Gender statistics - Statistics South Africa

Gender statistics
in South Africa, 2011
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Gender Statistics in South Africa, 2011/Statistics South Africa
Published by Statistics South Africa, Private Bag X44, Pretoria 0001
© Statistics South Africa, 2013
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Stats SA Library Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) Data
Gender Statistics in South Africa, 2011/Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa,
2012
03-10-05 (2011)
63pp
ISBN 978-0-621-41800-2
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CONTENTS
Foreword ................................................................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 4 POPULATION ......................................................................................................................... 4 Urban and non-urban .......................................................................................................... 4 FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS ............................................................................................. 5 Marital status ....................................................................................................................... 5 FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS ............................................................................................. 7 Partners ............................................................................................................................... 7 LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN AND PARENTS ................................................. 9 CHILDCARE FACILITIES ..................................................................................................... 11 LIVING CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................... 14 Access to water ................................................................................................................. 14 Access to fuel .................................................................................................................... 17 EDUCATION ......................................................................................................................... 19 Educational achievement .................................................................................................. 19 LITERACY ............................................................................................................................ 20 HEALTH ................................................................................................................................ 21 Health self-assessment ..................................................................................................... 21 Visits to health workers ..................................................................................................... 22 Facilities ............................................................................................................................ 23 Medical aid ........................................................................................................................ 24 Childbirth ........................................................................................................................... 25 WORK ................................................................................................................................... 26 Employment status ............................................................................................................ 26 Industry .............................................................................................................................. 33 Occupation ........................................................................................................................ 37 Medical benefits ................................................................................................................ 45 Trade union membership .................................................................................................. 46 HOUSEHOLD INCOME ........................................................................................................ 48 Household income ............................................................................................................. 48 Income............................................................................................................................... 49 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 50 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................ 51 ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Female and male population in urban and non-urban areas by age, 2011 ............. 4 Figure 2: Percentage of population aged 10 years and above who are married or living as
husband and wife, by sex and age group, 2011 ..................................................................... 5 Figure 3: Percentage of population aged 10 years and above who are married or living as
husband and wife, by sex and age group, 2001 and 2011 ..................................................... 6 Figure 4: Percentage of people married or living as husband and wife whose partner is a
member of the same household, by sex and population group, 2011 .................................... 7 Figure 5: Percentage of people married or living as husband and wife whose partner is a
member of the same household, by sex and location, 2011 ................................................... 8 Figure 6: Children aged 0–17 years living with parents in the household, 2011 ..................... 9 Figure 7: Adults living with own children aged 0–17 years by sex of parent, 2011 ............... 10 Figure 8: Percentage of children under 7 years of age at a childcare facility, by population
group and location, 2011 ...................................................................................................... 11 Figure 9: Percentage distribution of children under 7 years of age in each population group
by type of childcare facility, 2011 .......................................................................................... 12 Figure 10: Percentage of children attending childcare facilities by age and location, 2011 .. 13 Figure 11: Percentage of households without piped water on site by population group, 2001
and 2011 ............................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 12: Percentage of women and men (without water on site) spending time on water
collection, for each distance from the dwelling, 2010 ........................................................... 15 Figure 13: Percentage of households in urban and rural areas fetching water from a source
one kilometre or more from the dwelling, 1999 and 2011 ..................................................... 16 Figure 14: Percentage of men and women living in households using wood or dung for
cooking in each population group, 2001 and 2011 ............................................................... 17 Figure 15: Percentage of women and men collecting wood or dung, for each distance from
the dwelling, 2010 ................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 16: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 25 years and above for each
population group by highest level of education, 2011 ........................................................... 19 Figure 17: Percentage of women and men aged 25 years and older in urban and non-urban
areas who can read in at least one language, 2011 ............................................................. 20 Figure 18: Health self-assessment, 2008 and 2009 ............................................................. 21 Figure 19: Percentage of women and men in each population group who visited a health
worker during the month prior to the interview, 2011 ............................................................ 22 iii
Figure 20: Percentage of women and men in each population group using private health
facilities in the month prior to the interview, 2008 ................................................................. 23 Figure 21: Percentage of women and men aged 18 years and older in each population group
with access to medical aid benefits, 2002 and 2011 ............................................................. 24 Figure 22: Women who have given birth by age and marital status, 2011 ........................... 25 Figure 23: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 15–64 years in each population
group by work status, 2011 ................................................................................................... 26 Figure 24: Involvement in economic activities by type of economic activity and sex, 2011 .. 27 Figure 25: Percentage of employed women and men aged 15–64 years in each population
group, 2001 and 2011 ........................................................................................................... 28 Figure 26: Percentage of employed women and men aged 15–64 years and above for each
level of education, 2001 and 2011 ........................................................................................ 29 Figure 27: Official unemployment rate of population aged 15–64 years by sex and location,
2011 ...................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 28: Official unemployment rate of population aged 15–64 years by sex and population
group, 2001 and 2011 ........................................................................................................... 31 Figure 29: Percentage of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by status in
employment, 2011 ................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 30: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by
industry, 2011 ....................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 31: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by
industrial sector, 2001 and 2011 ........................................................................................... 34 Figure 32: Percentage distribution of women and men 15–64 years employed in the informal
sector by industry, 2011 ........................................................................................................ 35 Figure 33: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 15–64 years employed in the
formal sector by industry, 2011 ............................................................................................. 36 Figure 34: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 15–64 years by occupational
category, 2011 ...................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 35: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by broad
occupational category, 2001 and 2011 ................................................................................. 38 Figure 36: Percentage distribution by education of employed women and men aged 15–64
years in the top three occupational categories, 2011 ........................................................... 39 Figure 37: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by
earnings, 2011 ...................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 38: Mean hourly earnings of women and men employees aged 15–64 years in each
population group, 2011 ......................................................................................................... 41 iv
Figure 39: Mean hours worked among women and men employees aged 15 years and
above in each population group, 2001 and 2011 .................................................................. 42 Figure 40: Mean minutes per day spent on unpaid housework, care of others and collecting
fuel and water among employed women and men in each population group, 2010 ............. 43 Figure 41: Mean minutes per day spent by women and men aged 15–64 years on productive
and unproductive activities, 2010.......................................................................................... 44 Figure 42: Percentage of women and men employees aged 15–64 years in each population
group who have medical cover through the workplace, 2011 ............................................... 45 Figure 43: Percentage of non-domestic employees aged 15 years and above who are trade
union members in each population group by sex, 2001 and 2011 ....................................... 46 Figure 44: Employment tenure of employees aged 15–64 years by sex, 2011 .................... 47 Figure 45: Household income quintiles by sex, 2011 ........................................................... 48 Figure 46: Adult social grants by population group and sex, 2011 ....................................... 49 v
Foreword
South Africa ranks fourth among the 87 countries covered by the 2012 Social Institutions
and Gender Index of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. It is the
highest ranked country in Africa in this index. South Africa’s high ranking reflects the
country’s strong legal framework in respect of gender equality and women’s rights.
South Africa also performs well against the indicators specified for Goal 3 of the Millennium
Development Goals, the goal that focuses on gender equality and women’s empowerment.
At 45% South African parliament is second in Africa after Rwanda in terms women
representatives in Parliament.
Nevertheless, on the ground discriminatory practices, social norms and persistent
stereotypes often shape inequitable access to opportunities, resources and power for
women and girls. Further, serious gender-related challenges persist, including unacceptable
levels of gender-based violence.
For example men are more likely to be in paid employment than women regardless of race,
while women are more likely than men to be doing unpaid economic work. Unemployment
rate remains higher among women.
While education is an enabler, disappointingly women are not as enabled by their education
status as their men counterpart. For example the proportion of women with tertiary education
who are employed is almost 10 percentage points lower than that of men with the same level
of education. Furthermore, women with tertiary education earn around 82% of what their
male counterparts earn.
Statistics South Africa is gender-sensitive in the way it collects data and reports on the data
collected. For example, information about gender-relevant issues is collected in all
household based surveys including censuses. The information is spread across a large
number of reports. This report is therefore compiled as a way of presenting key statistics on
gender in a single publication that will make it easier for users to see the bigger picture.
