help you decide.
Biosynopsis: "The Eastern Treehole Mosquito, Aedes triseriatus" .. , .... , . , , . , . , . , .. , . 17
by Dr. Ned Walker
With the recent invasion and spread of Aedes albopictus and its replacement of Aedes
aegypti in some parts, container-breeding mosquitoes are a hot topic these days. Let's
not forget our native container mosquitoes that can cause problems. In the easter U.S.,
that means Aedes triseriatus.
Feature: "Mythical Mosquito Control" , , , , , , , , ... , . , . , ... , . , , . , . , . , .... , . , .. . . , . , . , . ,18
by Lee Mitchell
Anyone in mosquito work, be they researcher, teacher, insp.ector, director, secretary
or custodian are asked their opinions and recommendations about the myriad of non­
chemical miracle solutions to mosquito control. Here is an article you may want to
give such folks to help persuade them of the uselessness of some approaches.
Program Profiles: "FAMU's Mulrennan Lab" ,.,., .................... ,., .... ,."".,21
by Thomas G. Floore
"Chip Chat" editor, Tom Floore, steps out of this computer jockey saddle to tell us
about the history and recent changes at the John A. MulreIU1an, Sr. Researc Laboratory,
his home base.
The Florida Mosquito Control Association has not tested any of the products advertised or referred
to in this publication, nor has it verified any of the statements made in any of the advertisements or
articles, The Association does not warrant, expressly or implied, the fitness of any product, advertised
or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein.
1992 Florida Mosquito Control Association: All rights reserved . Reproduction in whole or part for
educatio'nal purposes is permitted, without permission, with proper citation.
WING BEATS: Published quarterly as the official publication of the Florida Mosquito Control Associa­
tion and the American Mosquito Control Association. This publication is intended to keep all interested
parties informed on matters as they relate to mosquito control, particularly in the United States.
EDITORIAL: Address all correspondence regarding technical editorial matters to Dr. Charlie Mor­
ris, Editor, "Wing Beats" magazine, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, IFAS-University of Florida,
200 9th St. SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962; telephone: 407/778-7200; FAX: 407/778-7205,
ADVERTISEMENTS: Address all correspondence regarding ad vertisements to Mrs. Debra Tarver,
Outdoor Tech" Inc" 1499 Morning Dove Road, Tallahassee, FL, 904/668-2352. ABOUT THE COVER: East Volusia County Mosquito Control District's (Daytona Beach, Florida) McDon­
nell Douglass SOOE helicopter larviciding over salt grass (Distichilis spica to). Photo by John Gamble with pilot assistance by Richard Mann (056) and Harold Cobb (lOB). re.
There is a group oflarvicides that
combine all the qualities you're looking for
today. It's the ALTOSID@full line of mosquito
control products. Biorational ALTOSID
larvicides give you consistent performance
without harming non-target organisms.
And because our larvicides
exploit the mosquito's own
biology, resistance has never
been encountered.
With a range of formulations, our larvicides go where you need them,
while giving impressive residual activity and
controlling a vast number of mosquito
species. And considering that ALTOSID
larvicides save you time, labor and equip­
ment costs, this is one form of control
that fits easily into your budget.
All of which means that now you
can fight mosquitoes with the
full force of nature. For more informo tion, coIl1-800-2A8-7763 ©1992 leecon. Vector Management Division is a divi~ion of Zoecon Corporation, a Sandoz Company,
12200 Denton Drive, Dallas, Texas 7523A. AlTOSID is a trademark of Sondoz Ud.
41
zoeeon.
Always read the label before using the product.
John C. Gamble
Mosquito Control for
Stormwater Managers
, Very often the primary breeding sites·of mosquitoes are the result '
of man's activities .intentional and unintentionaLPre:venlionof , .
mosquitilbreeding sites, where possible,.is still the best and most
desirable abatement practice. Often, la~d developers. and 'oilier .
public agencies, 'particuhu:y 'those iltvolvediil ·land moditicati~n .
such as highway departments, create mosquito breeding sites when
·they' '(:onstruct mads .or stormwaler handling -sysieins.
"This happens because'the engineerS a~e Concerned with remov~
ing .waterfrom the road orparking lot and dOil't :thinkabout
·creating mosquito breeding si~s. No one trained them to consider
. suclt<-things.1tbecomes the responsibility of mosqUito -con.trol .to .
educate the~ enghieeISabout thebiologicalaspects of theirdesigns
aitd\how_it affects the .potential'Ior inosq'l!ito breed.ng~.·. , .: ' ,
. E.st VoIusiaMosquito Control District, DaYtona Beach,Florida, .
has,developed a system .t hataUows them input into the planning
and designphCises of manydevelopmenfprojeets. Part of'that.
-system-is the following document used to inform and assist these
engineers hl designing, reviewing and constructing projects that
·will not add to the mosquito problem. (Editor)
'
.
A poorly des ign ed roadside ditch for mosquito
prevention. The ditch ha s a sod block put there
intentiona1Jy by the water managem ent district.
This site breed Culex, Photo by Bob Purce1J
Best Management Practices
For Mosquito Control In
Stormwater Management Facilities
The surface storage of stormwater
required by state and local regulations,
has created mosquito larval habitats.
Our goal is to eliminate larval mos­
quito production from stormwater
management facilities. This requires a
basic understanding of mosquitoes' life
cycles and habitats. The immature
stages of mosquitoes (eggs, four instars
of larvae, and pupae) utilize per­
manently or intermittently wet
habitats. The most pestiferous mos­
quitoes lay eggs on damp ground that
periodically floods. These eggs may
survive for years between floodings.
The primary disease vectoring mos­
quitoes lay eggs on the water's surface.
Some mosquitoes can develop from
Continued on page 6
A correctly mointoined wet retention pond, The water spray prevents mosquito breeding and the thin
border of vegetotion on 0 steep sided pond is not enough to harbor mosquitoes that fish cannot reach,
Photo by George O'Meora
WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
5
Continued from page 5
eggs to adults in as few as six (6) days.
Top minnows are the most effective
predator of immature mosquitoes in
permanent or semipermanent water
bodies free of vegetation. The use of
the above information can result in
proper design, construction, and
maintenance of stormwater manage­
ment facilities that are mosquito free.
Three elements are important to assure
that a stormwater management facili­
ty does not produce mosquitoes:
1) Design of the proper facility for
the site based on soils and other site
constraints
2) Proper construction and certifica­
tion by the designer
3) Maintenance of the system has to
be guaranteed
should be graded to avoid isolated
pockets of standing water. A
maintenance easement of at least fif­
teen (15) feet should surround the
facility above the design high water
line. Although wetland plantings are
typically required, they may create a
mosquito problem. The following
plants are recommended (Eric Cotsen­
moyer, Lake County Florida Mosquito
Control), for the conditions listed:
Occasionally Wet
• Sagittaria latifolia - Common Ar­
rowhead, Duck Potato
• Juncus effusus - Soft Rush
• Pontederia lancifolia
• Juncus roemerianus - Needle
Rush
• Juncus dichotomus
These three elements, when done
together, can achieve the goal of no
mosquito production from these
facilities.
DESIGN
The three basic types of design are
wet, dry, and intermittent system. The
designs should be based on site
characteristics and sound engineering
principles. The Soil Technician at the
Volusia County Agriculture Center is
available for free consultation on soils
and water tables. The Soil Survey of
Volusia County provides good, but less
detailed information that should be
field validated. The design selection·
should be based on soils, seasonal high
water table, and predevelopme;nt
drainage characteristics. Slopes should
allow ease of maintenance and small
children to extricate themselves.
Maintenance plans should be careful­
ly reviewed to prevent additional
problems.
Wet system retention or detention
facilities are usually used in a high
water table situation. The permanent
water table can maintain top minnows,
provided there is eighteen (18) inches
of water at the driest time. The bottom
6
SUMMER 1992, WING BEATS
Predominately Wet
• Sagittaria lancifolia
• Pontederia cordata
• Stirpus californicus - Giant
Bulrush
• Scirpus robustus - Salt-Marsh
Bulrush
low water table soils. The pipe should
be placed at least one (1) foot above the
seasonal high water table. The inlet
sumps may produce a few mosquitoes,
but the maintenance value outweighs
this easily treated problem. These
systems can be maintained regularly
and easily by jetting the pipe with a
Vac-type truck unit.
