The Kallikak Family

TH E
MACM I LLAN COMPANY
MACM I LLAN
LON D ON
8: CC
B OM B AY
.
,
L
I M IT ED
CALCU I I A
'
'
‘
M ELB O UR N E
T HE
MACM I LLAN
CO
.
OF
CANADA
,
LT D
.
T H E
K A L L I K A K F A M I LY
A ST U DY I N T H E H ER ED IT Y O F
F EEB LE—MI N D ED N ESS
BY
H EN R Y H E R B E R T GO D D A R D , P H D
.
o
Direc t
at
f
r o
the
o to
Rexea rc h Lab
Vin el a n d , New
ra
j
e rj e y
an d
,
f
f
ry o
or
the
Tr a in in g S c h
Fa bl emin ded
ool
Girl :
B oy :
Nz in @ 011:
THE
M A CM I LLA N C O M PA N Y
I
r
9 3
1
ig h t:
r eser v e
d
.
‘
50
MR SAMU EL S
.
F R I EN D
WT
I
TH E
WHO
TRUE
P H I L AN T H R O P I S T
A ND
C I EN T I S T S L O V E OF
AN D
C I T I $ EN S L O V E O F H UM AN I T Y
H
THE
’
S
’
MAD E P O S S I B L E TH I S
FO LL OW E D
F ELS
.
WHO
ST U D Y A N D
HAS
WO R K FRO M
NC P EN CY
W TH K N DL Y C R T C M A N A D C E
T H B OO K
I
THE
IT S
I
I
I
IS
IS
IS
D ED I CAT ED
D
I
I
VI
I
PR E FA C E
ON September
1 5,
1 9 0 6,
the Training S chool for
B ackwa rd and F eeble -minded Children at Vineland
,
New Jersey opened a l a bo r a to ry and a Dep a rtment
,
of R esea rch for the study of feeble-mindedness
.
A b eginning was made in stu dying the mental con
di t ion of the children who lived in the I nstitution with
,
a
V
iew to determining the mental and phys ical
ia r it ie s
e
c
u
p
l
of the di ff erent grades and types to getting a n
,
a cc u ra t e record of what deficiencies each child had
and what he was cap able of doing with the h Op e th at
,
in time these records could be correl ated with the con
dition of the ne rvou s system of the child if he should
,
die while in the I nstitution and an autop sy should b e
allowed
.
A s soon as poss ible after the beginning of th is work
,
a definite start was made t owa rd determining th e ca u se
of feeble—mindednes s
A fter some p reliminary work
.
,
it was concluded th at the only way to get the informa
tion needed was by sending trained workers to the
homes of the children to lea rn by careful and wise
,
questioning th e facts that could be obtained
.
I t was
P R E FA CE
viii
a
great su rp rise to u s to d is cove r s o mu ch mental defect
in the families of s o man y of thes e children
s u l ts
of the stu dy of more th an
.
The
re
families will soon b e
300
showing th at about 65 pe r cent of thes e
child ren h ave t h e heredita ry t a in t
published
,
i
.
The p resent stu dy o f the K allikak family is a genuine
story of real people
al
as are
.
The n ame is of c ou rs e fict i t i ous
,
,
l of the n ames th rough o ut the sto ry
,
Th e
.
r esults here p resented come after two yea rs of constant
work investig ating the conditions of this family
,
.
Some readers may questio n how i t h as been possible
to get su ch definite d ata in r egard to people wh o lived
so long ago
.
A word of expl an ation is hen ce in order
.
I n the fi rs t
pl ace the family itself p roved to b e a not o ri o us one so
,
,
the people i n the community where th e p resent genera
,
tions a re living know of them ; they knew their pa rents
,
and grandp arents ; and the ol der members knew them
fa rthe r b ack because of the reputation they h ad always
,
borne
Secondly the reputation which the Training
,
.
S chool h as in the State is su ch th at all h ave been willing
to c ooperate as soon as they un d erstoo d the pu rpose and
pl an of the work
.
This h as been of great help
.
Thirdly
the t i me devoted to this investigation must not b e over
looked
.
A h asty investigation coul d never h ave p ro
,
P R E FA CE
du c e d
ix
the results whi c h we have rea c he d
Oftentimes
.
a sec o nd a third a fifth or a s i x th vis it h as been
,
,
,
n e ce s
s a ry i n order to develop an acqu aintance and rel ation
ship with these families which induced them gradu ally
to rel ate things which they otherwise h ad n o t recalled
o r did n o t c are to tell
.
Many an important item h as
been gathered after several vis its to thes e homes
.
Chap
ter IV will th row still more light on the method used
.
I f the reader is in c lined to the view th at we must
h ave c alled a great many people feebl e-minded who
were not so let him be as su red th at this is not the case
,
.
O n the contra ry we h ave p referred to err on the other
,
s ide and we h ave not marked people feeble-minded
,
u nles s the case was su ch th at we coul d substantiate it
beyond a reasonable doubt
I f there was g oo d reason
.
to call them normal we h ave so marked them
,
.
I f not
,
and we are u nable to deci de in ou r own minds we have
,
generally left them unmarked
.
I n a few cases we h ave
,
marked them normal o r feeble-minded with a question
,
mark
By this is meant th at we h ave studied the case
'
.
and after deliberation are still in doubt b u t the p rob
,
abilities are
“
N
or
F
”
as indicated
.
The mere
fact of the doubt shows however that they are at
,
least b o rd e r l in e cases
s
,
.
To the s cientific reader we woul d s ay th at the data
P R E FA CE
x
here p res ente d a r e we believe a cc u r ate to a high de
,
gree
,
I t is tru e th at we h ave made rather dogmati c
.
statements an d h ave d r awn co n clusions th at do not
s eem s cientifically wa rranted from the d ata
.
We h ave
done this be c au se i t seems neces s a ry to make these
statements and conclus ions for the benefit of the l ay
reader and it was impos s ible to p resent i n this book
,
a ll
of the d ata th at woul d subs tanti ate them
.
We h ave
,
as a m atter of fact d rawn u pon the material which is
,
soon to b e p resented in a l a rger book
The reference
.
to Mendelis m is a n illustration of what we mean
.
It
is as it is given here meager an d in adequ ate and the
,
,
,
assumption th at the given l aw applies to hu man hered
ity is an as su mption so fa r as the data p resented a re
concerned
.
We would as k that th e s cientist reserve
j udgment and wait for the l a rger book for the p roof of
these statements and for an adequ ate dis c uss ion of
Mendel is m i n rel ation to the p roblem
.
The neces s a ry expense for this stu dy as well as for all
,
of the work of the R esea rch L aborato ry h as been met
,
by volu ntary contributions from ph il anthropic me n and
women who b elieve th at here is an opportunity t o
,
benefit hu manity su ch as is h a rdly equ aled elsewhere
,
.
We take this means of exp res s ing to them ou r dee p
app reciati o n of their symp athy and generosity
.
I wish
P R E FA CE
xi
also to make special mention of the indefatigable
d u s t ry ,
in
wisdom tact and j udgment of ou r field workers
,
,
who h ave gathered these facts and whose results
though continu ally checked
up ,
,
al
h ave stood every test
put upon them as to thei r a ccu racy and value
.
The work on this p a rticul a r family h as been done by
E lizabeth S K ite to whom I a m also indebted for
.
,
tically all of Chapter IV
p rac
.
I am also greatly indebted to my ass istants i n the
l aboratory for h e l p in p rep aring the charts keeping
,
,
the records and correcting manus cript and p roof
,
To Superintendent E dwa rd R
.
Johnstone
,
.
whos e
wisdom and foresight led to the establishment of this
Dep a rtment of R esearch whos e help symp athy and
,
,
,
encou ragement h ave been constant throughout the
work of p rep a ring this study
,
the
thanks and grati
tude of the entire group of readers who fi nd i n thes e
facts any help towa rd the solution of the p roblems
that they a re facing a re d ue
,
.
HENR Y H
V I N E L AN D , N
SEP T EM B ER ,
.
J
.
,
19 12.
.
GODDAR D
.
CONT E NTS
P AGE
v
THE
S T O R Y O F D EB O RA H
T H E CH A R
Is
T
S
M EAN S
FAC T S AB O U T T H E
TO B E D O N E $
KA LL I KAK FA M I L Y
ii
F A M I LY
T H E KA L L I KA K
T D
DT
L
A S U Y I N T H E H ER E I Y OF F EEB E—MIN
CHA PT E R
THE
S
TO R Y
OF
D ED NESS
I
D EB O R A H
ON E b right October d ay , fou rteen years ago , there
c ame to the Training S chool at Vinel and a little eight
,
yea r—O l d girl
.
She h ad been born in an almsho u se
H er
.
mother had afte rwa rds married not the father Of this
,
child b u t th e p rospective father
,
Of
another child and
,
l ater h ad divorced him and ma rried another man who
,
was also the father of some O f her children
been led to do this thro u gh the
eff orts
Of
.
She h ad
—
w ell meaning
p eople who felt th at it was a great misfortune for a child
to be born into the world illegitimately
F rom their
.
s tandpoint the argument was good becaus e the mo t her
,
wi t h fou r or five younger child ren was unable to p rovide
ad equ ately for this little girl whom both husb ands
,
fu sed to support
re
.
O n the plea that the C hild did not get along well at
s chool an d might pos sibly be feeble -minded she gained
,
B
I
T HE KALLI KAK FAM I LY
2
admis sion t o the Training S chool there to begin a ca reer
,
which h as been interesting an d valu able to the I nsti
t u t io n ,
and wh ich h as led to an investigation th at can
not fail to p rove O f great social impo rt
.
The following a re extra cts from her history sin c e she
came to the I nstitution
— A verage
F rom A dmission B l anks N ov 9 7
s ize an d
weight NO peculia rity in form or s i ze Of head
Staring exp res sion Jerking movement in wal king
Mouth shut Washes an d
No bodily deformity
d res ses herself except fastening clothes U nder
stands comm ands Not ve ry obedient K nows a
few letters Cannot read nor count K nows all the
colors Not fond of mus ic Power of memo ry poor
L istens well L ooks steadily Good imitator Can
u se a needle Can carry wood and fill a kettle Ca n
th row a b all but cannot catch Sees an d hears well
R ight -h anded
E xcitable but not nervous
Not
affectionate and quite noisy Ca reles s i n d res s
A ctive Ob stin ate and destructive Does not min d
sl apping and s colding Grandmo ther somewh at de
Grandfather periodical d ru nka rd an d men
fi c ie n t
tally deficient B een to s chool NO results
’
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
F rom I nstitution R epo rts
1 10
an d 1 0
Condu ct better Counts
”
“
I
K nows at s ight and c an write from memory see
“
” “
” “
” “
” “
me
ran
man
rat
can
Weaves d iffi
cult m at in step s of I and 3 but requires mu ch as sistance
f
an
’
.
99
—
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
T HE
’
F eb
.
99
Counts
.
OF
S TO R Y
—
1 30
D EBO RA H
writes
;
—
1 1
3
Orderly
5
.
F olds neatly
—
M a rc h 99
D raws circle and squ a re Writes
—2
1
Combines s imple numbers
9
Ap r il 99
Conduct qu ite b ad
impudent and
growing worse Transferred from Seguin Cottage to
Wilbu r for a W hile Seems some better
S CH OO L Dec
00
Disobedient
Gracefu l
Good
in d rill Can copy K nows a numbe r O f words
Writes them from memory R eads a little A d ds
with obj ects Counts and knows value of numbers
Does all l adder and pole d rill s nicely Good in e n
t e rt a in m e n t work
Memorizes quickly Can always
b e relied upon for either speaking or singing
“
”
Marches w e ll
A good captain
K nows H alt
“
”
”
“
“
”
R ight
and L eft F ace and F o rward March
A lways in step
“
M U S I C K nows diff erent notes Plays Jesus L ove r
”
of my Soul nicely Pl ays s cale Of C and F on cornet
Pl ays s cales O f C and F and first two
Ma y 0 1
”
“
exercises in B eginners B and B ook on cornet She
pl ays by ea r She h as not learned to read the notes
O f thes e two s cales simply becau se she will not p u t
her mind to it She h as pl ayed hymns i n simple time
but the fingering h as h ad to b e written for her
S CH OO L E xcellent worker in ga rdening cl ass H as
j ust completed a very good diagram of ou r garden to
show at A nnu al Meeting
C O TTA GE H elps make beds an d waits on table i s quick
with her work bu t is very noisy
.
’
.
,
.
.
.
’
.
,
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
’
,
.
’
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
T HE KALLI KAK FAM ILY
4
’
Oc t
’
H as nea rly finished outlining a p ill ow
s ham Can do very good work when she tries
E N GL I S H Does better i n nu mber work th an in any
other b ranch H er mind wanders a great deal I n
the midst of a les son that s he has app a rently p aid a
great deal of attention to she will ask a question that
h as no bearing on the le s son at all I s slow to learn
—
I s very good in nu mbe r work espe
N ov 0 1
Can add 2 5 and I 5 Spells a few
Cial l y in addition
” “
”
” “
“
words s u ch as wind
blows
flowers
Writes
fairly well from copy if she tries H er attention is
v ery h ard to keep I s restles s in cl ass L ikes to
b e fi rst in everything The one th i ng she does best
in s chool is to add numbers w i th pegs K nows about
” “
” “
”
” “
“
fifteen words such as cat
fan
run
man
She
coul d learn more in s chool if she wo u l d p ay attention
but her mind seems away off from the subj ect in dis
Coul d pl ay s cale Of C and F on cornet and
c u s s io n
would pl ay some by ea r if s he coul d h ave kept up her
les sons Was taken out on accou nt of sore th roat
—
ov
0
nderstands
how
to
make
bead
N
U
4
chains H as made fou r K no ws how to us e a sew
ing machine H as made a s h i rtwaist U ses tape
measu re accu rately
Can pl ay on cornet fou r
h a rd b and p l e c e s and th ree solos also reads at sight
“
eas y songs and hymns B and pie c es a re
A ttention
” “
” “
Ma rch 1 Quick Step S terling
Onwa rd Ch ristian
”
”
“
Sol d ie rs
Solos a re :
an d
St a r s p a n gl e d B anner
“
” “
”
“
A merica
Old Bl ack Joe a nd Onward Ch ristian
”
Soldiers
Conduct at school fair
.
0 1
—
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
’
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
v
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
T HE
S TO R Y
D EBO RA H
OF
5
“
Took
the
p
art
O
f
Mrs
D
o
e
in
F
un
f
”
in a Photograph Galle ry
Can write a fairly good story but spells
F eb 0 8
ve ry few words H as little idea of the us e O f capitals
I t is di ffi cult for her to sep arate her senten ces D raw
ing p ainting coloring an d any kin d of h and work
she does quite nicely I n C l ay mo deling her idea of
form is quite good I s mu ch i mp roved in condu ct
Does not act so wild in cl as s
I n wood-ca rving cl as s she sta rts a thing she wants to
do ve ry enthusiastically but if it takes h er very long
her interest flags and she h as to be spu rred on by the
thought of the result when well done T his yea r
she h as made a carved book rest with mis s ion ends
and is now wor king on a shirtwaist box with mortis e
and tenon j oints and l ap j oints T he top will be
p aneled
She c an do most of her own marking
when shown how
“
”
H as made a great imp rovement in B and du ring
the l ast year Can get a better tone on the co m et
and more volume R eads by note all music th at S h e
pl ays Pl ays second cornet p a rts to about twenty
fi v e pieces
—
H
as
emb
roidered
the
front
of
a
shi
rt
0
a
n
9
j
waist and the front gore of a s kirt She has shown
a great amount of p atience perseverance and j u dg
ment in her work this year has been anxiou s to do
her work and h as been a good girl I n wood ca rving
she is doing much more ca reful work th an l ast yea r
”
“
H as made a large Sko l c rof t chai r with o nly a littl e
’
an
.
07
—
.
.
.
’
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
T HE KALLIKAK FAM I LY
help in putting it into cl amps D id he r o wn meas
u ring and c a rved the wood She filled the wood her
self before staining This she h ad never done before
n
e
Made
the
suit
which
she
h
ad
em
0
u
j
9
b roidered earl ier in the yea r us ing the m achine in
m aking it H elped F B put her ch air together a nd
really acted as a teacher in showing her how to u p
holster i t Will b e a helper in wood -ca rv ing cl as s
this summer
Took important p art in the Christmas play of 1 9 0 8
“
”
and was a F an Girl in the Jap anese play given
A nnu al D ay 1 9 0 9
Works j ust about the s ame in woo d
Ma r 1 1
carving Cl as s as she h as other years Can work ve ry
rapidly when s he tries but does not very O ften t ry
Does not h ave mu ch confidence i n herself when ma rk
ing out her work but when u rged keeps trying until
she gets it right I s making a l arge d res s ing cas e
this year I s doing ve ry nice work especially in
p hysical cultu re cl ass
—
F inished her d ress ing case but was
May I I
careles s towa rds the l ast so it i s not quite as nice a s
was expected Made a ve ry h andsome emb roidered
l inen d res s (s atin stitch and eyelets ) also an em
b roidered cors et cover Made up both p ieces under
d irection Can write a well —worded sto ry b ut h as to
h ave more th an h alf the words S pelled for her
Re
K nows v e ry few of her nu mbe r combin ations
t ains a gre at m any interesting facts connected wit h
n atu re work
.
.
.
.
’
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
’
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
'
’
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
THE KALLI KAK FAM I LY
8
numbers D oe s fine b as ketry and ga rdening Spell
ing i s poor ; music is excellent ; sewing excellent ;
excellent in entertainment work Ve ry fond of
child ren and good in helping care for them H as a
good sense of order and cleanlines s I s sometimes
very stubborn and obstin ate I s not always truth
ful and h as bee n known to steal although does not
h ave a reputation for this I s p rou d of h e r clothes
L ikes p retty d resses and likes to help in othe r cot
”
tages even to tempora rily taking cha rge of a gr o up
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
The child ren at the Training S choo l write letters to
S anta Cl au s asking fo r su ch things as they want for
Ch ristmas
’
H ere a re Deborah s requests each year
.
,
beginning with
’
99
,
when she was ten ye a rs old
Book and h armonica
Book comb p aints and doll
00
Book mittens t oy p ian o h an d ke r chief
01
sl ate p encil
—
02
Wax doll ribb o n music box
Pos t ca rds colored ribb o ns gl o v es an d
03
shea rs
Trunk mu s ic box F ai ry T a l es games
04
ribbons b ig d o ll
R ibbons of different colors games h and
05
kerchiefs mu sic box F ai ry Tales
06
Pair of stockings ribbons rubbers
Wat c h red ribbon b ru sh and c o mb p ape r
07
Th ree yards of l a w
n rubb ers
08
.
’
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
.
’
,
.
.
,
’
.
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
’
,
,
.
,
.
,
’
.
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
.
.
THE S TO R Y
’
09
bons
’
OF
D EBO RA H
9
Nice shoes p ink d ark blue and white r i b
,
,
.
,
.
Money for dentist b ill
11
R ubbers th ree shirts blue s carf
ya rds l i nen two yards l awn for fancy work
10
.
.
three
’
.
,
,
,
.
,
I t will be remembered th at i n her history number
,
was mentioned as being one of her strong points
In
.
deed she had a great deal of thorough drill in this
,
b ranch
I n a recent testing to determine how much
.
of this she still retained or whe t her the work had been
,
of any value as mental dis cipl ine the results were nega
,
tive
I t was dis covered that she coul d ne i ther add
.
nor subtract except where it was a question of con
,
crete obj ects connected w i th he r d aily life
.
F or ex
ample she can set a table and wait on it very nicely
,
.
She can put the right nu mber of pl ates at the head of
the table if she knows the people who are to sit there
,
,
but at a tab l e with p recisely the s ame number of stran
gers she fails i n making the correct count
,
.
At a recent test made before a p rominent s cientist
the question was asked
“
,
H ow many a re
12
l es s
,
3
She thought for a moment looked aroun d the room and
,
fin ally answered
t io n e r
“
.
“
,
Nine
”
.
“Correct
”
,
Do you know how I did i t
delighted at her success
“
.
s a i d her ques
she asked
I counted on my fingers
,
”
.
