1860 April 27th

APRIL 27, 1860.
INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.
April 24th, 1860.
GEORGE P. BmDER, Esq., President, in the Chair.
THE E N GINEER.
S 0 CI E T Y
0 F A R T S.
W ednesday, April 18th, 1860.
THol\tAS WINKWORTB, Esq., Vice-President of the Society,
in the Chair.
Tn paper r ead was, "Account of the Works recently constructed
upon the River Severn, at the Upper Lode, near Tewkesbury," by
ON PAPER MATERIAL.
Mr. E. Leader Williams, M.I.C.E.
By RoBERT H. COLLYER, 1\f.D.
The whole of the works constructed, during the past fifteen
years for the improvement of the navigation of the river Severn, THE subject of paper material is now occupying the especial attenbetw~n Stourport and Gloucester, were projected in 1841 by tion of civilised Europe and America, in reference to the supposed
Sir William Cubitt. There had already been laid before the insti- deficiency of meeting the increased demand for paper, consequent
tution communications descriptive of the mode of blasting the red upon the progress of education among the people, and the use of this
sandstone and marl rocks under water, " Min. of Proc. Inst. C.E.," material in various branches of industry, for paper _is now the great
vol. iv., p. 361, and an account of the works between Stourport and neceasity of this com paratively intellectual age. Bttherto rags have
Diglis, ' ' Min. of Proc. Inst. C.E.," vol. v., p. 840. It was only been the great staple on which paper-makers have depended, and
necessary, therefore, to state, in r eference to those works, that the not without r eason, for on the large scale, when hundreds of
result of tile 'experiment forced by Parliament upon the promoters, thousands of tons had to be produced, where could they eJtpect t o
to attempt t~ improve the navigation between Diglis and Ryall by find a material so fitted, by its very nature, for their purposes, as
dr~g, instead by the construction of a lock and weir at the the worn-out cotton and linen used in clothing?
]atter place, as proposed, was that, after having kept four steam
The very wear-and-tear to which rags have been subjected renders
dredging machines constantly at W!Jr.k for upwards of two years, an.d them, as it were, particu1arly adapted for the purpose of the paperhaving removed upwards of one mtlhon tons of mar!, gravel, &c., tt maker; the treatment for their conversion into paper stuffs is so
was found, that the Je,,el of low water upon the lower cill of Diglis simple, r equiring the use of but a small quantity of chemical agents,
l ock was depressed 3 ft., and that the required navigable depth could that it is not surprisin~ that the manufacturer should be so tenacious
of what he deems hts rights, and so sensitive to any supposed
not be maintained.
Application was consequently again ~ade to Parl_ia_ment, for infringements of them. I am now of cour.e referring to the best
permtssion to carry out the works accordmg to the on gmal plan ; white rags. When, however, those of an inferior or second quality,
but to meet the local requirem ents of the town of Tewkesbury, or coloured rags, are used, they require much time in order to fit
the site of the projected works was removed from Ryall, four miles them for conversion into good white paper.
It must be remembered that the rags, as they are collected, are of
above that town, to the Upper Lode, half a mile below it. After
a contest in Parliament of five years' duration, the requisite powers all qualities-some new, some half-worn, while others are so injured
were obtained; but, owing to the unfavou.r able state of the money by wear or other causes as to be merely ''shreds and tatters." These
market at the time (1852), the works were not commenced until the have to be sepa rated, as the t reatment which would bring th e one
into a proper state would utterly destroy the other. They are also
autumn of 1856.
As the channel of the Severn at the Upper I.ode formed an acute sorted accor ding to their qualities-cotton from linen, hemp from
angle, changing from NW. to SSE., it was determined to construct flax, &c. T hen there is the collecting, the sifting, the picking out
the proposed works in new channels, descri bing easy curves. In of extraneous matters, so that even with rags a g reat expenditure
order to allow of the passage of a steam-tug and an accompanying of time and labour is required.
The materials are next subjected to long boiling in caustic liquor,
tleet of vessels at one "locking," a basin, or second chamber, was
added to the lock proper. This was entered by a pair of gates, and in order to remove grease, dirt, and oth er foreign substances.
the bottom of both lock and basin being uniform throughout, the This operation is most imperfectly performed, as I shall have occat'IVO together could be worked as one large lock-chamber, 2i6 ft. in sion to show in a subsequent portion of these remarks.
Th11 loss, in one way and another, before the best rags are conlength, and capable of containing, besides the steam-tug, six Severn
verted into paper, is over 30 per cent. Wi th those of coarser qualitrows. each of 100 tons btuthen.
The depth of excavation required for the lock-pit wall 35 ft., and ties it is sometimes as high as 50 per cent. This is an important
here some difficulty arose, as was anticipated. B eneath 2 ft. of loam fact, when taken in connection with raw materials.
The rags, when boiled, are washed for from two to five hours,
and 16 ft. of soQnd red brick-clay, there occurred 14 ft. of
imperfect blue lia_.s claY:, intermixed .w ith black' mud and deca!ed according to their condition and quality. They are afterward:~
vegetable matter, m whtcb atrong sprmgs of water were met wttb, bleached, and cut into short lengths by the beating engine, which
and then 4 ft of compact blue lias clay, overlaying a thick bed of machine is intended to rub out the fibre, a duty which it but imperwater-beariug gravel. When the sound upper crust was removed, fectly performs. The paper maker is obliged to be very cautious.
the semi-ftuid mass began to rise in the pit, letting down the clay and not carry this operation of pulping too far, otherwise the paper
on each side, and breaking up the whole of the surface. At first would be "short," and Jack strength.
I do not profess to be a practical paper-maker, and therefore any
it wa.s suggested that the water should be drained off, but the
proximity of the river, which surrounded the works on three sides, error 1 may make in points of mere detail will, I doubt not, be readily
]eft little to be hoped for from such an attempt. Relief was excused. My object is with principles, und here I am prepared to
therefore sought in another, and, as experience proved, the rig ht speak with confidence.
I feel certain that rags are the most expensive material that can
direction. Pirs were sunk in the line of the east wing wall of the
lock forebay, the sides and ends beingplanked with halftimbers, well be used, nor can they prodcce paper equal in strength and durability
strutted. As soon as the sound clay was reached, the pits werelilled to raw materials, when these are t reated judiciously.
I haYe a friend in the United States who is now manufactu ring
with concrete. The distance between these pits was 20 ft., and
the intermediate soil was allowed to remain, until the conc rete in some thirty tons of paper each week, t he ingredient being principally
the adjacent pits was consolidated, when these spaces were also !illed wheat atr!lw. The process consists in boiling it, under a pressure of
with concrete. Thus, the whole of the wall foundations, composed of 200 lb. to the square inch, in a large spherical boiler of 14 ft. in diaconcrete, 12 ft. in width, and 14 ft. in depth, were got in. l t was meter. I n this vessel h e acts on some 10,000 lb. of straw at one
e xpected that this mass would, by its gravity, resist the pressure of operation; it requires some four to live hours to get the whole to
the aoft soil at the back, especially as the materials between the two the heat of 320 deg. Fah., which he continues for some twen ty-four
lines of concrete had not been removed. But as the concrete walls hours. Be t hen removes the man-b ole of the boiler and iojects cold
were forced oodily inwards, 18 in. on each side, strutting timbers water, so as to be able to remove the material which is by this time
were jntroduced to prevent furtb,er movement; whilst an inverted compacted into a large glutinous mas», raw materials having a
arch of concrete, 6 ft. thick at the crown, was g radually carried tendency to this agglutination when boiled in bulk. The object of
through the whole length of the work, upon a similar plan to that these operations is to get rid of the silica and glut-en. As a like
adopted in the case of the foundations of the side walls. As the process is used in England by other paper manufacturers, possibly
timber struts did not seem to be sufficient to prevent the inward with some modifications, my description will equally unswer for
m ovement of the sides during the formation of t he inver ted arch, other cases. High-pre.~ure boiling involves a g reat sacr ifice of fuel,
counterforts of concrete 10 ft. square, and carried 2 ft. below the nor is the object attained, for though the steam in th e boiler acqui res
bottom of the side-wall foundations, were introduced at every 12 ft. a very high temperature, the liquor itself is much lower.
Now, I ask any one who has seen these operati ons, can the alkaline
apart. The concrete foundations thus completed contained upwards
liquor or the beat permeate a mass of material so matted and packed
of 7,500 cubic yards.
The materials used in the construction of the lock chamber, invert, together? I t is a well-known fact that this treatment is so unequal
wing walls, walls of the basin, and lock gates were tbeu described. in its effects, that one batch or boil may turn out far better than the
It appear~d that the ~ates, ~hich ~ere 33 ft; big~ by 20i ft. wide, next, and also that those portions which come readily in contact with
were camed upon an tron ptvot, vnth n bem1Sphencal steel top, and thealkalineliqnor aresu.fliciently prepared, while those in the interior
may be hardly acted on at all. The same objection exists in boiling
were worked by one man with comparative ease.
The weir was 500 ft. long, 40 ft. wide, and 6 ft . high. The apron, rags. A paper -maker of forty years' eltperience told me the othtr
day that frequently one portion of the r ags was cooked wbeu the
w~ch ~as. formed of rubble limestone, the fac_e being pitched had
1
an mchnatron of 5 to 1, down to the lower ctll, beyond wh1ch a r est was nearly in the same sWlte as when first put into the boiler.
h orizontal stone aheeting extended to the width of 10 ft., for pro- This is f.articularly the case when over half a ton is boiled at a
tecting the lower row of sheet piles. The section of the back pi tch- time. 1 his statement has been corroborated by several of the most
ing was a parabolic curve, which was continued over the cap cill, prominent makers, with whotn 1 have lately been thrown into
experiments baYing proved that this form facilitated the discharge contact.
Surely, then, if rags, which ar e free from those glutinous and
of the water, instCIId of causing an upheaving of ita surface at the
line of contact which was common to other forms. The heavy gummy matters which invariably accompany raw materials, are
Creshes, to which the Severn was subject, were discharged by the subject to this difficulty of imperfect boiling when acted on in
weir with such rapidity as to fill the channel of the river below it quantity, bow much more mll.:!t this be the case with the raw
five times as fast as that above it, until the surface formed one un- material!
broken plane, bv the weir being thrown out of operation.
It is true that various contrivances have been adopted for obviating
T he old channel of the river was dammed up by forming a jetty these inconveniences. Some have revolving boilers; others cause
of fascines from each bank; every cou rse of fascmes being covered the apparatus to perform a semi-revolution, but no practical advanand weighted with stid clay, well trodden into the thorns. Ulti- tage is obtained. I now refer to raw substanlles, for with r ags, in
mately the dam was increased to a width of 130ft., the towing-path consequence of their freedom from gummy and glutinous matter, the
being carried over it.
revolving boiler saves both alkali and time, and ensures more
The estimated cost of the works was £35,000; and, although the uniform results.
contingencies were unusually h eavy, this amount had not been exI now come, gentlemen, to that portion of my remarks in which I
ceeded.
shall have to treat of processes which profess to remove all the obstacles
The togJ nsed upon the river were 93ft. long by 19! ft. wide. attendant on the use of raw substances. I will show that what now
They were propelled by paddle-wheels, worked by side-lever con- requires from eight to fourteen hours to accomplish can be effected
deosing engines, having cylinders 30 in. diameter and 4ft. stroke. in two, and that what now takes from two to three days may be perOne of these boats sometimes hauled uP., from Gloucester to W or- fectly well managed in six h ours. Such a revolution in the prepacester, against the stream, at three miles an hour, twelve loaded ration of paper material I did not in the least anticipate when I
Se'l'ern vessels, making a dead weight of upwards of 700 tons.
commenced my eJtperiments five years since. If my observations do
not appeal to your judgment as being based on correct chemical and
mechanical principles, I must not expect to receive your assent or
TKE LAST CamsE OF Tn& RoYAL YACHT.-Extract of a letter:approbation. But I have done more than theorise on the matter,
" h was a good trial, sure enough; and since ships sailed on the having erected machinery in my garden on a scale of sufficient
sea I suppose none ever went so fast, till we broke down in the magnitude to prove the process capable of ~ing carried to any remiddle of tbe Bay of Biscay. We visited Gibraltar, Cadiz. Seville, quired extent. I should be happy to be visited by any of my
Lisbon, Vigo, and Ferrol, and were back to England again in audience or their friends, when 1 think it will be in my power to
14 davs,
and should have been in 12 but for the accident. W e convince them that paper of every quality can be made q_uite inde•
ran out to Gibraltar in th ree days and eight hours from Portland, p endently of r ags, at less than half the cost: of this tact I am
averaging about 13! knots all the way. Coming borne we went certain. My process consists, first, in passin~ the straw or other
into all those placCI$, spent a day, sometimes but a few hours, in material between two rollers, running at d11ferent speeds: this
each. and were crossing the Bay again, when, about midday on produces a trituratory action, which, in the case of straw, rubs
Monday last, 190 miles from Usbant, and about 400 from Ports- out the k nots and ears; these have always formed au insupermouth, a heavy rattling noise was beard, and all went on deck, and able obstacle in the case of straw, producing specks in the
found the great shaft or axle to the port-paddle broken in halves; paper ; the knot in particular is most ditlicult to bleach. ::io
and there we were, helpless for a time. With a smart captain, and also is th e ear. 1 am aware that those who make straw paper
the aid of a gsUant crew of engineers, stokers, &c., in six hours the attempt to get rid of these by cutting the material in to shor t
shaft was secured to prevent it falling bodily into the sea, and lengths and winnowing them out, but it can easily be imagined h ow
thereby not only losing the wheel, but of course causing the ship imperfectly this proce,s must effect the object in view. The rollers
to list over considerably on one side. No sooner was all secured also prepare the straw by opening it out into a partially fibrous statei
than it began to blow h eavily from the eastward. With but one so that it occupies only half the space it would take up in its natura
wing left, it was deemed prudent to paddle cautiously, and put her condition, and besides the alkali has a more ready access to the fibre.
head to the su; even then she steamed four knots an hour all that I n this condition it is pack ed in sieved trays, about one foot and
night and next day, and shipped very little water. The wind a-half in depth; these are placed in an apparatus to be operated on
freshened at night otf Usbant, with a very heavy cross SCII, and still in detail. That is, each layer is aur.plied independently with a curshe struggled gallantly on in the teeth of it. As we entered the rent of steam and a1kaline liquors.
Channel, and she had help under her lee if necesaaz;r, she was made
In lieu of filling, for instance, with alkaline liquor a vessel of
to go 7, 8, and, finally, 9! knots with her one wheel.
8 X 8 ft., having a capacity of about 400 square feet, or 2,500 gallons,
265
I only employ 600 gallons, of a strength of two degrees, or about
three ounces of caustic alkali to the gallon- in tine, not over 1 cwt.
of soda or potass to the ton of straw, whereas, at present, few makers
use less than from 4t cwt. to 5 cwt. This is edected by usin~ a
reservoir at or near th e bottom of the apparatus or vessel tn whtch
the mater ials are treated. From this reservoir the alkaline liquor is
pumped to one abo,re, from which the distribution takes place uniformly to each layer or stratum to be acted on . When perfectly
saturated, the superheated steam acts under each stratum by an inderendent supply. The excess of alkaline liquor falls over the sides of
the t ray down to the bottom of the apparatus. I n this manner a
system of percolation and circulation is kept up for forty minutes to
one hour, when the spent liquor is drawn off, and the reser voir is
refilled with fresh liquor, for it must be borne in mind that by this
time the alkali, though not chemically n eutralised, has lost the po1Ver
of acting on the silica. I could enlarge, if time permitted, on this
topic, as illustrating one of the principal causes of failure in the
modes now in use.
The escape-steam is not lost, for it enters tan'ks in which the
alkal.i ne liquor or water for washing is first boiled, for it is most important in the treatment of raw material, that cold shou1d not be
brought in contact with it until the operation is complete, so far aa
the removal of gluten and silica is concerned. The paper now supposed to be made of straw, which in most cases is a mixture of
cotton r ags, is condemned as being brittle, harsh, and having an unpleasant rattle. These faults ari.ae from the silex being oni.r partially
removed ; this circumstance has caused a gre11.t prejudice 11.gainst
those papers.
When the alkaline liquor has been drawn off, after one hour and
a-halrs treatment, the material is next washed, without removing
it from the apparatus. This is effected by turning certain cocks
which communicate with the lower reservoi r, and admit the hot
water. The straw is agitated by a simple contrivance, which causes
every part to be repeatedly turned over. This washing pr<><:e& takee
from thirty to forty minutes; this is determined by the escape-water
running clear. 'rhe· analogous operation occupies several hours at
present, and is, after all, but imperfectly performed.
T he fibre is now clean, but, to ensure a certain reault, I fill the
reservoir with cold water, slightly,acidu1ated with hydroch loric acid,
the cover of the apparatus having been previously removed. This
cold solution i3 now mixed thorough ly with the material for about
ten minutes; it is then washed away with extra cold water.
I now come to that portion of my invention which is attended
with the greatest economy of bleaching materral.
The solution of chloride of lime is completely mixed and incorporated with the straw, after which the superheated steam is let
in at a pressure of from 30 to 40 lb. It permeates the whole ma.sa
under treatment, the agitators being kept at work the same time.
The bleaching is effectell at once, and more perfectly than if the
material r emained in a solution of chlorine for a whole day.
This is e.'\Sily understood, when the process or chemical change is
analysed. It seems the chlorine combines with .he hydrogen of the
water, forming hl.drochloric acid, while the oxygen attacks the
vegetable fibre. 1he principal obstacle has been the deposit of the
lime on the surface of the •·bre, preventing in a great degree the
further action of the bleaching process. By tb e employment of
great beat, suddenly applied in the manner I have patented, the best
and most uniform results may be rehed on.
Instead of washing out the acid formed, I prefer neutralising it
by the addition of chalk or other substances, extensively used to
give weight and opacity to the paper.
The pulping operation is now to be performed. I would here state
that for this purpose the present appliances are most rude and
inefficient, there being no uniformity of result; some portions are
thoroughly reduced, while others are hardly tollcbed. Too much
importance cannot be placed on this particular part of the proceas
of preparing materials for the paper machine. I propose using an
apparatus which rubs rather than cuts, so that with raw libres, which
a re tender in the humid state, the greatest length is obtained. This
object it is im~ossible to ut tain witll the beatmg engine now in use.
It is not a little surprising that in the manufacture of paper alone,
no marked improvement has taken place for the last fifty years. I
refer particul uly to the correct chemical treatment of tbe materia]
used. True it is, that nearly every substance has been tried-their
enumeration would include nearly every tree, sh rub, plant, grasseven stone-and many animal products. In fine, there is no want
o~ paper stulf-it abounds everywhere; but. the great and only
dtfticulty has been the want of a t reatment which wou1d convert it,
economically and expeditiously, into that state which will uniformly
ensure to the manufacturer a good stron~ paper, meeting all the
various r equirements, from the tinest wr1ting to the commonest
packing.
Among the old worn materials, bagging and sail-cloth take the
most prominent place. I t is these, with the w.asre from the cotton
mills, that con.stitute the paper on which the leading journals of the
country are prroted.
I ~a':e for some ye~rs endeavoured to i_n~roduce.a materi&:l-tbough
not t!l Itself ne!', s~tll , u~der the. cond1 tro~s clat~led, entirely so, aa
formmg a cohesrve mgredrent, which, combmed wrth the libre from
other materials, wou1d form the strongest paper. The mere felting
or interlacing of tibrous substances will not, without the aid of other
materials-M vegetable and animal size-produce strong paper.
For this purpose, the residue of the beet-root, when not presaed in
the raw s tate, but macerattd, in order to extract the saccharine
matter, forms one of the best and most availab le materia]s, as it not
only forms a component part of the paper itself, but carries sizing
with it, and imparts a beautiful vellumy feel and ivory surface not
to be obtained except by passing paper several times between gl~zing
rollers, and afterwards submitting it to g reat p,ressure between
plates or sheets of metal; this is called "plating. ' The residue of
the beet-root can be obtained in large quantities, at a low price. It
also possesses the advantage of not losing over 10 per cent. in the
conversion into pulp. My beet-root patents are in the hands of
Messrs. Grosvenor, Chater, and Co., who have a large stock of t he
prepared material on hand. With this, as with other raw ma terial
it would be absolutely fruitless to attempt treating it in the ordinary
mode adopted for the conversion of rags. In fine, each subst ance
will demand a modified form of preparation, in accordance with its
properties.
I must, in justice to myself, state, that it was only late on ?tlonday
last that the Secretary apprised me of Dr. F orbes Watson's illness,
and inability to read his paper ''On lndian Fibres," adverti· ed for
this evening ; therefore any deficiences which m:1y exist in this
sketch of •' Paper Material," must be attributed to this cause-that
of being comparatively unprepared. On some future occasion I hope
to have the pleasure of addres~ing y ou on some other s ubject.
CommRCIAL RESTRICTIONS IN Al\lERICA.-Advices from the
Unitetl Stat~ refer to a ~ost extraordinary l~w which prevails in
the south ngalllst commerc1al traveller~, and With which 1t is essential English firms should be acquainted. Any traveller venturing
to fell or to make contracts from sample must take out a licence
costing £ 6, and not merely obtain t he recommendation of two
citiz_ens, but ~lso gi'Ye b_on~s to the amount of £ GOO that b e " will
not mterfere 10 the mstrtutt~ns of the State." This is according to
the statut~s of South Carolma, and analogous prohibitions prevail
generally m the slave States. The penalty for infringement is a
line of .£400, or six months' imprisonment. It is strictly enforced
and any c~mmer~ial ag~nt, ei~her from the nor th or from forei~
cou.ntr1es, 1mmedta~ely ti~ds h1m~elf eJtposed to a hostile supervision
whtch r enders busmess 1mpract1cable. 'fhe men tion of the fact
apar~ from the trouble i_t may_ save to merchants or manufacture~
sendmg agents to Amenca, Will be useful as a further illustration
of the iguorance of orators accustomed at large meetings in manufacturing towns to assure our operative classes that the other side
?f the Atlantic is the only region t o which they must look for the
mdeJ?e~dence of labour and the absence of narrow and depressing
restnctions.
•
•
266
THE ENGINEER.
There are scores of places where a lifeboat might be advantageously
placed; but this cannot be done without mc;ney. There is continual
A )tORE unpretending. but. at the same time, a more interesting improvement, repair, and care needed in the boats which the assodocntnent than the report of the National Lifeboat Institution is ciation have at present; but this cannot be done without money
r11rely issued from the press. T he novel reader may perhaps fail to either. The men who are engaged in the lifeboat service are, no
find excrtement in it; the man of business may not see in it the doubt, as brave and devoted as men can be; but it is not fitting that
detail3 of commercial information which go to make up his "whole these men should risk their lives, expose themselves to danger,
duty of man;" but a few moments' consideration will show eitht!r hardship, and inconvenience, without fee or reward. All these are
of hese gentlemen bow readily they may prccure in it either one or matters which the institution has to provide for, and the only means
other requisite of t heir daily existence. T he report of the Life- by which they c&n provide for them are the generosity and beneboat I nstitution forms, in fact, a sort of neutral territory where volence of Englishmen. An appeal to the country ais not, indeed,
business and romance may meet without endangering each other's required; it only needs that the merits and necessities of this instisllfety. 1t is a borrler ground where commercial life, under one of tution should be brought before the public, and not a single wealthy
its most terribly necessitous conditions, comes face to face with all man, whether he be a shipowner, manufacturer, agriculturist, or
that is romantic, heroic, and chival rous, and where it separates merchant, but would, we are assured, cheerf11lly contribute his mite
itself for the time from the dry lletails of counter and counting-house in such a cause.-J"lancltester E xaminer and Times, Ap1·it20, 1860.
life, as far as is a gallant vessel in distress from the warehouse
We may add that contributions in aid of the funds of the National
keeper who stocked her cabins with beef and pickles, sugar and L ifeboat I nstitution are received by all the bankers in this town,
biscuit. 'fbe business part of the arrangement, indeed, scarcely and by i ts secretary, Mr. Richard Lewis, JCJhn·street, Adelplti,
appears it1 the report of the Lifeboat I nstitution, but it leaves its London.
traces very stron§IY imprinted there. I t only goes ss far ss
"pleasant weather' carries the deeply and richly laden vessel. When
the gale blows and the murky and black-looking clouds are gathering
TTm D AY MAIL TO FnANCE.-On the 1st of 1\fay next and
r ound the ill-fated ship, when even amidst the thunder of the wind thenceforward
day mail to France will be despatched from the
t he angry dash of the breakers is heard on the lee shore, when the London Bridgethe
station at 6.b5 a.m., instead of LilO p.m., as at
haph\Ss crew look with de, pairing eyes on the sky, the land, and the present, and it will
arr ive in Paris in time for the letters addressed
· water, theu it is that business, which, as Young says of sleep, "her t o that city to be delivered
same evening, and for the correready homage pays where fortune smiles," deserts the luckless spondence for places beyondthe
Paris to be forwarded by the night
mariners, and l eaves them to the fortune of some daring adven- mails. A corresponding alteration will be made in the arrangement
turer';~ aid. l t is here that the Royal National Lifeboat Institution
for despatching the day mail from P aris, and this mail will be due
steps in with what may be called, without exaggeration, its in
time for paid letters to be delivered in Londcm the same evening,
xedeeming hand, and nothing more beautifully iflustrates the and for both paid and unpaid letters to be forwarded to the country
beneticent nature of it.s s•rvices than the s:mple record of the trans- by the night mails.
actions recorded in t he report for 1859. I t is a long list of noble
A JAPANESE STEAMF:R AND JAPANESE ENGIZ..' REns.-On the 18th
ser vices from January 1st to December 30th, and a few of them
will be enough to show what strong claims the institution has on March, the people of San Francisco (California) were informed that
the public g ratitude. Here is April 15, Goodwin Sands- terrible a snug, neat craft was steaming through the Golden Gate and up the
name of ill omen to sailbrs-wind W.N. W., sloop Liberal, of harbour, bearing at her mizzen a white flag with a red ball in the
W isbeach, one man saxed by the Walmer lifeboat. September 17 centre, and at her mai n a white lozenge ground in a circle of red.
and 18, lllisner H ..ven, wind N. and W., strong gale, brig Lucinde, As the steamer came to an anchor the news !Jew about town that she
of Memel, eleven men sa ved by the Southwold lifeboat. February 28, was a Japanese corvette, the Candinmarruh, a three-yea r-old DutchJack's H ole Hank-a cognomen fearfully suggestive of danger- built vessel, from a land that never sent a craft. abroad before,
brig Louise, of Genoa. ship assisted by tbt~ crew of the Padstow having on board an Admi ral with an outra~eous name, a full comlifeboat. March 8, Doom Bar Sands - another hideously suggestive plement of olticArs and seventy men ; also Lieutenant Brooke and
designation-brig Gonsalve, of Na. otes, seYen men saved by the 1\lr. K eno (arti-t), and nine of the crew of the little U.S. schooner
P ad .. tow lifeboat. Novem~er 1, Holm Sands, windS .. heavy galE', Fennimore Cooper, t hat WllS wrecked some months ago on the
steamer Shamrock, of Dublin, fourteen men saved br the Lowe:!toft Japan coast. The object of this unheralded visit was to announce
lifeboat. November 2, Wbitburn, blowing a humcane, schooner the approach, and, on their arri val, to r eturn with tidings of the
.Anton, of Denmark, :;ix men saved by the W bitburn lifeboat. safe y of the grand Embassy which had been sent by the steamer
November 26, Redcar, wind S.E., heavy gale, brig Fortuna, of Powllatan from the Japanese Government to that of the Onited
Memel, eleven men saved by the Redcar lifeboat. December 30, States. The correspondent of the N ew York Times says of this
B armouth, wind from the S. W., blowing a gale, ship Britannia, of visit, "That the Candinmarruh was sent ahead because Lieutenant
Bath. United States, fourteen men saved by the Barmouth lifebt at. Rrooke was there to pilot lter over snd to ensure a gracious reception
D ecember 21, Lytham, weather stormy, the brigantine H annah of her representative officers and crew. .A visit on board was like
J a ne, vf London, eeven men sa\'ed by the Lytbam lifeboat; and so s trip to Kan agawa. The admiral, Kemauratonokame- wbo, by
the record goes on through a long page, enumerating services of the the way, is no sailor, but a provincial governor, of the rank of
most humane and sterling character, in words and ligures as simple Commodore, and was selected for this mis~ion that our high and
mig hty men·of-war might feel that t hey talked wi th their equals
as an ordinary entry in a merchant's led~er.
We have said sufficient to show the inestimable public v•LI ue of when they 111et him-sat on the floor of his cabin as we entered, en·
an association like that of the National Lifeboat Institution; but joying the attentions of a hair· dresser. Tlte captain (Katsintarrob)
bow much more might be said of the ser vices it has rendered to was in but poor h~>altlt . He talks English intelli~ibly, and has the
what may be called· the private and bidden circles of our life. Run- reputation, at home, of being a g reat astronomer. '1 he officers all wore
sw..:>rds, of polished steel, with roil k-wbite, shark-skin covered
DiD(? the eye down the list of vessels to which the boats of the asso- two
ciation have paid a visit, when the wind was blowing "great ~uns handles. Except for tbeir elaborately dressed hair, and thei r embroia nd small arms," we have, of course, the most liberal supply from dered sandals, in their uv.dress they looked not very unlike the uniour own islands. The Betsys, John ~, Georges, a nd l\1arys, are un- formed olticers of our navy. The marines were clothed in dark blue
miat ..lteably attached to tbe north-east coast. The simple maritime frocks; each with his rank and thestyleof his service written on a patch
nomenclature of Shields and Sunderland is almost contined to the between his shoulders, and in blue flowing trowsers. The sailors
family circle, and a favourite son, or a brother, or a wife, or some looked much like Cl.tinameo, but all were cleanly, active, curious,
one •· nearer and dearer," is generally the godfather or godmother of and polite. To the Americans on board, the after cabin and ser vants
the 6rst venture of the small shipowner. But every little port and in abundance bad been surrendered on the voyage, which was thirtyeverv large harbour in the island hav~ representatives in the National seven days long, and to the .A01ericao sailors, who had helped work
LiJeboat Institution list, add from thence the area of service.'! reu- the ship, the admiral came down liberally with tbe coin~, as a
dered extends to nati ves of Franc..e, Spain, Genoa, Norway, Prussia, present, on leaYiog. T here were no idols on board, of course, no
United States, Sweder., Denmark, the whole maritime world in fact, hint:! toward any religious faith, though prayers in the forecastle,
f'o r mi~fortune and los.l are just as catholic in their visitations as are our people say. they had often heard. Chairs and tables were no
the services of the lifeboats on our coast. Now, looking at the use part of the furniture. They fed on cured tish, rice, vegetables, and
of the as:sociation in rhis light, it is the distributor of an amount of tea. The chop-&ticks stood instead of knives and forks. Some of
bapvine3s almost ihcalculable. The painful picture drawn by Camp- the officer~ came on shore under g uidance of Lieutenant Brooke, on
bell, in his •· Pleasure~ of Hope," of the mariner's wife watching Satut·day night, eat a Christian dinner at a hotel, and experienced
for t he barque that ·• never :;hall return," is but a copy of an the luxury of ice-creams. When invited to a bath, they declined,
agoni::.ing reality iu the life of tho$e connected wiLh sailors. H ow on the ground that the admiral mu~t precede them iu any such
many fam ilies have the Lileboat I nstitution saved from such a pri,·ilege. J.\ext day was ~unday. Our city 1•ffi cial;~ knew scarcely
fllrrible fate ~ H ert' is the romance-not the dead tictitious thing what to do. If they invited the distinguished Pagans to church, it
we retd of in lo'te stoties, but lb~ living, active, r omance which makes might alarm their sensitiveness, for they have bad a national
life beuutilul, and which reAlly surrounds the Lifeboat Institution experience of J esuits; if they ignored all church going, it wouJd
wi th a halo of renown. All the thrill ing narratives that ba,·e been scarcely be the tbing for a Christian city's fathers. At last, four ot·
written for a century arlj sketchy and feeble before the reali ty of a the supervisors, beaded by their president, Teschemaker (we
lifeboat adven tute. Tl!ll or ll dozen, or it may be twen ty, thirty, or have no mayor, you lmow.) were rowed oft' to the corvette
-were announced as of rank enough to talk familiarly with even
fort~· men are hanging on to th~ shrouds of a shipwrecked vessel, as
powerl ess to help themselves as is the vessel which gives them a the admiral, were graciously saluted, and then invited the strangers
momentary resting-place. Death is literally b nging over them, to see the city under thei r escort. The admiral agreed, but it took
wi th his ringers outstretched to vull them into his ravenous rnaw; half an hour to manage the order of the ~oing. The admiral
and the only baruan m~ans to save them is the agency of a lifeboat. woposed to take his own boat and certain of hi~ men: he invited
Each one of those poor fellows, who were one momt:nt dead, and in 1'eschemaker to r ide with him, but would not hear of the proanother restored to life, was, to use the ex pressive phrase of the old position that 'bis men' should go too. Lieutenant Brooke had a
Scottb wife, "somebody':~ bairn ;" and bow n1any thankful hearts hard job of it to convince his honour that Teschemaker was no
must their redemption from a watery grave create! This is no better than 'his men,' to wit, the other supervisors. Finally, tbe
sing le esample either : it occurs day by day, in the winter season, admiral and the president were rowed off together, and ' the men '
r ound our cbasts; it is miserably frequent duri ng the recurrence of of the two officials dispatched in another boat. On landing, ou1·
the equinoctial gales; and the chances in every seaman's life are president politely leaped out ahead, to help the admiral out, and
about equal whether he wUl be lfrecked or not. 'Ibis is the fate, the bad a narrow escal'e of giving oHimce by thus taking the predestinv of a sailor, and no mechanical ingenuity will ever wholly cedence. The two walked up side by side mutely; the others, in
obviate it. We may hope to relieve the death list considerably i careful order of rank-the democratic crowd huruouring the strange
this is, indeed, the object of t he National Lifeboat I nstitution; but notions of etiquette by opening for the noble gentlemen to pass to
carriages. H ere another half hour was spent in getting the
we can never calculate, on this side of the pro )hettc change when their
"there shall be nb rllore ~ea," on the abolition of shipwrecks and the right order of rank. Tben up to the international parlours. Forour modest little Irish governor, Downey, was in town.
total abrogation of 11uman misery by lO$Ses and disasters on the ocean. tunately
Hearing "hat was up. he went over to boaour the occasion. EnterThe moral of our story is, of course, that the N atiooal Lifeboat ing with a sing le companion, ;t took all the faith the strangers couJd
Inst itution is one or the most wor thy of our national associations. command to believe that a lii.tle man in a black coat, with no
We have essayed to point out the muniticent labour which the insti- retinue, could be a genuine governor. \V hen it was fairly comtution is engaged in, and we may ask the public who agree with us prehended, and the interpreter had turned certain classical
in our views, io 11eamen's phrase, to "lend a hand" in extending Japanese into broken English and sundry Californian executive
the bountiful work of this society. There is a general indifference, compliments into Japanese, the admiral expressed a desire that
or perh aps it would be more correct to iay, a want of knowledge in the governor would order a dry dock prepared to g ive t be
inland places of the necessities of such an institution us this one we corrette a thorough overhauling-explaining so clearly that no
now recommend. People generally only know the dangers of a sea· interpreter was ueeded to render it, that the Yankees should not be
roan's life when some great calamit,y, like that of the loss of the out of pocket for their courtesy in tbis business. His excellency,
R oyal Cbarter comes before them. l'hey do not think of t!le hun- with a straight face, signitied that it should be done as promptly as
dreds of cases occurring every year, where one, or two. or fhree, or the lumber-schooners now occupying the dry dock could be got
more seamen drop at a time into a watery grav1:, and where the ready to launch. While the:!e two high grands thus consult~d, the
annual aggregate number, of such losses d war.fil ~ven the enormous other officials, returniug to the carriages, were being conveyed
destruction of the Hoyal (.;barter. Last year, for tn:~tance, the losses through the principal streets, in sight of the coucbinK lions, past
by shipwreck on our coast amounted to 1,646 lives. Of persons the churches and hotels, around the plaza, over Rincon-hill, and to
saved t here were 2,S32, making together in the course of one year Steamboat Point. Here is being constructed a magnilicent boat for
close ~p<.on 4,000 people who ":e!e e.xposed ~o the miseries o~ ship- the Sacramento route. One glance sufficed for their expres:sion of
wreck 0 11 tile shores or the Bnttsh ISles. Stnce 18414, the Ltfeboat admiration, and then they returned to business. The whole corps of
Jnlllilution has been instrument..l in aiding to save 11,401 persons, foreigners pulled out note-books and pencils, divided in companies,
and we sec at a glance what a large share the working of th~ Insti- cut the boat into sections, and each sketched his share. They made
tutio n has in our national comfort. 4t a moderate computation the measurements, took drafts, copied curves, uod did not cease until
number of the lost will be about three- fourths of t bose saved; satistied that, putting their work together, tbey could construe~ the
another very powerful rea.sun why the society should receive public counterpart of the (.;rysopolis at home. By the \vay, Mr. Keno
assistance. Hut the last, and perb aps the most powerful, claim which says the Japanese, in coming over, showed tbemst lves expert in
the socit:tv has upon tbc public at this moment, is, that its liabi!i- every department of engineering, but not extraordinary as sailors.
ities for 1ir boa~ establishments amount to nea1·ly .£4,000. We I t was not unt il they had been several days at sea that they concannot say, indeed, th~t t_he work of the institution is one of pounds, sented to divide into watches- it wa~ a ,,ew idea to them; but when
s h illing:~, an~ pence. . It IS too. ~raud and too noble to be ~1xed up they had tried it a day tbey seemed to relish it wonderfully. They
with a pecuruary .moh,·e;. but tt IS true, nev~rtbeless, that 1t cannot had Dutch chronometers on board, and gave evidence of a Dutch
be carried on without a1d from the beneficent anll thoughtful. education."
APRIL
SAVING LIFE FROM SHIPWRECK.
•
27, 1860.
COMMERCI AL AND MECH ANICAL IDEAS.
inquests on defunct ideas now being held in the Committee.
of the House of Comm0ns set apart for bearing evidence on rokm
and telegraph contracts, are most interesting subjects a!:c et
fruitful sources for ri!Bection to those who recognise th~ imm are
progress taking place in the art of nautical engineering We hense
ave
sat'd dea d 1'd eas, b ecause once prove the existence of a ·better and,
consequently~ a more paying way of managing a steamship co~ce
than those ahve at present, and all others are in this progress·ru
age, immediately doomed to die off- slowly it ~ay be but the ~ve
doomed and dying, and are now emitting fitful gasps ~ they e[pirre
I n most large CO!~Jpanies at !?resent in existence-in the Great Sbt'
Company also-1mmense we1ght of vessels and engines bad been th~
order of their building day: in the younger and more promisin
breed, fitness. and ~apa~ity are recognised. To the credit of ou~
g reat compames be tt satd, however, that they are greedily on the
look-out for improvements. It is not now the question of how much
room c~n be spared for cargo, but. ho~v little is necessary for fuelfor pay mg cargoes cannot be earned tli vessels built to run against
time on a ~ail station, and, should .a contract be lost, or opposition
red uce tbe ligure, these monster engtne-cases, as Sir Samuel Cunard
has said, are only then fit fo.r sinking out at sea-for the running of
t~em would tl!en .be as pavmg a concern as i~vesting in a Beet or
stde-lever rutnattons.
The powerful orgamsations at present
in existence have rendered the postal system of England the wonder
and envy of the whole world; and we agree with Mr. Row land Hill
wh ~n ? e s~ys that this co_mpany or that. company has done the
duttes tt sttpulated to do m a most creditable and praiseworthy
manner; and we have a feeling of p:ide when we hear Cunard say
that he n~>ver lost a letter or tbe l1fe of a passenger. What we
want to see, and what we trust we sh~ ll live to see, is the arrival at
manhood of that system of building both boilers and engines and
in the working of them, which has been born within the memdry of
a young ~eneration , and is no~v making rapid strides to accomplish
work- whtch shall me~ot the vtews of a go-a-head commercial community, and of a system of government which, year by year seems
less inclined to keep up a magnificently pond~rous system of naval
subsidies. Under the system of nauticaJ engineering which sees a
model in the arrangements within the Great Eastern, and in those
vessels carrying many hundreds of tons of coal- which recognises
a necessity for replacing boilers every five or six years-which
wast.es fuel one way and fancies it economises in ~nother by snperheattng steam saturated through faulty constructton of boilers, &c.
-:nothing less t han. a seven years: contract a.nd a heavy subsidy
will ever prove suffietent remuneratton for runnmg the mail~. Time
we cannot ~u t admi.t, . is gained on every route; we have daily
examples of 1t; hut tt 1s at the ex pen e of cargo space, which loss
has to be msde up in other ways. The Post-otfice authorities are
alive to the claims wbich new-born offshoots of science have upon
them ; and we hear of offers bein~ made to the authorities to do
work in postal commanication on new routes which, some few years
ago, and to some extent even now, would be te.rmed simply non.
. '
SeDSICa,.
No one can deny, who does no more than read the papers, that
immense steps are being made in the economical working of steamships. The last one we bear of is that of the Royal Mail steamer
Tamar, which, through, we believe, a new construction of tbe steam
chest, saves 10 tons of coal ddily, and, with tbe fuel actually consumed, does a g reat deal more work. We will put down the actual
saving in the case of the Tamar at 300 tons of cargo space gained
on the ~oyage in and out, a saving in fuel, for the same period,
the equivalent; adding to both the gain in the reduction of tear and
wear, and in an extra voyage. Shareholders feel and koo'v the difference. This is but one instance. I n former numbers of our journal
we have cited others- and we have only to call r.ttention again to the
pateuts CJf Randolph and Elder, of Glasgow, of Mr. Spencer and
Mr. Ho wan, to prove that a new era is inaugurated when, for a vast
reduction of postal subsidies, an increase of cargo room will afford
to all companies ample compensation, and even greater pro6t. Fancy
a 600·ton ship being driven at 11 knots with a. consumption of
6 tons daily; but that will soon be done-there is a contract building on it now; Mr. Spencer, we believe, has even contracted to
build a 6UO-ton vessel or vessels to r ealise 12 knots an hour on 7 toiiB
per diem.
In addition to his other inventions, Mr. Spencer has given us a
supplementary boiler for utilising salt water in supplying fresh to
the working boiler, so as to make up for loss by evaporation t~ere­
from. By adopting this plan a boiler may be tilled with fresh water
in this country, get up steam for Australia, and arrive there after
having worked more freely, and without injury to the working
boiler, and be found still full of fresh water. Hy an nrrangetJtent of
his condensing 11pparatus, Mr. Spencer seems also to have carried
out to perfection that surface condensation which has been a
desideratum since the day of the great Watt for getting highpressure steam, and which has up till this time failed in practice,
owing to the complex arrangements in use for accomplishing the
object. Another little thing-one of those which in the end mount
up to a large sum-which- we notice in Mr. Spencer's arrangement,
is tbe dtsconnecting the feed-pump for the auxiliary boiler from the
main engines, thus taking a drag from oft' these, and guaranteeing
regularity and independence in 1he feed.
We have often opened out· colu mns to the subject of superheating
steam, though we are rather chary as t o the p redicted results. We
are more inclined to look upon such as upon make-shifts, even though
Mr. Wethered (whose letter appeared in our last) claims great things
from his method of treatment. As we have previously said, we
look upon it simply as a means of making np for faults elsewhere.
In conclusion, it cannot be too often repeated that the autboritieo
are aware of the things we have noted above ; and they will demand
-they ha\·e virtually intimated their intention to demand-a lessening of the amount paid for subsidy; and if it has been proven that
the wbilom popular idea is a dead idea, the sooner it is bu.ried out of
sight, and the new and promising state of things in thtl nautical
engineering world taken by tbe hand, the sooner will all cause for
cavil and dissatisfaction dis11ppear, and the safer will be the investment
in a well and liberally conducted steamship venture. While on the
subject we cannot but draw attention to the stupidity of the idea
whtch seems to possess som~ minds, that these great companies of
our.; can for ever be alt~ring their engines and boats; the idea is
simply ridiculous. They might as well throw tbeir capital and contract!! away at once into the sea. Several of those companies bave
:~how n themseh·es on the alert to adopt im provements in tbe new
velisel~ built, and hsve met inventors in a liberal spirit-thougb not
all of them; and we hope th!l.t, in the race yet to be ru.n, those wbo
have carried our mails so successfully and punctually will be found
toeing tlle mark which modern science loas apparenlly set down for
attainment by the present generation.- Steam Sltippina Clu·onick.
THE
----
FRANCE.-The Government steamer, Chamois,
which arrived last week at Falmouth for the purpose of loading
oyst-e ts for the Freoch estuaries, has taken on board tOO tubs,
carefully stowed, with which she was expected to sturt for Brest on
Tuesday afternoon. Another export, tt is said, will be made to
Marseilles, in the ri ver of which city there are suitable spots for
deposit and breeding. This act of the F.mperor is contrary to.the
French law on the subject, but, if successful, the law may be fatrly
nullilied to the advautage of his subjects.
CASUALTIES.-The number of cases which have come to the
cognizance of the metropolitan police since the 1st of January, 1~58,
up to the present time, of persons who have been run over and killed
and of persons injured by the same means is l,b61, of wh?rn 104
were killed, and 1,457 iujured. The number of the killed m 1~8
w11s 45, and of the injured 665; in 1859 51 were killed, and 682
injured; and in t,he tirst two months of the present year 8 were
killed, and 110 injured. About two- thirds of these cases were. not
witu~S:>Cld by the police thems•llves, but the parttculars were obt.atned
at the time Jrom otber persons. In a great number of cases of tllose
injured the injuries were slight.
OYSTERS
FOR
•
•
APBIL 27, 1860.
THE STEAMSH IP ADRIATIC.
267
THE ENGINEER.
NOTES AND :MEMORANOA.
TWO OSCILLATilfG El'I Oilf£8,
lOlln.
••
Diameter or cylinder . .
.•
·.
··
RICHTER enumerates 600 distinct species of disease in the eye.
THE United States mail steamship Adriatic a rrived at. Southampton
12ft.
Length or atroke ..
.•
..
..
..