The least desirable system is an in­
termittently wet/dry system. It is used
at a site where overriding design
criteria exist such as tree preservation
in a high water table soil. These
undesirable systems can be significant­
ly improved by utilizing minnow reser­
voirs, constructed of FDOT type "C"
catch basin (a minimum depth of two
(2) feet), with a solid bottom and grated
top. The top of the catch basin is in­
stalled at ground level. The catch basin
becomes a protected refuge for min­
nows when the retention facility is dry.
Each individual depression within the
retention area should require one
reservoir. Maintenance of these reser­
voirs can be done by hand or a
jet/pump mechanical system. A small
permanent water pond in one part of
the facility could perform a similar
function. Retrofitting existing facilities
that function as intermittent wet/dry
systems, contn;lry to the original
design, would benefit from this revis­
ed design.
CONSTRUCTION
• Juncus effusus - Soft Rush
Dry systems (retention areas or
swales) are suited for low water table,
permeable soils. These areas should be
designed to be dry within three (3) days
based on a twenty-five (25) year storm
event (24 hour duration). A good rule
of thumb is to place the bottom one (1)
foot above the seasonal high water
table. Where this minimum freeboard
can not be achieved by raising the
retention area, a wet system should be
used. We do not recommend the use
of underdrains to control water eleva­
tions because of their expense, suscep­
tibility to failure, and frequency of
maintenance. As an alternative to sur­
face storage, we have regularly approv­
ed underground exfiltration systems in
Inlets and outlets should be con­
structed with erosion protection
devices. Construction should be per­
formed with hydraulic excavators or
similar equipment to avoid depres­
sions. A professional engineer should
certify that the facilities have been con­
structed according to the proposed
plans.
MAINTENANCE
An agreement in the stormwater
management permit should specifical­
ly identify the responsible party for
maintenance. A maintenance sched­
ule, and a procedure to insure that
maintenance is carried out are also imContinued on page 7
Continued from page 6
portant. Mandated maintenance is an
important element in local stormwater
regulations. Side slopes should be kept
free of weeds. Grass should be proper­
ly managed to prevent erosion. Weed
management, chemical and/or physical
removal, should be used in permanent
water facilities. Requests to stock top
minnows in wet facilities can be made
to the Mosquito Control District. Tire
tracks in roadside swales and other ac­
tivities that cause ruts and depressions
in dry facilities should be avoided.
This is a guide to allow professionals
involved in stormwater management to
prevent a problem with some simple
solutions. It is possible to solve existing
problems using the same information.
It is our hope that this document will
convince people to become a part of
the solution, not part of the problem.
Proper surface storage of stormwater
to eliminate mosquito production is
one of the most inexpensive, and en­
vironmentally sensitive approaches to
mosquito control available today.
John Gamble is the Assistant
Director of the East Volusia
. Mosquito Control District. ,
THe main office of the
District is in Daytona Beach.
John is located at 600 South
Street, New Smyrna Beach,
FL 32168-5864; 904/428-2871;
FAX: 9041423-3857.
Arosu rf'" MSF, a biodegradable spray, is the wise environ­
mental choice to control mosquitoes. It slightly changes the suriace
characteristics of water. Just enough to keep mosquito larvae and pupae
from firmly attaching. The water wets their breathing structures-and
they drown.
Arosuri MSF is the only registered, non-petroleum based product for
killing mosquito larvae and pupae-effectively controlling these stages
in more than 25 species. It's invisible on the water (No oil sheen, or Odor.)
And it has little or no effect on other animal life or plants. You can even
spray it on potable-water sources l
With recommended dosages, Arosuri MSF costs less to use than
petroleum oils. It's also cost-competitive with bacterial-control agents
and growth regulators. To learn how it can work for you, write or call:
MSSI (Midwest Spraying & Supply)
505 Brimhall Ave, PO Box 519, Long Lake, MN 55356
Telephone (612) 472-6499
Fax (612) 473-5302
Hotline (800) 448-8525
MSS/ is the e.<clusive
u.s.
dlS/fibulor lor Arosuri MSF. produced by Sherex Chemical Company. Inc
~~
MOSQUITO'" CONTROL CHEMICALS EQUIPMENT SERVICE Mosquito Golf
Morris & Pattok
SUPPLIES TRAINING NORTHEAST VECTOR MANAGEMENT, INC.
P.O. BOX 754
FREEHOLD. NJ 07728
1-800-331-7240
FAX 908-431-3451
WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
7
Fly Wheels
The Minnesota "Twin" Robinson & Ruff
A couple of Fly Wheels columns
back we noted the symbiotic relation­
ship of Minnesotans and mosquito
control, well here is one more case of
it. The subject of this issue's evaluation
is Conner Engineering's BISON from
Rogers, Minnesota.
Larry Conner might be a new name
to many of you but his association with
mosquito adulticiding equipment has
well developed roots. Conner was in­
troduced to our industry while racing
pint sized screamers with our admired
and respected friend Bill Tenney, of
London Fog fame. It's easily apparent
that modifying engines is in this man's
blood, while making them perform
seems to be his lifelong passion.
If the character of the man at the
helm is any indication of the direction
of this company, we eagerly await to
see what new products they will
unleash at our doorstep. In a time
when so many machines are becoming
more look-alike every day, the BISON
is a refreshing stab at breaking with
tradition.
Just when we thought we had seen
everything, here comes a two-lunger,
one-banger. Say, how's that again? Well,
the critter has two cylinders all right,
but there is only one spark plug pok­
ing it's nose from under the shroud. It
seems Mr. Conner has taken Briggs &
Stratton's 18 horse twin cylinder
engine and entrusted half of it with
performing compressor duty.
The stock cylinder head has been
replaced with a nifty casting which
segregates the original valves without
modifying their operation. The intake
manifold is plugged at this port, but is
otherwise unmodified. The new head
is fitted with a combination of reed in­
take and disc exhaust valves to direct
the air pumping chores. An aftercooler
is neatly tucked into the engine's cool8
SUMMER 1992, WING BEATS
ing shroud to remove some of the heat
of compression.
With the opposing cylinder com­
pressing air, the engine does not ex­
hibit vibration levels that you might
associate with single cylinder engines.
The reciprocating mass has not been
altered, so there should be no imbal
High pressure air nozzle. Photo by Jim Robinson
ance imposed on the crankshaft. This
is well proven technology that has serv­
ed yeoman duty for years in the con­
struction industry.
This is our first opportunity to
evaluate a high pressure air atomizer
for the Fly Wheels column. High
pressure systems have been around in
pesticide application equipment for
many years, with the most common ex­
ample being the London Aire XKPD.
The nozzle functions similar to an
industrial coating system where the li­
quid is injected (or siphoned) into the
center of a high pressure air blast. The
Bison's nozzle assembly is centered in
a cast aluminum cone. The assembly
resembles a jet eductor, that apparent­
ly is designed to increase the mass of
air entrained with the spray plume.
There is a pop off valve located above
the cylinder head that is set at 125 PSI
in case any dirt might get into the noz­
zle's air passages. There is also an 80
PSI pressure safety switch in this
plumbing that completes 'the metering
pump/spray solenoid circuit. This
switch prevents pesticide being
pumped into a nozzle without enough
air pressure to assure proper
atomization.
A 3-way electric solenoid valve is
located directly at the rear of the fluid
connection to the nozzle. When the
spray switch is turned on, the valve
opens the passage permitting the
pesticide to flow straight through to the
nozzle. When the switch is 'off' air is
vented into the fluid portion of the noz­
zle and any material remaining is
aspirated through the nozzle. This ef­
fectively prevents "afterspray" that
many view as a problem area. This
would not be functional with the speed
correlated system when the vehicle
merely stops but the spray is not turn­
ed off.
