Sustainable Development Strategy Of Gjakovë/Ðakovica

Transcription

Sustainable Development Strategy
Of Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality
based on the millenium development goals (MDGs)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
OF Gjakovë/Ðakovica MUNICIPALITY
BASED ON THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
This document is compiled for Gjakova Municipality
Prepared by CBDC
with financial support by:
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Norwegian Government and
United Nations Volunteers (UNV)
Production: Rrota, www.rrota.com
Layout: Korab Etemi
Ardian Veliu
Arbër Matoshi
Printed: Grafika Rezniqi - Prishtinë, Kosovë
Foreword By The Chief Executive Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Foreword By The Un Development Coordinator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1 Overview of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2 Human Development Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3 Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4 Labour market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5 Opportunities for economic development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.1 Educational structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2 Alarming educational indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3 Educational levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4 Secondary education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.5 Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.6 Main problems within educational system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7 Vision of change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
GENDER EQUALITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Gender Equality Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Women’s Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Employment for Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Women in Managerial positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5 Women in decision making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1 Birth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2 Perinatal Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3 Infant Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4 Child Mortality (U5M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.5 Maternal Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.6 Infectious diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.7 Health Care Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.1 Protection of Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 Air and Drinking Water Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.3 Environmental Hot Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
GOOD GOVERNANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1 Structure and responsibilities of the local government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2 Decentralization of Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.3 Local Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.4 Strengthening Local Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
IMPROVE HEALTHCARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
GOOD GOVERNANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
FOREWORD
In September 2000, at the United Nations, world leaders reached an historic
agreement on the Millennium Declaration, giving voice to globally shared values and an unequivocal commitment to halving world poverty by 2015. Further
international dialogues worked to transform the Declaration into eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG), 18 targets and 48 indicators to track the progress of the MDGs around the world.
The consensus is that goals and targets mobilise national and international partners into action and help forge new alliances for development. They also provide a means for benchmarking and assessing progress in development. Policy
reforms, institutional change and budget reallocations often result from discussions centred on time-bound targets. Yet, less than one-third of developing countries have set specific and quantifiable national targets for reducing poverty.
The MDGs represent global goals which can be compared across countries; however they do not represent equally ambitious or feasible targets for all countries.
For the MDGs to be meaningful at the local level, targets need to be tailored to
reflect local circumstances and development priorities.
The UN Kosovo Team has begun to focus increasingly on MDGs and a number
MDG related activities and projects are currently being implemented, including
a pilot initiative to implement a project in the Gjakova/Dakovica municipality
that was aimed at localizing the MDGs by revising the existing Municipal Development Plan using a broad-based participatory process.
The Sustainable Development Strategy of the municipality, a final output of
the abovementioned project, represents a remarkable step forward as it aims
to achieve the MDGs at the local level and help the municipality to realize its
long-term vision -to become a leading municipally in Kosovo in achieving the
MDGs by 2015.
The potential for development in the GjakovalDakovica municipality is unlimited. While it is true that the municipality faces important political, economic,
and social challenges, it is balanced by the fact that there is great potential for
the municipality, embedded in the geography, the resources and most importantly, the people of the Gjakova/Dakovica municipality.
Finally, it must be said that the time has come to do development differently,
better focused, better coordinated and better accounted for. I believe, the Millennium Development Goals and the commitment of local stakeholders provide an
extraordinary opportunity to do so.
Frode Mauring
United Nation Development
Coordinator Kosovo
FOREWORD
In September 2000, the leaders of 191 countries across the globe signed the Millennium Declaration. This Declaration contains a set of time bound, quantifiable
global commitments called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The
MDGs represent a set of time bound and measurable goals derived from the
declaration and act as a “call to action” for all nations.
The municipality of Gjakova/Đakovica is the first municipality in Kosovo to
commit to this Global Agenda. During the 2004 strategic planning process, the
municipality approved its long-term vision to become a leading municipality in
Kosovo in achieving the MDGs by 2015.
The revised Strategy, which takes into account globally-defined MDGs, its targets and indicators and adapts them to reflect the municipality’s challenges and
opportunities, provides an overall road-map in realizing the overall vision of
the municipality. Specifically, it provides an overall analytical summary of the
current level of local development related to the selected MDGs in Gjakova/
Đakovica and provides a way forward. The strategy was revised based on the
latest available data and analysis, such as Kosovo HDR 2004, World Bank Poverty Assessment, Sectoral Strategies, and other relevant documents and research.
We appreciate the contributions of UNDP and other UN Agencies as UNICEF,
UN-HABITAT, UNIFEM, FAO and UNV for their guidance and technical expertise, the Norwegian Government, UNDP Kosovo and UN Volunteer Programme
for their generous financial contribution. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the CBDC and FID, 2 Gjakova/Đakovica-based local NGOs for their
technical support and contribution to the process.
The strategy includes development targets and indicators, thus, will serve as
a base for monitoring and evaluation the progress of its implementation. The
large participatory involvement of stakeholders, experts and the local government is a defining characteristic of this Strategy as well. Such broad participation obliges and encourages myself and the Municipal Assembly to give intense
support to the Strategy’s implementation and move from the notion that implementation will be the task of few, to one in which everyone finds themselves to
be an actor for the development of the municipality.
Hajdar Grezda
Chief Executive Officer
Gjakova/Đakovica municipality
SUMMARY
Reka and Altin. The foundation of the
town dates from the end of the XV
The Millennium Declaration, which and the beginning of the XVI century,
was signed by the leaders of 191 coun- where Gjakovë/Ðakovica is mentioned
tries in the year 2000, set out 8 Millen- by its current name in the travel notes
nium Development Goals. These ob- of Evlia Çelebiu in 1662, who said that
jectives highlighted the commitment the town was nicely built and an exof these countries to fulfill measurable cellent place with 2000 houses, dossprogress in such fundamental issues as: houses and 366 shops where 22 crafts
eradication of poverty; universal com- were operating. Craftsmen of that time
pletion of primary education; promo- were organized in guilds, the more imtion of gender equality and strengthen- portant of which were the guilds Tabak
ing of women’s’ role; decreasing infant and Terzive. From these two guilds,
mortality; increasing maternal health; two bridges are derived, Tabaku bridge
fighting against infectious diseases, en- and Terzive bridge. In XIX century,
suring a sustainable environment and Gjakovë/Ðakovica was a cultural cenpromoting a partnership for global de- ter, containing writers of the literary
velopment. With the support of UNDP trend of improvised poems. The town
and other UN Agencies such as UNI- also had a constellation of well known
CEF, UN-HABITAT, UNV, UNIFEM, people in various fields of art, culture,
FAO, etc, Kosovo joined this initiative and science. It was distinguished by its
and began to localize the MDGs at the contributions in music, and especially
municipal level, by using them as a in creating its local song that is unique
framework for compiling municipal de- from other city songs, which is known
velopment strategies. Gjakovë/Ðakovi- as ”Gjakovë/Ðakovicar song”.
ca Municipality is the first municipality that has prepared its development Many travel-writers who had the opstrategy in line with the Millennium portunity to visit wrote about Gjakovë/
Development Goals with the vision of Ðakovica, such as: Haxhi Kalfa, Evlia
by the year 2015 to be a leader in ac- Çelebiu, Fra Bernandini, Pjetër Bogcomplishing these objectives, through dani, Gjergj Bardhi, Vinçentije Zmaguaranteeing fast and sustainable eco- jeviq, Shtjefën Gaspri, Sami Frashëri,
nomic and social development.
H. Hekuard, Dr. Myler, etc. Many of
these described their impressions, parPreface
ticularly about the Uptown (Çarshia e
Madhe), known for its economic and
Positioned in the west of Kosovo, with architectural values and for about 450
a central position in “Flat Dukagjini”, characteristic shops.
at a height of 335 meters, Gjakovë/Ðakovica lies between the rivers Ereni- In a post-conflict context, such as the
ku, Krena and Llukaci, and possesses current situation in Kosovo, there are
many potential natural and human re- limitless possibilities, as such, Gjakovë/
sources, sufficient for its development. Ðakovica Municipality can develop itGjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality has self further, by once again becoming
about 153,000 inhabitants. Out of these, an industrial center, improving transabout 40 % live in rural areas while the port, health and educational services,
remaining 60 % live in the town.
agricultural and advanced agro-industry and to develop into a commuEvidence of habitation in Gjakovë/Ða- nication and information technology
kovica goes back to the Dardanian Il- center. Gjakovë/Ðakovica is a key conlyrian period, especially in the ruins on nection between the north of Albania:
the west side of the Ereniku River. It is Shën Gjini harbor, Shkodra and the
thought that they belong to the ancient Great Highlands in Albania and the
town of Gabuleo, a name which ap- rest of Kosovo. It connects further into
pears on maps from the I–IV centuries. Prishtinë/Priština and Macedonia; as
During a short medieval Serb domina- well as to Prizren and Peja/Peć, and on
tion, this territory was known by many to Montenegro, and is situated in a key
different names including: Patkova, position in south-east Europe.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF GJAKOVË/ÐAKOVICA MUNICIPALITY
The purpose of the strategy
The purpose of preparing this development strategy is for the improvement
in the quality of life of the entire community of Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, and further, to create a cooperation perspective with other communities in the neighborhood and in the
region. This document will support
the operation of all local government
institutions and the stakeholders who
are conducting activities in Gjakovë/
Ðakovica Municipality. Additionally it
will be used as an orienting document
for the central government institutions
and international donors who support
Kosovo’s development. Because the strategy determines development targets and indicators, it
will serve as a base for monitoring and
evaluating the progress of its implementation. This progress will be an
indicator of the quality of work for all
actors, and specifically, for the local
government structures.
Preparation process
This document was prepared with the
participation of all local stakeholders:
representatives of Municipal Assembly, municipal administration, business
community, civil society, journalists,
representatives from academic associations and from NGOs. The number
of people involved in the preparation
process was about 531 people. This
broad participation makes this document popular and with greater implementation possibilities.
10
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality has
identified a fast pace of economic development, increased possibilities for
education, better health care, gender
equality, and sustainable environment
development as the most pressing issues to address the improvement of the
economic and social situation for the
Municipality’s inhabitants. Regarding
the importance of improvement and
further strengthening of the local government, good governance was added
to these objectives. Representatives of
the municipal institutions and local
civil society were involved in identifying these goals. These representatives
then took part in more specific analyses and discussions to determine the
development advantages connected
with each one of these objectives.
This document, while differing in form
and content from previous municipal
publications, took into consideration
all the programming work performed
up to now including strategy of 2004,
by the local government and also by
nongovernmental organizations. It additionally took in consideration all programming documents compiled at the
central government level for Kosovo
development and for specific sectors.
The preparation process was followed
by activities in building capacity,
where programs were undertaken for
processing and improvement of information and maps (DevInfor). One of
the difficulties encountered was the
preparation of this document within a
very limited time-frame.
March 27, 2006
Launching of UNDP’s MDG Project in Gjakovë/Ðakovica pilot municipality under the
framework of “Support in the Formulation, Revision and Implementation of an MDG-based
Municipal Development Plans in selected municipalities” project.
March-April 2006
Meetings, information sharing about MDG localization process in Gjakovë/Ðakovica were
held by the MDG Project in Gjakovë/Ðakovica on what stakeholders (NGOs, the Municipality
of Gjakovë/Ðakovica and their roles in this process) were to expect from the overall MDG
localization
May 25-26, 2006
An MDG workshop was organized by UNKT involving the Municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica,
local NGOs, business community and donors to present the planning process – bottom up
approach, long-term visioning, concept of development, introduction to the Millennium
Declaration and MDGs, and the selection of Goals. Six of the most relevant MDGs were
selected. Over 100 participants participated in this even. The MDG campaign also began at
this time
June 26, 2006
An MDG workshop organized by UNKT for the MDG Project in Gjakovë/Ðakovica in cooperation with the Municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica as a follow up the May MDG workshop
and the findings. This time focusing on indicators for planning and monitoring, problem
prioritization, targets and indicators, prioritization of development responses/strategies. 70
participants took part in the event. They were from NGOs, INGOs, journalists, donors, the
Municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica, business community, experts and other stakeholders.
July 10, 2006
Workshop 1 - To compile MDG matrixes.
Identification of problems, determine the causes and effects of these problems and activities that should be undertaken. The working groups (represented by a wide spectrum of
citizens) took part in preparing these matrixes.
July 11 – August 10, 2006
A number of visits to rural areas were completed with a purpose of identifying needs for
rural development connected with the MDGs. Representatives of poorer groups were visited
and their issues or concerns were taken into consideration and included in this document.
Over 245 people participated in these meetings.
July 14 - September 28,
2006
Capacity building of actors and participants involved in the compilation of the development
strategy of Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality.
6 trainings were developed on the following topics: Preparing project proposals using a
logical framework approach; Consensus building; Effective management and leadership;
Involvement of civil society in political processes; Expense analyses and the negotiation and
DevInfo..
July 19, 2006
Workshop 2 – Continuation of the compilation process for the MDG matrixes through the
participation of 6 working groups.
July 26, 2006
Workshop 3 – Further development of the matrixes in line with the MDGs
July 28, 2006
Workshop 4 – Continuing the work in completing the poverty matrix.
More than 63 people participated in the workshops for this completion.
July 28 August 15, 2006
A rapid survey on Social Exclusion in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, was carried out by the sub-contracted locally based NGO CBDC which highlighted the extent and level of social exclusion
in the municipality. These findings were reflected in the overall analysis to influence both
the target settings for the municipality as well as the setting of the strategy. 101 questionnaires were collected.
September 8, 2006
A meeting of the thematic group on Poverty took place in Gjakovë/Ðakovica to attract
views, comments, and suggestions, of participants to the findings of MDG working group so
that they will be integrated into overall findings.
September, 2006
Data analysis started and MDG working groups’ findings were delivered to UN agencies for
comments and suggestions
December, 2006
Draft MDG based Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality Development Strategy translated and
released to stakeholders for comments and suggestions to finalise the text.
January 2007
Launching of MDG based Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality Development Strategy and donor
conference. Adoption of the Strategy by the Municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica and beginning of its implementation
11
Priority fields
Eradicating extreme poverty is a key
problem for Kosovo and for the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality. According to the analyses, the incidents of
extreme poverty in Kosovo may be reduced by the year 2015 to less than 8%
from about 15.2% today. Economic and
human resources are already in place,
and ongoing attempts to build their
capacity suggest that in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, during the same
period; the municipality can halve the
number of families that live in conditions of extreme poverty. The level and
development pattern of the private
sector, the level of employment in the
town, and a rapidly increased income
for private farms, are identified as
the most important factors that could
speed up a transformation of the current situation. Achieve universal primary education
requires urgent measures so that by
the year 2015, all children, boys and
girls wherever they are, should be able
to finish primary schooling. While currently Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality
has low educational indicators, it was
once known for its intellectual and
highly educated tradition of the municipal population. It is believed that
there are the opportunities in place that
could achieve not only a high level of
educational development and achievement of the stated objective of primary
education but also to allow Gjakovë/
Ðakovica to regain its traditional reputation by ranking highly within the
Kosovo education system.