T HE KALLIKAK FAM I LY
10
Some of the questi o ns as ked he r an d her answers a re
a s follows
There
a
re
ten
people
t
o
eat
d
inner
Seve
n
Q
h ave eaten F or h ow many mus t you keep din
n er warm
A Th ree
Q Suppose you h a d eight ergographs an d sell
$
s ix H ow many woul d be left
Two
A (after twenty eight seconds pondering )
Q Suppose you h a d eight Deltas a nd gave two
away What woul d you h ave left $
4 F ive
“
Suppos
e
there
a
re
eight
at
the
table
two
n
d
a
Q
leave H ow many would rem ain
A (after th i rteen s econds ) S ix
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
B y the B inet S cale th i s girl showed i n A p ril
,
,
19 10 ,
the mentality of a nine-year-ol d chil d w i th two poi n ts
over ; J anu a ry
9
years
,
2
,
years
,
O c tober
,
19 1 1,
points
;
9
1
point ; September
,
19 1 1 ,
9
yea rs
,
3
19 1 I
points
,
.
She answers correctly all of the questions up to age 7
except the repetition of five figu res where she transposes
,
two of them
She does not read the selection i n the
.
required time nor does she remember wh at she reads
,
I n counting the stamps her first answer was ten cents
,
which she l ate r corrected
d efinitions a re
“
.
U nder
be tte r th a n by
us e
”
age
“
9,
.
,
none of her
F ork is to eat
T HE S TO R Y
with
” “
Chair to s i t on
,
D EBO RA H
OF
”
etc
,
I I
She can sometimes a r
.
range the weights in their p roper order and at other
times not
The s ame is tru e of putting the three words
.
into a sentence
She does not know money
.
.
H er
definitions of ab stract terms are very poor in some
,
cases b arely p ass able nor can she p u t together the dis
,
s e c te d
sentences
an d
“
“
” “
will
mil k
,
till
”
She rhymes
.
“
w i th
mill
”
,
“
storm
”
with
“
afte rwa rds us ing
sp ring
“
bill
”
,
”
,
”
.
I n the revised questions she does not d raw the des ign
,
Question
Question
which i s
gestion
,
Question 5
,
the limb
s ick
,
age
1 2,
2
4
in age
10 ,
i n age
12
nor does she res i st sug
To the first p art of
.
she answered
“
,
and to the second p art
A b ird hanging from
“
,
Some one was very
”
.
Th i s i s a typ ical illustration of the mentality of a high
grade feeble-minded person the moron the delinquent
,
,
the kind of girl or woman that fills ou r reformatories
,
.
They are waywa rd they get i nto all sorts of trouble
,
and difficulties
,
s exu ally and othe rwise
,
and yet we
h ave been accustomed to account for their defects on
‘
the b as i s of viciousnes s environment or igno ran ce
,
,
.
I t i s also the history of the s ame type of girl in the
public s chool
.
R ather good -looking b right in appea r
,
ance with many att r active ways the teacher clings to
,
,
TH E KALLI KAK FAM I LY
12
the hope i nd ee d ins ists th at su c h a girl will come out
,
,
all right
Ou r work w i th Deborah convin c es us th at
.
such hopes a re delusions
.
H ere is a chil d who h as been most ca refully gu a rded
.
She h as been persistently trained s ince she was eight
years old and yet nothing h as been accomplished in the
,
direction of h i g her intelligence or general education
.
To-d ay if this young woman were to leave the I n s t itu
tion she woul d at once become a p rey to the designs of
,
evil men or evil women and would l ea d a life th at woul d
be v iciou s immoral and crimin al tho u gh b e c aus e of her
,
,
,
mentality s he h erself woul d not b e responsible
.
There
i s nothing th at she might not b e led into b ecause she
,
h as no power of control and all her instincts an d
ap
,
p etites a re i n the direction th at woul d lead to vice
.
We may now repeat the ever i ns i stent question an d
,
this time we i ndeed h ave good hope of answering i t
The question is
individu al
b ad stock
shows
.
$
“
,
H ow do we ac c ou nt for th i s kind of
The answer is in a word
“
H eredity
”
,
W e mu st recogni z e th at the hu man family
v a ry in g s t o c
’
ks
or strains th at
are
as m arked an d
that b reed as true as anything in pl ant or animal life
F ormerly su ch a statement would h ave been a g uess
an hypothesis
w h at
.
.
.
,
We submit i n the following p ages
seems t o u s conclusive eviden c e of its truth
.
THE KAL LI KAK FAMILY
14
neighbors employers teachers
,
,
overseers
of the
poor
,
physicians
al mshous e
,
,
min isters
directors
,
etc
,
.
These mu st be interviewed and all the informa t ion
thus obtained must be we i g hed and mu c h of it verified
by repeated vis its to the s ame locality before an
’
accu rate ch art of the p articul a r chil d s he redity c an b e
made
.
I n determining the mental condition of people i n the
e arli er generations (that i s as to whether they were
feeble-minded or not ) one p roceed s in the s ame way as
,
,
one does to determine the ch aracter of a Washington
or a L incol n or a ny other m an of the p ast
.
i s h ad to origin al docu ments whenever poss ible
R eco u rs e
I n the
.
case of defectives of co u rse there are not many original
,
docu ments
,
Oftentimes the ab sence of thes e where
,
.
they a re to b e expected is of itself s ignificant
,
i nstan c e the ab sen c e of a recor d of marriage
,
quite as significant as i ts p resence
.
.
is
F or
often
Some record or
memo ry is generally obtain able of how the person l ived
,
how he conducted himself whether he was able to make
,
a l iving how he b rought up h is chil d ren wh at was his
,
,
rep u tation i n the commu nity ; these facts a re frequently
s u ff i cient to en ab l e one to determ i ne with a high d egree
,
of accu racy
othe rw i se
.
,
whether the individu al was norm al or
Sometimes the condition i s marked b y the
T HE
p resence of other factors
D ATA
15
F or exa mple if a man was
.
,
strongly alcoholic it i s almost imposs ible to determ i ne
,
whether he was also feeble-minded b ecaus e the reports
,
u s u ally decl are th at the only trouble with h i m was th at
he was always drunk and they s ay if he h ad been sober
,
he wo u l d h ave been all r i g ht
.
,
Th i s may b e tru e but
,
on the other h and i t is quite possible th at he was feeble
,
minded al s o
.
A ft er some experience the fiel d worker becomes ex
,
pert
in
inferring the condition of those persons who are
not seen from the simil arity of the l angu age used in
,
describing t hem to th at used i n des cribing persons whom
she h as seen
.
I n Deborah s c ase the woman first vis ite d was the one
’
,
who interested herself in the chil d and i ts mother when
the l atter h ad j u st given birth to her b aby i n the al ms
house
.
F rom this woman was learned the subse q uent
his t ory of Deborah s mother as given i n the first p ar t of
’
thi s de s cription
.
But reference s s u pplied by her soon
,
led to f u rther dis coveries
.
,
The present family was
fo u nd l iving w i th i n twenty miles of wh at was afte rwards
lea rned to be
it s
ancestral home and i n a region th at was
neither the slums of a city nor the wild de s ol ation of th e
extreme ru ral c ommun i ty but rather i n the m i dst of a
,
populo u s farm i n g co u ntry one of the best d i str i c ts i n
,
T HE KALLIKAK FAM ILY
16
the State
.
v e s t ig at ion s
Th o rough and c a refully c ondu c ted in
i n the s mall tow n and among the farmers
of this region showed th at the family h a d a l ways been
n otorious for the number of defectives and delinquents
it h ad p rodu ced ; and this notoriety m ade it poss ible
to trace them b a c k for no les s th an s ix generations
.
I t was determined to m ake a su rv ey of the enti re
family an d to discover the condition as fa r as p o ss ible
,
of every person i n each generation
,
.
The su rp ris e and horror of i t all was th at no matte r
where we traced them whether i n the p rosperous ru ral
,
district i n the city s l u ms to wh i c h some h ad d rifted or
,
,
i n the more remote mou ntain regions or whether i t was
,
a question of the se c ond or the s ix th generation an
,
ap
palling amou nt of defectiveness was eve rywhere found
.
I n the cou rse of the work of tracing va riou s members
of the family ou r fiel d worker occasion ally fou nd her
,
self in the m i dst of a good family of the s ame n ame
,
wh i c h app arently was i n no way related to the girl
whose a n c estry we were investigating
.
I n su c h cases
,
there was no thing to be done but to beat a retreat and
sta rt again i n a nothe r direction
H owever th e se cases
,
.
be c a me so frequent th at there gradu ally grew the con
v
ic t io n
th at ou rs mu st be a degenerate off shoot from
a n older family of better stock
.
Definite work was
LA
ST
EST H ER
,
H OME
OF
D AU GHTER
M I LL A R D K A LLI K A K
0F
“
D ADDY
”
K
.
A LLI K AK
T HE D ATA
17
u nde rtaken i n order to locate the point at which the
sep aration took place
Over and over the investiga
,
.
tion was l aid aside i n shee r desp air of ever being able
’
to find absolute p roofs or to establis h miss ing links i n
the testimony
Then some freshly dis covered facts
.
,
that c ame often quite unexpectedly woul d th row new
,
light on the s itu ation an d the work would b e resumed
,
.
The great great grandfather of Deborah was Ma rtin
K allikak
1
—
-
That we knew
1
.
.
We h ad also traced the
goo d family before allu ded to b ack to a n ancestor
,
,
be
longing to an ol der gener ation than this Ma rtin K alli
kak but bearing th e s ame name
,
of a l arge fam i l y
H e was the father
.
H is eldest son was n amed F rederick
.
but there was no son by the n ame of Ma rtin
quently no connection coul d be made
,
.
,
C o u se
.
Many months
l ater a g randdau g hter of Ma rtin revealed i n a bu rst of
,
th e
She tol d us (an d this was
af t erwa rds fully ve rified ) that Ma rtin h ad a h a lf br oth e r
F rederick
and th at Ma rtin never h ad an own b rother
confidence
s itu ation
.
,
“
be c au se
’
as she now na ively exp ressed it
,
his mother h ad him before she was m a rried
“
,
you see
”
.
,
Deeper
s c rutiny into the life of Ma rtin K allikak S r which was
.
,
made poss ible th rough well -p reserved family records
en ab l ed u s to complete the sto ry
1
All
t
ta
mes , bo h Ch ris i
na
n an d s urn
.
am
es , are
tt
fi c i ious
.
,
T HE KALLI KAK FAM ILY
18
W h e n Martin S r
.
of the good family was a boy of
,
,
fifteen h is father died leaving h im without p arental
,
,
care or oversight
.
Ju st b efo re attaining h is maj ority
,
the you ng m an j oined one o f the nu merous mil ita ry
comp a n ies th at were formed to p rotect the country at
the be g i nn i n g of the R evolution
A t one of the tavern s
.
frequented by the militia he met a feeble-minded girl
by whom he b e c am e the father of a feeble-minded son
.
Th i s child was given by its mother the n ame of the
,
,
father in full and thu s h as been h anded down to pos
,
t e rity
i ty
’
’
the father s n ame and the mother s mental cap ac
This illegitimate boy was Ma rtin K allikak J r
the great-great-grandfather of ou r Deborah an d from
.
.
,
,
h im h ave come fou r hund red an d eighty des cend ants
.
One hund red a nd forty-th ree of thes e we h ave con
,
c l u s iv e
p roof were or a re feeble-minded while only forty
,
,
six h ave b een foun d normal
d oubtful
The rest a re u nknown o r
.
.
A mong these fou r hun d red and eighty d e s ce nd ants
thi rty-s ix h ave b een illegitimate
.
There h ave b een thi rty-th ree se x u ally immoral per
.
sons mostly p rostitutes
,
.
There h ave b e e n twenty-fou r c on fi r me d al c o h o li c s
There h ave b e en th ree epilepti c s
E ighty-two d ie d i n i nfancy
.
.
.
,
T HE KALLIKAK F AMI LY
20
ma rr ie d Al th e a H a i g ht and they h ad fiftee n ch il d ren
,
of whom more l ater
,
.
Th e next bo rn of Ma rtin J r was Nath an k n o n in
w
”
“
1
the commun i t y as D addy (s ee Ch a rt I I I ) who d i ed
.
,
,
at the advanced a ge of
of s ix ch il dren
i
n nety th ree
H e was the fathe r
.
One of his sons was a c rim in al a ho rs e
.
,
thief who al so stole a flo c k of s h eep wh i c h the owner all
,
u nwittingly help ed h im to d rive away
“
ch il d ren of
ch ild ren
Daddy
”
.
Th ree othe r
ma rried and themselves ha d
These a re all fam il i es about whose menta lit y
.
it is diffi cult to decide
They a re all peculia r but mo re
.
,
res pe c table th an s o me other b ranches of th i s fam ily
O ne is dead
.
The ix t h a d aughter is
S
a nd se x u ally immoral
,
,
.
feeble minded
S he ma r ried a man who
feeble—minded and al coholic
at least a re feeble-m inded
.
.
.
w as
Of her s ix C h i l d ren two
,
Whether her husb and is
the father of all of the chil d ren i s ve ry doubtfu l
.
Se x
ual immorality and al c oholis m a re p revalent in th is
family
.
O ne of the sons ma r ried a
—
feeble m in d ed
woman who ca me from feeble minded s t oc k
They
-
h ad s ix ch il d re n all of whom we re
,
feeble min
.
ded
.
On e
of thes e is of the Mongol ian type an interes t ing fa c t as
,
,
it shows th at th is p a rticul a r fo rm of a rrest of develop
men t may o c cu r
1
in
ta t t t a
I t is impor
n
o
a defective family
r ce out
in d e
tail th
ese rel
.
ati
ons h ips on
a
th e ch rts
.
THE D ATA
21
Ma rtin Jr s third ch il d was James (Cha rt I I ) who
went away and we know noth ing about him
’
,
.
.
,
“
”
(Ch a rt I V) was
feeble minded an d she marr i ed a feeb l e m i nded man
Martin Jr s fou rth c h i l d
’
.
,
Old S al
,
.
Two of the i r ch ildren a re undeterm i ned but one of
,
th ese h ad at least one feebl e-minded grandchild ; th e
other an al coholic m an h ad th ree feeb l e—m i nded gran d
,
,
ch ildren one Of whom is i n the Train ing S chool at Vine
,
l and
.
She i s thus
a
cousin of Deborah
known unt i l this study was made
—
fact not
a
The two other
.
C h ildren of Old S al were feeble -minded married feeble
,
m i nded wives and h ad l arge families of defective chil
,
d ren and grandchildren as will be s een i n the chart
,
.
The fifth child of Ma rtin Jr was Jem i ma (Cha rt V )
feebl e-minded and sexu ally immoral She l ived with a
.
,
.
feeble-minded man named H orser to whom she was
,
supposed to h ave been married
.
Of her fi v e children
,
three are known to h ave been feeb l e -m i nded two a re
,
undetermined
F rom thes e a g a i n h ave come a l arge
.
,
number of feeble -minded children and grandchildren
.
Jemima h ad an illegi t imate son by a man who was high
the Nation s offi ces
’
‘
In
.
Th is son married a feeble
m i nded girl and t hey had feeble-minded c h il dren an d
,
grandc hildren
.
The s ixth ch ild of Ad a rt in J r known as
.
,
“
Ol d Moll
”
TH E KALLI KAK FAM I LY
22
feeble minded
(Cha rt V I ) was
s exu ally imm o ral
,
,
alcohol ic ep ileptic and
,
,
She had three illegitimate c hild ren
.
who were sent to the al mshous e an d from there bound
,
out to ne ighboring fa rmers
.
O ne of t h ese turned out
-
norm al one was feeble -minded and the other
,
mined
d ren
.
,
u n d e te r
Neither of the two older ones h ad any chil
.
The th ird ch ild a d aughter was tubercula r but
,
,
,
noth ing is known of her des cend ants except th at the r e
,
were several ch ild ren an d grandchildren
The seventh ch il d of Ma rtin J r was a d aughter
Sylvia (Ch art V I I ) who seemed to be a norm al woma n
.
,
,
.
She was taken v ery you ng by a good family who b rou g ht
her up c a refully
She l ater married a normal man
.
.
A lthough w e h ave marked her normal s he was always
,
p eculiar
.
A ll her c h ild ren and grandchild ren were
e i ther normal or a re u ndetermined
.
The youngest chil d of Martin J r who l ive d t o grow
u p was A my Jones also normal (Cha rt V I I I ) She
.
.
,
.
,
too was taken i nto a good family and married a normal
,
m an and l ived t o be very ol d
,
’
.
Two of A my s children
died i n infancy Of two others one was normal and
one feeble -minded Th is l atter married a normal man
,
.
.
and h ad one feeble-minded and immoral d aughter ;
fi ve
other child ren a re u ndetermined
.
’
We now retu rn to Ma rtin J r s o l dest son Mill a rd
.
,
TH E D ATA
23
(Cha rt I X ) to take up the sto ry of his d es c en d ants of
whom ou r girl Deborah i s one
,
,
.
Milla rd married A l thea H a i g ht about
1 830
.
h ad fifteen children born in the following yea rs
1 83 1,
I
83 2,
I
8 3 4,
1 84 7 , 1 8 4 9 , 1 8 51 , I
I
8 3 6,
8 54 ,
1 83 8,
I 8 56
.
1 84 0 ,
I
84 1 ,
The mother died in
,
,
1 830 ,
1 84 3 ,
Th i s mother A lthea H aight was feeble-minded
They
.
1 84 5,
1 8 57
.
That
she came from a feeble-minded family i s evidenced by
the fa c t that she had at least one feeble-minded b rother
while
of
her mother i t was s aid that the
coul d not live with her
”
“
,
devil himself
The feeble minded b rother
-
.
h ad s ix children of whom th ree a re known to h ave been
,
feeble-minded
.
H e h a d seven grandchildren who we re
feeble—minded and no les s than n i ne feeble -minded great
,
(T hese are not shown on the cha rt )
The ol des t chil d of Milla rd and A l thea was a d au g h
grandchildren
.
.
ter who grew up a feeble minded an d immoral woman
-
.
She h ad several husb ands but only one of her children
,
l ived to be ol d eno u g h to marry
.
Th is one a dau g hter
,
of illegi t imate bi rth marr i ed a man of good family who
,
was a confirmed a lcoholic
.
Their children a re all
determined except one who was normal
,
un
.
The second chil d of Mill ard a d aughter was a b ad
,
ch aracter
.
,
We know of one illegitima t e and feeble
m inded son who ma rried a feeble -minded and immoral
T HE
24
girl
KA LLI KAK FAM I LY
Th e y h ad fou r c h ild ren but all d i e d in infan c y
.
,
.
This wife was also the m o ther of an illegitimate s o n wh o
,
was feeble-minded and se x u ally imm o ral
.
The third chil d of Mill ard was Just i n (Ch a rt I X se c
tion E ) the grandfathe r of ou r D ebor a h H is family
,
,
.
we sh all discus s l ater
.
A ccording to Mendelia n e x p ectati o n all of the ch il
,
d ren of Mill a rd K all ikak and A lthea H ai g ht sh oul d h ave
feeble minded
been
be c au s e the p arents were su c h
,
.
The fa c ts so fa r as known confirm this expectation w i th
,
,
,
the exception of th e fou rth Ch i l d a d au g hter who
,
,
w as
taken into a goo d family an d grew up app a rently a
normal woman
.
She married a normal man an d they
h ad one son who was normal
.
H e marr i ed a normal
woman an d they h ave two C h il dren a boy and girl
,
who a re normal an d above average intelligence
,
.
The fifth chil d was A lbert feeble-minded wh o d ie d
,
at twe n ty-fi v e unmarried
,
,
.
The s ixth child was Wa rren who h ad fou r child ren
,
,
three of whom were feeble -minded and of v ery doubtfu l
moral ity
d ren
.
.
E a ch of the three h ad feeble -minded chil
One of these Gu ss by n a m e was sp e c ially loos e
,
,
and mu c h mixed in his m arital rel a
ti o ns
.
The seventh chil d was Lav i n i a who d i ed u nmarrie d
,
at the age of th irty-nine
.
She h ad b ee n b rought u p
T HE D ATA
in a
25
oo
d
family
and
never
manifested
any
o
f
th
o
se
g
ch aracteristics th at indicate feeble-mindednes s
.
The e i g hth was Cordel ia who died at nine ; condition
,
unknown
.
The ninth was Prince w h o d i ed at fou r years
,
.
The tenth was P au l a feeble-minded ; married a n d
,
h ad fou r child r en
determined
H er husb and an d children a re
.
un
.