Tae newest steam fi re-engines made in New York weigh only
~lb.
on Tuesday evening in ten days from New York. Th!s g reat ve.ss~l
Btam pTC~t<ourc in hollol"'l
..
..
.
Maxomum number or revolution• . .
..
. . 17
8,500 lb.
was built tbree years ago for the unfortunate Colhns teamsh1p
18
ft.
6
1n.
DrufLof wawr aL above pressure ood revolution,
Company, in whose service she made one trip ea~h way bet\\ et-!1
T n e pulse or children is 180 in a minute; a t puberty it is 80; and
sso
n.
Area.
of
Immersed
mltlehlp
tiCCtlon
at
load
draught
New York and Liverpool in the autumn of 1857, s1nce wbe~, ?n~ll
at 60. only 60.
40 ( t.
Diamet.cr or paddJe.wbeelB . .
..
tbe 14th i nst. she has lain in dock in New York. The Adnatlc 1s,
12ft.
..
T nnee Hod!on's Bay dogs draw u ledge, loaded with 300 pou.nd.a,
Length of floats ..
..
..
..
..
next. to the Great Eastern, the larges~ comme.rcial stc~mship ) et
..
30..
J•cpth of noau ..
..
..
..
··
15 miles per day.
constructed and she bas excited an mterest 10 Amenca almost
32
Number of floats ..
..
..
..
..
To remo,·e lead from water, put a little chalk or whiting into the
..
14 In.
equal to th~t of which tbe Great Eastern has been tbe sulJject here.
DiauiCWr or piBtoD·rods
..
..
..
water, and let it sett!~:.
..
264 In.
Diameter Rhalt.! ..
..
..
..
..
1n a lengthy notice of the second departure of the v~el from New
••
42 In.
Diameter alr·pump
..
..
T ue human brain is the tweoty·eighth of the body, but io a
York, the New Y ork Timu says:..
51t.
Stroke
ditto
.
.
.
.
.
.
·
·
horse but tbe four- hundredth.
This splendid vessel, not long since the especisl pri~e not onlr of
. . 24,000 •<J· ft.
..
..
··
urfaco of conden~r . .
her owners but of the American people- the embochmcnt of lanes
..
~In.
T11e flea, grasshopper, nod locu~t jump 200 times their own
Diamcwr or condc01or tubes . .
..
..
and power 'whereby the rival ships of Europe were to be signully
length, equal to a quarter of a mile for a man.
VERTICAL
TlfBULAR
BOILERS.
beaten as to speed and economy-the vessel whose merits and cleTn& coke, or 11olid carbon, of coal does not brun, after it is thrown /
Number
.•
••
..
.•
..
.•
..
8
merite formed a general subject of discu•sion, rivalled in interest only
Length
..
.. e ..
..
..
..
.. 20 fL. lt In.
on a Hre, until all the gas has been expelled.
by the Great Eutem-tbe vessel which has held in reserve till the
Breadth ..
..
..
.
..
..
.. 11 ft. 3 l.n.
ANOLE-IROR is not emrloyed, either in :France or in the United
preMnt moment her best qualities, "While the doctors have tam~ered
Uelgbt (not iocludmg stcAID chimneys) . •
..
Ct.
States, in the conatructiou or locomotive boilers.
with her baby disorders - whose elegant lines and proportions,
Number of furnaces ..
..
..
..
..
wboee very look of power and fleetness, as she lay .at her dock
Number or tubes
..
..
..
..
.. 13,0G4
A lii.AN is taller in the morning than at night to the extent of half
Diameter
of
t
ubed
(outalde)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
in.
bidillg her time, was t he f$OOd hope of the sangome and the
a n inch, owing to the relaxation of the cartilages.
))lamct.cr
of
smoke·plpca
(two)
.
.
.
.
7
n.
lileat, the rebuke of the cr~tic-no less celebrated a vessel than
Et.IWIIAI'C TS live for 200, 300, and even 4 0~ years. A healthy
Height or lilllOkC·plpcs
..
.•
.·
..
i O f\.
the Adriatic, the fires already ki ndled in her furnaces, and her
1l ea.Un~ au rfaee
..
..
..
..
. , 30,75'1 sq. ft•.
full-grown eleJlblnt consumes 30 pounds Of grMO per day.
decks cleared for the peaceful encounter, this day leaves. t he u~fo~­
CapaciLy of buokera
..
..
..
. . 1,200 t.olll.
Co&rB IJSTIOlf is chemical combination only, and in all combustion \
tunate put. behind her, and set~ out on the broad. Atlanllc to vm~l­
l>raughL or water 1\t load line
..
..
••
20 ft.
the oxygen of the ai r is burned equally with t he combustible.
DraughL or wat.cr·Ught
..
..
..
..
17\ft.
cate her powers. Such at least 111 the popular feehog, on. on ~ccas1on
DIBplacemcot
..
..
..
..
..
••
5,233 too1.
L'f ordi roary practice, a pound of coal exerts one-fourth of one
not a little momentous in its reference to the commerc1nl mterests
WclghL
or
enginoa
..
..
..
..
..
825,000
lb.
bone power for one hour, or 900-horae power for one second.
and marine aspirations of Young America. And to tak.e a very
Weight
or
bollel"'
without
water
.
.
.
.
836,232
lb.
practical and unimpassioned view of the case, although 1.ron (not
Wel 11 ht or boilers with \\alor
..
..
.. 1,075,200 lb.
B ~N Nevrs, the highest mountain in Great Britain, rises 41406 Ct.
cinder and iron) hulls, high steam and surface condensation. have
MMtll aoc:t rill
..
..
..
..
..
..
Brig.
above tloe mean level of t he sea. Beo Lomond ill 3, 192 ft. hog h.
recently wrought such splendid results, still they have not all ~een
Wel~hL or hull
..
..
..
..
..
..
2,041 to01.
BEl'ORE coal can burn it must be decomposed into its constituent
Wel~ht. or eoginos, bollm, '1\·at.er, coal, ep&n~, &c.
2,400 tona.
adopted by the particular ri vals of.tbe Adri!ltic, and the~eare var1ous
hopeful features in t he construction of th1s vessel, wh1ch mny yet
Average displacement per :n. from l aanching-draugbt to light· l oad elemente, and of these the gaseoWI portions, if bumt at. all, must burn
make ber to win back the larucla which hove been eorotd by the li ne {17ft. 1t in.), 2,643 tons. Aver11~e displacement perin~h from fi rst.
IT is calculated by Morin, io his work on mechanics, that a child
light-load line to load line (20 ft.), 28·76 tons. Average dlllplaceCunarders.
Of one thing there is no doubt. 'fbe Adriatic is fhe most com- meot per incb from load line to 21ft. 6 in., 31·5 tons.
growing at the rate of 4 in. a year, gro w., u·t·00,000,000,9 of a foot
fortable pusenger-ehip now io IICT\;ce. No other vessel will so
The Adriatic will carry 36 liremeo, 80 coal-trimmers, 6 water- per second.
greatly tempt the T raneatlantic traveller, and wba.tever her economy tender:~, I! store-keepers, 1 cbief and G assistan t-eogioeers- 81 in
Wnmrr l ocomotive boil er:~ exrlode, the I!D;{ine vel'.'' rarely leaves
may be, tbat great element of success, large rece1pts, may be most Pngineers' depar tment. Oo deck, 26 to 80. S~ew~rde, a~ut 607" t he rail&, unless t he crown-plau of the inner fire--box be CfWihed
confi dently expected.
tolal of 166 to 175 persons. Her passenger capac1ty IS 800 6rst-cabm downwards.
Such is the condition of the Adriatic as far u passengers are pllllsengers; the number in the second cabin is not yet deterru ined.
I RON plates taken from a boiler which bad exploded after lifteen
immediately concerned. l:Ier prospects as an engineering and She has capacity for 800 tons measurement of freight.
years' use have been tested to n strength of twenty-seven tons per
thereby a commercial soccess may be better understood by reference
square inch.
to her engi!leering descri ption and hi.!tory, which w~ briefly append.
P~rulA'~El>'T- W"' Y.-Probably the very best variety of permanentTEN days per annum i8 the average sickness of human liCe. About
Tbe engme.s were made at the Novelty Jron \\ orks, and were
fitted with tapering valv<'a, like the plugs of gas-cocks, but some way kno,vn, considering quali ty aod cost, for use. in. this cou.ntry the age of thirty-si x the lean man generally becomes fatter, and
4ft. in diameter, and hollow. The valve was slightly withdrawn (America), is that of W. B. Adams of London; 1t IS extens.rvely the fat man leaner.
to loosen it from its seat, and then revolved sufficiently to give the used in England and I ndia. 'l he rail i8 ,·ery deep-from 5 m. to
SnEEP in wild po,ture.s practise self-defence by an army in which
reqoi5it& opening; it was then returned to ite first positicm, and 7 in.-but the web, or vertical por tion) i8 extremely .thin. so th!lt t h.e rams stand foremost, i n concert with ewes and lambs, in the centre
again moved end wise, or pushed gt!ntly back into itssea~. Al.tboul:!h weight is not greater than that of tile commcn ra1l. Th18 g1ves !t
working well on a small scnll', the valves were an ent1re f:ul ure 1n immense vertical stiffness. I t is held up and in pluce by two Jong1- of a hollow square.
SObLE of the largest boiler$ in u e in the ironworks in Staffordshire
thia cue-unequal springing and expansion, and perhaps other tudinal s ticks of timber, say o inches ~quare each, which are firmly
causes. made them stick in their seat. Heavier valve-motion Wn.tl bolted through tbe rail to either side of it. IL is for obviou&reasons are vertical, 10 ft. io diameter, 81) ft. bigb, and have a 4-n. flue
'1bese longitudinal timbers form tbe from top to bottom.
used, but to no avail, and the wbole scheme was abandoned, and the called the sandwich rail.
Gum catechu Is extensivE:ly used in the United States for reordina ry double puppet-valves were, not without difficulty, applied. sleepers, and give an ample and continuous bearing wbere it i~ wan•ed,
The ship was to have had the surface or fresh-water condenser of right under the load. They also preserve tbe lateral stlffne.ss of moving scale from the interior of locomotive boilers. I t is found not
Mr. Sewell, but Mr. Alien. of the Novelty Works, attempted to the rail. So deep is t he rail that it cannot bend in detail, i. e. under to injure the boiler or tubes in the least..
construct thie im por tant feature on his own plans also; and it fail ed each wheel-therefore its bearing is distributed O\'er a very largt:
Tm: reserve price of the celebrated IOO~io. cylinder pumpinglike the val ves. The ship was long detained during the processes space on the timb<'r, and it does not crush into the timber. Nor do en~ioe a t ti.Je Great Wheal V or bu been hxed at .£4,000. Seven
of breaking down and doctori ng these parts, and some 50,11011 dots. the timlJers tend to (:et loose. We have seen t he boltS taken. out, •bo1iers arc ofl'ered for sale with the engine.
to 70,000 dole. were expended on them. At length the company noel t he timbers pried oil from the rail with a bar, so tightly did t.hey
ON the P aris and Orleans Railway the boilers of many of the
took the abip out or t he bands or tbe Novelty Works. ~od gave her adhere to it. They lleem to r ust on, making a truly per manent· way. locomotives aro of an oval section, being 8 In. or "=in. greater in
into the charge of )fr. Collins, who employed Messrs. Dtckerson and Cross-sleepers are dispensed wit b, except at the j oints, where the their vertical tban in their horizontal diameter.
Si~klea to atwcb their valve arrangement or cut-off to the same ordinarv "tlsh" splices or some 11f their modilications a re employed to
ls Lhe experience of the officera of tlle Manchc:ster AIISOciatloo for
puppet·valvea, the plug-,·alvu, as before mentioned, having been preserve t he continuity and strength of the adj ocent r,ail endo. But
permanently removed. This cut-off' entirely failed, and was re- t he great feature i' yet to be Dlelltloned. 'f!1e r~ il is double-!Jeaded. ~h!..lreveotwn or Steam Boiler Expl04ions, Onlj boiler in elpt la
moved. At the same time the patent surface condenser of J. P. When nllltp e ~4(Clitn outf, th~ whhole mus, sk1de tD1m bbers a od aedll, h~ ve 1 ~ Jlecome defecti"e, <:very year, from cotrosioo alone.
Piruon was substituted for Mr. Alien's, aod large air-pumps and but to be tutue over to uroas a new t rac .
ou 1e-11eac1 ra11"•
b ~vera! cases of boiler explosion the conteote of tbe boiler have
tba necessary llxturu and movables introduced. This coodeo er, held by short. chair~. oo t he common English plan, wear out nearl y beeu obsen ed to ri~e in a cloucJy mist, s howing t he minu te subwith eome liule new adjustmen t, remains in the ship. Coder the as fast on tLe bottom as on the lop. But this rail, resting on ballut divi~ioo of the water by the diaengagement of its coot.ained steam.
direction of Mr. Collios, other parties from the Novelty Works put only, ill not a t a ll injured. And the shape of the bottom head, in V l'.nY extensive ruins of an a ncient city_have been discovered in
in a thi rd cut-off, and with t his the veseel made one voyage to steud of the American flat foot, is practically quite as good as to
F
S
T
he)' are
Liverpool, in the winter of 1857. But this cut-oil', although not stiffness. Th us, for the price or ooe rail, we have two. The system New Mexico, oioety miles nor th-east of ort t.anton.
giving excessive trouble, was obviously ill-adapted and imperfect, does oot coSL more, after the appliance for fitting it up are prepared. said to rival, in magnitude and architt:etoral decoration. the rutos or
th:tn a fai r cro~s·sleeper track. The only objectionable fentu re is ThelJea.
u it uae been since removed.
MA!QY stone bridges of spans of from 160 ft. to 177 ft. were cooSince the purcbMe of the Adriatic, during the past winter, by the that tbe drainnge of a mud track would not be so ~ood as with cros11present coru(_lany, t he ves d never having r un while in tbe bt111d8 of sleepers. With good balla~t. howe,·er, tbis is nut an objection of structed in Frauce In tbe Uth ceotory. T he brldg11 of Vielle
tbe PaciHc Co>D'tpany, the valn~--gear has again been remotl Plled and moment. \Ve tloink this track, at the end of ten yean, wuuld !Ja,·e Brioude, having a single arch of li7 ft. span, w~ built in tho
eimplilied, under the di rection of Messr&. H. ll. Renwick, )tiers s11ved one-half the repair expenses of way, and a large proportion year 1454:.
Col')·ell, and W. C. Everett. The same puppet-valves a re used; tile of tho~e of equi meut, o~ well as consid~rable fuel. Wben repair
1\lu. S. B. RuGeRs states that the extent of the newly discovered (
lirting- rod (one to each ,·alve for rat.iug the valves) is rai~ed by a expen es of track aro'\!j cente for every mile run by each t ruin, the iron dPposit$ in ::iouth \Vales b 40 miles in length, and in some
tee on the rock-shaft in the u• ual manner of American steamboats, i mpurtanc~: of economy i ~ olJ,•ious. This form of permanent-way places 4 mile.~ in width, with a thickness Vdrying fru1n lO Ct.. to 30ft.
aod caught by a sliding-piece, is withdrawn br canes simiJly hll3 been for ..ome time bt fure the Americ:dn railway public. \\ e of 1101id ore.
a rranged, bot not rea<!ily described without a drawmg. 'I be canll:l sbould like to know why it hu not ) et b~en adopted in a 11iugle in·
Ose pair of pigs will increa1e in six years to 119,160, taking the
are worked from the opposite cylinder, and herein lies the no,·elty stance. Th~:re is no pawnt on any part of it, aud the rolling-mill increase at 14 per annum. A pair of shtep in the same tim~ wuuld
and simplicity of the motion. As experts ~ill under~tand, the r eople would lJe only too giHd to make the rails. Ir there is.any ~ but 64..
A single female bondly productj in 00 ~ season
motion furnished by a cylinder at right angles with nnotber, may be vtllid objection against. thi$ 8) stem, "e !Should like to hear it. If
P"'oO, 82· v e.ggs.
·
h
·
·
·
t
'
4
-IJ,
IUch that the cut-otf may occur early in t ile stroke, or be continued there is not. then we su bm1t t ..st 1t \is em1neot1y poor economy no
'THe 1,001) &q~o re~ miles over which the South Wales coal-fi eld
to three-quarters stroke, as is the olbe in this engine. Anoth<: r new to adopt it, or at le~U~t to experilnent'Wi th it..
e~t6ntlrne• b id. to comprise extensive tract& cootain;ug 64,001t,OOO
and, probabl)', important feature, is that the cane worked by the
FATAL BuLLER EVLOSION.- On Friday morning last, shortly toro& per squue ouile; thi11 amount beiug nearly eq11ul LO tbe total
oppoette cylinder also pre.s es the valve 10 its seat by a positive after six o'clock, one of t he boile s connected with the pit belonging annual production of coal in this country.
motion, in case the weight or spring should fail to do so. Ther~fore to the Summerlee Compan y, and situated close to the north part of
the valve motion is likely to be regular. The valve Is caught by a tbe old town of Airdrie, buret with a terrible explosion. T he rel NDIOO, as good as was ever produced, has been raised io South
duh ·pot, io the usual manner. The valve motion is certuinly a port was 80 loud as to cause those ~at a great distance wbo were fas t Carolina, U.S. ; its manufactrue, however, was so fatal to t he neg roea
good one, u to economy, iC it works wi thout breaking down, and at asleep to stsrt suddenly from their couches in utter bewilderment. that itd cultivalion was discontinued. It ab.orbs oxygen io the propreaen~ ita stability seems altogether probable. It m11y be said that The shock to some of those in close proximity to the pit was so cess of maoufactu.re so rapidly, as to render the air untit to breathe
&Jle opposite cy.ioder motion might have been obtained from eccen- ~re1nendous that they did not recover from its etrecte for hours afterl N a locomotive boiler btted with one or BaiJiie'a 12-io. safetytrics; but iL must be remembered that an eccentric motion on wards. 'fhe pit has two engi nes-one used for water and the other val ves, 80 cubic feet of wa ter were evaporated in ope hour, and
osciJJatiog cylinders is not simply applied in any cue. I n this C&l!e for winding up the ironbtone, the former of" hich i8 eaid to be about discharged, u steam throug h the safety-valve without raising the
1
there was oo room for it. lf one engine breaks down, varying the 40, and the latter from 1!0 to 80-horse power, and having t hree pressure above 76 lo.
per square inch, the val ve having been
cut-oft' will of course be prevented. .Fixtures have betn provided, 110 boilers. The cau ~e of the explosion is u yet unknown. At the originally loaded to 64lb.
that, if t he condensers give out, t be el(Laust-steam con be conveyed time that it occurred the manager, named Ramage, was standing on
TuE River Tay com·eys to the sea a greater quantity of water
from the bot well to t he veot1lators of the "atoke-holes," and the boiler that txploded, and tbe engioeman, named Miller, was than any other nver in Great Britain. Its mean diecbarge below
escape h1to tbe air above deck.
topping and reversing the engines clobe to him pointing out some defects, when in a moment the
E
b b
· d b M D 'd ...,
is done by a double link-motion, wbicb is positive, unlike the on- terrible catastrophe occurred, and they were both blown a distance the junction of ihe ' arn as ten ascertame y r. a vi ..,tevenhooking ar rangements of or4ioory steamboats. 'fh e link i8 moved of litty yard~, and instantly killed. The lireman was also ulown a son to be 278,117 cu1J1c feet per minute. That or the Thames is
by a euam pi!! ton, of 2• in. diame~r, the motion of which i! regu- distance of thirty yards, and shared the same unhappy fat~ The 811•2 ZU c~b.i c.feet per mi uu te:
. .
.
'ated by anotber piston in a w.-er cylinder, in ~ hicb the water bodies were found after wards in di6erent di rections- that of Ram age
IRo.N IS InJured by punch10g. l'tlr. Fa1 rba1ro has found ~hnL 1ron,
p111e1 from one end to tbe other through a cock. which regula tes ite
to the south, Miller':~ to the west. and the liremar.'s to t he north. A of wh1ch the average Hlre1!gth was 52,41$6 lb. per Hquare lllcll, waa
velociLy, and thereby the velocity of t he atearn piston. Thus the miner wbo wat in the act ot' co ttiug sleepers ou the pit-bead w-.s so far weakened by puncb11.1g tbat the me~l len. IJetween t he ~olea
engines are readily bandied.
also blown aome dietoonce a1ld co.,.ered 0 \' Cf by the dilnV. a lfrge 811\1 ~ ~W-it •1 ,59•• lb. per squure ln~ h . ThHI loss of tltreogtb 11 in
On t he tri p of the veseel to E ngland, tbe main jour nal11 beeame be.~ vy stone falling upon him and breaking t he poor ~'v's back. ~4Mon to tJ:!e ~~~9Y1Rs~ of m'tenal punched out.
b&dl,y cut. New a nd longer journal boxes ('· brusce '') have been Another workman was also sitting at the mou th of the }li~ waiting
llvoROG~~~1h,·preseoce 11f wbjch has IJeen so often 8u~gested
put to, to give more bearing. There ma.y still bo cutting or tbe the arrivul of ,hie neighbour to be l owered down the sllunk, when the in boiler ei(IIO,iiOQS, • ~~not.< explosive, and, by itself, it is absolutely
beariDga, and coneequeot deten tion. Other alterations have been e.xplPSivn oc.. urrcd, but JJe dcaped un hurt. Some idea may be unintlammablc. It can only burn silently when allowed to m1x
made to facilitate working the engines. All tbis work was done at formed of the terrific force of t he explosion from tbe fact t hat a gradually wit\) .Dl)'gtn. a~ onLy ex pl~, ~~. i~ llA8 beel1
the Novelty lron Works, under the direction of Mr. Everett.
great piece of t he l!oiler, weigbiug about 80 cwt., ploughed its way previously mi.xed w1tb nine tiro~ it& '\Veigbt of ox~ gt~n .
• ' .. •
On the 21st of February the Adriatic Wll8 taken to sea, ar:d during dow.n a park, e.av i~g a trench behind !t, teliring up hy the roots a
h · is found t hat, in a locomotive lltted with good valve-gear, tbe
three days of "ery heavy weather her engines were tested in every
large. tree 4 ft. 10 c1.rc~mference_, a.nd d1s tant ab? ut 2~o yards, and actual period in whicb a cylinder full of :.tuuo la dillch a r~ed into
pouible "ay, and the alterations proved to be highly s ucce.s!Jul.
or cutting 1t m two 11:' 1f 1t ~vere a w.alkm~-suck . Anot her tho air is IClll! than the one-fortiet h part or one second. W ben r unHer highest rate of speed was l G! knots, making 17 revolutions brea.k.ing
portion of the bo.iler ~_Yas bur1e~ 18 10. deep 1n a. tield to the west- ni ng at very high speeds the pi11ton makes about ten single ~ trokes a
per mi nute ; at G revolutions she makea 0 lmots; at 10 revolutions, '~ard,
and at a po10t loO yards dlSta nt from. the.plt. Another large second, and the actual period cJf exhaust i.:l tesa than one-fourth or
11 knote; at 14 revolutions, 14i knots.
p1ece was blown over a t.wo-~torey house, ahghtmg upon. the o~ter t hat in which each stroke is made.
In every position during t he gale she wu dry and comfortable, edge
or the roof a nd falling m to the street, afwr rebound1ng ag&~ost
.
. .
aod all her vast machinery worked perfectly.
and dama{;inf? materially u house on the opposite side or tbe street.
1\lR. Jou.'f Ruonxs, o~ the ':ludders6cld Boiler Assoc1~ll~n, bu
The Adriatic was modelled and buih by the late George Steers, Another port1on fell also on the roof of a house in whicb it made a .fou~d that the comparat1ve r~1~ta 1Jce to c~l!apse of an el hpucal and
who also built t he United States frigate Niagara And yacht America. large bole, causing a weighty stone to fall on a bed in which were a c~rcular t~ be may be found as (ollows :-.1 '_VICe tloe square of th.e
At t he time or her launch she entered her element with so much an aged woman and a child, but fortunately bot h or whom remained g~eater sem1-dlameter of an elli'phc! ~be d1v1ded by the lesser semimomeotum- 10 or 12 knote an hour-as to soap one cable, d rag unhurt. ll early tbe whole or the houses in Airdrie were shaken by d~Jfle_!:er equ~la the diameter ot a Circular tube .or equal streng~h,
aother anchor, reach the Willlamsbrugh side, and considerably the explosion, and the wi ndows of the neig hbouring houses were bo~1~bes bemg of t he same length, and same thlckne:!!l and quality
rip up the docks there. Dut the vC~~sel was but slightly injur~d. uod sbat tered to pieces, while the urick 11tack in connection with the pit tor lU)Jl,
the launch wu considered very s uccessfuJ. The leading dimell!iona was hUlled into the ai r, and descended Uko a hailstorm, coveri~
Tu.E'PI)wer of at'ri•gulaf prism to reOect the violet rays of light
~ the veeeeJ are u follows:the peigbbpuripg parks and gardens with bric;lu some of which w~ 1more t h!ln t be red rays is called its dispersive pQwer ; and it ia
Leogtb over all . .
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. . :J51 n. ll lu.
blown a distance of many hundred yar<Js, and:1others doing coli!• l found 'that flint· glass, wnich contaius a considerable proportion of
IAO!f\h on load water-llue
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. . :ua n. 10 lu.
siderable damage to several building~. All the machinery has beet!' :t~ oxide of lead, po~es~>es tllill dispel':live power in a much higher
~ lcW!ip breadth, extremo
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. • LO fL.
torq to pieces and completely destroyed. T•.- ~plosion was hea~ 1 IMgree than crown-glass, which contains no lead. Th1s property
.O.ptb of bold ..
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.. ~ ft .
several miles otf. Tbe deoeued men hare ~t."\',Jllpws and chil~fr1 lia3 been;.t.urned to account ih t'be conatruction of lenses for microLen6\h of enll1oe nod boil or spaco and side buoken 130 ft.
to mourn their melancholy end.
CUI~ HoWio to on ago, Amtrlca.n regiator. .
. . 4,144 toua.
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• scqpes, telescopes, &c.
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268
THE ENGINEER.
SRPTE~rBER 1
27' 1800.
TAYLOR'S JOINT-FASTENINGS FOR PER.
MANENT-WAYS.
AVELING'S IMPROVEMENTS IN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES.
P AT~'I"T oAn:o 1sT
APRIL
P ATF...-rr DATED 19TH SEP'l'ElmEa, 1859.
1859.
FIC. 1 is a side view of a fish-plate fastening, having a sbeet-ir
0
slotted plate for clipping or holding the nuts, arranged according ~
the inl"ention of E. H. Taylor, of Saltney, Chester· Fig. 2 a side
view of the plate only; F!g. 3 a side vi~w of a tis'h-plate with a
groove and wedge _for holdmg ~rmly the mdented or recessed nuts
and bolt-beads; F1g. 4 an end v1ew of two fish-plates having a rail
between them, both plates having flanges and grooves in which are
wedges fitting reces3es or indentations in the nuts and bolt-heads·
Figs. 5, G, 7, and 8 are detached views of the nuts and bolt-bea~
showing the recesses or indentations for the wedges to act against.
f iC..I.
Tms invention, of Mr. Thomas Aveling, Rochester, K ent, r elates to a
peculiar construction and arrangement of apparatus for giving more
or less tension to an enc!Jess chain or chains when used for t ransmitting motion to the driving-wheels of locomotives, whether for
common roads, railways, or agricultural purposes. In carrying out
this invention the endless chain is passed round a peg-wheel connected
with the driving-wheel or wheels, and over a small chain-drum or
l>ulley, which is contained within a quadrant arm or lever, working
freely at one end round the main driving-shaft of the engine, and
having a slotted quadrant at the other end, whereby it may b e set in
any desirt!d posit1on requisite for imparting more or less tension to
the chain by drawing the small chain-drum or pulley fur ther from or
nearer to the driving-wheels. On the axis of the small chain-drum
or pulley is a spur-wheel which gears into a spur pinilln keyed on to
the main driving-shaft. This wheel is free to move in a ci rcular
direction round the pinion when the quadrant arm is adjusted,
without being disengaf?ed tMrefrom, so that the motion will be
transmitted from the pmion in whatever position the quadrant ma1
be. The fixing or setting of the quadrant in any desired position 18
effected by bolts lixed in brackets attached to the aide of the boiler,
and passing through the curved slot of the quadr ant, which is
tightened by means of nuts.
In Fig. 1, A ia the boiler of the locomotive or traction engine.
supported on the two pairs of running wheels B and Bl. The hind
axle has secured firmly to it a large notched chain-wheel C, round
which is passed an endle3S driving-chain D, also passed round the
small notched chain-pulley or peg-wheel E,lsbown also in the detail,
Fig. 2. This latter chain-pulley has a long boss F cast upon it,
wbich boss turns freely on the stud-shaft G, and is secured to the
spur-wheel H on the same shaft by being inser ted into the boss of
that wheel, and secured th erein bv keys, so that the spur -wheel and
chain-wheel will turn together, but may be detached from each other
when either of them becomes worn and requires renewing. The
stud-shaft G is provided with a large collar I, which bears against
the front face of the bracket K., and a second but loose collar Lis
applied behind the bracket, so as to bear against the back face
thereof. This loose collar is keyed up tight by a jib and cutter
passed throu~th the stud in the usual well·known manner. The
opening in the bracket, through which the stud-shaft passes, is in
the form of a curved slot, the curve of which is struck from the centre
of the main driving-shaft M: above. N is an adjusting screw working thr ough a tapped boss 0, in the side or edge of the bracket, and
bearinl? at its inner end against the side of the stud-shaft. Dy turning th1s screw in the proper direction, it is obvious that the studshaft may be slid lateral ly in its cur\'ed slot. The spur-wheel H
receive~ motion from the spur pinion .t', which slides lateraUy, by
means of a groove and feather on the end of the main driving-shaft,
but always revolves with that shaft. The object of this lateral
adjustment of the pinion P is to throw it in or out of gear with the
spur-wheel H , so that, when the engine is not required to travel, the
locomotive gear may be thrown out of action, and the engine worked
simply as an ordinary farm engine. The pinion P may be brought
in or out of gear with the spur-wheel H by sliding it along the main
shaft, and securing it in a proper position thereon by the set-screw
Q, or the same moy be accomplished by a clutch lever or other
convement contrivance. One side of the engine only is provided
with gearing for driving the hind axle, and either one or both of the
wheels may be d riven from the axle by means of clutches or other
suitable engaging and disengaging appnratUIJ,
The illustration shows the running· wheel as being connected to
the large chain pulley by means of a bolt b passed through a segmental bar c, secured to the arms of one of the main running-wheels ;
by removing this bolt the r unning wheel will be disconnected from
t he large chain wheel. A suitable disconnecting apparatus is also
applied to the opposite running-wheel, so that eithP.r one or both
wheels may be rotated or not, as desired, which is a great advantage
in turning sharp w rves. As the curved slots in the brackets K a re
struck from the centre of the main shaft, it follows that the studshaft may be adjusted la terally to any desi red amount, so as to
tighten up the driving-chain without interfering with the gearing
together of the apur-wbeel ll and pinion P. T is the steam cylinder
ut 1he enl>ine ; and U is a water tank placed behind the fire-box.
'fhc top plate or cover uf this tank serves to carry the fuel, there
being a rai sed side titled round it for tbat purpose; t his top plate
answcn also as a foot-plate for the engine driver. V, V, are projl.'ctions made of T an(;l~iron in the form of clips, which embrace
the felloes of the drivmg-wheels, and are secured firmly in thei r
places by nuts, as shown, or in any convenient manner; these projections are intended to be used on soft ground, for the purpose of
mcreasing the bite of the driving-wheels, and may be readily
applied or r emoved at plea.;sure.
LA UTH'S MANUFACTURE OF RAILS.
PATW'IT DATI!D 16TH SEPT&blBEit, 1859.
Tne object of this invention, by Bernard Lauth, of 1\fancbester, is
to increase the strength of the metal of which rail s are formed, und
thus to enable them to withstand the wear and tear tor a prolonged
period. T o effect this they are submitted, when rolled into shape
by the ordinary m ethod, and when in the cold state, to pressure
between rollers. The machinery for this purpose may be somewhat
similar to any usual rolling apparatus.
FlC.L
Fig. !) represents an end view of the fish-plate detached, and also
the wedge; Fig. 10 represents an end view of the fish-plate with a
grooYe, but without flange. I n Fi~. 11 is represented a not with a
notch or groove bearing upon and intersecting the hole in the nut;
Fig. 12 shows the recess in the bolt; and Fig. 18 shows the groove
in the fish-plnte; Fig. 14 represents a section of the fisb-platt,
grooved nut, and bolt secu red by the pin, Clltter, or wedge. The
form of groove used in the fish-plate for causing the pin to turn up
is shown in section in Fig. 15.
In Fig. 1, a represents tbc fi sh-plate; b the bolts; and c the
recessed nuts over which at their indented sides is placed the !lotltd
plate d, seen detached at Fig. 2. The slots e are made of such
dimensions as to tit the recess~ of the nuts, and also the bolt-beads
when such slotted plate is placed over them; the dotted lines in
Fig. 2 show the forms of the slots when angular pieces are cut out,
in order that, the nuts fitting alternately, a right and left hand
screw may be turned back, ns hereinbefore described.
In Figs. 3 and 4. f represents the fish-plate, on wbicb is cast,
rolled, or fastened the 6ange or projection g, under which is tbe
longitudinal ~troove it, fitted with the wedge i. The nuts are shon
atj, and the bolt-heads at k, both having rece5$es or indentations~
so that when the wedge is placed in the g roove it presses upon the
said recesses, and holds the nuts or beads tirm.
In Fig. 6, the dotted lines show the form of the recessed parts ol
the nuts or bolt-beads when cut off at the corners, in. order to pw
the flange.
In Fig. 1 I is represented a nut with a notch or groove m bearing
upon and intersecting the bole in the nut; Fig. 12 shows tbe rews
n in the bolt o; and F ig. 13 shows the groove p in the fish-plate/;
Fig. 14 represents a section of the lish-plate, grooved nut, and bol~
secured bv the pin, cotter, or wedge g. The form of groove used in
the lish-piate for causing the pin to turn up is shown in !eCtion atr,
in Fig. 15.
THE GRRAT EASTERN.- Captain John Vine H all, who ha.s been
appointed by the directors to the command of the Great Ea.stern, in
the place of the late lamented Captain Harrison. has entered u~n
the responsible duties of his office. The work of fitting out tbe ~·g
ship, and fully equipping her for sea, is progressing rapiQly. Dunng
the late long and inclement winter nry few persons have '~si~ the
ship, but as the season opens the number of visitors is now daily on
the increase.
SuPPLY OF INSTRtniENTS, APPARATus,
Fig. 1 represents n side view of tbo machine, and Fig. 2 a detached
view of the pair of rollers. The rollers are shown at a, the upper
one being mounted in sliding bearings, capable of adjustment by
screws b. These rollers, as shown in Fig. 2, are former! witb
grooves, each one of which corresponds to one half of the rail to be
rolled, and the flanges of the roller;~, therefore, a ro iu contact, or
nearly so. On ench side of the roller~ a are ::.maller rollers c, d,
mounted in bearings, which arc capable of adjustment in slots
formed in the framework bv means of Acrews e. The~e rolleril are
not formed with g rooves, bot are plain cylinders, the width of the
flat hollowed part of the rail, and their use is to strai{thten it
before it enters the roller a, and to cau!e it keep it so as 1t leaves
them. I n refenm ce to the shape of these rollers, they will, however, be plain or grooved according to the section of the rail to be
rolled.
In carrying out the invention, the r ttils are rolled hot in the usual
way, but aomewbat larger in thickness, say h in., than they are
intended to be when finished; they are then passed between the
straightening rollers c and grooved rollers a, which, being caused to
revolve by any ordinary method, compress the metal, and thus impart greater strength. The operation may thus be accomplished at
one rolling, but, if desired, it may be done at two or more operations
and the roller!! a may at first be separated by turning the screws, a~
at and gradually bringing them close to each other.
o,
&c.,
BY TRE Scr&.'IC~ Am>
ART D&PARTitENT.-The Lords of the Committee of Counc•l on
Education desire to atrord the qreatest facilities to teachers of science
and navigation schools in obtaming the best instrument.s, apparatll!,
&c., for giving instr uction in science and navigation ; towa~ds the
purchase of which the Scie.1ce and Art Department is autlJorised to
pay 50 per cent. of the cost; and they consider that the fullest op·
portunities should be given to manufacturers in all part.s of. ~e
kingdom for supplying such apparatus, &c. At the same time •t JS
necessary that the Science and Art Department should have so~e
guarantee that the apparatus and instruments are of good qual•tY
and moderate in price. My Lords have therefore laid do1vn the following rules and conditions :-1. Samples of all articles on tlle
manufacturer's list are to be sent to the E ducational collection, So~
Kensington Museum, for exhibition, where they will be arran~;­
separateh·, according to the science for which they are intended, ~
as to afford teachers and others facility in inspecting them an
making a choice. 2. The manufacturer is to supply priced catalojpies
of such articles printed in demy 8vo., in order tbat the vanous
cat~logue.s may be bound up toJ{ether and supplied wben ~~ed for.
3. fbe manufacturer is to guarantee that the articles elth1b1ted art
fair samples of those specined in the priced catalogue, and be m~
engage to take back any article supplied to schools which may.
inferior to the standard. Manufacturers willinb to comply \VItd11
these conditions, are to make a statement to that effect and ~o sen.
lists of appuratus, instruments, books, &c., in the following .sc1encesd
-1. Practical plane and de~criptive geometn·, mechan~cal an
machine drawing, and building construction"; 2. Pbys1cs (md
cbanical and experimental); 3. Chemistry; 4. Geology an
mineralogy ; 5. Natural history (zoology and botany, vegetable
and animal physiology); 6. Navigation and nautical astronomy,
and physical geography. If these lists and price~ are such as can
be approved of, the manufacturer will be informed, and ~s so::
possible on his fulfilling the conditions, his list will be 10ser ce
the catalogue. The catalogue will undergo a re\•ision at least onof
a year, when manufacturers may send any improv~d .ror~s Uv
apparatus, &c. The selection of the manufacturer WJII h~ "bo ·
with the committee of the school. On their demand be1D~ 5811..:;
tioned, the manufacturer will receive instructions to sup~ Y On
articles upon his receiving th e 50 per cent. due from the scboo ·. is
obtaining a receipt from the committee of the sc!1ool (wble~n
included in the form of the reqwsition) that the articles have the
receiverl, tho remaining 50 per cent. will be paid quarterly to
manufacturer by the department.
I
'
ROBINS ON'S
SU
section of t e machine witb. tbe ~e,·ers omitted, so. as. to show the
hydraulic action in connect1on 'Y1th the pressure--1!'dtcntor ; and
Fig. 7 is a corresponding plan w1th the greater portton o! the pi utform broken away, so as to show. the. movable ~r l o~se p1cce !t, ~ud
also the adjustable bearings or mchnes on whtch 1t rests. it 111 a
loose portioo of tbe supporting f~ame, adjustable up nnd down by
means of inclined planes drawn 10 and out by the screw l; a ~pnce
between the tlauge i ill left loose or uns~pported .all rou~d, ao os to
allow the slight amollnt of yielding requtred. m 18 the d1al-plate of
pressure-indicator, with its spiral guide for th~ finge1·; n, ~ gla.-s
c.over for the snme; and o, a cover to protect 1t when .not 10 use.
Tbe finger is loose endways and is token round. by a l1)!ht ~rnmc.
The divisions on the dial-plate nre nrran.ged spm111y, n.llowmg of
several circumferential travellings of t~e tin~er. For th1s. purp~s<>,
tbe finger is furnished on its under stde wtth a small p111, wh.1ch
projects tbrou~h a slot in its S';lpporting frnme, and enters n sp1r~l
~roove in the dial-plate; by wb1ch means, aa the finger revolves. 1t
, 8 shortened or hmgthened, as. the case may be, ao a~ to follow the
divisions spirally arranged. p 18 a corrugated steel d1apbra~, ~nd
shows one l)f the modes adopted in pressure-indicators for trnnsm1U10g
the pressure exerted on a fluid body by known means, so _as to act
upon the Indicating fi nger; r is the screw cover of the ti.llllig t.ube,
carried sufficien1ly high as to counterbnlnnce the dead weaght ol the
platform pillar and levers. The dial finger can be ndjus.t~d by "!~t\1111
of the screw l to its previously ascertained correct pOSI~Ion,. 1<1~. k
is a sectional elevntion of a weigh-bridge, the pressure-md1cator fur
which is placed near a desk at which it.s indications can be nt once
' noted down at almost nny' convenient distance from the wagon or
other load. The diaphragms g, g, nre here so placed as to support
the weight near the ends of the bridge. .Th~ w~ter cbamb~r11 uru
connected by canals or tubes, and commumcat1on IS ':"ade w1th tho
indicator at tho desk by means o~ a t~be, as .shown ~n the figure;
the levers are omitted in order to 1umphfy the tll.ustratlon .. In 8~':"~~
cases, where water would fr~ze, .it may be d~1rablc to m1x spmts
of wine with the water uaed 10 6Jhng the machine.
MILLS.
GAl~
p ATI':NT DATED 10TII SEPTE~l13Elt1 185:1.
•
FIC .I.
FICi.Z.
MARTIN'S ANCHOR.
PATitNT DATED 27Tn
A uousT, 1859.
AccoRDINO to this invention, by Emil Rettig, of 21 Walbrookbuildinga, London, the anchor is composed of tbree.m~m pl~ces OJlll
three or more subordinate parts, and from the pecuhanty of 1ts form,
a grenter holding power is obt~in!d than c~n be got.from an~ ot.h~r
anchor yet. known; besides th111 at act.s ~1th une~nng certnm.' ~. IS
easily bandied and avoids nearly all the anconvemences of ord1nury
anchors. The' three main portions constituting the an~hor. nrc, the>
shank, the bead, and the nrm ; and the form, combm~t1on, ~nd
arrangement of these form the peculinr advantages of the 1nvent1on.
Fig 1 showa the anchor embedd~d in the s round i. Fi~. 2. shows the
shank ; Fig. 8 shows tbe srms w1th palm8 an one ptece, F1g. 4. show !I
the head or sector; Fig. 6 shows the bearings.
i
Tms invention, by Henry 0 .. Ro~inson, of Wesl':"inster, relntcs to n
new cooatruction nnd combtnnuon or the gearmg or wheel.s and
pinions for communica~i ng the ~oti,·e .vower or steam eng1nes to
sugar-cane mills, the m1ll and engme be1ng titted.on to n base pla.te
or frame of iron. The motive power is commumcnt~d to ~he m1ll
from the mnin abaft of the engine by means of two paars of mternal
toothed wheels and spur pinions, arranged in such a form or mnnner
that the crnnked or mnin shnrt of the engine mny be plnced at a lo.w
elevation with respect to the plnne of the bed plntll or bed frame, 10
lieu of having it elevated, as it necessarily is m the previous combination of t.he steam engine with sugar-cane mills. .B,r m~ans of
tbia ne" combination the patent~ is eo~bled ~ use ~ertam kmds of
ateam engines, which were practically mapphcable 10 for':"er combinations· the centres of effort, and the strams of the mach1nery, are
brought ~earer to the plnne or the bsse line, the fly-wheel is brought
down to a convenient level, and the injurious vibrations Incident to
the former elevated positions of these pa~ts ar~ l)~viated. Tl~e
descriptions of steam engines to which th.1s mvenllon 1s more pa.rll·
culnrly applicable are the beam steam en~me, t h~ table steam eng~ne,
the inverted cylinder steam engine. and the hor1zontal steam.engme.
Fig. 1 represents a aide elevation of u beam steam engme and
sugar-cane mill combine~ on. one i~on bed p~ntn ·~r b~se plnt?, nnd
shows the internal gear~ng m secLlon. and F1g. 2 IS an elev~t1on nt
right nnJles to Fig. 1. The front .elevation of the ~ouble 1n~ernal
gearing IS sho.wn more cl~arly at F1g..a. In these figures, ~ 18. the
sugar-cane m1ll ; B, the. Jnternnl gean~g; C, the stea'T.I eogme, D,
the steam cylinder, winch may be en her cased. or Jackett~d, aa
shown for the admission of high -pre.~sure steam m to the caa1ng to
preve;t condensation inside the cylinder, or left uncased, as ~ay ~e
preferred ; E is the Oy-wheel ; and F, the crank abaft w~rkmg 1n
plummer blocks a short distance al>ove the bed plate or 1ron bnse
frame G.
nc.1.
SCHIELE'S IMPROVEMENTS IN WEIGHING MACHINES.
p AT.ItNT
DA.TIID
nc.s.
8RD SJ:tPTJWlUUt, 1859.
f iC.l.
nt.4.
FIC .6 •
t
FJC .8
FICS
Tms invention, of Mr. Christinn Schiele, of the North 1\Ioor Foundry,
in Oldham, ia applicable to the purpose of weighing heavy bodjes by
aupportiog the same on a body of water, enclosed in such a manner
as to allow of a minute yielding, ao that the body to be weighed
shall, reat entirely upon the ~ater for support,, at the same ~ime
exertmg a preS-'ure upon an mdicator wh1ch wtll show the we1ght
thereof. The equalis1 ng of the pressure on the wnter, should the
weight be placed on one 11ide, is done by eide lever connections, so
arranged that each lever transmits part of the weight placed on ita
one end to ita other extremity where Ius weight is placed. The
dial of the pressure-indicator is aometlmea made spiral, so as to
allow ot eeveral revolutions of the finger, by which the divialona
tbereon are better to be read. The finger la arranged to follow the
aplral dial-plate.