The nozzle assembly is equipped
with the necessary locking swivels to
permit the Spray to be directed every
way imaginable, including down into
the back of the truck. There are safety
retainers to prevent the nozzle blowing
off if any of this articulation is attemp­
ted under pressure.
The BISON is quite compact con­
sidering the nice sized tanks supplied.
The placement of the various com­
ponents, engine/compressor, metering
equipment and tanks, is rather conven­
tional except the metering equipment
sits straddling the plastic gasoline tank.
A similar piece of equipment,
distributed west of the Mississippi as
the HP910, places the metering pump
down on the frame.
The polyethylene insecticide tank is
equipped with a lockable cap, minus
the lock. Because it's just a push fit to
Continued on page 10
. FLY ~WHEEI.s SPEC SHE.E T _
CONNER ENGINEERING - BISON COLD AEROSOL GENERATOR ULV ~. ¥ANUFACTU~E~
j
Conner Engineering, Inc.
22401 Industrial Blvd. Bldg. C
Rogers, MN 55374
I
ENGINE
1
Manufacturer... Briggs & Stratton
Model... 422437 (modified 18 Twin)
Type... Alum block, iron sleeve,
single cyl., electric start
Valvetrain... L-head, 2-valve/cyl
Displacement... 21.17 cu. in.l347 cc
Bore x stroke... 3.44 in.l2.28 in.
Horsepower... 18 bhp @ 3600 rpm
Torque... N.A. ft @ 2600 rpm
Lubrication... pressure w/filter
I .C H1SSISI
Layout... drive on same crankshaft
Frame... steel "2" rails
Mounts... engine/compressor
mounted solid to frame
1 -DIME~SIONSI
Length... 40.25"
Width... 30.75"
Height (nozzle @ 45deg) ... 31"
Weight (dry) ... 275 lbs.(mfr)*
[PRICE
1
Base Price ... $2,995
Price as Tested ... $3,895
w/LPG-18 Flow Control
r _BLOWERiCOMPRESSOR
Manufacturer... Briggs & Stratton/
Conner Engineering
Type... The opposing cylinder of
B&S 18 H.P. twin, fitted with
alum head, reed/disc valves &
aftercooler
Displacement... 21.17 cu. in.lrev.
Output (@ 3000 RPM) ...
17 CFM (mfr)*
Max Speed... 3600 RPM
Max Pressure... 100 PSI
Filter... SMI (pleated permanent
element)
1
Fuel capacity... 5.8 gal/22 liter
Engine oil... 3 pints/l.42 liter
Insecticide tank... 15 gal/56.8 liter
1
Flow controls ... ELF (speed coor­
dinated), LPQ-18 pump fixed flow,
venturi/ orifice fixed flaw, spray hour
meter Remote Controls - start, choke,
flush, power
RPM
2400
2600
2800
3000
Truck Cab
69 dBA
69 dBA
71 dBA
' 72 dBA
Sidewalk
77 dBA
79 dBA
80 dBA
83 dBA
FLUID CAPACITIES
1 REMOTE CONTROL 1
Switches... Spray off/on
Indicator light... Spray on
Flush, Output (spraying), Fault
1 _OPTIONS ·1
INSTRUMENTATION 1
Pressure... gauge @ engine
Flow Rate ... scale on pump base
Safety cut-off... air pressure switch
(80 PSI)
DROPLET SPECTRUM 1
(Cythion @760-780F by Teflon slide wave @ 15 feet)
Flow Rate (oz/ml) MMD (avg/3) Largest Droplet Pressure (Standard Gauge)
90.0
3.0/88.7
13.79
33 mu
99.5 (max)
3.0/88.7
13.42
33 mu
90.0
4.3/127.1
16.37
47 mu
99.5
4.3/127.1
14.40
42 mu
53 mu
90.0 6.45/190.7
19.03
99.5 6.45/190.7
18.88
64 mu
(Orchex 796 @ 800F by Teflon slide wave @ 15 feet)
13.42
26 mu
99.5
4.3/127.1
14.18
31 mu
99.5
8.6/254.3
10.0/295.7
16.32
38 mu
99.5
1--
~UE{CO~StJMPtION
2400
2600
2800
3000
RPM ...
RPM ...
RPM ...
RPM ...
0.63
0.74
0.82
0.89
GPH
GPH
GPH
GPH
I·
FLOW CONTROL ACCURACY
(through nozzle @ 90 PSI)
Setting
Range
(scale)
(mllmin)
5%
21-21
10%
40-41
25%
118-119
50%
212-216
90
95
97
99
Gauge
PSI
PSI
PSI
PSI (max)
Standard·
89.5 PSI
95.0 PSI
97.4 PSI
99.5 PSI
Average
(ml/min)
21
41
119
215
Speed
2399
2605
2808
3005
SUMMER 1992, WING BEATS
9
Continued from page 8
close, it should at least be pinned to
keep it closed.
Most of the normally serviced com­
ponents are easily accessible. The oil
filter is probably the most difficult item
to reach, but we have seen much worse.
N one of the controls are confusing ex­
cept our example had no labeling on
the engine kill switch. The unique
engine conversion may also permit
easier local servicing for major pro­
blems. Anyone familiar with the B&S
twin can easily work on the com­
pressor portion of the combination as
well.
Our "bovine" was equipped with the
PDQ 18 Flow Control which translates
into a constant flow system using the
Fluid Metering Inc. rotary piston
pump driven by an electric motor. The
motor is energized through a voltage
regulator set at 8 volts. This keeps the
motor in the 1600 - 1700 RPM range.
Better regulation of pesticide flow
over a wider range can be realized with
a slower pump speed. Our experience
substantiates this, but also indicates
the necessity of matching the pump
size to anticipated flows. FMI pumps
have a critical linear piston speed at
which point they will induce cavitation
and thus create non-linear flows.
The regulator on the engine's alter­
nator did an excellent job during the
tests. In fact, once the unit was beyond
start-up, the voltage varied less than 0.1
of a volt. If the unit were connected to
the vehicle battery, it would be sub­
jected to variations caused by lights,
radios, etc.
The pump head supplied was a
1-CSY (stainless steel case with a
ceramic piston turning in a carbon
liner). This unit has a 1/4' diameter
piston that should cover most of the
normal flow requirements. A pulse
dampener, in the form of an inverted
filter, was fitted to the discharge side
of the pump. The suction side was
equipped with a large, fine mesh filter
that was easily serviced.
Fuel consumption at 2600 RPM and
an indicated 95 PSI was a modest 0.74
gal.lhour. This pressure should safely
atomize labeled rate applications of
10
SUMMER 1992, WING BEATS
Cylinder head for the compressor side of the Bison. Photo by Jim Robinson
malathion at 10 MPH. With 5.8 gallons
of usable fuel supply, you would even
have a little change left from a hard 8
hour shift.
This is a very quiet sprayer. At 2600
RPM and in the truck cab (with the
windows up), the operator is only ex­
posed to 69 dBA of noise. A pedestrian
on the sidewalk would sense a passing
79 dBA. Please recall that decibels are
measured on a logarithmic scale so
this is a big jump. Even though the unit
is bolted solid to the frame there was
little resonance transmitted into our
pickup's cab. Compared to the drone
of the rotary lobed equipment, piston
compressors are in a different league.
The standard in-cab remote control
is very basic. An on/off button and a
green light to tell you that the pump
should be running. There is a more ad­
vanced remote that's available as an
option that includes switches for
start/stop, choke and power on/off.
The newest subject had us scratching
our exposed heads (all right, Joe still
has most of his hair left to launder)
over terminology to describe it's in­
tended market. In the past, we noted
that units being evaluated were heavy
duty, implying that this somehow
denoted size as well as beefy
construction.
In this case, the BISON is the
smallest vehicle mounted sprayer in
Conner's lineup, but we would be
remiss if we did not note it's construc­
tion as heavy duty. That is also true for
this range of the machines produced
by the other ULV equipment manufac­
turers. This size, or capacity, range is
probably the fa~test growing segment
of sprayers .to be utilized in this
country.
