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 t [\mnW¹² j [ jcu Wp[ u xczPYn`³x|Åc` j ] u  jct ^;W u WZW t °èØz jct™g Y j [³[³WZ` teuj `lWײn u ZxDs|WQ`³WQ² N [³mnW g ] j‘g
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1
Oper. A
Oper. B (reg)
Oper. B (Immediate)
0.9
0.8
Frequency
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
’Usefulness’ of bit in operands
û>»Å|~n`³WL¿n°»d ø û `lW
E~nW t  g xcz8^n»[’À~ u W!÷ tòv mn` g€u [\x t W
• ¤(D¡(ŽQDœ; – PæÒ u ] j ¸»¸ ulg€t [\mnWp[\7}^*W t Êmn] j `³õ N ²nW u 7Å t WZ²3[³xÄ~ u W j À[ g Yn» j ¸ý u Yn`lW j ²
xcz8 tnu [\`³~eQ[\»x tnu °
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1
Oper. A
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Frequency
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0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
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’Usefulness’ of bit in operands
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1
Oper. A
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Oper. B (Immediate)
0.9
0.8
Frequency
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
’Usefulness’ of bit in operands
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100
Dhrystone
GSM
DES
Register size % overhead
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2
4
6
8
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Width of partitions in bits
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80
Dhrystone
GSM
DES
Percent ADD ops inferred
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Width of partitions in bits
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Percent register writes avoided in add ops
20
Dhrystone
GSM
DES
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Width of partitions in bits
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07
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ff
full
empty
full
empty
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Inferrer
ALU
carry?
f3
full
14
full
Inferrer
ALU
carry?
00
empty
carry?
ALU
carry
in?
ff fa ff ec
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full
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16
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GSM
DES
Worst case maximum cycles
14
Estimated cycles/add
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Width of partitions in bits