Fig. 1 la an elevation, and Fig. 2 a correapondlng plan, of a weighlni machine aultable for uae on a counter. a la tbe platform of the
machine 1 b iJ the Indicator dial, on which auch dlvlalona are marked
u ruult from actually placing 11 atandard weight•" In auccesaion
upon the platform. Fig. 3 represents an equalising lever, showing
its elementary construction ; c is the ful crum to tbe fixed or stationary portion of the machine ; d is its centre connection witb another
lever, and by means of which tbe movements of both levers nro made
conjointly ; and e is its point of contoct with the inner side of the
rim of platform i it being by means of the levers (nrranged ns shown
in Figs. 4 and 6) that the bridge or platform is retnined in its position
both sideways nod endways, and also borlzontnlly. The end e of
the lever is rounded ofT to the radius from c, and the touching face
ot the platform is made tangential to it. The top nod bottom
faces ot the platform portion are square, and the lever ends are
fitted in to al!ow of a small motion to the platform up and
down without appreciable play. Figs. 4 nnd 6 are reapecth·ely
sectional on·l plan views showing tho construction of the machine and arrangement of the levers. .f. f, f, f, are the guides of
the platform sideways just touching the lever ends e, e, e, e; g lt an
elastic diaphragm made of vulcanised tndla-rubber cloth or eultable
material ; lt 1a firmly and tlihtly held by a rim or 6anae i prcued
It will be seen ft·om the illustration that the bend turns freely
upon a centre within the cheeks of the shank, describing an an~lo
which is proportional to the distance between the lower end of the
flange on the bend and the shank: if, therefore, the sh3nk ~e
held in a fixed position, the head ami arms will turn round a
.n an arc M described ; and. on the other hand, if the hcn1l
nod arms be held in a fixed po~iti on , the sh11nlc will oscillate through a similar and equal angle. If, then, a for?c
be applied to the free end of the shank-soy at the mam
sbnckle-the first eOect of this force will be to elevate slightly
the free end of tbe shank, the tendency of the force being to
" drag" the anchor forward. This tendency is, however, ch~cked at
once by the action of the points of the flukes entering the ground.
The moment this takes place, the arms, and with them the he~~d,
describe nn arc round the points of the Oukes as centre.~, and stand
nt their greatest distance from the shank, the free end of which
butts against the ground, the lvwcr pvrtioo of the elevated tlnnge or
the bead benring ngainst the shank at the shoulder.
It will be observed tbat there aro two principal poiol.l! of resh!tonce
to tbe polling force io this anchor-namely, tbe combined resi11tnnce,
nt the same time, of the palms of the two arms; and when the
anchor is completely imbcdderl (as shown in Fig. 1) a considerable
amount of holding power is added by tbo flange of the bend.
FoRitlON AliD CoLO~IAJ. Jom~os.-It hos been calculated that
Paris at present covers a space of 78,080,000 ynrds. It contains
148,000 trees, occupying n space equal to 886,800 square ynrds. The
trees consist of horse· cbesouts, elms, :~cacias, lime-trees, and others.
I t is estimated that these trees cover with their shade u jpnce of
220,200,000 yards, sufficient to protect 1,586,000 individunls from the
rays of the sun.-" The discovery of a solid f}reeo by one of our
ebemista," enys the Salut Public of Lyons, "exc1tes no little interest
here. It has been tried on silks, cottons, and woollens of all kinds
with perfect success. It neither turns blue nor yellow with wear.
Chinese green, the only dye hitherto employed, which used to cost
400f. per kilometre, is now selling at l OOf., but the new ,:treen cnn be
sold at 60f., and still leave a good profit."-lt is mentioned in the
report of the directors of the Scinde Railway, that vessels drawing
19t ft. of water have In the put year entered the harbour of
Kurrachee in perfect aafety, and that aa many as twenty-five vessels
of from 600 tons to 1,000 tons have at one time been swinging to
their anchors, without accident of any kind, In eithtr entering or
leaving the port. '1he external trade vf Scinde, it Is also t~hown, has
Increased In a marvellous mnnner.-A number of Armatrong and
Whitworth guns have been recently purchased for the armament of
tbe coaat and the defence of the arsenal of Spezla. They are equally
bard at work on the defence. of Central Italy aa regards matlritl
and the neceuary stores.
THE EN G INEER.
270
APRIL
-~~~~================~~====~
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.
SCOTT ISH MATTERS.
( IVt do not !told ou.r::ttllle~t rupottsible fr,r the opinions of our
A NEW company is about to be formed in Glasgow to supply ~as to
the public at as. 4d. per l ,OUO cubic feet. The company is to be tncorporated under the " Limited Liability Act," and its stock is to be
divided into shares of £ 1 each.
~Ir. James Baio, of the Gartsherrie firm, was summoned last week
to London to confer with the B oard of Trade and .Mr. Cobden as to
the best mode of catrying out the provisions of the treaty with
France, in regard to pig.iron.
J,ast week's expor ts of pig-iron from Scottish ports were considerable, but not quite equal to the total noted at the corresponding
period of last year:Total. SIUile week
Foreign.
last year.
Tons.
Tons
Ton~.
Tons.
Porta.
2,274
•.
3,746
.
•
6,317
Gla.sgow ..
• . 1,47:!
Col-respondents.)
PLATES AT THF. PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1855.
Sm,-Advertiog to the interesting article in your last number on
the manufacture and price of iron, we beg to inform you that the
D er went plate sent to P aris in 1855, for which a sil ver medal was
a warded, was 22 ft. a in. loo~ by 4 ft. 6! in. wide, containing
101 superficial feet, and weighmg 1,64.4 lb. It is perhaps fair to
state, in addition, that this plate was reduced to a thickness of
i in., and was not produced by any mere "tour de force," but '"as
made and exhibit.ed as a commercial sample, with a view to orders.
The plate shown by the 1\Iontataire Company certainly exceeded
this in size and weight, but we believe it was either 4 in. or i in. in
thickness, instead of i in., which constitutes, of course, a material
difference; and we doubt whether an order would have been execv.ted
for plates of such sizes at any reasonable figure.
. If you are intere:~ted in seeing what Nor thumberland can now do
m the way of iron-ship plates, we would advise a visit to Messrs.
' Vestwood's yard, I sle of Dogs, and an observation of the size and
qual ity of the Derweot plates we are supplying for the construction
of H .l\f.'s ship Resistance.
G. BAILEY ToMS .L'ID
27, Laurence Pountney-lane, E. C., London, April 25th, 1860.
eo.
BIGH-PRJ::SSU R E ST EAM.
Sm,- I am glad to see that your correspondent" V. P.," in THE ENGINKER of tb11 1a tb inst., has made a step in the right directioa. I do
not wish to dishearten him, but I think it my duty to inform him that
t he plan be proposes is not a new one. 1 saw a model, made by a friend
em~loyed in the Bombay Dockyard, of an annular engine. I n the inner
cyhouer ho uses b igh-1. ressed steam ; in the ou ter cylinder he uses
a vacuum on one side of the piston, and the steam from the inner or
higb-preisure cylinder on the other side; and for the originality of
tb~ improv~meot he was very deservingly awarded wilb a gold medal
from the Bombay .Mechanic!!' lostitutiou last ye .r. I do not kuow
why be did not make his impro,·ement more public, ahhough 1 saw
it mentioned in a Greenock newspaper last summer ; but !hanks to
''V. P." for eeviviog tbe subject. 1 would have him to moderate his
intents; his rea.soning will scn cely induce any to do away witb condensation. He has wisely .. taled that a supply of fresh water is
neces:~ary for boilers in tbe now advanced state of the marine engine,
hence be brings bim~elf in want of wbut he was going to do without, viz., a coudenser; and since it is indispensable, why not take
the advantage of it and have a vacuum in tht~ annular or ouler
cylinder? J. would suggest t be application of the double slide-valve
(as applied to a uvuble \:) linder engine, au engravirog of which was
given lately in 'liH. ENG lNR!tu), and then 1 t:.Oink we would have
the most etlicieut and the most compact engine that has as yet been
const r ucted.
T. S.
Glasgow, April 18th, 1860.
TRAFFIC RETURNS.
Week
Tlus
cndmr Week.
Belfa.st and Ballymcn~ . • • . • • April 21
1,413
Birkenhead, Lane~LShlrc, & Ch~hire ,. 22 2,6:>ll
Bristol ~nd Exeter .. . . . .
, t5
CaJedonitul • •
••
.•
.•
•.
4!:!
., 15
..
,
Corn\\all
. . . . . • . . .. . .
Cork and B:Uldon
.. . . . . ..
Cork, Btackrock, and Passage
De~ldU
•.
••
••
••
••
•.
D ublin and .Betrru.t Junction . .
••
..
DUJ.tdte, Perth, and Aber. Junction
D uudal lt. a.nd l!:muslullcn.. • . • .
Dubli11 auu Drv.,h...Qa . . . . . .
DutJuu & \\ tcldv" ~ Uub. & Kingtn.
East Anghan
.. .. .. . . . .
Eust...ru lJountiet and J::as~ Union..
.hdmbu'l:h &. Glas0 u\\ 11.1 S. Uumer.
Ed.ll•l.ourgh, P~:r.u, aud Oundeo . .
Gl..sgow anti :sou~h· \I esteru . . . .
Grea~ NOrLh 0 1 ScOLiaud . . . . . .
Great .Nor~hern
. .. . . . .
Great sou the• o and Western . . . .
Orca~ Western
. . . . . . .. . .
Shr~:w¥bw·.r and Birmingham . .
Shrewsbury and Chester . . . .
LatlCAStt:r aud ()~rilste
.. .. ..
Lancashire u.nd York~hire
. ..
Llauell,y lirul\\ay ami Uockyard . .
Loudon and .l:llack11 all • . . . . .
London, Brighton, and South Coast
London and :. orth· \I estern . . . .
London and :,outb- \\e.. tern . . , .
Loudvn, 'i\ll.oury aud :,ou~llend . .
Mat.ch~t.er, ::Oh<:lli~ld, aud Lincoln.
lll:utch.... ~~r, IS. J uuc., &. AltrlllgbiUil
hlaryport and ()arlll>le • . • • •
Mu:tJand..
..
.•
.•
.•
.•
Midland Orcat Western . .
..
N~we~LStle aod Carllsltt
. . ..
Nortb British . . . • . . . . . .
.North·East.ern . . . . . . . . • .
Newport, Aberga,·eony & Hereford
North :,t.aftordsl.llre Rail. and C&oal
Oxford. Worcester, aod Wolver. . .
St. Heten·s C. and fta1lway . . . .
Shrewsbury Md Hereford
.. ..
Scottish Central . . . . . . . .
Scot. North-Eastern (late Aberdeen)
South Devon
.. .. .. .. ..
South Eastern . . • . •. • • • •
South York and Ri\'er Duo. . . . .
South Wales.. . .
. . .. ..
Tatf Vale
. . .. . . . . . . • •
U lstcr
..
..
••
..
..
Vale of Neath . . . . .. ..
Watcrfot'd 1\url Kilkenny.. . .
Wutcrfol'd and Lim!ll'lck . .
W~t HarUepool H. and Railway
W hitehav~u and i•'urncss.. . .
Whiti.lhaveu Junct•ou
.. . .
,
,
..
..
.•
..
..
..
..
•1
,
,
,
11
,
,
11
22
22
21
16
2;!
21
6,145
lS o13
' i2
7,7
ti
11
15
1,5~2
2S,:u0
tl, 85
3~.~b7
l,blll
3,~08
35,060
bl:l
~1
1,476
16. 7o4
22
ib,IIIS'T
22
15
17,112
11.054
22
,, 15
, , 22
22
" 21
11
22
, 21
., 22
., 15
{lb9
11
..
"
.
"
,
..,
:.!2
22
21
22
14
22
21
22
14
15
2~
15
~1
".,
21
"
"
20
15
1 bUS
9vl:l
25. ii1
~2
,.
.,
,
.,
.,
,
12,51!0
1,236
2 1
1 256
' 9U
1, 1Jl
1,53:S
22
2t
,, 21
, 22
,.
.,
6,UHI
291
1,269
1172
1, t.iU.S
1.tS73
1, . 4.S
21
14
..,
,.
1,338
3,1£8
307
184
, l!i
, 22
, :l:l
,. 2~
.,
,
~ll.
asll
l!l
,
.,
, 1$
, 22
11
Same
1,140
3S•ll:.!ti
4,Ju2
:S,4M
5,610
3l>, 744
1,465
!!,:HO
li.OJ!
2,0:.7
6,81:.!
:s t 4d
'
7,wo
l,bdtl
21,45:.!
7,vW
31,03!
1 I 08
2,8uV
33,0.0
466
1,472
US,3l:l2
69,7711
17,0..5
1.oN
ll:s$4
1,' 191
1 ,uv~
35,tll
a &11
'
2,933
6,-.s~
3S,178
l ,.s•8
7,:H4
4,4~
3,073
2,003
1,Hti
2,l:II>O
3,8~
3,6~5
20, 186
6,933
4, t64
2,5&1
19,749
2,4i3
5,1:161
3,11:14
1,648
1,523
:Ss7
1,281
4,139
.. 15
11 45Z
72i
57~
118
1711
63
36
302
108
17li
63
:Jtl
25t
2Si
301.1
367
9<!8
31
77
31
77
3,129
615
605
~
:JII
::!5
35
H
J:.!
..
1,214
932
45,136
16,885
2,469
10.734
43,742
42,67i
10,591
li0,469
47,831
68,873
1,293
36,9•4
735
72,248
1,395
87,274
8il
2,115
8,398
40,8~9
Greenock ..
Port-G l~sgow
Bowling . .
Ardrossan..
Troon
..
Ayr..
..
••
75
-
.•
..
••
..
••
. . l '707 .•
..
.
..
Irvine
..
Orangemouth ..
Leith (last 2 wks.)
BurntLSio.od
..
Alloa (south)
..
Alloa(northJ
Bo'ness .•
.!llorrisonshaven
-
7/iO
~00
..
375
.•
120
..
120
..
None.
~5
.
4,584
..
No return.
..
••
2,066 . .
..
103
110
..
200
••
••
1!0
350
195
235
No return.
70
482
50
..
••
..
..
..
..
285
6,291
..
945
2,301
sso
.•
260
• . 4,848
so . .
350
203
350
..
..
429
675
so
103
. . 1,185
. . l,6o1
..
140
.•
ISO
7~.W
632
50
..
372
50
16,604
6 183
8,975
15,458
Total
'
l\lr. Waiter Neilson, of Glas~ow, has patented an invention, which
has for its object the constr uctmg and arranging of steam hammers
so as to render them capable of more varied, general, aud convenient
application than heretofore. The hammering details are mounted so
as to be capable of acting at difrereot points of an arc of a given
radius, such details being carried upon an arm connected to a massive
standard by trunnions, or other wise, so as to be capable of turning
abuut on vertical axes. The blow may be given ,·ertically, obliquely,
or the parts may be rendered adjustable, so that the stroke may be
given in any direction.
The various sbit>building yards on the Clyde continue well employed. Yesterday week, .Messrs. Tod and 1\1 Gregor launched from
their yard, at Meudo wsode, a steamer named the 1\lail. intended
to ply on the Ki kreggan and Kilmuni station. .Her dimensions are-Length of keel, ISO ft. ; breadth of beam, 18 ft. ; and
burden or tonnage, l!91. H er engines are steeple, and her horsepower 80 nominal. A screw steamer of 6UO tons, named the Byzantine, for tbe service of the G •·eek Government, was launched on
~aturday hy Mr. J. G. Laurie, at Whiteincb.
On Saturda_v, Messrs. A. M'Millan and ~on, D umbarton, launched
a clipper barque, the property of Messrs. Donald·•<'n Brothers,
Glasgow, snd intended for the South American trade. A screw
steamer, named the E ldinga, wa.s also launched on Saturday from
the building-yard of l\lessrc1. cicott and Co., Garvel Potnt, Greenock.
H er dimensions are- Length 210ft.; breadth of beam 24f ft.; and
the depth of hold, 13! ft. The Eldinga is upwards of 40U tons, is
owned by an Australian company, and will proceed to the Au3tralian
Mileage. seas after being fitted out. She will have three masts, and be rigged
1800. 1869
as a schooner. lier machinery bas been prepared at the Greenock
65
65
foundry, and consists of a pair of oscillating engines, with multiple
33
33
gearing to increase the action of tbe screw.
12S 118
Mr. Thost has contributed to the Geological Society a paper
198~ 198J
5:Jt
descripti'fe of the rocks, ores, and other minerals on the vroperty of
20
:.:0
the ~larquis of Breadalbane in the Highlands of Scotland. After
bt
lit
noliciog generally tht~ mica schist of the district, \lith its limestone
17
li
or cat areous schist, and occasioo11lly roofing slate, th.e au1hor rroG3
63
ceeded to descnbe l!rst the porphyry vein (half a mile wide), con·
31
3l
taining sill·er ore, copper pyrites, grey copper ore, iron py rite.~, and
122 12 ~
G2t !Slit molybdtma, and cros~mg a vein of non-metalliferous greens one, at
40t 40t Tomnadashan, on Loch fay, orpo&ite Ben Laweu. He then pointed
G7f <>7t outtbe probable conneclion of the existing great valley with lines
4911 4t9
of I ra<:ture due 10 igneous violence.
I he veins at Ardtallanaig,
142
14~
conwining beav.1 spar, and ores of zinc, coj>per, and iron, were next
78
7ti
ISJi lll3i noticed. At \..:orrebuich there a re two sets o( veins in the calcareous
68
5.S
schist; those ha"ing a nonh and south di tection contain <trgenti~83
283
ferous galena and traces of gold. The most eastero hills on Loch
2.0 2t6
l'ay, in the nei~:jhbourhood of Taymouth, abound with quartzose
4115~ 465.
veins coni a in ing copper P.' rites, iron pyrites, and galena. The iron
w~
~9~
ore of Glenqueich, and the serpentine and chromate at Corychar·
4()
46
maig, where l:jraphite and rutiltl also occur, were next noticed. At
3!1&! 3ii5l
Loch earn Head there are galena veins in c11lcareous schist; here,
4•j:t
4tl,
too, some auriferous arsenical pyrites have been found. Lastly the
52
:ij
author described in some detail the lead-bearing veins of Glen
223l 2u2t
Fallicb and Tyndrum, which have been worked for many yoars.
924
91U
Tbe surplus revenue on the Forth and Clyde Canal during tbe six
~b9i
~7v~
months ending March 31, was £ 35,737, and the ·'governor and
4~1
4 ~~
173) 173;
council " have recommended a dividend at the rate of 6t per cent.,
8
8
less income tax. \\' orkll for the enlargement of the cut of the
2a
21!
Junction (;anal, at Grangemoutb, have been completed ; and the
61~ 614,
dredging of the basin is about to be proceeded with. '1 he enlargeli7
177
ment of tbe Junction Canal Lock, communicating with th e timber
71!! 78i
basin and the canul, "ill be immedi!ltely contracted for, with the
lM 164
7M
764
view of being executed th·s .,ummer. It is expected that the
60
6U
Caledonian Canal will be closed.for traffic for tbree weeks, at the
2:U 23J
latter end of J uoe, in order to fac•litate tbe construction of a bridge
102
9~
to be erec1ed by the Ross·shire Railway Company. Advan1age will
32
32
be taken of the opportunity to overhaul the works generally, und to
61
51
execute any revair~ or unprovement which may be considered
511
50
115 ll5
des•rable.
COLONIAL AND FOREIGN
Dn((alo nod lAke llurou . . . . . • Apr. 6
Vutch Rbenisb . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
En.:. tern ot France (late P. and S.).. .. 1
Grand '.1.)-un k of Can~da . . . . . . 'diU'. 31
Great Luxembourg . . . . . . . . Apr. 22
Great Western ol Canada.. . . . . '. ll
Northern or Fnmce . • . . . . . . .. 7
Orleans, Burdeau.x and DranchCJ .. .. 7
Paris, ,Lyons aud .Mc<hterm.nean .. .. 1
So.mbre :wd M<:usc . . . .
..
20
W~tern o.nd Nortb-Western
.. " 1
Wd t Flanders . . . . . . .. .. , 21
Uemernra, fortnight end in~ . . • .
Port.-D unda;~
161
161
109
109
1028 1003
970 &0
128 122
345 345
60:! 6o0
922 {122
874 848
6b
68
748 721
75
i5
"
CHAIN-CABLES, A~cuoRS, AND T R!.'Tl.NG 1\fACRTh"ES.-The select
committee liJ!pOinted to inquire into the manufacture of anchors and
chai n-cables have recommended the e:~tablisbment of chain-testing
ma\:hi oes to be su perintended by bodies, ~ouck as dock truste~s; that
t l•e telit sho uld lie mate cvn•vulsory, and tbat every ship lauuched
after January, 11!61, t.hou ld be requi red to produce certincates that
thei r cables have bet n properly te~ted. I he evidence adduced before
tl.le committee establl bhed that, wbere the te:Hing machines were
used, tile loss of chain cables wa11 of rare occurrence. and that though
some wimesses were of opinion that the application of a severe strain
in testing bad an injurious etlect on the cable, that idea seemed to
the committee to be completely refuted by the evidence of Mr.
WillockB, and by the results of experiments at Woolwich.
RIFLE TRSTlNG.-LieuteD!lnt llans Busk writes as follows to the
T imes :-As lbe question of 1be relativt: merits of d1tterent rifies is
one that is now eliciting much attention, the publication of the
following obser\'ations from one who has had considerable praclical
experience on the subject may perhaps pren•nt the useless expeo1iture of mueb powder and lead, as well as loss of lime and disappointment. l t is obvious that no competitive tri \l of rifles can be
of tbe smallest value, or can be fairly conducted, unless cart~ be
taken t o eliminate all chance of error arising from want of skill or
steadiness on thu part of the shooter. It is generally &upposed that
by using any ordinary support for the barrel while in the act of
aiming the above difliculties may be got over. '!his, however, is a
fallacy. Both General Jacob and myself have found as the result
of innumerable trials that a really good rifie shot will, even at long
ranges, almost invariably make better practice from his shoulder
than from a rest. The following is tbe only mode of testing with
anything like certainty the precision of any rifiP. A rigid tramework of cast-iron (somewhat like that of a lathe) must be constructed and securely bolted to an oaken bed, resting upon a solid
foundation of brickwork or mason ry. Tbis framework supports a
planed horizontal iron tnble (2 ft. wide), about 4ft. 6 in. from the
ground. To the centre of this table is hinged an sccurately made
and V -shaped steel trough, capable of elevation by means of delicate
screw and micrometer adju~tments to the fraction of a second. The
ri fie to be tried is secured to a solid steel holder, made to drop into
the V-bbaped trough, in which it slides freely. the polished su rfac<a
ot the two ntting 11recibely. 'lhe rille can Le lifted from the trough
(with the hold~:r attached) as often as may be required to load tt,
without any risk of dbturbing the elevation previously given.
T here i!' no necessity fot· taking aim at a particular point, the result
of u number of succ1SSive shots being 1111 that is required. The
diagram obtained by these means all'ords the only truthful record of
t he performance of a rifle. A rest, sucb as that here described, is
nece.>sarily a costly atlair, but i c is indispensable for the purpose
above specified. Of course, the same rest can be used at ditlerent
ranges if a solid and immovable foundation be provided at each
distance-post.
27' 1860.
THE GUNBOATS.
THE Times makes the following remarks on the conditi
of the gunboat Beet. Nothing is said of the condition °~
the _machincr~ in these boats, but were they in acti;e
servtcc there 1s reason to fear that the en~ines
would be
0
found as defective as the hulls:At this time we are told, there are forty-seven gunboata•
besides mortar vessels, b~uled up at Haslar yard. All the wo Id
remembers the pl!lan wh1ch was sung over this miniature 8~L
Christened with coq uettish little names, the gunboats built ac..
cording to the newest model and commanded by gall'ant youo
officer~, '~e~e the pets and the ~ride of the country. Their qualiti!
w~re wvtdl?Usly cont~asted '' 1th t~ose of the heavy line-of-battle
sb1ps and fr1gates, wb1cb crept cautiously about the shallows of tbe
Baltic, or watched sluggishly opposite the entrance to Sebasto 1
I t was told bow after tbe war th ey were all drawn up ready for~~
on the shortest notice, bow they could be brought down to tbe
water in less than an hour, and the enemy confronted in less tlao 8
week with an extempore lleet as formidable as any that could ~ue
from Cberbourg. The Government appears to have been as mucb
impres~ed as the public with the usefulness of these craft. Tbev
had done good ser vice at Sweaborg, they bad ascended the rivers or
Cbioa, and were again to be dispatched to that distant region to
bring the Emperor to reason. Accordingly, the shipwrights have
been at work oo them with no little activity. Twenty-two we are
told, h~vc bee~ repaired at. a gre~t cost, and, witb the exc~ptioo or
coppermf?, a re ttt for lauocb10g. N toe ves els are under repair, fo~
are wailing examination. fhese repairs began more than thne
years ago, and b.we been continued at intervals to the present timt.
It 11 ill appear singular that ve.>sels built only in 1854 and lbM
sho11ld so :.oon require such extensive reconstruction. Very quielly
do the:.e repairs seem to have been carried on, and no compltlDli or
the contractors have been allowed to become public. 'lhe decar
has been attributed to the fact that the gunboats bad been stripp81
or the1r copper, and placed high and dry in a current of &ir.
But now it is announced that the decay must be attributed to
another cause.
ome gunboats which had been kept afloat hau
been hauled up, and ba,·e been found to be "far more defectin
than those stored beneath the sheds, and the only conclusion wbitt
can be arrived at is that the whole of Ollr gtmboats aftoat are uotl
for sen·tce." 1 bey bave been constructed with the most reckleu
di~regard to the qualily of the material. 1f those whicb have Ileal
examiued arc a sumple of the whole, we are at this moment without
an etticient gunboat.
carcely a sound piece of wood can be seeu
about them, C\'ery part bearing marks of "sap," and some or tbe
rills ure completely enveloped with it; the pressure of the hand on
their frame crumbles it to dust. Much more to this e[ect is gi1·en in
our Naval ! utelligence. The copper bolts, also, wh ich should bne
gone through and been clinched on each side, "were found to bm
been changed into short ends of about two inches, driven ia on each
side"-a fact, wh1ch, if correct , condcts either the builders or their
workmen or a d~:liberate and most disgraceful fraud.
Of course, this abominable history must be fully inquired into.
Here we bave the country, when hard pressed by war, and uoablel4
furni~h the nec~:SSIHY number of vessels from the public yards,
applyin:; to the first private builders in Engl9.Dd, and concluding
con tract:; with them fur the construction of vessels. The cootiUil
are taken, the vessels are built, the country imagines that its oar&l
force is conl>iderably increased, and now, at the end of tive yem, n
find that neither tile watchfulness of the Admiralty nor the hoMily
and patriotic feeling of th e builders have prevented us from btiDg
cheated as g ro:.:.ly and impudently as the poor woman who gru
:WO yards of tbread on a reel purporting te hold 300 yards. l't
might have much to say on the carelessness of the authorities whi4
accepted such fraudulent handiwork. ~llrely green wood can bt
distinguisb~d from seasoned timber by dockyard officials, and a
copper bolt driven through a vessel's side and clinched mu.st present
a dillerent appearance from two bolt-beads merely tacked on, o~e
inl>ide and the olher out. But these considerations are forgotten LD
tbe sbame we feel on reflecting that firms holding a higb posilioo
iu the English mercant ile world should be guilty of such baseos
1t is impo..sible to believe that such universal inferiority in lhe
material of 1he vessels could be accidental. One or two gunboats
might be built of g reen wood by mistake, but such a state of lhings
as ts rll'porled to exist can only be the result of general unscrupulousness among those who had taken the contracts. It may be tbat
the Governmeut price was too low, and it is said that the ooly tiiO
sound vessels were built by a ll r m which lost money by tbeir co~­
strudion. Hut !hut cannot be an excuse for the olhers. The pubtie
will demand a searching and uo paring inquiry into these d~l.io·
quencie~, and if it should appear that men holding a foremost poslllOD
iu the community have beeu guilty of such malpractices, tbeyebould
be duly exposed and punished. Such doings ru-e a discourage~e.ot
to every one 11 ho wishes to see the naLUral sluggishness oftbe otliciJl
world compensated by the enterprise of private houses. It hu
been the argument of the Admiralty, the Horse Guards, and otbu
departments, that their worsL faults were as notbiug to those. or lhe
men whom public opinion held up as their models. The Ctrcamloculioo-office, at any rate, did not job, and swindle, and wake mooer
out of the public ruin. This plea will now have double force, ao~
though we feel sure that the commerci!ll b11siness of this ~o~trY. 15
mainly conducted in a high and honourable spirit, the adaumstraun
reformers will be taunted wilh the rotten timber of the gunboats
built in pri\·ate yards, unless their builuers can clear tbemselve!
from this charge.
THE ATLA~TlC
ROYAL 1\lAIL SUAM NAVIGATI0:-1 CoMP..U.'l'.On Saturday, the Connaught, the orst of four mail expre.s~ swam·
ships, of great power and speed, for the Atlantic Royal .Mail S~e::J
Navigation Uompany, two buuuing on the Tyne and two at
~
was launched from the building yard of Mes$rS. Palmer and
Jarrow, to ruo from Galway, via .Newfoundland, to New York.. e
Connaught is a magnilicent vessel, the largest yet la~nched tn ~e
waters of the Tyne, and it is computed that she wt ll run near Y
20 miles an hour. Her length is lH8 ft., and 860 ft. between perr
pendi<:ulars; her beam is 4v ft., over all 71 ft. 6 in. ; her dept~ ~~
bold is 30 ft. She is constructed with a spar deck, sl r!U~
stem and elliptic stern, and built on the wave· line princi.ple. :lbd
carrie3 her hoor well aft, which will give great stead~ess an
buoyancy at a high rate of speed. She is built in water-ugbt com·
partment.s of extraordinary strength; and some idea of tbe 50 ~
riority and safety of this principle may be formed_ from the f~~ tbtill
should 40 ft. of ber bow be carried away by collisiOn, she wo seat
float on an even keel "ithout ri ,k. l:iy an im~rov!d arrangtm is
of the stl'ingerb, keelsons, beams, &c., great long~tudinal ~reug~ht
obtained, while the tran;,\·er~e frames are doubled. J ~e orau'}'be
is throughout double, and in some places treble-r1~•ette
ill
saloon for the accommodation of first-class passeogeri IS utted upare
the most elegant and s ub;,tantial manner, and the state room; the
exceedingly comfortable and cotweoient. The h?rse·_power. 0 'pie.
engines is Suo nominal, and they are on the osc11latmg pnnCJred
The boilers nre eight in number, con;,tructed on tbe mo>t appTbeY
plan, and with a total heattng surface of 20,000 square teet.be:ttin~
are heated tlu ough 4U furnaces. '1 be new principle of su!'ef 011 1 ";
1
or drymg, tlo e ;,team h.l:. been adopted by ~eardmore and G~ wfth
patent. 1 he }JIItl<lle\1 heel:. are 34 ft. dlall•eter, alld
~clock,
teatberiog floats, 12 lt. long by 4ft. 8 in. Jiameter. At our~e 11 ere
auout the time for launching, an immense CCIDCOUrSe o_f peo!as alSO
gathered together on the banks of the river, aod the ~tvet all the
crowded 11 tth loaded steamboats and othet· craft. .N~r1Ybe ,ard.
leading inhabilauts of the town and district were presentf t pJmer
The vessel, nller 1he ceremony or naming, by 1\HS. Char(: peopl~
glided otl the wuys into the stream amid the cheers of e eo~
After the launch a large party dined with the directors ::ewad~~
paoy nod the 1\Iessrs. Palmer, the draughting-rooms o e
being fitted up as a dining·hall.
CoT:
ra
ol
APRIL 27, 1860.
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINF.S.
SPECIYICATIO~.
Fire·bo:c Casing.-The front and back plates of t~e fire· box ca~ing
aTe to be made of the best Low 1\foor or Bowhn!{ wrougbt-1ron
plates,
in. thick, flanged over. and wrought .to th~ share. shown
in the drawing. It will be seen that no angle uon J.S r equued for
making up the corners .
.
The crow n and sides of the fi re-bo:o:: casmg to be made of th ree
plate~ of the best Low Moor or Bowling wrought-iron, -,';r in. thick,
aod the plates to be put together with r ivets made of .Cow 1\Ioor or
Bowling iron. i in. diameter ; the rem arks t_hat have been mad~ concerning the rivetting of the barrel of tbe bo1ler are equally applicable
in thi s case.
'
Upon the top of the fire-box casing must be placed a wrooghtiron ri ng 1 ft. 6 io. diameter inside, and ! in. deep from the top of
t he fire· l>ox casing to the 6ange; to be made of the best Low Moor
or 'Bowling wrought-iron plate! in. thick; t~ e flanges t~ ~e torne.d
over and the whole made solid without angle- uon or lap JOint. Th1s
r ing'must bt~ fixed to th e top of fire-box casing by • io. rive~, !f~ade
of the best Low t\loor or Bowling iron, and the p1tcll and posJtJoo of
r ivets will be shown in the drawing.
.
.
This ring is exactly the ~ame as the one before !"enhooed, wh1ch
is to be placed about the m1 ddle of the barrel of bo1ler..
.
On the top of t he r ing is to be placed n wr~ug~t-1roo c~;crmg
plate~ in. thick, and made of _Low M ?Or or Rowlmg 1roo. T b1s m ust
be surmounted by a brasli p1llar, w1th the snfety-val,·e, lever_. and
spring balance. Full particulars of 1his portion of the work w1ll be
given in the drawings. Se>en brass mud plugs and mud plug seats
mu ~t be placed, four on the left-hand side and three on the righ.tband side of th e fire-box casing, and a brass mud plug and seat \VIII
be place!! at ~eh of the f~oot coro~r~ of t be fir_e-box ca.~in_g. A
blow-off cock w11l be placed m the pOSitiOn shown 10 the drawm.g.
On the fire-box casing must be placed th e gauge glass ~ttJngs,
t he scum and warming cocks, and the gauge cock:!, to drawmgs or
patterns. A whistle must also be placed on the top of the fire-box
casing. A steam iodicator-Bourdoo's patent-must also be added.
On the top of the fire-box casing m~~t be placed a. weather pl~te,
m ade of sheet-iron, of the form and t h1ck ness shown 10 the draw!ng.
O n each side of the fi re- box casing must be rivelted two_fr&ll;le gu1deil
or stays with ' in. rivets, made of Low llloor or S owhng 1roo ; an
ash-pan' and dam per mu st be_ placed belo_w the tire-box casing, with
one movable door. as shown 10 the dn1" m g.
The sid s of the ash-pan to be made of good Staffordshir~ i ron,
h in. thick, and the bottom and end of the ash pan to be m9:de of
the best Yorkshire iron i in. thick. A mud door to be put m tbe
ring between fire-box and casing, as shown in drawing.
Fire-box.-The inside fire-box to be made of the best copper, to
be obtained from Vivian and Co., Pascoe, Greenfield aud Co., or
some other parties to be approved ~f by the en~: ineer to the. company. The length, breadth, and be1gbt, as we\1 as every particular
r e9.uired, will be found in the drawing.
rt.e tube-pl~te t~ be i in. t~ick, and the side, crown, and back
plates to be t m. th1ck. The sules and crown to be of one plate.
The whole to be well rivetted together with the best Low Moor or
:Bowling tin. rivets, as shown-full size - upon the drawing of the
arrangement of boiler. To have two lead plugs, as shown. ~be
fire-box casing and the 6re- bo~ to _be stayed together on every s1~e
wi th tbe best copper stays, t 1n. d1ameter, and placed as sho~vn 10
th e drawing. The plates to be tapped, and the stays ugb tly
screwed into both plates, and well rivetted over at the ends. Ten
roof stays to be placed on the top of the fire-box, formed of single
b ars of tbe best assorted scrap hammered iron, 6~ in. deep by I t in.
thick each to be secured to the roof of th e fi re-box with nine tap
b oles: the bolts to be t in. diameter, aocl made of the best Low
M oor or Bowling wrought-iron, tapped 3 in. into the stay, and
screwed by the heacl from t he under side.
Care must be taken to make the roof-stays bed well on the r oof of the
.fire-box and at the ends where the ends of the roof-stays fit on t he
bend or ' th e end plates of the fire-box. No mere setting with t he
h ammer will be allowed, but the hamm er and chisel must be used in
fitting these stays into th eir respective places. . Too much stress
cannot be laid upon this point, as the work will be minutely examined on this bead. Six vertical sling· stays must be placed as
shown in the drawing, and fastened to the inside of the man-hole
ri ng a nd to the roof-stays. These stays are to be m~de of. the best
assorted scrap hammered iron; they should be put m tbe1r places
h ot, so that a proper hold is obtained of the roof-stay.
Smoke Buruing.-An appa ratus for smoke-burning must be supplied on a principle which will be shown in the detailed drawings.
Tbe cost of tbi,., including patent-right, will not exceed £ 15, and is
t o be borne by the contractor.
Smoke-lxn:.- T he top, sides, front, and door t o be made of good
S taffordshire iron, t in. t!Jick, having a perfectly smooth and good
surface, the rivets countersunk, and liled tlush on the outside. The
bottom plate of t he smoke· box to be i in. thick, and to have a squa-e
b ole cut in it; this bole is tu be covered by a sliding door, which
must be mAde as nearly air-tight as possible when sh ut.
A squa re frame of Low Moor or Bowlio,e: angle-iron, 6 in. by 4! in.,
and not less thao in. 00 the thin edge, is to be placed between the
inside frames at the bottom of t he smoke- box, and the end plates of
the smoke-box are to be rivetted th ereto.
Ollimt~ey.-To be made of good smooth plate, for in. thick, with
a j ump j oin t and coun tersunk rivets down the back. T he whole to
be perfectly free from hammer marks, and the bottom carefully
fitted to the top of the smoke-box, so that a perfect j oint can r eailily
be made with a little red lead.
Fire-bar1 and Framing.- T hese must be made as strictly to all
the particulars shown in the drawingli, as the ruore importan t parts,
that they may not only ch&Dge readily with each other , but with
other engines also.
Wheel$.-To be of wrought-iron, and of the best msterial, with
solid spokes and bosses. They are six in number, viz., four 6 ft. 1 in.
diameter over the tread of tyre; and two 3 ft. 7 in. Great care
must be taken that the bosses, the junction of the r ing, and the arms
be all perfectly solid. They must be tu rned and bored, and have
key-ways cut strictly to t~mplate, so that they be exactly alike, and
each wheel must be put on to its axle by screws or hydraulic power.
The rim must be correctly turned to gauge, to receive the tyre,
and the whole wheel trimmed op, so th at the surfaces and lines are
all fair and true, and the whole a thoroughly good job. T he crankpins are to be of Krupp's patent steel.
Tyru. - To be of Krtipp's patent steel, 2 in. thick at the tread
w hen finished ; to be carefully bored before shrinking on to the
wheels and accurately turned, so that all the driving and trailing
wheels may be precisely the same diameter, and that the leading
wheels may all be of the exact diameter assigned to them.
The tyres to be secured by taper bolts and nuts, as per drawing;
th e bolts to be made of Krupp's cast-steel, of the same description
of material as the tyres.
Axks. -Thcre are three axles. They must all be of the verr_ best
faggoted wrought-iron-either of the Patent Shaft Company s best
manufactu re, or of some maker a~proved of by the undersignedfree from imperfections of any kmd, and turned all over. T he
templates and gauges that will be for warded must be strictly
adhered to.
GMr.-The eccentrics to be in two pieces each; t he smaller
portion to be of w rought-iron, and the larger of strong and bard
cold-blast cast-i ron. The eccentrics are fastened on the shaft by
means of set-bolts, as shown on the drawing. The eccentric strapliners to be of the be.;t gun metal. The rods and st raps to have the
oil-cups forged on, as shown.
The wrought-iron work to be all composed of the best Low Moor
or Bowling iron, and of the very best tinisb ; and each piece to be
well a:1d properly case-hardened, and re-cleaned up. Gun-metal
b uabea must be used in all such parts a.s have them shown in the
drawings. All the pins which are sh own to be of the same dimen-
a
sions must fit every part of the moti on equallv w~l. C~re mu st be
AMERICAN STEAM STAIRCASE.
t aken al"' that all t he split-pins a re made to the d1men.s1ons show n.
PAT&.'<T DAT&D 19Tn SEPTEMBER, 1859.
Longitudinal Frames -There arc two frame plate$. f o ~e of ~he
bes t Low Moor or Bowling ,,-rous:ht- iron; the plates !O be lJ m. th1 ck Tms invention. by Otis Tuft.~, of Boston, U.S., has for its obje~t the
when finished, made to the form an d from th e d 1mens1ons ~o be reudering of the conveyance of p~rsons, bagga~e, o~ 1-t?OdA vertically
found on th e drawings. The.'· must be pl?ned all ove r on bot 1 sades; to or from the dilferent storeys of hotels, puhhc l>u1ldmgs, or wareall the holes must be mark ed And dnllcd to one t emplate, and housl'll, more safe, convenient, and, in fact, l>racticable than by
rh\'mered out to the exact size ~h·en; and each bolt se~uring the former methods.
·1 he invention consists of two general part•: firstly, t he means
cylinders. stays. &c., to be turn ed t o ga uge, ttnd titted so iQto its
for etlecting the rai ~ing of the eleva~ing ca.rriage or platform, and
p)ace as to req uire beiog driven home.
All bolts m\ast be carefully made to drawings, finished and tul1)ed t he stopping of the sa me at any des1red pomt ; and, secondly, the
means for controlling th e descent of th e s 1me.
up to the e:tact size.
.
Tile elevating power employed is that of ,a large screw placed verWh en the f rames and cylinders are all bolted and Tlyetted t?getber and before t he boiler and wheels ancl a :des are p1,1 t m to th ear tically, and made t o revolve by suitable gearing. at its _lowtlr end.
places,' the cor rectness of all the dimenlli00$ 1 and the tr~tb and T,bis screw is a cylinder of iron, and may .be cast. m ~cttons of conaccuracy of a11 the work, must be ,·ery ca refully checked by d18$1;0nal venient length and say or ten or twelve •nches 1n diameter ; upon
as well as l on~itudinal and tran~vel'se measurem<'nt. T he frames this ill cast a broad 'squ~e thre11 d, having a rapid. pitch. T he sc~ew
must be strictly sq uare. and frt>e fro!n c~·>ss-wi~din~s, and t4e h orn- i.s secured to the building by bearings, which J>I'OJect from a vert_1cal
t.i,mber, and which enci rcle the scr~w at the places w here the sectaoos
plates perfectly square with the en~r1ne m all <hrccuons.
Cross- Stays.-'! he feet aud angle-irons ~ everr st.ay, of every are affi xed together, the screw bemg smaller •t those parts, S? that
kind where they bed upon the frame, must be planl'd or ~Jo tted t,h e bear ing need not extend out beyond the s_u.rface of the cy linder;
perf~caly tru e, and to the .exact lenl?th rcq,Jir~d •. so tbat thc.y 6t i ts weig h t and t hat of the load may be sustamed ~vb olly by the step
correctly to their places w1th out ~Pttmg or tWI RtJO!! of any k1nd; at the bottom. A. nut is made to trave~ upon th1s screw , and co~­
and every hole must be rb ymercd. out in its pl~ce, a~ ~pt~ci lied for sists of a cylinder, smoQilb ,ypon the inter•o/• .-nd somewhat larger 10
the frames. No liners or h ll in~r p1ecc:s of an.v. kmd ~all be allow_e d t he bore tllan wouJd sul\ice 10 merely adro a,t ,tb" thread of t he sc rew.
to make up imperfect work or d imeM10n,. T h1s particularly a pp! 1es A female screw is torw,ed in this nut by in~erting, at e~i table
to th e stay which connects th e bracketil Cor car rymg the expansaoo
distances a1;1d positioos, friction-rollers set ill fraiJles. A por ta_on of
these sen·e to steady the nut in its due posiriQn, an(i are set •n on
liuks.
.
11
Tank.-A tank about 3• 3'• by 3• 0 by 3• 0". and t 10. pl!lte t o. be dilferen t sides of the nut, so a:' to travel upon we cy.l ind ri~l part of
placed under the foot-plate at the back of the fire box. to be camed the screw while to save frjctton, t hey a re ~d wu h tb e1r a~tes at
by t he buffer plate at the back, and by a ~t.ay bet wee'? the fr~~:mes in such incl~atioo to the a~tis of rotation Ql Qw screw, that. each rolls
front to have a man-bole and door at back.~~~ sbotvn 10 draw1nl(.
upon the cylinder in a clircct line as. then~ a.scends or de3cends. the
PiJJ.tfurms.-The.se run the whole length of the eogio~ on either inclination being according to the p1tcb of ,the t hread. and thus .th~re
side, suppor ted by brackets from th~ frame, ar1d ~ogl e .1ron round is no sliding laterally of t he roJlers. Ano&J,ler set of rollers IS m the ed~-te, and are to be made of good 1ron plate t\ m. thtck, known serted also from the ou.tside, the purpose of whicb is to tra,·el u pon
generally as "engine-room tloor plate,'' rolled to the Colebrook-dale the upper side of the thread, and thus Cfo~e the n ut to be raised
wben tile screw is revoh •ed in t be prO!Xlf d irection. '~he axes of
pattern.
.