Promote gender equality and empowerment of women
This sets out that by the year 2015, inequality should be eliminated between
women and men at all educational levels, in the labour market, and within
political and administrative posts. In
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, women make up 49.1% of population and
about 60% of them live in rural areas.
Their life expectancy is little higher
than men. However, their educational
level and participation in the workplace, particularly in managerial positions is lower than men. This high-
12
lights a mentality of inequality, which
is difficult to overcome within the time
frame allocated to achieve the Millennium Development Goals
Reduce child mortality - Improve maternal health and combat HIV/ AIDS
and other diseases aims to reduce by
two thirds the mortality in children up
to five years old, and by three quarters
the rate of maternal mortality by the
year 2015. Finally is also sets out to
halt the spread of HIV/AIDS and other
infectious and dangerous diseases. In
Gjakovë/Ðakovica, although complete
statistical data is missing, indicators
are at a level that merits careful attention. Fulfillment of these targets depends greatly on the commitment of
central and local human and financial
resources to change the current situation. Ensure environmental sustainability
through the integration of sustainable
development principles in local development policies and programs, and
to reverse the trend of declining environment resources, halve by 2015 the
number of people without access to
drinking and running water supply,
halt land degradation and increase
the amount of land surface covered
with forests and those areas protected to maintain biological diversity. In
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, the
more pressing environment problems
are connected with the protection of
natural resources, especially forests,
agricultural land and rivers, protection
of air and drinking water from pollution, and for the rehabilitation of some
environmental hotspots. Specific attention here should be given to the areas
still containing landmines, areas with
depleted uranium, and landfills of
solid household and industrial waste.
A complete solution of these problems
requires commitment from central and
local government structures, considerable finance resources and increased
public awareness for the protection of
the environment. Some of these problems, such as pollution from mines and
uranium, can not be solved without international assistance.
Good governance is an additional Millennium Development Goal selected
especially for the Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Municipality. The basis for the development of good governance is an understanding from all that the improvement of government is a reciprocal
process. On the one hand it requires
strengthening of the capacities for local government structures in compiling and successfully implementing the
municipal economic and social development policies while taking charge
of new responsibilities for reform and
decentralisation of government. On
the other hand, it should be recognised
that we can not have good government
without the participation of citizens in government, which requires public
awareness of their roles and responsibilities in the municipal government,
institutionalization of public participation in the decision-making process
and strengthening of the role of civil
society organizations in this participation process.
Development advantages
Based on a detailed analysis of the situation in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality with regard to the Millennium Development Goals, 17 priority strategic
targets were initially determined for the
municipality. For each target, respective indicators were also established,
by considering as a base their current
value and predicting the value for future periods up to 2015. 60 indicators
were selected for the municipality, by
considering general and sectoral strategies for Kosovo’s economic and social
development, UNDP defined Human
Development indicators for Kosovo
and European Union documents out-
lining the standards that should be accomplished in the short and mid term.
For each target, priority programs
were selected, which through their
implementation would directly impact
the achievement of the target. These
programs are further detailed in the
orienting projects section and for each
project, implementation time, eventual
partners, and approximate cost are foreseen. These can be a direct investment
or the cost of assistance in carrying out
studies, finally there are also details of
who may be an eventual major donor.
For Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, 32
programs and 136 projects are selected
as priority interventions.
Future steps
This revised strategy is a dynamic document. It outlines the basis of the municipal development and determines
the priorities, programs and projects
in the current view of local institutions
and the civil society. All these have to
be monitored both daily and more periodically, in order to take into consideration the annual municipal progress,
implementation progress of programs
and projects that are financed and their
impact.
The implementation of this strategy
will be carried out by all local stakeholders under the Municipal Assembly
direction and coordination. Periodical
reporting is needed on progress and
implementation by the Municipal Assembly, and also by the local NGOs, in
order to monitor municipal progress
and citizens’ opinions about this progress.
13
Section 1
CURRENT SITUATION IN
GJAKOVË/ÐAKOVICA MUNICIPALITY
First Chapter
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY
1
Eradicate extreme poverty is the first Millennium Development Goal.
The main target of this goal is to halve by the year 2015 the percentage of the
population that lives in conditions of extreme poverty1 . Based on the analyses,
with a average annual economic growth of about 2% and without changes
in the level of inequality, the incidence of extreme poverty in Kosovo may be
reduced to less than 8% from about 15.2% currently. Economic and human
resources are already in place, and ongoing attempts to build their capacity
suggest that in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, during the same period; it is
possible to cut in half the number of families that live in conditions of extreme
poverty. The level and pace of private sector development, the level of employment in the town, and a rapid increase in incomes from privately owned farms
are the most important factors that could ensure the accomplishment of this
target.
1.1 Overview of Data
Population
The last census in Kosovo was in 1981, and therefore official statistics and data
are scarce and questionable. More complete data is found from UNMIK, which
is based on the population increase during the period of 1981-1991. According
to this data, the population of Kosovo in 2005 is estimated at 2 million inhabitants. Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality has about 153,000 inhabitants, although it
is thought that this number may be larger. The average size of a family is about
6.27 members per family, a little less than the Kosovo average (see the Table 1.1).
As a territory, the municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica covers a surface of 586 km²,
thus the density of the population is on average about 259 inhabitants per km².
More than half of the population, about 59.7% resides in urban areas. Male representation is greater making up about 50.9% of the total population. Based on
ethnicity, the municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica is inhabited primarily by the Albanian majority and ethnic minorities make up only 4.55% of the total municipal
population.
Table 1.1: Some demographic indicators
Average
Family Size
(housekeeping)
Average
number of
children
Average number of mail
- adults
Average number of women
- adults
Average
number of
elders
Prishtinë/
Priština
5.46
1.53
1.76
1.83
0.33
Gjakovë/
Ðakovica
6.27
2.08
1.80
1.94
0.46
Total
6.52
2.08
1.97
2.08
0.39
Source: UNDP, “The Human Development Report-Kosovo 2004”.
1 Based
on the questionnaire for the quality of life in Kosovo, performed in 2002 with th support of the World
Bank, «extremely poor» are considered those that consume up to 0.93 Euro/per capita a day, and «poor» those
that consume between 0.93 and 1.42 Euro/per capita a day.
17
A fundamental characteristic of the gender structure for the Kosovo population is
dominated by youth up to 25 years old, both in rural and urban areas (see figure
1.1 and 1.2). This tendency is also continued in the municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica, where about 62% of population is younger than 30 years old, and about
80% of population is below 45.
1
Fig. 1.1: Structure of the urban population
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Male
10
20
30
40
50
Female
Source: UNICEF 2004
Fig. 1.2: Structure of the rural population
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
Male
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Female
Source: UNICEF 2004
Migration
Although accurate data is missing, the level of migration in Kosovo, specifically
internal migration is high. In general, it is accepted that about 350 000 to 400 000
Kosovar live abroad. It is suggested that economic need, high level of unemployment, political instability, and the conflict were the main drivers of migration
abroad. According to UNDP, Germany and Switzerland are the main destinations for Kosovo migrants.
The dominant stimulus of internal migration is unemployment, and there is a
tendency for population movement towards urban areas as there are greater employment opportunities. Therefore, in Prishtinë/Priština municipality a population increase of about 22.5 inhabitants for every 1000 inhabitants is attributed to
those coming from other Kosovo municipalities (see Table 1.2).
18
Table 1.2: Permanent immigration in municipalities of east areas
Net immigration for 1000 inhabitants
Municipality
From these,
in a period of 1998 - 2003
Gjilan/Gnjilane
- 9.1
+ 0.3
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
- 11.5
- 2.1
Mitrovicë/Mitrovica
- 12.9
- 6.2
Peja/Peć
+ 11.1
+ 3.3
Prizren
- 4.9
+ 0.6
Prishtinë/Priština
+ 29.5
+ 7.0
Ferizaj/Uroševac
- 2.2
- 2.8
1
Total
until the year 2003
Burimi: KDHS, Hulumtimi demografik e shëndetësor i Kosovës, 2004.
As everywhere, there was also migration of people from the municipality of
Gjakovë/Ðakovica abroad, mostly toward the countries of Western Europe, or
to Prishtinë/Priština. Up to the year 2003, 11.5 of every 1000 inhabitants moved
from Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, out of which 2.1 occurred in the period
1998-2003, this is a high indicator compared with other municipalities in eastern
Kosovo. The major driver of this movement was due to people in Gjakovë/Ðakovica looking for a job out of the municipality and locality; moving towards
Kosovo’s more economically developed areas, such as Prishtinë/Priština or Fushë
Kosovë/Kosovo Polje, but also toward Western countries. Thus, reduction of this
tendency is difficult for the time being with the continuing conditions of high
unemployment.
Natural Growth
Birth figures from the period 1988 until 2003 show that the number of births in
Kosovo is continuously reducing (See Table 1.3). The level of natural growth is
decreasing as a result of the low economic and social development in Kosovo,
low economic activity, high unemployment especially for women, their low level
of social standing and their position which is undervalued both in society and in
the family.
Table 1.3: Birth in Kosovo
Period
Birth per 1000 inhabitants
1988 – 1993
27,0
1993 – 1998
24,9
1998 – 2003
23,0
Source: Kosovo Demographic and Health Research, 2004.
The natural growth of population in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is also
changing in comparison with data from a few years ago. Calculations show an
annual rate of natural growth of 16 persons per 1000 inhabitants , which is a lot
less than the Kosovo average.
As far as the approximate mortality rate is concerned, the empirical research from
last year suggests 5.3 deaths from accidents per 1000 people. By taking into consideration supplemental information from observation in families; this number is
likely to be higher, at a rate of 6 or 7 deaths due to accidents per 1000 people.
2
Spatial Plan of Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, 2005.
19
Life Expectancy
While traditionally the poor among the population do not have a long life expectancy, Kosovo population has an average rate. Life expectancy in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is 71.05 years, which corresponds approximately with the
average life expectancy of the Kosovo population.
1
Divorces
According to the empirical results it is noted that even with the increase seen in
the last few years, the number of divorces continues to be quite low. But, on the
other hand, a negative influence may be blurring this data due to the fact that
while women are relatively equal the mentality of Albanian society means that
there is not widespread equality. This is more visible in rural areas, where gender
equality may not be as high, so divorce cases are rare. In this case, it often is that
the divorced female has no support, so she is therefore forced to bear a life with a
person with whom she would not live with in other circumstances.
1.2
Human Development Indicators
Measurement of human development
By considering inadequate a measurement of human development rate based
only on income, UNDP has improved this measure through the development of
the Human Development Indicator (HDI) which considers the following components:
(i)
Life Expectancy, which takes into consideration how people live and for
how long, also if financial resources are used in an efficient way to serve
the improvement of health conditions for the population. According to
this data, the Life Expectancy Indicator is calculated;
(ii) Illiteracy and education level, expressed through the percentage of the
population who are illiterate, and the average number of years of education for those that attend school. According to this data, the Education
Indicator is calculated;
(iii)
Gross Domestic Product, which reflects average incomes per capita, calculated for the buying power. According to this data, the Income Indicator
is calculated.
The Indicator of Human Development is a combination of the 3 indicators: Life
Expectancy, Education and Income. These values were calculated for the first
time for Kosovo and its municipalities in 2004 (see Table 1.4).
Table 1.4: Human Development Indicators
Life Expectancy from
birth
Adult
education
(+15)
School registration
Incomes per
capita
Longevity
Indicator
Education
Indicator
Incomes
Indicator
Human Development
Indicator
Prishtina
70.96
95.70
90.73
1585.64
0.766
0.940
0.461
0.723
Gjakova
71.50
92.07
81.72
1149.04
0.768
0.886
0.407
0.687
Kosova
68.86
94.22
88.52
1053.23
0.731
0.923
0.393
0.682
Municipality
Source: UNDP, “Human Development Report – Kosovo 2004”
20
From the calculations, it is estimated that the HDI for Kosovo is 0.682, valuing
the Life Expectancy Indicator as 0.731, the Education Indicator at 0.923, and the
Income Indicator at 0.393. With this indicator Kosovo is ranked in the countries of
medium human development. This value is comparable with the region, excluding Slovenia and Croatia, who have higher values of this indicator signifying a
higher level of human development. However, in the Global Human Development Report, the value of the Income Indicator for Kosovo is actually calculated
at 0.548. By allowing for this increase, the value of the HDI comes to 0.734, and
is therefore higher than the one calculated in table 1.4. Based on this value, Fig.
1.3 represents a comparison of Kosovo’s human development rate with some selected countries.
1
Fig. 1.3: Comparison of human development rate
Norway
0.944
Slovenia
0.881
Croatia
0.818
RM
0.784
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.777
Albania
0.735
Kosovo
0.734
Sierra Leone
0.275
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Source: UNDP, “Human Development Report– Kosovo 2004”
For the Municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica, the HDI is 0.687, calculating that the
Life Expectancy Indicator is 0.768, the Education Indicator is 0.886, and the Income Indicator is 0.407. With this value, Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is within
municipalities with a medium rate of human development and it is ranked 15th
out of 30 Kosovo municipalities. A more complete comparison among Kosovo
municipalities is represented in Fig. 1.4. It is apparent that this indicator is higher
than the average value calculated for Kosovo; this is due to the higher rate of life
expectancy and income. Nevertheless, this indicator remains low if it is compared with other regions outside of Kosovo.
1.3
Poverty
Human Poverty Indicator
The most common definition of poverty is the inability to achieve an acceptable
standard of living, this is measured based on necessary consumption needs. By
considering poverty as a complex social phenomenon, UNDP developed the measure of the Human Poverty Indicator, which includes economic, social, and political measures of poverty, and the consequences that derive from being poor. “...In Kosovo, poverty is seen as a lack of regular income or a complete lack of income,
and lack of saving and lack of cattle. Poverty means also the way of living in the
house, lack of fundamental goods, depending from the neighbors or humanitarian
organization mercies...” (World Bank: Poverty Assessment Report, Kosovo”, 2001.
3 UNDP,
“Global Human Development Report– 2004”.