The publication does not by any means exhaust all the gender-related data that is available
within the South African government system. Furthermore, there are some issues – such as
gender-based violence – on which collecting reliable data remains a challenge.
Notwithstanding the above mentioned challenges, Stats SA aims to expand gender
statistical information base including valuing of work done by women using the time use
survey.
This publication contains a wealth of data that we hope will be useful in taking forward the
commitment of the government and the wider society to a non-sexist and non-racist South
Africa.
Pali Lehohla
Statistician General
vi
INTRODUCTION
The first gender report published by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) was in 1998. The 1998
publication titled,Women and Men in South Africa compared the life circumstances and living
conditions of women and men in the country at the time. The 1998 gender report was
succeeded by another publication in 2002, titled ‘Women and Men in South Africa: Five
Years On’. Now, just over ten years later, Stats SA has produced a third booklet in the series
of gender reports namely,Gender statistics in South Africa, 2011. This new publication
updates some of the statistics presented in the earlier publications and presents statistics on
some new topics. Furthermore, the 2013 reportis presented in a simple practical way,hence
the name‘Gender statistics in South Africa, 2011’.
Stats SA produces a large number of surveys, and the number has increased over time.
Already for the second publication, the analysis was therefore restricted to data produced by
Stats SA. The third publication continues with the approach of using only internal data.
However, this must not be interpreted as suggesting that Stats SA is the only source of
gender-relevant data. Even within government, there are many other sources. In particular,
many government agencies have administrative data that can and should be analysed to
reveal what it tells us about the access of women and men, girls and boys to the various
services delivered by national, provincial and municipal governments.
As noted in the previous 1998 and 2002 reports, gender statistics extend beyond
disaggregation of indicators into the categories of female and male. Gender statistics focus
on issues of particular relevance to women and men, girls and boys, and their different roles
and positions in society. For example, this report includes information about collection of fuel
and water, housework and childcare.
Gender analysis also extends beyond mere disaggregation in another way, namely that
disaggregation into male and female needs to be combined with disaggregation by other
characteristics. In the South African context, disaggregation by population group remains
important and many of the figures in this publication illustrate how population group and
gender interact to place particular groups – often black African women – at a particular
disadvantage. Similarly, geographical location is often a strong determinant of the situation
and opportunities available to different women and men, girls and boys. In some cases, and
where relevant, the publication presents the statistics in terms of different age groups of
women and men, girls and boys.
Some of the statistics presented in this publication show substantial differences between
women and men and/or girls and boys. Other statistics show very small differences between
them. We have included both types of statistics in the publication as it is important to know
where there is discrimination or disadvantage and where there is not. For example, the
statistics suggest that women and girls are doing well when compared to men and boys in
South Africa. This is still not the case in some other countries.
As before, we have grouped the findings into broad topics – population, families and
households, living conditions, education, health, work and income. We have had to drop the
migration section as the questions used in 2002 were not included in later surveys. Census
2011 included questions on migration, and the Quarterly Labour Force Survey of the third
quarter of 2011 also included some migration questions. Unfortunately, the data have not
been sufficiently coded as yet to allow presentation of analysis in migration in this
publication, but such analysis should be possible in the not-too-distant future.
1
Unfortunately, we were also not able to include statistics in respect of gender-based
violence, as Stats SA does not have reliable data on this issue. In particular, in the annual
Victims of Crime Survey only a very small proportion of respondents are willing to report that
they have been the victims of gender-based violence. It is widely acknowledged – and
understandable given the nature of the crime – that collecting reliable data on this topic are
extremely difficult. It is nevertheless unfortunate that this important gender issue is not
covered.
Each of the sections of the report contains a number of figures and commentary on topics
that are considered to have gender relevance internationally and/or in the specific conditions
of South Africa. Wherever possible, graphs have been produced that are similar to those
included in the 2002 publication. This was done so as to allow comparison across the two
publications. In addition, this publication includes several additional graphs that were not part
of the 2002 publication. The main body of the report includes some graphs that show trends
over time. Most commonly, the graphs present a comparison of the situation at the time the
last report was produced and the situation ten years later, in about 2011. This appendix
includes several tables that provide further comparisons over this period. In some cases the
tables, like the comparative graphs in the report, present the situation at the two end points
of the ten-year period. In other cases the tables also present estimates for intervening years.
The booklet draws on several Stats SA surveys. The main sources of statistics on
household, demographic and labour statistics are the 2001 Census, the General Household
Survey of 2011 and the 2011 Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) annual data. The
Census attempted to cover all households. The two household surveys each cover
approximately 30 000 households that are representative of all nine provinces. The Census
was weighted to correct for under-count and both household surveys were weighted so as to
make the results representative of the overall population of the country. In some of the
graphs, results are compared with the 2001 Census and with the Labour Force Survey (LFS)
of September 2001. In terms of data on the Labour force, it is important to note thatthe 2008
re-engineering of the LFS to the QLFS necessitated the adjustment of the earlier LFS series
to preserve historical continuity with the QLFS. In order to achieve this, Link factors were
computed on the basis of an overlap of the QLFS and the LFS in March and September
2008. The historical adjustment methodology involved re-weighting the LFS unit record
(micro data) files. In doing this re-weighting, a substantial number of variables were set as
control totals. This was done using the QLFS/LFS ratios from the estimates for variables
(employed, unemployed, not economically active, industry, occupation,etc.)for
Q1:2008/March 2008 and Q3:2008/September 2008. A detailed report on the methodology
used to derive the link factors is available atwww.statssa.gov.za/qLFS/indes.asp.
A third source of survey data is the Time Use Survey (TUS) conducted in the fourth quarter
of2010. This survey, the second national TUS to be conducted in the country, collected
information on the daily activities of nearly 40 000 individuals from over 22 000 households
around the country. Again, the data were weighted so as to make them representative of the
total population aged 10 years and over.
There are some small changes in both numbers and proportions between the statistics
quoted in the 2002 publication and the 2001 statistics quoted in this report. One reason for
these differences is that at the time the second publication was published, data from Census
2001 were not yet available. Further, for the employment statistics this publication uses the
age range 15–64 years, whereas the earlier publication used 15–65 years.
This publication contains over 40 figures, one per page and an annexurewhich contains a
further set of tables that provides comparisons between what was reported in the 2002
publication and what can be reported ten years later.The text describes the figures and also
2
refers to additional statistics where applicable. This format of one figure and several bullet
points per page was chosen to facilitate production of presentations, as the presenter can
simply make overheads of selected pages.
The publication reveals only a tiny fraction of the information available from Stats SA to
those interested in gender issues. We hope that the publication will stimulate interest among
readers in exploring further what is available. Readers can in many cases generate their own
further statistics. Thus Stats SA makes the raw data from all the standard surveys available,
for free download, on its website (www.statssa.gov.za). The Stats SA website also has
interactive tools which allow users who do not have the skills to analyse raw data to
generate tables, including tables disaggregated by sex.
This publication was produced by the Labour Statistics division of Stats SA.
3
RESULTS
POPULATION
Urban and non-urban
Figure 1: Female and male population in urban and non-urban areas by age, 2011
Figure 1 illustrates the age distribution of the male and female population in urban and nonurban areas in October 2011. Census 2001 definitions for urban and rural have been
applied. According to Stats SA, an urban area is defined as a continuously built-up area with
characteristics such as type of economic activity and land use. Cities, towns,townships,
suburbs, etc. are typical urban areas. An urban area is one which was proclaimed as such
(i.e. in anurban municipality under the old demarcation) or classified as such during census
demarcation by the Geographydepartment of Stats SA, based on their observation of the
aerial photographs or on other information. On the other hand, a rural area is defined as any
area that is not classified urban. Rural areas may comprise one or more of the following:
tribal areas,commercial farms and informal settlements.
Seven-tenths (69,1% female and 70,0% male) of the urban population is in the age group
15–64 years. This is the age group which is used as the basis for calculations of labour force
activity. In non-urban areas, a smaller percentage of the population (59,3% of females and
57,6% of males)is in this age group.
In non-urban areas, children under 15 years make up 33,2% of the female population and
38,0% of the male population. This is significantly higher than the 25,0% and 26,1%
respectively of the urban population made up of female and male children of this age.