Then c omes Grego ry the eleventh who was feeble
,
,
minded and al coholic
syphilitic woman
H e married an al coholic and
.
mentality difficult to determine
,
.
They had seven chil dren of whom two were feebl e
,
m i n ded
syphilitic
,
,
alcoholic
and sexu ally immoral
,
One d i ed of delirium tremens the ot h er of al coholism
,
leaving a long line of des cendants
.
.
,
The other children
d i ed young e x cept one d au g hter who h as a feeble
,
minded grandchild who cannot speak
.
The twelfth child was H a rriet feebl e-min d ed
,
ma rried but without children
,
The thirteenth
,
S anders
,
,
tw
ic e
.
who was d rowned as a
youn g man was feeble minded and sexually immoral
-
,
The fou rteenth was Thomas feeble-minded al coholic
,
,
and sexu ally immoral
g en c e
.
.
.
,
H e died from over self—in d u l
H e was married and had a dau g hter b u t he r
c ondition as
,
w ell
’
as her mother s is unknown
.
T HE KA LLI KAK
26
c hild wa s Joseph
The l ast
ma rrie d h is fi rs t cousin
FAM ILY
feeb le-minde d
,
E va H aight
,
He
.
who was also
,
They h ad five child ren two d yi n g i n
infancy and the rest feeble-minded Of their n i neteen
feeble min ded
-
.
,
.
,
grandchild ren five d i ed in infancy one is u ndete rm i ned
,
,
and the remaining thi rteen a re all feeble-minded
,
.
Mill ard K allika k married for his second wife a nor
mal woman
a s i ste r of a ma n of p rominen ce
,
was however of ma rked peculia rity
,
,
B y her he h ad
.
th ree child ren ; two died in infancy
,
The one who
.
grew to manhood was alcoholic and syphilitic
o ff
She
.
H e ran
.
with the wife of his nephew who was about his
,
own age
H i s mental condition i s undetermined
.
was killed by an a ccident a few yea rs l ater
He
.
.
We now retu rn to the third born of this family Jus
,
tin K allikak the grandfather of ou r Deborah (Ch a rt
I X section
H e wa s feeble-minded al coholic an d
,
,
,
sexu ally immoral
.
,
H e ma rried E un i c e B a rrah who b e
,
longed to a family of dull mentality
H er mother an d
.
p atern al grandfather were feeble-minded and the grand
,
fathe r h ad
a
b rother th at was feeble-minded
.
Th at
b rother h ad at l east s ix des cend ants who w ere feeble
minded
.
The father also h ad a b rother
,
,
who h a d e l ev e n chil dren
,
feeble minded
grandchild ren and great
grandchild ren who w ere feeble-minded
,
.
(Not shown )
.
T HE KALLIKAK FAM ILY
28
The l ast family of h alf b rothers and s isters of Deborah
a re at p resent living wi th the mother and her se c on d
,
,
husb and
Th e oldest th ree of these
.
feeble-minded
distinctly
a re
B etween them and the two youn g e r
.
children there wa s a stillbirth and a mis ca rriage
The
.
l ittle ones appea r norm al and test normal for their ages
,
but there i s good reason to bel ieve that they will develop
the s ame d efe c t as they grow older
.
B es ides the mother of D eborah Justin and E unice
,
h ad ten other child ren of whom six d i ed
,
In
I
nfan cy
.
One of the d au g ht e rs Ma rga ret was ta ken by a goo d
,
,
family when a very s mall child
Wh en she was about
.
thirteen s he vis ited her p a rents for a few weeks
,
Whil e
.
her mother was away at work her father who was a
,
,
d runken b rute committed incest with he r
,
.
When the
fact became known i n her a dopted home she was pl aced
,
i n the almshouse
.
The child born there soon d i ed an d
,
she was aga i n received into the family where she for
mer l y l ived
.
The care with which she was su rrounde d
p revented her from becoming a vicious woman
of
though
worker
.
dull mentality she was a good an d cheerful
,
When ab o ut thi rty-fi v e she ma rried a respe c t
,
able workingman but h as h ad no chi ld ren by him
A nother daughter A bigail
,
a
Al
.
feeble minded
,
feeble-minded
,
.
ma rrie d
man by whom she h ad two feeble
T HE D ATA
29
m i nded child ren bes i des a thi rd that died i n infancy
,
She l ater ma rried a normal man
.
.
The next chil d of J u st i n and E unice was B e ede wh o
,
is
f ee bl e m in d e d
H e ma rrie d a girl who left him b e
h
.
fore thei r c h i l d was born
H e lives at p resent with a
.
ve ry low immoral woman
,
.
The youngest chil d of Just i n and E un i c e was a son
,
Gaston feebl e-minded an d a horse thief ; he remove d
,
to a d i stant town where he married
.
H e h as one child ;
mentality of both mother and chil d undeterm i ned
.
This is the ghastly story of the des cendants of Marti n
K all ikak Sr from the n a meless feeble—minded girl
.
,
.
i
A l thou g h M a rt i n himself p aid no fu rther
a t t e r tio n
to the girl nor he r child society h as had to p ay the
,
heavy p r i c e of all the evil he engendered
Ma rtin S r
.
,
.
on leaving the R evolutiona ry A rmy
,
straightened u p and ma rried a respectable girl of good
family
,
an d
throu gh th at union has come another line
o f des cendants of radically d ifferent ch aracter
now number fou r hundred and
des cent
.
ninety s ix
A ll of them a re normal p eople
.
Thes e
.
in direct
Three men
only have been found among them who were
wh at de g enerate but they were not defective
,
s
ome
Two of
.
these were alcoholic and the other s exually loos e
,
.
All of the legitimate children of M a rt i n S r ma r ri ed
.
T HE KALLIKAK FAM ILY
0
3
into th e b e st families i n thei r state the des c end a nts of
,
c olonial g overnors s igners of the Decl a ration of I nde
,
pen
de n c e ,
un i vers i ty
soldiers and ev e n the founders of a grea t
I ndeed in th i s family and its coll ateral
.
,
b ran c hes we fin d nothing but good rep res entative citi
,
z e n s h ip
.
There a re doctors l awyers j u dges
,
,
,
edu ca
tors tra ders l andholders in short respectable citizens
,
,
,
,
,
men and women p rominent in ev e ry ph ase of social
life
They h ave s cattered over the U nited States an d
.
a re p rominent in thei r communities wherever they
h ave gone
H alf a do z en town s in New Jers ey a re
.
n amed from the families i nto whi ch Ma rtin s des c end
’
ants h ave ma rried
.
There h ave been no feebl e-minded
a mong them ; no illegitimate chil dren ;
no immoral
women ; only one m an was s exu ally loos e
.
There h a s
been no epilep sy no c rimin als no keep ers of houses of
,
p rostitution
fancy
.
,
Only fifteen children h ave died i n
There has been one
.
“
ins ane
”
,
in
a case of religiou s
mania p erhaps inherited but not from the K allikak
,
,
s ide
.
The appetite for stro ng d rink h as been p resen t
here an d the re in this family from the be g i nn i n g
was i n Martin S r
.
,
.
It
and was cultivated at a time when
such p ractices were common everywhere
.
B ut whil e
the other b ran c h of the family has h a d twenty fou r vic
-
tims of h abitUal d ru nkenness this s i de s cores only two
,
The
ch a rts of th es e two famil ies follow
.
.
C H A R T I shows the line of des c ent of the K allikak
family from th eir first colon ial ancestor I t was Ma r
.
tin who d i v i ded it i nto a b ad b ranch on one h and an d
a good b ranch
the other
'
on
E ach of thes e b ranches
.
i s traced th rough the l ine of the eldest son down to a
person of the p resent generation
On the b ad s ide
.
it ends w i th Deborah K all ikak an inmate of the Train
,
ing School at Vinel an d on the good s i de with the son
,
of a p rominent and wealthy citizen of the s am e family
name now resident of another State
.
.
C h art I I shows the ch ildren of M art i n S r by h is wife
.
and by the nameles s feeble-minded girl and also the
,
children of Martin J r
.
Then follow Cha rts I I I to I X and A to K g i v i n g in
,
detail each of these two b ranches the upper s er i es being
,
the normal family the des c endants of Ma rtin K allik ak
,
S r th rough his wife
.
:
the lower i s the b ad family h is
,
descendants th rough the nameless feeble-minded girl
T HE
34
KALLIKAK FAM I LY
LA N AT I O N
E$ P
S YM B
OF
O LS
I ndividuals are rep resented by s qu a res an d circles
the sq u a res be i n g ma l es the circles females
,
,
,
Bl ack
.
sq u a res and circles (with a white F
mean feeble
m i nded individu als ; N means normal persons
“
.
The clear squ a res or circles in dicate th at the mentality
of the person i s undetermined
“
d i nf
.
”
.
.
means d i ed i n infan cy
.
A horizontal or slightly obliq u e line connects persons
who a re mated
.
U nles s
otherwise indicated they a re
,
supposed to have been legally ma rr i ed
.
The symbols dependent from the s ame hori z ontal
line a re for b rothers an d sisters
.
A ve rtical line connecting th is horizontal l ine with
an in dividu al or with a line connecting two ind ividu als
i nd i c ates the p a rent or p a rents o f the fraternity
,
.
L etters pl aced a roun d the symbo l for an individu al
a re as follows
:
A
—
A lcohol ic mean ing decidedly
temperate a d ru nka rd ;
,
D
—
Sx
Deaf ; E
—
,
B
—
E p i l ept i c ; I
Sexu all y immoral ; T
B l in d ; C
—
in
Crimin al istic ;
I ns ane ; Sy
Tuberculou s
Syph il itic ;
.
A short vertical l ine dependent from t he horizonta l
fratern ity l ine i nd i c ates a ch ild whos e sex i s u nknown
.
A n F a t the en d of the line indicates that su c h ch i l d
was feeble-minded
.
.
3
3
9
a
n
A
E
8
m
c
o
m
u
d
c
fl
a
x
o
.
8
5
2
;
c
o
m
I
.
.
c
o
a
m
s
g
m
u
.
0
m
9
c
8
m
5
a
H
—
c
e
o
H
a
r
»
c
m
2
2
S
E
0
E
D
8
o
I
S
.
a
m
a
.
w
3
8
c
m
a
8
9
:
m
3
a
c
3
3
%
H
m
m
H
H
e
S
E
.
.
w
o
c
e
Es
é
E
o
o
a
w
E
m3
%
m
H
.
3
8
q
.
v
m
.
0
n
l
m
n
S
.
Q
Q
E8
m
E
S
t
u
c
o
m
a
e
c
I
.
fl
0
a
u
o
n
o
w
a
m
.
a
o
s
.
g
2 cm
3
5
H
H
c
n
c
u
—
e
o
n
m
E
;
.
.
5
G
E
S
c
2
2
o
H s
E
D
o
o
w
9
H3
.
S
a
m
o
a
.
3
8 E
E
5
E
8
“
.
3
2
8
8
2
H 3
8
I
.
.
v
H
.
o
v
S
fi
E
fi
oE
fi :
H
P
o
o
5
h
H
h
I
.
E
.
c
t
o
O
l
l
i
a
-nk
C
Q:
1
H2
J
J
.
‘
q
3
.
.
o
8
r
3
b
a
<
fl 8
a
m
e
c
O
m
l
s
a
ét
g
a
—
I
o
fl—
n
a
0
o
x
e
B
a
t
s
.
3
%
d
a
m
o
:
.
2 m
a
8 m
2
;
.
5
3
6
H
—
e
e
0
H
.
J
N
H
w
5
s
>
5
o
“0
.
—
z
2
o
o
0
m
3
I
.
S
a
m
o
a
v
5
3
> H
B
—
=
O
a
om fi
s
s
u
u
n
s
h
H
.
H
.
S
a
v
a
g
e
on
—
3
n
H
m
.
I
.
w
s
a
.
v
“
S
Q
.
m
m
l
n
m
d
O
L
E
a
8
m
oe
d
sa
g
H—
a
U
x
e
a
m
t
—
2
9
S
$ H
d
a
w
o
s
.
o
c
m m
c
m
e
H
a
H
H
o
n
n
—
H
O
E
;
.
o
z
S
E
E
D
c
m
o
n
2
5
o
o
z
0
I 3
$
5
.
0
9
v
c
a
H
H
b
m
1
s
c
.
w
5
N
a
m
H
H
.
$
5
3
5
5
3
6
I
.
L
S
6
.
3
3
9
I
m
.
Q
n
l
m
n
.
o
m
u
d
m
a
z
a
3
m
c
m
fi
3
r
o 3
2
I
3
O
9
8
m :
a 3
a
m HE
z
l
h
.
m
5
3
3
2
.
“
n
8
8
H
I
E
3
H
3
5
.
H
a
m
n
2
5
o
m
u
o
o
w
0
I
3
3
3
0
.
a
3
8
v
8
8
“
H
a
a
H
m
a
.
3
g
2
n
3
u
m 8
I 3
u
3
o
I
m8
d
H
.
g
m
—
a
6
5
8 3
%
I
.
..
H
I
.
3
8
q
I
«
.
E
C HA PT E R
W HAT
I II
M EA N S
IT
T H E forego ing c h a rts and text tell a st ory a s i n st ru c t i v e
a s It Is
am a z ing
We h ave here a family of good E ng
.
l ish blood of the m i dd l e cl ass settl ing upo n the o rigin al
,
l and pu rch ased from the p rop rietors o f the state i n
Colonial t i mes and th rou gh o ut fou r generations main
,
taining a reputation for hono r an d res pectab il ity of
wh i c h they a re j u stly p rou d
ily
i n an u n g u a rd e d moment steps a s i d e fro m
,
,
a
th
s
of
rectitu
de
and
p
girl
Th e n a s cio n of th is fa m
.
,
w ith
th e
the help of a feebl e-minded
sta rts a l i ne of menta l defe c t i ves th a t i s t ruly
ap p all ing
.
A fte r th is m i stake he retu rns to the tradi
,
ti o ns of h is family ma rries a woman of his own qu al ity
,
,
and th rough he r ca rries o n a l ine of r espe c tab ility equ al
t o th at of h is an c estors
.
We thu s h ave two ser i es f rom two d iff e r e n t moth e rs
but the s ame father
.
Thes e extend for S ix generat i ons
.
B oth l ines l ive out the i r l ives in p ractically the s ame
region and i n the s a m e e n vironment ex c ept in s o fa r
,
as
they themselves be c au se of t h eir d iffe r e nt c h a r acters
,
c h a n ge d th a t e n v i ro n ment
.
50
,
I n de e d s o c l os e a r e the y
,
T HE KALLIKAK FAM ILY
52
th is c omp a ris o n t o d r aw c e rta in c onclus ions
striking c o mp a ris o n
e
I t is
.
but u nfortu n ately n o t as
,
lus ive a s we n e e d i n these d a ys
.
a
c on
The two families
were utterly in d ependent of d iff ere n t a n cestral st o ck
,
reared i n different c o mmu nities ev e n in d iffe r ent S tates
,
,
,
and unde r utterly diffe r e n t enviro nment
.
The one starti n g from a stro ng religi o us an d h ighl y
,
,
e du c ate d an c estor
,
h a s mainta ined thos e tra its an d
,
t r ad itio ns d o wn to the p resent d a y and w i th rema rkable
r esults ; the othe r sta rting without any of thes e
,
ad
v anta ges and u nde r an enti rely d iff erent e n vironment
h a s resulted i n the oppos ite k i nd of des cendants
,
,
.
I t is not poss ible to c onvince the euthenist (who
holds th at enviro nment i s the s o le factor ) th at h ad the
,
c h ild ren of Jon ath an E dw a r ds and the ch il d ren of
Ma x
”
“
Old
ch anged pla c es the r esu l ts would not h ave bee n
,
su ch a s to sh o w th at it was a question of environment
and not of h eredity
.
A nd he cites to us the fact that
m any child ren of highly d eveloped p a rents degenerate
a nd become p aupers and c rimin al s w h i l e on the other
,
h and some c h ild ren bo r n o f l ow l y an d e v e n c rimi n al
,
p a rents tak e the oppos ite cou r s e an d b e c ome r espect
a b le an d useful citizens
.
I n as fa r as the ch il d re n of
“
Ol d Ma x
n ormal me n tal ity it i s n o t poss ible t o
,
s ay
”
w e r e of
wh at m ight
W HAT
IT
MEAN S
53
n ot h ave become of them ha d they h ad g oo d tra ini n g
,
an d environment
.
F ortunately for the c aus e of s cience the K all ikak
,
family i n the persons of Martin K all ikak Jr an d his
des cendants are not open to th is a rgument They
.
,
.
,
were feeble-minded and no amount of ed u c a t io n o r
,
good environment can change a feeble minded individu al
-
into a normal one any more th an i t can ch ange a red
,
h aired s t ock into a bl ack-h aired stock
.
T he str i k i n g
fa c t of the enormou s p roportion of feeble-minded
in
in the des cendants of M art i n K all ikak J r
and the total absence of su c h i n the des cendants of h i s
d iv id u al s
.
h alf b rothers and s i sters is conclus ive on th i s point
.
Clearly i t was not environment th at h as made that
good family
.
They made their environment ; and the i r
own good blood w ith the good bloo d i n the families
,
into w h ic h they married tol d
,
.
So far as the Jukes family is concerned th ere is
,
noth ing th at p roves the heredita ry ch aracter of an y of
the c r i me p auperism
,
,
or
p rostitution th at was found
.
The most th at one can s ay is th at if su c h a family i s
allowed to go on and develop in its own way u nmolested
it i s p retty certa in not to imp rove but rather to
,
,
r
a
o
p p
gate its own kind and fill the worl d w ith degenerates
of one form or another
.
The formerly mu c h d i s c us se d
T HE
54
KALLIKAK F AM ILY
question of the he r ed ita ry ch ara c ter of crime re c eive d
no soluti o n from the Ju k e s family but i n the l i g ht of
,
p resent-d ay knowledge of the s ciences of cr i m i nology
and b iology there is e ve ry reason to conclude th at
,
criminals a re made and not born
The best material
.
out of w h ic h to make criminals and perh aps the ma
,
from w h ic h they a re most frequently made is
t e r ial
,
feeble-mindednes s
.
The reader mu st rememb er th at the type of feeble
mindednes s of wh i c h we a re speaking i s the one to wh i c h
Deborah belongs that is to the h i g h grade or moron
,
,
,
.
A ll the facts go to show th at th i s typ e of people makes
up a l a rge percentage of ou r crimin als
a
p i
r or
i
th at su c h woul d b e the c ase
.
We may a rgue
H ere we h ave a
.
group who when ch ild ren i n s chool cannot lea rn the
,
,
th ings th at a re given them to lea rn b e c au se th rough
,
their mental defe c t they a re incap able of m astering
,
ab stractions
.
They never lea rn to read sufficiently
well to make reading pleasu rable or of p ractical u se to
them
The s ame is true of nu mber work
.
.
U nde r
ou r
compulso ry school system and ou r p resent cou rses of
stu dy we compel these ch ildren to go to s chool an d
,
,
a
s
’
ttempt to teach them the th re e R s and even higher
,
ubj e c ts
u
.
Thu s they wor ry along th rough a few grades
ntil they a r e fo u rtee n y e a r s ol d an d then leave s chool
,
WHAT
M E ANS
IT
55
not h aving learned anything of value o r th at
c an
them to make even a mea g er l iving i n the world
.
help
They
a re then tu rne d out inevitably dependent upon others
.
A few h ave rel atives who take c are of them see that
they l earn to do someth ing w h ic h perhap s w i ll he l p in
,
their support
and then these rel atives supplement
,
th i s with enough to i nsu re them a l iving
.
A g re a t maj ority however h a v i n g no su ch interested
,
,
or cap able rel atives become at once a d i re c t burden
,
upon society
These d i v i de according to temperament
.
into two groups
Those who a re phlegmatic sluggish
,
.
,
indolent s imply l ie down and would starve to death i f
,
,
some one did not help them
attention of
ou r
.
When they c ome to the
ch aritable organizations
,
they a re
p i c ked up an d sent to the al mshouse if they cannot b e
,
made to work
.
The other type i s of the nervous ex
,
citable irritable kind who try to ma ke a l iving and not
,
,
b ei n g able to do i t by a fair d ay s work and honest
’
wa g es attempt to su cc eed th rough dishonest methods
,
“
F rau d is the force of weak natu res
the crimin al type
.
.
.