21
Leposaviq
Leposavič
1
Mitrovicë
Zveçan Mitrovica
Zvečan
Zubin Potok
Zubin Potok
Istog
Istok
Podujevë
Podujevo
Skenderaj
Srbica
Pejë
Peč
Klinë
Klina
Deçan
Dečane
Vushtrri
Vučitrn
Obiliq
Obilič
Gllogovc Fushë Kosovë
Gloovac Kosovo Polje
Malisheva
Maliŝevo
Gjakova
Ðakovica
Rahovec
Orahovac
Suharekë
Suvareka
Prizren
Prizren
Dragash
Dragaŝ
Prishtinë
Priština
Lipjan
Lipjan
Shtime
Stimlje
Ferizaj
Urosevac
Shtërpcë
Ŝterpc
Kamenicë
Novo Bërdë Kamenica
Novo Brdo
Gjilan
Gnjilane
Viti
Vitina
Kaçanik
Kačanik
HDI - high 0.723 – 0.692
HDI - medium 0.659 –0.691 0.625
HDI - low 0.658 – 0.625
Fig. 1.4: Human Development Indicator according to Municipalities4
Values for the Human Poverty Indicator in Kosovo are calculated at the level of
municipalities, and Fig. 1.5 presents a comparison of municipalities across this
indicator. From these calculations, we see that the value of this indicator for the
Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is 7.80 (see Table 1.5), including it in the group
of municipalities with a low rate of poverty compared with other poor and very
poor municipalities. It was noted that much of the data that was used as a baseline
in calculating this indicator within the Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality shows a
greater improvement than the Kosovo average., in particular the measurements
of the percentage of people without access to running water, distant from health
centers, and the percentage of population falling below the decent standard of
living indicator. Thus the rate of human poverty in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is lower than the Kosovo average. Although it should be noted that while
data shows that these values are worse in comparison with Prishtinë/Priština’s
figures, both Prishtinë/Priština and Gjakovë/Ðakovica fall into the group of municipalities with a relatively low rate of poverty.
Table 1.5: Human Poverty Indicator
Percentage of
people with a
life expectancy
of less than 40
Adult Literacy Rate
Percentage
without
access to
water supply
Infant Mortality
Nearest health
center further
than 5 km. (%)
Percentage
of population
under decent
standard of living indicator
Human
Poverty
Indicator
Prishtinë/
Priština
5.73
4.31
9.91
3.5
0.41
4.60
4.96
Gjakovë/
Ðakovica
5.74
7.93
15.58
3.5
7.97
9.02
7.80
Kosovo
6.79
5.78
27.41
3.5
8.125
12.96
9.66
Municipality
4 Source:
22
UNDP, “Human Development Report – Kosovo 2004”
Income
According to the empirical calculations, income per capita in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
municipality is about 95.75 euro per month, a value which is a little higher than
the Kosovo average of 87.77 euro per month. However, this is a very low value
compared with the figure of approximately 130.33 euro per month representing
per capita income in Prishtinë/Priština. Men’s income is around 3 times larger
than women’s income in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, which is almost as large as the average difference in Kosovo.
Zubin Potok
Zubin Potok
Istog
Istok
Pejë
Peč
Mitrovicë
Zveçan Mitrovica
Zvečan
Podujevë
Podujevo
Skenderaj
Srbica
Klinë
Klina
Deçan
Dečane
Vushtrri
Vučitrn
Obiliq
Obilič
Lipjan
Lipjan
Malisheva
Maliŝevo
Gjakova
Ðakovica
Rahovec
Orahovac
Prishtinë
Priština
Shtime
Stimlje
Suharekë
Suvareka
Prizren
Prizren
Ferizaj
Urosevac
Shtërpcë
Ŝterpc
Dragash
Dragaŝ
Kamenicë
Novo Brdo
Gjilan
Gnjilane
Leposaviq
Leposavič
1
Based on the
questionnaire, most
people interviewed
declared incomes
of up to 50 euro a
week per family and
a very small number
declared incomes
between 50 and
100 euro a week per
family (see Fig. 1.6).
Nobody declared
incomes of more
than 100 euro a
week per family.
Viti
Vitina
Kaçanik
Kačanik
HPI - low 4.75 – 12.37 %
HPI - medium 12.38 – 20.00 %
HPI - high 20.01 – 27.64%
Fig. 1.5: Poverty Indicator according to Municipalities5
Number of responses
Fig. 1.6: Family weekly incomes
Household Income
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
urban
rural
0 -50
5 Source:
50 -100
100 -150
UNDP, “Human Development Report – Kosovo 2004”
23
Table 1.6: Income structure
1
Expenditure per capita in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is about 62.13 euro per
month per person, a little lower than the Kosovo average value of 69.03 euro per
month, and much less than expenditure per capita in Prishtinë/Priština, calculated to be about 88.21 euro per month.
Municipality
Salary
Pensions and
welfare
Profits from
business
Loan
Remittances
from relatives
Income from sale
of property
Other resources
35.86
5.22
26.00
10.21
5.00
10.31
7.39
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
18.24
5.51
22.00
7.61
23.21
15.33
8.11
Kosovo
29.85
5.99
14.94
17.21
13.66
7.13
11.21
Remittances from relatives, profits from business, and salaries make up the three
main income sources in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality (see Table 1.6), covering
23.21%, 22% and 18.24% respectively of total incomes. From the comparison of
these values with Kosovo average values and those of Prishtinë/Priština, the following important conclusions are made:
(i)
The 23.21% of income made up from remittances, including assistance
from family and friends, and divorce benefits is a large portion of the
overall total when compared with the Kosovo average, especially, with
Prishtinë/Priština, where these incomes make up only 5%. This shows a
high level of dependence on others, and low level of income security; (ii) The 18.24% of income made up of salaries is much lower than average
values for Kosovo and Prishtinë/Priština. This highlights that the employment and payment rates in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality are lower
than Kosovo average, and much lower than in Prishtinë/Priština.
Income security
As in all of Kosovo, in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, income security is estimated to be low,
thus, there is a higher possibility of poverty increasing. It is believed that the most
negative influence on this can be attributed to the factors below, some of which are
connected directly with administration skills of the municipality itself: (I) Slowed
pace of economic growth noticed since the year 2002 which is mostly attributed
to the considerable reduction of finances during the post-conflict period; (ii)
Political instability, which is closely connected with the decision of Kosovo’s final
status; (iii) Degradation of the environment and natural resources, which remains a
threat to the economy of families whose income dependant on these, especially in
rural areas. At the Kosovo level, in rural areas, the economy of 89.6% of families
depends on the land, 55.4% of families depend on cattle and 20% of families on
forestry; finally (iv) Limited employment possibilities.
Inequality in incomes and in consumption
Alleviating poverty and especially extreme poverty is closely connected with the
pace of economic development and also with inequality. In Kosovo, inequality
in income is high, which is clearly reflected through the Gini coefficient value of
0.49. Inequality in consumption is less and the respective value of this coefficient
is 0.30. A further deepening of inequality clearly influences the increase in poverty
levels. Studies show that for an annual increase of only 3% in inequality the extreme poverty level will increase about 18% per year6.
6
24
World Bank: “Poverty Assessment - Kosovo”, June 2005.
In the Table 1.7 some of the main regional indicators calculated for the year 2002
are presented. Gjakovë/Ðakovica region is ranked fifth for the level of extreme
poverty and for inequality in consumption, while ranked fourth among the other
regions for levels of family consumption.
Table 1.7: Inequality
1
Kosovo
Average daily family
consumption (Euro)
Gjakovë/
Ðakovica
Gjilan/
Gnjilane
Mitrovicë/
Mitrovica
Peja/
Peć
Prizren
Prishtinë/
Priština
Ferizaj/
Uroševac
1.87
1.96
1.71
1.98
1.81
2.06
1.50
Level of extreme poverty (%)
15.2
13.8
10.0
24.2
22.6
15.0
7.3
28.9
Gini Coefficient
0.30
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.23
0.13
0.11
0.16
Unemployment (%)
47.2
17.5
16.1
23.7
6.4
7.9
15.9
23.7
Indicator
Source: World Bank, “Poverty Assessment – Kosovo”, June 2005.
Extreme poverty
The profile of poverty and especially extreme poverty differs greatly from municipality to municipality, and also within municipalities. In Kosovo, 37% of
the population lives under the poverty line of 1.42 Euro per adult per day, and
15.2% of population live under the extreme poverty line of 0.93 Euro per adult
per day. Extreme poverty is experienced more among preschool children (17.3%),
the elderly (17.1%), and by children of ages 6-14 years old (16.9%). Families that
are most affected by extreme poverty are those with disabled members, femaleheaded households, and families that do belong to the Albanian or Serbian ethnic
groups. Out of each of these specific family situations, the percentage of those
living in extreme poverty make up 17.9%, 8.7% and 31% respectively. Extreme
poverty is higher in urban areas (excluding the capital) than in rural areas. In the
latter examples, extreme poverty is about twice as high as in the capital city.
Table 1.8: The indicator of the extreme poverty
Region
The indicator of the extreme poverty
%
Part of the extreme poverty
%
Gjilan/
Gnjilane
10.0
5.5
Gjakovë/
Ðakovica
13.8
8.4
Mitrovicë/
Mitrovica
24.2
24.2
Peja/Peć
22.6
15.0
Prizren
15.0
13.9
Prishtinë/
Priština
7.3
16.3
Ferizaj/
Uroševac
28.9
16.6
Kosova
15.2
100.0
Source: World Bank, “Poverty Assessment - Kosovo”, June 2005.
7 Poverty
is characterized by two indicators: (i) Extreme poverty level, which in Kosovo is calculated to be 0.93 Euro per day per capita; and (ii) relative poverty, which takes into consideration the need for the consumption of
other necessary non-food items.
25
In Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, the number of families that live under the
extreme poverty line is about 13.8% of total families, which is lower than the
Kosovo average, estimated at 15.2% of families (see Table 1.8). The distribution of
these families between the town and the municipal villages is uneven:
1
(i)
Examining further the qualitative valuation of poverty within households
in the town, poor families are seen to be unevenly distributed. It seems
clear that poverty is more pronounced in the northern part, in Piskota
neighborhood; in the western part, in Bërkoc neighborhood; and in the
eastern, south-eastern area, in Koloni neighborhood, inhabited primarily
by the minorities of RAE (Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian) Community;
(ii) In rural areas poverty is more pronounced in parts such as the Dushkaja
region, Reka e Keqe region, and villages around the border with Albania.
The immediately noticeable issue in these regions, especially in Dushkaja
is the poor roads. This is a serious obstacle for economic development in
these areas, and represents a priority problem for social and economic
integration for these communities in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality. The poverty profile in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality shows that interventions to
reduce poverty within this strategy’s framework have to be concentrated in specific locations and among specific social groups to solve their most urgent needs
based on the priorties identified. It is also important to be aware that remainder
of the Gjakovë/Ðakovica population while not in extreme poverty is also not in a
strong economic position, and is in need of support, this includes the minorities.
In a municipality like Gjakovë/Ðakovica that aims to be a leader in an open and
civilized society, minorities are a priority issue, including Serbs to further support
their integration within the municipality and its inhabitants. While there is much
work to be done on this issue, Gjakova municipality remains committed to looking
towards the future and becoming a developed and intergrated society.
Welfare
Two family categories are covered in the welfare scheme: (i) Families that have members
over the age of 15 with permanent disabilities, who are unable to work; people over 65
years of age; permanent guardians of people with disabilities; members below 14 years
of age, persons between 15 and 18 years old that are in regular education, parents that
with at least one child under 15 years old who are self-sustainable; and (ii) Families with
one disabled person unable to work and with at least one child under 15 years of age, or
that have in their permanent care an orphan under 15 years of age. Welfare payment is
35-75 Euros a month, based on the benefit categories. Beneficiaries of this scheme have
access to other facilities, such as health care without charge and do not pay municipal
taxes and electricity. The number of families in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality who
benefited from Welfare during the year 2006 is 1459, out of which there were 678
families in the first category and 781 families in the second category. The overall number
of members in these families is 6364. The main deficiencies of this scheme comes from
not covering all the categories in need, such women under 65 years old who are alone,
without financial support, and delinquents over 18 years old that have no family. Source:
Regional Center for Social Welfare-Gjakovë/Ðakovica, 2006
Social inclusion
A clearer view of extreme poverty in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is provided
through a qualitative observation organized for this report. In keeping with the
conclusions drawn at the Kosovo level, the study determines the following groups
as most endangered by extreme poverty:
8 Provides
26
an observation reference
1
(i)
Families with disabled members have a higher level of extreme poverty.
The level of extreme poverty is dramatically intensified within families
with more than one disabled member compared with families without
any disabled members.
(ii) Families with women as heads of the household also present a small but
significant portion of extremely poor people. The reasons for the frequent
appearance of extreme poverty in these families can be explained through
gender differences in the economic structure of the family, level of education and their status in the working market.
(iii) Non Albanian groups are also in an unfavorable position. Broken down by
ethnicity, extreme poverty is markedly higher among Roma, Ashkali and
Egyptians. Based on the structure of the population, Albanians make up
most of the number living in extreme poverty, but the risk of being poor
among “other” ethnic groups is twice as likely as among Albanians. Data
analysis of this observation demonstrates the critical disadvantages faced
by other ethnic groups, who have a high risk of becoming extremely poor.
“The only resource for us is the landfill. We spend all day long searching through the
metal garbage and selling them to earn a piece of bread....” (From an inhabitant of
Kolonia neighborhood in Gjakovë/Ðakovica)
(iii) There is a clear decrease in income for pensioners after retirement, as a
result of low pensions in comparison with salaries. The baseline pension
is set at 40 euro, which is less than one fifth of the Gjakovë/Ðakovica average salary, and it resembles more welfare than a pension payment for
a person who worked and contributed all their life to society. As such,
this social category is facing a permanent risk of dropping from relative
poverty into extreme poverty. Their only possibility to survive is the trend
that occurs for all pensioners in Gjakovë/Ðakovica (and also in Kosovo):
support from the boys and girls in the family, resulting in their total dependence on them.Out of the 6000 pensioners that Gjakovë/Ðakovica has
today, about 30% suffer from the chronic disease of diabetes, which requires a constant daily and costly treatment.
27
The survey for extreme poverty in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality shows that most
of the extreme poor are also lacking in aspects of education levels and infrastructure
development. During birth and early childhood, income and environmental risks are
the main factors contributing to serious health problems for those living in poverty.
During adolescence, when schooling is no longer obligatory, income has an important
influence on whether education is continued. Later, poor health contributes to an
increase in poverty though its impact for potential employmentt. As an adult, low
educational achievement becomes the main factor in the increased level of poverty.
1
Other poverty indicators
Housing conditions in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, as in all of Kosovo, differ
greatly among territories, and they are clearly worse than in Prishtinë/Priština.