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34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
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metadata
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Look at metadata,
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YES
must we do an ALU
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Inferred result?
ALU result?
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Control flow
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Write result
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E~nW u [\WZ² N [\x j scx|7²TWQscWZ` g x|Y;WZ` j [\»x t
[ j õE t ō[\mnW u³j ]$WlÀohx|` u [¶ j¢u W! j ²n²n±[\7x t [\»]}W¢°¶VX»]¼~n¸ j [\7x t  jct ²nWQ[³WZ`³]$ t Wµ[\meW Zx|] Ô
Yn¸7Wp[\7x t [³7]$W u `³W E~n7`lWZ²Äzšxc`y[³mnW u Wµ²e† &*WZ`³W t [Lx|Y;WZ` j [\»x tnu¹jct ²—[\meW j p[\~ j ¸-²nWZ¸ jDg s j `l7WQ² O
mnxDoWps|WZ`y] j [\Ême t ż²eWZ¸ j‘g€u  u [\»]}W ÔÖQx tnu ~e]} t Å j¢t ²[\mnWLWZ]$Ynm jcu  u o jcu x t ²eWQs|WQ¸7x|Ye t Å
j ohx|`³õE t Å5Yn`³xc[³xc[ g Y*W¶` j [\mnWQ`×[\m jct ¸7xDoñÔظ7WQscWZ¸xcYe[\»]} u\j [³7x tnu °
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`³WZ²e~nZW j p[\±sX±[ ,g O-jcu ±[ u [ jct ² u [\mnW_^n¸7x€Êõ u 7]$Yn¸ g Wps j ¸7~ j [\W uLj ¸7¸-zš~ t Q[\»x tnuîj¢t ² u WQ¸7WZp[ u
[\mnWî²nW u »`³WZ²—`lW u ~e¸»[‘°ó×me u o jcu [³W uyu x|]$W+W t WZ`lÅ g zšx|`WQs|WQ` g ÒLï(ðôx|Y*WQ` j [³7x t Y*WQ`lzšx|`l]}WQ²°
ÒLÅ j  t [³mnWìWQ]}Yem jcu  u o jcu x tŠj Ême7WQs€ t Å j ox|`lõE t Å ulg€u [³WZ]ö÷` u [ Njct ²3¸7W j sX t Åòx|Ye[\ÕÔ
]} u\j [³7x tnu ~ t [³7¸¸ j [³WZ`Z°¹û÷~n`w[\mnWQ`³]$x|`³W´ t RW $Z7W t Z»W u  t [³mnW_ÒLï(ð] jDg m j scW jìu ] j ¸»¸7WQ`
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xcz>[³mnW_x|Y;WZ` j [\»x tnu¹j `lW_ t zšWZ`³`lWZ²
jct ² t xc[yY;WZ`lzšxc`³]$WZ²ò t [\meW´ÒLï(ðê^e¸7x€Êõ;°
Ò [\`l j ¸8^ g [³WpÔ u WZ`l j ¸ùÒLïðÓo jcu 7]$Yn¸7WQ]}W t [³WZ²Îzš`lx|] u [ jct ² j `³²TZWZ¸»¸ u zš`³xc] j ZWZ¸»¸¸7ÕÔ
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j `³W j s j 7¸ j ^n¸»W´ t ÒLYnY;W t ²n±ékÒ_°-ï j‘g xc~e[îo j¢u [\mnW tTuwg€t [³mnW u  u WZ² N [ j `³Å|Wp[³[\ t Å j be°À½™Á P]
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oy»[\mÄm jct ²Äx|Ye[³7]$ u\j [\7x tnu xcz8[\mnW´Z»`³Z~e»[‘° i x u [LÅ j [\W u ohWZ`³W u »ÐZWZ² j ZQx|`³²n t Å5[\x5[\mnWQ7`
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[\` j¢tnu  u [\xc` j¢t ²FÅ j [\W u »ÐZWòx|Ye[³7]$ u\j [\7x tnu °Šó×meWIJnW u »Å t ohx|~n¸»²F^;W t WQön[}Å|`³W j [\¸ g zš`³xc]