These become
Th e k i n d of crimin ality into which
they fall se e ms to depend l a rgely upon their environ
ment
.
I f they a re associated w i th vicious but
in t e l l i
g e n t people they become the dupes for carrying o u t
,
.
any of the h a z a r dous s c hemes that their more i n te ll i
“
T HE KALLI KAK F AM ILY
56
B e c a u se of t h e ir stu pid
i ty they a re v ery apt to b e c a u g ht qu ickly and s e n t to
gent ass o c iates pl an fo r th e m
.
,
the reformato ry or p rison
I f they a re gi rls one of the
.
,
easiest things for them to fall int o i s a l ife of p rostitu
tion becau se they have n atu ral instincts with no po w er
,
of c o ntrol an d no intelligence t o u nderstand the w i l es
and s c hemes of the wh i te sl aver the ca d et or the i n
,
,
dividu al sed u cer
expected
.
a
r
an
c
e
e
,
p
s chool
.
A ll th is we s ay i s w h a t i s to b e
,
,
Thes e a re the people of good outwa rd
ap
but of low intelligen ce who p as s th rou g h
W ithout
,
acqu iring any e ffi cien cy then go out int o
,
the worl d and must inevitably fall into some su c h l ife
a s we have p ictu red
.
L et u s now tu rn to ou r publ ic institutions
.
Thes e
h ave not yet b e en sufficiently i nvest i g ated nor h ave
,
w e adequ ate statistics to show wh at per ce nta g e of thei r
inm ates is actu ally
feeble min d ed
.
B ut ev e n casu al
observation of ou r al mshou se popul ation shows th e
m aj o rity to b e o f decidedly low mental ity wh ile ca re
,
ful tests woul d u ndoubtedly increas e th i s pe r centage
ve ry materially
.
I n ou r ins ane hosp ital s may als o b e fo un d a g rou p
o f p eople whom th e physicians w i ll tell you a re only
p a rtially demented
.
The fact i s t h ey p roperly belong
in an institution for feebl e-minded r athe r th a n in o ne
,
W HAT I T M EAN S
57
for the ins an e and h ave gotten into the l atter be c au se
,
a n u nenl ightened public does not recognize the diff erence
between a person who h as lost his m i nd and one wh o
n e v er h ad one
.
I n rega rd to criminal ity w e now h ave enough studies
,
to make u s certain th at at l east
i s feeble-minded
25
per cent of th i s clas s
One hundred admis sions
.
to
the R ah
way R eformatory taken i n order of admis sion
,
a t least
26
per cent of them d istinctly
,
S
how
feeble minded
,
with the certainty th at the percentage woul d b e mu c h
higher if we i n cl u de d the border-l ine cases
.
A n investigation of one hundred of t h e Juvenile
Cou rt ch ild ren in the D etent i on H ome of the City of
N e wa r k showed th at 67 p er c ent of them were distinctly
feeble minded
-
.
F rom th i s estimate a re excluded children
who are yet too youn g for u s to know defin i te l y whether
the case i s one of arrested develop ment
Th i s po i nt
.
once determined would u nquestionably swell the per
centage of defect
.
A n exam i nat i on of fif ty -s ix girls from a Mass achusetts
reformatory but out on p rob ation showed that fif ty
,
,
two of them were d istinctly feeble-minded
Th i s was
.
p artially a selected group the b as i s being their trouble
,
so
m e n e s s ; they were girls who c ou l d n o t b e made to
s t a y i n the homes that were found fo r them nor to do
,
TH E
8
5
FAM ILY
K ALLI KAK
reason able an d sens i b l e th ings in those homes w h ic h
,
fact of itself pointed towa rd feeble-mindednes s
,
,
.
The foregoing a re fi g u res b ased on a c tu a l test e x amina
tions as to mental cap acity
.
I f we a cc ept the estimates
of the mental cond ition of the inmates made by the
superintendents of reformatories and pen al institutions
we get somet i mes a vastly h igher percentage ;
e
.
g
.
,
the
Sup er i ntendent of the E l mira R eformatory e s t i m a t e s
per ce n t of h is inmates a re mental
th at at leas t
defectives
.
I ndeed i t would not b e su rp rising i f c a reful examin a
,
tion of the i nmates of th es e institutions shou l d s how
th at even 50 per c ent of them a re d istin c tly feeble
minded
.
I n regard to p rostitutes , we h ave no rel iable figu res
.
al
The group s of del inquent girls to wh i c h we have
ready referred i n cl u ded among the numbers several
that were al ready k n o wn as p rostitutes
.
A s imple
observation of p ersons who a re leading th is sort of life
will s atisfy any one who is famil ia r w i th feeble-minded
nes s th at a l a rg e percentage of them actu ally a re de
f e c t iv e
mentally
.
S o we h ave as is C l aimed p a rtly
,
,
from statistical stu dies and p a rtly from ca reful
ob s e r
vation abu ndant evidence of the truth of ou r cl aim that
,
crimin al ity is often m ade out of
feeble mindednes s
.
TH E KALLIKAK FAM I LY
60
Su c h fa c ts as those revealed by th e K all ikak family
d r i v e u s al most irres istibly to the conclus ion th at
be
fore we can settle ou r p roblems of crimin al ity and p aup
e r is
m and all the
re s t of the social p roblems th at a re
ta x ing ou r t i me an d money the fi rst and fundamental
,
step shoul d b e to decide upon the menta l cap acity of
the persons who make u p these group s
.
We mu st
sep a rate as sh a rply a s poss ible thos e persons who are
,
,
weak-m inded an d therefore irrespons ible from in t e l l i
,
gent c rimin als
,
Both ou r method of treatment a nd ou r
.
attitu de towa rds c rime will be c h an g ed when we dis cove r
wh at p art of th i s del inquency i s due to irrespons ib il ity
.
I f the Ju kes family we re of normal intelligence a
,
c h an g e of environment w o ul d h ave worked wonders
an d woul d h ave s aved society from the horrible blot
.
B ut if they were feeble-minded then no amount of
,
good environment coul d h ave made them anyth ing
els e th an
f eeble minded
.
S chool s an d colleges were
not for them r a th er a segregation wh i c h woul d h ave
,
p revented them from falling into ev i l an d from p rocre
at i n g their kind so avoiding the transmitting of thei r
,
defe c ts an d delinqu encies to s u cceedin g generations
.
Thus whe re the Jukes -E dwa rds comp arison i s wea k
and the a r g ument inconclu s ive the twofol d K allika k
,
family is strong an d the a r g um e nt c onv i nc i ng
.
W HAT I T M EAN S
61
E nviron ment d o e s i ndeed receive some support from
three c as e s in ou r cha rt
On Ch a r t I I two children
,
.
of Ma rtin Jr and R hod a were normal w h i l e all the
rest were feeble-minded It i s tru e that here one p a rent
,
.
.
was normal and we h ave the ri g ht to expect some nor
,
mal child ren
A t the s ame time th e s e w ere the two
,
.
ch ildren th at were adopted into good f am i l ie s an d
b rought up under good su rroundings
.
They p roved
to be normal and th eir des cendants normal
on Ch art I X
-a
Aga in
.
,
we h ave one c h i l d of two feeble minded
-
,
p a rents who p ro ves to b e normal
among the ch ildren
—
the only one
Th is child was also taken into a
.
good family and b rought up carefully
A nother s i ste r
.
-b
Chart
I
X
(
) was also t a k e n into a good fam i l y and
“
w h i l e not determ i ned yet s howed none of the traits
,
,
th a t a re usu ally indicative of feeble mindedness
”
-
It
.
may be cl a i med that environment i s respons ible fo r
this good res ult
.
I t is certainly s ignificant that the
only chil dren i n th e s e famil ies that were normal or at
,
least better th an the re s t were b rought up in good
,
famil ies
.
H owever ,
i t would s ee m to be rather dangerous to
b ase any very pos itive hope on environment in the
l ight of thes e c ha rts taken as a whole
,
.
There a re too
many other pos s ible explanations of the anomaly
,
e
.
g
.
THE KALLIKAK FAM I LY
62
these c a s es m a y h ave been
h igh grade
moro ns wh o to
,
,
the untra i ned person woul d seem so nearly norm al
,
,
th at at this l ate day it woul d b e impos s ib le to fin d
any one who woul d rememb er their tra i ts well enough t o
enable u s to cl ass ify them as morons
We mu st not fo r g e t th at on Ch a rt
,
.
—
IX e
,
we also h ave
the daughter of Ju sti n ta ken into a good family and
carefully b rou g ht u p but i n s p i t e of all th at she p roved
,
,
to be feeble-minded
The s ame i s p rob ably tru e o f
.
’
D eborah s h alf b rothe r
.
We h ave c l a i m ed th at c riminal ity r esulting from
feeble-min dednes s is m a i n l y a m atter of environment
,
yet it must be acknowledge d th at there a re w ide d iff er
en ces
i n temp erament an d th at wh i le th is one b ran c h
,
of the K all ika k family was menta ll y defective there
,
was no strong tendency i n i t towa rds th at which ou r
l aws recogn ize as criminal ity
.
I n other famil ies there
is without doubt a mu ch g reater ten den c y to crime so
,
,
,
th at the l a c k of c rimin als i n th i s p articul ar cas e fa r
,
from detracting from ou r argu ment really strengthens
,
it
.
I t must b e re c ogn i z ed th at there i s mu c h more l ia
b il ity
of criminals resulting from ment a l defectivenes s
i n cert a i n families th an i n others p rob ably b e c a us e of
diff erence i n the strength of some instincts
Th is d iff ere n ce i n temperament is perhap s n owhere
,
.
WHAT
b e tt e r b rought
rah
ou t
IT
M EAN S
63
than in the grandp a r ents o f Debo
The grandfather belonging to the K allikak family
.
h ad the temperament and c h aracteristics of that family
,
wh ich while the y did not l ea d him i n t o pos itive crim
,
in a l ity
of h igh degree nevertheless d i d make h im a
,
b ad man of a pos itive typ e a d ru nka rd a s ex p erve rt
,
,
an d a ll that goes to make up a b ad ch aracter
,
.
O n the other h an d h is w i f e an d her family were
s imply stup i d w i th none of the p ronounced tendencies
to e v il th at were shown in the K all ikak family Th ey
w ere not vicious nor g i v e n over to b ad p ractices of any
sort B ut they were ine ff i cient w ithout power to get
,
,
.
,
.
,
on i n the world and they trans mitted thes e qu al ities
,
to th eir d es cendants
.
Thus of the c h i l dren of th is p a ir the gran d p a rents of
,
,
Deborah the sons h ave been act i ve and pos itive i n the i r
,
l ives the one b ei n g a horse th ief the other a s exu al
,
,
perve rt h aving the al cohol ic tenden cy of his father
while the d au g hters are q u i eter and more p ass ive
,
,
Their dull ness however does not amou nt to imbecil ity
,
,
Deborah s mother hers e l f was of a high typ e of moron
.
.
’
w i th a ce rtain
of
re fi n e
me ii t
.
,
u
a
l
i
ty
wh
ich
carried
w
i
th
i
t
an
element
q
H er s i ster was the p ass ive v i c t i m of her
’
father s incestuou s p ractice and l ater ma rried a normal
man
.
A nother s i st e r was tw i c e married the fi rst t i me
,
T HE KALLIKAK FAMI L Y
64
th ro ugh the agency o f the good woman who attende d t o
’
’
the legal izing o f Deborah s mother s alliances the l ast
,
time the man b ei n g norm al atten ded to th is h imself
,
,
,
H e was ol d an d only wan t ed
woman
,
a
hous ekeeper an d th i s
,
h aving been strictly ra ised i n an excellent
family was famou s as a cook
,
s eemed to h i m b e st
d
.
,
so th i s a rrangement
None of thes e s isters ever
.
ob
to the marriage c eremony when the matter was
j
attended to for them but they n e v er seem to have
e c te
,
thought of i t a s neces s ary when l i v i n g with any man
’
The stup i d helpless nes s of Debo r ah s mother in
.
re
gard to her own impulses is shown by the fa c ts of he r
l ife
H er fi rst ch ild h a d for its father a fa rm h and ; the
.
father of the second a nd th ird (twins ) was a commo n
l aborer on the rail roa d D eborah s father was a young
’
.
fellow normal indee d but loose in h is morals w h o
,
,
,
,
a l o n g with others kept c o mp a ny with the m o ther w h i l e
,
A fter Deb o rah s b irth i n the
almshou se the mother h a d b een t a k e n with her ch i l d
into a good family E ven i n th i s gu a rded pos ition
she was out at service
’
.
,
.
,
she was sought out by a feeble-minded m an of low
h ab its
.
E ve ry pos s ible me a ns was employed to s ep
a rat e the p a ir but without effect
,
.
H er mistres s then
ins iste d th a t they mar ry a nd herself attended to all the
,
deta ils
Af ter Deborah s mother h a d bor n e th is ma n
’
.
W HAT
IT
M E ANS
65
two ch il dren the p a i r went to l i v e on the fa rm of a n
,
u nmarried man posses s ing some p roperty but l ittl e
,
intelligence
The husb and was a n imbecil e who h ad
.
never p rovided for h is w i fe
most girl ish
.
She was s t i ll p retty
,
al
the fa rmer was good—looking and soon
—
,
the two were op enly l i v i n g together and the hu s b an d
h ad left
.
s id e ra b l e
A s the facts became known there was con
p rotest i n the neighborhood but no active
,
,
step s were taken u ntil two or th ree children h a d been
born
.
F inally a nu mb er
,
of
lead ing citizens headed
,
by the good woman before allu ded to took the matter
,
u p i n ea rnest
.
They fou nd the husb and and persu a ded
h im to allow them to get h im a d ivorce
compelled the f a r m er to ma rry the woman
.
.
Then they
H e agreed
,
on condition th a t the ch il dren w h ic h w ere not his
shou l d b e sent awa y
.
I t was at this j unctu re that
Deborah was b rought to the Training S chool
.
I n vis iting the mother i n he r p resent home and i n
talking wi t h her over diff erent phases of her p ast l i fe
,
several th ings a re evident ; there h as been no malice
i n her life nor volunta ry reaction aga inst social order
but s imply a bl i n d following of impulse w h ic h n e v er
rose to obj ective cons ciousness H er l i f e h as utter l y
,
.
lacked
c oOr d in at io n —
there h as been no reasoning
f ro m c au se to eff ect no lea rning of any lesson
,
.
S he
66
T HE
KALLIKAK FAM I LY
h as neve r k n o wn sh ame ; in a wo rd
never suffered
stru ggled an d
s elfish
sullen
,
,
s he h as never
H er hu sb and
.
is a
p enu riou s person who g i v e s h is wife
,
but l ittle money so th at she often resorts to sell ing soap
and other th ings among her n ei ghbo r s to h ave someth ing
,
to S pend
A t t i mes she works h a rd i n the field as a
.
f a r m h and so that i t cannot b e wondered a t th at her
,
house is ne gl e c ted an d her C h ild ren u nkempt
He r
.
ph ilosop hy of l ife is the p h ilosophy of the anim al
.
The re is no compl aining no irritation at the inequ alities
,
of fate
c e p ts
.
S icknes s
,
p a i n ch ildb irth
,
,
death
—
she
ac
them all with the s ame equ animity as she accepts
the opportu n ity of putting a new d res s a n d a gay ri bbo n
on h erself and child ren and going to a Su nday S chool
p icnic
.
There i s no ris ing to the comp rehens ion of the
pos s ib il ities wh ich l ife off ers or of directing circu m
stan ces to a defin ite h igher end
,
She h as a certain
.
fondnes s for her ch ild ren but i s incap able of real solici
,
tu de for them
.
She s p e a k s of th o se w h o were pl aced
i n homes and i s gl ad to see the i r p ictu res an d h as a
sens e of th eir belonging to her but i t is fa int remote an d
i n no way bound up w ith her l ife She is utterly help
,
,
,
,
.
les s to p rotect her older d aughters now on the verge
,
of womanhood from th e d an g er s th at beset them or to
,
incul c ate in
,
th e m any id e as w h ic h woul d l e a d to s e lf
’
TH E KALLIKAK FAM ILY
68
the c o n clus ion th at d ru nkennes s is to a certa in extent
,
at least the result of feeble-m indednes s and th at one
,
way to redu c e d ru nkennes s is fi rst to determine the
mentally defective people and s ave them from the
,
environment wh i c h would lead them into this abus e
.
Ag a i n , eight of the des cendants of the degenerate
K allikak b ra nch were k ee p er s of houses of ill fa me a nd
,
th at i n s p ite of the f a c t th a t they m o stly l ived i n a ru ra l
community whe re such pla ces do not flou rish as they do
i n l arge cities
I n S ho rt whereas i n the Jukes E dwa rds comp a rison
.
,
we h ave no sou nd b as is for a rgu ment be c a use the fa m
,
il ie s
were utterly d ifferent an d sep arate i n the K all ikak
,
family the conclus ion seems thoroughly logical
.
We
h ave as i t were a n a tu r a l experiment w i th a normal
,
,
b r an c h with wh i c h to comp a re ou r defective s ide
.
We
h ave the one ancestor g i v i n g u s a l i n e of normal people
th at s hows thoroughly good all the way down the g en
e ra t io n s ,
with the exception of the one man who was
s exu ally loos e an d the two who ga v e way to the a pp $
tite for stron g d rink
Th is i s ou r norm ou r sta nd a rd ou r d emonstration of
.
,
,
wh at the K all ika k blood is when kept pu re o r m ingled
,
w i th blood as good as its own
.
O ve r a g a i nst th is we h ave the b ad s i de the blood of
,
W H AT
IT
M E ANS
69
the s a me ancestor contaminated by th at of the n ame
les s feeble-minded girl
.
F rom this comp arison the conclus ion is inevitable
th at all th i s degeneracy h as come as the resu l t of the
defe c t i ve men tality an d b a d bloo d h a ving b een b rought
into the normal family of good blood fi rst from the
,
n ameless feeb l e—m i nded girl and l ater by addi t ional
$
contamin ations from other sou r c es
Th e
.
b iologist coul d h ardly pl an and car ry out a more
rigid experiment or one from which the c o nclus ions
would follow more inevitably
.
C HA PT E R
FU R
T H ER
T AB OU T
FAC S
THE
IV
KA
LL I K A K
F
AMI LY
A LT H O U GH the foregoing f a c t s figu res a nd ch a rts
,
,
s how conclu s ively the d ifferen c e between good hered ity
and b ad and the resu l t of introdu cing mental deficiency
into the f a m i ly bl ood yet because it is so d i ffi cult actu
,
ally to app reciate the s itu ation becau s e fa c ts and fi g u re s
,
do not h ave flesh and blood real ity i n them w e give i n
,
th is ch apte r a few cases graph ically written u p by
,
ou r fie l d worker to s how the d iff erences i n the types
,
of people on the two s i des of the family
Thes e a re
.
only a few of the many but a re fairly typ ical of the
,
cond ition of th ings th at was foun d throughout the
investigation
.
O n the b ad s i de we h ave the typ e of
family wh ich the social worker meets continu al ly a n d
w h ic h makes most of ou r social p roblems
.
A stu dy
of it will help to accou nt for the conviction we have
that no amou nt of work i n the slums or removing the
slu ms from ou r c it i es w i ll ever be su cc essfu l u ntil w e ta ke
c a re of thos e who make the slums wh at they a re
.
Un
les s the two l i n e s of work go on together either one is
,
bou nd to b e futile i n itself
I f all of the slu m d istricts
.
7O
FA CT S A BO UT T HE KALLI KAK FAM I LY
of our cities
71
Were removed to—morrow and model tene
ments bu i lt i n their places we wou l d still have s lu ms in
,
a
wee k
’
‘
s
t im e ,
b ec a u s e we have these mentally
defec
tive peopl e who can n e v er b e taught to l ive otherwis e
than as they h ave been l iving
.
Not u nt i l we take care
of this cl ass and see to i t that their lives a re g u i ded
by i n t e ll i g e n t people s hall we remove th e s e sores from
,
ou r social l ife
.
There are K all ikak families all a b o u t us
.
They are
multiplying at twice the rate of the general popul ation
,
and not u n t i l we recognize th i s fa c t and work on this
,
b as is will we b e g i n to solve these social p roblems
,
.
The following p ictu res from l i fe h ave b ee n p rep a red
by ou r fi e l d wo r ker Miss E lizabeth S K ite a nd bes i des
,
.