Spla.,hers.-To be made to draw ing, of sheet-iron ~ in. thick, wa th these are horizontal, ao<i the rollers are, ~ effect, carnAge-wheels
good smooth nnd clean su rfac~s•. and !ivetted to the~ r places. T he travelling u pon a ruil WO\lDd spiral!Y along a c~linder. Tile nut is
whol e to be well rh"etted, nod fimshed 1n a workmanhke manner.
n ot permitted to turn around, and 1t has a Yeru cal slot throughout
Hand-Railing.- The pillars attAched to the t railing bu tTer-pl ate to its length on one side, where~y. it may pu~ the ar~.s of the bearers
be of good wrought-iron; tbe short ones on the boiler to be of brass, before described, as for sw;ta1 mn g the ve.rtu:al pos1t1on of the scre,,..
and as well as the rail wbich goes round the boiler and front of Around or upon the nut thus copstrt,J.cted the platform is
smo'ke-box, to be neatly polished and linished. The plates are to be built, of such size as ~ill but. ju. t pa~ r e9:dily t hrough the
of the same description as those in the splashers.
openings i n the Jlvors, and to obv1ate the d!Spos.no~ to turn uround
A.r/e-Bo.ru.-Tbere are two dri,·iog and two trailing axle boxes in one direction which will be caused by lbe act1on of tee screw·,
and keeps of the same dimensions, t o be made entirely of tbe best there is a vertical rail r1,1,noing upon the si<le of t he opening or well,
gun-metal; and two leading ax le· boxes (diftering sligh tly from the and a single wheel ou t he ca rriage r uns against the said ruil. The
ariving and trailing) and keeps, to be made of the best gun-metal.
platform may be built up at the sides, and ~overcd at top, a~d have
Cart~ must be taken in tixing the oil-pipes in the top of the axledoo rs which are opened and closed automat1cally by the act10n of a
boxes that they be so placed as to convey all the oil d irec~ly on t he cam properly located on the building to act ~0\1 a srstem of levers
top of tho j ournal, and th at it is not wasted by runumg away under the platform at the proper times, w,tiiqll wjl ue just as the
between the side of the step and the inside of the box. All the bottom of t he doors has passed above ~e ~e,• tl of each tl oor.
bearings must be well litted on to the journals to one-third of the Similar levers upon the building, acted on ~Y a cam placed o_n tl~e
circumference of tile j ournals. No more space must be allowed car riage, operate to open a ne\ close d~ors upoo the well or open mg 111
bet weeo the a x le-boxes and the rubbing-pieces than just sufficien t to " ' hich the carriage moves There IS an ar~foJ!gemeot for th ro 1~mg
allow each 11xle-box to slip readily and freely into its pl ..ce. (See the dri\'ing '.>elt out of or into gear automatically w hen t he carnage
drawings of all these parts.)
arrives at the top of t he screw or at the ~ltom respect i~·rly, and
Axle-blod:s -All the axle-blocks are to be of bard and strong this is made to connect from top t o bo~tom by a rod wh1ch passes
cold-blast iron, planed over on all sides, and fi rmly fastened to the throng)! the carriage, in orde r th at it may b': operated by a perso.n
inside frames by mean of wrought- iron bolts, nicely t urned, and inside when it is desireJ to stop at any pu ucu lar floor. There IS
driven tightly home, and secured with nuts. '.J be~ ax l e-block~ must also a friction-brake of ordina ry constructio,u, to bold the carriage in
be correctly titled to the template and dra\vmg m all respects, noel position at such stopping, but operated by a cord which passes likefixed as shown.
wise throug h the carriage, in order tha t it too IDI'Y be under the conSprings.-Ail the springs must be made of the very best spring t rol of t he person with in.
steel. Each spring must be testrd before being put in to its place, by
The seco nd fea ture of this invention is the means of effecting the
being weighted until all tile cam ber has been taken otf, and 1>11 the descen t of the carri age. It is intended that ita g ra\'ity sball be the
r emoval of the weight, the spriug found to resume its original form. power to effect such descent ; but that power would be subject to
All the springs are to be made of the dimensions and to particulars constant acceleration, and hence the inventor has devised a pecul iar
in the respective drawings.
retardin" apparatus. At tbe moment w hen the hoisting machinery
is throw~ O\,lt of gear with the driving power, it is transferred to the
(To be contl·nued.)
r etarder, altl:tougli that does not begi n t9 operate whilst the_ break
i$ applied ; !llld the pri nciple depended on for d uly co ntrollmg the
SouTR KE~sx~GTON M osRUll.-During t he week ending 21st April, rate of descent is tile p83-age of water or other fluid through
1860 t he visitors have been as follows :-On lllondJy, Tue.;day, an d apertures of g:i''en size. The manner in w hi® ~e in' en tor a\·at ls
Satu'rday, free days, 5,898; oo Monday and ruesday, free e'·~ni ngs, hi msel f of this pr inciple is by the use of clo:<ed cyli nders, ba\'ing a
6 735. On the three students' day:~ (admission to the pubh c. 6ll) pi; ton in each, with aperture, throuj;h the piston, through which the
1:9j3; one students' evening, Wedne~day, l! l l.
Total, 13,2i7. water may pa::.s and repass 11:1 the p1ston travels from em\ to end of
From th e opening of the 1\luseum, 1 ,403,069.
th e cyl inder. The piston may be compo~ed of two plates, having
T HE Gov~R'lllKNT G o:-:noATS.-A special meeting of th e Council openings wbi ch coincide when fully open. One of these plates is to
of the Bristol Cham ber of Commerce was held on Wednesday, 1\lr. be Jixerl up on the piston rod, whi le the other is altixed upon 11 tube
J ohn Shute in the chair at ,,.hich it was resolved that a communi- encirclin g the suid rod , and for ming a part of it until the stulnngbox is passed, where it can be llla<.le to partially rota t e, nnd thus
cation $bould be address~d to the members for the city ()lessr.s H .
Ber keley and W. H. G ore La~gton) in reference to. the recent close the openin{,'S in I he )JIStOn by moving the plates by e11ch
disclosures as to the g unboats bu1l t for Go,·ernm_ent dunng the lat~ other. T his rotating of th e tube may be ettected l>y an ordinary
Russian war. T he letter state.q that the a ttenuon of til e chamber ball or ot her go,·trnur. I his sy stem of ret .• rdiog th e ret urn r.-\'oluhas been called to a statement in th e T im•s of the 2l:~t inst. under tion of t he scre ·•·, whereby th e ue,cent of the ca rri •• ~e is permiued,
t he bead of " Military and Naval Intelligence," referring to the is equally applicable to the drum on "h eh a rope llas be.:n wuund,
present condition of the gunboats recently examined at Ua,lnr, in in Ccises where that is the method employed to raise the !Jlatform or
which statement the following pas:~age occurs:-" They stand oo carri.age, as is commonly the case in the elevators or lifts used in
·
thl:ir blocks st ripped of their pfaoking, and scarcely a sound piece of warehouses.
Fig. 1 is an cleYation of the scr ew which the inventor empl oys as
wood can be seen about lbem, every part bearing the. m~rks of
• ssp,' and so me of their r ibs are com pletely enveloped w1th 1t; the an elevating power, and of lbe peculiar nut devised t o t ravel upon
!?ressure of the hand upon their frame crumbles it into dust ; wbite it; F ig. 2 is a vertical central ~ection through t he same; Figs. 3 and
l ungous matter grows over all, and nothing remains but decay a nd 4 are borizoutal sections on the lines :t . • . . • • :t and y • . • . . • '!I
rottenness. The contract price of these vessels is said to have respectively of Fig. 1 ; Fig. 5 is a like sectional view, with t he
amounted to about £ 5,000 for ea9h hull alone, and, if so, the cost of curriage attached ; Fig . 6 is a like v iew, sh owing tile . gallery
repairing each of the t wo vessels we have named must amount to or " well " in which t he carriage is made to operate ; Figs. 7
about £ 3,!>00. T aking one of the com pleted boats as a medium of and 8 are front and side elevations respectively ot' th e carriage as
the repairs of the boats which have been hauled up fo~ pr dervati on, connected with apparatus for causing both the ascen t and dt:~cent ;
it will be found t hat in her cue lab('ur and matenal amount to F ig. 9 is a top or plan \'iew of the elevating and lo wering machinery ;
about .£1,40U. The copper bolts, too, in one of the boats, whi ch Figs. 10, 11, and 12 are views of par ts in detail, fully referred to
ought to have gone clean through and been clinched on each side, herein.
were found to have been cbauged into short ends, of about 2 in.,
The elevating column or screw seen at a extends from the bottom
driven in on each side. I n the midst of all this decay there are two to the top of the builuing. It may be made of cast-ir on in sections
boats, which have been examined and repaired, which are decl ared by of convenient length, and be a cylinder of, say, 8 in. t o 12 in. in
the authorities to have been constructed in a manner creditable to diameter. Upon this screw a broad square thread is made, which
their builder, both as regards labour and material ; but it is said that should have a rapid pitch. liS shown. The several sections are
the doing so nearly eo tai[cd their builder's ruin. They are named re- coupled together by pins or j ournals b, so unjted to each other that
specti very th e Earnest and E sco rt." The chamber considers it a part of the rotation of one section upon its axis will be imparted to the
its duty to direct attention to the above circumsrances, more especially others. Tb.e ends of the sections, where so coupled, do not come
since the two gunboats, the Earnest and the Escort, were built by a
together, the pin between being of sufficient length to admit a bearer
local shipbuilder of g reat eminence, 1\lr. William P atterson. Upon or support c, which at one end is to be firmly affixed to a permanent
inquiry, the chamber finds that in building those vessels 1\lr. portion of the building, and at the other encloses the j ournal -pin b,
Patterson met with considerable pecuniary l oss, and that that t hus suppor t ing the screw a in a vertical position. The screw is
gentleman subsequently tendered for the construction of other made in sections of convenient length fo.r casting , and such bearers
vessels for Government, but t hat his tender was not a ccepted, are placed at all of the coupli ngs, whereby the weight of the screw
because it was a few shillings per ton higher than those of his may be very much less than would be required i f it were to be
successful competitors. The chamber desires to call especial a tten- made in one continuous leng th, and without suppor t, except. at its
tion to this point, and respectfully to urge that the consideration of ends. I n arranging the couplings care is to be taken that the thread
tbe lowest rate of tender for such important works should not be on each section occu~ies the position it would have if the screw were
the invariable principle upon wh ich such contracts should be decided, cast in one piece. 1 be weight of the screw and of its load may be
for the example of these gunboats proves that severe and reckl ess sustained wholly by the step at the bottom, and hence the
competition, as evinced in the construction of these vessels, while it bearers b are only requi red to secure the screw against deinjuri!S th e fair and honourab le tradesman, will not ensure the best flecting from the perpendacular, if that is the line of travel. 'I' he nut
work mansh ip and materials.
The chamber also exp resses an which the inventor prefers to employ upon t his screw consists of
opinion that, considering the reputation Bristol shipbuilders have cylinder d of cast or plate metal, made smooth upon the intl'rior and
always maintained, if d ue regard hacl been paid to tile public in . somewhat la rger in the bore than would suffice to merely admit the
terests, rather than to the nominally lowest tigure tendered, more con- thread of the screw. A female screw is formed within tbis cylinder
tracts would have fallen to their share. The enormous expenditu re by inserting, at suitable distances and po~itions, fri cti on· rolleu set
now going on for these and similAr. purposes makes. ~he matter 1he in frames. A portion of these, as seen 1 c,sen' e to steady the nut
more important, an d the cll11m ber IS therefore grat1tied to ob er ve in its due position, and ar a set in on cl'fl'er e n tsides, as sh , wn in Fig.
t hat the House of Commons has agreed to address her Majesty so as to travel upon the cylindrical portion or core of the screw a,
praying for the appointment of a Royal Co mmission to inquire into wh ile to save fr iction thev are placed with their axes at s uch inclithis and other kindred matters relating to the administration of the nation to the axis of rotat1on of the screw, that ea ch rolls upun the
navy in the dockyards. I n conclusion, the chamber requests the core thereof in a direct line as the nut ascends or descends, the inclimembers for the city to bring the subj ect matter of their communi- nation being a ccording to the p itch of the thread, a nd hence there
cation under the notice of the com missioners, and, if necessary, of is no sliding laterally of these rollera. The other set of rollers f i.s
the H ouse of Commons.
inserted also from the outside ,and the purpose of these is to travel
I
(Continued fro1n page 241.)
n
271
THE ENGINEER.
a,
•
APJUJ. 27, 1860.
THE ENGINEER.
272
AMERICA N
F'IC .2 .
S TEAM
S T .A. I R C A S E.
FI C:5.
fiC .0.
ne .6.
FIC. 'T.
along the upper side of the thread sustaining the entire weight of
the nut and of the carriage which may be built around or upon itThey thus cause the carriage to be raised when the screw is revolved
in the proper direction. The axes of the rollers/ are horizontal, as
seen in Fig. 2, and these rollers are in effect carriUJl:e·wheels trnvelling
upon a rail wound Fpirally along a cyHn<ler. The nut is not to be
permitted to turn around, and for this purpose a guide-rail g, Figs. 5
and 6. is provided upon some sui1 able portion of the building within
the gallery, and a spur gl upon the carriage affixed to the nut, which
spur travels along tlle rail as the carriage ascends and descends. 'lhe
nut has a vertical slot on one side throughout its entire length, whereby it may pass the arms of the bearers c, which sustain the screw in
position. Around or upon the nut thus constructed a platfortn A
is built, of such size as will but just pass readily through the
openings in the floors, and this platform will be kept in proper
direction by the spur and guide-rail above described, the ditferent
floors through which the platform passes forming galleries or
landings at which the platform may be stopped when desired, either
in ascending or descending. The platform is built up at the sides
and covered at the top, so that those inside may be protected from
anything which might fall into the well or aperture in which the
carriage travels. This carriage may have doors which are so
arrao{;ed as to be opened automatically by the arrival or stopping
of the carriage at any of the landings, and there may be also similar
doors upon the landings or galleries. A. variety of devices, either
upon the carriage to cause its doors to be so opened by coming into
contact with a fixed point on the gallery, or upon the gallery,
actuated by a point on the carriage to cause the doors of the gallery
to be withdrawn, will b~ readily made by a skilful mechanic.
.A.n arrangement of leveu is shown in Fig. 5 for opening the doors
of the carriage, the levers being under the Boor thereof, and the ends
of the same which project out as at lt, are thrown back into the
positions shown in dotted lines by coming into contact as the
carriage ascends or descends with the cam /tl, Figs. 6 and 8 on the
gallery, whereby the door is made to slide to one side. A similar
arrangement is shown in Fig. 12 for opening the doors of the gallery.
T he platform .A. therein shown is that of a square carriage, and the
contact of the end of the lever A with the cam ftl on the carriage
will cause the door to be withdrawn, as shown in dotted lines. By
similar devices the doors of the carriage and of the landings or
galleries may be locked by the action of the carriage, as it starts
either to go up or down, and be unlocked again when the carriage
arrives at the next landing.
The carriage is made to ascend by causing the screw a to rotate
in the proper direction through any suitable system of gearing
attached to it. In the illustrations it is shown as having a bevel
gear i, Fig. 8, by w!Jich the motion is given from a horizontal shaftil.
Attached to or connected with this shaft is a friction strap brake of
ordinary construction, which is operated by a cordj, whlch passes
up through t he interior of the carriage and over a sheave at the top
of the building down to the strap, whence, by pulling on this cord, a
person in the carriage may apply the brake. This, however, should
not be done until tloe driving power had been disengaged, and to
etlect this there are two r ods passing also through the carriage, as
K and K ·, which operate a shippiug apparatus of common construction for shifting the driving-belt from the tixed to the loose pulley on
t he bbaft iJ, At the top of the building these rods are connected by
a ch11in which passes over a pulley, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8, and
h ere there is also a counterbalancing metallic sector l, the object of
which is to throw off thG Lelt automatically when the carriage
arrives at t he top , and which it effects by being thrown over when
atruck by the top of the carriage.
A cylinder constructed according to the second part of this invention is shown in section at m, Figs. 10 and 11, and exteriorly in
Figs. 7, 8, and 9. The connecting-rod from the piston n is attached
to a crank on a shaft o, which is thro\vn into gear with the shaft i 1
when the h oisting-belt is shifted to the loose pulley, and then the
carriage, if not held by the friction-brake, will begin to descend,
thus putting the shaft il in rotation in a reverse di rection. The
rapid rotation of this is retarded through 1he intermediate shafts o
with which it is now in gear, since the pistons in the cylinders can
only travel so fllSt as th e water in one end will permit by its passage
through the apertures in the said pistons. There should properly
be two of these cylinders, having their connections with cranks set
at a right angle to each other for greater steadiness. The msnner
in which the inventor controls the rate of descent is by altering the
size of the apertures in the pistons. The piston, Figs. 10 and 11,
consists of two plates ml and mll, the r od of the upper plate being
a tube through which the I'Od of the lower plate passes. Holes mlU
are made through these plates, which shall coi ncide when fully
open. The outer or tube portion of the piston-rod may be attached
to the cross head, and the end of the rod of the lower plate pass
through that, as seen in Fig. 11, and it has an arm p upon that
end, by which it may be turned so as to r educe the size of the
openings. This arm extends into a vertical slot in a horizontal
bar q, and by moving this bar laterally the openings in the pistons
may be altered. A "fly ball,'' or other suitable governor, may be
attached to control the movement of the bar q, and thus the rate of
descent will be rendered uniform whatever may be the weight on
the carriage or platform. This system of retarding the return
revolution of the screw, whereby the descent of the carriage is permitted, is equally applicable to the drum on which a rope has been
wound, in cases where that is the method employed to raise the
platform, as is commonly the case in the elevators used in warehouses. In addition to the retarder, a spring of some proper construction may be employed, upon which the carriage or platform
shall strike as it approaches the bottom of the building, and thus
come to a rest more gently.
'fhe operation of the various parts of this invention will be as
follows: - The rotation of the screw in the proper direction causes
the ascent of the carriage ; as a landing is reached, the doors, both
of the carriage and of the galleries, will be first unlocked and then
opened ; if the carriage is not then stopped by the person in charge
inside these doors will at once be closed and locked, so that all
liability to accident may be avoided, and the same will be repeated
until the carriage shaiJ arrive at the top of the building. At this
time the top of the carriage will strike the sector, and throwing it
oYer, will throw off the driving- belt, and at the same time engage
the driving-shaft with that of the fluid retarders. The descent
will then commence by the weight of thE\ carriage causing the
screw to rotate in rever3e direction, but this will be controlled to any
desired degree of speed by the position of the openings in the
pistons of the retarders. On reaching a landing below, the doors
will be unlocked snd opened, when, if the carriage be not then
stopped, the doors will be at once closed and locked, and so on to
the bottom. Here may be an arrangement for throwing the driving
apparatus into gear again, similar to that at the top for throwing it
out, and tllus the carriuge would travel backwards and forwards
continuously. If the conductor wishes to stop at any point when
the carriage Is ascending, he pulls upon t he rod K, thereby
throwing off the driving-~ear, and at the same time draws the
cord j, thereby applying the friction-brake, and retaining the screw
from further return rotation. If then he wishes to ascend, he
r eleases the cord ~. and pulling the rod K1, throws the screw out of
FIC.B
gear with the retarding apparatus, and into gear with its driving
apparatus, when the ascent recommences. If desired, the trai~s for
unlocking and for opening the doors can be so arranged, that if the
conductor does not wish to stop at any particular landing, be can
throw those out of action. In the illustrations the screw and nut
are shown as enclo~ed within a casing .A.l, the carriage being allixed
upon tbe nut by means of an arm extending through a slot along
the whole length of the casing ; this, however, is not necessary,
being merely a question of appearance.
HI.PIGARIAN.-The P01'tland .A.rgiU states that
th e clock of the Hun~arian was found , and that its hands indicated
eleven hours fifteen mmutes, conjectured to have been the time when
the steamship str uck and went down. Singululy enough the clock
was in going order, and ran well on being started again. This clock
fixes beyond question the hour of the disaster. If the reported loss
of a vessel by getting into the ice and being carried ashore by the
current near Cape Sable on the night the Hungarian was wrecked be
t r ue, it m:1y afford a clue to the loss of the steamer. She may have
run into the same field of ice, and thus in the storm have got upou
the rocks. The time indicated, i t is stated, was just at the commencement of ebb tide, which accounts for the fact that no more of
the bodies were found; they were carried by it out to sea. . l\Iost of
the goods reconred were picked up from nine to fifteen mtles ~uc,.
side of Cape Sable, and to the eastward of that point. But e1ght
bodies hsve been recovered in all, and none have been identilied.Canadian News.
SaoA-::'IrAJUNG ?!f.ACHINERY IN Paxso.ss.-.A. correspondent of the
Nno Y 01·k Times gives the following account of the Rhode ~sland
(U.S.) State Prison, and of the working of the machinery JR use
there for m11king shoes. The most surprising of all, or what would
seem so to a New-Yorker, is a self-sustaining State Prison. Tbe
prison is finely located. In front is an open lawn leading to the
Cove, a pretty s!Jeet of water, which stretches out in full view of ~he
prisoner i_n his cell, or ~he _conlined debtor in his parlour. Passtog
by the priSon part, whtch tS very comfortable and pleasant for a
prison, I will briefly allude to that part where the cash is mad~­
where the confined learo a trade-where the State saves its penme.s,
and shoes are pegged by machinery. The State has a contract with a
New York fi rm, to the effect that the prisoners shall make shoes for
them excl usively, the firm furnishing all the stock, machinery,. ~c.,
nud the Slate tinding the men. F rom this is derived surlictent
income to suppor t not only the State Prison, but ot!Jer reformatory
institutions, besides casting a mite or so into the Treasur~·- Tb~e
amount paid for each man who is contined for any constdera e
length of time is forty cents a -day, and for the rest twenty-Jive
cents. Of course those wlto stay longer become better wo~kmtben.
The style of shoe made is a conr3C, heavy hrogan. Entermg e
spacious apartment, I found uiJout 100 men, each in front of a
ing machine worked by stcsm. The whole work is ~one ~
machinery. 1st. T he upper is lasted. 2nd. The shoe in tille~ an
soled. 3rd. The pegs are put io by a Yankee pegging machtne a.s
follows :-A coil of birch tape is passed over a cylinder; the opera~or
holds, bottom up, the shoe which is to be pegged. A puncher ma. es
a hole in the sole; the cylinder passes the coil of birch under a knife,
wb.ich cuts off the peg, and a hammer drives the peg into ~he hof 8•
A good operator will so rotate the shoe, that in ooe-tbU'd o a
minute the machine will put two rows of pegs all round the I~~
4th. The shoe is heeled- the heel being cut in a die. 6th. •
trimmed and finished. They make regularly 600 pair of theae) abf::
each working day. (Think of that, strikers, male and female 1
shoes cost 61 dols. for sixty pairs, and sell at 1 dol. 20 c&nts per pair
WuECK OF TRE
se:·
THE EN G INEER.
APRIL 27' 1860.
TO CORRESPONDENTS
• • • We mUit rllq1Uit 11Ada. of our corrtrp<mdclU cu may duin to bt r((n-rtd to
1IULi:n'r of "'""~· apparo1111, d:c. , eo 1md tJtdr nama and addra~u, eo
vllicll, ~ publWllflil t.luir ~riu, v:e¥illjOT¥ant n&eh UtUTICU ve may
~r• m a!VC(T, Su.cll annetrl, pwb!Wud to ccUcl• the eye of an anonymmu
qwtrVI, ar• ift moll ccuu mtrtl.y adrtr!iummtl, Ull&ich, vc arc 11ln our
r«UUra will Of!Ttc vU/1111, lllould bt t:mudtd 41 mu.cll 41 pouiblt from !hu
colwnm.
A CoNIT .LMT SU1180RIUB.- W nU to the publication ft4mtd.
J. L.-TIIe llrmgt.h of b<riUr twbtl ;, btlincd to bf, 1Ci1Jtin «rtain limiU,
in rfl tdy 41 tMir Unq/A.
H . H.-We will mdla1101.1r to COIIIpltu a ltfJ.W&/or the ~.if !lu:rt bt one,
in ti~M to AMlM" yowr qiU'T)' in ou1• flat.
NOVICI .- Swdl a mode of incnaring tile dra119ht ;, trUmiw ly \IUd ill !lu
aA!hr<tcile coaL-burninq boil.tr1 on lioant tile .dmtrican llttumboaU, and we
Chink it •iglu an~WT your pwrpoM.
J. J. T.-.dn arral\~ ~1 d.agon.ally fra'fllfd llttpt+l, l"llcncn cu "Hm'Ofl.'l
Bo.Uv:ay Track,'' teal for 101ne li~M in we i~~o tlu Uni«d Sta.tu. The plan
pouuMd.ltlltral di&advantagu, ho~M~cr, Cl.c JrnUt important of t~~hich v:cn the
coat ofjUiing and tl&e incom:mienet attending any ndjwat~~~tnl of tl.c line.
E. A. J .-Capt. EriQion rt./Wiu, nnd
tUJturally, to furnW• plan• of hil
prt.U71tclau qf hot-air englnu. 1'/~ey arc made anct txtmliwly uud, howeucr.
Hi& ori{liii>Cl plans wre pretty full11 {kecribtd in paper& nad two or three
yean CI{IO at the lnltitution ofCivil Engineers, i r>wlum Tra~actione ti!¥!J may
tH found.
W . 1.'. (St. John's Wood.)- Yow could Mt do bftter tlwn to obtain f1•om !l.c
ltcrdary of eocl1 of the prir.ci}lal li?tu l<e~-e a copy qf ti<Cir book of rulu.
M . .Bdpairt, of tht .dclminWirc.cio~; of RaiL1eay1 al BT1U#11, might, perloapa,
1tnd yow a limilar plclllication 11&6ulct you apply to llim. 7'l.c rulrl of tile
Jndian RailiCay& 1ll4Y lit obtauu.d, JCe Uoillk, from tl.cir ~«ntcuiu lien.
THE ENGINEER.
FRIDAY, .APRIL 27, 1860.
STREET RAILWAYS.
THE township of Birkenhead appears likely to be the first
in the kin~dom to adopt what must be cons1dered as one of
the most unportant improvements of the age. An enterprising American, Mr. George F rancis '!'rain, of New
York, has been for some time endeavouring to obtain the
attention of various public bodies in this country to the
advantages of the street railway system now so gene•
rally and so successfully adopted in the United States.
"''l'
Taking the opportunity afforded by the action of the
Mersey Dock :Board, at Li'l"erpool, in imposing a prohibitory toll upon the omnibuses using their line of rails
along the docks, Mr. Train came forward with an offer to ,
pay the toll if allowt.d to start and run & line of railway
omnibuses upon the American plan, a plan very different,
however, from the contrivance in Paris, called the Chemin
de fer A.mericain, which has been so often referred to in
PULPJNG MACHINES.
disparagement of the system of street railways. By some
(To tilt A'dltor of 1'11e Bngmur.)
means, Mr. Train's proposal \vas shelved, and he has
Sta,-Would you lul.ve the klndttcss to refer mo to the makers of pulping accordingly been on the look-out for more public-spirited
machines? and tbo n~cessary apparatus for tbc manufacture of tapioca 1
A. C. P.
boards, one of which is evidently that of the Commissioners
ANNEALING MALLEABLE CAST-IRON.
of Birkenhead. Mr. Train having offered to put down
(To tilt Editor of T lu Enginetr. )
Sta,- WUl you kindly answer tbo following question through the medium lines of street railways at his own expense, and to \VOrk
or Tu a Esou~ua ?- Whlcb la tho bes~ process of anuealing IDAIIeable cast.- them with horse-drawn carriages, the Birkenhead Board
iron?
T. M . V.
referred the matter to their surveyor ,1\lr. Ed \Vard Mills, who
Pont.-y-Pridd, April 26th, 1860.
has reported favourably upon the whole system. On Tuesday
week, at an adjourned meeting of the board, Mr.Mills' report
HIOII PRE SSU RE BOILERS.
was adopted, and a. joint committee was appointed to
( 1'o tlu Bdilor of Tht Engineer.)
Sta,-Tiaving read at var&ous tlmes your able articles on high-pressure for conclude arrangements with Mr. Train. There were
atam navigation, J am led to believe ~bat we must sooner or later throw remonstrances, it is true, from citizens residing in some
overboard the cumbrous wei;tht or mt\Chlncry a.s at present a<.lopl«l, and
replace IL with lha~ of a ll~hter and more etlectlve cha.racter : and a.s the of the thoroughfares through \Vhich it was proposed to
great hindrance seems to be fear of explosion, I think boilers might be extend the new lines of communication, but other routes
constructed so a.s t.o bo better ablo to resist Internal pressure. In ~
opinion U Iron or steel hoops were contracted on the outside at intervals, will probably be adopted, and the remonstrating citizens
the el!ect would bo much greater tban tho stAys used inside. Sbould will probably be the first to regret their folly. As to the
you consider those remarks worthy of notice, by giving them insertion In immense advantages attending the working of the railway
TBII ENOUIUR. they mlgbt lend to prBCLical results.
W. P.
omnibus system there can be no doubt, and experience on the
Bormondscy, April 24th, 1860.
largest scale abroad, and the most careful investigation
FLUES FOR WARMING.
here, have alike shown that all the apprehensions of
(T o the Bditor of Tl.c B,lginw·.)
dan~r and inconvenience which have been excited in the
SUI.,-Will you or any of your numerous correspondents who are "aufait "
·
f th
h
· ted 'th th
t
In boiler dues, be kind enough to enllghton me on the following subject:mm o ose w o are unacq uam
Wl
e sys em, are
A !riend, who Is a le.rge be.con curer, h as a room 60 ft. long aud 16 n. altogether unfounded. "\¥e have argued the engin eerin~
wide. A furnace i8 at ono endlnaod a parallel flue 2ft. wide by 1 ft. 6in. aspects of the question so often in these columns, that 1t
hilth
lllld termdi8pcrted;
ates In a chhnncy
ft high immediately
at theother. seems almost superero~ator~ to repeat our former concluTneruns
beatupiteach
veryside,
unequally
the bacon30banjring
over the flues frequently melt.t, while that in the centre ts ICIU'ccly we.rm. sions. It is undenia le, owever, that the power of a
Tbe
w at
present
Inside the budding, which makes it very hot at h orse l·S more th an doubled upon a s t ree t rail way as comthat furnace
end. The
flues
are covered with stone slabs two inches tblck, and
fln.ally covered with earth four inches tblc:lc.
pared with his draught on an ordinary pa>ement ; and on
I ahall feel extremely obllged If any of your correspondents would inform account of this fact, a given number of passengers may be
me uheat
J could by altering the fluru, or by aoy other arrangement, di1fu.se carried, at a speed of eight or nine miles an hour, upon
the
more equally over tho bulldiug so a.s to keep up a temperature
varyiug from 60 to bO dcr.
ZIB.u.
rails, in not more than half the n umber of vehicles
SUPERHEATING STEAM.
requisite upon a pavement, and consequently with but
(To tilt Editor of The E lginecr.)
little more than half the bulk, wear and tear, and danger.
sm,- 1 have an engine iltuat.ed 65 ye.rds from the boilers, the steam being As the wheels of the railway omnibuses are placed beneath
conveyed to the engine through 61n. steam pipes, and the pipes run through instead of at the sides of the body, the carriages occupy
a brick cul\lert 4 ft. diameter, but I find that the Jteam is duninished much less width than common omnibuses, a consideration
3 lb. to the lneh a~ the entrance to tho cylinder; the pressure on boilers
being 40 lb. to ~he •quare inch, Md tho pressure at cyllnder only 57 lb. to of great importance in narrow str eets. 'l'he rail way
the inch. I also find tba~ the steam, by \he Ume it arrives at the cylinder carriages are completely under control at their highest rate
1a very much condensed, thereby causing a quantity of water to enter tbo
f
d
d
afi
cylinder. la there any means of superbeatlug this steam near the engine- o spee , an are s er against collisions with each other
house so u to procure dry etearu1 and do away with the water in the and ordinary vehicles than are common omnibuses. Mr.
cylinder? Il ao, I would feel obliged by you, or any of your correspon- Mills recommends a single line of way for the streets of
~~~· 0~~~rd:,\~~- me, through the medium of your P~z~itoS: !fa~~~t Birkenhead,· this line to be laid in the centre of the street.
Pontypool, Aprilllth,l860.
The raihvay-cars can thus pass without disturbing vehicles
rWt1D01cld
lho1dd advilt that tile lttam be IUptrl<Cattd at the boil.tr-md of !l.c pl]J(. i t standin~ at shop or house doors. The pattern of rail likely
bt of mwdl lu1 advantage to IUptrluat what 1C<U lqt ojter partial
Wlldmlation.l
to be a opted is one which will cause no obstruction to the
tXPERIMENTS .IN TESTING ~CHORS.
ordinary traffic, but will, to a great extent, accommodate
(To tlte 1/duor of Tl&e Engineer.)
. it as all vehicles will be at liberty to make what use of the
SIB,-ln your correapondent'a description of the experiments mlldo~ to test
'·1
h lik
th t th d
dl 1 b
the holding power of Martin's, Trotman'e, and Rodgers' ancbort r espec- ra1 way ~ ey
e, ~o a
ey o not _n ee ess y o struct
tlvely, published In your numbc:r of tbo 20th I Mt.., the impression conveyed the ommbuses s~ec1ally constructed for 1t.
as to the result.s obtained Is (umntentionally, I think) M erroneous one. It
The introductiOn of the system into Birkenhead will1 in
would appear from his statement thAt Rodgers' and Trotman'a anchors when
..
.
.
t.eal«l against Martin's, after dragging a certain dlstauoo, each took 'a ft.nn all probability, awaken the attenbon of the L1verpool
hold, and came no further home. Th11 was no~ the ease; the anchors took authorities, if they are not, indeed already alive to the
their full bold at the bep:innmg of each trial, and in this position both ·
la
f h
b'
Th h'
ill
b li
Rodgers· aod Trotmao'a camo bomo without nopping through the dis- 1mpor . ~ce o t e su ~ ect.
ey ave st , we e eve, a
t.ances of 6~ tt. and 62 ft., a.s mentioned, which wu up to where the blocks propos1t10n before them from the Messrs. Busby, the great
of the eh~ fall met; and, consequently, could move no further ; the omnibus proprietors of Liverpool1 to lay down and work a
reault provm~ the holding power of Martin's aoebor so much superior to
.
.
•
that or the others tha~. while remalning pcrtcctly fixed itself 1t drew them system of street railways. In the meantime very general
through the lrJ'Ound, aod bad tbo blocks not intervened would have drawn attention is being directed to the improved means of street
them
tndetlnitely.
1ocomo ti' on. Mr• Ch ar1es B urn, C.E ., h as wntten
·
I hope from JOur well-known Impartiality you will allow this explana.a very
tlon to appear in your nex~ number.
'
E. RBTTto.
able pamphlet" On the Construction of H orse Railways
2, Walbrook-bulldloga, London, E. C., April 26th, 1860.
for Branch Lines in England and the Colonies." ('Veale,
ENGLISU WORKMEN IN FRANCE.
Holborn.) There is some importance to be attached to
( 1o tile Bdilor Qf Tlu E•lg\tl«T.I
Mr. Burn's opinions, because he is now engaged in carrying
StR.,-1 wrote to you aomc tlmo etnce, uldug for Information regarding wotk out an extensive system of horse railways in France. H e
for an Englisbmun In Franco; but you could not ad'ord me any. I have has gone very carefullk into the question of capital,
recently acquired tbaL ltnowledgo for myaeU· lllld as I kuow there are
·
d
many young men In the trado who, Uke mysciJ, would not mind giving up rece1pts, an cost of wor ing of lines upon both systems,
ccrtaln lldvant.nges for tho Stlke of a job In Franc:u, with the idea or leaminrc and, for light traffic, his arguments show that the horse
the Jauguagc, perhaps my amall experience may prove of interest. I DlliY system is superior to the locomotive system as at present
premise that I had no Introductions, and that 1 only spoke French imperfectly. My Brat essay was at Marselllu. 1 tpent a day in villltlng the applied. Whilst we agree fully with his arguments, we
shops there, but cntirelh witbouL aucce&~. I could not hear of a single believe it requires only the successful example of an initial
Englishman
t ore
118 a journeyman engineer, and only one as a
work of the kind to ensure the adoptl'on of' the system 1·n
foreman, andemployed
ho told mo
tha~ it was u~terly us~less, as they would not
employ tho English. I "as, however, led to believe tha~ there wu a better all large towns in the kingdom, and, for branch traffic, in
chance at Pe.rls. At Paris I took the Directory and looked out the th
t
1
principlll shops, and here 1 took the word of no one, but saw for myself,
e coun ry a so.
an operation which took me nearly four day•, but with the same result u
RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.
at MarstUics. Everywhere they were full ; and ono or two were honest
enough to tell me that ~bey would not I'll principle employ an Englishman
seeing that ~ho w IIQ'CS of a lo'rench workman are quite one-third less than ALTHOUGH the inquest upon the fatal accident on Monday
those of an Engll&hman, and besides that tho men themselves were opposed last, on the Great Nor thern Raihvay, has not been concluded,
to. our being employed. Altoget!lcr 1 bad 118 jrood a chance as auother it is entirely established that the carriages lE:ft the line in
Mthout Introduction, as I was w1Uing to take etthor the office or the vice consequence alone of the breaking of a rail. W hat we
aod to ac<Xlp~ the current rate of pay. J fountl they would none of me:
Perhaps these few line.. may be the mcaru of preventing others from !iJ>Cnd- may now sa7 will not tend to charge blame upon anyone
ing money useles..ly, and bt~)ing ~heir experience as I br.ve had to do. The connected w1th the line. Neither, if any carelessness be
pay of a litter IJ from S 50 to 4fr. per day.
J AMU StuNnR.
disclosed in the final examination, will our remarks tend to
Southampton, April 25th, 1860.
extenuate it. Without any knowledge of the condition of
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
lllsrn urtos OP Cn>tL K."'Oil!Ul!B.-Tu~ay, May ! st, at 8 ~·m. : "On the rail which broke, we think there are causes constantly
Coal Bumln~t and Fted-water Heating in Locomotive EnJines, • by Daniel at work upon lines like the Great Northern, which tend to
Kin near Clark.
CtVIlo ~"'D MICU.l.NIC.AL r..NOISUR.B' SOC11T1', Poultry Chapel School-rooiWJ, break rails, and that, in fact, i t is a matter of wonder that
Cbapd·plaee, Poultry, E. C.-Thurtday1.~ay Srd, at 7.30 p.m., " On Steam, they are not constan tly breaking. In this case a worn out
Its Natwe ll!ld Properties," by Mr. 0 . w. MacOeol'i•·
rail, held in heavy iron chairs (for all Great Northern
Tu ElfOI.I!ID1 can bt lw.d, by order, from any flti#ICigtnt in to1m or country chairs are heavy) upon a bed of ~ravel-as the foremen of
and at t111 wrW!u Niltcay .catione 1 or it can, lf p'r(/n-red, be 1\ipplwd the platelayers stated in his ev1dence- broke in two, so
dir«t 1~ t.\1 qfftce on tlk1/ollov;(TI(J tmn~ :that a piece some 3ft. long flew out bodily. It appeared
B al/oftGrly (fnclwdmp ll014bl• nwmbfr),
1~ Pd.
that it waa a case of simple fracture, and that whatever it
l'tarlr ({nclwdfTI(J two do'ldl!t nt~mllfr•), £1111. Oct.
wu that broke the rail did not diat11rb the aleepera, whioh
cndU bt te~Mn, an ~"' ~rp• qf t~o lllfUinpr and Nrp1nct ;f'l' a"'"""
f{
tli h maclf,
were heavy croasing oleepera, aaid;to be 8 in. by 12 in., and
1
•
2'18
10 ft. long. The evidence thu.i far is very consistent on
one point, viz., that the removal of some of the ballast,
preparatory to the removal of the rail itself, had not in any
way disturbed the line. Why then did the rail break at
all ? It was on the down line, we suppose, for the train to
which the accident happened was a down train. 'l'he heavy
coal traffic of the Great Northern comes chiefty, it is true.
upon the up line, so that the rail could not be supvosed to
have been overworked in the heavy service which that
traffic imposes. A loaded coal wagon on the Great Northern
weighs 14 tons, or 3t tons to a wheel, and trains of such
wagons are sometimes drawn at 40 miles an hour. The
engi~es required to draw them are of corresponding weight,
and m some of those of later construction, it has been
thou~ht necessary, we believe, to load the foot-plate with
cast-ll'on in order to secure adhesion! Great Northern is
~ynonymous, indeed, with great burthen, and eugines now
m course of construction for the line are to be heavier, we
understand, than anything now running on the narrow
gauge.
Under such a traffic-even if we confine ourselves to the
"down line"-is it any wonder that rails, which are, as
~hese m~t .be, al~ost ~o~stantly hammeriug themselves
mto !lnv1l-like chaus, 18 1t any wonder that such rails
occas1onally become crystalline and break ? Is it not
rather a. wonder that they are not constantly breaking?
\Vhen \VC see the deeply indented lower surface of such
rails-so deeply indented at every bearing on the chairs
that they are wor~hless, if not dangerous, when turnedwe can form an 1dea of the tremendous concussions to
which ther are subjected. A bar of originally tough
Lowmoor 1ron, hammered cold for awhile upon an anvil,
has been known to bre-ak almost by its own weight. How
much !lf the deep roar of a fast railway train is caused by
the~e ~ncess!lnt blow~ upon ~e permanent-way ? The iron
anvillS burted some mches 10 ballast, and still the crash is
heard-mufBed it may be, but not the less destructive.
Upon the Great Western line we believe no accidents
have ever happened in consequence of the breaking of
rails. They may bend and often do, but there is hardly
wherewith to break them. They are borne everywhere on
yielding \VOod-too yielding, indeed, for moderation in the
permanent-way accounts, but the rails do not break. Now,
without going to one-half the expense of the elaborate
timber substructure of the longitudinal system, and without incurring any of its inconveniences and diaadvantages,
i t is practicable to make a line superior both to the crosssleeper and the ordinary longitudinal systems, one which
shall require less repairs than either, one on which both
heads of the rail will always remain available until they
are completely worn out, and one, finally, in which there
wou1d probably never be a broken rail, or if there were, it
would not be likely to do harm. '!'his system is the
"sandwich rail," now so long and so successfully used on
the Eastern Counties and North London lines, and more
lately adopted on one of the most important Indian lines.
It is but one of the recommendations of a deep rail, supported continuously, or nearly so, on timber supports,
griping it j llSt under the head, that it is not likely ever to
break ; but this recommendation alone to which the system
question is entitled, should ensure its adoption on lines
whose traffic, like that of the Great Northern, is constantly
j eopardising the safety of the permanent-way.
ENOINEER1NO EMPLOYMENT.
WHEN Telford had finished his splendid system of highways and canals, it might have been supposed that no
more such extensive works remained to be constructed. In
1848, too, it was thought that the country had been overrun with railways, and that very few, if any more, would
be undertaken for many years. Without stopping to
recall instances in which other important undertakings had
been assumed, on their completion, to be sufficient for the
'vants of many generations, we may remark that, in nearly
every case, extensive works of engineering have only
opened the way to others still more extensive. !toads, canals,
and railways are the instruments of commercial developmen t, and they thus, necessarily, multiply themselves.
For \vhen, by the construction of such works, access is
gained to new fields for industry and commerce-to undeveloped ~ricul tural districts-to iron and coal minesor to localit1es possessing additional or superior facilities
for manufacturing or shipping purposes-the trade thus
created stimulates trade elsewhere, and sends fresh capital
in quest of fresh channels of enterprise.
In demonstrating the practicability of canals, railways,
and steam navigation, our early engineers won imperishable
fame. Rome had its aqueducts, but no R oman engineer
had carried a navigable water-way upon arches; and there
was a grandeur of conception in Brindley's aqueduct over
the Irwell hardly less, considering the circumstances of the
times, than that displayed in Stephenson's huge iron tunnel across the Menai. It was that arch over the Irwell
that made its engineer the father of our system of canals.
'f elford and Rennie rendered services almost past estimation to the art of the engineer in sho\vino-, by their practice,
how formidable natural difficulties might be overcome and
how the works necessary for overcoming them might, at
their period at }east~ be ~est cnrried on. G eorg~ S_tephenson followed w1th hts ra1lway system, grander m 1ts con ception, as in its results, than anything which had preceded
it. All these were men of unmistakeable g enius, doing
their own thiuking, and dealing in original and admirable
modes with difficulties which would have awed men of
smaller minds. Yet none of these masters of engineering
reached anything like perfection, and their practice was
even more valuable for what it suggested than for what it
accomplished. James Watt's best steam engines would
ruin a modern manufacturer, and it is possible tht\t the
appliances of the present day would enable a canal to
compete successfully in all respects with such a railway as
was the Liverpool and Manchester.
In our extension of the means of artificial communication
a great share of the wonderful results which have been
attained ia due to the imp~~vementa whioh have been made
upon earlier praotioe. Whenever better modes of con·
atruotion have been diaoovered, and the aame reaultl
274
THE ENGINEER.
obtained with less money, the engineer has found h imself
in fresh request. And so it is now: erery !\tep made in
simplifying and cheapening engineering works, whilst retaining their necessary durability and capacity, increases,
by cheapening the supply, the demand for such works, and
thus engineers have the power, to a grent extent, in their
own bands of multiplying at will the sources of their own
employment. Fresh talent, new applications, and better
processes must always be iu request. The whole spirit of
commerce, upon the progress of which all engineering
employment depends, is opposed to repetition and routine
as long as any fresh profit can be extracted from alteration
and improvements. This tendency is sho\"n in projecting
new works, and is perfectly consistent with the equally
strong tendency to repetition in manufactures, after expensive plant has been once adopted.
Notwithstanding the opposition of certain conservative
members, the p rofession is undoubtedly keeping pace with
its opportunities, and the keenest competition is manifested
in many quarters in the testins- and adoption of improvements. More and more liberal1deas are continually gaining
momentum, and the monuments of the old school of practice
stand very little chance of being copied, unless their merit is
apparent under the closest comparison with the latest
efforts in the same line.
Within the last dozen years the sources of professional
employment have multiplied enormously. The passag e of
the J oint Stock Companies' Act, in 1856, subdivided the
vast domain of commercial enterprise by admitting thousauds of small capitalists to the opportunities which only
men of great wealth had before enjoyed. The vast progress of the colonies, and a great general progress among
other nations has, in the meantime, multiplied undertakings
of every kind in which the services of the engineer are
required, and this progress is not likely to be arrested.
P olitical matters are, it is true, in a somewhat unsettled
state, but when have they not been so? In 1848 there
was war in nearly every part of the continent, and chartist
demonstrations at home were disturbing the public from
i ts propriety. There was alarm when France in its natural
progress of revolution returned from republican to imperial
government. In 1854 we were at war with Russia, and in
1857 there was rebellion in India. It has required much
forbearance and careful diplomacy to avoid war also with
the United States. Yet in spite of all disturbances abroad,
in some of which we have had to take an active part, the
progress of our commercial prosperity has been unabated.
W e have, at home, all the elements of happiness, and however we may seek to reform our government, it does not
fail to command the loyalty of all, without distinction of
J_>arty, upon whom its protection falls. No nation, either,
lB more safe than ours from invasion, notwithstanding the
dismal forebodings of Sir Charles Napier and a few others
to the contrary. With these advantages we can thrive,
even whilst we fight, if fighting should come in any part
of the world where England has a stake in the contest,
W e have but begun to build great public works in India
and for other nations, but the generative power of these
works alone will require perhaps all our surplus engineering
talent to keep pace with them.
AIDS TO SCIENCE- TEACH ING.
WE wish to call attention to the very liberal and prudent arrangements made by the Science and Art Department for the supply of instruments and apparatus to
teachers of Science and Navigation Schools, particulars of
which will be found in another column. There can be no
doubt that the very liberal aid offered in the purchase of
instruments will remove a very serious preliminary difficulty in the way of science-teaching, whilst the collection
of specimens of these articles iu a central place will give
opportunities for selection that could not otherwise exist.