There are very small differences (1,6percentage points and 0,4of a percentage point
respectively)among both females and males in the proportions of those living in non-urban
and those living in urban areas who are aged 65 years and above.
4
FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Marital status
Figure 2: Percentage of population aged 10 years and above who are married or living
as husband and wife, by sex and age group, 2011
Figure 2 shows that the percentage of women who are married or living together as husband
and wife increases with age up until the age group 40–49 years, after which it decreases.
Only 3,8% of female teenagers are married or living together as husband and wife,
compared to 54,0% and 59,8% of women in the age groups 30–39 years and
40–49 years respectively. Among older women of 60 years and above, the percentage
married or living together drops to 40,8%.
The figure also shows that only 2,2% of teenage boys are married or living with a partner. In
the age group 30–39 years there is a smaller difference in the proportion of women and men
who are married or cohabiting when compared to the other age groups. At older ages, a
higher proportion of men than women are married or cohabiting – as many as 76,9% of men
aged between 50 and 59 years.
The differences in the patterns for women and men can largely be explained by different
ages at marriage and differences in longevity. In particular, the higher percentage of married
women than that of married men at the younger ages reflects lower mean age at marriage
for women. The lower percentage of married or cohabiting women than married or
cohabiting men at older ages occurs because women tend to have partners who are older
than them, and because women tend to live longer than men. They are thus more likely than
men to be widowed.
5
Figure 3: Percentage of population aged 10 years and above who are married or living
as husband and wife, by sex and age group, 2001 and 2011
Figure 3 compares the situation in 2001 and 2011 in respect of marriage and cohabitation.
For both women and men, smaller proportions are reported to be married or cohabiting in
2011 than in 2001 for ages 30–59 years.
Among 20–29-year-olds the difference between the percentages married and cohabiting in
2001 and 2011 amounts to only a few percentage points.The largest difference between the
two years in the percentages married or living together for both men (6,2 percentage points)
and women (5,2 percentage points) occurs among those aged 30–39 years.
The change in the percentage married or living together between 2001 and 2011 is generally
smaller for women than for men. However, the overall percentage of women who are
married or cohabiting remains smaller than the percentage of men.
6
FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS
Partners
Figure 4: Percentage of people married or living as husband and wife whose partner
is a member of the same household, by sex and population group, 2011
Figure 4 focuses on women and men who are married or living together as husband and
wife. It shows, for each population group, what percentage of these women and men have
their partners living in the same household. Some of the cases of separated partners can be
explained by continuing migrant labour, whereby many men, in particular, move away from
their homes to find work.
Black African married women and men are least likely to have their partners in the same
household. Over 25% of married black African women and just over 20% of married black
African men live apart from their partners.
In the other population groups, more than 88% of all married women and men live in the
same household as their partners.The differences between women and men in the other
population groups are also minimal.
7
Figure 5: Percentage of people married or living as husband and wife whose partner
is a member of the same household, by sex and location, 2011
Figure 5 compares the percentages of married women and men in urban and rural areas (as
defined previously on page 4) who are living with their partners in the same household. It
shows that both married women and men in urban areas are more likely than those in rural
areas to be living with their partners in the same household.
In urban areas, there is virtually no difference between women and men in the percentage of
those who are married and who are living with their partners. In rural areas, a much higher
percentage of married men (80,6%) than married women (65,1%) are living with their
partners in the same household.
Historically, the most common form of migrant labour is for men in rural areas to go to urban
areas in search of work. Figure 5 thus provides further evidence that it is migrant labour that
is largely responsible for the patterns in respect of married people living together. It suggests
that it is the women who are left in the rural areas, and the men who have moved to urban
areas who tend to be living apart from their partners.
8
LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN AND PARENTS
Figure 6: Children aged 0–17 years living with parents in the household, 2011
Figure 6 reveals that in 2011, a large proportion of South African children lived in households
in which only their mother was present. Over four in every ten (41,9%) of black African
children were in this situation, compared to only 9,9% of Indian/Asian children.
The share of children living in households in which neither parent was present was also
highest among black African children at 27,2%. This situation was least common for white
children.
The percentage of children living with both parents was highest among Indian/Asian children
(83,0%), and lowest among black African children (27,2%).
9
Figure 7: Adults living with own children aged 0–17 years by sex of parent, 2011
Figure 7 shows the percentage of women and men who live in the same household as at
least one of their own children aged 0–17 years.
The figure shows that across all population groups, women are more likely than men to live
in the same household as their children.
The gender gap is largest among the black Africans, at 24,5 percentage points. It is smallest
in the white group, at 2,3 percentage points.
Black African and coloured women are most likely to be living with their children and white
women least so. This reflects, among other things, lower rates of childbearing among white
women as well as greater longevity. The greater longevity is a factor because older people
are less likely to have children aged 0–17 years.
Among men, Indian/Asian men are most likely to live with their children, while black African
men are least likely to do so.
10
CHILDCARE FACILITIES
Figure 8: Percentage of children under 7 years of age at a childcare facility, by
population group and location, 2011
Access to childcare is relevant in a gender study because where childcare is not available
outside the family, it is usually the female members of the household who are responsible for
this task.
Levels of attendance at childcare facilities differ between the population groups. Figure 8
shows that, in urban areas, 62,2% of white children under seven years of age attend early
childhood development, school or another form of childcare facility. At the other end of the
scale, in rural areas the percentage is substantially lower, at 21,0%. Only 33,5% of
Indian/Asian children in urban areas attend these facilities.
Among black African and coloured children, those in urban areas are significantly more likely
than those in rural areas to be attending childcare facilities.
11
Figure 9: Percentage distribution of children under 7 years of age in each population
group by type of childcare facility, 2011
Figure 9 provides further detail about the type of facility utilised by the children. Early
Childhood Development (ECD) services generally provide stimulation and some educational
input as well as basic care; grade R is the formal pre-school year, while grade 1 is the first
year of formal schooling.
For all population groups, ECD is the most common form of care for children under seven
years of age. This form of care accounts for more than twice as many children as any other
form of care among black African, coloured and Indian/Asian children, whereas for white
children this form of care accounts for more than five times as many children as any other
form of care.
There is a smaller proportion of white children under seven years of age in grade 1 than for
any other population group. The highest proportion is among black African (12,6%) and
Indian/Asian (10,4%) children.
12
Figure 10: Percentage of children attending childcare facilities by age and location,
2011
Figure 10 looks at the children attending early childhood development, school or another
form of childcare facility, but excludes those in grade 1 and above. Figure 10 illustrates how
the likelihood that a child attends childcare facilities increases steadily with the age of the
child until the age of five years. This pattern is found for all types of geographical areas. The
drop in the number of children aged six years may be due to the reason that most children
who are at this age and going to turn 7 years are in grade 1 and are not included in the
analysis.
Among those under 12 months of age, there is not much difference in the percentage of
children attending childcare facilities, with the lowest proportion being 7,4% in the rural areas
and the highest being 8,1% in the urban areas. Amongst those aged six years, 32,8% and
22,9% respectively in the urban and rural areas attend childcare facilities as compared to
73,4% and 68,5% of those aged five years in urban and ruralareas respectively.
For ages one to six years, a significantly higher proportion of urban children also attend
childcare facilities. The relative difference between rural and urban is smallest for five-yearolds (4,9 percentage points) and largest for two-year-olds (16,6 percentage points).
13
LIVING CONDITIONS
Access to water
Figure 11: Percentage of households without piped water on site by population group,
2001 and 2011
Figure 11 shows that a minority of South Africans do not have access to piped water inside
their dwelling or on site. It shows further that the proportion without such access fell sharply
between 2001 and 2011, from 41,3% to 28,4%.
Significant differences in access remain between black African households and other
population groups. In 2001, 50,5% of black African households were reliant on off-site
sources for water. By 2011, the percentage had dropped to 34,9%. This is still high when
compared to other population groups for whom the percentage is less than 10% for both
2001 and 2011.
Among coloured, Indian/Asian and white households the percentage without access also
decreased between 2001 and 2011. However, coloured households continue to have poorer
access to piped water on site than Indian/Asian and white households.