For comparison purposes, horse
power is crudely related to the atom­
ization capabilities of pneumatic
machines currently on the market. The
BISON is really a 9 horse power
machine masquerading in an 18
horse's clothing. This is not inten­
tional, as the Conner lineup includes
two machines larger than this one. But
the 18 HP decals are still there.
The machine proved capable of
meeting the Cythion label criteria by
atomizing the high flow 10 MPH rate
of 4.3 fl. oz.lmin. It is also capable of
atomizing much higher flow rates of
common light mineral oil diluents
commonly used with pyrethroids. In
those cases where a larger particle is
advantageous, the engine may be throt­
tled down.
Higher flows of malathion should be
Continued on page 11
Continued from page 10
off limits to this unit, however there
should be a safety margin for inadver­
tent trips over 10 MPH if the sprayer
is equipped with speed correlated
metering. Lower dosages or materials
diluted in light mineral oil may extend
the machine's speed envelope much
higher.
This distinction clearly points out
the need for programs to analyze their
needs before choosing a particular
spraying system. The Droplet Spec­
trum table on the specifications page
reveals a great deal about a sprayer's
capabilities. It's a fact of life, higher
speeds and viscous materials require
plenty of horse power to keep the
MMD down.
Conner Engineering has experienc­
ed a few growing pains with their new
line of application equipment, but
that's to be expected. They are taking
a fresh look at some established techni­
ques and seem to be paying attention
to details. The BISON (or HP910) is a
competent, quiet, able performer that
should fare well in the newly popular
mid-powered range of mosquito ULV
adulticiders.
Much to the chagrin of our local
fans, the Minnesota Twins are the cur­
rent reigning world champs. While the
BISON may show some ancestral
resemblance, it is certainly no one's
"twin: '
Jim Robinson is Director of
the Pasco County Mosquito
Control District, Odessa,
Florida, and a Co-director of
the WHO Collaborating
Center for Testing and
Evaluation of Pesticide Ap­
plication Equipment.
. loe Ruff is a Biological
Scientist with' Florida A&M
University's John A. Mulren­
nan Sr. Research Lab,
Panama City. He has worked
on mosquito control equip­
ment development and
calibration with mosquito
control districts for over 20
years.
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WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
11
Richard D. Huggins
I
Helicopter: Lease or Purchase? Fixed wing aircraft have been an in­
tegral part of New Jersey mosquito
control since World War II. The stan­
dard operating procedure is to lease or
contract with a company to do aerial
applications as needed. When only fix­
ed wing aircraft were available, owner­
ship was not economically practical
for most mosquito control agencies.
Fixed wings must be operated from an
airport, an expensive operation to in­
itiate and maintain. Besides high cost,
fixed wing aircraft have limited use for
mosquito control. The high cost of
operation coupled with limited use,
make purchase of fixed wing aircraft
unfeasible for many programs.
In the early 1960s, the helicopter
became an alternative to fixed wing
aircraft for larval and adult control of
mosquitoes in New Jersey. As the
helicopter began to be used on a
regular basis, agencies recognized the
broader spectrum of uses that this uni­
que piece of equipment could provide.
Not only can it be used for pesticide
applications, it can be used to deliver
workers and equipment to areas
previously inaccessible for surveillance
or water management projects.
Another advantage rotorcraft has over
fixed wing aircraft is that a helicopter
need not be operated from an airport.
Since a runway is not required for
operations, the helicopter can be bas­
ed wherever it is deemed appropriate.
The increased usability of rotorcraft
raised the question: When does pur­
chase become more economical than
leasing? This article will examine how
three New Jersey county mosquito con­
trol programs, Cape May, Atlantic, and
Ocean, addressed this question.
CAPE MAY COUNTY
Cape May County covers 277 square
miles of which nearly 36 percent are
coastal marsh; 50,000 acres of salt
marsh and 10,000 acres of fresh water
marsh. The black salt marsh mosquito,
Aedes sollicitans, is the primary target
mosquito species. Cape May County
Mosquito Extermination Commission
began their helicopter program in 1974
with a leased Bell Model 47 G4A. The
Commission recognized the speed and
efficiency that a helicopter would pro­
vide in their program for surveillance
and application. Cape May was ex­
tremely satisfied with the helicopter's
performance during the eight years
they leased but became dissatisfied
with the cost of leasing.
Between 1974 and 1980, the average
cost per hour of the lease increased on
an average of 7.2 percent a year. Bet­
ween 1980 and 1982, the cost situation
worsened - the increase averaged 75
percent per hour of operation. The in­
, Continued on page 14
1
.I
Ocean County Mosquito Extermination Commission personnel doing laral inspection with a Jet Ranger in a New Jersey salt marsh. WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992 13
Continued from page 13
creased cost of leasing meant the Com­
mission had to reduce the helicopter's
role in surveillance and application
drastically. Cape May could no longer
afford to pay for the hours needed for
what it now deemed essential. In 1982
the Commission looked into the
feasibility of aircraft ownership as an
alternative. The next year, after an ex­
tensive investigation, they purchased
two Hiller UH 12E piston engine
helicopters.
The next five years showed a
remarkable increase in the efficiency
and economy that could be directly
associated with ownership. With no
time constraints that a lease usually
imposes, the amount of time available
for surveillance rose by 25 percent,
resulting in additional breeding areas
being located, according to Commis­
sion Entomologist James McNelly.
Cape May could now also include
adulticiding in their aerial program.
All previous aerial adult applications
were done by the New Jersey State
Airspray program on a request basis.
Additional time also became available
for
aerial
photography
and
surveillance of water management
areas. The helicopter could now also
be used for the transportation of men
and equipment for repair of marsh
equipment. Another benefit was hav­
ing a full time pilot that would be
familiar with Cape May County and
the mosquito control program.
The cost per hour for the first five
years of ownership was 21 percent
higher than the final five years of leas­
ing. This 4.2 percent average increas­
ed cost per hour for each year of
ownership is far smaller than the
predicted rise of leasing costs over the
same period and the actual average in­
crease for the last five years of leasing.
Judy Hansen, Superintendent of
Cape May County Mosquito Exter­
mination Commission, feels that any
organization that uses a helicopter
more than 250 hours per year and
needs the availability of a ship for
surveillance and application to large
inaccessible breeding areas, should
look into ownership. "A mosquito com­
14
SUMMER 1992, WING BEATS
mission becomes more responsive to
public needs and is 100% more effec­
tive.", she says.
ATLANTIC COUNTY
Atlantic County has approximately
33,000 acres of salt marsh that breeds
mosquitoes. Prior to 1982, aerial
surveillance was not part of the Atlan­
tic County Mosquito Unit's operation.
Salt marsh inspection data was col­
lected by field personnel by land or
boat. Occasionally, a neighboring
county would provide limited aerial
surveillance information if they found
time in their own inspection schedule.
In 1982 the Unit began leasing a
helicopter for 50 hours per season. The
helicopter was used exclusively for lar­
val mosquito surveillance. If aeriallar­
viciding was necessary, it was provid­
ed by the state airspray program's fix­
ed wing.
Last year, Atlantic County began to
use a leased helicopter for larviciding
in smaller areas that the state's fixed
wing aircraft could not cover. The con-
tract called for 50 hours of surveillance
at $380.00 per hour, and 85 hours of
application at $800.00 per hour. The
helicopter is used to treat 5,000 acres
annually, with the state aircraft lar­
viciding the remaining acres.
As helicopter use increased, Atlan­
tic County became aware of some
limitations to leasing. One problem is
that since the helicopter is not based
in Atlantic County, the contract
necessitates that a 24-hour prior notice
be given to the leasing company when
it is needed for mosquito control.
Another problem is that there is a
possibility that the weather at the
helicopter's base of operation may pre­
vent them from flying even when the
weather is fine in Atlantic County.
This can limit the effectiveness of con­
trol efforts since timing of application
is often a critical element.