Some good effects will be produced on the manufacturers
of articles of this kind, too, and a stimulus will be given to
production. W e have made it our business on many occasions to point out the great deficiencies that existed in the
supply of educational apparatus, and the neglect wiLh
which manufacturers seemed to treat this branch of
business, which only needs cultivating in order to become
a most important one. We cannot therefore see without
gratification, simultaneously with the abolition of the paper
duty and the consequent cheapening of educational literature, an attempt made to cheapen, improve, and multiply
educational apparatus of the more important kinds .
As the Department is doubtless anxious to make its
new arrangements tell as effectively as possible, we will
venture a practical hint or two for the promotion of this
efficiency. It should be borne in mind that South Kensington is near two hundred miles from the great seats of industry where science-teaching is probably more in request
than elsewhere, and where, certainly, popular education is
cultivated with a thoroughness elsewhere unknown
through the country. It is desirable, therefore, that full
information should be locally obtainable of the Depar tment's
• educational stores. This might be secured to some extent
by depositing copies of the catalogues, as published an.d
revised, in all Mechanics' Institutions and other public
libraries, or, where that is impracticable, by making arrangements for the supply of such catalogues by post to all applicants who comply with reasonable terms. Thie might
prevent many speculative j ourneys to London to inspect
the South K ensington collections, and might also obviate
the danger of disappointment, as well as loss of time and
money at the same time that it would make the liberal
offers ~f the D epartment widely available.
If, further than this, a Northern collection of educatio.nal
materials and apparatus could be arranged, the obJect
would be more fuJJy accomplished still. Already we know
that efforts have been made to organise some such collection in Manchester, though on a small scale. This would
be the best centre for a second collection of the kind, and
we would suggest to the promotere. of .the Man~hester
Gallery of Art to make this one of the1r obJects. It lS perfectly germane to their main design, and we are sure
would be a vast local benefit not only to this city but to
the whole of the North of England. If the Department
could in some such way as we have indicated at once secure
that the apparatus catalogue should be everywhere within
reach and that ultimately a second centre for the inspection ~f the educational appliances themsel ves should be
created, we are persuaded the object the Department has
in ''iew would be materially furthered.
W e cannot but wish there was some more satisfactory
way for the use of this apparatus when obtained. The
attempt to make the schoolmaster an elementary scienceteacher will never be very largely successful unless at
the expense of other things that are of primary importance.
We will venture to say that any man, however great his
acquirement, however energetic his character, however
apt his administrative power, '!ill fin.d more. than. he ~an
do, in any school of moderate stze, to 1mbue hts puptls wtth
a moderate knowledge of and taste for literature, without
being diverted from his main purpose by science-teaching,
even if he were ever so capable of it. Indeed, such a man
has already more numerous and miscellaneous calls on his
time and attention than perhaps any other professional man
in the world. As things are now, there are comparatively
few who can stand the wear and tear of such a position for
long, and do full justice to the duties of the office.
Nothing but the most robust constitution, kept evenly
balanced and vigorous by a careful attention to the laws of
health, can stand the inevitable wear and worry of the
office, arising largely from the elmost infinitely varied and
miscellaneous character of its duties. To add a new and
not necessarily accordant element seems but to perplex
perplexity and to worry the nlready overwrought. The
best conducted school cannot afford this diversion of energy
from its main purpose without a serious substraction from
its primary efficiency.
It is really worth consideration, too, whether the mass
of the pupils in our schools can themselves afford the time
scientific studies will require. They are already pretty
bard worked, and the tendency of recent. examination
schemes will be to multiply rather than diminish the number of subj ects of instruct.ion,
Indeed, a fair and dispassionate view of the position of
both teachers and pupils, taken from a stand-point \Vithin
the school, will raise grave doubts as to the possibility of
making science-teaching anything but a special and exceptional thing, at least for some time to come. As a specialty for those whose after-pursuits demanded it, or for
those whose age or inclinations fitted them unusualiy for
it, science would doubtless have a high utility. But there
must always be the exceptional classes in all public schools,
just the classes on which an earnest teacher would feel he
was by consistency precluded from spending time upontime so incessantly required by the non-exceptional part
of his charge.
Science.teaching must, for the present at least, be a
specialty, and to be effect.ively accomplished must be provided for by special and exceptional teachers. If some
system of circulating teachers could be organised, each
doing for a district what the art-master now does in his
own sphere, the teaching would be put on a foo ting that
would most effectually promote the spread of scientific
knowledge, without at the same time interfering with
that literary training that must underlie all successful
teaching of any special matter of instruction, science
included.
APRIL 27, 1860,
Paris, wberetberewas a large collection of bodies and which eo 1·
~or a Jone er peno
• d· t han ID
· any other locality• or under an n mned
ll
0
cit·cumstances of which we have any reco;d. This c/ t ler
situated in tile centre of Pario, has been rendered memor~b~ ery,
several accounts, and more particulllrly by the operation thate 00
~a rried out in .178.5, of removi~g all the bodies. together with":
1mmense quant1ty of earth, wh1ch had accumulated so as to ·
the ground 8 ft. or 10 ft. above the surrounding level. This un~alse
taking, though rend~red ~bsolutely necessary at last, was consid~::d
not only to be a g1gant1c, but a dangerous one. "Since 1186"
remarks Dr. Thocuet, who was 11ppointed by Governmenttl'l super·'
tend the operation. "that tbis cemetery, already very aucieot h~d
become enclosed with walls by Philip Augustus, it had not c~ased
to ~erve . as th~ ~,lace of sepul tu re for th.e greater number of
pansbes m Pans: Upwards of 90,000 b~d 1es bad been interred
m the space of th1rty years by one grave-d1gger; and it was calculat~d tha~ more tha~ 600,000 bodies had been buried there during
the SIX prevtous centunes. In consequence of ~be confined spacenot more than two acres-it had been the cus~om to bury the bodies
of tile poor in common pits, and they were placed so close to each
other as to be only separated by two planks or six linea each. These
pits were 20 ft. deep and 20 ft. wide; each contained from 1 000 to
1,500 bodies. When full, a layer of earth, 1 ft. deep only ~as laid
over the last tier of coffins; but as it took about three (~ars to till
one of these pits, it. was necessarily. ~pen the whole o that time.
The gaseous producttons of decompostt1on, therefore, ins~ead of being
absorbed by the soil, as llnder c:vdinary circumstances, were diffused
in .the air around, and the health of the inhabitants of the immediate
ne1ghbourhood must have been seriously affected, if it be possible to
produce disease by such a cause. The ground, it should be remarked
remained undisturb~d for a period v~ryiog from fifteen to thirty
years, when a new ptt would be dug 'n tlte same spot. Here tben
was another source of supposed danger. And yet it does not ~ppea:
tb!lt the immediate residents of the cemetery, although placed in tbe
mtdst of a populous district, suffered from either epidemic or endemic
diseases more than the other inhabitants of .Paris. Complaints were
made in 1554 of the smell which arose from the burying·ground, and it
was stated that the plague lingered longer in this neighbourhood than
elsewhere; but no deduction can be drawn from this fact, for it is a
characteristic of all epidemics to attack particulu localities at one
visitation, and to leave them untouched at another. Jn the middle
of the eighteenth century these complain ts were renewed, and it
was stated by the inhabitants that the noxious vapours disengaged
from the fosses bad p<>netrated into the cellars of the houses, alfecting the inmates when they descended, and causing the me.<~t to
become sooner putrid. No mention, however, is made of the in·
habitants of the district being subject to attacks of disease more
than others, which would doubtless have been done if such bad been
the case. Nor bad this immense accumulation in the heart of a
great city produced any ill etrect on the inhabitants of Paris in general,
as we may learn, not only from the bills of mortality, which presented latterly a decreased rather tban an increased ratio; but also
from the fact that tbe plague had ceased to prevail for a century
previously to the closure of tbe cemetery.
At this staooe of things a layer of 10ft. of earth, and
remains of bo~ies in different stages of decomposition as
well from the tombs as the common pits, were removed,
and it is alleged without any injury to the health of the
neighbouring inhabitants.
Dr. Parkin goes on piling fact on fact of this character,
and deduces the conclusion that the popular theory is not
only essentially wrong, but false in most of its incidental
applications. There is too much vigour and solidity in the
book to allow its being pooh-poohed for its heterodoxy,
and it must doubtless attract notice from the scientific a.s
well as from the general readers, to both of whom it speaks
with equal lucidity and force.
...4.
-------------------
Manual of Naval Tactics, together with a Br~f Critical
A nalysiJ of the P1·incipal Modern Na;val Battles. By JA.MJ!S
H. WARD, Commander U.S.N.
THE author thinks Paule Hoste difficult and repulsive
LITERATURE.
without elemE>ntary aid. This he proposes to supply, by
Lecf;u,rea on the Hutory of England. Delivered at Cbodeywood, giving a digest of Paul Hoste, Mr. Clerk, Admiral
by WILLIAM LoNGMAN.
Lectwre the Second, comprising an Ekins, and of various histories, made originally to relieve
acco1.11nt of the Fe1,dal System, and of the Origin, of the LQ/WB the tedium of an African coast command.
and Governmtmt of England.
THE Chorleywood Association, before whose members this
lecture was originally delivered, is a rural association for
" the encouragement of habits of order and of self-management, of economy or saving, of education or the use of the
mind, of healthy recreation, and of goodwill and mutual
respect between all classes,"-all of which purposes, judging from an address accompanyins- the lecture, it seems
fairly to accomplish. Connected wtth the lecture system
of the association there is a very sensible and useful plan
of encouraging the audience to send in written reports
subsequently, which, though not capable of wide application, must be admirably adapted to render a village association mentally influential. Of the lecture i tself we must
say that it is worthy of a careful reading far beyond the
bounds of Chorleywood. Mr. Longman has cast into a
very readable shape materials gathered from a considerable
range of reading, and has set forth the Feudal times and
the F eudal system in very lucid and easily understood
terms. There is rather a painful attempt 11 to make the
subject plain to the meanest understanding,'' which, however, may easily be overlooked when the matter is so
judiciously selected, so well put, and so intelligibly and
forcibly illustrated. W e are the more inclined to appreciate this effort tersely to illustrate an important period of
our history, and to show its bearing on our national condition, iuasmuch as such efforts are comparatively rare, and
we have little on such subjects except what is found in
repulsively dry manuals, or in ponderous and generally
inaccessible tomes.
------------------The Oa!U8ation and Prevention of .DiJeaae. By JoHN PARKIN,
M.D., late Medical Inspector for Cholel'a in the West Indies.
THE prevalent theory of disease originated by Dr. Southwood Smith referring its production to three different
sources:lst, To the decomposition of vegetable and animal substances, no matter whence derived; 2nd, To the congregation of human beings in houses or towns, and the vitiation
of the atmosphere by respiration, or by emanations from
the surface of the body; and 3rd, To the use of impure
water.
This theory Dr. P arkin thinks untenable, and manfully
attempts its demolition. We have come almost to the
unanimous conclusion, in conformity with this theory, that
intramural graveyards are highly injurious to health.
Not so, says D r. Parkin, and as a sample of his proofs:- •
That the emanations arising from the. deC?mposition .of ~uman
bodies do not and cannot produce either ep1dem•c or endetnJ.c diseases,
we may learn from what occ11red at the Cemetery of the Innocents a~
NAvAL ENGU.'"EKRS.-The following appointments have been made
since our last :-Frederick J. Newton, chief engineer, to the Baccl.lante; Daniel W. Kinff, first-class assistant-engineer, for cbargeof
the machinery of the Eurotas; William Hall, first-class assistantengineer, to the Asia. as supernumerary ; Thomas William Sanders,
acting second·class assistant-engineer, to the Royal Albert, for the
Partridge; Edward Brown, second-class assistant-engineer, to the
Bacchante; Dauiel Dunn and Gustav A. C. Bencke, acting thirdclass assist&nt·engine ~rs, to the Bacchante; John Moysey, second·
class assistant-engineer to the Asia, for charge of tbe Rainbow;
Richard Oliver, third-class assistant-engineer, to the Gumberland,
for service in the Cochin; John Watson, Leopold N. Green, and
Peter M:urray, acting tbird·class assistant-engineers, to tbeArrogan~
as supernumeraries for disposal.
Tl!& NEw PACltltT FOR THE TRl!:NT.-It gives us much pleasure
to learn that the tender of our to .vnsman, Mr. W. C. For!ey, for
the building of the new steam-packet to ply between thiS p~rt,
Keadby, and Hull, has been accepted by the Gainsburgh U01ted
Steam Packet Company. There were several other competitors, both from Newcastle, London, and Hull. The boat
is to be completed in three months. She will be 10ft. lon~er and
1 ft. wider than the present boats of the company, and w11l o~
draw 2 ft. of water instead of 3 ft. She is to be construe
of the best puddled·steel plates, and not of iron, as the old boats.
The difference in price between this steel and iron is about £10 per
ton, but owing to the greater lightness of the former the aggregate
difference in price will only, it is calculated, be very trifling. Mr.
Grantham, the eminent engineer of London and Liverpool, by whom
the steamer has been draughted, has the entire and sole management
of the work. The engines are being manufactured by Messrs. Peon,
of Greenwich, from whom tbe engines, &c., for all the other .boabl.:!
were obtained. The cost of the engines and machillery alone will e
about £ 2,000.
BoiLER EXPLOSION AND Loss OF LIFE.-The village of Tunstall,
near Halvergate, Norfolk, has been the scene of a sad casu~ty,
causing the death of one man and serious injury to t~ other pmons.
An agricultural steam engine belonging to Mr. John ~ illett, a farmer
in the villuge, was eo~aged on Saturday in threshing out whe~t fro~
some stacks, and at 8.80 a.m. the eogineman reduced the ore 30
regulated the safety·valve before taking his breakfast. He 1~:J~
went away for the purpose of speaking to Mr. GilleU, and w rs
absent from the engine the accident took place. I t app~g
that a mau named J\1 oss, who had been engaged !n b;JngJD
water for the engine, noticed that the fire was burnmg lier~[e
and in order to check the combustion threw some water on
coals. He then went away a short distance, leaving three men~
named i\larshall. Ward, llnd Waiters, near the engine. Very 50~
afterward!! a loud explosion was heard, and when the steam ~ea80d
away it was found that the engine was completely sbattere ' e
that Marsh all bad been killed, while Ward and Walte~ we~
dreadfully scalded and otherwise injured. Tbe engine. wlucb" d
in good repair, was constructed in 1853 by :Messrs. Clayt?n a~t
Sbuttleworth, of the Stamp-end lronworks Lincoln. At the ~~~q~as
held on the body of Marsh all a verdict of 1' Accidental Deal that
returned, the coroner remarking that there was nothing to sh?w aP
the boiler bad been improperly tampered with, while tb,e englilem
stated that the valves, &c., were in good working order.
•
APRIL 2'1, 1860.
HARBOURS OF REFUGE.
01' the evening of tbe 1.6tb ins~. a. verr inter~ting lecture w~
27~
THE ENGINEER.
illustrated by a large number of diagrams, &c. The gallant olncer
waa followed by Captain Sleigh, K .T.S., &c., the author of a
pamphlet, entitled" An~ •ay o!l llydrographical En~ineerin~,'' wb.o
entered mo t minutel y 111to hta pl an and theory, 1lluatratmg hts
remarks by freq_uent reference to the numerous diagrams, &c., which
were suspended from the walls. Admiral Taylor explained
his invention, which be b ad patented many years ago, and appeared
to corroborate in many respects the theories adnoced by Captain
Cle.xton and Captain Sleigh, but differing essentially from them in
one or two points. H e complained that su~cient attent~on was !'ot
paid by successive Governments to plans wh1ch were deVlsed bavmg
one common obj ect in vie,v-namely, the preservation of human life;
but be believed that. if an angel came from heaven with a plan to
save the En~lisb navy, unless she :was clothed in scarlet, n!> attention
would be pa1d to her representations. The ~allan t adm1ral gave a
very interesting account or a breakwater wb1cb he bad constructed
at a port in France, which was destroyed, or partially destroyed, by
the people in one of the recent r evolutions there, ami by which he
lost £3,000 ; but the efficacy of the structure was undoubted, as
in another case off Brig hton some years ago.
Captain Glaxton showed bow with a sea of 12 ft. plumping on
Sleig h's plan, n ot a drop would go under, while with 6 ft. only, the
bigger half of the sea would be uplifting. After some conversation,
the chai rm an moved th e thanks of the meeting to Captain Claxton
for h is lecture, and to Captain Sleigh for his explanations. The
meeting then separated.
•
FRENCH IDEAS OF ARTILLERY.
A CORR ESPONDENT of the Times has translatEd a lengthy
comm unication in the R etJue E•roplerane, which, after
criticising Armstrong's and Whitwortb's ordnance, lays
down the fo ,)owing essential requisites of cannon:-
given at tbe United Serv1ce InstitutiOn, 10 \Vh1tehall, by Captrun
Cbristopher Claxtoo1 R.N., on the subject of Harboun of Refuge,
Sir George Seymou r in the chair. Plans of Captain Adderley
Let 118 now consider the probable part which the new eannoo may
Sleigh's Boating breakwater were bung in the usual plaee, and models
be caJled on to play, and in doing ~his we will. confine ourseh._ to ita
or Kr. Calver's wave·acreen and A~miral Taylor's breakwater were
consideration in siege-service and m field-serv1ce.
on the table. For an evening meetmg there was rather a numerous
As regards tbe first, tbe largest ~imit is opea. ~ eonjecto.re. . It
attendance. The gallant lecturer, in commencing, stated that the
appears without doubt that when be&iegers IUld be81eged are a~ppl.1ed
regulationa did not admit of his g?ing into all the matters contingent
w1tb artillery having great precision and very long raoge, which u a
on breakwatera-such as the he1ghts of. w~ves. and the deptha to
problem n ow solved, the old system of attack and defence must be
which their ioJJuence extended. He sa1d 1f hiS lecture bad been
abandoned.
solely on built-up barriers, like P.lymouth, P ortlal!d, Ef:ol.ybe~ an d
Alth ough skill and science may do much, yet it ~ probable that
other&, be would have felt-IISSOCiated as be was W1tb_c1vil engmeers
siegPs will for the most part cease to be undertaken m w~ and
-that their arena would have been the most appropnate one for the
that eitbe~ fortified places will be bombar ded at great d11tauce~ or
discussion be courted ; but, as it was a cheap sub~titute, and ?ne
that th e stake will be played out on t he field of battle, leavmg
quickly applicable, and altogether dependent on moormgs-a tloat~ng
besieged places to be reduced by investment.
contriv ance, in short-be felt. that gcntl e!Den of ~be naval professton
As to field -servi ce the importance of the new artillery ie J?!Ore easy
were likely to be t he betttr JUdges; bestdes wh1cb, he was J?ro':'d to
to determi ne, and as for this purpose it is n ecessary t? enter m to .some
see the amoun t of intelligence brought to ~ear upon. prole~s tOJ?al
technical details, we will endeavour to do so as sun ply and mtelsubjects by officers of the arm.Y and navy, whtcb, even m a sc1en~t 6c
view had brought the I nstitutiOn to be second to none of those wht.cb,
ligibly as possible.
We must first establish two points:by le~tures or pnpers read, ai~ed at imparting koo ,~ledge. In lookmg
1. What special properties field-artillery should posaese.
through the evidence of ph1losopbers. and th eo ~sts on w~"es•. be
2. Wbat conditions of firing should be satisfied.
found more to puzzle, but little to coov10cc, practical men like himThe most essential of all qualities to attain is, we may venture to
self. One authority gave tw~ dHferent.names to waves. T wo sorts
affirm, a lightne.~s and easiness of transport, which will en.able the
of waves! be might j uat as well have g tvc!l one hundred; f~r, as old
A
Seco~o
ATLANTIC
11n.EORAPH.-If
possible,
the
extension
of
artillery to follow, so to speak, all t he movements of the troops.
Smeaton said, th ey ballled man 's cnlculallons. The follow mg were
t
he
Montreal
line
of
telegraph
from
F
ather
Poin
t
to
Belle
Isle
will
This property, so conspicuoualy attached to our rifled cannon, l~ge!y
the terms in evidence from one o.f the blue-boo1ts1 and be thou~bt
be
effected
by
the
time
1
be
Prince
of
W
ales
comes
to
Canada.
\Vb
en
contributed, as is well known, to t he success of the campa~gn m
when they beard it they would thmk the less the ume_was ~ccup1~d
this
is
done
we
shall
be
regula
rly
in
r
eceipt
of
European
news
in
with such opinions the better, and that. the wave, 1ts betght, 1ts
Italy in 1859.
five
and
~V
half
or
six
days,
thus
proving
the
superior
advantages
of
epth, and its poy, er1 bad better be considered as a matter s~ilors
The adoption or the 24 lb. howitzer cannon of the Emperor realised
the
St.
Lawrence
route
for
rapidity
of
telegraphic
communication.
in France some years since a progress of the value of which nor
bad most to battle w1th, con trovert, ~d overco~e, and l!ractJ~ly
T
he
Montreal
Telegraph
Company
h
as
a
charter
for
constructing
an
knew most about. Eminent were the hps tbnt dehvered th iS descrll!campaign in the Crimea enabled ua to form a correctjudgment-tbat
Atlantic
telegraph.
'fbe
route
proposed
is
by
Green
land,
I
cefand
is, a unity or calibre. This is of much importance, since the protion :-"The sea is dimin ished in the r atio according with the. obliand
the
Fa
roe
Islands
;
on
which
there
will
be
no
very
long
s
tretch
jectiles are all alike capable of being used in all the guns.
quit.v of the surface str uck in the ratio of the cube of the rad1us ~
submarine
cable
required.
It
is
probable
this
scheme
will
find
of
Anoth er poin t is the facility of transport of ammunition. I t is
the cube of the sign Of the obliquity." If JOU understand t hat, SIC,
favour,
since
the
cable
laid
across
the
ocean
in
a
single
stretch
has
indispensable to b:lve o. provision of powder and projectiles oeceell&ry
all I cuo say is, it is more than I do. Six or seven blue-books had
fail
ed
to
work.
This
rival
scheme,
of
which
:blr.
Youn~
is
the
been published since the Committee on hipwrecks of 1843, some of
for all eventuo.lities closely following the guns. Tbfl best solation of
advocate,
is
not
new,
and
was
proj
ected
before
Mr.
Field's
plan
was
this problem is that which allows the greatest quantity to be taken
them th e results of the labou rs or Parliamentary committees1 the
tried
;
but
it
met
a
destructive
opposition
in
New
York,
where
Mr.
with the least number of horses and ammunition wagons.
others of Royal Commissions; the last, that of which the gallant
F
ield
lived,
and
wh
ere
the
ri
val
proj
ect
was
looked
upon
as
Canadian
Facility of transport and si mplicity are, as it appears to us, the
Admiral H ope '"as chairman. They recomm ended the expenditure
and
anlinatiooal
.Canadian
New1.
principal qualities of ~ ~eld artillery, independently of conaid~ations
of a li ttle over two millions on Harboura of Refuge. H e bad not a
word to say in the way of objeclion to the sites they recommended,
TuE RoYAL SocxKTY.-Tbe P resident of this society gave his of firing. These quahues are possessed by our art illery, and 10 theM
Wi ck Hartlepool Boy , F iley .Bay, and St. J ves; be only thought they second &oi1·u for tbe season on Saturday last. All the apartments in we may be considered to be in advance or all our rivals, and it is in
were ~ot. by any means enough ; but he admitted that it was next Burliogton llouse were th rown oreo, and a great number of very these, as we eball see, that rests troe superiority.
to impossible to find the means for increasing the number when intere11tiog obj ects io art and science were exhibited. Among them
. ~s to firio~, certain conditio_os relate to range, and certain to pre·
it. was considered that the average cost of th e stone break- were magnill ceo t specimens of gold and silk embroidery from Japan, CI810n 1 but With 0. close COnneXJOn between the tWO.
The range of a gun depends partly on the inclina tion given to it;
waters already put up, and in progress, was £600 the yar d run. exhibited by Captain Osborn, RN.; other Japanese curiosities conSome-P lymouth for instBnce, not yet completed, after thirty or tributed by Dr. MacGowan ; M'Callum's linograpb, for recording the more this is increased, within certain limits and without any
forty years' labour-had cost n ear £ 1,000 the y ard run, and the train signals and time; MelJoni's apparatus for recording experi- difference in the charge, tbe longer is the range, or, in other words,
least cost of any yet built in the shoalest water would be £400 the ments in therm o-electricity, made and exhibited by Mr. Ladd; a t he 11;reater the distance to which the proj ectile will be propelled. W e
yard run. Now, the floating cont ri vance of Captain Adderl ey new ozone box, inven ted and ex hibited by Mr. Lowe ; two cases of will explain th is more fully presently.
If two guns be directed to the same poin t, that of greater precision
Sleigh-an inclined plane, representing a beach or 10 deg. or 15 deg. magnilicent birds of paradise, from New Gwnea, exhibited by Mr.
-would be (moorings and all incl uded) £60 per yard. lL was for a Gould. F .R.S.; t~ot used in the sledge expeditions in the Arctic is that the projectile of which arrives the nearest to the point in a
fair trial of this that be contended. It was necessary to have the regions ; Sir John Franklin's pocket compass; testimonial, inclosed right or straight line, and the least distant from such right line t o
consent of the Admjralty, and it was further necessary that power in carved oak, presented by a Committee of Dublin gentlemen to the right band or to the left. There is, therefore, precision in langtb
should be given to levy dues from vessels availing themselves ~f the Lady Fraoklio; a series of deposits, in gold, silver, platinum, &c., or distance, and precision in dirtction.
Precision in direction is of less importance on the field of battle.
shelter. 1be importance or doing a good deal for the prevention or from the negative terminal of an inductive coil, exhibited by 1\lr.
the decrease of the anuual loss of life by shipwreck upon our coasts Gassiot, F.R.S.; sections of Glasgow Waterworks, and photographs Tbe point aimed at, whether infantry, canlry, or artillery, almost
would perhaps, strike the m eeting if they were asked-what would of the principal works on the line, exhibited by Mr. Bateman ; alwa.) s offers a front of o. certain breadth, aud whether the projectile
be th~ugbt of the loss or a ship of the line and all her crew? and illustrations or the photogra~bic elfect of fluorescent substances, t ravel a little t.o the right or left of a right line is of no great consey et annually "'e lose a crew of a ship of the li ne, mostl y sailors, exhibited by Dr. Glad11tooe, l' .R.S. ; Mr. Gal ton's sun-signals; a quence. This precision of direction is tbe least difficult to effect.
Precision in length or distance, or, in other words, so firing that
because they are the crews of coasters. The returns for several very interesting series of obsidian implements and Mexican carvings,
years had ranged between 800 and 900, but last year it had increased exhibited by Mr. Christy; a series of cells, exhibited by Sir Charles the projectile shall attain the exact distance of the point aimed at, is
to 1 600 owing to the loss of the Royal Charter and one other Lyell ; a deer -sea presl!u re-gauge, invented by Mr. H. J obnson, and the more difficult problem. On the field of battle one only of the
elements of firing is variable, that is the elevation of the gun. since
v~l. Now anyth ing that could mitigate this evil must be felt to H ooper's application of india-ru bber for submarine cables.
t he charges being all prepared are all of the same weight. l i the
be entitled to' consideration, and the projectors to respect. Look at
STEAM CuLTIVATJON.-The length of rope required to plough a distance of the object were exactly known, it would be sufficient to
it all, be said, in another light. A th ousand men would man,
engine-room and all, ten bomb-proof vessels, of ten Armstrong urrow of only 181! yards, will be-Fowler's" long range," 3&0 yards; give the JUn the necessary elevation; but, unfortunately, this
guns each of the heaviest calibre, on one deck; and supposing these ditto triangle, 771 yards ; Chandler aud Oliver's, 781 yards; Mr. di.stance is almost always unknown. It cannot be measured, ·~d the
vesseis to go 14 knots or 15 knots per hour without mast or ::>mith's, 907t yards. It.may here be remarked, why call Fowler's most skilful can only appreciate it by tbe eye, with lar~a enon,
sail where would we find a finer Channel or coast protectionthe '•long range," when it requi res the shortest amount of rope to frequently of many hundred y ards in 2,000 or 3,000. ' At what
do it ? But in this consists the economy, as be never wishes to distance are we?" is the first and general inquiry when the artmery
ves~els of half the draught of ships of t he line, or g reater speedplough a furrow so shor t as the one shown in the diagram ; and as commence their operations, and, as very rarely two opinions agree,
impregnable almost !
be sends out 800 yards of r ope with his tackl P., be can plough a the fir e opens at hazard. In a short time, it is t rue, t hey find the
Look agai n, be said, at our maritime posltion. No apprenticesno corners-on, ae it were; and every nation, through our own shor t- furrow nearly 400 yards in length, and this with 100 yards less than range by observation of the effects of fire; but the same uncertainty
sighled legislature, having such advantages over us, that British l\lr. Smi th requires to cultivate the 18It. Surely Mr. Fowler was anses on every chan ge of po,ition, and a great many shots are conshipowners found it better to resort to foreign flags; and, as if that rigbt in giving up "the r oundabout" system, !lnd adopting the sequentlv thrown away.
Moreover, it is not easy to always observe the effects of the shot
were not enough, were obliged to carry more men than competing " long range," whereby be saved the use and wear and tear of more
foreigners, who,. through the a dvantage~ of many ports open. to them, t han balf the length of rope to accomplish the same work. But the at great distances, besid es which the smoke and other accidental
got higher fre1gbt~ - ports from whtch Eoghsh sb tppmg were economy in the application of the power does not end in the quantity causes frequently prevent observation. In every point of view the
debarred; and withal, that between 1,600 and 1,800 men called of rope used, or the wear and tear of th e same, &c.; the number of fiP.ld of battle and the practice-~round are very dilferent places.
Some compensation is certamly afforded by the chanco elfects of
British sailora left the country annually, who never came back in bands r equired by the " long- range" system is at least two or three
the same capacity. He would explain bow this came out. H e had less than by th e roundabout, the sbiftiog of the anchors at each end shots falling within or beyond t he object aimed at.
While on this subj ect we must notice that it is most essential in all
often attended the Sbippiug Commi ttee still sitting, and bad beard being avoided in Fowler 's plan, as well as a man to aid the coiling
from competent shipowners the above fact with onJy the difference on t he drums; and there is a fur ther economy in a long furrow, as practicable cases to employ artillery with tbe l east possible elevation,
there is not so mu ch loss of time at land's end. I have always since the shots then plough as it were the earth, and destroy all in
in number11 between 1,600 and 1,800.
It appeared he said, that in Australia the half of th e crews, held, aud freely gi ven my opinion, that the power should be sent their course, and the advantage of this brings out the disadvantage
more or less, ieft for the diggings; in Canada, for the back settle- direct from ~be engine to the fu rrow. Tbe fixed engine syst.em of artillery with very long range.
The observation of the effect of the firing, which is often the only
ments ; and in the United States to be n atu ralised as slick appears at 6rst sight to be v ery si mpl e, like th reshing a wheat-rick;
clean-away Yankees, to be made seamen under the stars and but nothing can compensate for tbe continual friction, wear and means of rectifying the ranj:te, becomes more impracticable the more
str ipes, or to far afield, away behind- God knows where. tear, and loss of power, necessary to run so many pulleys, and at t he distance i.s increased. Very difficult at 21000 or 3,000 yards, it
Our ships came home far short of the complements they such a distance from the work. With respect to the advantages of becomes immeasurably more so a little further.
what practical
took out, and probably seeing t he low state the Legislature steam cultivation, 1 w11l first allude to the admirable manner in use is it, tbe11, to have an arm with an ex ceptional range or 4,000
b ad brou~ht things to, the captains made a good riddance, but for which the work is left for future tillage, by t he depth at which all yards, for instance? I t is something to talk about, but that someour marittme nation encou raging sea kn owledge in every nation but the implements work, and the pul verised and comminuted state of t hing is full of delusion. T he distance is estimated (bow? we would
our own, it struck him as a wan ton, wi cked, awful state of things, the soil after the operation is etrected. Although I use only 6 -borse ask) from the enemy; the necessary elevation is given, and the g un
and that th e necessity wss increased for protecting the lives of our an d 7-horse power engines, my cultivators work from 8 in. to is dred. What happens? An error in judging lbe distance is made,
boasted seamen who were the most exposed to shipwreck on ou r own 12 in. deep, and an engineer walking after tbe implement last perhaps of a third. If th e enemy is at 3,000 yards, the projectile
coasts. The cap Lain next bel<! up the book of M r. Calver, a master in year, whe n I was cultivating for swedes, took a two-foot rule passes over his bead ; if at 5,000, the ball falls 1,000 yards abort.
the Royal Navy, attached to th e bydrographic depar tment. H e said it from his pocket, and, although it was a strong clay soil, be I n such a mode of firing, one shot in a hundred may tell. Moreover,
was the work of an observin~ seaman and a high ly talented m:m, easi ly pushed the rule, wh en closed, to the depth of 10 in- the elevation being necessarily gr eat, the projectilt~ falls to the earth
t hat it was written in a strmg btforward way, and that in many a suffi cient proof of t he thorough manner in which the work like a thunderbolt., in a nearly vertical line, and at once buries itself
points be agreed with him, but that its auth or ' vas so imbued with was accomplished, and which it would have been qwte impobsible to without any ri cochet If it be a ball, it may by chance kill one man :
the excellence of his own scheme-the wave screen-that be con- have been eq ually well done by horses ; the result was a capital if a shell, it may destroy two or three.
demned every other, past or present. ( A model of the wave screen piece of s wedes. I am inclined to think that our root crops (so inOur soldiers at the Crimea nicknamed two of the Russian batteries,
dispensabl
e
to
the
farmer
in
the
present
day)
will
be
incressed
by
at
was on the tabl e.) .l:ie read .1.\lr. Calver's opinion, condemnatory of
by way of derision, "Bilboquet " and "Gring alet," as, being at a
anything fl oating, and after that half-a-dozen points which be least one-fourth by deep steam cultivation-the atmosphere will be distance of some 8,000 or 4,000 yards, the elevation ol. the guns waa
thought were necessary for a fl oating barrier, e\'ery one of which allowed t o penetra te the soil, where formerly it was t rodden like a so great that in several months, though firing night and day, they
the captain showed was accomplished on Sleigh's plan-which, as be brick by the horses continually walking in the furrows, and the did not kill a single man ; and this, be it remembered, though the
said, made Mr. Calver's ideas perfectly ancillary to Sleigh's. B e water in a wet season will be enabl ed to percolate and drain away, exact distance was known. Contrast with tbis that at the Battle of
produced a Parliamentnry paper, in which there was a drawing of from the pan which ueed to exist being broken through by the Traktir one 24 l b. shot killed 17 Ru ssians formed in column, the
the barri er which protected the Great Britain for eleven months. gru bbers. I have taken the po.ios to ascertain the number of foot- gun being at a low elevation, and t he di fference between fir ing at
It was a barrier of trees pl:lced round her stern-the part exposed marks per acre made in a field where I saw several teams, three hig h elevat ion at great distance and with low elevation with a
to the su rges-nod was nothing more nor ll!l!s than a wave screen, horses each, at length, and of course all walk ing in tbe furrow; I ploughing shot will readily be seen.
proving th ere was nothing ne1v in this world. H e was an advocate for measured one chain or 112 yards, acd the number of steps each horse
Cannon at long range cannot, therefore, be employed but in very
anyt hing and everythio~ ofterin g a fair p rospect of saving life and made within tbe distan ce am ounted to 164. N ow there will be 88 except1ooal cases, if ammunition be n ot thrown away. I t will
property ; that the part1ea he worked w1th were ready to put up a furr0\1'81 9 in. wide, each to the chain, and the horses will have to a bo tollow that ordi narily the r .snge in battle will be limited to 1,500
series before H astings; that H astings was ready to adopt th e pro- tra vel 880 chains or 11 miles to plough an acre; consequently, as or 2,000 yards, and if for some special reason it be deemed necessary
cess; and that th ey only waited leave from t he Admiralty and a 164 steps were made in one c.h aio, the moderate quantity of 144,320 to adopt a longer range it must be limited to 3,000 yards, any furthtr
Government settlement of dues to be levied upon \'essels using the were taken in ploughing an acre, besides t reading on the bead-lands, point being out of th e reach of even good telescopes.
harbours.
and every one with a pressure of something like 4 cwt. It. is not
It would be erroneous to suppose that by reason of t hese new canIn the course of his lecture, the gallant captain dwelt upon th e surpri sing, th erefore, that wet land should contin ue wet under such non battle w11J be given hereafter at great. d istances. Attempts may
objection that tl.Je timber of the breakwater would rot from the t reatment. I have often seen four horsea at length, and this of doubt less be occasionally made to open a cannonade at long range,
attack of th e worm; but, if that were the case, they bad only to course would add 48,107 more steps per acr.?, or 192,427. The but tht neces~ily of economising arumunition, the obtaining certain
make the work one-third stronger, and it was known that timber avoidance of this treading I look upon as one of t he greatest ad- and decisive re!lult.•, and tbe uttlkin" cavalry and infantry. will lead
pr&viously saturated with creosote had lasted 12 years without any vantages incident to steam-culture.
Autumn cultivation ranks probably to actual fighting at not much greater dio~taoces than heredecay. Another obj~ction was, that an enemy might cut these next; for however the farmers may wish to break up their stubbles tofore. The rifled can non, as effective as the old at short distances,.
breakwaters adrift ; but bow were they to get t here to do so, look- immediately after han·est, with horse power only, t hey cnn only will still have a supt:riority, as it will render more difficult the formaing to the manner in which they were moored. .Again, it was said accomplish a small portion. The steam engine will here meet the tion of cavalry and infantry, and can at greater dtstan ces throw
t he enemy would burn them; but there would be lighthouses upon difficulty. In the spring , too, if dry weather, bow anxious tbe disorder 1nto an enemy's restrves, harass his retreat, &c.
them, and be believed that pri vate companies would undertake to farmer is to do double what his horses can do ! I know this from
lt was in this manner that onr artillery was so effective in
k eep tbem in an efficient state. Looking at the happy term ~ on the n umerous applications I have had to plough and cultivate by the last campaign, owing, however, much to its facility of being
wb tcb we were with th e French Emperor, par 11obik Jratrum, why hire. H ere again the eogioe will be advantageous, more especially moved.
should we not require from him a guarantee that breakwaters, in tbe as she never tires, and ouly requires the men to be p aid overtime,
A ll the nations of Europe are, and wisely, desirous of accomplishing
event or war, should be put in th e same category as lighthouses? and a large amount of work can be done at the best season for doing the same progr~s, but the future will sbow it is a strange error to
The lecture throughout was of t he m ost erudite character, and i t.- Lecture at Rtar/Mig, by Mr. William&, of Baydon.
attempt it by an exaggerated leng th of range.
or
216
THE ENGINEER.
It certain~~s remarkable aa an attainment of gunnery that Armstrong and
itworth cannon should, at an angle of 85 deg., throw
a projectile some 10,000 yards ; but it has n o practical value, and,
indeed, becomes a vice if done at the cost of t he simplicity of the
gun.
What deserves more attention, is uniformity in firing, which is
more difficult of attainment.
F or purposes of warfare the best artillery is such as is simple at the
same time as efficient.
We may be allowed t o say that if the various foreign inventions
tend to keep us on the alert they by no means are cause of apprehenaion, since at the present moment we will venture to say that our
artillery has n o superior in E urope, and for this asser tion we have
the advantage of actual experience. I ts simplicity is extreme.
Tbe rifled 8 l b. gun only weighs 600 lb., although in bronze it
wears well in service. Four horses can move it rapidly up an incline
apparently almost inaccessible.
It may be used with good effect at considerable distances up to
9,000 yards, and even more if it were desirable. It throw~ an
oblong projectile of 8 lb., which produces all the effects necessary,
not only as regards men and horses, but also other obstacles.
Its supply of ammunition is easy and not inconveniently weighty,
since four horses can draw 100 charges.
: The projeetile, al though hollow, may be used as a ball; it may
contain a sufficient quantity of powder to be used as a shell, for
which purpose it is furnished with a metallic fuse adapted to various
distances.
Experiments are now being made t o afford a means of judging
distances by means of a small rocket, w ith a percussion apparat us,
t o b e fired fr om these guns, so that the point at which the rocket
arrives may be more accurately judged of.
We cannot pass withput obser vation two other riBed can non we
have for field service. The first is a mountain 8 lb. gun, in which
the same projectile is used as before mentioned, t he gun being of
extreme simplicity and so light (200 lb.) as to be conveyed on the
back of a mule, and capable of follow ing infant ry everywhere.
I ts range and precision of fire are equal to those of the 8-pounder
already described. The second is the 24 lb. howitzer cannon of the
Emperor, rifled like the others, and capable of not only field but
siege service.
The French artillery, then, has nothing to envy in tile recent inventions of foreign countries.
=====
FALMOUTB..-The works connected with the harbour of Falmouth
are progressing with remarkable rapidity. A considerable length
(240ft.) of the breakwater has already been erected.
INTERNAL MAl'IAGEMENT OF PAms.-Paris is governed by the
Prefet of the Seine and by the Prefet de P olice, both of whom are
named by the Emperor. Tbe present PrHet, the Baron Hausseman, is a man of great abilities and of high position in society. He
has occupied his post for a long period. He is assisted by the Conseil
Municipal, composed of sixty members, also named by the Emperor ,
and who are intended to r epresent all the callings and professions of
the capital. This council is composed of such men as Le V errier,
the great astronomer, Ernest Gouin, the celebrated constructor of
l ocomotives and steam engines, &c.; their services are gratuitous.
The Prifet hu charge of everything concerning the finances of the
city-all public works, the opening of new streets, the paving,
cleaning, and keeping in order of the streets and sewers, &c. &c.
The Pr~fet de Police has functions of a different nature from those
of t he Prefet de la Seine. In the first place he has charge of all the
police of the city, public as well as secret, and, by a recent decree,
t he Department of the Suret~ Generate, which formerly belonged to
the Minister of the Interior, has been transferred to his department.
Thns he is at the head of all the police in France, and the efficiency
of thia change has already been fel.t sens~bly. I t is a.lmost imposs~ble
at present for a crime to be comm1tted ID F ran ce Without detect1on.
Of course it seems hard to see, from t ime to time, a batch of
r espectable citizens, side by side with real criminals, going off to
Cayenne, for no other crime tha.a that of having advocated opposition to the Government; but any one who conduct.s h imself properly, and does not meddle with politics, will never be t roubled by
the police. l\1. Boitelle, t he present PrHet de P olice, was formerly
PrMet .of the D~partement de L'Aisne. He was appointed after the
attempt made to assassinate the Emperor at the Opera, about the
same time that Gen. Espinasse waa appointed Minister of the Interior. M. Boitelle is a very fine-looking man, of imposing appearance, but rather theatrical in his manners. H e is the beau ideal of a
French functionary. The P rMet de P olice has charge of the
administration of the markets, bakers' and butchers' establishments,
the price of bread, the falsification of liquids and alimentary substances of all kinds, omnibuses, carts, hackney coaches, Fillu soumisu,
and many other attributes too numerous to mention. His powers are
very minutely laid. down, so that there can be no collision between
him and the Prefet de la Seine. Since the enlargement of the city
the number of the sergens de ville (policemen) has been increased
to between four and five thousand. There is also the Garde de
Paris composed of picked soldiers, foot as well as mounted,
who 'are intended for t he services of theatres and balls, preser ving order on t>uJ;>lic occ~ions, &c. The c~rps of t~e Sapeurs
P ompiers (firemen) IS a m1htary body, and 1ts ch1ef IS responsible to the General-in-chief of the city.
T he members are
c.hosen from. the regimen~ ~f ~hasseurs and of the ~ine, and their
t1me of serv1ce, pay and d1Sc1phne, are the same as ID the army.
They have barracks where the>' sleep1 and pos~ in all pa~ts of the
city where they are on serVIc~. I hey rece1ve theoretical !ln.d
pr actical instruction from. ~he time t~ey ~nter t~e corps, and 1t IS
astonishing to see the agil1ty and skill With which they attack a
building on fire. Speaking about fires, it W?uld be well to remark t.hat
for one fire in P aris there are at least ten m New York, and the tires
in Paris are generally extinguished be~ore much. damage is d~ne.
Some extensive fires have taken place ID the envuons of the c1ty,
where water was difficult of access, but in the city proper they are
very rare-none of any g~eat i~portance si~ce the. burning.of. the
manutention on the Qua1 de Billy. W ood IS used ID the bu1ldlllgs
n early if not quite as mu~h ~ in New Y_ork, an~ the only rea~ons
for the rarity of fires cons1st m the good 1nstruct1on and orgarusat ion of the body of firemen, and the care with which buildings are
constructed. By the police reg~latio~s no h~use !n a ~;iven: street
can exc~ed a certain height (w.btch he•g:bt vane~ w1th the w1dt~ of
t he street), and as it is for the mterest of the bu1lders to g~ as h•~h
as possible, the house11 are thus o~ nearly the same he~g~t an.d
extremely uniform. The plans are mspected, and the b.uilding IS
inspected during constr uction by proper offic~rs; thus n:otlung unsafe
or imprudent is allowed to pass. . Moreove~, if. any acc1dent happens
through the fault of the arch•tect, h~ 1s habl.e to pass a ~ew
m onths or years in prison, to complete h1s education. fbe cleamng
of s treets and sew·ers is one of the attributions of the P rHet de la
Seine. The street.sweepers and cantonierg .are e~ploy~d p~rma-.
nently · and their operations are under tile 1mmed1ate directiOn of
employees called I nspecteurs ~e la Bal.ayage. Th~ pri'_lcip~l streets
and boulevards are divided tnto sectiOns, each of wh1ch I S placed
under the charge of a single cantouier, wbo is supplied with a broom,
a shovel and a wheelbarrow, and his duty is to keep the roadway
and side~alks of his section clean in all weather, and watered in
dusty weath er, for which last p~rpose. he is furnish~d with a pair of
large copper watering-pots, w1th wh1ch, after a ht~le pract1ce, he
will sprinkle the struet nearly as fast as a watenng-cart. The
watering·carts are large, and are arranged so as to sprinkle a space
of about 16 ft. in width. The smaller and more obscure streets are
swept in the night by gangs of street-sweepers (a great part of
whom arc German women), and the r ubbish carted off, so that at
seven o'clock in the morning the streets are perfe~tly ~lean. ~ r~­
gards the· rubbish carried out of houses and depos1ted 10 the street,1t
ia forbidden, under penalty of ,fine o!l the own~r of the house, to
make any depoait before eleven o clock m the evemng, or after seven
o'clock 1.n the morning. The carting ia done by contractors,, but in
any cue ot neglect they are heavUy fined, and the rubbish 1.8 taken
away by the adminlatraUon at the contractor's expenae.