14
Figure 12: Percentage of women and men (without water on site) spending time on
water collection, for each distance from the dwelling, 2010
Where water must be collected, female members of the household are more likely than male
members to be responsible for the task. Figure 12 shows the percentage of female and male
members who are likely to collect water on any one day for households at different distances
from the water source. The figure provides information about household members aged 10
years and older.
The figure confirms that, whatever the distance, a larger proportion of female than male
members of the household are likely to be involved in water collection.
The difference in the likelihood of male and female members collecting water is smallest
when the water is collected from less than 100 metres from the dwelling. When the water
source is very distant (a kilometre or more), female members of the household are almost
twice as likely as male members to collect water.
15
Figure 13: Percentage of households in urban and rural areas fetching water from a
source one kilometre or more from the dwelling, 1999 and 2011
Figure 13 shows the percentage of households reliant on an off-site source and who were
collecting water from a distance of more than one kilometre. The figure show that the
percentages of urban and rural households in this position declined between 1999 and 2011.
Nationally, the percentage of households reliant on distant off-site water sources declined
from 12% in 1999 to 6% in 2011.
Households in rural areas are more likely than those in urban areas to be far away from their
water source. In 1999 15% of households fetched water more than one kilometre from their
water source compared to 8% in 2011.
16
Access to fuel
Figure 14: Percentage of men and women living in households using wood or dung
for cooking in each population group, 2001 and 2011
Figure 14 shows that in 2001, 27,1% of all households in South Africa used wood or dung as
their main fuel for cooking. By 2011, this proportion had dropped to 16,9%.
Among Indian/Asian and white households, less than one per cent of households use wood
or dung for cooking. In 2001, 6,7% of coloured households were using these fuels. The
percentage had more than halved by 2011, at 3,2%.
The percentage of black African households using wood and dung for cooking remains
substantially higher than for all other population groups. In 2001, the percentage was 33,4%
and this dropped to 20,8% in 2011.
17
Figure 15: Percentage of women and men collecting wood or dung, for each distance
from the dwelling, 2010
As with water collection, responsibility for collecting fuel is not shared equally between all
members of a household. Figure 15 shows the percentage of female and male members
who are likely to collect fuel on any one day, for households at different distances from
the fuel source. The figure reflects the activities of individuals aged 10 years and older.
Whatever the distance from the fuel source, female members of the household are more
likely than male members to collect the fuel. The difference in the likelihood of male and
female household members collecting fuel is smallest for households which are less than
100 metres distant from the fuel. Where the fuel is a kilometre or more away, female
household members are nearly twice as likely as male members to collect fuel on any
given day.
18
EDUCATION
Educational achievement
Figure 16: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 25 years and above for
each population group by highest level of education, 2011
Figure 16 shows that the percentages of adults aged 25 years and above with no formal
schooling are highest among black African women and men, at 14,8% and 10,8%
respectively. Less than one per cent of white women and men have no schooling.
Among coloured women and men, three-fifths or more have not completed grade 12. For
this group, the percentage is higher for women than for men.
Conversely, less than 10% of black African and Coloured women and men have a
qualification higher than Grade 12. However, at this level black African women are slightly
better off than black African men, with 8,9% of black African women recording higher
qualifications compared with 8,3% of black African men.
Except for the Indian/Asian group, the differences between population groups tend to be
much larger than the differences between women and men within a single population group.
19
LITERACY
Figure 17: Percentage of women and men aged 25 years and older in urban and nonurban areas who can read in at least one language, 2011
Figure 17 above shows that the percentage of people aged 25 years and above who can
read in at least one language is higher in urban than non-urban areas.
In both urban and non-urban areas, men are more likely than women to be able to read in at
least one language. However, the gender disparity is noticeably larger in non-urban areas
(8,3 percentage points) than in urban (4,4 percentage points).
20
HEALTH
Health self-assessment
Figure 18: Health self-assessment, 2008 and 2009
Figure 18 depicts the percentage of women and men who rate their health as ‘very good’,
‘good’, ‘fair’ or ‘poor’. Figure 18 shows that close on half of both women and men self-rate
their health status as ‘good’, followed by about a third who self-rate their health as ‘very
good’.
However, a larger proportion of men than women rate their health as either ‘good’ or ‘very
good’, while women are more likely than men to rate their health as ‘fair’ or ‘poor’.
21
Visits to health workers
Figure 19: Percentage of women and men in each population group who visited a
health worker during the month prior to the interview, 2011
Figure 19 reveals that among both women and men, white people are more likely than those
in other population groups to have visited a health worker in the past month.
At the other end of the continuum, among both women and men, black African people are
least likely to visit a health worker.
Across all four population groups, women (8,2% for all groups combined) are more likely
than men (6,2%) to have visited a health worker. This pattern is expected, as in addition to
other health care-related needs, women tend to have more needs than men for reproductive
health care, including health care related to pregnancy and childbearing.
22
Facilities
Figure 20: Percentage of women and men in each population group using private
health facilities in the month prior to the interview, 2008
Figure 20 reveals that, among those using health facilities in the past month, white women
(84,0%) and men (82,6%) are most likely to use private health facilities, followed by
Indian/Asian women (61,4%) and men (61,3%).
In contrast, among black African women and men who used health facilities in the past
month, only 32,3% used private health facilities.
Within each population group, there is only a small difference between the percentage of
women and the percentage of men who use private health facilities. Overall, South African
men (39,9%) are slightly more likely than women (38,8%) to visit private health facilities
when they need health care.
23
Medical aid
Figure 21: Percentage of women and men aged 18 years and older in each population
group with access to medical aid benefits, 2002 and 2011
Figure 21 shows that in both 2002 and 2011, white women and men were far more likely
than those in other population groups to have access to medical aid benefits. For men in
2011, access ranged from 9,1% for black African men to 70,5% for white men. For women in
2011, access ranged from 9,3% for black African women to 70,7% for white women.
For both 2002 and 2011, gender differences in access to medical benefits are small within
each population group.
Access to medical aid benefits appears to have increased between 2002 and 2011 in all four
population groups, and for both women and men.
24
Childbirth
Figure 22: Women who have given birth by age and marital status, 2011
Figure 22 shows the distribution by marital status of women of different ages who have ever
given birth.
The likelihood that a woman would have ever borne a childincreases with age. Differences in
child birth according to marital statusare most marked in the age groups 15–24 years and
35–50 years, For example, a higher proportion among women aged 15–24 years who have
ever given birth has never been married (28,2% as opposed to 10,3% for those that are
married). In contrast, among older women aged 35–44 years and 45–50 years who have
given birth, a higher proportion are married (54,0% and 55,5% respectively).
While there is a relationship between marriage and bearing children, large numbers of
women bear children outside of marriage. For example, among women who have never
been married but have borne children,nearly a quarter (22,1%) is aged 45–50 years. In
addition, some of those who were married or widowed at the time of the survey will have
borne children before they were married, or had the child with a man other than their current
husband.
25
WORK
Employment status
Figure 23: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 15–64 years in each
population group by work status, 2011
Employed people are those aged 15–64 years who did at least one hour of economic work a
week priorto the survey interview, plus those who were absent from work but had a job to
return to. Unemployed people are those aged 15–64 years who did not do economic work
during the seven days before the survey interview, but who actively looked for work or tried
to start a business in the four weeks preceding the survey interview and were available for
work. Those who are neither employed nor unemployed are classified as not economically
active (NEA). This category includes both discouraged work-seekers and other NEA.
Discouraged work-seekers are those who were not employed during the seven days before
the survey interview, wanted work, were available to work/start a business, but did not take
active steps to find work during the last four weeks, provided the main reason given for not
seeking work was any of the following: no jobs available in the area; unable to find work
requiring his/her skills; or lost hope of finding any kind of work.
Figure 23 shows that within each population group, a smaller proportion of women than men
are employed and a larger proportion of women than men are not economically active.
Among both men and women, the percentage employed is highest for whites and lowest for
black Africans.
26
Figure 24: Involvement in economic activities by type of economic activity and sex,
2011
Market economic activities are those where goods are services are produced for people from
outside the household, either in the private or public sector and where workers generally
receive earnings for the work they do. Non-market economic activities are those where
goods are produced for consumption within the household and where people do not earn
money from the work done. Subsistence agriculture is the most common form of non-market
economic activity. Non-market economic activities do not include unpaid services in the
household such as housework and care for older people and children, as these are not
considered to be “economic” activities.