Another disadvantage of leasing for
Atlantic County is the potential for a
new vendor each year, or possibly hav­
ing no vendor interested in bidding on
the limited number of hours stated in
Continued on page 15
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A totally reengineered, state of the art
generator, the Model 18-20 makes mosquito
control more efficient and conVenient
than ever before. It has an 18 Hp engine
des igned for maximum o utput, even at
vehicle speeds of 20 miles per hour.
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FAX (G 121 47) 5302 ORDER HOTLINE (BOO) 448-8525 Continued from page 14
OCEAN COUNTY
the bid solicitation. Whenever there is
a new vendor, time is lost familiariz­
ing the pilots with Atlantic County and
the mosquito control program. Atlan­
tic County has had five vendors in the
last eight years.
Even with these disadvantages,
Atlantic County feels that leasing a
helicopter is still cost effective for their
program. The Unit is a department of
the county parks system and its budget
is relatively small. According to the
unit's director, Bill Reinert, the pur­
chase and operation of a helicopter is
not economically feasible at this time
since most of the acreage can still be
treated by the state aircraft.
Because of reduced funding of the
state airspray program, counties using
their services for larviciding must pay
for the pesticide used. In the future,
counties may have to pay the full cost
of state services. As Atlantic County
bears more and more of the costs of
aerial applications, aircraft purchase
may become a viable option.
Prior to 1969, Ocean County Mos­
quito Extermination Commission's
aerial applications were provided by
the state program's fixed wing aircraft.
The Commission felt that although the
state program did an excellent job,
there were drawbacks. The main one
was that trying to schedule an airspray
was often difficult since the aircraft
were also needed by other counties at
the same time. In 1969 the Commis­
sion determined that a helicopter was
needed for surveillance and larval con­
trol on their 27,000 acres of salt marsh.
So in 1970, they leased a Bell 47 G3B1
helicopter from March through
November for these purposes. The
helicopter proved to be so valuable that
in subsequent years the Commission
opted to lease two Bell 47 G4A
helicopters per season, and increased
the hours leased from 300 to 600. The
helicopters were kept at the Commis­
sion yard and fuel was provided by the
Commission. All other operating and
maintenance costs were borne by the
contractor. The first years of leasing
went by with few problems. The cost
per hour of operation increased each
year by an average of 5 percent which
at that time wasn't considered enough
of a rise to warrant investigating the
purchase of aircraft.
Shortcomings of the lease program
eventually became apparent. The 600
hours of helicopter time budgeted each
year was an estimate of the hours
needed in an average year. The pro­
blem was that if Ocean County had a
bad mosquito season they needed
more than 600 hours and if they had
a dry season the commission would
have to pay for helicopter time it real­
ly did not need. It also became ap­
parent over the years that as the price
per hour increased, the quality of the
aircraft deteriorated. The helicopters
were being used year-round for
agricultural work and, since the Bell 47
was no longer in production, new
equipment could not be supplied.
Until 1981 the relatively low cost per
hour still outweighed the disadvan­
tages, so Ocean County continued to
·lease. Between 1981 and 1983, the cost
Continued on page 16
VECTEC INTRODUCES THE MOST ADVANCED MOSQUITO
CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ON THE MARKET:
The ELF CONTROLLER
An economical, independent linear flow control device developed for use with Fluid Metering
Inc:s 12 volt positive displacement pumping systems. INEXPENSIVE, EFFICIENT and EASILY
INSTALLED, the ELF CONTROLLER connects to both electronic and mechanical speedometers, It
can use either the vehicle's or the ULV sprayer's 12 volt DC power, The technologically-advanced
ELF CONTROLLER is made from state-of-the-art, solid-state components. It offers THREE
OPERATIONAL MODES: Variable -linear chemical rates at speeds from 2 to 22 mph . Constant­
set chemical rate based on 10 mph output rate . Flush - maximum output rate for quick line cleaning,
There's an OVER-SPEED AUDIBLE ALARM in variable mode . AUXILIARY OUTPUTS : (1) Speed
pulse output from sending unit. (2) Over-speed indicator output (22 mph). (3) Fog mode indicator
output. (4) Output to control3-way electric solenoid valve in flush mode. The ELF CONTROLLER
makes the use of variable flow available to all mosquito control programs 'at an affordable price!
The ELF SYSTEM:
The ELF CONTROLLER is also available in a complete system . (1) Control module (2) Power
module (3) Terminal block (4) FM QP pump (5) 3-way solenoid valve (6) 2 quart flush tank (7) Air
pressure gauge.
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WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
15
Continued from page 15
per hour skyrocketed by 139 percent.
This, coupled with the deterioration of
the aircraft provided, persuaded Ocean
County to consider an aircraft
purchase.
After considerable research, they
purchased two reconditioned Bell
206B JetRanger helicopters in 1984.
This model was chosen for several
reasons. The JetRanger was in produc­
tion and the safety and reliability of the
turbine engine and the airframe was
well documented. The JetRanger was
also being used for liquid and granular
applications elsewhere. Ownership
gave the Commission total control over
the maintenance and operation of the
helicopters.
The most important factor for selec­
ting the IetRanger was the relatively
low operating costs compared to other
helicopters in the same class. The in­
itial cost per hour rose by 15 percent
with a subsequent annual increase of
8 percent. Ocean County is satisfied
that the initial cost increase is
justifiable because of the predicted
stability of future cost per hour
increases.
With the purchase of the helicopters,
the acreages treated each year rose
from 32,000 to 62,000 acres, a dramatic
94 percent increase. Ocean County
Mosquito Control Commission
Superintendent, Tom Candeletti, feels
that the increase in quality of the
helicopters coupled with the extraor­
dinary increase in productivity
justifies the decision to purchase.
SUMMARY
These three examples reveal an
evolutionary process involved in deter­
mining whether to lease or purchase.
After the decision is made that an
aerial capability could enhance the
mosquito control program, the agency
wiIllease equipment first. It would be
hard to justify the high initial expense
of purchase when there is no data sup­
porting the request. The aerial
capability then has to be proven an in­
valuable part of the program. Once this
is recognized, the agency begins to see
some of the limitations involved with
leasing. Then comes the time when the
cost of leasing limits the use of the air­
craft. Eventually, the high initial cost
of aircraft purchase can be justified by
increased efficiency and future cost
stability.
Cape May and Ocean counties
reached the point where program ef­
fectiveness and economics dictated the
need to purchase. Atlantic County can
still depend on the state airspray pro­
gram. If the state program continues
to transfer the fiscal responsibility to
the counties, in the near future Atlan­
tic County and other programs may
see purchase as a viable option.
Richard D. Huggins · i~ .. a
1S-year veteran Seniot Iri­
spector and heIicoptef'lHiot
for the Ocean County Mos,
quito Exterminatiori Com­
mission, 784 West. B~Y ,
Avenue, Baregat, N~w Jersey
08005; 609/698-8271;
609/698-2351.
Fax: '
ASPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT FOR ALL MOSQUITO PROFESSIONALS ... VecTec is proud to announce it has received EPA registration for its new permethrin mosquito adulticide,
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C. Effective against organophosphate resistant strains.
D. Much less toxic to mammals than either Malathion or Dursban.
E. Highly toxic to troublesome mosquitoes such as Ae. albopictus and
Ae. taeniorhynchus.
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16
WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
Dr. Ned Walker's Biosynopsis of ..
The
Eastern Treehole Mosquito
Aedes triseriatus
.
Importance
Aedes triseriatus is not the mosquito
that you slap in the evening, or the one
that has Joe Public on the phone all
summer long with complaint calls. It
just isn't all that abundant in most
places in its range. Aedes triseriatus
never drew much attention until it was
found to be the vector of La Crosse
encephalitis virus. La Crosse
encephalitis is primarily a problem of
children in the upper Midwest and
east. Symptoms can range from a mild
flu-like illness to seizures and coma.
Ohio leads the nation in number of
cases, followed by Wisconsin, Min­
nesota, Illinois and Indiana. Outside
this "LaCrosse encephalitis crescent,"
cases occur in Texas, North Carolina,
Michigan , Missouri, Iowa , West
Virginia and New York.