,
g i v i n g a n idea of the family they w i ll also show some
,
thing of her method and e na b l e the reader to j udge of
,
the reliab il ity of the d ata
.
O n one of the coldest d a y s in winter the field worker
vis ited the street i n a city s l u m w h ere three sons of
Joseph (Chart I X section D ) l ive She h ad p reviously
tested several of the children of these families i n the
,
.
pub l i c s chool and fou nd them in amiab il ity of charac
,
ter and general mentality
,
strikingly l ike ou r own
Deborah l acking however her vitality
,
,
,
.
There was
THE KALLI KAK FAM ILY
72
no fi re in the i r eyes but a l angu id dreamy look wh i c h
,
,
was p artly due no doubt to u n wholesome city environ
,
,
ment
I n one ho u se she fou nd the family g ro u p
.
huma n beings two cats a nd two dogs
,
,
—
six
hu ddled i n a
s mall ba c k room arou nd a cook stove the only fi re in
,
the hou se
.
I n this room were a cc u mu l ated all t he
p a raphernal ia of living
A boy of eleven who h a d
,
.
b ee n tested i n the school p reviously was stand ing by
,
the fi re w i th a swollen f a ce
on this accou nt
.
H e h ad been kept home
I n a rocking-ch air a l ittle girl of
,
.
twelve was hold ing a p ale-face d emaciated b aby
,
In
.
the c orner two boys were openly expos ing themselves
.
The mother was making her toilet by the a id of a comb
and b as i n of water set on the hea rth of the stove ; a pot
,
an d kettle were on top
The entran ce of the fiel d
.
worker cau s ed no commotion of any k i n d
The boy
.
with the swollen face looked u p and s miled the mother
,
s miled an d went on with her toilet the girl with the b aby
,
s miled the boys i n the c orner p aid no attention
,
.
A
chair was fin ally clea red off and s he s at down wh il e
,
everybody s m i l ed
.
She lea rned th at the husb and made
a doll ar a d ay and th a t the girl next olde r th a n the
c h i l d of twelve was ma rried and h ad a b aby
.
A nother
younger girl was at s chool the family h aving been at
,
l ast able to p rovide her with shoes
.
The girl of twelve
‘
KALLIKAK FAM ILY
T HE
FACT S A BOU T
73
should have been at s chool according to the l aw but
,
,
when one s aw her face one real ized it made no d iffer
,
ence
She was p retty w i th ol ive complexion and da rk
,
.
l angu id eyes but there was no mind there
,
,
Stagna
.
t i on was the word w ri tt e n i n l a rge ch aracters over
eve rything
.
B enumbed by th is displ ay of human
d egeneracy the field worker went out into the
,
street
ic y
.
A short d i stan c e fa rther on she c a me to the home
,
of another b rother
The hideo u s p ictu re that p re
.
s ented i tse l f as the door O pened to her knock was one
never to b e forgotten
I n the fir s t home the typ e was
,
.
no lower than moron
One fe l t th at w h e n winter was
.
over and s p ri n g h ad come the family would e x p an d
,
into a certain exp ress ion of l ife
—
b u t here no su c h
,
outlook was pos sible for the woman at the head of this
,
hou se was an imbecile
.
I n one arm she held a fright
fu l looking b a by w h i l e she had another by the hand
,
Vermin were vis ible all over her
.
.
I n the room were a
few ch airs and a b ed the l atter without any wash able
,
covering and filthy beyond des cription
fire
,
.
There was no
an d both mother an d b a b ie s w ere th inly cl ad
They did not s h i v er however nor seem to m i nd
,
,
.
.
The
oldest g ir l a vulga r repuls ive creatu re of fifteen came
,
,
,
T HE
74
KALLIKAK F AM I LY
into the room a nd stood looking at the st r anger
h ad somehow man aged to l ive
.
She
A ll the rest of the
.
c hild ren e x c ept the two that the mothe r was ca r rying
,
h ad d i ed i n infancy
,
.
Th e foll owing i s a sto ry o f Gu s s wh os e pos itio n will
,
b e fou nd on C h a rt I X section A
,
.
When you n g he married a n or ma l girl who belonged
,
to a decent family but h a d no education
,
A fter a few
.
months the mother of ou r Deborah c a me to v is it them
.
S he was then a you ng girl ready to assoc iate with any
,
m an who woul d look at her
.
The two beh aved so
b adly th at the w i f e tu rned her out
.
Th is was the fi r s t
knowledge the wife h a d of the ch a racter of he r hu sb an d
She l ived w i th h im ten yea rs or more
.
I n that t i me
.
’
he d id not average th ree m o nth s work out of twelve
,
so she h ad p ra c tically to support him and her ever
,
,
increas ing family
S he knew th at h e was u ntru e to her
.
but there was no way to p rove it
to gra sp the s itu ation
.
.
,
A t l ast s h e seeme d
S he b e g an to bel ieve that there
wa s someth in g w ro n g with h im mentally
wrong w i th
—
the whole family
s o she decided to l e a v e h i m
S he
—
,
,
.
took her s ix l i v i n g ch il dren rented anothe r house an d
,
t u rned h im ad rift
.
H e went at on c e to l ive with a
feeble-minded g ir l b elonging to a low—grade fa mily of
KALLI KAK F AM I LY
T HE
76
they were stan d ing fel l upon it was a house i n wh ich
,
Gu s s
’
s
l awful w i f e was l iving an d working to support
his ch ildren
.
The m i n i ster too m i g ht h ave known
,
,
,
h ad he ta ken the least trouble an d thus have bee n
,
s p a red th e ignominy of un iting two su c h b ei n g s w i th
this travesty of the bles s ing of heaven
.
Soon a ft er
their u nion th is couple ceased to l ive together
Gu ss
,
g o i n g off w i th a nother woman and h is w if e with another
man
.
The fiel d worker was not a bl e to lo c a t e Gu s s but sh e
,
foun d th at a m inister f a r th er u p the State ha d i n
1 9 10 ,
,
m a rried h is l ate wife to the m an with whom she was
l iving
The couple however h ad gotten w i n d th at
,
.
,
some one was looking for them so when the fiel d
,
w or k er arrived she fou nd th at they h a d moved on
,
l e a v i n g no a ddres s
,
.
The following sto ry shows the continu ation o f thes e
conditions into the ne x t generation
I t was cons idered des i rab l e to se e the illegitimate son
of Gus s who h ad been born to the feeble-minded girl
,
afte r Gus s
h ad
been tu rned a dr i ft by h is l awful wife
.
T h is c h i l d h a d h ad w h e n you ng a seve r e a tt a c k of
,
,
s carlet f e v er wh i c h dep rived h im of h is hearing
He
.
h ad bee n a dmitted into a home for deaf C h ild ren but
,
the mother h ad taken him out
.
I t was lea rned th at
KALLIKAK FAM ILY
T HE
FACT S A BO U T
77
th i s girl h ad ma rried her own cous in a nd th a t the p a ir
were l i v i ng on the outs kirts o f a c ountry to wn with
,
th i s deaf boy and fou r of their own children
.
A rrived at th i s place the fiel d worker fi rst sought the
,
s chool w h ere these child ren were s upposed to go h o p i n g
,
to obtain some l ight on the question of the i r mentality
and also to l e a r n their s chool record
.
She found that
they so s eldom attended s chool th at the tea ch er coul d
g i ve very l ittle information rega rd ing them
.
By d i nt
of pers istent inqu iry the family was d iscovered l iv
,
i n g i n the b ack shed of a dilap idated country tene
ment
.
I t was a b i tt er cold d ay i n F eb ru a ry and about
,
eleven i n the morning when the fiel d wo r k er knocked
at the door
.
U sed
a s s he was to s i g hts of mis ery and
degradation she was h ardly p rep ared for the spectacl e
,
within
The father a strong healthy b road-shoul
.
,
,
,
dered m an was s itting helplessly i n a corner
,
.
The
mother a p retty wo man still w i th remn ants of ra gg ed
,
,
ga rments d rawn about her s at in a ch air the p ictu re
,
,
of desponden c y
.
Th ree ch ildren
,
s cantily cl ad and
w ith shoes th at woul d b a re l y hol d together stood a bout
,
w i th d roop ing j aws and the u nmistakab le look of the
feeble-minded
A nother c h i l d neither more intelligent
.
,
nor bette r cl ad was attempting to was h a few greasy
,
TH E KALLIKAK F AMI LY
8
7
’
d ishes i n col d water
s een
.
The deaf b oy was nowhere to b e
.
O n b ei n g u r g ent l y requested the mother went
,
out of th e room to get h im for he was not yet out of bed
,
I n a few moments she retu rned
.
The boy w i th her
.
wore an ol d su it th at evidently was made to do service
by n i g ht as well as by d ay
A gl ance sufficed to estab
.
l i sh h is mental ity wh ich was low
,
.
The whole family
was a living demonstration of the futil ity of trying to
m ake des i rab l e citizens from defective stock th rough
making an d enforcing compulsory edu cation l aws
.
H ere were ch ildren who seldom went to s chool be c au se
they sel d o m h ad shoes but when they went h ad neither
,
,
will nor power to lea rn anything out of books
.
The
father h imself though strong and v i g oro u s showed b y h is
'
,
,
face th at he h a d only a child s mentality
’
in her filth an d rags was also a chil d
.
The mothe r
I n this hou s e
.
of ab je c t poverty only one su re p rospect was ahead
th at i t woul d p rodu ce more feeble—min d ed ch ildren
,
,
w i th wh i c h to clog the wheel s of hu man p rogress
.
Th e
l aws of the cou ntry w i ll not p er m i t children ten years
ol d to ma rry
'
.
Why shou l d th ey p erm i t i t w h e n th e
menta l i ty i s only ten
$
These an d s imil a r qu estion s
kept ri n g i n g th rough the fiel d wo rker s m i n d as
’
sh e
made he r wa y laboriously ove r the fro z e n road to the
station
.
T HE KALLI KAK F AM ILY
80
neve r forgotten
.
The re we re in he r m i n d
floating
memories of great s candal s connected with these women
and the i r lonely mou nta in hut
“
the n ame of the
Old H orror
,
.
The fathe r went by
and a s she remembe red
him he was always u nwashed and d ru nk
,
.
A t election
time he neve r fa iled to ap pe a r i n somebody s ca st-off
’
,
clothing rea dy to vote for th e p rice of a dri n k
,
,
,
th e
’
donor s ticket
.
Th i s information co m
ing when i t d id seemed ama z
,
,
ing an d ca rried w i th it the p rob ability of establishing
the certa inty of defe c t trans mitted th rough five genera
tions
.
B ut the t o wn in question was remote and the
p robab il ity of fi n di n g any living p erson able to give
accu rate information seemed so sl ight th at nothing
fu rther was done i n this direction for many months
I n the meantime the famil ies of the
,
fi ft ee n
.
b rothers
an d s isters of D eborah s g r an d f a th er h ad been worked
’
out and the n ames of several l i v i n g rel atives b a c k in
,
the mountain as certa ined
.
The t i me was ripe
.
A pp e al ing for a n ight s lodging at the home o f a
’
re
tired fa rmer, the fiel d worker wa s fo rtu nate enough to
be rece ived
A s the hostes s was showing her to a room
.
she as ked tentatively
“
long time
ant reply
“
.
“
,
Yo u h a v e l ived in B
A bout s ixty-fi v e years
”
,
,
a
was the plea s
S o then y o u k n ow someth ing of m o st of
,
,
FA CT S A BO U T THE KALLI KAK FAM I LY
the ol d famil ies
P”
“
There a re not many ol d res idents
with w h o s e h istory I a m no t famil ia r
of B
81
followed a few cautious
”
Then
.
uest
i
ons
i
n
re
g
ard
to
the
K
al
q
l ika k f am i ly wh ich drew forth answers th at soon con
i
v n ce
the fiel d worker she was on sol id ground an d
d
coul d advance without wast i ng time in needles s p re
cautions
.
A t th i s j u nctu re the supper bell rang
,
.
In
the di n i n g room the acqu aintance of the h o s t was
made
When the meal was ov er the couple tu rned
,
.
the i r u nited attention to the p roblem put before them
“
Why
”
,
.
the host b e g an w h e n he comp rehended what
,
was wanted
“
,
do you know th at is the wor s t nest
you re getting into in the whole c ount ry
’
P
The moun
,
tains b ack here a re full of these peop l e ; I
c an
to you where every one of them l i ves
point out
Then he
tu rned to the table and began to s ket c h a map of the
mou ntain roads wh i c h must be followed ne x t day
.
In
the m i dst of th is he p aused as thou g h an idea h ad come
,
him
to
,
then
he s aid hes itatingly
“
,
You see
it s
’
,
really imposs ible for a stranger l i k e you to find all th e s e
people
.
Some of them l ive on ob s cu re b ack roads th at
you coul d h ardly get at without a g u i de
Now my
,
.
time i s of no value and i f you will permit me I w ill
,
gl adly s erv e i n th at cap acity myself
,
”
.
N eed l es s to
s ay his se rv i ces were thankfully a cc epted with the
,
,
THE KAL LIKAK FAM I LY
82
r esult th at nearly two hu n dre d p e r sons were a dded t o
Deborah s fam i ly ch a rt
’
Th i s p roved
,
.
however o n ly the beginn ing o f the
,
stu dy th at h as been made of the family i n the vi c in ity
Nu merou s vis its to man y homes always
of B
,
from the c enter of th e gen ial couple s hou se h ave mad e
’
,
the fiel d w o r k er su ch a well -known fi g u re among these
people th at they long ago forgot wh at l ittle s u r p ris e
,
they m ay h a v e felt at her fi rst v i s i t
the family
n ing
“
$”
.
’
You re one of
was freque n tly as ked h er at the begin
No not r eally only a s I know so many of
,
,
.
“
you r cou s ins an d a u n t s an d u n cle s I thought s i n ce I
,
I woul d l ike to know you
was in B
,
’
.
This u su ally
su ffice d but if it did n o t the fiel d wo r k er was ab l e so to
,
,
i nu nd ate the questioner with information about h is
own rel atives that before she was th rough h e h ad for
,
,
gotten th a t anyth ing rema ined u nanswered
l ation on c e establ ished
neces s a ry
.
,
.
The
re
no fu rthe r expl anation wa s
She was able to go i n and out a mong them
,
stu dy the i r mental ity awake the i r r eminis cences u ntil
,
finally the whole story was tol d
,
.
B es i des members of the fam ily nu merou s old peopl e
,
we re here and there discovered who were able to add
materially t o the information othe rwis e obtained
.
On e sh rewd ol d fa r me r who was fou n d t o tter i ng i n from
‘
T HE KALLI KAK FAM I L Y
84
was bu rned to a cris p when they fou nd he r
the worst of them they woul d d rink
,
.
That was
Poverty was
.
their best fr i en d in th i s respect or they woul d h ave
,
been dru nk all the t i me
Ol d Martin c ou l d never stop
.
a s long as he h ad a dro p
M any s the time he s rolle d
’
.
B illy a l wa y s ha d a b a rr el
’
o ff
of B illy Pa rs o n s porch
’
.
H e d ju s t c hu c k l e to s ee ol d Ma rti n
d rink and dri n k u n t i l fi n a lly he d lose his b a l an ce a n d
of c i der h an d y
’
.
’
o v er he d go
’
B ut
$
H orse r
—
he
was a case $ I s aw
’
him once after I d hea rd he was going to marry Jem i ma
I looked him over an d s a i d
‘
,
.
Well if you a ren t a fi n e
’
,
’
looking specimen to th ink of marrying a nybody $
a nd h e answered I g ues s you re ri g ht
’
‘
’
I a ren t mu c h
,
but I g uess I ll do fer Jemima
’
’
“
,
.
Su c h s c an d a l s a s there we re when th o se g ir l s were
”
he continued
you ng $
“
You see there was a fast
,
.
i n those days l awyers who
s et of you n g men in B
,
,
d i dn t care wh at they did
’
.
One of them got p aid b ack
,
thou g h for Jem i ma wanted to put her chil d on the
,
town an d they made her tell who
,
w as
its father
he h ad to g i ve something for its support a nd
,
th i s man s full name
’
.
Sh e
gave i t
I s aw h im one d ay soon after
wa r d and he was boil ing w i th ra g e
I gave h im was to s ay
Then
.
‘
,
.
A ll the comfort
’
’
I don t see but wh at you re
etting
you
r
u
st
dese
r
ts
for
i
f
anybody
wants
to
pl
ay
j
g
,
w ith
the pot they must expect to get bl ackened
,
FA CT S A BO U T T HE KALLIKAK FAM I LY
“
85
B y the way $ Do you know th at ol d Ma rtin h a d
a h alf b rother F rederick
a s fine a man as the coun
who l ived about twenty m i l es from here
try owned
’
You see Ma rtin s mother was a young girl in
,
t io n a ry
R e v ol u
’
t i mes when Martin s father was a soldier
.
A fterwa rds he w e n t b ack ho m e and married a resp ect
able woman
”
.
D i d you ever see the mothe r of ol d Ma rtin
the
“
fiel d wor k er asked
No she was dead before my t i me
but I h ave hea rd the fol ks tal k about her She l i v ed
i n the woods not fa r from here Dea r me
he w e n t
“
.
,
,
.
.
on
“
,
i t s been
’
so
long s i n c e I ve thought of thes e people
’
th at many things I forget but it woul d all come b ack
,
to me i n time
”
.
Two da u ghters of Jem i ma l i v ed i n B
A l ittle
stu dy of Ch a rt V sections A an d B w i ll pl ace them i n
,
,
the i r rel ation to the rest of the family and g i v e the
c h i ef fa c ts of the i r l ives
L ittle more need b e added
.
.
One of them was early put out to s ervice and l ater
married a cobbler to whom she h as b or n e many chil
dren
She is not known to h a v e h ad any illegitimate o ff
.
sp ring but if she es caped her d aughter h as made up for
,
,
her deficiency i n th i s respect
.
The other s i ster g rew
up in the mountain hut with her mother and was l iving
,
there when her grandfather died
.
H er husb and and
T HE KALLI KAK F AM I LY
86
most of her ch ildren a re defe c tive but there a re two by
’
,
u nkn o wn fathe r s who a re n ormal
One of these
.
,
a
girl o f cons iderable ab ility suppo rts herself an d mothe r
,
in a decent way an d i s respected by her townspeople
The mother i s tall
lean
,
,
angula r
,
.
mu c h resembling
Jemima e x cept th at the l atter was even more ma s c u
,
l in e
Many are the l i v i n g inh ab ita nts of B
.
to whom
the ol d wo m an was a well -known figu re for she ofte n
,
c ame d o wn into the town b ri n g i n g berries to sell he r
,
l a rge f e e t shod w ith heavy boots her s k irt s s hort w h i l e
,
,
her sh a rp angula r featu res were h i dden i n the depths
,
of a hu g e su nbonnet
She thus fo r m ed a striking pic
.
tu re th at coul d not eas ily b e forgotten
.
A th i rd daughter of Jemima h ad go n e to B rookly n to
l ive an d the question kept repeating itself
,
she be like
”
P
“
,
Wh at will
a nd th is all the more becau se of the
’
ta inty of the p a rentage on the father s s i de
he was a normal man
.
.
un c er
Perh ap s
Perh ap s this w ill p rove to b e
a normal wo m a n a nd so b re a k the dea d mon otony of
th
i s l ine of defectives
I n a b a c k tenement a ft er p as s ing th rough a na rrow
.
,
alley the home of this woma n was fou nd
,
ten o clock i n the morning
’
.
.
I t was about
A fter climb ing a da rk and
na rro w stai rway one came to a l anding from which
,
a view coul d b e h a d of the interior of the ap a rtment
.
T HE KALLIKAK FAM ILY
88
in d iv idu al acti o ns e x c ept s u c h as he h imself ch oo ses t o
,
r eveal or ca n be m ade to r eveal a re l o st to t h e p e op l e
,
about him ; therefore the r e was little hope of obtaining
much s ide light on the p roblem her e p resented
the short interview the ol der woman showed
ab l e s i g ns
of
.
un
D u ri n g
m is t a k
wan t i n g to appea r respectab le i n the m i dst
of her dep ravity something
,
u
i
te
ch
a
ra
cteristic
of
th
e
q
h igh-grade moron typ e i n the family
.