However, much of the data from Gjakovë/Ðakovica shows that housing conditions are on average better when compared with other municipalities. This is
clearly seen in the data of Table 1.9:
(i) About 40% of houses in the municipality need both minor and major
repair, compared with only about 13.3% in Prishtinë/Priština, or about
15.4% in Prizren municipality. The physical state of houses is better than
in Gjilan/Gnjilane municipality, where the number of houses with major
damages is over twice as large as in Gjakovë/Ðakovica;
(ii) Families in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality reside in larger living spaces
than in other comparable municipalities. The percentage of families who
have more than 3 people in one room represent about 18.4% of families in
Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, while in Prishtinë/Priština that number
is 22.4%, and in Peja/Peć municipality about 40.9%;
Table 1.9: Life and housing conditions
Gjakovë/
Ðakovica
Gjilan/
Gnjilane
Peja/Peć
Prizren
Prishtinë/
Priština
Ferizaj/
Uroševac
Houses with major damages
8.6
18.6
10.2
6.2
4.1
10.6
Houses with minor damages
31.4
29.7
21.0
9.2
9.2
25.4
Households with more than 3 people per room
18.4
21.1
40.9
19.3
22.4
29.3
Residences without electricity
1.6
0.2
0.5
1.5
0.0
2.9
Residences with no central pipe or main water
source
42.8
70.3
54.2
34.1
42.8
64
Residence with primary water sources of wells
17.9
40.5
39.2
24.0
30.2
52.9
No bathroom and water in the residence
35.1
49
32.4
44.6
32.6
55.1
Toilets in the yard
35.1
49.0
29.5
44.1
32.6
55.1
No garbage liquidation
71.5
64
72
59.8
65.7
50.3
Source: World Bank, “Poverty Assesment – Kosovo”, June 2005.
(iii) Approximately 42% of families in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality have
no access to running water, and this is more common in rural areas.
1.4
Labour market
Employment
Gjakovë/Ðakovica has 8,614 employed people (see Fig. 1.6), out of which 3,200
are employed in private businesses. In total 1,960 people are employed in public
companies and in public enterprises. This number in reality is probably higher
as a number of people are self-employed in agriculture.
28
Figure 1.6: Employment in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Active working force in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Employed
8.6 %
Other
49.4 %
Unemployed
42 %
Employed
Other
8700
1
50300
1
2
3
Active working force in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
1
2
3
Unemployed
42000
Participation rate in the labour force in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is about
66.4 %, which is a little higher than the Kosovo average.
In registered businesses within the private sector, small businesses with 1-2 workers
and family businesses dominate. Business professionals and technical staff on average
do not make up more than 8 % of total staff, compared with 22 % in Kosovo as a whole
and 30% in Prishtinë/Priština which shows a relatively low level of technology.
Unemployment
Kosovo is characterized by high unemployment. In 2002, the unemployment level
was estimated to be 47.2% of active population (see Table 1.10). The following data
demonstrates that in general the unemployment level has continued to increase.
Very high unemployment is such that the Kosovo population considers it as their
most important problem. Out of those surveyed, the results from the participants
show that about 80% of those canvassed see unemployment as more important
than Kosovo status and poverty (see Fig. 1.7).
Table 1.10: Unemployment in Kosovo
Years
1989
2000
2001
2002
Employment rate (%)
22.2
40.9
19.6
21.8
12.1
41.2
47.2
Unemployment (%)
36.6
Burimi: Banka Botërore. “ Tregu i punës në Kosovë”, 2003
The immediate increase of unemployment during the 1990s has to do with many factors.
During this period, all economic indicators in Kosovo underwent a decline reacting to:
(i) ineffective economic politics; (ii) suspension of economic connections with abroad;
(iii) international sanctions; and (iv) halting of investment due to conflict and lack of
political stability. This is evidenced in very low values of Gross Domestic Product or
GDP, high inflation rates and in a decrease of about 80% of exports.
Fig. 1.7: Valuation of the importance of problems
that Kosovo’s population faces
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
80.8
Unemployment
9
26.1
13.5
Status
Poverty
9.8
9.6
Insecurity M alversation
World Bank: “Poverty Assessment – Kosovo”, June 2005.
29
The graph of Fig.1.8 reflects the change in GDP (Gross Domestic Product –GDP)
for Kosovo during the ‘90s. An immediate decrease is noticed after the year 1985
up to one fourth of the average value of the ‘80s as a result of Serbian politics and
the affects of the conflict in ex-Yugoslavian republics. A clear increase in GDP was
noticed starting from 2000, but GDP per capita has not yet achieved the high rate
experience in the year 1985.
1
Fig. 1.8: GDP (GIP) changes through the years
1200
GDP per capita (USD)
1125
1060
1000
950
877
800
739
600
441
400
320
200
0
1985
1987
1989
1992
1994
2001
2003
Based on data from Gjakovë/Ðakovica’s Regional Employment Center, 36,802
unemployed people seeking jobs were registered at the end of 2005. This number
has increased from year to year by an average of 2,000 people, since 2002 (see
Table 1.11 and Fig. 1.9). Meanwhile, the annual number of registered available
job openings continues to be very small, absorbing on average about 627 people
per year, which is less than 30% of the unemployed total.
Table 1.11: Registered job-seekers in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
2002
2003
2004
2005
Registered jobseekers
28383
32105
34510
36802
Number of
women out of this
total
10799
12695
13856
14938
370
719
934
486
Available Job
Openings
Source: Employment Regional Center-Gjakovë/Ðakovica, 2006
Fig. 1.9: Number of people looking for jobs in
Gjakovë/Ðakovica based on years
40000
35000
30000
Series 1
Series 2
32105
36802
34510
28383
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
719
934
476
370
0
2002
30
2003
2004
2005
A study of the trend for an increase in the number of job-seekers based on previous years (see Fig. 10) shows that with an increase of about 2,000 of unemployed
per year, Gjakovë/Ðakovica in 2015 may have about 18,000 more people unemployed by reaching theoretically a number of about 54,000 people. In order to
decrease the level of unemployment in Gjakovë/Ðakovica from 30%, 2500-3000
people a year must then be employed, (based on one thousand employed people
registered and by taking into account about 2000 people added to the active population each year)
1
Figura 1.10: The increase trend for the number of unemployed
38800
36802
34510
32105
28383
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2015
Compared with the administrative data above, the real rate of unemployment in
Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is believed to be higher. It is actually valued to be
at a rate of about 42% based on UNDP studies (see Table 1.12). This discrepancy
can be partially explained by the following reasons:
(i)
Unemployed people are not motivated to register with the Regional Employment Center because they have little hope of being employed via this
channel. This belief is supported by the small number of available vacancies registered in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Employment Regional Center;
(ii) Registration in the Regional Employment Center is not obligatory for unemployed people as they are not a part of a welfare scheme that would be
conditional based on this registration.
Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that there is an informal employment
market in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, and these employed people are not represented in
the total number of employed people nor in the registered number of job-seekers,
but they are still considered a part of the number of unemployed.
The profile of those unemployed in Gjakovë/Ðakovica is clearly reflected in Table 1.13, which summarizes the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Regional Employment Center
data for 2005. As it can be seen, the majority of unemployed consists of unqualified workers.
Table 1.12: Labor power and unemployment
Municipality
Participation rate in work force %
Unemployment rate %
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Prishtinë/
Priština
75.30
39.60
57.04
25.67
38.62
30.26
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
76.39
26.57
50.20
39.64
49.06
42.26
Kosovo
75.42
30.91
52.47
38.47
58.06
44.42
Burimi: UNDP, “Raporti i Zhvillimit Njerëzor – Kosova 2004”
31
Table 1.13: Unemployed profile
Characteristics
Total
%
Unqualified
21615
58.7
Half qualified
1495
4.1
Qualification rate
1
Qualified
2830
7.7
With secondary education
10450
28.4
College
128
0.3
Faculty
284
0.8
16-24 years old
13663
37.1
25-39 years old
16098
43.7
40-54 years old
4629
12.6
Over 54 years old
2412
6.6
Group-age
Burimi: Qendra Rajonale e Punësimit-Gjakovë 2006
In general, the obstacles for employment in Gjakovë/Ðakovica are the same ones
that are seen throughout Kosovo: (i) Slow development of private economic sector, and especially of the private production sector; (ii) Delays in the privatization
process; (iii) Difficulties in attracting foreign investment; (iv) Competition from
imported products, especially agricultural products.
In particular, foreign investment, necessary for revitalization of industry and
mineral sector is very low, the biggest influences for this trend being: (i) insecure
political landscape and unresolved final status; and (ii) slow progress for identifying and adaption of measures to promote foreign investment, especially in the
production sector.
1.5
Opportunities for economic development
Labour tradition
Gjakovë/Ðakovica is known for a labour tradition in industry and agriculture,
and for hard workers in handicraft, trade and services. It has young population
structure, with a prominent and devoted willpower for work. These factors represent a great development potential for the future.
Gjakovë/Ðakovica has a centuries old tradition of economic activities starting
with handicrafts, trade, agriculture, farming, and developing further with textiles especially processing leather and metals, etc. The most intensive period of
economic development was during 1960-1990, notably the years 1975-90, when
Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality became a developed industrial town, where the
textile industry with factories for weaving production, knitwear, heavy and light
fabric began to appear. The metal industry was also well developed (through
production of pipes, wire products, enamel dishes, Teflon or Zinc); as was the
electronic industry with production of the electromotor; the food industry, the
wine and drinks industry, the wood processing industry, the rubber industry, the
production of technical gas, the tobacco industry, construction and construction
material production.
16,000 workers along with many experts were employed in these industrial
branches, including mechanical engineers, electronic and electrical engineers,
construction workers, architects, food technology experts, chemists, textile workers, agronomists, and other qualified staff such as economists, jurists, and soci-
32
ologists. Qualified workers were also found in the fields of marketing, finance,
organization, human resource development, and programs to develop economic
investment etc. Since most of the equipment was derived from Western countries,
many of the experts mentioned above specialized and trained in USA, France,
Italy, Germany etc.
1
Most of the technological and industrial objects were financed by foreign financial institutions such as the International Bank for Development and Reconstruction, World Bank, or through joint investment.
Most products and services were of a high quality in accord with international
standards and norms, and were well designed. This was a result of the advanced
technology that was used, experts, qualified staff, and the high level of organizational structure. A large portion of these companies’ products were exported, including fruit juice, wine, chicken, fruits, tobacco, etc. Gjakovë/Ðakovica also exported: metal products (pipes, wire products, household dishes, zinc products),
electrical products (washing-machine motors, electric motors for compressors
and fridges, industrial electric motors, etc.); textile products (all types of under
and outer clothing, fabric, yarn, etc); products of the wood industry, construction
materials, chrome and rubber products.
Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, Russia, Poland, Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, and exYugoslavian countries were the main destinations for exported goods. The value of
these export was estimated to be around 100 - 120 million dollars a year.
Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality had a very developed agriculture system. With
an agricultural land surface of 29,420 ha, out of which about 8,000 ha had an irrigation system, intensive farming cultures were cultivated, and orchards and
vineyards were developed, (see Table xx), along with farming, fowl farming and
forestry. There were about 5,000 employed people in these sectors.
Trade, services and handicraft sectors were also robust employing 4,000 workers.
Business
After 1990, these capacities were little utilized, and many investment activities
were stopped. As a result, there are now about 1,794 active businesses, out of
which 1,731 are private businesses (most of them in trade and in services), 48 corporations, 9 social enterprises, and 6 public enterprises. There are about 60,000
m² of buildings that currently lie empty10. However, all industrial potential for
agriculture and services can be reactivated, and together with projects and with
other enterprise initiatives, this can become an attractive and interesting potential for foreign investors or the Diaspora.
Gjakovë/Ðakovica has 8,614 people employed, out of which 3,200 work in private
businesses, 1,200 in corporations, 760 in public enterprises, and 135 in banks.
About 60% of employed people are in economic production sectors. The number
of those employed in private businesses is about 3,200 employees or on average 1.84 employees per business, which demonstrates that the private sector is
dominated by small businesses. The average rate of salaries for private business,
corporation, and public enterprise employees is about 120-150 Euro per month.
Corporations and social enterprises make up a considerable economic potential
for Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality. Their recovery will be a good basis from the
aspect of increased employment and economic development. Today 48 corporations and 9 social enterprises are registered. Functioning up until now have been
the corporations of “IMN”, “JATEX” (periodically), and Dukagjini, while other
10
Source: Regional Chamber of Commerce, Gjakovë/Ðakovica
33
enterprises have not been active at all. Some of the corporations no longer operating did not manage to retain functional equipment and premises, resulting in
a loss of economic resources invested during the years. The worst cases are the
corporations “Emin Duraku”, “Metaliku”, and to a lesser extent the corporation
“Ereniku”. The equipment and premises were well taken care of in the corporations “Electromotori”, “IMN”, “Dukagjini”, and “Jatex”. The delay of the privitization process was also a factor in these cases. “Kompresori”, Hotel “Pashtrik”,
“Modeli”, “IMN”, “Mulliri” and the factory of bread, “Agricultural Station”,
“Elast”, and the butchery “Agimi” have now been privatised. Out of these, only
“IMN” and “Modeli” are operating, with “Modeli” focusing a different production program than previously; the flour and bread factory will soon start production, while Hotel “Pashtrik” has already partially begun working. Recently, the
corporations “Elektromotori”, “Jatex”, “Dukagjini” and “Ereniku” have gained
the right to register as a business, which is a positive sign for Gjakovë/Ðakovica
municipality’s economy. This fact is quite encouraging due to the possibility of
attracting investors for development programs, and creates an opportunity for
building cooperation with small businesses. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY
1
Currently financial resources for businesses are made up of bank loans, which do
not have an attractive interest rate, at about 12-18% per year, and an average loan
maturity of about 1-2 years. However, the banking system in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
(and in all of Kosovo) is very flexible and has positive development trends in
credit policies, which are thought to be beneficial for the future.
Marked results have been achieved in the construction sector, where in parallel
to building construction and infrastructure, human resources for all profiles are
becoming fast developed. However, a decrease in the intensity of work is seen
in this sector compared with the years after the conflict when the reconstruction
phase began, and many of workers from this sector have found employment out
of Kosovo.
The fields of craftsmanship, textile and fabric production have seen continuous
positive trends. It is estimated that in the clothes fabric sector alone there are
about 150 workshops and at least 200 people employed in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica
municipality.
All these show that in spite of transitional difficulties, Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality has the necessary natural, economic, and human potential to develop
business rapidly. This is benefited further by the very good infrastructure situation, a reliable electricity network (note: while there is a electricity interruptions in
households from time to time, for businesses in the industrial-technological sector, the electricity supply is better), adequate water, roads and the sewer system
which is in good condition, and also due to the available space in buildings with a
surface area of about 60,000 m², out of which there is about 35.000 m² for the textile
industry, and 25,000 m² for the mechanical industry. These represent attractive assets for local and international investors.