. Geographic Distribution
Aedes triseriatus occurs from
Florida, north to Ontario and Quebec,
and west to the Dakotas and Texas.
From north to south, the species ex­
periences quite a range of
temperatures and conditions, and it
has successfully adapted to local
requirements.
Adult Description
The tarsi and proboscis are uniform­
ly dark. Silvery scales cover the sides
of the thorax and are the most
diagnostic characteristic. The ab­
dominal segments are dark and
unbanded.
Larval Habitat
Even though the accepted common
name for "Tris" is the eastern treehole
mosquito, it also breeds in tires, main­
ly in shaded locations. It can be found
in a single water-filled tire behind the
garage or in a tire dump with
thousands of tires. In scrap tire yards,
adults reach incredibly high numbers,
as many as 60,000 females per acre in
mid-summer. Aedes triseriatus has
become an important urban mosquito
because of its association with scrap
tires.
pile where they are produced.
Associated Species
In addition to the Asian tiger and
yellow fever mosquitoes, Tris larvae oc­
cur with a variety of Culex and
Anopheles mosquitoes. One mosquito,
Toxorhynchites, which preys upon Tris
larvae can be a major factor regulating
the population dynamics of Tris in
treeholes and tires.
Oviposition
One of the most interesting aspects
of Tris' biology is its diapause and
hibernation during the winter. Eggs
are laid singly on the side of natural
and man-made containers. In the
north, Tris overwinters as eggs. Begin­
. ning in mid-August, eggs "sense" that
daylight is getting shorter. The eggs
then switch into diapause and will not
hatch even if flooded. Diapause
prevents eggs from hatching when lar­
vae will not have enough warm
weather to complete their develop­
ment. The eggs hatch in the spring
when temperatures rise and rains
draw up water levels. In the south, both
eggs and larvae overwinter.
Larval Behavior
The amount of food available in con­
tainers greatly influences the produc­
tion of This larvae. If plentiful, larvae
survive crowded conditions and withs­
tand competition for food from other
mosquitoes. In treeholes, food is
deposited and mosquito waste pro­
ducts are flushed out with rainfall that
flows over the trunk of the tree. In tires,
the major food source is decomposing
leaves.
Flight and Migration
The flight range of adults is rather
short and often ranges only a few hun­
dred yards from the treehole or tire
Aedes triseriotus feeding on 0 mou se, Mus
musculus. Photo by: Leonord Mun stermonn
Bloodfeeding
Few mosquito species feed on
rodents. These mammals are usually
too jittery and quick to sit still for that.
But Aedes triseriatus, even though it
bites a wide variety of mammals, in­
cluding humans and sometimes birds,
particularly likes chipmunks and
squirrels. These woodland rodents are
active during the day when Aedes
triseriatus is seeking hosts in the
woods. Chipmunks and squirrels can
become infected with LaCrosse virus
and can infect other mosquitoes that
feed on them. This females can also
pass the virus on through the eggs to
the next generation thus providing an
overwintering mechanism for the
virus. Male Tris infected by the tran­
sovarial route can, in turn, infect
females with the virus during mating,
a kind of "mosquito venereal disease."
, Dr. ' Walker is. an Assistant . , Professor ·ofEntomology at ', ' Michigan' State University, East Lansing·. '
"
,,
WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
17
Feature
Lee Mitchell
Mythical Mosquito Control Economics and science play impor­
tant roles in every mosquito control
program. By virtue of common sense
and public overview we utilize person­
nel, equipment and insecticides in an
efficient manner to guide our pro­
grams. We wisely encourage citizen in­
put and participation in our communi­
ty activities. How then do we respond
to requests and comments regarding
mosquito control methods that have lit­
tle scientific support?
Naturalists often claim that bats, pur­
ple martins and other insect-eating
birds can adequately control mosquito
populations. Homeowners purchase
electrocuting insect traps and elec­
tronic insect repellers by the
thousands. Industries advertise the in­
sect repelling qualities of all-purpose
lotions such as Skin-So-Soft® and the
hybrid Citrosa plant. Your response to
such inquiries may cost you either
public support or precious operating
funds as you sink money into a losing
proposition.
mosquitoes biting people in the yards.
Biologists are concerned about the
high number of non-pest insects such
as beetles and moths that are attracted
and killed by bug zappers. Some of
these insects are beneficial as natural
biological controls on other insect
pests and others are important in the
food chain. Some people will operate
ELECTROCUTORS
The ultraviolet or black light elec­
trocutor traps, also known as
Zappers®, Bug Blasters® and Big
Wackers® are probably the most
popular choice by homeowners for
mosquito control. One industry official
estimates that up to 1.75 million bug
zappers are sold annually in this coun­
try at upwards of $100 each:These traps
do attract and kill thousands of insects,
but often, as Gord Surgeoner and
Blair Helson showed in Canada 15
years ago and Roger Nasci confirmed
in Indiana nearly a decade ago, mos­
quitoes comprise less than 5 percent
of the catch. Of even greater impor­
tance was the finding that these
devices did not reduce the number of
18
WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
' ; '
~ :~-'"
.
-
Bot tower on Sugarloaf Ky in South Florida . Photo
by Doug Wassmer
Nature, Man gang up to bring
down bat tower
by
J.
P. Faber, Staff Writer
Precariously balanced on the muddy
edge of the Hillsborough River just east
of Tampa lie the ruins of a bizarre ex­
periment. Here, 57 years ago, Dr.
Charles Campbell's 36-fool bat lower
failed to beat back the forces of nature.
a zapper 14 hrs a day, in good weather
and bad, from the time of the first mos­
quito hatch in the spring until the end
of November.
Even though we attempt to mosquito
adulticiding with insecticides as
specific as possible in terms of flow
rates, droplet size and time of applicaContinued on page 19
Nature was a powerful opponent in
those days, and not least among her
dangers were the hordes of insects that
plagued area residents.
Campbell's bat tower was intended to
combat mosquito swarms for the early
developers of Temple Terrace, who were
attempting to transform the groves of
Temple (of course) oranges into a posh
surburban community. The Tower was
designed to house more than 1,000 bats,
imported from Texas, who were each
supposed to dev9ur some 3,000 mos­
quitoes per night.
Despite a cavelike interior, nurseries
for baby bats, and ribbed hanging racks,
the bats never took to Campbell 's tower.
Instead they flew south, or wherever
bats go, after being terrorized by local
teen-agers--Ieaving the developers of
Temple Terrace with a $10,000 failure
(in 1924 dollars, mind you).
Abandoned, the tower stood in a state
of disrepair until historic interest was
revived in 1976, and plans were made
by the city to purchase the tower's land
and refurbish the strange landmark.
Fifteen thousand dollars was granted
that year by the federal Department of
Housing and Urban Development to
restore the tower, but confusion over
who owned the land delayed the pro­
ject until a 1979 arsonist's fire that gut­
ted the structure put an end to the idea.
(This article appeared in the JuLy 11, 1981 .
issue of the Tampa Times. Reprinted
here by permission of th e Tampa
Tribune.)
Continued from page 18
tion, many people still prefer the non­
discriminatory electrocutor traps and
then blame the decline of favored
backyard songbirds on the use of
pesticides. Dr. George Craig, Jr., of the
University of Notre Dame goes so far
as to call bug zappers a "fraud on the
public."
REPELLING DEVICES
..
t
The word fraud can also be used to
describe a variety of mosquito repell­
ing devices. At least ten studies in the
past 15 years have unanimously de­
nounced these devices as having no
value whatsoever. Early versions of
mosquito repelling devices use elec­
tromagnetic energy while more recent
designs produce high frequency
sound. Some of these devices are
capable of being "fine tuned" by the
purchaser, with instructions indicating
that the device can be adjusted until
the correct frequency is found to repel
mosquito pests. None of these devices
have proven effective in repelling mos­
quitoes when evaluated scientifically.
There are many instances in which
devices have been marketed that have
little or no testing to support their ef­
ficacy claims. It may also be noted that
in some of the product advertising,
homeowners are urged to use these
devices to rid their home of pests
without the need to inhale "even one
breath of poisonous spray." Such
statements play on public fears that in­
secticides are harmful to humans and
should be avoided.
ty to release the fresh aromatic
citronella oil. The Citrosa plant does
not bloom or reproduce naturally but
may be started with leaf cuttings.