She was friendly
a nd d istinctly more intell igent th a n her d aughter but
,
there Wa s little more will power or ab il ity to cope with
the p roblems of l ife
p e a re d
o ff
One of her dau g hters h ad d is ap
.
the fa c e of th e e a rth a f e w yea rs before
the re h ad been a b aby
th at was all they knew
was wo r k i n g at Coney I sl an d
.
Sh e
One d ay she came home
.
a nd when she left the ne x t morning it was the l ast they
,
,
eve r s aw of her
d
e
a
r
e
p
.
A b rother of the girl h a d als o d is ap
in mu c h the s am e way
.
The fiel d worker left th e t e n e ment with the p o s itive
a s su ran c e th at enviro nment without str i c t person al
supe rvision made l ittle di ff ere nc e whe n it wa s a ques
tion of the feeble-min d ed
Ow i n g to the
.
c ou rtesy of the County Sup e r i ntend e nt
and the intelligent
c oOp e r a t io n
of the te a c hers it wa s
,
p o s s ible t o apply the B i n et tests to all the des c end ants
G
A
R E T -GR
CHI
LD
R EN OF
AND CH L D
I
R EN
Gus s SA U N D ER S WIT H
,
OLD SAL
T H EI R
”
.
GR A ND MOT H ER
.
T HE
90
KALLIKAK FAM ILY
ing a few tracks the b a c k door wa s rea c hed
Such a n
.
u nwonted sp ectacle a s a visitor attracted instant atten
t io n
.
The doo r O p ened reveal ing a s ight to w h ic h a l as
,
,
the field worker was only too accustomed
,
S he g a z ed
.
agh ast a t w h a t appea red to her to be a p roces s ion of
imb eciles
The tall emaciated staggering man a t the
.
,
,
hea d b raced himself aga inst a tree wh ile the rest stopp ed
,
a nd s too d with a fixed stup i d sta re
,
.
Quickly
i n g control the fiel d worker s a id pleas antly
,
afternoon Mr S au nders
,
.
rega in
“
,
Goo d
’
I hop e you don t mind my
.
intru ding on you th is way but you s ee I a m looking up
,
the ch ildren of the neighborhood and I was sorry not
,
to find any
you rs in the Ceda rh ill s c hool to-d ay
of
.
”
.
H e at once thought he h a d to do w i th a s chool inspector
a nd h is a nswer bea rs no setting forth i n p ri n t
a n incoherent
disj ointed
,
,
,
I t wa s
.
explos ive p rotest aga inst
s chool l aws in general and fate i n p articula r
I t wa s
.
mixed up with convuls ive sob s wh ile h is blea red swollen
,
,
eyes b r i mmed over with tea rs
The field worker b e g a n
.
to fee l real symp athy for the man although she knew
,
th at he was d runk and that drunka rds a re eas i l y moved
to tea rs
“
.
Oh I a m sorry for you
,
wife then i s dead is s he
$”
“
out of th at room
,
s h e s a id ;
“
you r
”
Yes s he s dea d $
’
,
,
a nswered with a wild g estu re
”
“
,
he
t h ey took her r i ght
’
they s a id they d c u re her if
,
I d
’
let
KA LLI KA K FAM I LY
T HE
2
9
but who h as yet thought of ca rin g intell i gently for the
vastly more p athet i c ch i l d -man or c hi l d -woman who
,
th rough m atu red sex powers wh i ch they do not u n der
,
stand fill ou r l and w i th i ts overflow i ng measu re of m i s
,
ery an d cr i me
P
Su ch thoughts as thes e filled the m i n d
of the fiel d worker on the r i de home
A rr i ved at 13
t e rv
.
her fi rst ca re wa s to obta i n an in
with th e doctor who h ad atten ded C u s s s w i fe
’
ie w
when she died
.
She fou nd hi m ready to expl a i n all he
coul d of the fam i ly wh i ch he h ad always known an d
a
ttended
“
.
The mother
,
he s aid
“
,
was a k i nd-hea rted
,
simple -m i nded soul who tended as b est she coul d to the
,
”
The ep i lepti c g i rl he expl a i ned
,
h ad always b een a great ca re an d the doctor h i mself
,
needs of her family
.
,
,
a i ded by severa l p rom i nent c i t i zens
,
h ad taken the
troub l e to complete all neces s a ry a rrangements for h av
i ng her adm i tted to the ep ilept i c colony at Sk i llman
.
The father however could never b e m ade to give h i s
,
consent
.
,
The mother was st i ll qu i te young when sh e
was ca r ry i ng h er e l eventh ch i ld
.
Some acc i dent h ap
’
pened
w h ic h t h re at e n e d
doctor was su mmoned
.
her w i th a m i s ca rr i age
.
The
H e s aw th at i t wa s a seri ou s
cas e an d s ent for two othe r phys i c i an s i n c onsu l tat i on
I t wa s dec i ded th at an i mmed i ate operat i on was
s a ry i f the woman s l i fe was to b e s a v ed
’
,
.
n eces
Th ey su c
.
FA CT S A B OUT
c ee ded
KALLIKA K FAM ILY
T HE
93
i n persu ading Guss to allow her to b e removed
to the hosp ital
Their efforts however were unavail
,
.
i ng ; she died under the operation
On the outski rts of 13
,
.
l i ved the owner of the Ceda r
hill fa rm worked by Gus s S aunders
H e p roved to b e
.
an intelligent man with an admirably appo i nted home
,
.
H e was keenly alive to the needs of the family , about
which the field worker came to inqu i re
about Gu ss
alone
”
,
he began
“
,
“
.
The p ity
is th at he can never let d r i nk
Why do you know if I p a i d that man wages
.
,
,
he d u se every cent for ru m
,
I ceased g i ving him money
’
.
long ago for if I h ad the town would have h ad to look
,
after his children
,
.
I give hi m credit at the store and
,
they supply him with wh at he needs
”
.
The foregoing glimpses of the defect i ve b ranch of th e
K allikak family must su ff i ce though the field worker s
’
,
memory and notebook conta i n many s im i l ar instances
I n tu rning to descr i be the other b ranch of the family
two diffi culties confront the wr i ter
a
,
.
F irst the question of identification
,
.
.
Th e p ersons
l ready des cr i bed a re either gone and h ave left nothing
behind them by wh i ch they can be i dentified or i f
,
l i ving will never recogn i ze themselves i n th i s book
,
Th e oppos i te is true of the good fam i ly
.
,
.
Some of
T HE
94
KA LLI KA K FAM I LY
them w i l l recogn i ze themse l ves but the publ i c mu st not
,
dis cover them
.
To i nsu re this the writer mu st refra i n
,
from tell i ng the ve ry fa cts th at woul d g i ve the story i ts
most i nterest i ng touches
.
The secon d d i ffi culty i s th at a des cript ion of the
t iv ity
ac
of a normal fa mily of respectab il i ty an d u seful
nes s is never as i nterest i ng as the b i z a rre experiences of
the ab normal
.
H ence the reader wil l find i n the followi ng s ketches
only su ch fa cts as w i ll show the thoroughly normal an d
regul a r fam i ly l i fe of the i ntelligent citizens of a
mo n w e al th
co
m
.
I n a certa i n v i ll age of N ew Jersey l y i ng p i ctu resqu ely
,
on the crest of a hill i s a graveya rd where Ma rt i n K al
,
l i kak S r an d s everal of his immediate des cend ants lie
.
p eacefully at rest
.
H e h a d in h i s lifetime a great p as
s i on for the a ccumul ation of l an d and left l a rge fa rms
to most of h i s children
Thes e fa rms lie i n the v i c i nity
.
of the afores a i d v i ll age
.
Some of them a re still i n th e
posses s i on of h i s descend ants wh i le others h ave p as sed
,
i nto strang ers h ands
’
.
On the h i ll above this v i llage
i s a stucco fa rmhou se i n a fine state of p reservation
I t belonged to A mos
.
li neal des cend ant of one of th e
colonial governors of N ew Jersey and to E l i zabeth
d aughter of Ma rtin K allikak Sr
.
The farm is at p res
,
,
K A LLI KA K FAM I LY
T HE
96
gros sed i n bus i nes s a ff a i rs to h ave g i ven th i s subj ect
mu ch attent i on
A daughter of hers however who has
.
,
,
i nher i ted the taste h as been able to make up for her
,
’
mother s la ck i n th i s respect
.
The young woman is
now marr i ed an d her oldest son b ears the un i ted n ame
,
of h i s two ancestors the co l on i a l governor an d Ma rt i n
,
K all i kak
.
M i r i am the oldest d aughter of Ma rt i n S r ma rr i ed
,
.
a man who wa s a ca rpenter and a fa rmer
.
,
A lthough of
good fam i ly yet for some unknown reason he was not
,
,
,
p erson al l y acceptable to Ma rt i n or h i s w i fe
.
M i r i am
d i ed when only th i rty-s ix yea rs ol d an d her husb an d
,
ma rr i ed aga i n
.
I n h i s w i ll Ma rt i n makes no ment i on
,
of his grandch i ldren by th i s d aughter
They h ave been
.
respectable fa rm i ng people ,but h ave never hel d the
s ame soc i al pos i t i on as the other members of the family
.
Ma rt i n s th i rd d aughter Sus an ma rr i ed a man de
’
,
,
s cended from a fam i ly consp i cuou s
t
in
the coloni al h i s
ory of N ew Jersey and wh i ch cou nts among i ts mem
bers one of the fou nders of P r i nceton U n i vers i ty wh i le
,
a col l ateral b ranch fu rn i shed a s igner to the D ecla ra
t i on of I n depen dence
One of Sus an s sons i s still l iv
’
.
i ng h av i ng atta i ned the advanced age of
,
n in e ty é e ig h t
.
H e i s a res i dent of the town th at bea rs h i s fam i l y n ame
a nd h as a l ways been consp i cuous as a loya l an d up r i ght
FA CT S A B OUT
cit i zen
T HE
K ALLI KA K FAM I LY
97
To-d ay the old man has qu i te lost h i s mental
,
.
power but reta i ns h is cou rteous manner and pl ac i d
gentlemanly countenance
.
I n a central reg ion of northern N ew Jers ey remote
,
from any d i rect l i ne of travel l i es a town named for
,
one of the fam i l i es connected with the earl i es t settle
ment of the colony
Th i s family rose to d i stin ct i on i n
.
many of i ts b ranches but honors i ts elf ch i e fly for h av i ng
,
p roduced one of the most b rill i ant a dvocates of th e
cause of I ndepen dence of wh i ch N ew Jersey can boast
.
’
H e was descended on h i s mother s s i de from the fi rst
p res i dent of
P r i nceton U nivers ity
and took h i s degree
there before he was s i xteen yea rs of age
.
F rom this
’
fam i ly Ma rt i n K allikak s youngest son Joseph chos e
,
hi s w i fe
,
,
I t i s i nterest i ng to note that the descen dants
.
of th i s p a i r h ave shown a marked tendency towa rd
p rofess i on al ca reers
.
One daughter however married
,
,
a farmer and most of her descendants have rema i ned
,
fixed to the so i l
A nother daughter marr i ed a p romi
.
nent merchant and th i s l i ne hav i ng been fixed in the
,
,
c i ty h as p roduced men ch i e fl y engaged i n mercant i le
,
pu rsu i ts ; but the sons of whom there were five all
,
,
stud i ed medic i ne and although only one of thes e
,
be
came a p ract i c i ng phys ician the i r ch i ld ren h ave ca rried
,
on the fam i ly trad i t i on i n this l i ne
H
.
T HE
98
KALLI KA K FAM I LY
On the outs k i rts of another N ew Jersey town i n a
’
,
beaut i ful old homestead
i nher i ted from h i s mother
,
,
l i ves a grandson of F reder i ck K a l l i kak oldest son of
Mart i n H e i s a cou rteou s s chol a r l y man of the ol d
,
,
.
s chool
Hi s home i s rendered p a rt i cul a rly attra ct i ve
.
by the p res ence of h i s southern w i fe and two ch a rm i n g
d aughters
.
I n his posses s i on a re nu merou s a rt i cles
b elong i ng to h i s great-grandfather
Th i s gent l em an
.
m anifested su ch an inte l l i gent i nterest i n g i v i ng in f o r
mat i on i n regard to his fam i ly th at i t s eemed a quest i on
of honor to i nform h i m as to the pu rpose of the i nvest i
n
a
t
i
o
g
,
l ay i ng b are the facts s et forth i n th i s book
.
H e p roved to be p erh aps the one man best qu al i fied
,
,
in
the ent i re family for enter i ng i nto an an alysis of i ts
ch a racter i st i cs and th i s he d i d freely i n so fa r as i t
,
,
would serve the ends of the i nvest i gat i on
.
A nother des cend ant of Ma rt i n K all i kak S r
of
d aughter
v iou s l y
.
,
a grand
h i s youngest ch i l d A bb i e h ad been p re
,
,
i nformed rega rd i ng the s ame facts
Th i s l ady
.
i s a person not only of refinement and cultu re but i s th e
author of two s chol a rly genealog i cal works
.
She h as
,
for years b een collect i ng m ater i al for a s i m i l ar stu dy
,
of the K all i kak fam i ly
.
Th i s mater i a l she generou sly
sub m i tted to the u se of the fiel d worker
.
I n the end she
s pent an ent i re d ay in the complet i on and rev i s i on of
K ALLI KA K FAM I LY
T HE
1 00
ever refused to g i ve h i s consent
,
To h i s obj ect i ons
.
,
b as ed on the groun d th at Ma rt i n d id not own enough
’
of th i s worl d s goods the young man i s recorded as
,
s ay i ng
“
,
N ever m i nd
thou d i d before I d i e
,
I w i ll own more l and tha n ever
.
”
wh i ch p rom i se he made tru e
,
.
Th at th e p aternal obj ect i on was overruled i s p roven by
the reg i stry of ma rr i ages wh i ch g i ves the d ate of Mar
,
’
t i n s u n i on w i th the
Qu akeres s
as J anu a ry
,
1 77 9
.
The ol d B i ble of Casper K all i kak one of the fam i ly
,
he i rlooms i s i n the pos ses s i on of a
,
R everend
Mr
.
who i s des cended from Casper th rough the l i ne of one
of h i s d au ghters
.
Th i s B ible was bought i n
I
7 O4
and
i s st i ll i n an excellent state of p reservat i on for although
,
,
time-stained the p ages are intact an d there still may
,
b e seen i n legible h andwr i t i ng the fam i ly record penned
so long ago
On a fl yleaf i s a qu aint vers e in wh i ch
,
.
old Casper bequeaths the volume to h i s eldest son
b i dd i ng h i m
“
,
So oft as i n it he doth l oo ke
how h i s father h ad
th i s booke
way
.
”
,
“
”
,
remember
aye been gu i ded by ye p recepts i n
and enj o i n i ng h i m to wal k i n the s ame s afe
C HA PT ER V
W H AT
IS
TO
BE
D
ON E
$
N o one i nterested in the p rogress of c i v i l i zation can
contemplate the facts p resented i n the p rev i ous ch apters
w i thout h avi n g the quest i on a r i se W hy i s n t some
’
,
th i ng done about th i s
I t w i ll b e more to the point if
we put the quest i on Why do
,
we
not
do
someth i ng
W e a re thu s face to face w i th the p roblem
about it
i n a p ract i cal way and we as k ou rselves the next ques
t i on Wh at
,
we do
can
$
F or the
low grade
i d i ot the
,
loathsome unfortun ate that may b e seen in ou r insti
tu t io n s ,
some have p ropos ed the leth al chamber
.
But
human i ty is steadily tend i ng away from the poss ib i l ity
of that method and there is no p rob ab i l i ty th at i t will
,
ever be p racticed
.
B ut in v i ew of su ch cond i t i ons a s a re shown in the
defective s ide of the K all i ka k fam i ly
,
we
beg i n to real i ze
that the i diot i s not ou r greatest p roblem
.
H e i s in
deed loathsome ; he i s somewh at d i ffi cult to take care of
nevertheless he l i ves h is l i fe and i s done
,
.
H e does
n ot
cont i nue the race w i th a line of children like himsel f
I OI
.
T HE
10 2
KA LLI KA K F AM I LY
B ecaus e of h i s v ery low grade cond i t i on h e ne ve r b e
-
,
comes
p a rent
a
.
I t is the moron type th at makes for us ou r great
p roblem
.
A nd when we face the quest i on
to b e done w i th them
“
,
Wh at i s
w i th su ch people as make up a
l a rge p roport i on of the b ad s i de of the K a ll i ka k fam i ly
we real i ze th at we h ave a huge p roblem
.
The ca reer of Ma rt i n K all i kak S r i s a powe rfu l ser
.
mon aga i nst sow i ng
W i ld
oats
.
Ma rt i n K al l i ka k d i d
wh at u nfortun ately many a young man l i ke h i m h as
done before and s i nce an d wh i ch st i ll more
,
n at e l y ,
,
u n f o rtu
soc i ety h as too often w i nked at as be i ng merely
,
a s i de step i n accord ance w i th a natu ral i nst i nct bea r i ng
,
no ser i ou s results
.
I t i s qu i te poss i ble th at Ma rt i n
K al l i kak h i mse l f neve r gave a ny ser i ous thought to h i s
act or i f he d i d i t may h ave been merely to real i ze th at
,
,
i n h i s youth he h a d b een i nd i s creet and had done that
for wh i ch he was sorry
A nd be i ng sorry he m ay have
.
thou ght i t was atoned for as he never suffere d from i t
,
any ser i ous cons equences
.
E ven the peop l e of h i s generat i on however mu ch
,
they may h ave known about the c i rcu mstances could
,
n ot
h ave begu n to rea l i ze the ev i l th at had been done
U ndoub tedly,
.
i t was only looked upon as a s i n becau se
i t wa s a v i ol at i on of the moral l aw
.
The real s i n of
T HE
10 4
KA LLIK A K F AM ILY
m i ndednes s came i nto th i s family from other sou rces
i n two gener ations at least
sou rces
were other
,
yet nevertheless these
feeble minded
persons
When we
.
conclu de th at h ad the n ameles s g i rl been segregated in
an institution th i s defect i ve fam i ly woul d not h ave
,
existed we of cou rse do not mean th at one s i ngle act of
,
p recaut i on i n th at c ase woul d h ave solved the p rob
,
,
lem but we mean th at all su ch cases male and female
,
,
,
mu st be taken ca re of before the i r p rop agat i on w i ll
,
cease
The instant we grasp th i s thought we realize
.
,
th at we a re fac i ng a p roblem th at p resents two great
diffi culties
;
in the fi rst pl ace the di fficulty of know i ng
who a re the feeble-minded people ;
and
,
secondly
,
the di ffi culty of tak i ng ca re of them when they are
known
.
A l a rge p roportion of those who a re cons i dered feeble
m i nded in th i s stu dy a re persons who would not b e
recognized as su ch by the u ntra i ned ob server
.
They
a re not the imbeciles nor idiots who pl ainly show i n
the i r cou nten ances the extent of the i r mental defect
.
They a re people whom the community h as tolerated an d
helped to support at the s ame time th at i t h as deplored
,
thei r vices and the i r ineffi c i ency
.
They a re people who
h ave won the p i ty rather th an the bl ame of the i r neigh
bors but no one h as seemed to suspect the real cau se
,
IS T O B E
WHAT
D ON E
$
10
5
of their del in quencies whi c h ca reful p sycholog i cal tests
,
h ave now determined to b e feeble-mindedness
.
The secon d diffi culty is th at of ca ring for th i s l a rge
a rmy of people
A t the lowest esti mates of the nu mber
.
needing care we in the U n i ted States a re at p resent
,
caring for app rox i mately one tenth of the est i mated
nu mber of ou r mental defectives
.
Ye t many of ou r
States think th at they are now b eing over-taxed for the
care of these p eople so th at it is with great difficulty
,
that leg i sl atu res can b e induced to app rop riate money
enough to care for those al ready i n institutions
.
It
i s impossible to entertain the thought of caring for ten
times as many
Some other method must b e devised
.
for dealing with the difficulty
.
B efore cons ider i ng any other method
,
the writer
woul d insist th at segregation and colonization is not
by any means as hopeles s a pl an as it may seem to thos e
who look only at the immediate increase in the tax rate
.
I f such colonies were p rovided in suffic i ent number to
take care of all the distinctly feeble-minded cases i n
the commun i ty they would very l a rgely take the pl ace
,
of ou r p resent almshouses and p risons and they woul d
,
greatly decrease the number
in
ou r ins ane hospitals
.