APRn. 27, 1860.
PATENT SHIP LIFT AT THE VICTORIA DOCKS.
HUDDERSFIELD STEAM BOILER ASSOCIATION.
MoST of our readers are aware that, in connection with the
Victoria Docks, nearly opposite W oolwich, there is a contrivance
for raising ships out of the water, for the purpose of r e-metalling,
caulking their bottoms, or performing upon them such repairs as
are usually done in dry graving docks.
At a distance of about 150 yards from the side of the Victoria
D ock, a basin was some time ago excavated, of a rectangular form,
and filled with water from the dock to the dock-water level, the
basin being about 7 ft. deep.
I n t he channel which forms the communication between the dock
and this basin-which is sufficiently deep to adroit of ships floating
into i t of the greatest drau~ht of water, with a series of girders and a
huge pontoon upon the guders underneat h the ship-are the appliances for raising ships out of the water.
On each side of this channel there is a series of hollow columns
surrounded by a platform, which extends to the wbole range of
columns on both sides. In these columns are pistons and crossheads, with connecting -rods attaching them to the girders, each
girder being connected with a pair of columns, one on each side of
the channel or dock. A steam engine is employed with appropr iate
hydraulic machinery to cause the girders to sink to the bottom of
the channel, or to raise them, as may be required.
When a ship is to be lifted, a pontoon of about 400 ft. in length,
60 ft. in width, and of 6 ft. or 7 ft. deptb, is Boated into the channel
immediately over the girders. B oth girders and pontoon are then
sunk to the bottom of the channel, and the ship placed in a floating
position immediately over them. The machinery is then set to
work, the cross-heads, girders, pontoon, and ship being en masse
lifted thereby ou t of the water. When the pontoon is sufficiently
high, the water is allowed to run out of it, the ship is supported
upon it by sectional suppor ts and shores, acd the pontoon being
plugged, the whole is again lowered till the displacement of the pontoou is equivalent to its weight and the weight of the superincumbent ship. The pontoon with its burden is then removed from the
channel into the shallow basin, and placed in one of six recesses
adapted to receive the pontoon.
From the lirst we admired the skill of the engineer who designed
the details of this arrangement, and, like most of our contemporaries,
awarded him that messure of eulogy to which we thought him
entitled.
We had, however, a suspicion that extraordinary rigidity would
be r equired in the pontoons, and that perhaps they might fail in this
respect. The first pontoon has certainly rather verified our fears
than the accuracy of the calculation by which it was constructed.
It yielded, we have been informed, so much that it has been taken
to pieces. Even those pontoons which are n ow used have shown
that the pressure of a large ship up,on them causes considerable
transverse and longitudinal flexure. fhis is n ot favourable to weak
ships, which, if n ot placed upon blocks exactly adapted to the
camber of their keels, are known to strain themselves in a very
serious manner, and therefore it is important that the pontoon on
which they rest should be absolutely rigid.
Certainly, in a port where there is a rise and fall of tide of
upwards of 20 ft., i t does appeat somewhat anomalous that it
should be deemed advisable to lift a large ship out of the water,
instead of allowing the water to flow away from the ship, thr ough
gates or culverts as the tide falls, in the ordinary way. B ut this
is a matter hardly worth a passing notice; perhaps the Dock Company would not allow their water to be run off in this way.
Our strongest misgiving was, from the first, that transporting the
pontoon, with a ship upon it, on a" raw and gusty day," in such an
exposed situation, would be attended with danger; and we could not
help dreading any accident under such circumstances, because the
water in t he basin would not be near deep enough for the Boatation of a
ship of a very large tonnage, many of whlch have been discharged
in the Victoria D ock.
We regret that within the last three or four weeks our forebodings
have been realised; a foreign ship had undergone repairs, and the
pontoon sustaining h er was in the course of removal from the recess
to the channel, where it would have been allowed to sink from under
her, that she might be Boated into the Victoria D ock; when, from
the breaking of a rope, the pontoon, with t he vessel upon it, was
blown upon the bank of the basin, bilged, and tilled with water. The
r esul t is most calamitous, and must cause pain to all who are interested in in creasing facilities for fitting our mercantile marine, or
who wish well to daring and ingenious engineering enterprises.
B ut here we must be guilty of a little of that ex post facto wisdom
which everybody is inspir ed with when misfor tunes of this kind
happen. Why was not the basin made deeper ? Anything causing
the pontoon to sink even in the middle of it might occasion an
enormous amount of damage to a ship drawing, perhaps, 5 ft. or 6ft.
more water than t he total depth of the water in the basin. Suppose
the ship and p ontoon t o sink vertically without any deflection of
the ship's position, how is she to be raised? Most persons ca.n boast
of their prescience with regard to these matters now.
The stranded pontoon, and the ship upon it, certainly lie in an
exceeding ly awkward position. Much detention is caused to the
ship, the pontoon must be seriously damaged, and it is probable that
the ship is fearfully strained. Surveys will be held, expenses
incurred, and it is not easy to define the limits of the catastrophe
which has taken place.
Efforts are being made to get the pontoon afloat again. T he
channel between the basin and the dock has been dammed across,
and the water let on· from the basin. By these means the pontoon
can be got at, and doubtless made water-tight, and, with care used
to preven t it slipping, the water will, of course, sustain it again as it
did before the accident. Much expense has been incurred, perhaps
much damage done, but if a vessel of much greater tonnage bad
been upon the pontoon, the accident would have been considerably
more serious.-Artizan.
T HE committee of this association held their usual monthly meeting
at the office of the secretary, Mr. D an Cocking, architect, New.
street, Huddersfield, on T uescay last, when Mr. Jno. Rhodes eo ·•
neer to the association, presented his report, from which we' m::J:e
the following extract :"During the past month I have visited the worlu of fort
members, and have examined exter nally fifty boilers, with the~
append~es, three boilers thoroughly, and one boiler internally
and the1r appendages. And during the same period I have ex:
amined thirty-six steam-engines externally, and have taken nine
indications from the cylinders of five steam-engines.
" Amongst the most prominent defects of the above boilers and
their appendages, I would state that the furnace of one of the boilers
is diminished in strength in consequence of having lost its true form
by over-pressure,. an~ that it w!ll. ultimately collapse if not strengthened by the apphcat10n of add1t1onal stays. Two bo1lers are without glass water-gauges, and depend entirely upon floats to indicate
the level of the water in them. Six boilers are without blow-oft
cocks, or valves, for blowing off or flushing the boilers while under
steam pressure; and one boiler is without back pressure, or none·
return v alve attached to the feed- water pipe.
" This being the end of the first quarter, I have to report that the
pre:nises of all members have been v isited, and reports upon the
condition of their boilers and engines have been duly forwarded.''
MR. BRUNEL's CoLLECTION OF WoRKS OF ART.-The celebrated
collection of works of art of Mr. I sambard Kingdom Brunei,
deceased, r emoved from his late residence in Duke-street, West·
minster, was submitted on Friday last to public competition, by
order of the executors, by Messrs. Christie, Manson, and Woods, at
their rooms in King-street, St. J ames's-square. We give the principal examples of the two days' sale :-Carved Oak Furniture, from
the Sbakspeare room.-98-105. A table, with sliding top, on four
legs, beautifully carved, with ornaments in renaissance taste, and
seven pairs of beautiful chairs, with high backs, carved in the same
taste, the seats and backs covered with crimson silk damask (in four
lots)- .£92 10s. 117-19. A handsome cheval glass, i.a ricbly carved
frame, of scroll pattern, with flowers ; a to1let glass and an old
cabriole sofa e1~ suite-.£37 10s. 120. A set of six old cuved oak
chairs, with cane panels-.£24 10s. 121-2. Two beaulifol old
Venetian frames, carved with arabesques, &c.-.£25. 134-8. Six
beautiful old V enetian glass chandeliers, with coloured glass flowers
and drops, and branches for numerous lights-.£114 6s. 140. A set
of ivory chessmen, beautifully carved, with busts-.£18 10s. 141·2.
T wo magni6cent old Venetian pier-glasses, of octagonal form, the
frames enriched with Bowers of rock crystal, carved in bigb relief,
and chased metal gilt, each about 6 ft. high and 4ft. wide (in
one lot)-.£246 (Wilton).
Stained Glass.-143-8. Six panel!
of old German stained glass, with imperial arms, supported by
figures, the last two exhibited at Manchester, inscribed, '' J ACOB
GAUDENTZ BLATSER, PON WARLTENSE, 1647," 17 in. by
12~ in.; and" HEI NRICH GRAFF SABI NA, GRIMLIN, 154("
17-in. by 12 in.- 42 guineas. 148. A and B. Two pairs of panels
of fine stained glass, with port.r aits of Shakspeare, Queen Elizabetb,
H enry VIII., and Francis I.-23 guineas. D ecorative objects, &c.150. A pair of noble vases, of old French bronze, the handles formed
of Cupids, chased with masks and vines in relief, about 3 ft. bigh.£100. 152-3. A large vase and cover, of Venetian ware, painted
with flowers and fruits in colours, the handles formed of masks, and
g roups of fruit and Bowers, 26 in. high. and a pair of smaller ditto15! guineas. 154. A pair of Dresden vMes and covers on tripod
feet, 30 in. high-.£28. 155. The Christ Angel, a beautiful relief,
in Carrara marble, by Professor Reitschell, of Dresden, in glazed
case-£70. Fine Old Chelsea.-162. A magnificent vase, of the
finest old Chelsea, exquisitely painted with a group of figures !fter
Greuze, and a landscape on rich crimson ground-.£219 (Poole).
163. A pair of beautiful oviform vases and covers, of the finest old
Chelsea, crimson ground, richly pencilled with gold, and pai~ted
with bouquets of flowers-135 guineas. 164. A pair of beautiful vases
and covers of the same, myrtle shape, painted with subjects of Cupids
and flowers-127 guineas. Fine Old Sevres.-A beautiful cabaret,
gros bleu, exquisitely painted with Cupids, in pink, consiitiog of
plateau, cup and saucer, sucrier, and milk-jug-80 guiow.
166-7. A beau tiful gros bleu Vincennes bowl, with gold birds,
and a square plateau with open work turquoise border, painted with
flowers--48 guineas. 168. A beautiful ecuelle, cover and stsod,
painted with flowers, festoons, and blue edges-.£21 10s. 169-iO.
An elegant vase, gros bleu, beautifully painted with flowers, and a
P.air of beautiful ewers, gros bleu, with festoons, in one lot-£1115.
The amount of the fir st day's sale exceeded .£2,375. At the se~od
day's sale, on Saturday, p revious to Mr. Brunei's celebrated collect10a
being offered, about a dozen pictures, the property of a member of
the late Sir. A. W. Callcott's family, were put up, the most imporumt
of which were :-Lot 188. Sir A. W. Callcott, R.A., an upright
landscape, with a peasant lleated \vith a basket, and a dog drinking
from a stream at the foot of a decayed tree-20 guineas. 191. Ditto,
an upright romantic landscape, with Diana and Actreon in the fore·
gr ound ; an admirable study, in the manner of the Venetian school
- 30 guineas. 192. ditto, an upright landscape, with a wild boarhunt; the companion picture-29 guineas. 193. ditto, the Niobe. a
grand composition-53 guineas. 194. Sir A. W. Callcott, R.A., a
rustic landscape, view of Westbourne-green, with picturesque farm
buildings among trees; two ligures reclining in the foreground, an
admirable exnmple- 118 guineas. 1\lr. Brunei's pictures.-21.2.
Rosa Bonheur, 1847, a grand l andscape, willl s. group of stx
Breton oxen at pasture in a meadow. T his very important and
beautiful work-the finest ever otl'ered for sale in England-was
painted for the Provisional Government of France, and was purchased by Mr. Brunei in P aris, in 1848, for, we 11re told, the sum of
4,000 fr. (£160). I t was put up as high as 500 guineas, and, after
a spirited competition, was knocked down to Mr. Webb, at the great
SrGHT.-We can see our own eyes, for sight is effected by means
price of 1,350 guineas, being nearly nine times its original cost.
of the rays of light that proceed from the visible obj ect to the eye. 213. Sir A. W. Callcott, R.A .. a Scene in H olland, with a woman ~n
In every instance the rays are turned, more or less, from their
horseback, a gray horse at her side, and a man on borseback,. 1n
cou rse. Whether thi$ deBection be caused by refraction or reBection conversation, a village scene in the distance.-260 guineas (Wallis).
is immaterial ; if the visual ray reaches the eye, the object is seen.
We speak, indeeq, of seeing an image in a mirror, but the image has 215. Ditto, a View on tbe Rh ine, at Cologne, a splendid specUJ:ten
no actual existence except in the mind. The mirror merely turns -125 guineas (Agnew). The :3hakspeare Subjects.- The folloMag
eight pictures were painted expressly for the late 1\lr. Brunei, to
back the rays of light so that they reach the eye, and thus enables
adorn what he called bis '· Shakspeare Room": -216. Augusti!S
11s to as truly see tile object itself as when we look directly at the
Egg, A.R.A., Launce offering his dog Crab to Silvia, scene from !be
object through the air, glass, orother refracting medium.
Two Gentlemen of Verona, act h·., scene 4- 630 guineas (Wall!S).
ACCIDENTS IN COLLIERIKS.-The verdict of thejurywho inquired 217. Sir A. W. Callcott, R.A., Lau.nce and his Dog, another scene from
into the Burradon Colliery explosion has given rise to a feeling that the same play-370 guineas (Agnew). 218. Frederick R. Lee, R.A.,
it would be well to remind colliers that they have the remedy with a grand Forest Scene, with Jacqucs and the Stag; painted in 1850:regard to the inspection of mines in their own hands. To have 135 guineas ( Mitchell). 219. C. R Leslie, R.A., .Henry VIII. disevery mine periodically in~pected would be impossible, without a covering himself to Cardinal Wolsey at t.be Ball; act 1, scene 4: a
very large increase in th e number of inspectors; something like 200 perfect work of t he great and lamented artist, painted in 1849-960
of whom would be required instead of twelve. It is not the duty of guineas (Agnew). 220. Queen Catbcrine and Griffiths-tbe com·
the inspectors to visit every mine; but, as the Government informed pan ion p1cture; scene taken from the same play-Henry VIII.,
a deputation on the New I nspection Bill, the other day, "to be in act iv ., scene 2 : the district in order that matters may be referred to them." The
My next poor petition
Is
that
his
noble
grace would have some pity
Government (the same deputation was also informed) do not intend
Upon my wretched women, that so long
to increase the number of InSpectors under the new bill, nor do they
Have followed both my fortunes faithfully.
in tend the inspectors to act as viewers. The proper course for
colliers to take is to give notice to the inspector when any removable 810 guineas (Wallis). F or these two Shakespeare subjects Mr.
danger is allowed to remain, and then the inspector visits the mine. Brunei, it is stated, gave the artists .£800. 221. C. W. Co~ R. A.
In cases of difficulty, also, the manager of a mine should call in the The Death of King Lear; a noble work, full of pathos, exhibited
inspector, and avail himself of his assistance. Workmen are rather Mancbester- 310 guineas ( Wallis). 222. Clarkson Stanfiel~ R. •
backward in giving notice to the inspector from fear of their names a ~and landscape, illustration to l'tlacbeth, Scene of the W1t~hes ;
being divulged; but it is generally understood to be a point of thts important work was also exhibited at Mancbester-510 gu10e~
hon our amongst the inspectors never to mention the name of their ( Agnew). 223. Sir Edwin Landseer, R.A., Titania with Bot~orn an
informant. This arrangement, together with the investigation of tpe l!'airies, the celebrated chej-d'reuvre of the great artist, pa~nted In
accidents by the inspectors, and the infliction of fines for t he in- 1860, and engraved by Cousens. This splendid picture exc1ted the
fringement of r ules, seems at present to be as much as can be done liveliest interest. It was at once put up at 2,000 guineas, and,
amonl{at such extenslve worka as the collieries of tbl.s country. In a brisk competition, wu knocked down at the large aum of If
thl.s wstrlct alone there are between 700 and 800 pits to inspect, guineas. L ord Robert Clinton waa the fortunate purchaser.
be
which would require at leu t twenty inspectors.
produce of the day'a aale wu £0,068.
;.t
fJoo
•
•
TBE PATENT JOURNAL.
( ~ from IM
J(IW"Ml of/M
~•of PauMI.)
Gr&Dta of Proviaioul Protection for Six Jlontha.
S60. J OSliPB AlUIL.BR, Little Hortoo, Dmdford, Yorkshire, "Improvements
In looms for weaving."- Petttlmu·ecordtd 1ft PtbMUtry, 1860.
666. WLLLI..ut KRUTU!CB, CbiUDber-atreet, Goodmllll'a.fields, London, "lm·
provements in cartridges and projeet1.Jcs."- l'dtti<m 'l'ecordtd ut .March,
1860.
140. J oolf STAIJITDORP, Graceebnrch-atreet, London, "An improved method
In coating or formlnlf a bnrd shell on a Cllndle nt the time of moulding t he
aame. and In npparatut connected therewith."
746. O&oROB BA.~ &a RII.I!!IIE, H olland·street, JJlackfrlars, "Improvements in
the construction and modo of working and employing floating platforms,
pontoon~. or docks for 'aupportin~r ships or other veasels."-Pditio111 nConltd 22.td March, 1860.
788. Tuoru s Dmoos , Sal ford, Lancnshlrc, "Ccrta.in improvements in the
manufnctnre of oU-cloth or oil-paper to be employed for pncking purposes,
or tor coating or covering surfaces, nod in appnratus connected therewith."
-Pditio,t rccortltd 21th llfarc)l, 1860.
797. CARL BAllTIIIILlUtT, Duscb·lano, London, " Using vacuum ns a m otive
power, and of the metws by which the some is elfected."
sou. EoWAilD EwER, Chapel-street, Curtain-ron<!, Shoredit.ch, London, "Improvements in fountain pens."-Pallio111 rcco,·c.led 28th March, 1860.
808. Auou~'l' P&NTT.t.IN, Glasgow, Lll.Dnrkshlre, N.B., "Improvemen~ in
machinery for cutting wood."-A communication from 'l'beodor Andrcas
Prall', H amburgh.
810. l iiAAC H OLDBN, St. Dcnis, fads, "Improvements in menos or apparatus
for prcpnring and combing '~ool nnd other fibrous substance~."-i'etilio>•l
rcco>'CI.td Z9lh Murch, 18611.
820. JAMBS RRIDY, Cook·etrcct, Cork, "A machine for breaking stones nod
oth~r bard snbstan~cs."
822. JouN RooBRT DRI!&Cu, Leeds, Yorkshire, "An improved household fire·
escnpc. ·•
826. WILLIA>I l\rARTIN CIIA)IBIIRS, Birmingham, "An improvement or improvenu:nt• in the method ol' and apparatus for straiJrbtening nngle-iron
and other bar-iron of a trough· like shapo after it lenves the rolls, and whUc
s till bot. "-l'cttl&I1TII r«<rdtd 30th Marcll, 1860.
836. BICIIARn ;\LJ'RliD Jr;Pt'IIRSON, North-street, St. John's Wood, ll.Dd
:\lATriiEW JI!PPKRSON, Crown·elreet, Finsbury, London, "An impro,•ed
l'On~tructioo of stenm engine, applicable also to the raising of water."Pctitto•• rtc'>rtvd S111 bfal'CII, 1860.
540. TIILt.Br DJ.IILL, Kragcroe, NonVIIy, "An improvement in the separ ation
of mckcl nod cobalt from magnetic pyrites and bisulpburet of iron, or any
otbcr sulphur composition.''
sn. Jous l:iAMPIIO!I STA.RJ(II8, Cock-but, Batcli.ff, London, .. I mprovements
in s gnal ami other lamps."
842. H ~~Rv IJUCRWOIITII PowzLL, Foxlelze Park, Lyndhurst, Hampshire, "A
movable stud or button."
843. BICU ARD ARCIIIBALD Bnoo~IAN, Fleet-street, London, " I mprovements
in buttons.''-A communicntion from H enry Dollier, Paris.
84•. I!.BRNIIZ!R PARTRIDOII, Stourbridge, Worcestershire, ''Improvements in
axles and ule-boxc~."
846. Tuo.IIA8 OAM BLII and EDWIN ELt.IS, Nottinghnm, " Improvements in the
mnnufnctnre of fabrics of t ho description known ns bobbin-net."
846. CIICIL J OII!ISON, Northumborlnud-street, Strnnd, London, " I mprovements in the manufacture of shoes and boots.''-Pttilio7W r ccord.td 2nd
.dpril, 1860.
847. Jal\1118 RommTSON, Stnniaby-rond, Enst Indin-road, London, "Improvements in the construction of fumnces or fire·places."
84 9. EDMU.ND SIMPKIN, Bury, Lnncnsbirc, ·• I mprovements in couplings for
carriages, wogoos, nod other vcb:clcs on railways."
850. WILLIUI ARMA!I D GILDIII, South·atreet, Fiosbury, London, "An improved oppnrntus for mnklnJr signals on railwa) s."-A communication from
Josepb J)csgabricl, Lyons, France.
852. Jossru AllBLKR, Little H orton, Dr11dford, Yorkshire, '' I mprovements
in looms for wcavh1g."
8Sa. J OU!I MASTBRS JONE8, Nothcravon, Wiltshire, .. An improved apparatus
for a:eneratina: ~tcnm."
855. WtLLIAlol RI .IIL"'OTOS and 'WILLIAM lll.IIIXOTOS, jun.. Skipton, Craven
'
Yorksh ire, "Improvements in box-binges for swing-doors."
856. CUARLIIS VINCBNT \V ALKIIK, F emside·villo, Bedhill, Surrey, "Improvements in t he mnnufncture of troughs for receiving electric telegraph
wires."
857. JOSIIPU ScnLOSS, Cannon-street , L ondon, "An improved plug for
smoking-pipes."
858. DAVID GRAifAM H OPE, Manchester, •• Improvements in slide-valves of
)()('()motive and other steam tn!fin~, nod in gearing for working them."
859. A., Tuos NICOLAY Jr:NSIIN, Chnmbcrs·terraee, Maiden-road, Haverstock·
hill, London, "Improvements in brewing wor ts from saccharine and
farinaceous @Ubstnnces, with a new method of retaining the aroma nod
better qualities of the hops, forming an infallibly keeping ale nearly white
1111d admitting or atr ation, part of which improvements is applieable to
diatuters· wnsb, vinegar making, and preserv10g fcrmentable liquora."Petitionl recordtd S• d ApriL, 1800.
561. Tuox.AS l~ORAM , llradforll, Yorkshire, " Improvements in looms for
\Venving."
862. ABRADUt PULLA!I, Fortic-cottage, Newcross, nnd T HOMAS CRESBWELL
Bavensbollme-terrace, Lewisham, Kent, " Improvements i.n the construe:
tion of steam, wnter, and other tluid gaugcs."-Pttition& r~OTdtd 4tl. .dpril,
1860.
864. GEOROB MALLI~SON, Sal ford, Lnncnsbire, "Improvements in the manufactoro of woven fabrics."
865. WILLlAM F ULLPOR.D BROWN, Westgate-street, and WALTER JEI'FIIRY1
Ea.stgatc-strect, Gloucester, " A more couvenien~ nnd effectual method of
a ttncbing nod securing brooches and such like nrticles, and for improved
13$teoinga to be used therewith, and for other purpose•."
1167. A RCI:IIBALD WUJTB, Grent Misscnden, llucki.ugbamsbire, " Li.fting at one
lil\ a lond of corn, hny, straw, or mtwurc, or of other things."
86!'· WILLIAM LEUODAMSb Piccadilly, L ondun, "Improvements in portable
mk·holders nnd mntcb· oxes."
869..JOU!iliOBSO!I FULLIIR, H attoo-gnrdeu, London, and WILLIA.II DAVIDSON,
W1sbeach, Cambridge, "An appnratus for cutting or screwing pipes 1111d
r ound metnl."
871. JosuuA JiENRY WILSON, Cornbolm-mill, Todmorden Lnncnshlre
•· Ce~lain improvements in mnchinory to be applied in the ~anufncture oi·
_boub10s used In the preparing nod spinning of fibrous materials.''
s, 2. WILL lAM PaRSONS, Pont-ar-Tnwe, Swansen, "Improvements in the
manufacture of wrougbt.·iron."
873 Cl.lARLIS Du8AUTOY, Laverstok~ Soutbnmpton, "Improvements in
apparatus nsed iu tho manufact ure or paper."
874. Jom~ H IL"'Rl' J ouNsos Lincoln'a-mn-fields London "A new m etallic
alloy. "-A communication 'from Messrs. Char le; Noel and Co., Paris.
875. J ODH SloiiTU. lJirmingham, " I mprovements !.n the m1111ufacture of
buttons and other dress fastenings."
876. ALYRIID V1~CINT NKIITOS, Choncery-lane, London, " Improvements in
the coustruclloo of pressurc·gauges.''-A ~'Ommunieation from T. Wilson
Lane, ll.ercdith, New Hampshire, U.S.
877. ALYIUID VJKCKNT NKWTON, Chnnccry-lane, London , "An improved
nrr~ngerucot of ~,>art~ for supplying stenm to steam engin~s."-A communicatJOD from L uc1us J . Knowlcs, Wnrren, Mnssncbusetts, U.S.
87!1 . .M JCUABL HII!IRY, Fleet-street, London, " I mprovements in the mode of
and appnratu~ for obtaining motive power. "-A communication from
Henry b'ran(:ots Cohado, lloulevart St. Martin, Paris.-Pttition& rerordtd
5th April, 1860.
879. HZN~Y CARTBR, 11IB1lchester, " Improvements in machinery or nppnratus
for makmg gas·buroere."
880. WtLLt.AM C~AR,K, Obonccry-l an e, London, "Improvements in fire-nrms. "
-A ,commomcnhon from the ·• Stnrr Arms Company," New York, U.S.
88!. \\ n.LI;Ut CLA!lK, Cbnncery·lnno, London, " I mprovements in ules or
JOUr!!als m combmatioo with lubricating axle·hous for railwny and other
ear~t~es " -A communication from Jnmes H ervey Deming
Pnris.l'tttttOlll r~orclcd 7tlo AJ>rU, 1800.
'
88?. HI RAX LYAIA!f HA~I., Upper Bcdford·place, London, " Improvem ents
!Jl the manu.facture of mdi!l·rubbor cloth JBpnnned nnd leather cloths, and
111 the machmery or appnratus employed therein."
SS?· A!! DREW H.OWAT, 1-'amworth. !Jolton-ie-Moors, Lancashire, "Certain
Improvements m miners' safety-lamps."
SS7. HBNKY DRIDLII, Bridport, Uorsetshire, "Improvements in r efrigerators."
889. _Tu~~IAS PARKitR, Bl.nckburn, ,and 0 EOROI! HARRIBO!', Burnley, Lllllcashir e, I mprovements tn self-nchntc mules."
691. 'FDO.IIAll A VllLJNO, .Rocbester, Kent, "Improvements in locomotive
engmes."
89~. LIIIOPOLD Et~LITZ, New York, U S., " I mprovements in producing p rint1 g and c•tbcr !~regular surfBCt>S by the a•d of photogrnpby."-Pttitio7W n·
COlc.l&l 91h Apnl, 18tkl.
895. Lou1s Jo:s~u RBPELt!l, St. Marcellin, Ie~re, France "An expeditious
mode of tanmog.''
•
69?. J OUX ltiOllf and WILMAll N1CIIOLA8 NORMAS, Dublin, "Improvements
m guns and other fire-arms, ond in cartridges to be used tberewitb."Peltt<4111 I'«::rdtd 1011• Apl'iL, 18611.
Inventions protected for Six M onths by the Deposit of a Complete
Specification
985. MARc ANTOr!IK FRANCO'!' MB!INON~, :Rue de l'Echiquicr, P aris, "Improvements ID the productiOn of mottve power n11d in t ho oppar atns connecte~ therewith."- A communication J'rom Jacques Bclou Lyons..f>ep~nted and rccordtd 14th ApriL, 1860.
'
9o3. JKAN DA PTI8TI'l .A uousTI! CARPKI"TIIIR Doologne-eur-:\t er Frnoce "A
new metrical apparatus with tablc."-l>;•)()&it~tl and ,.c~ord;a I 6th April
1860.
•
277
THE ENGINEER.
APRIL 27, 1860.
'
I
Patents on which the S tamp Duty of .£50 has been Paid.
1167. SAK'UEL SUNDIIRLA!ID and BtcRA.RD DBA!I, Burnley, Lancashire.Dated 26t h April, 1867.
1112. J OD!I U!il>IIRWOOD, Oloocestcr-road, London.-Dated 20th April, 1857.
1123. JouN CllA!ITBR and DAVID A!INA!I, Bow, Middlesl'L-Dnted 21st April,
1867.
1161. 0EORO!l WRJOUT, Sheffield, Yorkshire.-Doted 2Srd April, 1857.
1163. WILLIA.II CoLJlOR!III CAWBRIOO&, Bristoi.-Dated 23rd April, 1857.
1169. EoWARD MA!IIOO, Bucklenbury. London.- Dnted 24,tb April, 1857.
1176. WLLt.tAX PICKBTONII, Radcliffe B ridge, .Mnochester.-A communication .
-Dated 25th April, 1867.
1220. CU.AilLI!.8 CAMM IILL, Sheffield, Yorkshire.- Dated 30th A,r.ril, 1857.
1244. BBNJAWI.!I Cn11w TILODWA!I, Philadelphia, U.S.-Dated 2nd .May, 1867.
1369. CUARL118 BARTIJOLOMBW, Botberham, and JOIIN RIIPTINSTALL, .Masbro',
Yorksbire.-Dnted 14th May, 1857.
1119. AIIIORT FAIRBANKII SUIIKMAN, Boxbury, Norfolk, Massachusetts, U.S.
-Dated 21st AprU, 1867.
1188. JOB!f HIINRY J OUNSON, Lincoln's-inn-fields, London. -A communi·
cntion.-Dat.cd 22nd April, 1857.
1S20. CUAJ\Lil8 WILLIAlll Slliii.IINS, Jobn·street, Adelphi, L ondon.-Dated
11th Mny, 1859.
1185. GEROLAMO CAVANNA, Genoa, Snrdinin.-Dated 22nd April, 1857.
11~0. RooOLPU BOOM BR, ThllVIes·inn, H olborn, London.-A communication.
-Dated 23rd April, 1867.
P atents on which tho Stamp D u t y of £100 has been P aid.
926. 0KOR08 ALDEAIARLII CATOR , Selby, Yorksbire-Doted 16th April , 1853.
957. Sir \VJLLI.AM SNOW HARRI8, Plymoutb.-Dnted 20th April, 1858.
1117. SA.MUIIL CuNLII'I'E Lt8Tl!R, Manningham, Yor,k.ehire.-Dnted 11th May,
1868.
981. Hli!IRY HOOLD8WORfn, :lllnnchester. -Dnted 23rd April, 1853.
1023. WLLt.IAM RlliD, University-street, London.-Dated 27th April, 1853.
HO. Jotm SumTBORP, Orncoohurcb-street, London, "An impro?ed method
in coating or forming a bnrd shell on a candle at the time of moulding the
same, and In apparatus connected therewith."
741. WILLtAM T URHI':R, H ockl ey, Nottingham, "A new mode or method of
making or mnnufactoring bread and other articles of pu~. and in the
machinery or apparatus employed therein. "-Pditiom recorded 22rnl March,
1860.
805. STEPUII!I lUNDOLL SMITH, Hanover -terrnce, Cnmberland-road, Brletol,
" Improvements in vessels and apparatus used for raising eunken vesael•
and o\her bodies in the water nod for low ering materials f'or etructnral
purposes in tbc water "-Petiti<m rtcO'I'IUd 28th M arcl<, 1860.
822. J ouH BoBERT BRJUCII, Leeds, Yorkshire, " An improved household
tire-escape. " -Pctiti<m 'l'ccord.d 30th .March, 1860.
859. ANTBOll NICOLAT J&NBElf, Chambers-terrace, Malden·road, R nentook·
bill, London, "Improve~enta in brewing wor ts !r'!m saccharine and
farinaceous subetnuees, mth a new m ethod of retaUllllg the aroma and
better qualities of the hope, forming an infallibly keevlng ale nearly white,
and admitting of neratlon, part of which imJ?rovements is applicable to
distillers' wnah, vinegar-making, and preservmg fermentable llquora."Pttitton rtcordtd 8rd A pril, 1860.
876. ALPRIID VrNe&!IT NawroN, Chancery-lane, London, "Improvements in
the construction of pressore-gauges."-A communieation from T. WUeon
Lane, Mer edith , New Hnmpshlre, U.S.-Pttili<m r~or!Udfith A~l, 1860.
9S6. l\!ARO A!ITOUIB FIIANCOI8 .ME!INONB, Bne de l'Ecbiqwer, Par1s, ' ' lm·
provements in the production of motive power, and in the apparatus oon·
nected therewith." - A communication from Jacques Belou, Lyone.J'ttiti<m r ccordtd 14tll April, 1860.
A nd notice Is hereby given, that all persons having an lnMrelt iD oppo~~o
lnl:' any one of such applications are at liberty to leave panlaul.an In writlnr
or their objections to such appiiC4tion, at the said Office or the CommDsloners within twenty-one days nfter the date of the Oazdu (and of the
Journal) in which this not ice is issued.
N ottcea to Proceed.
2816. P rince Gu&TAVJI GENNIII\ICII, Poland, .. A ne\'1' syat~m of motive power
Liat or Specifications published dnriDK the week ending
applicnble for working crl\ues and \vbeels."
20th April, 1860.
2811!. GEOROB CuuRCiliLL WATSON, Ch ester , "Novel and arti~tic bricks or
1960, 6d.; 2016, 7d.; 2088, 4d. ; 20M, 2s. 6d.; 2085, 3d.; 2086, lld.: 2087,
' lumps' for the reception, growth, ond propagation of ferns, mosses, and 3d.; 2088, 3d .; 2089, 7d.; 2090, 3d. ; 2091, 10d.; 2092, 6d.; 2093, 3d.;
?tbcr plants." .
.
,
.
.
2094, 3d.; 2096, 4d. ; 2096, 7d. ; 2097, la.; 2098, la. 6d.; 2099, 7d.; 2100,
2820. GEOIIOE HA~D!'ON Rott.IIT, L1verpool, 'An 1mpro\'ed mncbinc for the 6d.; 2101, 7d .; 2102, 3d ; 2103, 11. 6d ; 2t04, 5d .; 2105, 9d.; 2106,ls. 10d.;
mnnurncturc o_f pressed bullets...
.
2107, Sd.; 2108, 6d. ; 2109, Is.; 2110, 1s. 9d. ; 2112, 6d. ; 2113, 6d. ; 2llf,
2824. \\ ILt.IAl! fr.At.L, Wakcfi!Jid. Yorkshire, " I mpro\'emcnts m t~cnt~ng 1s. 3d.; 2116, 9d. ; 2116, ~d. ; 2117, 6d.: 2118, 3d. ; 2119, l Od.; 2120, 3d.;
fnlty nod ~lily mn.lten obtomcd frum. wnsh·\y~tets ."-A commun1cnhon 1 212t, 6<1.: :.!122, 10d.. 2123, 3d.; 2124, 10d. ; 2125, 3d.; 2126, lld. ; 2127,
~~~~ )J. Ktrsch, AIX·la-Cha• cllc, Pruss1a.-Ptttl1om m:or!Ud12lhl>tct'i>lbtr, 3d.; 2128, 3d .; 2129, 6d.; 2130, 18. 10d. ; 2131, 1s. Sd._; 2 1~2, 6d.; 2t33,
Q OO
J.
18. 6d. ; 2134. Sd. ; 2135, Sd.; 2136, 5d. ; 2137, 3d. ; 21:>8, ~. ; 21« , 3d.;
;.o·>7. UIE8 CIIAMPIO!I, ~lnnchcster, "Certain improved n•rangemcots of 2168 3d
splnc.Jic!. flyers, ond bobbins, npplicablc to machinery or apparatus for pre·
'
·
.
.
.
paring, sr,inniog, nod doubling fibrous materials."
•.• Spec1fleatlo!ls will be ror:warded by post on rec~nptof the amount of price
2Sad. GEOROJI t•zusoN, :Manchrster, "Improveml'nts in puddling furnaces."
and po~t.age. Sums exeeedmg 6s.. m ust be r eautted by Post-office order,
2844. Ati'RI!D BucKINOIJA)I I BBOTSON, Sheffield, Yorkshire, •• An im~,>roved D!ade paya ble at the Post-office, H 1gh Holbom, to Mr. Bennett Woodcroft,
draw and buffer-spring appnratus for r ailwny carriages. "-A commun~cntion Great Seal Patent Office.
from J ohn Porker, Florence.-PttitiOIII ncordtd 14th l>tcernbtr. 1859.
===========
2853. WILLIA)t WIISTWOOD, West-square, Soulhwork, "Improvements in the
ABSTRACTS OF SPECIFICATIONS.
manufacture and burning of Portland cemen t."
2860. WILLIAIII B ORATIO liARPI&LD, :Royal Exchange-buildings, London, 'I'MfollotD•'ng DeurfpUqm are mo.de from. .d.b#radl prtp<Jt'td u:prtMlv fw The
•: Improvements in windlasses, capstans, and shackles for cbaius. "-Ptti-Engineer , at the OJ'IU of Mf' Majutv'• ~of PatenU.
tton3 ,.~llrc.lt<ll6th l>t«~ttber, 1869.
2862. EDWARD PILKISOTON H OLDEN, Bolton-Je-i'!foors, L ll.DCBShire, " I mprove·
C L ASS 1.-PRIME MOVERS.
menta in machinery Jor opening, carding, and cleaning cotton aod other
fibrous mnterinls. when in a manu factured or pnrtially mnnufnctured stnte." lncludtng Fi:.ctd S team and otkr EngiM$, Hor1e, Wind, and Water
2863: WtLt.IAW MOSLKY, jun., Snlford, Lnncasbire, " Certain improved mnMill8, Gearing, Boi.kr8, Fittings, ~c.
chmery or nppnratus for washin~, scouring, or cleansing textile fabrics or
2325. J . TANOYII, Birmingham, " A ctuating ctrtain kind.s of moti~
mntcr inls. "-Pt1itio113 recorded 16th l>ecember, 1859.
2874. Tu o~us WtLt.IAM P!ouw , Blaeonvon Jron Works, l\1 onmouth, "ImtJI{Jinu."-Dattcl 12!/l October, 1869.
This
invention consists In actuating such m otive-power engines as are
provements in the manufacture of tyres for railway ADd other carriagewheels, nod of hoops nnd ring~, nud in mnchinery employed t berein.''
worked by condensed gases or v11pours1 as the various kinds of sta.m287l!. JOACUIM DAVID HUISCII, St. Paol's·churchyord, London, " L"'lprove· englnes, by !Deans of condensed air apphed in the following mnoner :-In
the neighbourhood of mines, or in other localities where coal is cheap, the
ments in tho construction of gunlJonts."
2879. WJLLIAM CLARK, Chancery- lone, J,ondon, " Improvements in the sup- inventor erects low-pressure or condensing steam-engines, which aald
ports or chairs of rllilway rails." - A communication from Messrs. Augnste engines are m ade to work conllenslng.pumps. By means of the said pumpa
OesgoO'e and Leon Jucqueau, Paris.-Pttiti01llrecordtcl l7th .Dectmber, 1859. he condenses air into nccum ulaton or reservoirs to any desired pressure.
2S90. DA\'10 H ITCUI!I, Coventry, Warwickshire, •• An improvement in the With the said accumulators or reser voirs, he connects a series of pipes
caps of watches. "-i'elttwn -ra:ordtd 1911< l>utmbtr, 1859.
somewhat s1mllar to the pipes by which gas and water are usually conveyed
2895. MICUA.BL T URNOR, Dirminghnm, •• A new or improved met hod of in towns. By menns of the sold pipes the condensed air can be transmitted
n::anufacturiog metal boxes "
to the locnllty where it is wanted, and applied in place of steam to r.ctu.a&e
2903. ALfRED WIILCII, Southall, Middlesex, " I mprovements in portable rail· the engines usually r.ct uated by steam. The said pipell will also aene to
ways, to facilitate tbe movement of Cllrrilljleo on common roads, and other convey the condensed au to be used for a variety of purpoee.e, eucb u
surfaces.''-A communication from James Welch, Calcutta.
working stamps or olhcr machinery for supplying air to furnaces, blowing
2905. H!l-~KY lbYLS\', Stalybridge, Lnocnshire, " Improvements in the con- air In plo.cc of IJellows for musical i.nstl"'llllents, and for all other ~
struction and manufacture ot cop-tubes, used in machinery for spinning to wh1ch condensed air may be applied.-.Not ~with..
fibrous mater ials. "-Jittili01•&recorded 20th l>t«Tn!Hr, 1859.
2387. L. H . Roussuu. Boukvart .Saint Martin, Paril. '' Steanwngi'IIU."2920. 01110ROK FRIIDIIRICK STlDOLPll, I pswich, "lmwovements in organ s,
Da1trl 13th Oclobtr, 1859.
nod ot her wind m t.sical instrument!."
This invention eannot be described without reference to the drawlnga.2921. Bs.~JAMIN FLEET nod JOSEPU RAmmos .Enst-lane nod T UOMAS
CLOAKII, Snvillc·row, Wnlwor tb, Surrey, " Jm pr~vements
the mncbinery .Not J>l'OOUdtd 1cit/i.
for stopping t he bodies nod wheels of railway 1111d other carriages and
CLASS 2.-TRANSPORT.
which machinery is nu improvement on the machinery already patented by
letters patent ~ranted to T homns Clonke, dated 1st.Mnrch, 1869.''- i'ttitwn•
lnc/11dir.g Railway• and Plant, Road-f'fl41ci1J9, Suam Vuull, Ma-'ttcor'dtiJ. 22nd .Dtcnnlm·, 1!159.
cllinery and Fitting•, Sailing V uuls, Boats, Carr'Wgu, Cart., Bar2925. W.JLLIA!II EowAnD G11ooe, Wellington·street South, Strand, London
nu8, (re.
" An Improved b<'x or cnse for packing snrdines or other provisions."-A
COIJ)~unlcation from Elicnne Chntonet, jun., La Roch elle, France.- 2291. W . I RLAM, .Ntu~lol~ Hmt.h, ntar JJ1anchuter, " R ailway turntablu and
i'etltton ra:orttec.l 23rd Dtetmber. 1859.
cram&."-Duud Stlt Ottobtr, 1869.
29~. UonKRT GARDI!IKIL HI~L1 lnvern ess-Jodge, Drentford, Middlesex, •• An
The First part of this Invention consists in • certain improvements upon
tmproved firc-cscnpc. "-Pet1twn ''tco,'CI.«l 24tl; December, 1869.
the turntables for which letters patent w ere granted to the present patentee
29?7· Ati'Rl!D VJNCII.NT NRWTON, Chancery-lane, London, "An improvement the 26t h December, 18G6, No. 8,065. The nature of the present improvem the. trcnt~ent of s~ricks o~ bundl es of fibres, twd the conversion of the ments consists In making the girders of such turntable platfor ma, and t he
same m to su vers or r1bbons.' - A communication from CbariCll De I ongtb
be~ms for connecting t bem, nnd for the centre pin, and the chairs for the
Gucbwillcr, Frnncc.
• rn1IS altogether of one solid piece of cast-iron, thereby increasing the
Z9tl2. CUAI\Ltl.s SvLVIlSTBR ROSTAlNO, Dresden Saxony " Improvem ents in Rtrength nod economising- labour. Another part of the improvements in
combinin!f and mixing gntta·pcrcha with mineral and ~egetable sub.tanou
turntnbles consists in making the chairs for the lower ring to support the
capable ol alterintr Its quality in such a manner ns to produce bnrd resisttwt' guard or catch. ring, 11nd the planks or plates forming the pit and the n.ils
unalterable, and 1mputrescibte compounds, diversely coloured."'
' of the permanent-wny. The tmprovements in cranes relate to those known
2963. WILLIA<II ARMANO GILBIIIl, Soutb·street Finsbury London " A new ns jib-~ranes, and consist In ll.D improved arrangement of a steam engine 1.nd
manufactu~e o~ colourin~r m.ntter, for reptnciog lokns o; Chinese 'green.''boiler, wtth water-tank on the platform of the crane to work tile chain
A commun1eat1on from Fehx Cbaroin, Lyons, France.-Pdition• rtcordtd barrel, 1\lld to act ns counterpoise to the jib and load to be raised or
28th l>ect~nbtr, 1• 69.
l<?wered; aleo in an Improved arrangement and construction of the founda29~9. JAMEII STB~D CROSLAND, J ohnson-brook, Hyde, Cheshire, "Certtlin tion _plate centre piu, and rim for t he supporting rollers to r evolve upon •
1
lt!lprovem~nts m steam engmes no<1 bo1lcrs, and in the mode of applying
also
m
an
1mproved mode of constructin~t the jibs of cranes on the principl~
steam engmed."
<?f lattice-work bridges, in order to com bine strength with lightness. These
2970. ALI'RIID Vt."'CINT NBWTOS, Cbnncery-lone, London, " I mprovements in tmp~ovements are applicable to stationary and m ovable cranes ; when
t he mode of, and apparatus for , submltling yarns or threads to the action apphed to a movable CrllllC the stenm engine is connected to wheels and can
of gns:ous and hqwd bodies." - A communicntion from Charles de I ongth
Ouebwiller, F rnnce.
• ~made ~o p~opel it alo'?g t~e roils of railways. Another part:of the invention coo~1sts m commum catmg the power to a centre shaft passing up the
2971. HIINRY DKRIIOULLI D&RLOW, Manchester, " Improvements in machinery centre pm of the jlb·crane ; to this shaft is fixed a bevel-wheel Je&r lng Into
or a.pparutus for 6trippin~ or cleaning the drums nod rollers of cnrding an?t~cr bevel-whet! on a cross-shaft, by which motion is gtven to the
engmes and other mnchmes In wbich rollers covered with Cllrd-teeth n.r e bolStiDg barrel and to the apparatut for t11rning the crane round.
eruployed."-A communication from H. Rieter, Winterthur, Swit zerland.