Although there are numerous anec­
dotes about the effectiveness of Citrosa
there are no scientific studies that sup­
port the idea that the Citrosa plant are
effective repellents. The plant leaves
must be touched or disturbed to
release the citronella aroma. As a
house plant the lemony fragrance is
quite pleasing, although the plant will
spread and grow to a height of several
feet if it is not pruned. Plants sell for
about $12 and is tender below 45F.
The proprietary bath oil Skin-So-Soft
will repel mosquitoes in the lab but,
like citronella, it mayor may not be ef­
fective on individual humans. The
same applies to Culicoides biting
midges. In laboratory trial, Rutledge
and coworkers estimated that Aedes
aegypti was about 30 times more sen­
sitive to the most commonly used in­
sect repellent DEET (N, N-diethyl-m­
toluamide) than to Skin-So-Soft. Jerry
Butler, however, has found that there
are also some attractants in the com­
mercially available product and that
the primary repellent component in
Skin-so-soft is better than DEET. The
mechanisms of how repellents work
are not know.
Most of us are well aware that the
public expects and in some cases even
demands that insecticides should be
very specific in their action. It is
humorous to note that Skin-So-Soft can
also be used for 31 purposes, including
removing chewing gum from hair,
skin, and most-non-porous surfaces;
cleaning ink from skin and most-non­
porous surfaces; cleaning ink from
skin and most vinyl and painted sur­
faces; cleaning paint brushes; remov­
ing tar from car finishes without
damaging paint and as a suntan oil.
PURPLE MARTINS
An appraisal of the benefits of utiliz­
ing purple martins and bats for mos­
quito control offers fewer oppor­
tunities for humor and may lead to
Continued on page 20
CITROSA MOSQUITO FIGHTER®
AND SKIN-SO-SOFT®
The Citro sa "Mosquito Fighter"
plant and Avon's Skin-So-Soft bath oil
are also marketed for their mosquito
repelling qualities. Citrosa was
genetically created by crossing tissue
cultures of an African geranium with
the Grass of China. The grass contains
citronella oil, which has been used for
many years as the active ingredient in
mosquito repellent coils and candles.
The geranium gives the plant the abili­
Brass -Warid .8. Nozzle·
.Also availableiri35, ·50 and 100 gallon .models
TOY4llY POflYABlE! ORDER TODAY! '.
WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
19
Continued from page 19
quite heated debates. It has been
known for many years that purple mar­
tins consume large numbers of flying
insects. Proponents of the value of pur­
ple martins have often used the state­
ment by Wade that "a purple martin
will eat 2,000 mosquitoes in a day." He
also stated that 10,000 to 14,000 mos­
quitoes could be consumed per day
when mosquitoes are plentiful. All of
Wade's values were non-scientific
estimates based on his belief that mar­
tins had an extremely rapid digestive
process and metabolism. He reasoned
that an adult purple martin would have
to consume its body weight each day
in flying insects in order to survive.
Thus, if an average adult martin
weighted 4 oz., this would be the
equivalent of 14,000 mosquitoes.Ac­
tually, Wade's math was faulty because
he greatly overestimated the weights of
an individual mosquito and martin
and many more would have to be con­
sumed to provide the necessary
nutrition.
Wade did not analyze the stomach
contents of martins but did recognize
that their diet included flies,
dragonflies, beetles, moths, locusts and
other bugs in addition to mosquitoes.
Unfortunately, many naturalists have
failed to differentiate between Wade's
theories and scientific fact.
Exhaustive studies of the diet of pur­
ple martins by several ornithologist in­
dicate that while mosquitoes are a part
of the diet they eat many more wasps,
ants, house flies, crane flies, stinkbugs,
tree hoppers, beetles, butterflies, moths
and dragonflies. Mosquitoes make up
less than three percent of their diet.
After all it takes a lot of mosquitoes to
add up to one dragonfly.
Ornithologist James Hill is founder
and director of the Purple Martin Con­
servation Association. He is especial­
ly anxious to dispel the longstanding
notion that a single martin eats
thousands of mosquitoes in one day.
According to Hill, "The number of
mosquitoes that martins eat is extreme­
ly insignificant, and they certainly
don't control them." Rather than erect
martin houses and other cavity-"type
20
WING BEATS, SUMMER 1992
houses for insectivorous birds
specifically for the purpose of mos­
quito control, we should build them
simply to attract these interesting birds
for their esthetic and educational
value. It is a mistake to promote the
welfare of those wildlife species that
only seem beneficial to man in some
obvious way.
to be safe and effective. Although
ultraviolet electrocutor traps will at­
tract and kill mosquitoes, they are often
misused and kill large numbers of in­
nocuous insects. Vertebrate predators
such as purple martins and bats will
BATS
More recently some naturalists have
become interested in the welfare of
bats and have noted the value of insec­
tivorous species in controlling mos­
quito populations. They have subse­
quently recommended the construc­
tion of bat houses for the protection
and propagation of those species that
have been evicted from caves or human
residences. That such an idea is a new
one may be quickly refuted by referr­
ing to the literature. During the 1920's
several large bat towers were con­
structed near San Antonio, Texas and
Key West and Tampa, Florida with the
intent of controlling malarial mos­
quitoes with high numbers of insect­
eating bats. Mosquito populations
were not reduced but the large ac­
cumulations of guano was sold at a
profit.
The bats of temperate regions re­
main almost exclusively insectivorous.
As with martins, bat food consists
mainly of beetles, wasps, ants, flies,
stoneflies, mayflies, moths and
grasshoppers. Mosquitoes make up
less than 1 percent of their diet
although the percentage may be higher
when mosquitoes are abundant. The
evidence from stomach analysis and
feces examination show that insec­
tivorous bats do help regulate some in­
sect populations, both beneficial and
pest species - but not mosquitoes.
However, bats are worthy of our pro­
tection regardless of their capacity or
proclivity to consume pest or vector
populations of mosquitoes.
SUMMARY
It is our responsibility to educate the
public about mosquito control and to
utilize those methods that are known
Purple Martin with preferred prey.
consume mosquitoes and should be
considered as part of an integrated
pest management program. A public
education program should accompany
the use of artificial cavity-type houses
for the promotion of insectivorous bats
and purple martins. Predators can not
totally replace source reduction and
chemical control. Electronic mosquito
repellers have a dismal performance
record and should be vigorously
discouraged. The Citrosa Mosquito
Fighter plant has no proven merit and
research is needed to demonstrate any
mosquito repelling qualities that it may
possess. Personal protection from mos­
quitoes is best gained by the proper use
of DEET and other topical repellents,
including Skin-So-Soft.
Lee Mitchell is ~ Biologist
. with the Thledo Area Sani~
tary District; .s015 Stickney
Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43612;
419/726-7891; FAx~ 419/
726-7721.
.
Program Profiles
FAMU's Mulrennan Lab Thomas G. Floore
While the state of Florida's natural
resources and climate have made it a
leading tourist state in America, this
economic windfall did not "just hap­
pen." Many of the same natural
features that are attractive to residents
and tourists also provide favorable
habitats for hordes of bloodsucking
pests, some of which vector deadly
diseases of man and animals. Before
Florida became a popular tourist state,
insect problems had to be reduced to
tolerable levels for out-of-state visitors
unaccustomed to such pests. This was
achieved, largely during the past 30
years, by the efforts of many in­
dividuals working primarily in mos­
quito control and research.
Mosquitoes remain a problem in all
areas of Florida but especially on the
peninsular coasts. In addition to mos­
quitoes, the Florida Panhandle is
periodically plagued by a pest known
locally as the dog fly, elsewhere as the
stable fly and scientifically as Stomoxys
calcitrans. When present, it is as
significant a nuisance as saltmarsh
mosquitoes in southern Florida.