Su ch colonies would s ave an annu al los s i n p roperty
and l ife due to the action of these irresponsible people
,
,
KA LLI KA K FAM ILY
T HE
1 06
suffi c i ent to nea rly or qu i te offset the expens e of the
,
new pl ant
.
,
B es i des
i f these feeble-m i nded ch i l d ren
,
we re ea rly selected and ca refully tra i ned they woul d
,
become more or les s self-support i ng i n the i r i nst i tut ions
,
so th at the expens e of the i r m a i nten ance woul d b e
greatly reduced
.
I n add i t i on to th i s the nu mb er woul d be redu ced i n a
,
,
(the esti mated nu mber
at lea st
and p rob
s i ngle generation from
,
i n the U nited States ) to
ably even lower (We h ave fou n d the hered i ta ry fac
,
.
tor
as
in 6 5 per
wh i le others pl ace i t as h i gh
cent of cases
per cent )
This is not the pl ace for a rgu i ng the quest i on or
80
d u c in g
.
r
o
p
the statistics to substantiate these statements
.
Suffice i t to s ay th at every i n stitution i n the l and h as
a certai n p roportion of i nmates who not only ea rn the i r
own l i ving but some who could go out i nto the worl d
,
and support themselves were i t not for the terr i ble
,
danger of p rocreat i on
—
,
result i ng in ou r h av i ng not
one person merely but several to b e ca red for at the
,
expense of the State
.
These statements shoul d b e
carefully cons i dered and i nvest i gated before a ny one
takes the sta nd th at segregat i on i n colon i es and homes
i s i mpos s i b l e and u nw i se for the State
.
The other method p roposed of sol v i ng the p roblem
T HE KA LLI KA K
10 8
FAM I LY
somet i mes i ncorrectly referred t o as asexu alization
.
I t i s more p roperly spoken of as ster i l i zation the dis
,
t i nct i on be i ng th at it does not have any effect on the
sex qu alit i es of the man or wom an but does a rtificially
,
take away the power of p rocreation by ren dering the
person ster i le
The operat i on i tse l f i s al most as simple
.
i n males as h av i ng a tooth pulled
mu ch more ser i ou s
nent and su re
.
I n females i t i s not
.
The results a re generally perma
Obj ection is u rged that we do not know
.
the consequen ces of this action upon the phys i cal men
,
tal an d moral n atu re of the i ndiv i du al
,
m ade that i t is good in all of these
.
.
The cl aim i s
B ut i t must b e
confes sed th at we a re as yet i gnorant of actu al fa cts
I t h as been tr i ed i n many cases
;
.
no b ad results have
been reported while many good results h a v e been
,
cl a i med
.
A more ser i ou s obj ection to th i s l ast method comes
from a cons i deration of the soc i al consequences
.
Wh at
will b e the effect upon the commu n i ty i n the sp read of
deb auchery and d i sease through h av i ng within it a
group of pe ople who a re thus free to grat i fy the i r in
s t in c t s
without fea r of consequences in the form of
children $ The i nd i cations are th at here also the evil
consequences are more i mag i na ry th an real s i nce the
,
feeble-m i nded sel dom exerc i se restra i nt i n any cas e
.
WHAT I S TO B E D ON E
$
10 9
the most seriou s d i fficulty to be overcome
P rob ably
before the p ract i ce of sterilizat i on i n any form could
come i nto general u se woul d be the determining of
what persons were p roper subj ects to be O perated upon
1
.
This d ifficulty arises from the fact that we are still
i gnorant of the exact l aws of i nher i tance
Just how
.
mental characteristi cs are transmitted from p arent to
child is not yet definitely known
.
I t therefore becomes
a serious matter to decide beforehand th at such and
such a person
W ho
h as mental defect would certainly
transmit the s ame defect to his offsp ring and th at
consequently he ought not to be allowed to have off
sp ring
.
THE
In
1 866
E
M ND
E L I AN
LA W
an A u strian monk by the n ame of Gregor
Mendel d iscovered and publi shed a l aw of inheritance
in ce rtain pl ants wh i ch after lying p ract i cally unknown
,
,
for nearly forty years was redis covered in
and
1900
,
s ince then h as been tested with regard to a great many
pl ants and animals
.
Mendel found th at there were certa i n peculiarities
in pl ants which he termed
1
At p r esen t
igh t
i l i ti
aliz a tion or s te r
res
e
za
s ta te s
on
.
t r i c t ed to a f ew mma tes
h av e
B ut in
of
“
un i t cha racters
lw
a
all
s
ii
”
that were
me f orm
auth or z n g so
i
r
th es e cases th e p ac t c e
v arious sp ec ifi ed ins ti tution s
.
is
of
as ex u
r
lly
c a ef u
KA LLI KA K FAM I LY
T HE
1 10
trans m i tted from p arent to off sp r i ng i n a defin i te way
.
Hi s c l assical work was on the p rop agat i on of the ord i
n ary garden pea i n which case he fou nd th at a quality
,
l i ke tallness as contrasted w i th dwa rfness was trans
mitt e d as fo ll ows
,
If
,
tall and dwa rf peas were c rossed he found i n the
,
fi rst generat i on noth i ng but tall peas
.
B ut i f these
peas were allowed to grow and fert i l i ze themselves i n
,
the next generation he got tall an d dwa rf peas i n the
ratio of th ree to one
.
The dwa rf peas i n th i s case b red
true Le when they were pl anted by themse l ves and
,
.
self-fert i l ized there was never anyth ing but dwa rf peas
no matter how many generat i ons were tested
.
,
On the
other h and the tall peas were d i v i s i bl e by experi ment
,
i nto two group s ; first those that always b red true
,
,
v i z always tall peas ; and secondly another group t hat
.
,
b red tall and dwarf i n the same rat i o of th ree to one ;
and from thes e the s ame cyc l e was repeated
called the ch ara cter wh i ch did
,
n ot
.
Mende l
appear i n the first
”
generat i on (dwa rfnes s )
recess ive ; the other (tal l
“
ness ) he c al l ed dom i nant
The recess i ve factor i s
“
,
.
now generally cons i dered to be due to the absence of
someth i ng wh i ch i f p resent wou l d g i ve the dom i nant
,
factor
.
,
A ccord i ng to th i s v i ew dwa rfnes s i s s i mply
the absence of tallnes s
,
.
T HE
1 12
K ALLI KA K FAM ILY
to the absen ce of someth i ng th at would make for nor
m al ity ) , we woul d expect i n the first generation from
su ch a u n i on all normal ch i ldren a nd i f these ch i ldren
,
ma rry persons like themselves i
,
t
the offsp r i ng of
.
one normal an d one defective p arent then the off sp ring
,
would b e norm a l and defect i ve i n the rat i o of th ree to
one
Of the norma l children one th i rd woul d b reed
,
.
true and we wou l d h ave a norma l l i ne of des cent
.
W i thout fol low i ng the i llustrat i on fu rther we see
,
al ready th at i t i s questionab l e whether we ought to s ay
th at the orig i n al feeble-minded i ndividual should have
been sterilized because he was feeble-minded
We see
.
that i n the fi rst generation all of h i s ch i ldren were nor
mal and in the next generat i on one fou rth of them were
normal and b red true
.
of
ever that one fou rth
,
We should not forget how
,
his grandch i ldren would be
feeble -m i nded and th at two other fou rths h ad the power
of begett i ng feeble -mi nded children
.
We must not
forget either that thes e a re averages and that for the
,
,
,
full carry i ng out of thes e figu res there must be a la rge
enough numb er of offsp r i ng to g i ve the l aw of averages
room to h ave full pl ay
.
I n other words any marriage
,
wh i ch a ccording to the Mendelian p r i nciple would
,
,
g i ve normals and defect i ves in the rat i o of th ree to one
m i ght result i n only one ch i ld
.
That ch i l d m i ght hap
W HAT I S TO B E D ON E
$
1 13
pen to b e one of the feeble minded ones an d so there is
-
,
p rop agated nothing but the feeble-minded type
.
I t is
equally tru e that it might be the normal child with a
,
consequent normal line of des cendants
or still again
;
i t might b e one of the intermediate ones that a re
a
p
ble
,
ca
of rep roduc i ng agai n the ratio of th ree normal to
one defective so that the chance i s only one in fou r of
,
such offsp ring sta rting a normal line
Le t
.
us now tu rn to the facts as we h ave them in the
K alli kak family
.
The only off spri ng from Marti n
K alli kak S r and the nameless feeble minded g i rl was
-
.
a son who p roved to be feeble-m i nded
H e marr i ed a
.
normal woman and h ad five feeble -minded children
and two normal ones
.
This is in accordance w i th
Mendel i an expectation ; that is to s ay there shoul d
,
h ave been p art normal and p art defect i ve half and
,
half if there h ad been children enough to give the law
,
of averages a chance to assert itself
then comes right there
,
sterilized
$
.
The question
,
Shoul d Martin Jr have been
W e woul d thus h ave s aved five feeble
.
.
minded i ndividuals and their horrible p rogeny but we
,
woul d also h ave dep rived society of two normal ind i
v
id u al s ;
and as the results s how these two normal s
,
,
married normal people and became the first of a ser i es
of
generations of normal people
.
KALLI KAK FAMILY
T HE
1 14
Tak i ng th i s fam i l y as a who l e we h a v e the fo ll ow i ng
,
figu res
There were 4 1 mat i ngs where both p arents were feeble
m i nded
They had
.
222
feeb l e-minded children w i th
,
two others th at were cons idered normal
These two
.
a re app arent except i ons to the l aw that two feeb l e
minded p arents do not h ave anyth i ng but feeble -m i nded
ch i ldren
.
We may accou nt for these two exceptions
i n one of several ways
.
E i ther there is a m i stake i n
call i ng them norm al or a m i stake i n call i ng the p arents
,
feeble -minded
or e l se there was il l eg i t i macy somewhere
and these two chil dren d i d not h ave the s ame father as
the others of the family
.
Or we may tu rn to the Men
del i an l aw and we dis cover th at a ccording to th at l aw
there
mi ght
be i n rare instances such a comb i n at i on of
circumstances th at a normal ch i l d m i ght be born from
two
p arents th at funct ion as feeble -m i nded
.
F or
p rac
t i cal pu rposes i t i s of cou rs e p retty cle a r th at i t i s
,
,
s afe to a ssume th at two feeble-m i nded p arents w i l l
never h ave anyt h i ng but feeble-m i nded ch i ldren
.
A ga i n we find th at there were e i ght cases where the
,
father was feeble -m i nded an d the mother normal and
,
there were ten normal child ren and ten defect i ve
.
There were twelve cases where the father was normal
an d the mother
feeble-minded
,
w i th se v en feeb l
e m i nded
T HE
1 16
K A LLI KA K FAMI LY
l aws of i nheri tance and the u l ti mate eff ect of the
operat i on
.
C
O N CLU S I O N
A ND R E
SU M
E
The K all i kak fam i ly p resents a natu ra l experi ment
i n heredity
.
A young m an of good family becomes
th rough two d ifferent women the ancestor of two l i nes
of des cendants
good
,
the one ch a racter i zed by thoroughly
,
respectable
normal c i t i zenship
,
w ith al most
,
no except i ons ; the other being equ ally ch ara cter i ze d
by mental defect i n every generat i on
.
Th i s defec t was
trans m i tted th rough the father in the first generation
.
I n later generat i ons more defect was b rought in from
,
other fam i l i es through ma rr i age
I n the l ast genera
.
tion it was transm i tted th rough the mother so that we
,
h ave here all comb inations of transmiss i on
,
which
aga i n p ro v es the truly hered i ta ry ch aracter of the de
feet
.
We find on the good s i de of the fam i ly p rom i nent
p eople i n all walks of l i fe and nea rly all of the
des cendants owners of l and or p rop r i etors
.
6
49
On the
b ad s i de we fi nd p aupers cri minals p rostitutes d runk
,
,
,
a rds and examples of all forms of social pest with which
,
modern society i s bu rdened
.
F rom this we conclude that feeble-m i ndedness i s
l a rgely respons ible for these soc i al sores
.
WHAT
IS TO B E
D ON E
$
1 17
F eeb l e-mindedness is hered i tary and transmitted as
surely as any other ch aracter
.
We cannot succes sfully
cope w i th these conditions unt i l we recognize feeble
mindedness and i ts hereditary n atu re recogn ize i t early
,
an d take care of it
,
.
I n cons i der i ng the questi on of care
,
s egregat i on
th rough colonization seems in the p resent state of ou r
knowledge to b e the ideal and perfectly s at i sfactory
method
.
Sterilization may be accepted as a makeshift
,
a s a help to solve this p roblem becau se the conditions
h ave become so i ntolerable
.
B ut this must at p resent
b e regarded only as a makeshift an d te mporary
,
for
before i t can be extensively p racticed a great dea l
,
mu st b e learned about the effects of the operat i on an d
about the l aws of hum an i nher i tance
.
I N D E$
1 20
G v r r f Nw J r y c l i l
r l ti t K ll ik k f mi l y 9 5
G r g ry 5
G
4 74
Gyp y c mp 7 5
H i gh t Al t h 0 -23
H i gh t E 6
H r d c r bb l 89
H rr i t 5
H r dity c h r t 3 3-49
H r dity i J k f- mi l y 54
H m f f b l mi d d D b r h
i t r pl c d i 7
H r thi f 9
Hr r
h i m rr i g t J mi m 84
I ll f m k pt h
f
9 68
I ll giti m t c h i l d 7
ch i ld r f M r th 7
mb r i b d f mi l y
8
I c di r i m 7
I c t 8
h pit l
mb r
f f bl
I
mi d d i 56
r d c d if f b l -mi d d w r c r d
f
5
I tit ti
d f b l -mi d d
56
J m
f M r ti J
21
J mi m
m rr i
H r r 84
J
Amy 2
J ph 6
f 7 75
th r
J k f mi l y 5 6
h r dity q
ti 53
t dy i c mp l t 5
ti K ll ik k d g h t r f 62
ti
f M i ll r d 24
il C r t
f b l -mi d d c h i ld r
f d 57
K ll ik k D ddy 0
K ll i k k f m i l y f rt h r f c t b t 70
b d m ti g i
4
St r i
f th
c h f th
g d br
—
93
d M d li
i h r it c 1 1 3
K ll i k k J ti 6
K ll ik k M r ti S r 1 7 29
rm
j i th mi l iti 1 8
hi i
0
w if f 9
o
e no
e a
o
e
on
2
,
us s , 2
,
s
a
a
a
e
v a, 2
2
u
n
or
e
s s e
e
o se
s
n, 2
o
e
en
n
es
2
,
os
n
n
e
10
u
2
,
es
n
n
us
n , s on o
a
a
a
a
a
n
a
a
a se
2
n
en
e
.
a
e
11
s a
ou
n,
an
.
.
an
e,
.
.
,
.
a,
2
e
n
,
.
.
oo
n, 2
e
,
n,
10 2
on ,
e o
2
u
an
e
a
1
.
,
o
.
us
s s n,
e
,
e
,
o ns
o
.
,
”
s
o
,
.
e
ee
,
en
a
2
au
a
a
an
.
.
,
10 0
on ,
s,
,
es
.
,
.
a
“
a
.
.
0
,
ou
a
o
1,
,
e e,
a
e
a
.
n e ss ,
.
o
us
ou n
r
e
.
,
ue s
e e
uv e n
n
n
1,
,
,
a e
.
a
s u
e e
e
e
a
e e s on s o
u
n
ee
o se
on e s ,
2
e
.
es
,
ee
.
a, 2 1
os e
e
on s an
a
o
e
.
,
e s , s on o
e
nu
ee
or,
ns
.
.
a s,
u e
e
1
,
.
,
.
.
e,
n a
e,
za
’
1,
,
61
.
th e
J ke
u
s
a e
a
a,
2
,
e
n
e
s
n
en
e
s
a
a
n n
ee
on
20
,
,
u
n
e
2
,
e
o
en
e,
2
,
,
ee
10
.
.
e
ou
e
oo
n
n
e
.
,
an
o
,
au
e
.
n
an
a
a
e
a, 2 2 .
o
”
ax ,
o
Old
.
.
,
o
e
eo
es
“
e e
.
n
e
nu
o
er
e
.
o
“
o
u ss ,
us e
e
o
a
“
n
.
a
“
an
.
us s a
a
o
u
.
2,
en
o
.
n e e ss
e , 20
e ess
a
.
.
o
,
an
u e, 2
e
10
11
,
.
e, 2
,
e
o
,
a
an
2
o rr arr e
o on s ,
a
a
,
e
a
n s e
on
e,
,
ee
,
.
a
a
.
.
a o
n,
a
2
,
en ,
a
a
,
o a
e o
e
e, 1 1 1
e a
e
er
an
e
.
o
e
an
a
e
s
e
u
.
,
s
en
o
.
.
o
an e
on
2
,
.
o
a
.
.
e
s
e
.
en
en
s e
.
e
us e
n
.
,
.
s,
os o ,
a
e
2
,
2
,
en
n a, 2
a
.
a
e
as s a
.
n s an e
a
a
a
1
,
e o
a a
.
,
1
,
.
a
on
o
.
a, 2
a
s
2
,
s
.
1
,
2
,
n
a
a,
ou s e o
e
en o
n
o a
e
,
.
e
a e :
nu
e
.
e
a
e,
e
n
.
a e
s,
,
o
a
.
a
a
e
2
,
21
,
e
’
o
a
e
.
,
ee
a
o se
a
r
l f b r t r r d r i c k 85
ld
v b
t ri l i z d $ 1 13
K ll i k k Mi ll rd 9 3
c d w if f 6
K y t c h r t 3 3 -3 5
K i ll d i cc id t 6
K it E l i b t h S 7 1
L vi i
4
L mb r
59
M rg r t 8
M rth m th r f D b r h 7
c h r c t r f h c h i l d r 64
M c h tt R f rm t r y f b l
mi d d g i r l i 57
M ti g i th K ll ik k f mi l y 4
M d l i xp c t ti
4
M d l i L w th
9
M d li m
pp l i d t h m i h r it
c
M t l c p c ity
c ity f d t r
mi i g 6
Mi i t r w h i i d G
75
Mi c rr i g
8
M g l i typ
M r
6 54
M rd r G
cc d 7 5
M t
5
N m l
f b l -mi d d g i r l 9
r l ti t th p r b l m 3
N th
N w rk
m b r f f b l -mi d d c h i l
d r i J v i l C r t 57
N r m l p p l i g d b r c h f th
f mi l y 9
N r m l w om
i b d f m i l y d gh t r
f S y l vi
Ol d H rr r
9 8
Ol d M
52
Old M ll
79
d c r ib d 8 3
h
d t h 83
se
.
es
a
a
.
e e
n,
h is h a
o he , F e
he h a e e en
s h ou
.
s,
a
,
a
.
a
a
s
.
,
.
e,
e e
o
a
.
.
e a, 2
,
a
K ll ik k M r ti J 7 5
h i f mi l y c m p r d w it h
E d w rd 53
,
.
a
s
a
o on a
,
.
,
a
a
o
,
a
e se
e
o
”
0
,
2 1,
,
ea
,
”
Sa , 2 1 ,
l
1
,
.
.
,
e
”
.
.
.
79
.
l
p ri
bl
l ci
ri c
ri
rd cd
c rd
P au a , 2 5
P au e s m a n d f e e e m n e n e s s , 6o
P a n g o u t, 27
P n e , 25
e
mn e
P s on s e u e
if f e e ea e
f or, 10 5
.
i dd
.
.
.
.
bl
i dd wr
e
I ND E$
r
r
Pr
Pr
P
P
b ti gi r l
57
mi
tm
i t r f m rr d Mi l
l r d K ll i k k 6
tit t 8
mb r f f b l —m i d d 58
d f b l -m i d d
tit ti
56
b l i c i tit ti
d f b l -mi d d
o
on ,
a
o
nen
an
a
a
1
nu
e
ee
on
u
56
n e ss,
n
ee
on s
e
n
e
e
ee
an
n e ss ,
e
n
e
u
2
e e
t e
o
e
11
,
a e
o
e
a
n
a
a
.
,
a
a
e o
n
e
ne
e
n,
en
e
e o
e
ee
o
s
e e
o
en
e
o
on o
an a
O
n
e
n
o
1
o
,
s, 2
e
au n
s
e
e
a
or
on
10
,
e
“
o
a
e e
es,
a
n e an
a
ou
o a
e
a
ne
,
s o
o,
ea
,
no
o
e
as e
o
a
en, 2
10
,
.