Men are more likely than women to be engaged only in market activities, while women are
more likely than men to be engaged only in non-market activities. Women are thus more
likely than men to be doing unpaid economic work.
There is very little difference in the proportion of women and men who are involved in both
market and non-market economic activities (i.e. 7,1% for women and 6,0% for men).
27
Figure 25: Percentage of employed women and men aged 15–64 years in each
population group, 2001 and 2011
Figure 25 shows the percentage of women and men aged 15–64 within each population
group who were employed in 2001 and 2011.
Among coloured and black African women, and coloured, black African and Indian/Asian
men, the percentage employed in 2011 was lower than the percentage employed in 2001.
The decline in employment was most marked among coloured men (3,9 percentage points),
followed by black African women and coloured women (3,8 and 3,1 percentage points
respectively). The graph further shows that black African women are less likely to be
employed than not only black African men, but also than women and men of other
population groups.
In 2011, more than a third (30,8%) of black African women were employed compared to over
56,1% of white women, 43,2% of coloured women and 40,2% of Indian/Asian women.
Similar to their female counterparts, black African men are less likely to be employed than
men in other population groups. In 2011, 72,6% of white men were employed, 64,1% of
Indian/Asian men and 54,7% of coloured men compared to 42,8% of black African men.
28
Figure 26: Percentage of employed women and men aged 15–64 years and above for
each level of education, 2001 and 2011
Figure 26 looks at the change in employment levels between 2001 and 2011 by educational
level for women and men aged 15–64 years.
The percentage of women and men who were employed decreased across all the categories
between 2001 and 2011. The decrease is most marked for those with no schooling where
the percentage of women employed decreased from 36,6% to 14,2% and the proportion of
men employed decreased from 56,6% to 23,6%.
In 2001, the percentage of women and men with no schooling who were employed was
higher than the percentage among women and men with less than grade 12. By 2011, the
pattern had reversed and those with no schooling were less likely than those with formal
education to be employed.
For both years and all three levels of education, women are less likely than men to be
employed.
In both years, women and men with grade 12 or more were most likely to be employed.
29
Figure 27: Official unemployment rate of population aged 15–64 years by sex and
location, 2011
The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed people by the
sum of the number employed and the number unemployed. As noted previously, employed
people are those who performed at least one hour of economic work during the week before
the survey interview, plus those who are absent from work but have a job to return to.
Unemployed people are those aged 15–64 years, who did not perform economic work during
the week before the survey interview, actively looked for work or tried to start a business in
the four weeks preceding the survey interview and were available for work.
Women are more likely than men to be unemployed. This pattern is found across all types of
geographical areas. In 2011, the national unemployment rate for women was 5,4 percentage
points higher than the national unemployment rate for men.
For both women and men, unemployment rates in urban informal and tribal areas are higher
than the national unemployment rate, while in urban formal and rural formal areas the
unemployment rates are lower than the national unemployment rate.
The difference between the unemployment rates of women and men is most pronounced
among those in rural formal and urban informal areas.
30
Figure 28: Official unemployment rate of population aged 15–64 years by sex and
population group, 2001 and 2011
Figure 28 reveals that the unemployment rates for women are higher than those for men,
and that this pattern is found for both 2001 and 2011. Further, for both years, the
unemployment rates are higher for black Africans than for the other population groups. Black
African women are thus most likely to be unemployed in both 2001 and 2011.
In 2001, the largest differences in unemployment rates between women and men were
observed among the Indian/Asian and black African population groups (7,2 and 5,1
percentage points respectively).
The figure suggests a substantial decrease in the unemployment rate among Indian/Asian
women in 2011, which reduces the difference between Indian/Asian women and men to 1,4
percentage points. This pattern must be treated with caution as the sample size for the
Indian/Asian group is relatively small.
31
Figure 29: Percentage of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by status in
employment, 2011
Figure 29 above shows that the vast majority of both women and men are employed as nondomestic employees (71,4% and 82,9% respectively). While a larger proportion of men than
women are non-domestic employees, a much higher percentage of women than men are
employed as domestic employees (14,5% compared to 0,5%)
Women are slightly more likely than men to be own-account workers as well as to help
without pay in a household business. This suggests that women are more likely than men to
be working in the informal sector.
In contrast, a much larger proportion of men than women are employers (7,5% as opposed
to 2,8%).
32
Industry
Figure 30: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by
industry, 2011
Figure 30 reveals that the community and social services sector is the most common sector
of employment among women (28,7%) while the most common sector among men is trade
(21,1%). A large part of community and social services is accounted for by government
employment.
Among women, trade provides a further 24,4% of the main jobs, followed by private
households (14,9%), finance (12,7%) and manufacturing (10,3%). The private household
sector consists primarily of domestic work.
Among men, community and social services is the second largest job provider (15,9%),
followed by manufacturing (15,6%) and financial services (13,1%).
Employed women tend to cluster into a smaller number of industries than men. The top three
industries for women together account for more than two-thirds (68,0%) of women
employment, while the top three industries for men account for 52,6% of the male total.
33
Figure 31: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by
industrial sector, 2001 and 2011
Figure 31 shows the distribution of employed women and men in 2001 and 2011 by broad
industry classification. The primary sector includes agriculture and mining. The secondary
sector includes manufacturing, utilities and construction. The tertiary sector includes trade,
transport, finance, community and social services.
The proportion of women employed in the tertiary sector increased by 5,6 percentage points
over the ten-year period from 2001 to 2011, while the proportion of men employed in the
same sector increased by 4,8 percentage points.
The proportion of women employed in the secondary sector and in private households
decreased, while the proportion of men employed in the secondary and
primarysectorsincreased over the period.
Between 2001 and 2011, the proportion of men employed in the primary sector decreased
by 7,0 percentage points while the proportion for women fell by only 1,4 percentage points.
However, by the end of the period, the primary sector still accounted for 9,2% of all male
employment, as against only 4,0% of female employment.
34
Figure 32: Percentage distribution of women and men 15–64 years employed in the
informal sector by industry, 2011
Figure 32 illustrates the percentage distribution of employed women and men across
industries in the informal sector (excluding private households).
The figure reveals that industry distribution in the informal sector is skewed towards a limited
range of sectors.
The skewness is particularly marked for women, in that well over half (58,4%) are employed
in trade, 19,9% in services and 11,0% in manufacturing.For men, the largest job provider is
again trade, but it accounts for only 35,9% of informal sector jobs, compared to 58,4% for
women.
35
Figure 33: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 15–64 years employed in
the formal sector by industry, 2011
Figure 33 shows that in the formal sector, over a third (37,0%) of women are employed in
services, with another 21,9% in trade and 16,9% in finance. There is thus relatively less
clustering in the formal sector than in the informal sector. Nevertheless nearly three-quarters
(75,8%) of women are found in the top three industries – services, trade and finance.
Trade (18,7%), services (18,3%) and manufacturing (18,0%) each account for more or less
equal proportion of the men employed in the formal sector. As with women, there is relatively
less clustering in the formal sector than in the informal sector.
36
Occupation
Figure 34: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 15–64 years by
occupational category, 2011
Figure 34 shows that 35,4% of employed women are in unskilled occupations, with 20,8%
working in elementary jobs and 14,6% working as domestic workers. Among employed men,
22,7% work in unskilled occupations, with the overwhelming majority work in elementary
jobs.
The next largest occupational categories for women are clerical (17,0%), sales and services
(14,8%) and technician (14,1%). For men the next largest occupation groupings are craft
and related trade (19,1%) and sales and services (14,5%).
A higher proportion among women (14,1%) are more likely to be technicians compared to
men (8,7%). The technician category includes both technicians and associate professionals.
The occupations covered include computer-related occupations, nursing aides and
midwives, and less qualified primary, pre-primary and special education teachers. On the
other hand, managerial occupations are largely more prone among men (10,4%) as opposed
to among women (6,1%). Suggesting that men are more likely to be decision makers in their
jobs compared to women.