Agriculture
Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality lies in the geographical area of Dukagjini, which
is located between the mountains of Nemuna, Pashtriku, Mokra Gora and Sharri,
ranging from 360 m to over 2650 m above sea level. The valleys from the rivers
White Drini, Ereniku, Krena, Trava and Llukaci and some of their streams, make
up the planes of Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality with many very fertile fields.
Based on these factors and due to the suitable climate conditions, agriculture represents a large development potential for the municipality’s economy.
34
Table 1.14: The structure of farming land
Farming cultures
Social sector (ha)
Individual sector (ha)
Total (ha)
5.518
9.223
14.741
4
480
484
175
150
325
Pastures
5.448
1.706
7.154
Meadows
865
5.851
6.707
Mountains
17.435
8.829
26.264
Total
29.445
26.239
55.684
Field – gardens
Trees
Vineyards
1
Source: Municipal Assembly – Agriculture Department, 2005
With about 14.741 ha of fields or arable land (see Table 1.14), Gjakovë/Ðakovica
municipality has very suitable conditions to develop intensive agriculture. Currently, the agriculture production structure is dominated by the corn and wheat
culture, which together cover about 57% of fields or arable surface (see Table
1.15). A notable trend is the low development of intensive and industrial grains,
and the delay in adopting the cultivation of perennial cultures. Another important development potential are the meadows and the pastures with a surface area
of about 13.861 ha, and the forests which cover over 20 thousands ha.
Table 1.15: Structure of agriculture crop
Wheat
Corn
Tobacco
Vegetables
Alfalfa
Grass
Surface ha
4185
4.300
100
950
320
250
Output kg/ha
3300
6.500
11.000
15.000
3.800
3.000
Source: Municipal Assembly – Agriculture Department, 2005
Keeping in mind tradition, the existing structure of production and the economic
development perspective of Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, in order to attract
investment in the area of agricultural development, priority should be given to
the following:
(i) Orchards are relatively well developed in the territory of Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, and the gathering and processing of different sorts of
these products such as apples, pears, cherries, strawberries, blackberries,
apricots, etc., is undertaken by the juice and fruit factory which has a
capacity of 2,000 tanks*per year. This has increased interest in this production both from farmers and the industrial sector, and it is noted with great
interest the tendency for increase in the surface area for orchards, further
benefited by the existing irrigation system;
Table 1.16: Production capacities of existing factories
Factory
Wine-cellar
Juice factory
Tobacco factory
Fowl butchery
Chicken farm
Animal Feed
Apiculture (beekeeping)
Production capacity
1.100
tone wine/a year
11.000
tone fruits/a year
3.000
tone tobacco/a year
4.375.000
chickens/a year
300.000
chickens/a year
25 tone/a day
5.000
bee hives
Current situation
Functioning
Raw material(s) Needed
Building new vineyards
Partially functioning
Functioning
Development of new orchards and
sapling growth
Expanding tobacco cultivation
Not functioning
Increase in bird farms
Partially functioning
Increase of laying hens
Functioning
Functioning
Corn, sunflower cultivation
Prodcution of feed for bees
Source: Municipal Assembly – Agricultural Department, 2005
35
(ii) Gjakovë/Ðakovica has an old tradition in cultivating grapes. Qabrati hill
in the municipality is well known as a hill where many citizens had their
vineyards, also in the areas of Rezina and Milen. During the same period,
most citizens cultivated grapes in their own gardens. In the rural areas,
grapes were cultivated in the Dushkaja area, in the villages of Cërmjan,
Bec, Lugë Bunarë, Rezinë, among others. The gathering and processing of
grapes is done in the wine-cellar, which is located in the territory of the
municipality, which has a capacity of 1300 tank-wagons a year. It is noted
that the increase in surfaces for vineyard sowing, and the enlargement
of processing capacities are potential trends to attract successful investments;
1
(iii) Plowing – Vegetable cultivation Plowing in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is not yet very developed, as only a small number of plants are
plowed and cultivated, these include: wheat, corn, tobacco, vegetables,
and a small area of fodder plant;
(iv) Tobacco cultivation in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality from 1953 to 1972
started to cultivate small leaf tobacco, and later the big leaf tobacco “Virxhinia” and “Bejlerë”. The corporation “Virxhinia” has at its disposal 220
kilns some of which are in good working order. The average capacity for
a kiln is 760 kg of dried tobacco and up to 1,800 tons of tobacco can be
dried during a season. Consequently, with existing capacities, successful
investment can be undertaken in increasing the surface area for tobacco
sowing, and there are also potential possibilities for the further increase
of tobacco processing capacities, expanding the process as far as cigarette
production.
These strategic developments of agricultural production also require an increase
in surface area which is irrigated. Currently, 10,920 ha are irrigated in Gjakovë/
Ðakovica municipality, out of which about 2.850 ha are via old systems. In the
mid-term, along with the improvement of the existing irrigation system, the irrigation surface should be expanded by up to double, especially by utilizing potential irrigation capacities from the lake “Radoniqi” (see Table 1.17):
Table 1.17: Radoniqi irrigation capacity
Irrigation from natural
resources (ha)
Irrigation with
pumps (ha)
Total irrigation
(ha)
Individual sector
3.846
1.046
4.992
Social sector
1.572
1.506
3.078
Total
5.418
2.652
8.070
Water use
Farming
Farming is another strategic focus for Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality’s economic development. It is favored by the large surface with meadows and pastures
within the municipal territory, and by the labour tradition in this sector.
Farming endured many damages during the conflict, impacting up to about 70%
of cattle, 80% of sheep, 70 - 85% of chicken, and about 50% of goats (see Table
1.18). Thus, achievement of pre-conflict farming capacities is a priority aim and a
viable accomplishment. In the Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipal territory, in the private sector, there are currently 75 laying hen farms with a capacity of 206,810
hens. However, currently there is little more than half of this capacity being
used. There are also 15 fowl farms with a capacity for 140,800 birds’, and also 4
mills for feed production with a capacity of 18000 tones/a year.
36
Table
1.18: Farm situation
Sort
Pre-conflict
situation
Damage during the
conflict (in%)
After-conflict
situation
Current situation
Cattle
23.350
70
7.000
13.469
Sheep
16.190
80
3.238
4.912
Pig
4.660
50
2.350
2.952
Goat
700
50
350
188
Yard hens
105.000
70
31.500
50.400
Farm hens
123.000
85
17.000
121.492
Second Chapter
EDUCATION
“Achieve Universal Primary Education” is the second Millennium Development
Goal.. It aims that by the year 2015, children, both boys and girls, wherever they are
should have the opportunity to finish primary education. Based on the data, in Kosovo about 73% of children ages 7-15 years old finish primary school, and the number
of girls compared with boys in primary education is 0.92. The analysis reveals that in
Kosovo, there is the possibility of achieving this objective by the year 2015111. While
currently Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, has low educational indicators, the population was once know for their tradition of intellectualism and esteem for education.
It is estimated that there are potential opportunities in place that can achieve not
only this objective but also allow the municipality to regain its traditional reputation
by ranking highly within the Kosovo education system.
EDUCATION
2.1
2
Educational structure
Gjakovë/Ðakovica has a long and well-known tradition of education. After the
Second World War a teaching (‘normale’) secondary school was opened in the Albanian language, which became a heart of learning for many students who later
developed into leaders of knowledge throughout all of Kosovo, and became the
cornerstones in the first university in Kosovo in the Albanian language, Prishtinë/Priština University. This educational inheritance is a stimulus for Gjakovë/Ðakovica’s young population, who are currently undertaking their own education.
The schooling network in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is organized through
main and satellite schools. There are total of 39 primary schools in the municipality, including one music school, 8 secondary schools, and one professional
training school.
In 2002, the Ministry for Education, Science, and Technology set up a new structure for the education system in Kosovo introducing the model 5+4+3 in exchange
for the previous model 4+4+4. This structure offers 5 years primary education,
followed by 4 years of lower-secondary education, and 3 or 4 years of higher-secondary education. With the new structure, there are 9 years of compulsory education (classes from 1 to 9), and from 6 to 15 years of age, education is compulsory. With these parameters, Kosovo’s educational system is closer to EU member
states, and to some countries of Eastern Europe.
Fig. 2.1 represents the schematic breakdown of the existing Kosovo education
system.
11
World Bank: “Poverty Assessment – Kosovo”, June 2005
39
EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN KOSOVA: EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING THE ENTIRE LIFE IN PROCES
Kol. Tert
&Post.Sec
Trainings
Post.Sec
Additional
Trainings
Sch. Ko. Pers.
Employed
2
Handicrafter
Comprehensive, profesional and high
education - reform plan (2002)
University of
Applied Scenes
(3 years colleges with
Academic levels Faculty, Magisteral)
University
(Faculty,
Magisterial,
Doctorate)
EDUCATION
Kkp
“Bridge”
courses
Training
PMP
Education
for
adults
&
Learning
during
the
entire
life
High secondary
school
(Gymnasium)
comprehensive
school with a partial
profesional orientation
Technical
Shk.
Qualified
Employee
Profesional
model
1- 4 years
Age 15 - 18/19
[3/4 years]
“Orient Yearational”
Age - 15 [1 year]
Low Secondary School
Age 11 - 15 [4 years]
Craftsmen
Unqualified
Employee
Primary School
Age 6 - 11 [5 years]
2.2
L
A
B
O
R
M
A
R
K
E
T
Profesional forming
for
adults
Ministry for work and social issues
7 Statute centers for
adults trainings
Major sector after the war
- Engineering
- Construction
-Gastronomy / Hotels
- Business / Administration
- Textile
NGO’s that provide training
in various sectors
Large state enterprises
Management development
SME development
Management development
Alarming educational indicators
The Kosovo educational system has experienced a shake up during the ‘90s. Because of discrimination, Albanians throughout the years were forced to withdraw
from formal education and form a parallel education system. Later, the formal education system was destroyed by the conflict which resulted in the further reduction of the education level for the Albanian population. This is clearly demostrated
based on the data from 2003 in Kosovo, as primary education was finished by little
more than half of the population ranging from 26-65 years old, and within this
age-group, only 5.2%12 have a higher education diploma. Illiteracy, is also still
high in Kosovo, in spite of the gradual decline that is noticed in recent years. The
illiteracy level is much higher in the elderly: at 0.5% of the population up to 26
years old and 49% of the population over 65 years old.
12 World
40
Bank: “Poverty Assessment – Kosovo”, June 2005
Decrease in the level of Education
The level of education and average number of years of education are two important indicators in defining the educational level and in highlighting differences
between municipalities.
Table 2.1 shows that in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality the level of education is
92.06%. This value is lower than the Kosovo average of 94.22%, and much lower
than that of Prishtinë/Priština at 95.69%. By analyzing further the education level,
Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is ranked the third from the bottom in Kosovo,
leaving behind only the municipalities of Rahovec/Orahovac with 90.25%, and
Viti/Vitina with 92.05%. This is a surprising indicator, considering the renowned
tradition of education in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, historically a place of progress, and
the important role that it played in the education throughout all of Kosovo.
2
Educational level
%
Average number of years in
education
95.69
10.46
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
92.6
9.37
Kosovo
94.22
9.40
Municipality
EDUCATION
Table 2.1: Two main educational indicators based on municipalities
From the Table 2.1 it can also be seen that the average number of years in education for Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is 9.37 years, this value is lower than the
Kosovo average and much lower than Prishtinë/Priština. More detailed analysis
shows that with this value Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is ranked at the same
level as Kaçanik/Kaćanik municipality and is the 17th in Kosovo, above the municipalities of Rahovec/Orahovac, Malishevë/Mališevo, Podujevë/Podujevo, etc.,
which have an indicator of less than 9. Also, data shows that the value of this
indicator has decreased as a result of the average number of years of education
for women, which is only 8.1 years, compared with 10.07 years for men. In fact,
based on the average number of education years for men, Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is ranked ninth in Kosovo.
The average number of years in education for the Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is very low when compared with the respective European standard, which
establishes that this indicator should be around an average of 13.2 years. Table 2.2: Educational level of people 15 years and over in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality
Without
any
education
Incomplete
primary
education
(1-3 years)
Incomplete
primary
education
(4-7 year)
Completed
Primary
education
Incomplete
secondary
education
(9- 10 years)
Completed
Secondary
education
(11-12)
Completed
High
school
University and
higher
grade
Total
0.75
1.57
8.38
17.14
7.19
50.18
10.74
3.41
100
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
2.28
3.47
9.23
30.75
6.61
37.93
8.38
1.42
100
Gjilan/Gnjilane
3.48
1.23
11.33
33.24
7.03
33.51
7.37
2.80
100
Peja/Peć
0.59
1.52
1.44
26.02
7.33
40.22
13.14
0.73
100
Kosovo
0.96
2.07
11.37
29.34
7.10
39.30
8.22
1.65
100
Women
1.35
2.57
15.25
37.95
6.22
30.31
5.22
0.94
100
Men
0.57
1.60
7.52
20.77
8.00
48.21
10.99
2.33
100
41
The deterioration of indicators related to the educational system in Gjakovë/
Ðakovica is further confirmed in Table 2.2. As can be seen, about 2.28% of the
municipality’s population above the age of15 are not educated and this indicator is about 2.3 times higher than the average in all of Kosovo, and about 3 times
higher than in Prishtinë/Priština. 37.93% of the municipal population from this
age-group have completed secondary school, compared with 39.3% in Kosovo
and 50.18% in Prishtinë/Priština. The percentage of the municipal population
who finished university studies is about 1.42%, compared with 1.65% and 3.41%
in Kosovo and Prishtinë/Priština respectively.
Fig. 2.2: Level of education in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality
Based on the questionnaire, about 62% of
people interviewed declared that they have
finished primary education; about 26% have
finished secondary education and only about
3% have completed
higher education (see
Fig. 2.2). A concerning
fact is that about 9% of
those interviewed stated that they have never
attended school.
EDUCATION
2
Accomplished education
9%
3%
26%
62%
Elementary school
Secondary school
University degree
Never attended
formal education
Education for ethnic community
The RAE community in Kosovo has the lowest average number of years in education. The
value of this indicator in 2003 was only 83.41%, compared with 94.12% of Albanians,
97.47% of Serbs, and 93.07% of other communities. This community suffers from low results in all educational indicators. Especially concerning are the low levels of registration
in secondary education and high levels of illiteracy in the municipality.
All this data clearly demonstrates the continuous decline in education of the municipality’s population, which can be only reversed through increased awareness
of the situation, and by being genuinely committed to restoring the tradition of
Gjakovë/Ðakovica as an educational and cultural centre.