2297. J. S. P&RF!l'T, ~·art clt Strll$bourg Parn "Mt(Uuring tM •pad of
- .l'ttllwm rccordetl 29th D«M•litr, 1859.
&hiJ>I, d:c.''-Datcd 10!1• October, 1859. '
'
2996: l{OBERT G.IBSON, Lincoln, " I mprovements in the permanent-way of
T~is invention consists in a suitable disc provided with a centra.! rod
railways, nod ID the maoofaoture of parts of the same."
2998. WJLLIA M. JACRSO!I, Sp~ing-tcrracc, York-road, Lambeth, ' ' Improve- m ovmg freely through the fore part of the hull of ships below the ftoatlng
lln.c : the surface or the disc receives the pressure of the silld water 08 the
m~nts In sewmg and 8\il.clnng machines."- Pttili0111 r«ordtd3ht l>cctmber
1869
' sh~p m ?vcs forward, nod t he central rod benrs upon a cranked lever main37· OTTo. J OHN TUI!ODORE GOSSELL, Moor gate-street, L ondon, "Improve- Lamed 111 Its normnl position by a spring which yields to the p ressure of the
men.ts m the construction of locomotive engines."-A communication from water in the disc A r od connected with tbe secoml arm of tbe leverCllrrJe~ carries a rock which, g~nring with a. pinion, causes a hand to show
Lows Sloss~er, Hreslnu, Prussin.-l'elitiun ,·ecordtd ()th Jamw.ry 1860.
167. WJLLIAM EDWARD GllDOK, \~~llington-stree.t S~utb, Strand, .: I mproved on n d1al the degreC.'l corrcspondmg to tbe spl'ed of the ship. A clockwork
com1~~d with the 11pp11ratus ca~ses a drum~ r otate once in twenty-tour
props for supporting plants. - A commumcat1on from Lambert Orl)s
BnJ.bcs, Franco. - Ptt1tion 1'tcordccl 2ht January, 1860.
' ~ours, the surtnce of this drum IS covered With a sheet of paper divided
189. f !-'O&rAS D!>IIRI;" , Dcr~ondsey, Surrey, "An improvement iu paper· mto twenty-f?ur pl\l'ts. by p~rpendicular lines, and the spring rod beara.a
IJ~ncll, t ho pomt of wh1ch bemg kept touching the paper by a small eprinlr
mnk1ng mnctuucs. '-PtttiWII ,·ecordtd 25th Jamutry 1860.
22~. J ou". H KNR~ Jo~!NSO!I, Lincol!l'~i.nn-fields, Lo'ndon, "Improvements Will make o. black linu on this paper ns it rotates; but a.s the spring rod
~cends or descends accorlling to the speed, so the pencil will mark a line
10 ~lontng . e.og10es. - A commumcallon from :t::douard Fran~ois F ossey
P::n s.-1 ctuum recon.lcd 28tlt Januo • y, 1860.
' corresponding to the said speed, and the Rheet of paper being also d ivided
3~. J ou~ ~ENRY ~OUNSON, Linc~ln's-inn-fields, London, " Improvements by parallel horizontal lines, the actual speed will be registered ou the sheet
m obtn1,?10g mohve ~ow~r, ll.Dd m the mnchinery or apparatus employed of paper.- .Not procttdtd 1eith.
there_in. - A comm~1cnt1on from J eno Joseph Etienne Leooir, l'nris.Pttuw,. recordtd IIth hbrua,·y, H:60.
CLASS 3.-FABRICS.
385. WILLIA :II BRADMAN, L~ightoo- ~uzz~rd, Dedfordshir e, "An improved
ap~nratus for communlcaung motion to r oller -blinds, maps, and other lncl~in!J N a eh t!le-t"Y ~md ;l~ec'!anical OperatiOM cm~ntcted with Preart1~les.''-/'dllM~ r«o•dtd I Sth Ftbruary 1860.
parmg, Mcmtyucturmg, Prmltng, Dyeing, and .Dressing Fa.brU;,, ~.
472. E IIANC018 H YPOLITII LIIMOINE, Howllllld·St rcet Fitzroy-squnre London
" l mpro,•emcnts iu the manufncture of waterproof papers nod paStebonrds' 2301. 0. ~~·mu, Dowg~k·l~il.l, London, " Fromu [o1• 'pinning and tiDilt in
of ~v~ry descrlption.''-;Pallton recorded 22na F 1bruary, 186l•.
'
yarn. - A COI•lmUJI\calton. -Dattd lOUt. Oclobtr, 1&11.
fJ
627. fllOXAII :,1L\'BR, PluladelpLia U.S. and J ouN HAMILT0!1 Glasgow
~ese impro\'ements. relate, Fir~t, to a new arrangement of spindle and
L
' in apparatus
•
• ' or regulat-I flyer for c~pplog or ~u1tably dra.wmg the sliver from the ftut.ed or dra.win
. anar ks h'1re,'N. B., .. I mproveroents
for governing
mg the speed of steam. and other engines and machines in motion.''- r o!lers, twtstlug. and dl.st~ibuting the said sli"er or yam on the bobbins of
1 t!t1um ra.ortluJ Utlt. Ft.bMUtry, 1860.
spm<l;les for rovmg, t\1 1stmg, or other spinning frames whether throstles
64;'. ZAocU.EU8 WRJOUT, Upper Wortley, Leeds, Yorkshire, "Imp rovements bobb10 a,!'d fty soli-actors or othor.stmilo.r machinery in' which yarn is to)).)
rn machUJery or nppnrntus for the )Jrevention of nccidents in mine 5haJh spun, t\1 JSted, 1\nd wound on bobbms or spi ndles. Secondly to an improved
by ~ue break m~; of the rope or chain or disconnection of the drum from the mechanl~l ar rangement for transmitting t h e r equired duierential motion
cogm~•. applicable also to other hoisting or lifting machinery or apparatus." ~ the spmdles or bobbius of bobbin nnd fly or tbrostle frames provided
-.fttuvm rteordtd 2811• FtbMUtry, 1860.
With the above-mentioned impro"eJ s pindles and ftyers. Thirdly to 0
567. WILLIAat WILLI!'-xs, M~rthyr T ydvil, " Improvements In machinery or arrangemen~ for S\AI!-Obly varying the amount of friction to b e im ' ted
appnra~us for elfecung venttlntlon."-l'ttitionr~o,'dtt/. 29th Ptbnw.ry, 11!60. the whorls of t be spmdlcs for suitably retarding th e motion of the f:t'ter.
66~. SPIINCIIR SmTU aud P111~1~ HATUAWAY, "Jmprovements in tile mauu- 2304. W . MARTIN, jun. , ])uncltt, "Damping linm and otlur tctiltfabriu "1ncture of choius and oth~r s 1mUnr articles." -J'aiti01~ ncordcd 13th blarcli
D.ued lOUt October, 1859.
·
11!60.
•
.This Invention conblsl.lll n npplying the vapour of water (either with or
692. MARC ANTOINK FI\AI\COIII .MKNNON8 Roe de I'Echiquier Paris " An Without a. volatile chemical ~ntiseptlc therein) to the web in the process of
improved ~~tall1u wlodow-snsb.''-A communication from F~nn(:oi~ Cur6 calendoring, rubbing, bcanung or otherwise, ~o as to save a. separate opera..
Parls.-Pttttwn 'l'tcordtd 16tlt J.Iarclt, 1860.
'
tion for damping, and without scalding tbe fabric.- .Not procudt<t with •
U:
.!
278
l ncltiding
THE ENGINEER.
CLASS 4.-AGRICTJLTURE.
Agricultural ~1 Windlcu.u, Implerrumt~,
Milu, tc.
Flotl.r
2328. C. P . Mooov, Carto>~, J)mhct,m, Somn-u:tahirt, "A ma'hod of, and apparatu,afor, ra~ng grau and otl~.~:r cropa on to ttl)ckt, 1Dhicll. upparatu,a it
aZ.O applicabu to rairing and tra'M.{trring 1Deiglu.t."-1JaUd 12th. Octobtr,
1869.
This invention consists in the employment of a cradle capable of being
r emoved from a wagon or other carriage into which the grass or other
crop Is p~Med. The crop is conveyed In the cra.dle by the wa~on under the
apparatus to be presently described. The apparatus takes the cradle with
ittl con tents, raises it from the wagon, and t ransfers it to the stack to be
emptied. As soon a.s the cra.dle and its contents are taken from the wagon,
an empty cradle is placed therein, and without waiting while the full era.dle
is being emptied, the wagon is driven away with the empty cra.dle to receive
a fresh load and so on. The apparatus eoosi.sts of two elde frames wb.icb
are connected by cross bars ; these frames may be on wheels or not, as
d esi rable. Moving on stout pine or studs near the bottom of the side
frames, there are four bars or Jibs, two on each side, similar to the jib of a
crane; these bars or jibs are connected by a strong cross bar. Upon one of
the other cross bars which connect the side frames, th e patentee mounts two
winding pulleys, and a drum, or largo pulley to which the horse or other
power is to be connected, and on which he winds a rope or chain. The
winding pulleys are placed one at each side or the apparatus, and each has
connected to it a rope or chain whJcb passes over two guide pulleys on the
top cross bar connecting the top of the uprighte of the eid.e frames, and is
carried over t hem and Mtacbed to the cross bar of the jibs which is supposed
to be lowered :..nd extended out over the cra.dle or other welgbt to be ral$ed,
in which poeition the rope will be unwound !row. yet still att:l(!hed to, the
winding drums. Chains depend from the cross bar of the j ibs which are
booked on to the cra.dle or other weight to be raised and transferred. In all
farming operations horse-power will be generally found the most convenient;
therefore, when the cra.dle has been booked on to the chains, be connects a
horse to the power-rope, and as soon as he draws the power-rope Is rolled
off, and the winding ropes aru rolled on their resptctive pulleys, whereby tbe
jibs lift the cradle out of the wagon, ean·y it up, and transfer and deposit
lt on to the side of the stack or place where the stack is to be formed. A
lowering chain may be connected to the cradle-chains, and to a drum placed
at one of the side frames for the purpose of letting down or p ulling up the
cradle, or any other weight, after having been transferred as aforesaid.
Among tbe many purposes to which the apparatus may be usefully applied,
be mentions that or t.aking heavy weights from barges and other vessel$,
and transferring them into carts ; in such cases it may be desirable to haYe
two connected jibs only, one in eacb side frame instca.d of two.
2369. J . B&!Uf.a.JI.D, TM .Albany, Piuadillu, " Boot~ and lhou. "-JJaud 17th.
October, lft59.
Tbls invention consists of a peculiarly formed last, for tbe purpose of
efl'ecting the operation of lasting ox- mounting with greater ease an~ expedition. According to this invention the last proposed tc be u'ed 18 constructed in two or more pieces the line of dl vision extending from the back
part of the heel to or near tb ~ under side of the toe. The contact surfaeel!
arc fitted Si> as tc work easily together, and are provided \viLh suitable stops
and guides, as also an eye or proj ecti<>D, to which may b? co~nected a chain
or rope, for the purpose of moving the upper or sole po;'i'IO? m the direction
of it.R length. Tbe last is mounted on a stand, wblcb 18 bmged or jointed,
so as to aft'ord grea~ facilit ies for examining every part of the 1\ppa.ratus
whilst it i.s ful.llUing its functions. A_round the l~tst, au~ on the flange, are
placed, at convenient dil!lances, bonzontal shafts, whJcb are capable of
being turned m the bearings provided for carrying them. To tbe_se. sbarts
are attached suitably formed spring-holders, for the purpose of retammg the
upper in its position on the last until further secured. These spring-hold.ers
are so formed and placed that 'bey retain the material without interfermg
with the operation of attaching the outer or intermediate sole te the upper.
CLASS 8.-CHEMICAL.
APRIL
27, 1860.
tillatery process is drawn out of the still by e. bottom discharge-pipe The
matter distilled over is then deposited in the still, and the wlre·gauU being
lltted into its place the man-bole le closed down, and a brisk lire la applied to
the still until_ nearly the whole of the matter is ~edlst~l8d. The fire 13 then
put out or Withdrawn, and, the bottom waste-ptpe betn¥. opened whatever
residue is formed in the still is drawn off. This redlstilled ma.iter 13 oow
pure and clear, but not quite suited for llluminatln!\ purpOSCII. To render
it fit for use in this way it le again redistilled, when 1t comes over a.s a PIUe
llne oil, particularly well suited for burning in lamps, and very economical
in cost. 'fbe lamps employed for burning this olll'llay be of any general
form, but the burner ia so contrived that atmospheric air may be well and
completely suppUed to the fiD.me. The wick, wblcb may be either a solid
tube or in two halves or sections, 1.8 passed up from the oU reservoir
through an annular epnce or chamber wbicb tonne the actual burner. The
inner cylmder of this annular space is solid. The outer one Ill perforated a~
its lower end for the lateral a.dmissioo of atmospheric air. Io the centre of
the burner there is a short vertical adjllSta.ble spindle fitted into a deep
stationary guide. The top of this spindle carries a button or horizontal
deOecting disc, flat on its upper surface, but curved or rounded upwards
below from a thick boss to a thin periphery. This b~tton stands direct!
over the top of the annular wick space where combust1on takes place an~
its otllce is to spread the Oame and deOect both it and tbe asce~dlng
atmospheric air. I t 1.8 a.djustable as to height, so as to give exactly the deOective action required, by means of a milled hea.d on a shc.rt laterally
projecting spindle set in bearings in the llxed part of tbe lamp. 'fbe loner
end of th is spindle ea.rrics a small vertical disc with an eccentric se~t~Dent&J
slot in it. Through this slot there is passed o. short lateral pin fast In the
lower end or tbe central button spindle. Hence, by turning the milled
bead, the button can be set up or down as required. and wbllst the alr bu
tree Mcc.•s to the llame, the proper deflection can always be secured, and tbo
Jamp burns stea.dily and brigbt.Jy.
Including Special Chemical and Pharmaceutical Preparat·io~tl, l!uel
and Ligllting Mater-ials, Preparation and Preservation of Food,
Brewing, T anning, Bleaching, Dyting, CalitXJ-Printing, SmeUing,
C ltus, Pottery, Cementa, Paint, Paper, M anu1·u, ~·c.
2294.. P . ROBIII\TSON, Sun-court, CornldU, ]Am4,(m, "lmprOVtri'WlU in prt·
paring, bouinv. ar..ct /tr't'Milting 11!0rU, and i1~ '1'114Wri1IO be.r, spiriU, and
cy~·. "-lJaWJ. 8U1 Octobtr, 1859.
For these purposes In preparing worts the mashing process ill conducted
in a close vessel from which the air is 1vithdrawn by means of suitable air- 2280. A. HIND/ Eii(}lvltrctt, Popl.ar, aMl J. LoWBNTHAL, LiUle Towr·ll.rtd
.L<md;m, ' Potter}! and c/ii,,a waru."-A ~mmunication.- lJaJ.tJt 6th
pumps. When boiling worts the proce~ is performed in close vessels from
October, 1859.
wblcb the a r is 1vitbdrawn by suitable air-pumps. And in order to mature
The patentees claim the system or mode of moulding or shapi.n g articlea
beer, spirits, or cyder, the same ls introduced into. and for a time kept iJ1,
of pottery and cbina wares by introducing clay or other plastic earth or
close vessels from which the air is withdrawn by suitable air-pumps.
2302. 0. DAVII!B, Strle·llr«t, Lincoln'•·inn-jl~lda. Ll:ntd;m, "!flanufacture of compounds of a similar nature, in a Ouid or semi-lluid state into mo~ds
composed of plaster of Paris, lire clay, or other similar absorbent material.
paper, pa8ltboard, and cardboard.''- Dat«l l Oth October, 1859.
This invention consists, Firstly, in furnishing the pressing roller not 2283. W . E . NEWTON. Clw.n«ry·l4m, London, " Manufacturt of cu.b
only ,,;th a "doctor" intended to maintain the surface thenof constantly
barreu, and tw:h likt vuleh."-A communication.-JJat«L 614 O~obd
intact, that is to say, free from plush, dust, or dirt of auy kind, but, also
1859.
,
with a counter doctor resting on the upper surface of the roller facing the
ThL~ invention cannot be described without reference to the drawlogs.
reel in an oblique direction te the former, so as to form a space which cao
be closed by u. cover, and of which the surface of the roller forms a sort of /
m<>ving bot tom. And, Secondly, in placlr.g in t his space ooe of the hcrcR1FLitD CAS'l'·IRON O&DNA~O&.-O ne of the cas~iron contract
inart~r mentioned substances either In the state of pulp. juice, or liquor,
which wlll eseape continually in a very small quantity between the doctor guns, a 6! in. bore, ri fled for experime.1tal purposes, under Sir W.
ULASS 5.-HUILDING.
and the roller, aod will ha1·e the effect of maintainill!r the surface of the Arms trong's system, and hooped accor ding to a late su~gestion
I ncluding B rick and Tik Machinu, Brick&, Tilu Drain Pipt8, Ce- latter in a permanent state of non-adherence as ..egards the paper, which ordered to be adopted by the War Depar tmen t, was lately nred at
will tben follow its own route on leaving tbo press1ng roller. These sub- the proof- bu tt, Woolwich, loaded with 16 lb. of powder, and a
mtnl,Gltu5, Paint, H ou,ae Fittings, Warming, V entilating, tc.
stances, which are very numerous, are principally the following, employed
2316. J . SKllRTCJJLV, A81W};-dt·l.a·Z(I'UC1., .Uicuttrlllire, "Impr011e11Vnt8 i n tl~.e either separately or m1xed, viz., tubers, such as the potato; roots, such as 140 I b. cylinder. The test was ordered to be a severe one, as the
manv.facturt of moaaic and olhtr ornamtlltal titu and ataba, a?ul in appa,- beet or mangold; bulbs, such a.s the onion; fruits, such as the melon, a dopt ion of th e method of riHing and hooping cas~i ron gull! wouJd
,·atm ~nl't.tekd tM?-turilh. "-JJaud. 12th Octobtr, 1869.
p•1mpkio; fl eshy or farinaceous seeds and fruits; farina, or tlour in general, mainly depend on the res ult. The gun bore the trial well up to the
This invention cannot be described wit hout reference to the drawings.
such as that fr<>m cereals ; lleshy leaves and stems of plants and vegetables; thirty-sixth round, wben it burst into f ragments.
b1 an telt., harm or yeast, uon-rcsinous ~ums, certain acids, fresh milk, the
L AUNCH o.F THE CAP£ 1\'[ATL STEMte& CAMBntAN.-On Monday
sap of vegetables. lean bacon, llaliva, nrme, and other articles, both animal
ULASS 6.-FiltE-ARMS.
aftern oon the la u nch of the screw steamer Camb ri~n, belonging to
and vegetable, possessing gilllilar properties.
Including Gun.t, Su·orrh, Cannom, Slwta, SheO.., Gunpowder, l mp le- 2314. A. V. NSWTON, (J!w.ncery-tant, London, "Cl4rifying atld dlfcco.J.ing the U nion Steam Navigation Company, of Southampton, aod inrMntl of W ar or f or Defencea, ~n Carriages, \tc.
tended as a mail sh ip between that port and the Cape of Good
lacclw.rint sot'ldiom.''-A ~nlmunico.J.ion. - JJaw.t 11th October, 1869.
Crude sugars and the juices of sugar-producing plants contaiJl usually, H ope, took place from the shipbuilding yard of Mr. C. Lungley, of
2298. J. BIINTLEV and H . J. S ILLEM, Liwrpoot, "Bffldvlcading ftn·atml,
besides crystallisable sugar, varying amounts of earthy and other salts, D eptforu, and in the presence of a large concourse of persons, in&:c." - JJaw.t lOth October, 1859.
The Firs~ par~ of tblll lnven~ion btu~ for i~ object certain arrangemeuts albuminous and other nitrogenous substances, colouring matwr, &c., the cluding the directors of the company and S ir J. R ennie, Captain
for the pur pose of opening and closing the breech or rear end of the barrels presence of which, and the application of beat, are the causes of the Scott Captain Durham, &c. The Cambrian is a r emarkably tine
of riftes, muskets, and other llre-arms for introducing the charge, and con- deterioration of the sugar in the making of the crude s ugars, as in t he after vessei of her class, and has been built from the lines designed by
lli&ts m arran~og a sliding·p!ece io the rear of the barrel, on the fro~~ of process of rellniog the same. To effect tbe removal of these impuriLies,
which 1.8 lltted or formed a su1tably shaped plug or breech, which takes Into and to leave o. pur1flcd or clarified solution In which sugar alone remains her bu.ilder, Mr. C. Lungley. The following are her exact dimenand closes the rear of the barrel. 'fhis sliding-piece works withi n or partially dissolved, is the object and purpose of the 01anuracturer and refiner. In s ions: - L ength between perpendiculars, 280 ft. ; dit to over all
uttaining this object it is now proposed to employ alcohol in combination 252 ft.; breadth, extreme, 30ft. 1 in.; depth of bold, 19 ft. 6 io.,
wi~hlu o. semicircular groove In line wl~h, and at tbo rear of, the barrel.
The whole or a portion of the grqovo In which the Rliding-picce works is with water, according to a certain process.
burden in ton s, old measurement, 1,019 18-94ths.
enclosed by a jointed cover which opens backwards either upwards or 2367. W. E . NEWTON, Clw.mtry·l.ant, Lo-ndon, " Prutr~ing and di#inftctinq
orgam.ic tuhftanca."-4 commu.ticatio-tl.-lJut<d 17tJL October, 18511.
laterally when t ho rear of th o barrel 1.8 open for tho introduction of the
AN l L,) ll'.lUCAN STEAM ConvmTE.-The new steam corvette
This
invention
consists
in
t
he
employment
of
heavy
hydrocarbons
and
charge. Tho sliding breecb-plcco Is actuated by the folding covering-piece,
Pawnee, now in course of completion at the Ph il adelphia Navy-yard,
tc which lt Is con uected by a link j oint or rod, and the covcrinrc·piecc may oils ex tracted from mineral or vegetable pitch, or tar, naph~ba, bitumen. is nearly ready for sea, and will make her .fi rst trial trip next week.
be lltted with a boiL or other falitculog to secure it In position when folded asphaltes, re.~ins, balms, and othe•· analogous carbooaceous matters for 1 be model of this beautif ul vessel is both new and novel. Sbe is
down The iu Yentora propose to mauufacture tho projcctllcH to be used preserving and dlsinfectmg organic substauccu.
much sharper than any Uni ted States vessel ever built, and, instead
with t heir Improved brcech-loa.ding llre-arme from cold ruet:LJ by preSBuro.of hav ing dead rise li ke a ll other vesse:s of war, the bilge is below
N ot proctt.dt.d 111ith.
CLASS
9.ELECTRICITY.
the base line. H er chief dimensions are as follow:- E x treme
2311. J. SM ITB, Oldlwm, "Brecclvlcadlnq ltrt-arm~ and ordnaMt."-JJaud
length over a ll, 240 ft. ; on lme of main deck, 233 ft. ; beam, 47 ft.;
11th Octobtr, 1869.
I ncluding Electric, M agnetic, and Electro-Magr~etic .Apparatw,
In carrying this invention into effect the patentee employs a eoiJd breech·
displacement of load line, 10 ft.; tons burden, 1,533 ; indicsted
l!:lectricql Apparatw, Galvanic Batter-U-s, tc.
piece and sliding twitch-hoop or tube that wiU bear any prtssure and bard·
horse-power, 1,100, to be developed by two screws of 9! ft. in
ship required. The breech-piece is closed at one end, and part or the 2372. R. A. BROOHAN, Ftut·ltreet, London, ".Blectro magnttic tngines, and d iameter each, with a pitch of 17 ft.: when the engines make
apparo.J.u,a connected tl.e~·twith. "-A communico.J.ion.-JJakd 17tll Octobtr,
e~terior circumference of the other end is shaped or turned to r.orrespond
40 revolutions, the propeller will muke 100. There are two boilera,
1!!69.
Wltb the outeide of the barrel at that place, the joint being kept tight, and
The chief objects of this Invention are, First, to obtain the greatest each 24 ft. front, 10 ft. deep, 11 ft. high, and have 280 square feet of
the barrel a~d bre~cb-piece held llrmly together by sliding over and arterwards fasten10g the t wttch-boop or tube, so that it is partly over the breech- amount of power po!ISible from a given number of electro-magnets by gx-ate s urface, with 6,800 ft. of heating su rface. The machin ery and
piece and partly over the barrel, thus uniting them as if of one piece, and means of successive direct at~ractions ; Secondly, te annul the resititance boilers are made in a substantial manne r, and weigh altogether
prennting them getting out of the straight line ; the breech-piece is hinged which arises from the slow demagnetisation of the elcctro-ma.,."'llets; Tbirdly, 268 tons. H er armament co nsists of four Uahlg ren s hell g uos, two
to tbe segment ol a Rocket forming- part of the back iron or solid breech- to multiply mechanically the length or a short stroke derived from the of the four which she i11 to ~ar~y weigh with t he ir carriages ~1 tons
bead connected tc the stock. He modifies the a.rrangemen~ of the twitch by electro-magnets, and so to render it uuneceSilary to obtain a long stroke
forming a screwed pin on the solid breech-hea.d, and fitting upon it a screwed therefrom. such long stroke being obtainable only at a great sacrifice of each, and carry :~llells we1gh10g 150 lb.- New York Cou.ner and
twitch-tube connected to. or forming part of, the barrel under the bore, so power, arising from tbe fact that the attr~Wtive force exerted by the electro· J::nquirt1'.
that t he end of the barrel can be twltcbed againat the solid breech·hea.d, and magnet varies inversely as the square of the distance; Fourtbly, to produce
Tae: MATERIALS Oll' PAPER.-The following letter, on the collecheld by a catch when the piece i.s to be llred, and also untwitched and the great ecooomy in th e working of electro-magnetic machines. In order to tion of rags fo r the manufacture of pa per, has been addressed to tbe
bore of the barrel exposed when the piece is to be loa.ded. Or thisarrange- attain these euds the inventor constructs a machine cousistlng usually, but
ment. may be rever&ed l>y placing the twitch-tube on the back iron and tbe not necessarily, of t wo similar portions which act upon cranks set at righ~ earochial clergy, th e managers of parochial institutions. &c., by
screwed pin on the barrel. l:f e also forms upon the soiJd breech-head a e.ngles to eaeb other, the action of the two portions being further regulated Richard H erring. the author of a number of works upon the manutwitch-tube having an iut~roal screw or thread of aoy desired pitch, and by means of a lly-wheel ; each portion comprises a suitable frame and plat- facture of paper:-" The late wse ass ions in Parliament have brought
tits to lt a correspond ing external ~brea.d cut upon the breech-end of the form which support a ll the mechanism. The electro-magnets are by the subject of papermaking and its materials prominen tly bel'ore
barrel, which 1.8 en larged for the purpose, so that t he barrel can be t witched preference arranged vertically in pairs upon the platform, 110 as to act upon the public.
British machinery and indus try p roduce the Jineet
close to the breech-bead or back iron, and also uotwitched or unscrewed, in a series of .armatures, every ~wo magnet.. nttraetiog a. single armature. Each paper in the world, and are capable of com manding the market of
order to ~nable the bore to correspond with a bole in the back iron for the armature 18 carr1ed upon o. vertical rod and each rod depend~ from the
purpose of introducing the charge. 'l'bis arrangement may also be reversed extremity of a rocking-lever. The sucees.~iv<> n.rmatureij are situated at the world. .But papermaking demands a su rply of rags, and the
by placing the screwed twitch-tube on the barrel, and the exterior screw on gra.dually lncrea.sing distances from their respecLi ve magnets, aud the continental duties at present curtail that s upp y. E ng land requires
?lectric currents arc caused to magnetise the patr~ of magnets iu succession, at least 120,000 tons yearly, of wh ich she supplies but 40,000.
the back 1.r on.
tn such manner that when ono palr of magnets has brought down its
2367. J. H. BROWN, lt1Y1116q, Hantl, "Prtparo.J.ion of gunpo10dtr fo r leading armature upon it, the cu rrent pa.sses to the next pair, which then has its The guestioo is, can that h ome s upply be enla rged? I am con6dent
ordna.ne4 andflrt-arrn~."-lJaw.llotlt October, 1869.
that 1t can, and to an extent more than adequate to all its demands.
arm~ture within its range, and draws it down upon it, and so on, the
The patentee claims combining and pressing grains of gunpowder with an mot1on of ench armature brinb-ing the next in succession within reach of The collectio n of rags ba11 hitherto been by a small traffic io the
adhesive solution into solid cakes or charges for loading ordnance and liTe- the attr~Wt1on of its pair of magneUI. Tho rods carrying the armatures are hands of petty dealers; and the general carelessness of collection
arms.
free .to pass down t brough them when they come upon tbe magnets. Th e and Lhe lowness of price hnve equa ll y diminil!hed the quantity. It
mot1ons of the succe~ive rods and rocking-levers are aecum ulated has been ascertained tllat in scarcely 50 h ouses out of every 100 any
CLASS 7.-FURNITURE AND CL OTHING.
in a horizontal rockJng·shaft to which the levers are llxed. Thle collection is ever made. This negligenoo arises partly f rom mistakes
rockl ng-sha(t carries a.n arm or crank which is pinned to a set of
I ncluding Cooking Utemiis, Uplwl&tery, 0 1'TUJ.TMnliJ, .Afwtical lmtru- lazy-tong
or cross levers, one end of which is jointed to a fixed arm, as to tbe na ture, v alue, and manner of the duo collection. It has
ment&, L amp•, .i}lam~jactt.wed Articlu <if Dreu, t c.
wh!le tho other rod Is pinned to a connecting rod leading to n. crank on the been commonly supposed that white rags alone are of use in paper2327. C. H. SOUTlU.LL, Blackburn, l.anc<UIIire, "Bootf and slUJC$. "-lJat<d mam shaft of the engine. 'fhe l azy-Loo~ levers multiply the motion of the making. B ut colo ured ragil genera lly are useful, and even waste
12th October, 18511.
arm or crank of the working shalt. 'l he rods which carry tbe armatures paper can be valuably employed in the manufacture. Every houseThis Invention relates particularly to t hat description of boots and shoes have a.djustable shoulders for supporting the snme, the positions of such keeper ought to have three bags-a w llite one for the white rags, a
in wb.ich the IOICII and h~:el11 are fixed to tbe upper-leathers or welts by shou lders being regulated by screws. The fly-wheel on tbe main shaft has g reen one for the coloured, and a 'black one for the waste paper (the
screwed f ins, ~ud coosiste of machinery or apparatus for accomplishing the hollow arms attached to it, In whjch Is placed a quantity of mercury or
same. 'lbe sa.1d machinery or a)Jparatus cons1sts of sell-acting movements oLhcr beavy substance for the purpose of a.dding to tbe ellect of the lly- three might be f u roi.hed for ls.), which would prevent Litter, waste,
by which the wire iB screwed or forced Into the boot or shoe, and afterwar~ wheel. The invention al&o embraces a form of commutation for distributing and the t rouble of colJ ecting when the demand came. A s uitable
C!lt off by shears, for moving the boot or shoe the distance required, and the electric currcntll to thQ several pairs of mag~1ets successively whereby a gency f...r m ed in the t.owns and villages wo ul d settle all demands,
all tbc po~vc1· of t he b~ttery is brou~tbt to bear simultaneously ~pou each 11rrange the contri butions, and reduce tile whole into a regu lar trade:
g~vlng con tinuous rotatory motlODll to the cutter11 and glazing wheels. JJy
meaus of a "heel, with te<:th upon a p<>rtlon of Its periphery, n. revol vio~t &rmaturc 111 ~uCetll~ion, and time is alforded for the dcmagnoti~atloo of the Paroch ia l officers would find attention to this s ubj ect a very etfectual
motion iB given at certain lnterva.Js to the wire for formlug tbe screwed mnguets during the Intervals which ela~c between the succe6l!ive appllca· mode of increasing the means at their disposal for charitable purpins, the th reads of which are made by a ecreW·JJlate or dies, the entrance of tlou11 of tbo currents thereto. The commutator Is formed of two di~c.:i
the pins into \he sole o.nd welt or upper-leather goi11g on at the sutUe thne. having grooves on their h11erual faces, into which &'TOOves segments of con- poses. The general apprehension that we require French or forei!fv
Durwg the stopping of the revolving uaotlon of tbe wire tl1u pins a re cut off ducting and non-conducting material, say copper and ivory, are alteroat.tly rags for o_u r man~factux-e is a roista~e; ,we llave a sufficient supply
by ahears or cutter11 put in motion by a cam driven m any suitable placed. To these pieces of copper the wires from their electro·m~eUI a1•e at home, sf we w1ll but make use of 1t. l'here are more rags wasted,
manner1 the boot or shoe being moved by divlding-whcellf utcording to the led, wltb their posiMve and negative poles disposed suitably for tbc required burnt, or left to rot, than would make our paper manufacturers
req uireu distance between thu screwed pins. Alter the sole has bceu purpose. 'l'wo strong rodEo of copper pass through the disc, and are secured independent of all assistance from abroad. A regular communicathereto ; th ese rods havmg the wires from the battery attached to them.
screwed on, the boot or shoe is removed to another part of the apparatus
Copper ro~lcrs attached to a revolving arm or arms, and running round in tion ought to be formed by country carriage, and by railroads, for
tbe table of which is moved 80 as to pre&8 the edge of the sole against
circular cu tter put In motion by wheels and pulleys in tbe u.suo.l manner, n. conta?t w1th tbo copper se;pnenls m the dU.c, arc employed for making nod the conveyance of the baga to London, or to those paper-mills in the
guard being employed to maintain the correct action of the cutter. After breaklllg the connection oetwccu the battery wires and the "ires of the country which enter largely into the trade. A plan is p roposed
which will place the whole subject plainly before the public, otTer
the sole is cu~ it Is pr~ed agah,&t circular polillbed surfaced and a brush, magnet.
110 as to give 1t any destred am<>unt of llnl&b. Tbo patentee uses nn interp roper pledges, establis h proper means, and give .the whole mov~­
mediate shaft, on wblcb be plaoos wheels, cams, or tappets, which give
CLASS 10.-1\IIS<.:ELLANEOUS.
m ent the degree of activity and regularity which may render st
m otion tc the required operations.
prolitable to individ uals and the country. 'fbe loog acquaintance
I ncluding all Palen4 11Ct fourt.d urukr the preceding ltea<b.
2348. H . W. C. WJSI!, '/'Uc}•JWd, 1/ariU, " Apparo.J.m for mai:i,tg ua, ~.f!u
of th e w ri ter with the details of the trade enables him to speak ,~th
&:c. "-JJatcd Hth Octobtr, 1!!59.
' 2278. A. :\1. Ftmo.v, Bdinburql!, " Improvtrntnl4 in tlte Manufacture or pro- f ull knowledge of its necessities, its means of success and its ~ecul!ar
duction of QU1 atld in lam~ for lrnming tl~.e 8alfu.''-l>at«t 6th October,
1
Acccrdlng to this inventi<>n the inventor placell upon a ~uitablc stand an
value
to
the
general
intere3ts
of
commerce.
I
t
not
less perm1ts hlm
18(19.
urn of ordinary construction, and in front thereof, one on each bide. a tea·
This invention relates under the First head t.o the manufacture or produc· to speak with confidence of the results of relying on our ow_n repot aod coffee-pot, having pipes or tubes oonnccted to them from the urn
with tape or cocks, ao that, when more water iB required in either one or the tion of 011 from th e ordinary re~in of commerce, as wellll8 from reslnoWI and sources in the presen t difficulty. We requ ire on ly the i}pplica.tiOn of
other, the tap or cock bclongiug thereto can be t urned on to let ln the requi- gumn&y matterd j:'Cnerally. 'l'he resin or resinous mlltt~r to be treated in tile means iu our possession. A little industry, a little i ntel~1genC:e,
site quantity of bot water; th e whole can be dlsconuected by uuscrewmg this way is depos•ted in an oblate spberoldal, or other shaped still, Jltwd up and an established system, wou ld perfectly secure us from fa ilure 10
the ordinary unJon joints ; t he lids of both vC8sel8 arc a.ccured by ~;uitablc with an entrauce Ud or man-hole on iu. upper side, and with a wide pipe an important branch of art and trade, already wo rth £ 6,00LI,U00
passing Ul> from the cenlrc of itt. upper sidll, and lcudlng to the \Uiual conmeans to prevent tbo escape of the aroma.- Not procwic4 11tW•.
densing worm or refrigerator. A pcrforat•d diapbragtJJ or sbwt or wire- sterling, employing a large number of sk iJi ed workmen, and con~361. 0 . B&R&Y, JJ'Idtuland.-ttral, Jlliddlatz, "Gi4uarullO.rtllenuarc v~ueh."
gauze or other permeable material Is fitted iu the interior of the stiU, at the ducing m ost oflectually to the indus try and comfort of the peasan~y,
- JJaWJ, 17th Octobtr, 1869.
part where tbe uptake pipe branches oft. In cummonc1ng to distil the rc;,in a nd to the trttde and resources of the empire. The present subject
The inventor con~<tructs the said vessels with two ncckx or orifices, a gentle heat is applied uutil t he I'CIIin is thoroughly melted, agitation being is not altogether voluntary ; it has been urged on me by lett.el'll
whereby, when auch necks or orl.ftees are clollcd with pmpcr lftoppers, con· kept up in the melting mw.s, by stirring it through the man-bole dnor,
nected together in the Interior of s uch vessels, and wbeu the area! of such which 18 subsequently closed dowu. 'fbe Jlrst product distilled over i11 of nn from various quarter:~, a ll expressing the same necessity f?r makwg
atoppers are alike, the dy namlc force, il any, or the contained fluid u11 on acidulous chnract.tr, which ill succeeded by a. ~opirituous product, and this an effort in th is direction, for calhng tbe public atten tion .to our
tbe stoppers 1.8 neutru.Uaed, and when the intern al area~~ of *uch stoppers agaln Is succeeded by a heavy oil. Wbcn the acidulous matter ceaaes tv come resour.ce~, and for gi~ ing a new imp~lse to a trade which has hll~~
&re un!Jka, theo tbe dyuamlc force on the stoppers le diJ:ninl&bed tc the over, and when about 13 cwt. or thereabout~~ has been distilled over, for been hmsted, but wh1ch may be earned s uccessfully wherever Bn
dlllerence of the areas of the two stoppers.-Not proceu.I.«J.117UJ~.
every ton of raw resin originally p ut into the still, the rofusc of the diB- com merce extends over the globe."
a
•
APRIL 27, 1860.
·-
THE ENGINEER.
279
tbe thick coal bad undergone a 6rat working, and the j ury export to France hopeless. It would therefore be neceuary, in the
THE IRON, COAl,, AND GENERAL TRADES were called upon to decide upon tile va~ue of what ~ema_ined to opmion of tbe Chamber, to urge tbe admission of all hardware and
otber finished goods on an ad tJaWrem duty in the same way and on tbe
OF BIRMI NGHAM, WOLVERHAMPTON, AND be 11 gotten" by a second working .. T~e ev1dence upon. t~1s poant was! same
principles adopted In the United States tariff. With regard to
as is usual in most cases of tins kmd, very contl1ctlng ; severa
OTUE& DISTlUCTS.
em inent mining en~ineers estimatin~ the quantity at 6,000 tonsl?er the half-manufactured goods, tbe conversion of an ad tJalorem to &
(From our own Corrupondent.)
acre, which t hey valued at £825; whilst others only put tbe quantity sj>ecillc duty by weight would not always be so difficult or so unfair.
Of the principal exports of the district under this bead, pigs and
A 8&ADB or lknOVDI!!:l\T Cf TII C l&Oll T lUDE: Fir11rl'alt llOUIU full of a t 4,000 tons per acre, and .the value £450. The jury ultimately
Ordtn ; Pnct - Plo ·IJO:ot: Prtt:u Firm /()(' l nftrl()r Ducriplwn•-On:ot j.!ave a verdict for £2,5GS, bemg at the rate of £600 per acre f~r the cast iron in blocks might be omitted, 88 not allowing a protltable
thick coals and £ 309 for the brooch. The Great Western Railway competitiop with the make of maritime districts; and aa the price
Co~oTucn--Co.u. TUD&: Pncu ond tM Wor!p~o,Jt-'l'o~ ML~U lsCompany 'are disputing their liability to pay for such min_es under per ton of tin plates and galvanised iron depended so much on the
IP&cno!f Bu.~r-D£LOIA.-t Co.U.OW~> BU .& ~>'» T DB F a£NCI1 T.&·arrr- Tu t:
thei ~ railwa.r as are necessary to sup port t be surface, and thlll matter value of zioc and tin, and on the proportion of those metal! to iron
Anln.&TIOif C.uc-CoLLIIIII " 'o W .&o.:.-G~:>EBA L lt.aow.~o.u TBA.Dcs :
in different sizes, it would be extremely difficul t to suggest any plan
'I'M £fftd1 of 01t Weallw: T/14 FOMfJn /Jmumd; GrttJt !Hmand for .Anmu: will be earned no doubt for linal deci ion to the House of Lords.
An action was beard in the Wolverhampton County Court, on for the conversion of ad valorem duty on these goods to a epeciftc
'I'M IAc.t 7hJ<le-Woate.u&!'l'll DI8PUrES : TM SpU.t·m4ktr8: Tile C/14illFriday, in,,oJviog a point of .impo!tance to ~olliers and others ~vho duty by weight, and,as far as the Chamber bad been able to examine,
maktri - BIUtlNCO.U l A~D W OLV !:LIJU I PTO:ot C II.UIIJSDI u l' COIWEBC£ 4!10
TUI TauTY: 'I'M !Uplv of tn. lYolrtrllampton G'lwmbn- lBo:-M.uT£114' aba ndo n their employers' se~v1~e w1thout ~ot1ce ~~der. an o_rgamsed 1t was not prepared to submit any classification of such goo<b with a
view to the conversion of t be import duties upon them. By far the
E»cc.&no~t.u. PBIZ& Scot ld'C- Dwnbldwn C>f P~UU- PaoncllTI!Io "' sy&tem of strike. The pla•nh (J' was a. mmer, hv10g m \ViJ[eoball,
and the defendants were two butty colliers of the same place. greater part, however, of the exports of material from this district
MAIItra& ~ or.&c:-rua£B-!o'ATA L CoLLU.&T Accu>E~>n.