37
Figure 35: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by
broad occupational category, 2001 and 2011
Figure 35 provides a comparison of the occupational distribution of employed women and
men in 2001 and 2011. The management, professional and technical grouping includes
managers, professionals, associate professionals and technicians. The clerical and sales
group includes clerical, service and sales workers. The artisan and operator group includes
skilled agricultural workers, craft workers and operators.
There is a decrease of women who are working in the elementary occupation in 2011
(24,4%) compared to 2001 (29,5%). However, the percentage of women in this category
remains higher than that for men in both 2001 and 2011.
In both years, women were far less likely than men to be working as artisans/operators. The
percentages in this category decreased more for men than for women over the period.
However, by 2011 men were still more than four times as likely as women to be in this
category.
The percentages of both women and men in the top category (manager, professional, and
technician) increased over the period, and the increase was larger for women than for men.
By the end of the period, 30,7% of women were in this category, compared to 24,6% of men.
38
Figure 36: Percentage distribution by education of employed women and men aged
15–64 years in the top three occupational categories, 2011
Figure 36 shows, for women and men, the educational distribution for those who are in
managerial, professional and technician and associate profession jobs.
The figure shows that for managers and technicians, women are more likely than men to
have tertiary qualifications. The difference between women and men is largest for the
technical category, where 58,8% of women but only 44,1% of men have tertiary
qualifications.
For all three categories, the percentage of women who have less than grade 12 is smaller
than the percentage of men with limited education. For this education level, the difference is
6,1 percentage points in the technician category, and 2,8 percentage points in the
managerial category and 1,3 percentage points in the professionalcategory.
39
Figure 37: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15–64 years by
earnings, 2011
Figure 37 reveals marked gender disparities in the earnings of employed women and men in
2011.
Women are more likely than men to be found in the lower earning categories. The proportion
of women who earned R1 000 or less per month was double the proportion of men who
earned at this level. A further 23,9% of women and 20,8% of men earn between R1 000 and
R2 000 per month.
In contrast, men are more likely than women to be found in the top earning categories.The
proportion of men is about twice that of women among those who earn R16 000 or more per
month.
40
Figure 38: Mean hourly earnings of women and men employees aged 15–64 years in
each population group, 2011
Figure 38 shows the mean hourly earnings of employees by population group and sex. We
show hourly earnings to remove the effect of possible differences in hours worked by women
and men.
The figure shows that mean hourly earnings are higher for men than women across all
population groups. The male–female differential is largest for white employees, followed by
coloured employees. The male-female gap is relatively small for the black African and
Indian/Asian population groups.
White male employees earn nearly four times as much per hour, on average, than black
African male employees, while white women earn almost three times as much per hour, on
average, as their black African counterparts.
41
Figure 39: Mean hours worked among women and men employees aged 15 years and
above in each population group, 2001 and 2011
Some of the differences between monthly earnings of women and men may be explained by
differences in hours worked. Figure 39 shows the mean hours worked by women and men
employees aged 15–64 years during the week before the survey interview in 2001 and 2011.
The figure shows that the mean hours decreased between 2001 and 2011 for women and
men employees in all population groups. The decrease was most marked for white men (a
decrease of twelve hours), white women ((a decrease of 11,8 hours)and black African men
and women (decreases of 10,0 and 9,7 hours respectively).
In all population groups, men employees tended to work more hours than women employees
in both 2001 and 2011. In 2001, the difference between women and men is about four
percentage points among black African, coloured and white employees, but smaller among
Indian/Asian employees. In 2011, the gender difference remains at more than 4 hours for
black African employees, but has narrowed in the other population groups.
42
Figure 40: Mean minutes per day spent on unpaid housework, care of others and
collecting fuel and water among employed women and men in each population group,
2010
Figure 40 shows that employed women from all population groups are more likely to spend
more time doing unpaid housework, caring for others and collecting fuel and water than their
employed male counterparts.
The figure also shows that, among women, employed black African women spend the most
time (266 minutes) doing unpaid housework, while employed white women spend the least
amount of time (198 minutes).
Although employed men in all population groups spend substantially less time doing unpaid
household work than employed women, employed black African men spend more time on
this work than employed coloured, Indian/Asian and white men. In 2010, employed black
African men spent on average 20 more minutes doing unpaid housework than coloured and
white men and 44 minutes more than Indian/Asian men.
43
Figure 41: Mean minutes per day spent by women and men aged 15–64 years on
productive and unproductive activities, 2010
Paid work in the formal and informal sectors is included in the calculation of the gross
domestic product (GDP), which is the standard measure of the size of the economy. The
value of goods produced in subsistence agriculture is also included in the calculation of
GDP. In Figure 41, these activities are referred to as 'GDP work'.
Activities such as unpaid housework, caring for other members of the household, caring for
other members of the community, other community work, and collection of fuel and water are
also productive activities, but they are not included in the calculation of GDP. In Figure 41,
they are referred to as 'unpaid work'.
All other activities – such as sleeping, eating, socialising, learning and engaging in cultural
activities – are not regarded as production. They are referred to in this publication as 'other
activities'.
Figure 41 shows that men between the ages of 15 and 64 years spend an average of 254
minutes per day on GDP work, and 102 minutes per day on unpaid work. In contrast, women
in this age group spend an average of 155 minutes on GDP work, and 253 minutes on
unpaid work.
Overall, women spend an average of 408 minutes per day on paid and unpaid productive
activities combined, compared to 356 minutes for men.
44
Medical benefits
Figure 42: Percentage of women and men employees aged 15–64 years in each
population group who have medical cover through the workplace, 2011
Figure 42 shows that, overall, there is very little difference in the percentage of women and
men employees who have medical cover through the workplace. The total percentage for
women is 32,2%, while that formen is 31,1%.
The percentage employees who have medical cover are lower among black African
employees than for other population groups among both women (25,9%) and men (24,8%).
There is a relatively substantial difference between the percentage of men and women
employees who have access to this cover amongst the Indian/Asian and white population
groups. The Indian/Asian group is the only one in which more men than women have
medical cover, with 49,7% of men covered as compared to 42,1% of women.
The white population group has the highest percentage of both men and women who have
medical cover. The gender gap is larger among the Indian/Asian (42,1% of men compared to
49,7% of women) and the white populationgroups (62,1% of men compared to 55,0% of
women) with menmore likely to have cover than women. Some of the women who are not
covered by their own workplace might have medical cover through their partner’s
employment.
45
Trade union membership
Figure 43: Percentage of non-domestic employees aged 15 years and above who are
trade union members in each population group by sex, 2001 and 2011
Figure 43 shows that in 2011, a higher proportion of women employees than men
employees were members of a trade union among the black African and Indian/Asian
population groups. Among white employees, more men than women were members of a
union, while among coloured employees there was little difference between women and
men.
Figure 43 also shows that there was a decrease between 2001 and 2011 in trade union
membership among women for all population groups except for the Indian/Asian population
group. Among the Indian/Asian population group, membership increased to 28,9% in 2011
from 26,3% in 2001.
For men there was also a decrease in membership in three population groups, but the
exception in this case is coloured men. Among coloured men, there was a small increase to
30,8% in 2011 compared to 29,7% in 2001. The decrease in membership was largest for
white men, where the membership rate for 2011 fell to 24,6% from 30,2% in 2001.
In 2011, for both women and men, the trade union membership rate is highest among black
African employees and lowest among white employees.
46
Figure 44: Employment tenure of employees aged 15–64 years by sex, 2011
Figure 44 indicates that for both women and men employees, the length of time women and
men employees have been with their current employer. The figure shows that more than four
in ten employees among both women and men have been with the same employer for a
period of five years or more (41,3% and 43,2% respectively).
The gender differences are small. Overall, however, men employees are slightly more likely
than women employees to have been with their current employer for five years or more.
47
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
Household income
Figure 45: Household income quintiles by sex, 2011
Figure 45 shows the percentage of all women (including girls) and men (including boys)
living in households within each of the five household income quintiles.
Women are more likely than men to be found in the first two quintiles (household with the
lowest income). Thus, 27,1% of women as opposed to 15,6% of men are found in the first
quintile and 26,1% of women and 16,4% of men are in the second quintile.