THE BEGINNING
Following the establishment of what is
now the Florida Medical Entomology
Laboratory (u. of Florida) in Vero
Beach in 1956, great strides were made
in abating the pest mosquito problems
throughout the state.
Dr. John A. Mulrennan, Sr., the
first professional entomologist
employed by the Florida State Board of
Health, lobbied for the formation of a
second research laboratory to concen­
trate on solving the dog fly problem.
In 1961, the Florida Legislature
authorized and funded such a lab as
part of the health department. The lab
was established in Panama City when
Dr. A. Jack Rogers, Dr. Carlisle B.
Rathburn, Jr. and Burie W. (B. W.)
Clements, Jr. of the Vero Beach lab
were transferred to Panama City in
1964.
The early mission of what was then
the West Florida Arthropod Research
Laboratory (WFARL) was spelled out
in Chapter 388, F.S, 388.42:
"To test insecticide resistance in dog
flies, yellow flies and other arthropods,
and to carry out other experimental
work with chemicals, insecticides, and
other substances and procedures, for
testing effective methods for the control
of such flies and other arthropods."
During the next two years, these
scientists conducted mosquito and dog
fly biology and control research from
temporary facilities located at the
(Navy) Mine Defense Laboratory
(Coastal Systems Station). Permanent
research buildings and facilities were
completed in 1966 on the present
10-acre site donated by the Bay County­
Panama City Airport Authority.
Jack Rogers was the first director of
the laboratory, serving until 1976 when
he was promoted to Chief of En­
tomology Services in Jacksonville.
Under his directorship, WFARL grew
from 3 to 15 employees investigating
the biology and control of mosquitoes,
dog flies, sand flies and eye gnats. He
initiated studies to determine the ef­
fects of insecticides applied for dog fly
control on non-target estuarine
organisms.
Initially, basic biological studies at
the laboratory concentrated on dog fly
production in the accumulated bay
grasses along the Gulf shores and in
the nearby farm country. Later studies
indicated that the majority of the flies
originated north of the beaches in the
farm country and migrated up to 70
miles to the Gulf beaches on norther­
ly winds primarily in the Fall. During
that time, dog flies literally drove vaca­
tioners indoors or away from the
Panhandle beaches and greatly im­
pacted the tourist economy of the area.
The Dog Fly Control Program was
established by Legislature in 1972 to
control dqg flies along the Florida
Panhandle Gulf Coast beaches from
Pensacola to Apalachicola Bay. Aerial
control procedures established by
WFARL during the early 1970s are still
employed today for dog fly control.
A cooperative study on dog fly con­
trol and migration was initiated in
1980 with the USDA, Medical and
Continued on page 22
Aerial view of the John A. Malrennan. Sr. Research Laboratory
WING BEATS. SUMMER 1992
21
Continued from page 21
Veterinary Entomology Research
Laboratory, in Gainesville, Florida.
This cooperative study enabled the
laboratory to expand dog fly research
into the agricultural areas to confirm
results of previous studies. The realiza­
tion that dog fly populations were pro­
duced in northern Florida, Alabama
and Georgia eventually resulted in a
reduced emphasis on dog fly control
and biology research at JAMSRL. Dog
fly control is now a separate operation
under the Department of Agriculture.
Sand flies, also known as biting
midges, no-see-ums and punkies, re­
main as much a problem in some areas
of the state as mosquitoes. Sand fly lar­
vae mature in environmentally sen­
sitive intertidal and marsh habitats
where larvicides most often are
detrimen tal to other non target
organisms. The laboratory has in­
vestigated chemical, as well as other
methods for controlling sand flies
since 1964. Effective, environmentally
safe control of sand fly larvae with
chemicals is impractical at this time.
Aerosol insecticides, such as
Scourge®, have been tested at the
laboratory and show promise in con­
trolling adult sand fly populations.
Eye gnats are annoying pests of
humans and livestock and have been
suspected of transmitting pink eye in
humans and conjunctivitis in livestock
and small mammals. Laboratory and
field research studies were conducted
at JAMSRL for over 10 years. An at­
tractant trap which proved effective in
monitoring eye gnat populations was
developed by staff member, Joe Ruff,
while at the University of Florida.
DIVERSIFICATION
B. W. Clements, Jr. was appointed
Director of the laboratory in 1976. Dur­
ing Mr. Clements' 14-year tenure as
director, the scope of the lab's efforts
expanded significantly. He added
study sections on environmental im­
pact and biological control and a per­
son to serve as liaison with mosquito
control programs and the public. In
November 1986, the laboratory's name
22
SUMMER 1992, WING BEATS
was officially changed to the John A.
Mulrennan, Sr. Research Laboratory
(JAMSRL) in honor of the late Dr. John
A. Mulrennan, Sr. and his contribu­
tions that established Florida · as a
world leader in mosquito control. Mr.
Clements retired in December 1990
after more than 30 years of state
service.
The laboratory's Microbial and
Chemical Pesticide Evaluation Section,
headed by Dr. James C. Dukes, con­
tinues the lab's traditional role of
assessing the effectiveness of insec­
ticides against Florida's pestiferous
mosquitoes and other biting flies.
Evaluations and recommendations
made by the section are pivotal in the
decision making process of many mos­
quito control agencies in Florida and
worldwide. Studies include insec­
ticidal droplet analysis, evaluation of
new insecticides, application equip­
ment and efficacy studies of ex­
perimental and labeled adulticides and
larvicides for the control of medically
important insects.
The dog fly research staff changed
their emphasis to environmental ef­
fects of pesticides used to control mos­
quitoes. This gave rise to the Pesticide
Environmental Impact Section in 1986
which is headed by Dr. Noor Tietze.
This section's basic laboratory and
field biological and toxicological
studies on a variety of environmental­
ly sensitive organisms, including grass
shrimp, blue crab and several fish
species, have already proven beneficial
in the assessment and recommenda­
tions of insecticides used in Florida.
A Biological Control Section was
also established in 1986 to study alter­
natives to traditional chemical mos­
quito control methods. Dr. Eric T.
Schreiber, head of the section, is em­
phasizing the colonization and release
of natural enemies, particularly several
species of Toxorhynchites, nonbiting,
cannibalistic mosquitoes that prey on
other mosquito larvae. Schreiber's sec­
tion also monitors urban mosquito
populations to determine the effects of
biocontrol measures on pest mos­
quitoes. The challenges for this section
will be to develop biological control
agents that are effective in a variety of
mosquito habitats and to develop
economical techniques for their pro­
duction and use.
In 1987 the mission of the lab was
legally changed to reflect the shift in
focus at the laboratory:
"To perform basic and applied
research to develop and test formula­
tions, application techniques, and pro­
cedures for the control of arthropods.
Special attention shall be given to the
needs of the mosquito control districts,
counties and municipalities by pro­
viding information, assistance and
recommendations for the safe and effec­
tive control of health and nuisance ar­
thropods."
A NEW BEGINNING
The current director, Dr. John P.
Smith, was appointed in 1991. His goal
is to expand the laboratory's role as a
support facility for information and
special research needs of the public
and local mosquito control agencies in
Florida. In 1992, under Smith's leader­
ship, the JAMSRL was transferred by
legislative action from the health
department to the Florida Agricultural
& Mechanical University (FAMU),
Tallahassee, while maintaining its
physical location in Panama City.
The John ·A . Mulrennan, Sr.
Research Laboratory is situated on a
beautiful piece of land on North Bay,
an inlet from the Gulf of Mexico, in
Panama City, midway between and
about 100 miles from Tallahassee and
Pensacola.
A list of the JAMSRL staff literature
contributions for the past 30 years is
available free. Contact the author at
JAMSRL, 4000 Frankford Avenue,
Panama City, FL 32405; 904/872-4184;
FAX: 904/872-4733.
Tom Floore is a Biological
ScientM with the Chemical & ..
Mictobial Pesticide Evalua­
tion Section at the 19hn A.
Mtdrennan Sr~, Research
Laboratory. He thanks Jack
RogerS, Jim ' Dukes, John
Smith,. Eric Schreiber and
Phil Hester for their help in
preparing this article.
[
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