.
1
nu
e
n
a
ns
.
oo
en , 2
,
s
.
e, 2
,
.
.
,
1,
.
.
a
e
,
e
n ess
an d
o
a, 1
,
.
,
21.
.
e a an
on , 1
n
e
.
on
n
.
oo
e e
n
,
.
,
”
.
o a
a
s on
o on
an
ua
on
an
1
,
o
ess,
e
us s ,
e
oo
a
e
ee
o
es
.
,
o
a n n
.
.
e s,
a
on
as , 2
e
an
e en
,
no o
o
an
,
th e
.
a
e
.
en
in
.
,
.
en
a
a
e a
ee
2
an , 2
e
.
,
e
s e en
,
s
e
e
es, n u
a o
es
’
nu
,
.
an
,
o a
n,
a or
na
.
,
o
.
.
,
o s, e
ma
,
.
.
rri d M r ti K ll ik k 99
wm
5
R h w y R f r m t y mb r f f b l
m i d d i 57
T mp r m t diff r c
f
Rfi m t
lm t f
K ll ik k f mi l y 63
i
D b r h m t h r 63
r l ti
f b l -mi d d
t
mb r f f b l -mi d d
R f rm t ri
c r i m i l gy 55
i
Th m
57
5
R id t
ld
f B
T r i i g S ch l t Vi l d
8
D b r h b r gh t t 6 5
f th f mi l y r pp r c
S dr 5
T r it
S d r G — gr d
f Ol d S l
vi it d 89 9
U d t r mi d d fi iti
9
S c h l w r k f d f c tiv 54
S gr g ti
d c l i z ti
c t my 8
t h p
V
l
5
S x ll y i mm r l
mb r i
b d W rr
4
f mi l y 8
Wi h ip D r 5 59
th
g d id
9
ch i ld r
$ b th Rh d
5
9 61
Qu a k e r e ss
0
es,
.
en
en
a, 2 2
.
10
on o
,
.
au s e
on ,
za
,
.
s o e n , 20
,
e
as a s o u
.
,
a
s,
e
O
o
,
u
ie
.
e
an
ns
a
,
.
o
u
os
2
,
o
Sh p fl ck f t l
S l m l r g l y c d by d f c tiv 7
S t r i l i ti
7
l ti f h p r b l m 5
S ti ll bi r t h 8
S t pidity c mp r d w it h c r i mi l i ti c
t d c y 63
S y l vi
S y mb l xp l ti f 3 3-3 5
S yp h i l iti c 6
ee
.
s s e
,
a
u es,
os
Pu
s on ,
12 1
.
e of ,
51
.
BY G
With
RE ID
AR CH D ALL
.
He r e d ity
of
T h e Laws
D iagr ammatic
a
M
,
B
.
.
,
R e pr e s e n tati on
ER B ER T H ALL T U R N E R
r f A tr my Oxf rd
il i
Pr f
BY H
S av
Clot/z, 8 720,
i
on o
s
h e re
,
o
,
m t ; by ma il ,
v i tal
di ty i
s on e o f
v
liv
i t ifi i v ti
to e e ry
c on c e rn
bj t by
f m m t
i t r t t th h m
d
p im t i
g ti
f th
th t v y
t m t i mp t
It i th
f
h ld h v
f th th
m k wl d g
i dv d b y t h
wh b li v i th i mm t b ili t y f th l w
f h
di ty d l
h w f
h v b
m di fi b l by
vi r m t d
th
p v
d ti
Th
i
t v l m
di u i
f th
ti
bj t
p
v i g m h wid
r th th
t h r T h P i i pl f
H
di ty
t
d rg m t i
h l r ly
d p
ti g th f
-t
d y t l
h i l m
r th im b i g t m k
d
i t mp r h i b l t th g r l d r w ll t th i tifi
i v tig t
in g
big
o
54 8 p ag es ,
i
x
of
T h e q u es t on
o esso
an
,
e n
rac e
o
o
a e
e
e
e
c o er n
e
e u
o
e
e en
ec
e n ous
e
o
n e es
o
c
n
u
e
o
e
a
es
er
a
s o
a
e
en
o
e
an
on e
os e
an c e
eor e s a
e
ro e n
s c en
or an c e
os
e o
u a
a e
th e s u
o
s o
no
o u
uc
a
,
e
es
n
r es e n
”
e re
n
e
r own on
e re
,
on
an
a so
en
an
su
ec
on .
e
co
en s
so
ese
ar
an
er
e re ore
s
uc a
e
ex
.
ou
s
ligh t t h
an d an y
an
on s
a
,
r es e n
an
en s
a
s
e r a ea
c e ar an
e
e
n on
e
o
n
ec
e
e
sc
ss on
an
e au
ac s
an
n ca
en e a
o
a
an n e
re a
e
,
’
s
u
“
en
e
as
e
as
a sc
e n
e a
o
.
THE
Pub li s h e rs
MA C M I L LA N C O MPA NY
64 —66 Fif th Av u
en
e
o a
o
e sc en
a or
,
es o
r nc
n
en s
re
a
e
c
T h e F ir s t P r in c ip les o f He r e di ty
BY 8
.
H ER
B ER T
M D (V i en n a) ,
.
(Lon d )
.
.
Clot/z, 8w , ill ustr a ted,
Th
i s b ook i s
ly
th e on
its
Of
on e
by ma i l ,
n et ;
in th e En g
s c o pe
li s h
g i v e s a p opu l ar ly w r itte n ye t s c i e n ti fic ac
c oun t o f a ll th at th e a v e ra g e e d uc ate d r e a d e r ma
d
e s i re
y
H e r e di ty an d K i n d r e d S ub je c ts
to k n o w a b out
w ith out
a s s u mi n g an y k n o w l e d g e of th e s ubje c t on th e re ad e r s
p art
l a gu g e
a
n
It
.
”
,
’
.
Her e di ty
an d
S o c i al P r o g r ess
TT E N PH D LL D
r f P l iti c l E c my U iv r ity f P y l v i
Pr f
A t h r f Th N w B i
f Civi l i z ti
t
SIM ON
BY
o es so
o
u
N
a
o
o
o
.
“
PA
on o
e
n
,
e s
.
,
on ,
a
”
a n a.
e c.
Cl ot/z ,
W ith
.
en ns
o
as s o
e
.
.
,
n et
1 2 771 0,
il os op h i c i i g h t P rof e ss or P tte i th i
b ok p ob e to th e
ts f bi ol gy d p l t th e e th e
f u d ti
mi c s
d th e s c i l c i
It i a
s fe
ce
b old d d uc ti w r ug h t ut w i th p e f e ct l g i
d s h ow
o e c mmo
v y d v a c e f om th e
p r i c i p l e a c ti v e i
l ow e st u i c e ll u l o g i s m to th e h i g h e st s c i a l i titu
A d my
A
ti o
l Am i
o
o
r
,
n
k e e n ph
a
r oo
s
on
on ,
n
o
nna s
“
It
ec t
in
j
ar
is
a
bo
l r
a c ea
Ok io Fa r me r
o
r
er
e
an
n,
an s
a
r
n
ri c h
an d
r
o
o
e r ca n
ok
an
o
n
n
n
an
o
a
o
c on o
o
e
n
ns
s
o
a
en
e
s
s
.
c , an
s
r
n
ns
.
s ugg e s ti on an d pre sen ts th e s ub
”
s o me ti me s r ath e r start li n g man n e r
in
.
.
THE
s
r
o
ca
n
M A C M I L L A N C O M PA N Y
64 —6 6 Fif th Av en ue
Me dic i
Co n fessi o
1 2 mo,
Cl ata,
m
br
e
Of e
a
es
s
n et
x q ui it e d p h i l o op h i cal e s s y s o th m di ca l t
in it b r o d t a p c t
pp r t l y p e r v ad d b y r l i ti o of w h at th
s c ie ce
f m di c i
mi g h t b e
d h w f
it f ll h o rt f it id eal
Th e
y e d l i gh tful to r d T h y
wi
d h r wd
i ti c t w it h k ow l d ge f h um
tur w it h b e e v ol c e d w it h
a h u mi l ity t h t r e c g i z e
it ow
h r t c omi g r t h r t h
its w
”
a tt i m
ut
t
A rg
A
nu
s
n
O
ns
e
ess a
n
a
s, a
“
en s
n
a
oo
d
u ity
e
n
a
e
,
ous , a
en
a s
ea
a
a
za
n
s
o
n
s
a
e
ar
e
o
s
s e an
n
e,
e u
e
wr itt
is
p ug c i
na
”
e
s
e
are
e
b l p r j di c
mi a
It
.
e , an d
e
n
s
n
s
e
s
.
,
an
en
an
e
o
n
.
in
s
s
ea
a
.
an n a
s
a
ar
o
ea
o
n
ou n
rgu d w ith i g
p r c ti c al r fl c tiv
ti
l w y r d bl
a
e
e
on a
.
a
a en
e
o
b k b
The
s
an
s ar
a
a n
an
ne
e
es
s
in
en
in
ous , an d
Th e B ook ma n
.
t t d w it h c a d our d
m y m od
ti m tal
ty l e t h at is b i s k s e t en
es
s a e
n
an
o
an
s en
s,
r
a s
en
.
n
,
.
T h e Co n q ues t o f Ne r v es
BY
Cl ot/z , gi l t top ,
W
J
.
1 2 mo,
v
COU
.
ii i
20
R TNEY
MD
,
.
9 pag es , i n d ex ,
.
by ma il ,
n et ;
t r r e di g m y h l f-b k e d b o k o p y c h ot h r py d N e w
Th C
T h ug h t it i r f r e h i g t c m up
by
qu t f N v
m
wh o k
w h i ubj c t d p k w it h ut h r ity b c k d b y c m
t h i ki g cl r l y t h r ugh h z y t h me d h ddi g t rut h
m
w it h t r t i i g p u g c y — B t T l
“
Af
e
o
no
on s e n s e ,
en e
“
a
n
s s
n
n
is
s
a
o
o
e
an
s
ea
a
t
e, e a n e s , a n d
n
s
e
on
a
s
a
e a
es
e r es ,
o
a
o
an
e
an
s
e
’
o
n
e
r a v e er .
os on
.
r
s
on
e
”
en
i mp l
o
o
ea
a n n
oo
a
p rac ti c l
a
”
Ch r is tia n R eg is ter
.
.
ubj c t
rv
d h w t h y m y b i th
b c q r d
d i t r ti g v l m w h i c h h ul d fi d
f th d c t r m t
u l
r y l w lc me f r m th m y ff r r f wh m it w wr itt
Tha
o
s
s
n
b k
The
an
e
s
,
an
a
n
a
e
o
t
H a r tf
o
o
a
or d
e s ca n
ne
e
’
s
u n us
os
o
on
e
e
o
a
ue e
an
an
an
n e es
su
e e s
a
o
e
n
o u
or
o
e
s
s
e,
as
S u n d ay P os t
.
THE
M A C M I L LA N C O M P A N Y
6 4—66 F if th Av e n u e
e
e s
New Yor k
n
o
en
”
.
By C
rf
P
o e ss o
r
A H E RT E R ,
r c l gy
l ti g Ph y i c i
Ph a ma
of
Co n s u
an d
o o
n
MD,
.
.
s
Th e
to th e
an
.
.
r p ti c i C l mbi U iv r ity ;
City H pit l N w Y r k
eu
a
s
o u
n
os
a
n
a
e
,
e s
o
T h e Co mmo n B ac ter i al In f ec ti o n s o f th e
Dig es ti v e T rac t
And the I n tox ications
a ris in g
f rom Them
a
Cloth , 8 1 m
, 3 60 p ges ,
ma il
by
n et;
3
,
t d f i v ti g ti g th di g s tiv t r ct t l i d i th i v l m
w i ll pr v v l b l t th p r ctiti r wh w l d d t r mi th p r c f
b rm l b c t r i l p r c
b f r th
t f th cl i i c l i g f i c r b l
—
l l - ffi i t
i
f i t xi c ti
d t h i i th
h i g h l y r f r c t ry t t
b k C id r b l t r h b
l id by th
th r
d ét
f
th
m t h d d v l p d i h i l b r t ry i th b l i f t h t t h i r p i t k i g ppl i
c ti wfl l f r i h p r c titi r wit h r l i b l i di c ti
t th
p r gr f
—M
f th di g tiv t r c t
h A h
f i f c ti
m yc
ph y i c i
d t d
t
A v ry c h l r l y v l m p ri m r i l y i t d d f
th
f it g r v i mp r t
c dbc
bj ct it t r t f i f
y t b c
vit l i t r t t l l i t ll i g t r d r w
q it c rt i th b k wi ll b
pp r c i t d d r d i f w id r c i rcl th it tit l wh i c h i r th r p
di g mi gh t w rr t W c ll th r d r tt ti
p c i ll y
i
l
f
k i wh i ch t h r i xp d d m ch v l b l
t th l t c h pt r i th b
m t r i l f c mm
i tr t
T im
“
T h e me h o
a
’
e
“
n e es
a
a
e
e ss o n a
e
o
a e
n
a
e ss
n
,
es
e,
an
o
e
en
n a
ar
,
n
oo
e
,
e
or
a us e
u
ar e
an
e
.
er e
e
e
e e
s
e
rc
i v es .
an s
e su
e
e
a
oun
e
e ss o
o
s u
en s,
s o
oo
a
s
s
a
ea s o
a n
’
on
o
n
an
e
e,
ea
e
s
s
s
a
n
’
o
e
r a s on
au
a ns a
e
u a
n
c en
e
o n s as
.
e
e
a
”
su
on
en
e
‘
e
e
es
u
e
e
e o
esen
ns o
a
a
e
s
o u
s
e
e a
een
n
n en
e
an
e
a
s
e
n
ne
n
s
e
a
e
”
n e es
a
e s,
e
as
e an
ea
o
e
a
a
on
s
ne
e e
an
e
e
’
e
o
o
a
n e
n
on
on e s
o u
ea
e
o a o
on o
o a
a
as
a
s
e on s e
a
ou
a
ou
o
e o e
e a
s
s o un
ss es
a
an
a e
e
e
e
on e
o ns
e
a us e o
e
,
a
.
o a
s
e
e
e
n
n o
n e
as e s o
an
a
s a es o
u n s
on
a
oo
e o
e
s
o
o
o
e
or
re
es
o
a
a
e
or
n
e
e
a
a
no
e
a ua
e
o
s o
ro
a
a ua
e
es .
.
On In f an ti li sm fr o m Ch r o n i c In tes tin al
In fec tio n
Cl oth ,
“
H rt r b k i b
e
Dr
o n o f th e
.
ti
w id r di
e
ea
e
’
bj c t
su
ng.
oo
s
”
e
s
of
Iz
mo
,
dt h v
i f c ti di
o un
n e
o
o us
a
THE
e
c en ts n et;
pages , 90
th e
s e as es
Georg e C l V/z ippl e
.
2 40
e
ff c t
of
e
th e
br d i
i t ti
of
oa
n es
by ma il ,
e n n g o u r c on c e
p
n e,
an
d
d
.
M A C M I L L A N C O M PA N Y
New Yor k
e se
rv
es
a
Ge n e ral Sc ie n c e
l n troduc tion to
R OWELL, B Sc
B Y P ER CY E
.
.
.
Cl oth
12
mo
3 02 pages
ne t
i c r e a i g d e m d f or a t h or oug h c mp r h i b l
d p r c ti cal
t e xt -book o th u bj c t i me t b y R ow ll “ I t r d uc ti o to G e l
S c i c e th e di ti c tiv f atur e f w h i ch
1
Th
b ook g iv b r o d d q u t vi w Of th ge r l fi l d of
c c T h l m t of p h y i c d ch mi t r y r c iv p rti cul r m
p h i but b i l g y p h y i g r p h y d s e v r l p h e of pp l i d c i c
d l y c id r d
a
2
D pit th
c s ty f t r ti g v r i ous c i c e th b k i
m r k b l f o it c ti uity f t h g h t
f c i e ti fi c
T h e i t rr l ti o
t t l y d cl r l y p i t d ut
f ct i c
- ut b r i k
T
h
m
i
t
r
t
t
c
r
l
d t h o r ough th e mat e ri l w e ll
3
ch
d up t d t
w h i l th g r l w or k m h ip of th b k
r d r it tt r c tiv d r vi c b l
v r 9 l b or t r y x r c i i th e b ok a u b er of
4 Th r
t h m ti r l y w d l l of t h e m i ll u t r tiv f th t xt
l ct d
d l i t of c r full y
e c ur g d
5 R f e r c r di g
t d rd r f r c b k
ugg
t d T h o t c h e r h w v r wh
t t k u p d t i l d w o r k of t h i
d
r t m y g iv
ti f c t y
ot c r
c ur b y u i g c e c ti W th th e b ook U it d S t t G v r m t
bull ti l t w h i c h d e fi it r ef e r e c e i m d e in th l i t s f re f r
di g t h r oug h ut th b ok
e ce r
The
n
s n
n
i en
e
o o
u
on s
.
a
e
e
r
en
a
e s
en
e
en
e
.
s an
a
o
a e,
a e
o
s n
se
n
ea
n
n
n era
ne a
e
s
e
e a
n
e
as
o n e
c
e
a
e
a
a
s
e
e
en
s
e
e
e
e a
on n
o
e
an
,
e
n
.
a e
ea
se
.
e
T
oo
se e
o
s,
a
e
e
a es
e
o
e
s
e
o
,
s a
or
e n
en
e a sa
a
s
rr
n
,
e
s s
n
o
n
s
e
o
e o
i
e
s re
a
n
s so
n
s
a
e
o
o
an s
a
es e
on
n
,
ses
s
s are s
e a
oo
.
a o
o
e
.
en e a
e
s,
an
,
e
n
en
s
n e
o
s
,
ea
is
e
a
.
a
oo
in
n s a on e ,
e
ou
a
n
e
o
se
an
ea
a
e
an
ea
e
0
e
,
e
a
e, an
o
e
s an
or
ea
e an
e e en
o n
o
s
ne
n
s
a e
e
,
ea
en
a
e
n
an
e e are o
.
es i
on
s
an
os e n
ens
are
a
,
a
s o
e ne
ea
e
.
a
e
.
on s a n
s
s
s o
s
,
e e
es
a
a
e
en s
e e e
.
’
e
es a
as s ,
re
s
e
e
o
,
e
n
s
,
.
s
e s
”
en
an
e
o
.
E ACHER S
t
c ll th b k t h r g h p r c ti c l c mp r h iv
cl ar
i f t y
c c t ch r
g r t id t th
f T u t
wr it
M N P L w
W h i gt
“I h v
x mi d R w ll I t r d uc ti t G r l S c i c q it l
c r f ll y I t w r T h m r I u it th b tt r I l ik it Th r i
r m l ft f th t c h r H d
t h v t c r wd h i m lf i T hi
b k h r d l y f i l t i c l t y w it h th b ll ti h b it i
w h i c h I m fi m b l i v r I it c r g m t f w id r di g d
fi th
d c q i t c w it h b k t h r g h th x c ll t r f r c
t h i c mp c t l itt l v l um i
d c ti i it l f I f l w r
g iv
t
w ith y ur Comp y I h ul d wi h t p u h t h i b ok I b l i v
a
r
oo
” “
e
s a c or
.
“
a e e
a e u
or
oo
c an
a
a
rs
a
an
en ,
o
a
e
a
o
r
e
o
’
e
e
e
s
as
‘
n
e
n
.
e
s
oo
s
e
s
o
ea
n
e
an
one
en
ou a
e
e
e
o
e
e
en
e
u a
on
u
o
e
n
e
an
THE
P ubl is h er
s
o
s
o
s
s
o
.
’
.
n
se
o
e
e
e
e
n
e
ea
e
e e
s
s
a
an
n
e
M A C M I L LA N C O M P A N Y
s
6 4-66 F i fth Av en ue
.
e in i
es
e e
”
.
e
n
,
e e en
en
se
u
.
o
o
sa
,
en
ene a
o
ou
an
”
es :
e
a e
e,
”
.
on
’
en s
on ,
se
n no u a e
e
”
o
o
oe s n
e
.
”
e
o e
e
a
ien
e s
e
.
ea
a ,
n on ,
o
ua n an
a
s
a
ne
ea s
.
a
,
s on o
a
e
oo
ea
a
.
.
o ou
a
,
” “
.