The opposite pattern is found in the highest income quintiles. Men are twice as likely as
women to be living in households where the household income is R3 206 or more.
48
Income
Figure 46: Adult social grants by population group and sex, 2011
Figure 46 depicts the proportion of adult women and men accessing government social
grants in the form of old-age pension, disability and war veteran grants by population group.
Within each population group, adult women are more likely than men to access social
grants.
The most commonly accessed social grant within all population groups is the old-age
pension grant, followed by the disability grant.
Indian/Asian males are less likely to access the old-age pension grant than women and men
in other population groups. In contrast, white (12,2%) and black African (10,9%) women are
most likely to access the old-age pension grant. In terms of the disability grant, Figure 46
shows that in 2011, a higher proportion of coloured women and men accessed the disability
grant than adult women and men from other population groups.
The war veteran grant is received by a negligible proportion of both women and men.
49
CONCLUSION
This is the third publication that Stats SA has produced that focuses exclusively on gender
statistics. The publication highlighted South Africa’s achievements on some aspects of
gender equality, as well as a range of areas in which there are still worrying disparities in the
situation and circumstances of women and men. We hope that the publication will help all
stakeholders understand the current situation and place them in a better position to find
ways of addressing the disparities that persist.
Stats SA recognises that analysis and publication of statistics at regular intervals can
contribute to the country’s monitoring of progress on achieving the Constitutional imperative
of a country that is free from gender inequality as well as other forms of inequality. We also
acknowledge that many people are intimidated by statistics, and that it is therefore important
to present statistics in a way that is user-friendly. Stats SA therefore commits to produce
further gender publications in this series every five years.
The publication does not cover all aspects of gender inequality. It focuses on key issues
which can be explored using data from Stats SA’s many regular household surveys. These
surveys are not the only source of gender-related data. In particular, important administrative
data are produced by government agencies at national, provincial and local level. The
administrative statistics record information primarily about service delivery. The Stats SA
household surveys record information about the situation and status of the women, men,
girls and boys living in the country. Together these different sources provide a fuller picture
of where the country stands on gender equality.
50
APPENDIX
Table 1: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15 - 64 years by broad occupational category,
2001 - 2011
Manager/professional
Gender
/technician
Artisan/operator
Clerical/sales
Elementary
Female
23,5
10,7
36,2
29,5
Male
21,8
38,1
18,9
21,2
Female
26,5
11,0
35,0
27,5
Male
22,9
38,6
17,4
21,1
Female
26,4
11,1
34,5
28,0
Male
22,3
35,3
18,2
24,3
Female
26,8
10,5
35,7
26,9
Male
22,2
34,6
18,7
24,6
Female
26,1
11,0
35,4
27,5
2005
Male
21,0
36,1
18,6
24,3
Female
25,9
11,7
35,1
27,3
2006
Male
20,6
36,2
18,6
24,6
Female
27,7
11,5
34,9
25,9
2007
Male
21,4
36,3
18,7
23,7
Female
29,1
9,5
36,4
25,0
2008
Male
23,3
35,6
18,0
23,2
Female
29,4
8,3
38,2
24,1
2009
Male
24,3
34,4
18,5
22,8
Female
30,0
7,6
38,1
24,4
2010
Male
24,4
33,1
20,1
22,4
Female
30,7
7,7
37,2
24,4
Male
24,6
32,6
20,4
22,3
2001
2002
2003
2004
2011
51
Table 2: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 15 - 64 years by occupational category, 2001 - 2011
Gender
2001
2002
2003
2004
Manager
Professional
Technician
Sales and
services
Clerk
Skilled
agriculture
Craft and
related
trade
Plant and
machinery
operator
Elementary
Domestic
worker
Female
2,8
3,2
13,4
14,6
15,4
0,4
5,5
3,1
24,5
17,2
Male
8,3
3,0
10,3
5,8
12,9
2,5
20,8
14,6
21,0
0,6
Female
3,8
3,3
14,6
15,8
12,9
0,7
5,1
3,3
22,5
18,1
Male
8,8
3,4
10,6
6,0
11,3
3,2
20,1
15,0
21,0
0,6
Female
4,0
3,6
14,2
15,8
12,6
0,8
4,9
3,4
23,0
17,7
Male
9,1
3,5
9,5
6,3
11,7
0,8
19,7
14,5
24,1
0,7
Female
4,8
3,5
13,9
16,6
12,9
0,8
4,7
3,2
22,3
17,3
10,1
2,9
9,1
6,0
12,5
0,6
19,9
13,8
24,4
0,6
Female
4,6
3,6
13,6
15,9
13,6
0,9
5,5
2,8
22,9
16,6
Male
8,7
3,3
9,0
5,7
12,8
0,6
21,6
13,6
24,2
0,5
Female
4,7
3,9
12,9
15,3
13,9
1,4
5,5
2,8
22,7
16,9
Male
8,4
3,3
8,8
5,8
12,8
0,8
22,6
12,7
24,5
0,2
Female
5,2
4,8
13,3
16,0
13,3
0,9
5,7
3,1
21,8
15,9
2007
Male
8,9
3,7
8,6
5,7
12,8
0,7
22,0
13,2
23,4
1,0
Female
5,2
5,9
13,5
16,8
14,0
0,5
4,7
2,9
21,2
15,3
2008
Male
9,4
5,2
8,6
5,9
12,0
1,0
21,2
13,1
23,1
0,5
Female
5,3
5,6
14,0
17,4
15,0
0,3
3,8
2,9
20,4
15,3
2009
Male
9,6
5,1
9,5
5,8
12,6
0,9
20,0
13,4
22,7
0,4
2010
Male
2005
2006
Male
Female
Female
2011
Male
5,5
5,8
14,1
17,6
14,8
0,4
3,3
2,8
20,7
14,9
10,0
5,4
8,9
6,1
13,9
0,9
19,1
13,0
22,3
0,5
6,1
6,0
14,1
17,0
14,8
0,3
3,3
2,9
20,8
14,6
10,4
5,4
8,7
5,7
14,5
0,6
19,1
12,7
22,2
0,5
52
Table 3: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15-64 years by industrial sector, 2009 - 2011
Gender
Female
2001
13,4
62,8
18,4
27,2
53,5
3,2
Total
11,2
20,9
57,7
10,2
7,1
14,1
59,5
19,3
Male
17,9
26,9
51,7
3,5
Total
13,1
21,2
55,1
10,5
5,6
13,9
62,4
18,1
Male
15,0
27,1
53,6
4,3
Total
10,8
21,3
57,5
10,4
5,5
14,1
62,9
17,5
13,2
28,9
53,7
4,2
Male
Total
9,8
22,5
57,7
10,0
Female
4,8
13,8
64,3
17,0
11,4
29,5
55,0
4,1
Male
2005
2006
Total
8,5
22,6
59,1
9,8
Female
5,5
13,7
63,6
17,1
Male
11,6
29,7
54,7
4,0
Total
8,9
22,6
58,7
9,8
Female
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Private households
5,4
Female
2004
Tertiary sector
16,2
Female
2003
Secondary sector
Male
Female