Plaintiff cJajmed 40s., n formigbt's 'vsges in lieu of notice, alleging are included under the general bead of merchant iron, and with
T11s iron trade or South talfortlshire may be reported 118 in a slightly that in February last his master discharged him a t a miou~e's respect. to this whole class the Chamber suggested that it would be
improved state. The improvement extends_ to a mere shade, a nd notice. There bad been a strike amongst the men and be, w1th especiaJJy desirable to urge: 1. That in com~uting the specific duty by
may be said to arise out of the fact that dun ng the 1118t week or ten others, wait~d upon a deputation of the musters at '\Volverbampton. weight (afte r the ad valoTem rate bad been !ixed) the lowest or at tbe
days the few first-rate h~uses have received. orders which, ~dded to On tbe followi ng morning, when be went to his work, the men would most the usual medium quality of each denomination should be taken
t hose previously on the1r books, are suffic1ent to keep the1r works not go down the pit. l'l!r. llodson singled him out as ringleader on as tbe standard. 2. That, if the aclualorem duty be converted to a duty
in full operation tolerably far in to this quarter. W hilst it must b11 account of his a ttempt to vindicate 11 his rights," and be was dj8- by weight, every ton of iron under each denomination should be
admitted that this is the case exclusivel y in tlle exceptional instances charged at once while the others were taken on again. He admitted accepted a t the ea me rate witho ut regard to size; but that, if this
noticed our inqui ries have at the same time showed that there is that he did not express his own readiness to go down the pit, and cannot be secured, at all events one extra duty of each class should
scarcely a producer of good iron-in sheet.s and plate~ i!l particular ,aid be acted 118 the others did. His Honour said he Wll8 afraid include aU ex tra eizes of tbat class, and should begin only at tbe
- wbo has legitimate cause for C(lmplaint, notwithstandmg tbat the there was a great deal of oppression among the working classes sizes OD which a higher price is charged by the maker here. a. That,
elate of his order books iJ not so favourable as i~ that of houses or towards one another, and when they bad a l ittle power tbcy were if these po1nts cannot be agreed upon, the duty be kept at whatever
wide reputation for the _excelhmcy ~f their product~. I n o~a.rl.r all apt to abuse it. l t would. however; bave been qui te competent for ad valorem rate may have been fixed by the commissioners, since
theso ea es t be list pnces arc bemg obtamed w1 thout d:llieulty. the plainliiT to have 1111id to his master when the other llJeo struck, the whole benefit (if there be any) of a conversion would be lost by
W hen they are not obtained by houses who aro members of the " I'll stand by you; I'll &Land by my agreement." It was the tirst arbitrary limitations of weight, size, and quality, which must
IronmMters' Association- who alone have hitherto been supposed to case that bad come before him, but he hoped the workmen would render the tariU' complicated, and do injustice to the exporter, withconsider tbemsel ves called upon to observe them -the departures know from this that if they made a bargain with their mas teu they out providing any real check for tbe customs of France. 4. From
bave not given rise to murmu rs of d1sapprobution by the other must abide by it. Plaintilf ti rst broke 1Ji8 contract, and be was the the account of the ~'rench tariff, published in 1855 and 1859, it
member:~ of the As:.ociation; for it is now pretty widely recognised suflerer for it in the end. J udgment was given for the defendant,
wottld appear that boiler r,Jates and s beet.s, alLbougb manufactured
that in the event of competition from other didtricts who may be without costs.
wi th "coal " and " rolled, • a re only admitted into France on the
eupP»sed to b~ in :l ~osit ion to .Hupply an article that .will not be far
The general trades in Birmiogb um, Wolverhampton, and their same duties 118 " plates made with charcoal and hammered," namely,
lrom the quahty de:med, a pnce may be quoted wb1ch would tend districts a re for the most part in a state of quietude. About ten £8 per ton. This du ty is eq ual to from 75 per cent. to 90 per cent.,
to keep tbe order in the district; and unl es~ tbe ·quality required is dn) sago a slight movement was apparent in the country trade, and and, unless it were altered, it would be better to have the ad t!aloren&
a oot Yorkshire bra nd, cousumers will generaii,Y be ready to give the factors' travellers sent home ra ther better lilled sheets, and these of SO per ce01. 5. I n the same way it is desirable, if possible, to
a few shillings more a ton for South Stallordshire iron than orders being at once distri buted amongst the m anufacturer~, there revise the price on which 7 francs per 100 kilogrammes was calcufor the iron of most other localities. Tbe recent tests in Scotland has not been that a ppearance of dep res~io n wbich might be inferred tated equal to 30 per cent. on all bars, since that price, which ia
- before noticed in detuil in 'I'm~ E:-CJNKim-have tended to from the tone in which all business men speak of the condition of equal to £'1. 16s. 3d. per too, would amount, as the Council prove by
increase the feeling of renewed conlidence in tbe productions of long- trade generally. Jn some of the ve ry largest establishments the example, to a duty of from 85 per cent. to 50 per cent. on the value
estt~blisbed outb Statlor<L!bire lirms, that experienced a check by men have been making as much time as they care to do; but notof bars.
tbe efforts that were made here to meet t bo ell.cessive demand con- withstanding tll i~, there can be no doubt that manufact urers are
An annual di, tribution of the iron and coal masters prizes, offered to
temporaneouJ with the railway mania. The cla s of orders now very short of orders. Accustomed to a good supply of orders a scbolau in public schools in South Sta(J'o rdsbireaod Eas~ Worcestermo tly under execution indicates tb!lt the men who are tbe most in- month or six weeks on the books beforehand, such intervals or quiet shire, took place yesterday (Tbur$day) week in Dudley, Lord Lyttelterested in ecuring a good quality of iron, namely, ci\'il engineers, as we are now encountering produce much more impression than ton in the chai r. F•ve boys received tbe advanced prizes of £4,
are thef whose confidence i3 now the greatest. A large quantity of a t the period to which we have referred. The power of productions 22 boys and 18 git Is tbe £3 prizes, and 74 boys and 45 girls were pr&heavy n on to be used by such in vario us ways, is now being tu rned ~-:rent, and those who possess i t a re impatient of an y check upon its sented witb very bandsome bibles, which are given by the associa tion
out at tbe ieading mills. Of couree the m aker~ of iron that will not full occupation.
as their lowe:lt prizes. Card.i beautifully printed were also presented
atand a rea.•onable test arl' unable to secure list prices for any of
The factors' travellers attribute to the weather much of the dull- wi th tlle pri ze~. After some introductory remarks from the noble
t heir descri ption ~. Sucb producers experience cono;iderable difficulty ness which prevdils; and in other quarte rs tbere exists a very chairman, wbo congratulated the iron and coal masters on the succesa
in securing apecifications, e\'en a~ much low.,r rates. Nevertheless, general belief that a ny favou rable cban~e in this •espect would be of this proj ect, I be l<ev. J . P. N orris, her ~laj esty's i1111pector ofschools,
t here is not tha t extreme competition in the trade that at one time followed by a consideruble improvement 10 the home trade, the con- stated that this year 915 children had come forward for examination,
characterised it d uring a p~riud or slackne3S. This feat ure iu the dition of which ill languid rather than positively unhe •lthy. T be by far the largest number that had ever offered tbemsel ves previou1ly.
current history or the trade is due to the prices a t which pigs can foreign trade is al uck; the American orders in are small, a nd bave Of tbese 70 were tb11 children of working miners and a large numberonlv be obtained- prices which, fo r this de..cription of iron . is much been for the last six we.kfl unaccountably so, bec.1use stores of burd- one-ninth of the whole-were employed in ironworks, 39 were emabove the ave rage duri ng a state of trade such as now prevails. ln wa re goods a t B(lston, l'h lladel plii~t, and ·New York are any thing but ployed at glassworks. There were also 25 children of butty colliers
Birmingham yes terday, as at Wolverhampton on the day before, in excess. Since tho last panic our Americun fri ends have certainly and ground bailitlil, and 28 of engineers. T here were, further, 22
whilst ti.Jere were plenty or pigs of this quality in the ma rket, sules beon more cautious, the disposition being e,·idently against over- orphan cllildren whose parents had worked io mines, and 141 children
were not unduly pressed, and the prices remained tirm at our last lftocking. There is a moderate businesll doing wi th the Cape, a nd a of spade-makers, nailers, blacksmiths, &c. Thus about 4.00 of tbe
quotation.
steady extension of that bra nch of our colonictl trade. A few orders 900 competitors were directly or indirectly connected with the staple
Jn addition to the open contracts mentioned in the ad ve rtisement from the East. l adies have recently been put. in band through London trades of the district. Since the scheme bad been started, t he average
age of tbe boys coming forward for the bible-prizes had been raised
columns of Tn& E.sot.~~Eit of 1118t week, we tind that the following house •
are amongst. the requiremcnt.s oJ' public companies :- The East I ndia
The anvil trade in ti.Je neighbourhood of Dudley never was in a from 11 years to 12 years and 2 months, and of the girls to 12 years
Company advertise for a bout 560 tons of iron, comprising all descrip- better condition than at present. Duri ng the last six months orderil and 6 months. The mean age of those who competed for the .£S
tions of pig, bar, plate L. and T. ; pig und sheet lead; ingot, have been ratber abundant, and the large stocks in the various ware- prize, who were necessarily a year older, having obtained the bibleebeet, pipe, rod, and wi re covper ; also brass in sheet, rod, pipe houses belonging to the large manufacturers have been greatly prize last year, were boys 18 years and 4 months, girls 13 years anJ
wire, and wire gauze; block tin and tin plates; zinc calte; steel of diminished; in fact, there is scarcely an anvil on hand.
6 months. They wo uld, therefore, ~erceive that this groue of 915
various descri ptions; vices, anvils, hammers, ratchet-braces, tilca,
At Willenhall there ill a most conspicuous difference in the s tate of children was by no means the little d1minutive race of juventles that
ateel letter , sa ws, carpenters' and j oiners' tools, iron locks, brass 11ome of the trades otherwise verY much similar. For rim-locks the they formerly saw competing in the front ranks for the first-claas
h inges, n<~ils, and firing shovels. Par ticular:~ at the company's demand continue:! very large, and it is impossible to complete them prizes, but healthy strong lads and blooming girls who would ere
offices, Alderman's-walk, New Uroad-street. Tenders to include all fast enough ; wb ilst I or padlocks, in which there is seldom a lull, long make careful and industrious housekeepers. He ( Mr. Norris)
charges for packing and delivery free along~ide in any dock, or on the orders are so few that the men are unable to make a nything like bad given these statistics to show the actual work or the association,
any wharf, or io any part or t he stream io the ports of London or full time.
but be said it had achieved another and far more important object
Liverpool, to be sent to the above-named omces by twelve at noon,
The spike-makers living about Sedgley a re on strike for more in inculcating habits of regula rity, truthfulness, obedience, and
May 8tb. The London and North-We tern Company invite wages than thei r employers a re willing to gran t.
honesty into the minds of the children. Lord Lyttelton then distendors, by ten o'clock on .Mav 9th, for, a mong~t otber a rticles, brass,
An unpleasantness bas again arisen between some ~r t.b~ chain- tributed the prizes.
abeet. and tu bes, for locomotf,·es : copper; axles; coals; crucibli!S; makeril and their employers. Under dato the 19th mst., f bomas
On Friday evening last the stipendiary magistrate at W olverlamp cottons ; lead, white and red; lead ingot, sheet and pipe iron, llomer, the secretary of t be Operative Chainn•akers' Association, hampton, assisted by a full bench of magistrates, gave a decision in
S taflordsbire; ty re-bars; iron castings ; wheels; oil-cloth ; tin wri tes to a Birmingham paper to announce a meeting of chain makers the tirst of a series of prosecutions instituted, or about to be inatiblocks; varnishes. Specilications a nd forms of tender or the secre- on the pre,-ious day at Cradley Heath, which was " well attended.'' tuted, by tbe corporat1oo of Wolverhampton, with the view of
ta ry, Euston station. P atrerns at the pattern-room, Euotoo. :Furlher Ilomer says, " It was stated at the meeting that Messrs. Wood suppressing noxious or offensive manufactures, especially in t be
information from the heads of the several departments.
Drotber3 bad that morning, without any notice at all, stopped their more densely- peopled parts of the town. The defendant. in this caae
'fbe coal trade is remarkably brisk, and our last quotations are chain makers, both at the Lve and Wolverhampton, unless they would was l\1r. Thos. .Uradrord, wbo has recently set up in Commercialwell maintained. The coll iers and miners attend to their work at once submit to a rcduclion of their wages. The reason assigned road a manufactory of artificial manure, the component parts of
pretty r6gularly, excepting on Monday, on whic h day. generally for this course was that Messrs. N. Hingfey and Sons were paying which are bones, sawdust, and sulphuric acid. The trial lasted two
apeaking, they have cea~ed work i n~ since the close of 18b2, when less. The men asked to be allowed to work till dinner time, when days, and about forty witnesses were examined on both sides. There
coal and wages went up rupidly. fhis line of conduct was pursued they would see Messrs. lliogley's men about it, but were told they was a curious discrepancy in the evidence, the witnesses for the
by them with the view of keeping up wages and prices; but sinco must wo~k no mor.-, except at a reduction. What bad taken p!ace prosecution describing the odours from tbe manufactory as in tbe
tben best. coal has declined 3$., common 2s., and lumps 2s. 6d. per \\as this: Their master Lad called them together t be prev1ous highest deg ree disgusting; while those on the other side described
ton, and wages are la. per day le s than at the period referred to, morning, and told them t be Messrs. Wood bad reduced their men's them as scarcely perceptible, and rather agreeable than otherwise.
allowing cleu ly tbat nothing but demand and supply regulate prices wages, aod they could not afford to ~ive any more than those gentle- The bench, however, unanimously agreed upon a conviction, and
and wages. There is a ~ood demand for coal, !Jut large quantities men. Messrs. H.'s men said thex d1d not expect more, and asked to fined the defendant .£50, with .£2 a-day aa long as tbe nuisance
are comi ng into these diStricts from other parts or the country. be furnished with t be prices referred to, wbicb their masters pro- should continue-the chairman stating that the bench believed that
Without such an importation it would not be po sible, as t be South mi ed they should be in the course of this week. Messrs. H .'s men the scientific witnesses for the defence, several of them men of high
Stal!ordshire coalfield is now being worked, to obtain the needed declaring tbeir confidence that their employers would pay t be_m the atandin€'1 had been deceived by tbe defendant using calcined bones
aup,ply.
proper price if :M:e~srs. Wood's men did not work for less, 1t was when they examined the works, and green bones on ordinary
f he extensive colliery and mioe property belonging to the Earl of Agreed to support t he latter rather than allow their wages to be re- occasions. The decision was appealed to the quarter sessions, but
Dartmoutb, and partially worked by the late E arl, extending from duced. I t was also remarked that the gentlemen who bad now, by tbe appeal, it is believed, will not be persisted in.
W estbromwicb to Oldbury in one direction, a nu to about Darlastoo a deceitful t rick, endeavoured to eo trap their men to submit to a reAmong the mining accidents that bave happened in the past few
in another, is now in the ba11ds of tbe three Me..srs. BagnaU, jun., duction without any notice at all, bad tried, in Aug ust last, to thro\v days are tbe following :-L'LSt week, at Oldbury, a collier, fortyand IS being developed by t bo e gentlemen.
men into pri11on for requiring an advance even after giving the six yeara of age, in the employ of Captain Bennit.t, was killed by an
J)IJS:Iatlsl ~tctio~ is still expre3:>ed wi th the propo ed Act for the re~uired fourteen days' notice.
accident which occurred in the following manner : -About halr- paat
Iospecu on or M10es. I t is admi tted that the draft bill shows that
f here was a meeting or the Chamber of Commerce held on Friday s ix in the morning a bantle of men \l'ere let down the pit, nod they
eeveral of the points urged by tho mioe proprietors or t his district afternoon, for the purpose of receiving information from man ufac- all got off when the log arrived at the bottom of the pit-shaft, except
a nd North ::,talton6 hire have been conceded; but it is urged that t ureri as to the culles it may be desirable to impose upon s uch the deceased. Why he did not get off nobody knew; and the band
t here ure still several vuints wh icll are rega rded 11.3 highl y obj ection- articles manufactu red in this district as may be imported into started to come up again. After coming a short distance up the
able, aod etlorts are being made to attain a m"re satisfactory result. France under t he new treaty. The commissioners appointed to abaft the decell8ed jumped or fell olf, and w<LS precipitated to the
Tbecoalowners of llai naul t, in Belgi um, are, it appears, dis.sati.s6ed negotiate the tarilf will be in that town in a few days, so that the bottom of the s haft, the result of which was that be received such
wi th the Anglo· French commercial t reaty, or with that part of it de•irability of the chamber being in a position to afford the fullest injuries 118 caused his death on the same day. On the following day
which c~ncerM tbe duty on coal. An equalisation of duties does information must be apparent. We are sorry to say that many or a boy of fifteen Wll8 killed in Mr. Hodgett's colliery, at. Oldbury, by
not aausfy them, because they cannot., even under any circum- the most important trades were unrepresented. I t has been confi- the tim ber giving way i.n the gate· road1 and a large quantity or rock
and rubbish falling upon him, from whach he could not be extricated
atan~.e , compete wit h the t:nglibh coalowneril. A certain number of dently asserted that a 30 per cent. duty is not tbe fixed minimum,
them have had an aud1cnce of t be Emperor, and mode their com- but that this b<LS been named by the French Government, s ubject to for three or four hours.
plaints known.
·auch modi6cations as may be needful.
l n Till~ ~~OL~E.&R o~ ~ pril1 3t.h we aclverted in very brief terms
The committee appointed by the Wolverhampton Chamber of NOTES FROM 'l'HE NORTHERN AND EASTERN
to the hold1ng of a sber11l ~court •n Wolverhampton to decide upon Commerce to draw up a reply to the letter of the Board of Trade in
COUNTI ES.
the sum to be puld by a ru1lway company for a certain portion of the reference to the import d ut>es to be imposetl in France under the
( From our own Corru pOtUknt.)
minerals beneath a strip of their line in Sou1h Stallordsbire. Tbe commercial treaty with that country have concluded their duties,
questions a t issue with the subsequent award of the j ury are not in and on Friday last sent in a long and detailed report, containing PaoPOSED New Docu .f.T Hou - L l lfCOLIUUIII: OuJf all of tM lliNr1
Lbat brief paragraph bet forth with the perspicuity that we should much information respecting the manufactures of this district, in
WiUiam an4 IVtllantJ: &urn a!l4 EutndiM Radlla¥ ; Iron 0 ,.. _,. 8rigg
de..ire. T he matter, however, may be thus de.,cribec.l The interested answer to the querits add ressed to the chamber by tbe board. Tbe
- MONSTEJI CYl.llll>Ea: E.ctraordlflarr Ca~ting- Mlow~eD R.ur.w.u :
parties were Messrs. Thorneycrol't and Co., who claimed compensa- communication stated that of tbe goods and manufactures enuNew &atitm al Bradford -Nonn£Blf M.t.TY£&11: Vtrdld 071 IM 8urrodo,.
tion for the value of about four and a-half acres of thick coal, ribs, merated in Article 1 of the treaty of commerce wi th Frllnce those
CoUkrv £ ;r;pllllion : TM SouJ/1 Durham I ron Tr~: S ouJ/1 Durhom CJIId
u d pillar!!, and a bout three-quarters of an acre of brooch coal, which produced in a nd exported from thi8 district are the followi ng:LaMaJhire llailwav : Tlu Ht1DC114Ue Clwnlbtr of Commerce CJnd tilt French
t be Great West~rn Railway Company bad, under the power of the Metal wares, pig and cast-iron, bar and wrought-iron, steel, maTreatv-LAUIICn 01' TU STEAMER CO!'IIIAUOilT OM TilE M.EuU-0TBifl.
Act of Parliament, required Messrs. Tborueycroft and Co. to leave chinery, tools, a nd mechanical instruments. These goods fell under
LIVEIII'OOI. lliTTCU: T/14 Dock TtlU)raph ; Cunard Unu -lloue R.f..ILunder that raLiway a t Uradley, near BilBton. Tlle railway company t.wo classes, namely, (1) those which a re used as the material of
W.f.Ye a.'l BlaCE:otiJ.I!I.t.o- AN Eu:oTIUO Tu.otr-W•Tr.a S UPPLY or Ln01
were repre..eot.ed by Mr. Motteram, barrister, instructed by Messrs. further manufacture, and ('2) linisbed goods of all kinds. In reply
4ttD BJU..Drou-Tuoc or SIUFI'UI.D-TBI! LuN Ton
HALl. C.LOCI
Whateley and Co., solicitoro, of Birmingham ; and the claimants by to the 6rc1t question of the board's circular letter, the communication
-WEI5T Rmu.o Gr.oLOGIC.U. .A.lfD PoLnccamc S0<:11TY ; 7'1N Dilco"'Y
Kr. Powell, instructed by Messu . Corser and Fowler, of Wolver- stated that it would be impossible to give any such classification or
of I roll Ore m Lvtcollllhirt, lx.
bamptou. From the evidence it appeared tllat the railway company the 6nisbed goods made in tbis district as would a.ssist in their being
originally purchased the s urface lrom Messrs. ~cot t and Foley for a sessed specifically by weight. in the French tariff. As respected Tu& increasing trade of Hull and tbe absence of sufficient accomabout .£J,1u0 p r acre, tbe mines being re..crved. Tbese were all goods commonly called ha rdware the council contended tha t modation for the marine and stea01 traffic of that important har bour
eubiC(\uenLly sold to l\lessra. lletcher and Rose, a nd by them tra ns- under any one name must be included dr ticlcs so various in quality and have ind uced an influential body of bankers, merchants, and shipferred to Messrs. 'l'horneycroft and Co. It W 88 admitted tllat price tha t the attempt to fix a specific duty by weight would render their owners to co-operate for the establishment of additional docks. Tbe
280
11
style and title" of the n ew company thus formed is the Hull West
D ock Company (Limited); and the capital has been fixed at
£400,000, of which £200,000 is stated to be already subscribed.
The monopoly of the Hull D ock Company, ''"hich has existed nearly
a century, will expire in 1865, and the promoters of the new project
have determ~ned to organise arrangements by which in future better
a ccommodatiOn shall be provided. The site for the proposed new
dock is the foreshore to the west.ward of the Humber Dock Basin,
and it is parallel to, and immediately connected with, the NorthEastern Railway Company's goods station and works, while the
southern boundary will extend into the Humber to a point sanctioned
by the Lords of the Admiralty. It is stated that these arrangem ents will reduce the cost of construction, while the works will be
formed on a plan well adapted for commercial purposes. It may be
interesting to note that the existing Hull Dock Company was
constituted in 1774, in shares of £250 each; the revenue has been so
considerable that the directors have reduced the shares to £156 by
!eturning part of the profits; but they are nevert.heless now selling,
m consequence of the favourable dividends paid, at£1 ,600 per share.
An !mportant sc~eme has been brought forward, at Boston, with
the vtew of etfectlng a general outfall of the rivers Witham and
W elland into BostonDeeps. Mr. Lewin has prepared plans, and the
General District Drainage Commissioners have attirmed the desirability of cutting a new channel from the Scalp to Clay hole: the cost
of executing the project is roughly estimated at .£40,000. 1\lr.
B anks Stanhope, 1\I.P., in addressing a meeting on the subject, said
the cutting proposed would give one foot more depth to the east fen
drainage and two feet to the grand sluice. l\1r. <.:ooke, another
speaker on the same occasion, said if all local bodies and persons
were united in the matter, a river might be formed which could not
be matched in the north-eastern part of the country. The waste land
which would be recoverable by the Boston Harbour Trust bv carrying out the improvement suggested would be very considera.ble, ~,and
would be worth £40 per acre. Another item of Lincolnshire interest
is the completion of the Bourne and E ssendine Railway, which is
expected to be opened for traffic in the course of next week. Exten sive strata of rich iron ore have been opened upon the estate of
Mr. Charles Winn, in the vicinity of Tbornholm, at Appl eby, and at
8cunthorpe (near Brigg), and are expected to prQve of great value
to the proprietor and to the neighbourhood. lt is teported that a
contract is shortly to be entered into for the erection of 70 to 100
houses in the neighbourhood of Thornholm, where smelting operations are to be carried on. The produce of the ore has been proved
to tie of excellent quality.
A cylinder for an oscillating engine, weighing no less than thirty
tons, has been successfu!Jy cast at the Bowling Ironworks, near
Bradford. The diameter of the cylinder is 8 ft. 2 in. ; its length,
11 ft. 1 iu.; and it is 12ft. 8 in. in width across trunnions, with
steam-chests and solid bottom. Upwards of forty t ons of metal
were prepared in five furnaces for this monster casting. The cylinder, when bored and finished, is to be placed in a steamer now building on the shores of the Humber.
For a long time past great complaints have been made in reference
to the want of adequate accommodation at the Midland R ailway
station at Bradford, and a new building on an enlarged and improved
plan is novr to be erected, excavations having been commenced for
th'! purpose. The frontage of the whole will be brought greatly
forward and extended, and will thus be much nearer the street than
the present station. The increase of traffic this year on the Midland
system has been very considerable, as was shown in a recent paragraph in THE E:>~GINEER. The improvement in the t raffi c still continues, last week's increase having exceeded £4,000.
In the north, tbe coroner's jury, who have beld several sittings
for the purpose of inquiring into the late awful casualty at Burradon,
baye at last agreed upon their verdict, which attributes some degree
of neglect or oversight to some of the officials connected with the
colliery, and also to the workmen in not complaining to the proper
party ot' the state of tbe ventilation. The jury added this important recommendation:-'' The jury beg at the same time eamestly to
r ecommend that additional GoYernment inspectors or sub-inspectors
be appointed to examine mines, to enable more frequently official
visits to be paid to the workings, and with increased power . to
control the arrangements of those which may be in an unsafe or
critical position." It appears that on the 1st of the current month
fifty-three furnaces were in blast and sixteen out of blast, in the
Durham district. The fo!Jowing statement affords further details
on the subject:Locality.
In.
Out. Total.
Eston-Bolckow and Vaughan
, . .. .. ..
9 ..
9
,. Clay-lane Company
.. .. .. .. . . ..
2 ..
.. 2
,. Samuelson and Co. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 3 . .
.. 3
Cargo Fleet-Cochrane and Co. ..
.. .. .. .. a .. 1 .. 4
.,
Gilkes, Wilsoo. Pease, and Co.
. , .. a .. 1 .. 4
Middlesbro'-Bolckow and Vau,~tha.n
.. ..
.. S
.. 3
,
Snowdon and Hopkins . . . . . . • . 2 . • - • • 2
Port Clarenoo-Bell Brothers . . . . . .
.. .. 4 .• 1 .. 6
Stockton- Holdsworth and Co. . . . . . . • . . . . . 2
1 .. 3
Norton-'\Varner, Lucas, and Co. .. .. ..
2 .. 1 .. 8
Darlington-South Durham Company . • . . . . . . 2 . . 1 . . 3
Wiltoo Park-Bolckow and Vaughan . . . . . . . . 3 . . 1 . . 4
Stanhope-Weardale Iron Company
.. .. .. ..
1 .. 1
Towlaw-Weardale Iron Company .. .. .. ..
4 .. 1
6
Consett-Derweot Iron Company .. .. .. .. .. 11 .. 7 .. 18
The contractor for the South Durham and Lancashire Railway
(Mr. Anderson), who has had numerous difficulties to contend with
in executing his contract, is now making great progress. An immense embankment between Barnard Castle and Lartington is
advancing with rapidity, and the heavy excavation between Lartington and Bowes is in a forward state. The greater part of the
permanent-way is laid, and it is thought that the fine will be opened
from Bamard Castle to Brough by the middle of September. An
intimation has been conveyed from the Board of Trade to the Newcastle Chamber of Commerce-in common with other similar bodies
throughout the country-that commissioners, appointed by the board
to negotiate the French tarift' of import duties on articles of British
produce and manufacture comprised in the French treaty, wiU,
before proceeding to Paris, visit the principal sellts of industry, with
the view of obtaining detailed information. This is as it should be.
At an interview which a deput!ltion of the Bradford Chamber of
Commerce had the other day with the Board of Trade Mr. Cobden
was present, and stated distinctly that the intention of the French
Government was so to frame the proposed commercial tariff as to
admit a large quantity of English goods. That intention was, he
belieYed, quite bOIW fide, for the Emperor had given everr possible
guarantee for its fultilruent, having appointed sound political economists to arrange the taritt~ while be bad displaced men of the old
school, who were opposed to anything like an approach to free trade.
The maximum of 80 per cent. would be imposed upon hardly any
articles, and the duties would genera!Jy range much lower.
The Connaught and Munster were launched oc Saturday by Mr.
Laird, of Birkenhead. The 'Munster and Connaught complete a
fleet of four steamers built for the City of Dublin Company for
postal service between Holy bead and Dublin. The first two steamers
were launched only a few weeks since, and details, with reference to
their dimensions, &c., were l?iven in these columns. The great
object at which Mr. Laird has atmed-in all probability successfullyhas been high speed, combi ned with strength and convenience of
arrangement. The Connaught has been built in a dry dock, and,
contrary to t he usual custom, the water was allowed to enter, and
gradually to float the vessel. Miss Laird performed the ceremony
of •• christening" with the ease and grace of an adept. At
the launch Mr. Laird presided. Mr. Watson responded to the
toast of the "City of Dublin Steam-packet Company," and expressed a hope that one of the vessels would be ready for her trial
in July , and said that when the whole of the vessels were on the
station they would have two which they could place at the service
of the Government at any time, without inconvenience to the postal
arrangement, and which would transport from two to three thousand
troops. The E arl of Enniskillen propoaed the health of the chair- '
.APau. 27, 1860.
THE ENGINEER.
man, and said to such m en as Mr. Laird much of the glory of England was attributable. Mr. Spencer W alpole discoursed pleasantly
on the past history and wonderful modern growth of Liverpool.
The Liverpool dock line of telegraph was opened yesterdar week.
The Magnetic Telegraph Coll_lpany have comme~ced work m~. the
line. The Uunard Company m tend to resum~ thetr weekly saJimgs
to New York with their celebrated screw fieet m June next, and the
emigrant department is to be entrusted to a well-known firm in the
Australian trade.
The estimate sent in to the Stratford Local B oard of Health for
sewerage works contemplated is upwards of £70,000. Pretty well
for a beginning.
Several trials have been made with an electric target on the
ground of the Cheshire volunteers at Leasowe. The target is a
massive iron frame, divided into three segments-top, centre, bull'seye, and bottom-and these being connected with electric batteries,
and conducting wires to j!alvanometer~, whi.ch may be pl~c~d ~long­
side the persons firing, every bullet whtch htts. tb~ target IS mdtca~ed
by the deflection of the needle connected w1th th e segment wbtch
may be struck, so that not only is a faithful record made of each bit,
but a great saving of time is accomplished. Un Frid_ar the rifl~ll_len
provided themselves with an ample supply of a rnm umuon, and lirmg
was briskly kept up for about two hours. At first the range was at
200 yards, and at that distance a miss was the exception. Aft erwards
the range extended to 800 yards, and' even then some capital hitting
took place.
A new reservoir, in connection with the Leeds Waterworks, has
been just opened. The reservoir is situate on Beecroft-hill, '~hich
is the highest part of the borough of Leeds, and from whtch a
beautiful and unbroken prospect for miles may be obtained. The
r eservoir has been constructed by Mr. Silas Abbey, under the
superintendence of Mr. Filliter, the borough sun·eyor. It is estimated to contain 2t mi!Jion gallons of water. The outer rim
measures 300 yards, and the whole is enclosed by a high and substantially-built wall. The water is pumped into the reservoir by
engines at Headingley, being conveyed by pipes a distance of
8 mile11. The lower part of the mains are at Kirkstall, and it is
estimated that at that point there is the extraordinary pressure of
360 ft. of water upon the pipes. The inhabitants of Bramley,
Stanningley, Armley, FarnJey, Headingley, Chapeltown, and part
of Woodbouse are to be supplied from this rest-rvoi.r. At a meeting
of the Bradford town council last week, 1\Ir. Rawson stated that
the Bradford Waterworks had involved an outlay of from £600,000
to .£700,000. The works at Barden were going on as well as could
be expected, and it was hoped they would be finished this year.
When those works were finished a very large quantity of water
would be brought to the town. With regard to the Silsden reservoir, he was happy to inform the council that although there was a
leakage, and some damage done to the culverts, yet that damage
was not to half the extent which was at first apprehended. Tlie
dama!?e was being repaired, and in a week or two, so far as the
comm1ttee could judge, the repairs would be completed, and the
mishap satisfactorily arranged. In the ensuing summer the town
would have a very large quantit.y of water.
The Slit/field Irukpendent, referring to the t rade of that town,
says:-" '!'here has been a great feeling of disappointment among all
the cutlery trades, and those depending on them, at the result of the
past week. 'Ve cannot bear that any orders of any importance have
come to hand, so that our summer prospects begin to be poor. The
table-koife trade, which kept up so well duriog a l<>ng time, has
begun to share the depression. There are rum ours of uneasiness
among the workmen, which would probably show itself in case of
any ~teneral activity. The barters are only waiting for this, and the
grinders are already making their own terms with some of the
manufacturers. The stove-,:,rrate houses, in best goods, are very
slack ; there is a fair trade doing in mid:lle-class goods. I n steel,
also in buffers and springs, there is the same activity as ever.
With one or two exceptions, the large furnaces and mills are all busy.
The exceptions are those depending more or less on the continental
trade. P olitical uncertainties are seriously affecting this market;
we have heard, however, of extensive orders for machinery, tools,
&c., for Spain. In Rotberham, the same activity in the malleableironworks is reported. All seem well off for orders. The ornamental
ironfounders speak of an im provement.
The dispute with the
grinders there is still unsettled."
The great clock has arrh·ed for the Leeds town-ball, and workmen
are now engaged in its erection. It will be six weeks or two months,
however, belore the clock is fixed.
At the last meet ing of the West Riding Geological and Polytechnic Society, Mr. Hunt read a paper on the r ecent discovery of a
deposit of iron ore in Lincolnshire. Mr. Hunt showed that the discoveries would probably be of great value; that they were very
extensive, and that they evidently formed a continuation of the
Cleveland beds. The coal, which it was supposed had been found in
the neighbourhood of Stamford, be bad found, on careful examination not to be coal, but a highly bituminous lignite. The chairman, at
the conclusion of the paper, asked if the lignite was analogous to
what the Scotch called Boghead coal, to whlch Mr. Hoot replied
that it was very similar, and might, l!.e tho~tght, t.e used in the
m&nufacture of pauffin and naphtha. The members of the society,
before separating, inspected a new patent-safety lamp, manufactured
by Messrs. How<len and Thresh, of Wakefield, and which, while it
gives three times more light than the " Davy," from the tact that
t he gauze will not beat, is considered much safer.
PRICES CURRENT OF METALS.
British Metals are quoted Free on Board; Foreign In Bond._ Extl'\
sizes are charged for at the rates agreed by tbe trade. .Sroken.ge
i.a not charged !or buying except on ForeiJrO 'l'i.n.
DIL
o.d. p.co.
.c
IRON, Eo&llah Bar aDd BoiL:-
ln Loodoo ........... pr In
ID Waleo.... ........ .,
In Lherpool . • . . • • • • ,
o _.. S 'a..trord.ablre Uan... • ,
;; ;; ::ibHI, Sogl. ~ ;I ~ ~ " "
-.:
.... H
D'bl. ~
"'0 o ~ ,.
...
...
,_.
=~
oo·p ••••••
a~~e,
Rod, ro\lDcl 0 . . . . .o u
~ _g NallRod,aq . Z.!!..2'1: ''
l!IHl'Pl.NG lltO.N, c:~ .
" c
tl~alfor<bb.
&n. -
~
:z ,
Sheet, Sluglo... . . 'g g ~ ,
Voublo . . . . t
u
Hoop. • . • • • • • • • • • ~ ., ;: ,,
Bod, .Kouud.. • • • • 'ii.!: ~ ,
Nail Rod, :Jquare.. A 1'4
11
lttON, J<aJia,Ju Walea, caab ,
f';
,,
,
6 moaHht ,,
to ~:h.atford.Jbiro ,
Railway Chain, Jo \Votu ,
,.
In Oltde ,
P I& No. I, la Olydo .... ,
3-~•b• .No.l & :l-b•hJ }
.!'lo. ~ ••••••• • •.... ~~
No.l, lo Wale.a. ....... ,
.No. 1,. ln Trno auc.L 'f eu ,.
Vl~.
Yorao •••••••••• ,
s ...ao...W.Jn .rors•
(all
)I ioel,
1'1&1
at 1llo
6 15 0 2j
IS l:s 0 3
s
d
0
7 1V 0
9
10
8
7
0 0
10 0
10 0
1U 0
1 1U 0
l.
Si
..
"
"
,
,
7 10 0 , .
V
0 0
10 10
t1 !0
7 10
7 }U
3 10
,
0 "
0 ,
0
"
0 ,,
0 neU
6~t)
,
7 u
,
IJ
:s u
4
..
,
a 17
6
:liS6
~ 13 6
3
"
00
H
:1 14 u
~ 11 0
,,
3
,.
1~
"
0
\Vork.t, L. \V,, nom ..
W olah l 'orxo Plc (all}
bHue), • '- 'be !'on.
••
Aca.diau t>Jg, lobarcoa l... ,
:!co•ch Pig, No. I, In }
.L·o uUoa • • . • • • • • • •• • •
''
a 10 o ..
7 10 u
~ lS 0
"
••
.t ~ dDi&,
IRON, Bwedlab, l Dd.IIID}
....,
P·"'
uooruxoon... • .. .. .. prlo 12 0 0 Jj
RUM!• a 0 C N D \0 a.rrho , 17 0 0
STKKL, l!wedlah Koc .... , l» 0 0"
} 'ag&O'-.. • • .. • • .. , • •. ,; ~ 10 (J •
as
MJlan • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
BPEL'l'IU\, oo tb11po1 .... ,
To a.rriYo ............... ,.
o o"
20 15 o.;;.
::o 15 o
ZI.N O, In obee11 ............ , 28 u u"t!
Dll\0 a\ Antwerp • . • • • • • • .. ~ 10 o
COPP.I£K, 'l'llo, I-IIo :llj lb.. ., UO u u •
Touch Oake .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. l..lu 0 o
Sbealbloc and 8oho .... p r lb, u 0 aj'
Sbeel ................... ,
0 u lij•
Botcoma ................. ,
0 0 lif•
Old ......••..••.•...••• . ,
1J 0 l~
Yellow Mec.aL ......... .. ,. 0 u lu,
Soulh Amertcao, oor:a••• pru1 112 u v "
Ruuiao .•• • •••• dluo ..• ,, u o o'"
L8AlJ, 1Jrlllob Pis ........ , 21 10 0"
Spanl•ll ................ 11 :U ]~ u •01
W. U. a~ Nowcudo ...... , 2:J ~ 0
Sheet •••.••••••••••.•••. ,, :.:s 5 v.,
TIN, l!:ogll•h Uloek, oom. •• , J~ o o''•
.1)ar
,
•• ,U7 ou
.Kt.Goed., •••• Ji:lod o o•
:Porel&n Baoc.a. .......... , laB 0 ~'
t;,ra.ILI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,, J::Sl 0 U
'I'll' l'LA'r~$. Obar-} pr bx 112 0 ~
.
coal, 10 .•..••••.
Dluo !X ................ ,
118 0
Coke, 1(; •.•.•.• • ••..•••• ,. 1 ~ 6"
lJiuo JX .......... .. .... ,
lll
l.Jo. at .Newpon,lt. prbLhu
llo. At L'pool, tid. ,
CA.NAlJA, Pial.......... prtu 13 0 0
QUICK::ill..V.t:ll.... pr\Jo\\le 7 u 0
s:
RAILS. -Some few small orders have been placed this week, but, witb tbis
exception, the market has been very dull and prices unalUJred.
SCOTCH PIG-IRON ba.s rallied a little this week in consequence of somo
speculative purchases, and tbe price advanced too&!. 9d. Siuce then it baa
slightly given way, aud closes with buyers at 5:!8 3d., and sellers 53s. 6d.,
for Mixed Nos. cash, and Ms. 6d., three ruonlhs open.
SPIIlli'ER quiet. Some sales at .£20 J6s. reported.
CoPPIIR in fair request.
Tt.N.-There is les.~ inquiry for English tbis week. Banca £136, and fine
Straits £130 to .£131.
T~N·Pt.ATBS continue dull of sale.
l!OATE and CO., Metal Broken,
26th April, 1860.
66, Old .Broad-street, Loo<luu.
TIMBER.
1859.
1860.
..
per load- .t •· ~ • ·
Toa.k .............. l l 10 13 to 10 010 10
~ 6 0 0
Quobec, red ploe ... 3 6 4 (I
yellow plno a 0 3 16 3 0 a 1:s
81. 1obo, N.B.,yel • 6 0 6 0
~ 0 8 0
Quebec, oa.lt, whl&.e •• t5 '0 6 10
:s 0 6 0
ll 10 4 0
blr<b ...... . 0 4 10
a
10 4 10
elm ........ ll10 4 16
:no
6
10
610
Danulc, ot.l< .. .. .. • a 10
»1~ 4 0
d r ........ ~l:J: 4 0
Hemel, tlr •.••••••• a 6 ~ 6
a :s 4 0
815 0 0
Rlta •.•.....••••.•• 315 0 0
2 16 3 0
Swodlab... .. .. .. .. ll 10 2 17
6 (I ~ (I
ldUIO,Quebecrd plno ~ u 11 V
yl ploe ~ 0 1 0
6 0 7 0
6 10 7 0
LalhWO<Jd,Dt.nlooC.On 6 10 1 0
0 0 0 0
blemel ... 0 0 0 0
::it. Pe10n. 0 0 10 0
8 0 8 10
Dealt, perO. 12n. by a by VIn.
ljuebcc:. wbltoopruoo1~ 10 20 10 16 0 18 10
u 0 u u
red ploo .... 0 u 0 0
0
14 0 16 10
6•. J obn,wbJ..._..l4 0 17
~
L.t
1859.
per load- .t L
Yol . pine. per r~uced 0.
Canada, hl ~ualhJJ7 0
2nd o ... I~ 10
Arcbaogel,yellow. 14 0
::11. Pctu~~urg,yel ~ 13 0
l'lnla.nd. .......... 10 10
AJemet .......... .. lO 10
Golbeoburc,yellow.1u 0
wblte.. 9 10
Gefte,yellow ...... 11 10
Soderbamn ........ !l 10
Cbru\lanlo.per
12 n. by a by 9 22 o
In. ..... yellow
Deck Plank,DOIL} O I~
per40 n. aln...
iltav.,, pert~andard M
-tuebec, vipo ....... 150 0
puocbeon ..18 0
nohlc, cro,..} !00 0
0.}
pipe .•••••• .
.t
..
.t
1860.
•• .C l
19 0
IS ~
10 10
14 10
11 0
16 I~
13 10
11 I~
19 0
U1u
011 •
0 10 10
01$.
0 .Lt 1t
» 0 10 11
10 0 11 0
9 10 a o
9 011 0
u 10 a 11
11 0 Jt lt
u
200, 0
1 6
01$111
'Jl
17
10
14
11
60 0 60070 f
'110 20021 I
220 0 1))0 0 !:!0 0
SCOTCH PIG IRON REPORT.
No. 1 Gartsherrie
, 1 O.M.B.
Du.
y'. Nos.
3
Do.
••
..
..
....
....
56s. 3d. f.o.b. Glasgow.
do.
5211. Od.
,
do.
62s. Od.
do.
,,
52s. Od.
..
WARRA.~TS.
) Cash prompt ..
3-Sths No. I and t 1 mo., opeu, ..
2-5ths ,. 3 .. 2 mos., ,
..
Ja ,•
•• ..
.. 63s. Od. per ton.
. . 53s. 6d. do.
.. 54.s. Od. do.
. . 6~. 3d. do.
IRON.
£7 16s. Od.
.. £.7 6s. Od.
£7 7s. 6<1.
£8 5s. Od.
£9 to £10
•• £7 Ss. Od.
£ :> Ss. Od.
.. £4 Os. Od. Nett cash.
GLASGOW, 25th April, 1860.
l!ANU1'4CTUil.ED
.. ..
Bars, Qovao
, Common
..
Drumpellar, Common
Best ..
Do.
Plates and sheets ..
Rails
Pipes
Chail'll
••
..
.. ..
..
..
.. ....
••
..
..
•
.... ....
•
..
A better demand having sprung up during tbe end of liiSt w~k, the
price began to ~et firmer, and to advance from 5Ss., and when shi~e~ta
were known to be so large on Tuesday last 63s. 9d. cash WIIS paid. ·~ay
the quotations gave way again under the pressure of large quantll•: of
cast.1ron being placed upon the market, and 53s. prompt wiiS accep~ "
tbe close. The inquiry for shippiug iron is very quiet for forward delivery.
Shipments last week were 16,458 tons against 16,504 tons in tbekcorresponding week of last year.
SD.AW AND TuoMSON, Metal Bro er._
REQUIREMENTS FOR STKA.M CuLTURE.-Tbe first is to lsy out
New PBOPELt.'ER FOR SBIPs.-A great cro,vd assembled the day your fields in such a manner that the greatest economy might be
before yesterday, to witness the efforts of a puny little v essel on the used in their cultivation. The engine should be placed so as to
tiny basin of the Arsenal opposite the Bastile. A little steamboat, make the most of her power, by having the fields as ~ucb a.s
propelled by neither screw nor paddle-wheel, nor any of the in- possible concave, the hauling-rope will then always mount mto the
ventions hitherto favoured by the sons of science, was beheld cutting air and there will be no friction, and, of course, wiJl not wear out~
the water like an arrow, turning, twisting, backing, stopping, with much; this cannot always be done, but it should ever be kept/'
all the agility of' a bird, skimming over the surface without so much view. The pits -where any exist in the fields-must be so ar
as heeding resistance or impediment of any kind. The 11uccess of levelled down that the cultivating implements may go tbrou~
the experiment was complete, although, being made upon so small a them in their turn. All trees standing in the centre o~ the fie
scale, the engineers assembled there to witness it refused to accept it ought to come down, and as this is a landlord's questton, I most
as who!Jy satisfactory. The propellor, of novel invention, is placed earnestly claim their attention, and appeal to them on behalf of
in front of the vessel, and cuts through the water, ploughing a broad tenantry of England for their co-operation in this great wor ·
furrow, through which the boat rushes with the rapidity of light- Another grievous evil is the number of hedges and hedge-rows, t~at
ning (?) The speed is certainly extraordinary, but the rush, and cut up what would make line fi elds for steam-culture were I jY
agitation, and splash might be obnoxious in larger vessels and removed.. What says 1\fr. Hawkins, of B entJy Hall ?-'' I on Y
scarcely tolerable at sea.- Letter from Paris.
[The mor e the regret my occupation does not at present possess those features
r equisite for profitable steam-cultivation, viz., fair-sized fields and
"agitation and splash" the less we apprehend will be the speed.l
straight fences." Again, the exchange of land between nei~hboors.
C
THE OPPER CoiNAGE.- Her Majesty has approved the new in many instances, will greatly facilitate the work. There ts an A~t5
penny-piece, which will now be issued as soon as possible. The fol- of Parliament, the 8th and 9th Victoria, chap. 118, whereby 1~
lowing is the ~eneral design -The obverse contains the portrait of ' belonging to parties may be exchanged, provided that o~y v . ue
the Queen, w1th a wreath of laurel round the head. The bust is for value is given. The necessary 1\xpenses of lookinj: mt~ tt~e
lengthened as in the fiorin, and a scarf, embroidered with the rose, are done away with, as the land exchanged inherits the title 0
thistle, and shamrock, is thrown over the shoulders. The inscription which it is laid; it is worked with the sanction of the enclosure
is, " Victoria D.G. Brit. Reg. F.D." Britannia appears on the re- commissioners, and requires to be better known and act~? bo~
verse, seated on a rock, not on the shield, as in the present coin ; but D~ring the past year 1 hav~ exc~anged ab?u.t 20 a.:res
the figure has been remodelled, and the sea has been introduced, n~tghbour; h~ took _my ou~lymg_ pteces th11.t JO!ned bt~t and . lda
with a ship on one side of the ligure and a lighthouse on the other. hts that were mtermL"ted wttb mtne; the result ts, good large ne ds
The inscription is, "One Penny, 1860." T he likeness of the Queen for both. Another requisite is, there should be three ?r four ya~·el
is especially t r uthful, and, without the faintest attempt at flattery, left in permanent grass at the headlands for the engtnes to traall'
the regal and classical expression of the face has been perfectly on ; this road will always be useful for a harvest track, or to d~
caught. There are 94 parts of copper, 4 of zinc, and 2 of tin in the dung on to the fields either side, and when once got down 6 ~tin
composition of the metal. The value of this amalgamation permits make a good track, and the engines can go along it when culttv ~ ~
of a thin as well as a small coi.n-in fact, not ruuch larger than the either side. Brick tanks, holding about 5U hogsheads, 8r.0~ from
French bronze two-sous piece. H er Majesty has taken great placed near to these tramways, that the engine may be ~upp te 1 .
interest in the progress of the coin, and has honoured Mr. L eonard them, so saving the item of water-cart, as well as secur!ng a su~~o~
C. Wyon with several sittings. The work of art-for it is really I have three of these on my farm at the greates~ dtst!lnce ather,
such-will add to the well-earned fame of this gentleman, and has home; they cost me on an average £5 each, and 10 wet "'\ not
1
been executed with remarkable care. The halfpenny and farthing use what I wil~ two of them are always full; the otbfr bing
are in progress. The size of the penny is one inch and two-tenths, quite finished. l find them moat useful, not only for P oug d fo;
the halfpenny one inch, and the farthing eight-tenths of an inch.- but for threshing, for the sheep and cattle in the summB, ~on.
the water-drill.- Lecture at Reading, by Mr. Williams, of ay
Court J*Urrwl.
1
tte
"'i\ad
1