[\mnW¼² j [ j Y j [\mÎ^;WZ t ō¸ j 7²òx|~e[L^ g m jct ² jct ²æZWQ¸7¸Zx t [³W t [ u m j¢t ²XÔÖxcYe[\»]} u WZ² N ^e~e[+[\me u
Á|Ë
Operands
ADFMI
test
harness
Instr.
ALU
Result
û87Å|~n`lW¶ÁX°·Á ø Ò v û i èhóׁ»]}WQ]}»¸7¸($¢¾8xDoWQ`³]$7¸»¸e[\W u [
m j ` t W u³u
 u Wpé€[\`lWZ]$WZ¸ g [\»]}W ÔÖZx tnu ~n]$ t Å jct ²JYn`³Wps|W t [³WZ²/^ g [³mnW—Yn`³xlWQQ[}²nW j ²n¸7 t W u °Jó×meWÄ`lWpÔ
u ~n¸±[ u zš`lx|] ~ t x|YX[\7]$ u WZ²Ä¸ j‘g x|~X[ j `lW_WpéXY;WZp[\WZ²Î[³x^;W_Y;W u³u 7]$ u [\7´^n~e[
[\mn u  uLj z j 7`³WQ`
Zx|]$Y j `l u x t [³m jctSN zšx|`ùW é j ]}Yn¸»W NEj [l[\WQ]}Ye[³ t Åî[³x´Qx|]$Y j `³Wyx t ¸ g oy±[\m u ÊmnWQ] j [\7 ÔÖ^ j¢u WZ²
u 7]_~n¸ j [³7x teu °
±³²±´° êÊÈ´Ãhǒ¾É»Z¹5È´¶—¸
Ô
Èît ZWy[\mnWyZ»`³Q~n»[Io jcu ¸ j »² x|~e[ N™u 7]_~n¸ j [³7x teu Zxc~n¸7²$^*W×`l~ t [\x´²nWQ[³WZ`³]$ t W×Y*WQ`lzšx|`l] jct ZW
cj t ²ŠY;xDoWQ`¼Zx teu ~n]$Ye[\»x t ° f xc[³ùm ëÁš(›l£R›‚š( ( j¢t ²_•“˜$#£R–ˆ›‚š( ( zš`³xc] qù¾èw{ohWZ`³Wì~ u WQ²
[\xìÅcWQ[ j ZZ~e` j [³W T ~ u ~ j ¸»¸ g oy±[\mn t dDb> xcz`³W j ¸ u 7¸»7Qx t Uh[\»]} t Å jct ²ÄY*xDohWZ`+W u [\»] j [\W u °
Ò u xcz#[Öo j `lW+[\W u [ym j ` t W ulu o jcu Qx tnu [\`³~eQ[\WQ²— t º{Ì N oy»[\m[³mnW+Ò v û i èù t [\WQ`lz j QWL[\xµ[\mnW
q ¾èw{ u »]¼~n¸ j [\x|` u x¢z#[Öo j `lWc°æÒ v û i è j ¸»¸7xDo uµu xcz#[Öo j `³Wì[³`³»Å|Å|WZ` u x t ¸7x|Å|» j ¸Wps|W t [ u  t
[\mnW´m j `l²eo j `³W´~ t ²nWQ` u 7]¼~n¸ j [\»x St NXjct ²v„÷WpéX»^n¸7W u x¢z#[Öo j `lWµ]$x€²nWZ¸ u xczIQ7`³Q~n»[ u  jct [\mE~ u
^*WÎ^e~n7¸±[} t ºÌ{ »°h҅]$xX²eWZ¸×o j¢u oy`³±[³[\W ñt T önÅ|~n`³WÎÁX°·>Á U [³x3oy` j Y j `³xc~ t ²B[³mnWÎZ»`³Q~n»[ N
 t [\WQ`lz j Q t Å3[³x3[\meWæ t Yn~X[ jct ²1xc~e[\Yn~X[¦xczî[\meWÎÒ+ï(ðµ°hó×mnWæ]$xX²nWQ¸
^;WZm j scW u ¸7»õcWò[\mnW
~nY u [³`³W j ] Zxc]}Y;x t W t [ u  t j Ye`³x€ZW ulu x|` u ² j [ j Y j [\mŠ[\m j [ m jct ² u m j õcWò t `lW E~nW u [ u [\x
WpéXWZQ~e[\W´ tnu [\`l~nQ[³7x tnuyj ¸7x t Å u 7²eWLm jct ² u m j õcW u¹u ~eYnYn¸ g  t Å5`³WZÅc u [³WZ`ײ j [ j [\x5x|Y;WZ` j [\Wîx t °
ó×mnWµ]$x€²nWZ¸ j ¸ u x j ZZWQYe[ u `³W u ~n¸±[ u oy`³±[³[³W t x|~e[×[\meW´x¢[\mnWQ`¹W t ²òxcz8[³mnW¶Ò+ï(ð N j YnY*W j `³ t Å
¸77õ¢W j `lWZÅ| u [\WQ`Lö÷¸»W j ZQWZYe[³ t Ŧ² j [ j [³xoy`³±[\Wc°îó×meW ]}x€²nWZ¸8`³W j ² u  t@jìu [³`³W j ]…xcz Yn`lWpÔ
²nWZQxX²nWQ²  tnu [\`l~nQ[³7x tnu zš`³x|] j ön¸7W N¢u W t ² u [³mnWZ]ê[\mn`lx|~nÅ|mµ[\mnWhÒ+ï(ð jct ²_¸7x|Å u [\meW`³W u ~n¸±[ u