2.3
Educational levels
Preschool education
Before the conflict, up to 1999, the state offered preschool education in nurseryschools for children from 3-5 years of age, and in kindergartens for children from
5-7 years of age, which in some cases were built near the factories, where parents
worked. During the period of the parallel system in 1989 –1999, most Albanian
children had no access to preschool educational institutions. After the conflict,
these institutions were destroyed. Programs for early childhood education were
subsequently resumed which were implemented with financial assistance from
international agencies in cooperation with local NGOs
The number of children in Kosovo who attend preschool institutions continues
to be very small, which results in early education for children being left exclusively in the hands of the parents, regardless of their own level of education. This
explains the statistical shortage for this educational level. The latest data is from
2001, which shows that during that year only 7,343 children in all of Kosovo attended preschool education. This represents only about 4% of the total number
42
of children aged 0-5. Most of these attended institutions in the Prishtinë/Priština
area and the remainder were also only in urban areas.
The situation is the same in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, where a large
percentage of children still have no access to formal programs of early childhood
education. The number of nursery-schools is small and most of them are based
in Gjakovë/Ðakovica town. Faced with this situation, an increased number of
primary schools are offering one year’s preschool education for children of five
years old, but this measure also has limitations as not all schools have free classes
at their disposal for preschoolers.
To better assist the integration of minorities, a nursery school was built in Gjakovë/Ðakovica where preschoolers are educated and prepared to enter formal
education. 2
EDUCATION
Primary education
Because of the youthful population, the Municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica has
a large number of pupils that attend primary school (see Table 2.3). Currently,
compulsory education is nine years (5+4), where the first 5 years are for primary
education, and the 4 further years are for lower-secondary education.
Table 2.3: Number of pupils in primary schools based on years
School year
1999 / 2000
2000 / 2001
2001 / 2002
2002 / 2003
2003 / 2004
2004 / 2005
2005 / 2006
Men
8886
9195
9261
8957
9194
9908
9620
Number of pupils
Women
8005
8426
8440
8187
9469
9151
9428
Total
16891
17621
17701
17144
17663
19059
19241
Source: Gjakovë/Ðakovica Educational Department, 2006.
The number of pupils is increasing in each academic year, in the school year
2005/2006 this number was about 13% larger than in the 1999/2000 school year. A
continuous improvement is seen in the ratio of girls to boys, which moved from
47/53 in the school year 1999/2000 to 49/53 in the 2005/2006 school year. This demonstrates a continuous increase in the concern of municipal inhabitants’ for the education of their children especially girls, immediately after the end of the conflict.
The implementation of the new system (5+4) increased by one year the compulsory primary education. Based on the programme’s plan, this supplementary
year “is an orientation year”, which builds necessary knowledge and allows the
students to choose what they will study later, by generating ideas for their future
profession.
The inclusion of 9th class in compulsory education has resulted in an overload
for existing classes. Most of the schools are overloaded and function with two or
more shifts a day. Regarding the age of the pupils and the distance of the school
from the residences, this overload influences directly the decreasing quality in
this educational level. The solution implemented in some schools, is putting the
ninth class in the secondary school building, however this is often not beneficial
as most of these buildings are located in the town, and students from rural areas
have to travel every day to attend these schools.
43
2.4
Secondary education
Comprehensive school
Higher secondary education includes three or four years of education for students of
the age-group 15 to 18 years of aged. It is split into two types: comprehensive school
(gymnasiums), and professional education (technical and professional schools).
According to data from the Department of Education in Gjakovë/Ðakovica more
than 80% of students that finish the compulsory primary school continue their
education in higher-secondary education.
Table 2.4: Number of students in secondary education
School year
2
EDUCATION
1999 / 2000
2000 / 2001
2001 / 2002
2002 / 2003
2003 / 2004
2004 / 2005
2005 / 2006
Men
2437
2679
2921
2274
2417
2477
2507
Number of students
Women
1597
1820
2043
1646
1566
1580
1671
Total
4034
4499
4964
3920
3983
4057
4178
Source: Gjakovë/Ðakovica Educational Department, 2006
Data in Table 2.5 shows that out of 4,057 students in total who are registered in
secondary schools during the school year 2004/2005, about 39% have attended
and been educated in comprehensive secondary schools. There are 5 such schools
in the municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica. Because all these schools are located in
the urban area, children from rural areas have limited access to secondary education as they have to travel every day in order to go to school.
It is also noted that the number of girls registered in this school year exceeds the
number of boys, a figure which is improved in girls’ favour when compared with
primary education.
Professional education
Professional secondary education is consisted of 4 types of school which are represented in Table 2.5. It is clearly seen that students’ preference is to attend different
branches of professional secondary education, rather than comprehensive schools.
This is highlighted by the fact that 1.5 times more students are registered in professional education compared with comprehensive. Better access to the labour market
appears to be the main stimulus for this selection. Referring to the data in table 1.13
highlighting the profile of the unemployed, it is observed that qualified workers represent only 7.7% of the unemployed, compared with 59% made up unqualified workers. Additionally, about 80% of the unemployed are between 16 and 39 years old. This
clearly demonstrates the importance of education and professional training.
Table 2.5: N
umber of students based on the types of secondary education in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality
Secondary education
Number of
schools
Comprehensive (gymnasium)
5
Professional
5
Technical school
2
Economic school
1
Medical school
1
Professional school
1
Total
10
Source: Gjakovë/Ðakovica Education Department, 2006.
44
Number of registered students
Total students
Men
Women
1566
819
747
2491
1658
833
906
805
101
917
588
329
557
185
372
111
80
31
4057
2405
1652
The technical and economic branches of professional education are the more preferred branches, and these absorb a large number of students. They are dominated by men, and the male/female ratio is about 1.37/1. This breakdown is reversed
in the case of medical schools, which show a strong female preference for the
nursing profession.
Reforms in secondary schools, especially in professional schools, have been very
limited. This is a result of very few efforts to increase the level of teachers’ qualifications. Teachers have attended some trainings courses dealing with new learning methods, but the teaching method still remains quite theoretical and with
an orientation toward the teacher as a subject. Equipment and modern tools to
demonstrate theory in practical classes and labs are lacking.
2.5
Higher Education
2
EDUCATION
The new political, economic, social, and cultural reality, and the requirements and
challenges for European integration dictate a need for transformation, reformation, and development of higher education. Higher education indicators in Kosovo
clearly point to the unsatisfactory situation: the percentage of students in relation
to population aged 18-25 years old for the academic year 2003-2004 is only 12%.
In Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality the Higher Teacher Training School “Bajram
Curri” is active, and in 2002/2003 the Education Faculty was opened, covering the
following topics: (i) Primary Education; (ii) Albanian Language and Literature;
(iii) Information–Technology; (iv) Biology-Chemistry; (v) History-Civil Education; and (vi) Geography. There are a limited number of students attending this
facility, due to the acceptance capacity of these schools, and their limited topics,
resulting in many students from Gjakovë/Ðakovica attending Prishtinë/Priština
University, or other Universities in Kosovo or abroad. Accurate data for these
students is missing, however this number can not be very large as the economic
capacity of most families do not meet the necessary expenses for these cases.
Attendance level of students, quality of education, population growth disproportionate to the growth of school buildings, overloading of schools in urban areas, long
trips on foot for students to attend school, education hours over 3 - 4 shifts, increased
population numbers in urban areas, lack of financial capacity; lack of sufficient
school space; lack of teaching equipment and information technology, and the inappropriate premises of school buildings are considered the main problems of the
educational system in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality and throughout Kosovo.
2.6
Main problems within educational system
Attendance
School attendance is high in primary education. The fact that in 2003 about 95.4%
of children aged 7-15 years old attended primary education shows that the concern of the family for their children’s education had increased. The tendency for
continuous increase in primary school attendance clearly demonstrates the possibility of ensuring full participation in this educational level.
The main problem in this aspect, is the immediate decrease in attendance for secondary education. The fact that in 2003 the number of children aged 16-19 years
old who attended secondary education was 75.2 % shows that there is room for
general measures in promoting child registration, especially for girls, in this level
45
of education. However, the tendency of continuous increase in the number of
students who attend secondary education could indicate the interest for attending secondary school is increasing.
School Year
Men
Women
Total
2000 / 2001
793
711
1504
2001 / 2002
597
509
1106
2002 / 2003
-
-
-
2003 / 2004
444
429
873
2
2004 / 2005
466
432
898
EDUCATION
Table 2.6: Number of students that dropped out the primary education
2005 / 2006
279
276
555
School drop out
One of the problems that the community of Gjakovë/Ðakovica is facing today is
the phenomenon of students dropping out of school. In today’s official statistics
the number of students dropping out of school is not accurately determined,
and only the numbers of students who leave school are recorded. This number
is compiled both of the students who drop out of school and who leave school
as they or their family move residence (migration both internal and external).
Table 2.7: Percentage of students who left the primary education
School Year
Students who left (%)
Men
Women
Total
2000 / 2001
8.62
8.44
8.54
2001 / 2002
6.45
6.03
6.25
2002 / 2003
-
-
-
2003 / 2004
4.83
4.53
4.94
2004 / 2005
5.09
4.36
4.71
2005 / 2006
2.96
2.87
2.88
The number of students who left the primary education is detailed in Table 2.6.
The main reasons for dropping out of primary school are the low economic level
of the family, distance between the school and the residence resulting in the need
for transportation, and the lack of desire to learn at school. If this data is compared with that in Table 2.3, a clearer idea may be gained regarding primary
school leavers over the years (see Table 2.7). It can be seen that in general the
percentage of those leaving is low, and there is a clear tendency of its continuous decrease. So, in the school year 2005/2006 about twice as few students left
than in the school year of 2000/2001. This shows partly that the family, students,
and teachers’ awareness has increased to prevent drop outs, and partly that the
migration trend has started to decrease. It can be discerned from the table below
that the level of drop outs are systematically higher among men when compared
to women. This is related to the influence of the family’s economic need, especially in rural areas, which may involve male children working in private farms.
46
Table 2.8: Number of students dropped out in secondary education
School Year
Men
Women
Total
1999 / 2000
-
-
-
2000 / 2001
-
-
-
2001 / 2002
194
60
254
2002 / 2003
132
51
183
2003 / 2004
258
62
320
2004 / 2005
215
44
259
2005 / 2006
193
44
237
2
EDUCATION
In the Table 2.8, the number of drop outs from secondary education is provided.
If this data is compared with Table 2.4, there is a clear picture of the secondary
school leavers over the years (see Table 2.9). It can be seen, in contrast to primary education, that the percentage of school leavers has no clear tendency for
decrease, on the contrary, compared with the school year 20001/2002 in all the
following years the drop out is actually higher. It is also noticed that the drop
out rate is higher among men when compared with women, which demonstrates
clearly the dominant reason for drop outs is the family economic position, which
forces them to employ the children.
Table 2.9: Percentage of student drop outs in secondary education
School Year
Men
Women
Total
1999 / 2000
-
-
-
2000 / 2001
-
-
-
2001 / 2002
4.09
2.94
5.12
2002 / 2003
5.80
3.1
4.67
2003 / 2004
10.67
3.96
8.03
2004 / 2005
8.68
2.78
6.38
2005 / 2006
7.70
2.68
5.67
Burimi: Drejtoria Arsimore Gjakovë, 2006.
Quality of education
Quality of education is a complex problem, combining factors such as the desire
of students to learn, interest from the family, the professional level of teachers,
the content of learning programs, learning equipment (tools and labs), and the
overall infrastructure conditions of the school.
It is difficult to distinguish the influence of any of one these factors in the quality
of education in municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica. However, some general considerations may be provided for the factors which are thought to have a bigger
influence.
The quality of education in primary schools is evaluated as satisfactory. This
means that in this level of education a satisfactory balance has been achieved between the desire of students to learn and the efforts made by teachers, regardless
of the lack of sufficient teaching equipment such as labs, and the need to improve
schools’ infrastructure.
The same cannot be said for secondary schools, especially for comprehensive
schools. This is reflected in the poor results seen for these students when in university, in comparison with students from other municipalities and shows that
47
they are less prepared for university level studies. Gjakovë/Ðakovica students
succeed in completing studies in faculty based on their talent and their work
and effort, more than from the knowledge that they gained from education in
secondary school.
The teacher/student ratio in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is 1 per 23.22, compared with 20.47 which is the average value in Kosovo, and 20.62 in Prishtinë/
Priština. With this value, Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality is ranked the third in
Kosovo for the largest number of students per teacher, after Ferizaj/Uroševac
municipality with 29.54 students for every teacher, and Dragash/Dragaš municipality with 23.66 students. Despite the commitment of teachers, the quality of
teaching does not match the growing demand, nor the clear move towards more
modern subjects. Establishing a qualification system for teachers, especially for
the teachers in secondary education is considered a priority need in order to increase the quality of education.
EDUCATION
2
2.7
Vision of change
The issue of education in Gjakovë/Ðakovica as in all of Kosovo is considered a
priority area and local authorities together with MEST (Ministry of Education,
Science, and Technology) strive to provide vital and qualitative education to all
Kosovo citizens, in order to give them the environment to absorb knowledge
and necessary skills, an enterprising initiative and individual independence to
successfully face the fast social and economic developments, and scientific and
technological advances.
Strategic objectives of primary and secondary education
It is aspired that in a 10 year period (2005-2015) the following objectives should be
achieved in the primary and secondary education system: (i) Increased coverage of
children in preschool education; (ii) Increased attention and tailored schooling for
children with educational needs; (iii) Identification of needs and assurance for nonformal education; (iv) Expanding the space for private education; (v) Development
of standards for evaluation and for teaching and learning; (vi) Development of the
new learning programmes and plans; (vii) Inclusion of all and training to maximize
potential (viii) Development of a full and functional education infrastructure; and (ix)
Inclusion of parents in the school activities and administration.
In order to address to these requirements and to move Kosovo’s educational system
closer to the European Union standards, a complete educational reform has been
designed and started implementation in Kosovo, which directly impacts the educational system of Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality. The main components within this
reform are: unification of the educational system, securing the required educational
space, guaranteeing education for all, attainment of satisfactory results for students
in all educational levels in accordance with international standards, encouragement
for parents and society in general to support the education system, and keeping the
public informed about results, and problems in the education system.
Strategic objectives of higher education
In a period of 10 years (2005-2015),the following objectives are intended to be met
in the higher educational system: (i)To compile and to implement a modern educational policy, which is inclusive, and by doing also fulfill requirements of the respective legislation; (ii) To increase the quality management system; (iii) To increase the
capacity for scientific research; (iv) To create mechanisms for securing and effective
management of resources along with the financial means for development of higher
education; and (v)To develop a complete and functional infrastructure.