2002
Primary sector
4,9
13,5
65,5
16,1
Male
10,8
30,5
54,7
4,0
Total
8,2
23,0
59,5
9,3
Female
4,9
12,7
66,7
15,7
Male
10,5
31,6
54,5
3,4
Total
8,1
23,4
59,8
8,7
Female
4,4
12,7
67,2
15,7
Male
9,9
30,9
55,8
3,5
Total
7,5
22,9
60,8
8,8
Female
4,5
12,6
67,3
15,5
Male
9,4
29,4
57,7
3,5
Total
7,2
22,1
61,9
8,7
Female
4,0
12,6
68,4
14,9
Male
9,2
29,1
58,3
3,4
Total
7,0
21,9
62,7
8,4
53
Table 4: Percentage distribution of employed women and men aged 15 - 64 years by industry, 2001 - 2011
Gender
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacture
Utilities
Construction
Trade
Transport
Community
and social
services
Finance
Private
household
Female
5,1
0,3
12,1
0,2
1,1
30,1
2,1
9,1
21,4
Male
9,7
6,5
17,2
1,0
8,9
21,5
8,4
9,6
14,1
3,2
Female
6,8
0,4
12,5
0,3
1,3
24,6
2,4
9,2
23,2
19,3
11,4
6,5
17,6
0,8
8,5
18,8
8,2
10,5
14,1
3,5
Male
18,4
Female
5,2
0,4
12,2
0,4
1,3
25,8
2,5
9,4
24,6
18,1
Male
8,8
6,2
17,3
0,8
8,9
20,1
8,0
10,3
15,2
4,3
Female
5,2
0,3
12,2
0,4
1,5
25,9
2,7
9,5
24,8
17,5
Male
7,8
5,4
17,5
1,0
10,4
20,5
7,9
10,7
14,6
4,2
Female
4,5
0,3
12,0
0,3
1,5
28,4
2,7
10,3
23,0
17,0
Male
6,8
4,5
16,6
1,1
11,9
22,2
7,7
10,7
14,4
4,1
Female
5,2
0,3
11,4
0,4
1,9
29,1
2,0
9,7
22,8
17,1
Male
7,3
4,3
16,6
1,0
12,1
23,0
7,5
10,5
13,7
4,0
Female
4,5
0,4
11,1
0,4
1,9
28,4
2,5
10,3
24,3
16,1
Male
6,2
4,6
17,2
0,8
12,5
22,0
7,6
11,3
13,9
4,0
Female
4,3
0,6
10,4
0,4
1,9
26,3
2,5
12,5
25,4
15,7
Male
6,7
3,7
17,3
0,9
13,3
20,4
8,0
12,0
14,1
3,4
Female
3,7
0,7
10,2
0,4
2,2
24,6
2,8
13,2
26,6
15,7
Male
6,2
3,7
16,6
1,0
13,3
20,2
8,0
13,1
14,6
3,5
Female
3,8
0,6
10,2
0,4
2,0
24,8
2,8
11,9
27,9
15,5
Male
5,7
3,6
15,7
0,9
12,8
20,6
8,4
13,3
15,5
3,5
Female
3,5
0,6
10,3
0,3
2,0
24,4
2,5
12,7
28,7
14,9
Male
5,5
3,7
15,6
0,9
12,6
21,1
8,2
13,1
15,9
3,3
54
Table 5: Percentage of women and men aged 18 years and above in each population group with access to medical aid
benefits, 2002 - 2011
Gender
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Black African
Coloured
Indian
White
Total
Female
7,6
18,0
28,7
68,8
16,8
Male
8,8
18,5
30,7
68,7
18,6
Total
8,2
18,2
29,7
68,8
17,7
Female
7,5
17,6
29,6
65,4
16,2
Male
8,7
18,7
33,5
65,4
18,0
Total
8,1
18,1
31,5
65,4
17,0
Female
7,3
17,7
32,0
69,5
16,5
Male
8,1
18,6
35,1
69,2
18,0
Total
7,7
18,1
33,5
69,4
17,2
Female
7,0
18,6
29,6
63,0
15,4
Male
7,6
19,3
31,8
62,8
16,5
Total
7,3
18,9
30,7
62,9
15,9
Female
7,1
16,2
29,9
64,2
15,3
Male
8,1
16,2
27,8
63,2
16,4
Total
7,6
16,2
28,9
63,7
15,8
Female
7,3
19,1
27,6
68,6
16,0
Male
8,0
19,3
29,0
64,9
16,8
Total
7,6
19,2
28,3
66,8
16,4
Female
8,5
21,4
40,0
69,1
17,5
Male
9,6
23,4
37,9
66,7
18,6
Total
9,0
22,3
38,9
67,9
18,0
Female
9,3
21,5
39,6
75,4
18,5
Male
9,8
22,3
42,1
72,4
19,3
Total
9,5
21,9
40,9
73,9
18,9
Female
10,2
22,5
45,2
72,3
19,1
Male
10,9
22,3
46,3
70,4
19,9
Total
10,5
22,4
45,8
71,4
19,4
Female
9,3
20,6
41,6
70,7
17,9
Male
9,1
21,4
40,5
70,5
18,1
Total
9,2
21,0
41,0
70,6
18,0
55
Table 6: Percentage distribution of women and men aged 25 years and more for each population group by highest level of education, 1996 - 2011
Black African
Level of education
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Male
30,6
25,1
11,4
11,4
10,7
3,5
1,2
1,1
24,0
19,5
57,0
60,4
76,0
72,9
59,3
54,4
36,7
32,8
56,0
57,3
8,5
10,5
8,1
10,1
21,5
27,9
39,1
33,6
13,2
14,5
3,8
4,0
4,5
5,6
8,4
14,1
23,0
32,5
6,8
8,7
No schooling
28,4
22,1
9,3
9,3
8,4
3,2
1,5
1,3
22,6
17,5
Less than Grade 12
53,3
57,1
72,0
68,9
51,9
45,4
31,0
26,5
52,1
53,7
Grade 12
12,8
15,6
14,1
16,6
27,4
34,6
40,0
38,6
16,9
19,5
More than Grade 12
2011
Female
White
Less than Grade 12
More than Grade 12
2001
Male
Indian
No schooling
Grade 12
1996
Coloured
5,4
5,1
4,6
5,2
12,3
16,8
27,5
33,6
8,4
9,4
No schooling
14,8
10,8
5,3
5,2
4,5
2,3
0,8
0,7
11,9
8,7
Less than Grade 12
53,5
55,0
64,7
63,3
39,3
34,0
23,2
21,5
50,6
50,9
Grade 12
22,7
25,9
22,4
23,8
35,2
40,8
40,7
38,3
25,2
27,7
8,9
8,3
7,6
7,7
21,0
22,9
35,3
39,5
12,3
12,6
More than Grade 12
Table 7: Percentage of children attending child care facilities by age and location, 2010 - 2011
2010
2011
Location
Age in completed years
0 year
1 year
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
6 years
Urban
8,1
25,9
37,0
51,7
64,4
66,4
28,6
Rural
2,5
9,2
17,7
33,4
57,3
72,8
21,4
Urban
8,1
21,6
40,1
52,4
64,7
73,4
32,8
Rural
7,4
16,6
23,5
39,0
59,0
68,5
22,9
56
Table 8: Percentage of children under 7 years of age at a child care facility, by population group and location
Location
Black African
Rural
2010
2011
Coloured
32,8
Indian
White
33,1
26,2
60,0
45,5
57,4
Urban
39,9
32,7
Rural
34,6
27,1
Urban
42,3
35,4
21,0
33,5
62,2
Table 9: Percentage of people married or living as husband and wife whose partner is a member of the same
household, by sex and location, 2001-2011
Gender
2001
2011
Urban
Rural
Total
Female
87,7
63,1
78,3
Male
86,4
82,8
85,3
Female
85,2
65,1
79,0
Male
84,6
80,6
83,5
Table 10: Percentage of people married or living as husband and wife whose partner is a member of the same
household, by sex and population group, 2001-2011
Gender
2001
2011
Black African
Coloured
Indian
White
Total
Female
71,7
91,2
93,5
95,5
78,3
Male
80,7
93,8
94,2
96,2
85,3
Female
73,6
89,5
90,0
93,3
79,0
Male
79,8
91,1
88,2
93,7
83,6
Table 11: Female and male population in urban and non-urban areas by age; 1996 - 2011
Age groups
0 - 14
Urban
Non -urban
1996
Total
Urban
Non -urban
2001
Total
Urban
Non -urban
2011
Total
15 - 64
65 +
Urban female
28,0
66,7
5,4
Urban male
28,8
67,4
3,7
Non-urban female
39,0
54,9
6,1
Non-urban male
43,7
52,2
4,1
Total female
33,2
61,1
5,7
Total male
35,6
60,5
3,9
Urban female
26,2
68,4
5,4
Urban male
27,3
69,1
3,6
Non-urban female
36,6
56,6
6,8
Non-urban male
42,0
54,0
4,1
Total female
30,8
63,2
6,0
Total male
33,4
62,8
3,8
Urban female
25,0
69,1
5,9
Urban male
26,1
70,0
4,0
Non-urban female
33,2
59,3
7,5
Non-urban male
38,0
57,6
4,4
Total female
28,1
65,4
6,5
Total male
30,3
65,6
4,1
57