Yn`³x€²n~nQWZ²k^ j Êõì[\x$²n u c°
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zš`³x|] j ö÷¸»Wñ^ g [³mnW×]}x€²nWQ¸ N¢j ¸7¸»x"oy t ÅL t [\WZ`lÊm jct Å j ^n¸7WhYn`³xcÅ|` j ] u [³x+^;Wñ`³~ t x t [\mnWñÒLï(ðµ°
ó×mnW¼ teu [\`l~nQ[³7x teu+jct ²Äx|Y;WZ` j¢t ² u  t [\meWµ[\me`³WZW_^*W t Êmn] j `³õ u Wps j ¸7~ j [³WZ²ÄW j `l¸77WQ` Tãv q V N
v mn` g€u [³x t W jct ²Ä[³mnW " V i ö÷¸»[³WZ` UñohWZ`lW_`lW j ²Ä t ^ g [³mnW´[³W u [Lm j ` t W u³u O [\mnW u\j ]}W¶[\mn`lWZW
² j [ j¢u WQ[ u [\m j [ u xcz#[Öo j `³W u 7]_~n¸ j [³7x teu oWQ`³Wì[ j õcW t zš`³x|]ohWZ`lWì[\meWZ`³Wpzšx|`³W}`³~ t [\mn`lx|~nÅ|m
[\mnW ÒLïð´°Pó×mnW¼z j Q[+[³m j [+[³mnW u\j ]$W¼² j [ j ohWZ`lW$~ u WZ²@ t [\mnW ÒLï(ðˆZ»`³Z~e»[ j ¸7¸7xDo u [\mnW
j ZQ~n` j  g xcz([³mnW+W j `³¸ g}u x¢z#[Öo j `lW u »]¼~n¸ j [\»x tnu [\x¼^;Wî t s|W u [³7Å j [³WZ²°ó×meWZ`³Wî uñj ¸ u x_s j ¸»~nW
 t [³mnW
z j p[[³m j [[³mnW+ÒLïð<o j¢uñu »]¼~n¸ j [\WZ²}`³~ tet  t Å_`³W j ¸*Yn`lx|Å|` j ] ujct ² t xc[ j_u ~n»[³WLxcz
Zx t [\`l»scWZ²Ä[³W u [¹scWZp[\x|` u °
ÁcÌ
ALU
ALU_Fn_dec
collect
û>7Åc~n`³W¶Á€°·Æ ø Ò i ðLï(qóy½}ÒLï(ðr[³W u [
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ó×mnW×Ò i ð
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[\x$^*Wî] j ²nW¢°
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j ²n²n±[\7x t oy»[³m j3t xDs|WQ¸+ j `³` g Å|W t WZ` j [\7x t/u ÊmnWQ]}W¢°êó×mnWæÒ i ð
ï(qùóy½ ÒLïðZ7`lZ~n±[
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Y*WQ`lzšx|`l]}WQ²òxDscWZ` j `lWZ¸ j [\±s|WZ¸ g ¸»x t Å Y;WZ`³»xX²P°
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jct ² x|Y;WZ` j [\»x tnu Nùj¢t ²Š[ j õ¢W t [³xæ¸ j‘g x|~X[ T ö÷Åc~n`³W—Á€°·Æ U °æÒ u »]}»¸ j `î]$x€²nWZ¸ xczy[\mn#W ·x|~X[lÔ
u 7²eW$ohx|`³¸»S² o jcu Qx tnu [\`³~eQ[\WQ²Š~ u  t ÅòÒ v û i è N zšWZWZ²e t Åò t ²nWQZx€²nWZ²Š tnu [³`³~np[\»x tnu¶jct ²
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] j `lõ u oWQ`³W `³~ t x t ^;xc[³m ulg€u [³WZ] u Njct ²Î[³mnW Y*WQ`lzšx|`l] j¢t ZW j¢t ²@Y*xDohWZ`îZx tnu ~n]$Ye[³7x t
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3633300 ps
3693800 ps
Time
ireq
iack
areq
ain[0:7]
$90
aack
breq
bin[0:7]
$80
back
rreq
res[0:7]
$E8
$09
fres
rack
seralu.reqalu
seralu.reqinf
3754400 ps
3814900 ps
3875500 ps
$90
$40
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$40
3936 ns
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$22
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