48
The educational institutions in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality have a set purpose to ensure lifelong qualitative education, which will be suitable for all ages
of pupils. The education should be tailored for each individual to use his/her
full intellectual potential in scientific advancement, technological and social economic education of the community. Therefore within primary and secondary
education the following actions are targeted: (i) every pupil or student should be
provided with the necessary conditions for qualitative learning throughout their
education, without differences based on ethnicity, gender, religion, or skills. (ii)
education should respond to the social, physical, economic, and cultural needs;
(iii) all domestic teaching potential to be utilised ensuring qualitative education
for the population; (iv) schools should provide more qualitative teaching and a
better environment , by being a safe and secure place for all children while functional at the same time; (v) teaching programs in primary and secondary schools
should equip students with modern knowledge and skills, by orienting their education towards the creative solutions of problems, work habits and in preparing
them to face further studies; and (vi) teachers should be trained in implementing
modern methods of teaching.
Third Chapter
GENDER EQUALITY
“Promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women” is the third Millennium Development Goal. It aims to eliminate inequality between men and
women in all education levels, in the labor market and in political and managerial
posts by the year 2015. According to the data in Kosovo, gender differences after primary education are large, so large that in some regions only 29% of girls compared
with 61% of boys finish secondary school. Also the inclusion of women in managerial,
political and administrative posts is very low. The analysis shows that in Kosovo the
likelihood of achieving this objective by the year 2015131 is small. In Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, women represent 49.1% of the population and about 60% of them
live in rural areas. Their life expectancy is little bit higher than men. However, their
educational level and in particular their participation in the labour market and in
managerial positions is lower than men, which demonstrates a general mentality of
inequality that is difficult to eradicate within the determined time set for this Millennium Development Goal.
3
Gender Equality Indicators
GENDER EQUALITY
3.1
Gender Development Indicator
Table 3.2: Indicator of Gender Development
Municipality
Life Expectancy from Birth
Adults’ educational level, %
Men
Men
Women
Ekuivalent
Men
Women Ekuivalent
Index of Income earnings
Women Ekuivalent
Gender development index
(GDI)
Prishtina
0,794
0.740
0.766
0.963
0.915
0.939
0.503
0.318
0.390
0.698
Gjakova
0,797
0.738
0.767
0.918
0.859
0.888
0.460
0.278
0.347
0.667
Kosova
0,755
0.708
0.731
0.947
0.900
0.923
0.466
0.271
0.342
0.665
RAE
0,776
0.715
0.745
0.843
0.676
0.952
0.404
0.203
0.272
0.590
Rural
0,742
0.695
0.718
0.943
0.892
0.917
0.434
0.222
0.294
0.543
Urban
0,795
0.740
0.766
0.952
0.911
0.931
0.496
0.310
0.381
0.692
The Gender Development Indicatory measures inequality between men and
women from the perspective of abilities/skills and standard of living, this is based
on indicators such as life expectancy, education and incomes (see Table 3.1). The
calculated value of this indicator for Kosovo is 0,665 (see Table 3.2), by taking into
consideration a Life Expectancy Indicator of 0.731, Educational Indicator of 0.923
and an Income Indicator of 0.342. This value is a little less than the one calculated
by the Global Human Development Report of 0.726 for Kosovo, and according
to that Kosovo is included in the group of countries with a medium level gender
development out of 173 countries that calculate this indicator 14 1.
13 World
Bank: “Poverty Assessment - Kosovo”, June 2005
Global Report Global of Human Development - 2004
14 UNDP,
51
Table 3.2: Female education and employment in Kosovo
Life expectancy from
birth
Prishtinë/
Priština
Zubin
Potok
Ferizaj/
Uroševac
Peja/Peć
Gjakovë/
Ðakovica
Prizren
Rahovec/
Orahovac
Shtime/
Štimlje
Malishevë/
Mališevo
Total
Albanian
Serbs
RAE
Other
Rural
Urban
GENDER EQUALITY
3
Life expectancy index
(based on
equality)
Education index
Education index
(based on
equality)
Income index
Income
index
(based on
equality)
Gender development index
(GDI)
Men
0,794
Women
0.740
0.766
Men
0.963
Women
0.915
0.939
Men
0.503
Women
0.318
0.390
0.698
0,792
0.731
0.761
0.976
0.978
0.977
0.517
0.493
0.505
0.748
0,760
0.719
0.740
0.945
0.948
0.947
0.425
0.185
0.259
0.648
0,795
0,797
0.738
0.738
0.766
0.767
0.958
0.918
0.913
0.859
0.935
0.888
0.550
0.460
0.395
0.278
0.461
0.347
0.720
0.667
0,797
0,788
0.739
0.737
0.766
0.761
0.931
0.932
0.891
0.854
0.910
0.890
0.532
0.406
0.406
0.073
0.458
0.120
0.711
0.590
0,661
0.642
0.652
0.955
0.920
0.938
0.421
0.156
0.233
0.607
0,668
0.637
0.652
0.936
0.870
0.902
0.330
0
0
0.518
0,755
0,788
0,794
0,776
0,794
0,742
0,795
0.708
0.732
0.737
0.715
0.740
0.695
0.740
0.731
0.759
0.645
0.745
0.761
0.718
0.766
0.947
0.947
0.963
0.843
0.943
0.943
0.952
0.900
0.901
0.944
0.676
0.893
0.892
0.911
0.923
0.923
0.954
0.952
0.913
0.917
0.931
0.466
0.466
0.469
0.404
0.471
0.434
0.496
0.271
0.467
0.400
0.203
0.258
0.222
0.310
0.342
0.322
0.432
0.272
0.318
0.294
0.381
0.665
0.668
0.717
0.590
0.664
0.543
0.692
The value of this indicator in Kosovo is lower than in the countries compared
below with it (see Fig. 3.1). The biggest influence on this difference has to do with
the low value of incomes.
Fig 3.1: Comparison of the gender development level
Norway
Slovenia
Croatia
Bullgaria
Albania
Kosovo
Nigeria
0.955
0.892
0.827
0.795
0.778
0.726
0.278
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
By referring to the table 3.2, the index for incomes earned for women is about 1.7
points below men. This is due to the fact that the average female monthly income
in Kosovo is calculated to be about 42 Euro compared with about 136 Euro for men,
so about 3.2 times lower. Such a large discrepancy is also connected also with the
fact that female participation level in the work is about 2.5 times lower than men.
More affected by these low incomes are families with a female as head of the
household. According to the studies, about 28 % of families with female head
households live in extreme poverty, in comparison with 15% of families with
male head of households 1512. It is important to emphasize that for the RAE community the Gender Development Indicator and each of its contributing indicators
15 World
52
Bank, “Poverty Assessment - Kosovo”, June 2005.
are much lower than the average in Kosovo. This is because the monthly average
incomes and average number of years in education for women within this community is calculated to be about 1.5 times lower than the average for Kosovo
women. The Gender Development Indicator for the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is
0.667 and with this value Gjakovë/Ðakovica is ranked among municipalities with
a medium level of gender development (see Table 3.1 and 3.2, and Fig. 3.2). But,
although the value of this indicator for Gjakovë/Ðakovica is a little bit higher than
the Kosovo average, it is clearly lower than in Peja/Peć, Suharekë/Suva Reka and
Prizren. This is mostly explained through differences in the Educational Indicator
and in the Income Indicator, as the Life Expectancy Indicator is almost the same.
Gender Empowerment Indicator
The measurement of gender empowerment is calculated through the gender
empowerment indicator, which is focused on opportunities given to women in
showing their abilities and active participation in political, economic, and professional life, particularly in decision-making. This indicator considers three variables: women’s participation level in political decision making, the opportunity
to utilise professional skills and the level of income that women have.
The value calculated for this indicator in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is 0.438,
this value is lower than Kosovo average of 0.465 (see Table 3.3). With this value,
Gjakovë/Ðakovica is ranked among municipalities with an average level of gender empowerment (see Fig. 3.3).
3
GENDER EQUALITY
Leposaviq
Leposavič
Zubin Potok
Zubin Potok
Istog
Istok
Pejë
Peč
Mitrovicë
Zveçan Mitrovica
Zvečan
Podujevë
Podujevo
Skenderaj
Srbica
Klinë
Klina
Deçan
Dečane
Vushtrri
Vučitrn
Obiliq
Obilič
Malisheva
Maliŝevo
Gjakova
Ðakovica
Rahovec
Orahovac
Prizren
Prizren
Dragash
Dragaŝ
Suharekë
Suvareka
Prishtinë
Priština
Lipjan
Lipjan
Shtime
Stimlje
Ferizaj
Urosevac
Shtërpcë
Ŝterpc
Kamenicë
Novo Brdo
Gjilan
Gnjilane
Viti
Vitina
Kaçanik
Kačanik
GDI - high 0.697 – 0.793
GDI - medium 0.596 – 0.696
GDI - low 0.595 – 0.518
Fig. 3.2: Gender Development Indicator based on Municipalities16
16 Source:
UNDP, “Human Development Report– Kosovo 2004”
53
Leposaviq
Leposavič
Zubin Potok
Zubin Potok
Istog
Istok
Pejë
Peč
Mitrovicë
Zveçan Mitrovica
Zvečan
Podujevë
Podujevo
Skenderaj
Srbica
Klinë
Klina
Deçan
Dečane
Vushtrri
Vučitrn
Obiliq
Obilič
Malisheva
Maliŝevo
Gjakova
Ðakovica
Rahovec
Orahovac
Suharekë
Suvareka
Prizren
Prizren
Prishtinë
Priština
Lipjan
Lipjan
Shtime
Stimlje
Ferizaj
Urosevac
Shtërpcë
Ŝterpc
Kamenicë
Novo Brdo
Gjilan
Gnjilane
Viti
Vitina
Kaçanik
Kačanik
GENDER EQUALITY
3
Dragash
Dragaŝ
IPGJ i lartë 0.497 – 0.599
IPGJ i mesëm 0.394 – 0.496
IPGJ i ulët 0.291 – 0.393
Fig. 3.3: Gender Strengthening Indicator based on Municipalities17
Tabela 3.3: Gender Governmenance Indicator
Men
Women
Index
Men
Women
Index
Men
Women
Ekuivalent
Gender
development index
(GDI)
Prishtina
70.6
29.4
0.834
0.757
0.24
0.739
0.712
0.3
0.824
0.553
Gjakova
76.0
24.03
0.773
0.842
0.16
0.534
0.833
0.2
0.558
0.438
Kosova
76.0
24.03
0.728
0.833
0.17
0.555
0.766
0.2
0.175
0.465
Rural
0.854
0.15
0.497
0.2
0.597
0.547
Urban
0.820
0.18
0.587
0.3
0.796
0.692
Municipalities
Number of seats in the
Assembly %
Percentage of legislative high
officials and managers
Income index (based on
equality)
3.2
Women’s Education
In Table 3.4 some of the major data for female education are presented. In Kosovo,
the level of women’s education is lower than men and this difference is greater
in secondary education. The RAE community values are also concerning, which
show in general that not only children’s attendance from this community is much
lower than the other children, but specifically, there is a bigger difference for women, as only 52.94% of them attend school. This difference in education is more
17 Source:
54
UNDP, “Human Development Report– Kosovo 2004”
pronounced in secondary education, where schools are attended by about twice as
few women than men, and about 3.3 times less women than the Kosovo average.
Table 3.4.: Data about women’ education
Municipality
Adults’ education
(+15) in %
Net registration level, %
Primary
Secondary
Combined
Average number of
years in education
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
98.02
93.04
94.84
93.88
89.20
79.56
92.95
87.79
11.27
9.64
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
97.04
87.64
86.49
94.27
66.25
58.44
81.19
82.40
10.35
8.45
Kosovo
97.28
91.32
94.92
96.00
78.76
71.53
89.50
87.41
10.40
8.42
Burimi: UNDP, “Raporti i Zhvillimit Njerezor – Kosova 2004”
Similar results are shown also in Table 3.5, where it can be seen that only 18.4%
of women that are heads of households have finished secondary education, compared with 49.1% male headed households.
Table 3.5: A higher level of family holders’ education
Education
Percentage of family holders
Women
Less than primary
14.5
47.2
Primary
27.6
32.5
Comprehensive or professional secondary
49.1
18.4
University
8.7
1.2
3
GENDER EQUALITY
Men
Source: World Bank, “Poverty Assessment – Kosovo”, June 2005
In Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, the net level of women’s registration in education at 82.4% is a little bit higher than men. At first glance, this would appear
to demonstrate the there is no gender bias either within the family or among the
children themselves with regard to school attendance. But, if primary and secondary education data are compared, large variations are recognised. Secondary
education in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is attended by only about 58.44% of
women, compared with 71.53%, which is the value of this indicator for Kosovo.
This is also clearly demonstrated in the data in Tables 2.3 and 2.4. The number
of boys and girls registered in primary schools in the school year 2005/2006 is
almost equal, but in this same school year 33% less girls are registered than boys
in the secondary education.
This illustrates that in Municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica equality between boys
and girls only exists in primary school attendance. After this, the number of girls
attending secondary education is less than the number of boys, particularly in
rural areas. Girls in rural areas are faced with social problems that prevent or
discourage them in continuing education, such security reasons, as schools are
often far from residences, or because of the conservative mentality toward the
education of girls and their incorporation in society. Family support for the education of women in rural areas and for the Roma minority groups is low or does
not exist at all.
Also, the registered drop outs of girls from school follow the same trend. Drop
outs of girls from primary school during the last 5 years has reduced about twofold during the period of 2000 – 2006, and the percentage of secondary school
drop outs are only about 9% (see Fig. 3.4 and Table 2.7 and 2.9).
55
Fig. 3.4: Drop outs from school in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
12
10
Percentage
8
6
4
2
0
2001-'02
2002-'03
2003-'04
2004-'05
2005-'06
Primary education, Male(%)
Primary education, Female (%)
Secondary education, Male (%)
Secondary education, Female (%)
Source: Gjakovë/Ðakovica Educational
Department, 2006
Data for education of those aged 15 years and older shows also that only 87.64%
of women from this age-group are educated, in comparison with 97.04% of men.
This indicator is lower than the Kosovo average of 91.32%. Also the average number of years education, at 8.45 years is much lower than men (10.35 years), and it
is the main reason that Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality with a value of 9.37 is not
ranked satisfactorily among other Kosovo municipalities (see Table 2.1).
GENDER EQUALITY
3
3.3
Employment for Women
Participation in the labor market and employment are considered the most important factors in promoting women’s social and economic position.
Labour Market
In Kosovo, the participation level of women in the labour market is about 2.4
times lower than men (see Table 3.6). This indicator is worse in rural areas, where
only ¼ of women of working age are included in the workforce.
Table 3.6: Women’s employment in Kosovo
Participation level in %
Municipality
Urban
Rural
Total
Unemployment level in %
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
76.64
74.39
75.42
37.19
25.54
30.91
55.96
49.54
52.47
33.48
42.62
38.47
52.11
65.60
58.06
39.97
48.62
44.42
The unemployment level for women in Kosovo is about 20% higher than men. At the same time the average monthly income of employed women is about 3
times lower than that of employed men (see Table 3.7).
56
Table 3.7: Data for employment and incomes
Municipality
Participation in labor force
Prishtina
Gjakova
Kosova
Monthly income
(Euro)
Unemployment level
%
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
75.30
76.39
75.42
39.60
26.57
30.91
169.92
131.48
135.92
55.89
43.98
42.23
25.67
39.64
38.47
38.62
49.06
58.06
Burimi: UNDP, “Raporti i Zhvillimit Njerezor – Kosova 2004”
The differences highlighted above are larger among women in the RAE community. There are clear differences for these women when compared with from
men in this community and from other Kosovo women. Therefore, more than ¾
of RAE community women are not included in the workforce and the income of
women who are employed is about 33% lower than the average monthly income
for Kosovo women.
There are women employed in all sectors, but the service sector dominates. The
Human Development Report for Kosovo (HDR) notes that in the services sector
over 85% of the total number employed are female, with only 8% employed in
industry, and about 6% in agriculture.
The level of unemployment among women differs substantially between urban
and rural areas. In rural areas, women’s unemployment can reach from 60% to
70% of the total number of skilled female workers, and for the minority Roma
community; this figure is more than 78%. Consequently, there is low economic
and social development for Kosovar women, and the highest level of poverty for
female headed households.
3
GENDER EQUALITY
Table 3.8: Unemployment based on age and gender
Age 15-24 years old
Age 25-34 years old
Age 35-49 years old
Age 50-64 years old
Municipality
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Prishtinë/
Priština
34.84
47.14
40.41
27.58
45.1
34.56
20.17
24.8
21.63
22.56
27.4
23.45
Gjakovë/
Ðakovica
48.98
81.08
62.79
34.44
59.3
40.2
32.91
16.0
28.85
49.12
11.7
40.54
Total
56.14
74.3
63.45
39.59
64.6
47.81
26.29
36.1
28.87
35.41
26.5
34.07
RAE
67.56
90.77
75.39
54.16
84.8
58.88
32.30
53.0
36.25
43.83
0
38.47
Rural
61.25
79.7
67.88
42.49
67.7
49.81
28.92
44.0
31.87
39.74
35.9
39.31
Urban
48.15
68.86
57.66
36.38
62.3
45.82
23.32
31.6
26.02
30.97
21.1
29.12
In the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, women’s participation in the labor market
is lower than the Kosovo average, and one of the lowest when compared with
other municipalities, especially with Prishtinë/Priština. Additionally, within the
municipality 3 times more men than women participate in the workforce, which
indicates a lower equality and estimation of women in the workforce. This is also
expressed though women’ monthly incomes, which are estimated to be about 44
Euro; while for men they are approximately 3 times higher.
While women’s unemployment level in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is higher
than men’s, this difference is much larger among women in the RAE community,
where 78.15 of women of working age are unemployed (see Table 3.7). Unemployment is very high in the age-group of women from 15-24 years old (see Table
3.8). This tendency is seen throughout Kosovo, but Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is included in 9 municipalities where this percentage is higher than the
average. The fact that the average rate of unemployment in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
57
for this age-group is about 62.79% out of which women make up about 81.08%,
highlights that the issue of employment is now a serious problem for youth in
general, and in particular for girls.
Fig. 3.5: Job seekers based in years in
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
2002
2003
2004
2005
Source: Employment Regional Center,
Gjakovë/Ðakovica. 2006
Registered female job seekers represent about 41% of the total number of job
seekers in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality (see Table 3.9). Their number has
increased every year (see Fig. 3.5) and at the end of 2005 figures showed that
there were about 30% more women registered as job seekers compared with
2002. However, the actual number of female job seekers is thought to be higher
than just that of registered women, reaching up to 49% of the total number of job
seekers. This discrepancy is due to the fact that registration of unemployment
does not generate any specific advantage in finding a job, so the interest in being
registered is relatively small.
GENDER EQUALITY
3
Table 3.9: Women job seekers based on qualification, year 2005
Qualification level
Total job seekers
From these, women
Total
%
Unqualified
9010
4227
61.60
Partly qualified
690
20
0.30
Qualified
1696
372
5.40
With secondary school
5493
2242
32.67
5
2
0.03
16894
6863
100
With limited skills
Total
Source: Employment Regional Center, Gjakovë/Ðakovica. 2006
Out of the 6,863 job seekers registered in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality at the
end of 2005, the largest portion, about 62%, was made up of unqualified women.
Men earn about four times more than women, and women have lesser paid posts
than men in general.
Contribution based on sectors
In Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, women are the major contributors in the
health and education sectors. In the Medical Treatment Center and in the Regional Hospital ”Isa Grezda” women represent about 70% of the total employees.
Women also provide an important contribution in education. Out of a total of 1,511
teachers in the municipality, about 46% are women. Women represent about 44%
of teachers in primary schools and about 49% of teachers in secondary schools.
58
A large representation of women in the education sector is influenced by the fact
that there is a faculty of education “Bajram Curri” in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, which is
a former Higher ‘Pedagogical’ School (training educational counselors). The fact
that today about 40% of students from this faculty are women highlights that in the
future the contribution of women to education will continue to be important.
While the Educational Faculty is new and a large portion of those employed are
educational counselors (‘pedagogues’) and counselors’ assistants, differences between women and men are still evident. In this faculty only about 14 % of counselors are women. From an analysis of counselors’ qualifications it shows that only
one female has a title of a professor and two women are counselors’ assistants.
The role of women in family and society181
When it comes to the role in family and in society, Kosovar women, especially over 25
years of age, identify more with traditional values than modern ones. More than half
of women think that it is natural that most of the housework is a woman’s duty and
that care for children is more a mother’s duty than father’s. A large part of women
think that if a company has to dismiss employees from work, it is better to dismiss a
married woman than a man, and that men are better political leaders than women.
Almost all women say that the most important person in the family is the man. However, women make their own decisions when voting even though they may be influenced by family members. They believe that both men and women should contribute
to the family’s economy, and that university education is more important for girls
than boys. They also believe that a girl should be able to make her own decisions
for her marriage, and that there should no difference between women and men’s incomes. Most women also believe that while women in politics are equal in terms of
capacity with men, opportunities are not often given to them to prove their abilities,
and that one third of candidates in Kosovo political parties should be women.
3
GENDER EQUALITY
To increase the number of educational counselors who are women who have academic or scientific titles in the Educational Faculty a broader number of women
engaged in scientific research is needed, to allow them equal opportunity with
men in receiving scientific titles. This would also have a direct influence in the
quality teaching for students in this faculty.
3.4
Women in Managerial positions
In Kosovo, the number of women in management posts is small. Employees engaged in legal, and managerial positions make up about 14.18% of the total workforce, but there are less women in these posts than men, and the difference between
them is about 29.74% (see Table 3.10), which means that out of 4 such posts approximately 1 post is held by women and 3 by men. This figure is worse in rural areas,
where the percentage of women compared with men in these posts is only 21.38%.
Table 3.10: Percentage of managers and professionals in the workforce
Legislative and managing staff
(% in workforce)*
% of women compared with men
Municipality
Men
Women
Total
15.07
10.61
13.67
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
19.28
11.11
Total
15.32
RAE
8.97
Rural
Urban
Professional and technical
Staff ( % in workforce)**
% of women compared with men
Men
Women
Total
45.45
31.08
27.66
30.01
40.45
17.27
32.53
3.04
5.56
8.18
20.00
10.35
14.18
19.74
23.41
24.05
23.55
30.56
0
7.90
13.54
13.26
0
11.68
0
11.81
9.43
11.39
21.38
22.32
23.40
22.51
22.42
19.00
10.87
14.74
38.49
24.59
24.43
244.55
38.23
18 Based
on the study “How do women vote in Kosovo” of Kosovo Center for the Gender Studies 2005.
59
A similar situation is also seen in professional and technical staff. In Kosovo,
these positions represent about 23.55% of the total workforce, but the discrepancy between women and men in these posts is about 30.56%. No women from
the RAE community are employed in these posts.
Female business owners are very few. From specific studies, such as the Questionnaire for Small and Medium Enterprises, it was found that in the year 2003 in
Kosovo about 23% of employed in this sector were women and only 6% of these
enterprises were owned by women.
Table 3.11: Women in managing duties in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Institution
Employed
Managing posts
Female
%
Denomination
Female
Municipal Assembly
302
97
32.12
Director
2
Medical Treatment Center
393
277
70.49
KPS-Police Station
161
25
15.53
Lieutenant
3
Sergeant
1
Director
1
Court for violations
350
13
3.72
Municipal Court
45
20
44.45
3
Public Prosecution
14
9
64.29
GENDER EQUALITY
Total
KPT
19
2
10.53
Regional Hospital ”Isa Grezda”
553
383
69.26
“Çabrati” enterprise
126
8
6.35
“Çabrati” enterprise
177
22
12.43
KEK
140
24
17.15
Director
1
PTK
176
32
18.19
Technical director
1
Source: Office for Gender Equality, 2006
The situation is similar in Gjakovë/Ðakovica. The number of women in legal,
decision-making, managerial, and professional and technical staff posts is small.
Therefore, we can see from the research that in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality,
only 11.11% of managerial staff and 8.18% of professional and technical staff are
made from women and those mostly in urban areas. Also, the number of women
in managing posts in municipal institutions in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality
continues to be small (see Table 3.11). In institutions such as the Medical Treatment Center, Public Prosecution and the Municipal Court, where women represent 70.49%, 64.29% and 44.45% respectively of the staff, there are no women in
managerial posts.
Additionally, in the education sector at the municipal level, which consists of 39
primary schools, two secondary schools and the Educational Faculty, only two
women are in directorial posts and these are only in primary schools.
3.5
Women in decision making
The participation of women in decision-making, structures of management and
in managerial positions, as complete and equal partners with men, especially in
politics and economy, has not yet been achieved. Women represent a small portion of membership in political parties. Consequently, representation of women
in structures of management and in major political parties is very low at the
central level, and absent at the local level. A step forward has been made with
60
current regulations for elections, which require a quota of 30% of women to be
elected. This resulted in women making up 30% of parliamentarians in the Kosovo Parliament.
While 8 out of 19 heads of parliamentary commissions are women, currently only
one woman is a Minister in the government and no women manage any municipal assembly. In higher posts within municipal government, women are out-numbered by men. From a total of 326 municipal department directors, only 22 are
women and this number is divided equally between Albanian and Serb women.
The major reasons for the low level of representation in structures of management are estimated to be: a tough political fight ongoing between political parties,
especially during the elections campaigns, insufficient level of capacity building
and reformation in structures of management and political parties membership,
and difficult economic and social conditions and high level of women’s unemployment.
In Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, out of 41 seats in the Municipal Assembly,
only 11 seats belong female political party representatives, and in the Commission for Politics and Economy only one woman participates. Additionally, out of
13 existing Directorates in Municipal level, only two are managed by women.
3
GENDER EQUALITY
61
Fourth Chapter
MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH
Reduce child mortality - Improve maternal health and combat HIV/ AIDS and
other diseases represent Millennium Development Goals 4, 5 and 6. The major targets in this objective are; reduction by two thirds the mortality of children aged below
5 years, and by three quarters maternal mortality by the year 2015, and a halt to the
spread of the HIV/AIDS and the other infectious and dangerous diseases. Based on the
analysis, the health situation of children and pregnant women in Kosovo is at a much
lower level than in the countries of Europe. A high level of poverty, delayed rehabilitation of health services, a lower socio-economic position of women compared with
their husbands, etc., are factors that negatively contribute to this situation. Tuberculosis is present at a worrying level and there are suitable conditions for the spread
of HIV/AIDS. In the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, while complete statistical data
is missing, these relevant indicators are at a level that merits attention. The accomplishment of these targets is dependent on the commitment of human and financial
resources at both the central and local level to rapidly change the situation.
4.1
Birth Rate
The population of Kosovo is very young. The average age is 25 and over the half
the population is in the age-group below 25 years old; meanwhile only 8% of
population is over 60 years old. About 56% of women are in the age-group (1545 years old). These indicators are impacted by the level of development, social
and economic factors within Kosovor society, and as such the level of population
growth has always been high. On average, 109 births per day were reported in
2000, which corresponds to a birth rate of about 19 births per 1000 inhabitants. In
2002 an average of 97 births per day were reported corresponding to a birth rate
of about 17 births per 1000 inhabitants. The average annual population increase
is about 2.01%.
4
These indicators are among the highest in Europe1913. The largest numbers of
births are natural births. However, the percentage of Cesarean births has doubled
from the year 2000 to 2005, numbering up to 14% of total births this year. During the period 2000-2005, the number of registered births in Kosovo’s public
health institutions has fallen to about 27%, reducing from 39,901 to 29,056 (see
Fig. 4.1). There has been a continuous decrease in the number of births over the
past 5 years. This considerable decrease is explained by the following factors:
(i)
Over the last years and especially after 1999, work on raising awareness
on family planning methods has increased, assisted by the commitment in
this field from international institutions, donors and civil society;
(ii) Migration of the population both internal and external to Kosovo has seen
a clear increase in recent years;
(iii) The statistical system of data gathering on public health is not consolidated. In general, the accuracy of this data is low and data for births occurring outside of public health institutions is missing. While it is well
known that the number of home births is still considerable, the number of
births in private health institutions is increasing.
19
UNICEF etc.: “Perinatal situation in Kosovo for years 2000-2005”
63
Fig. 4.1: Number of births based on years
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Like in all of Kosovo, a lack of accurate data is also a problem in Gjakovë/Ðakovica. However, based on the data collected from the birth registers and from
the neonatal unit of Gjakovë/Ðakovica’s pediatric unit, the birth rate from 2005
is about 11 births for every 1000 inhabitants. In the Fig. 4.2 the birth rate for Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is provided for last two years. As it can be seen the
number of births at the end of the year 2005 has fallen from 1,936 births to 1,670
births - approx 13.7%, and the birth rate has fallen from about 12.6 births for
every 1000 inhabitants to about 11. If this indicator is compared with the Kosovo
figure, it is clearly seen, that during the same period, the decrease in number of
births in Gjakovë/Ðakovica is about twice as large than in Kosovo, while the birth
rate has decreased to about 6.05%.
Fig. 4.2: The birth rate for Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is provided for last two years
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
4
4.2
REPORTED NUMBER OF BIRTHs IN GJAKOVË/ÐAKOVICA FOR YEARS 2004, 2005
1936
2004-2005
1670
2004
2005
Perinatal Mortality
Child Mortality is analyzed by considering the following indicators:
(i)
Perinatal mortality, calculated from deaths during late pregnancy (after
the 22nd week of pregnancy), during birth and during the first week of
life. Subdivided into antenatal deaths + deaths in partu + deaths at 0–6
days after live birth × 1000/all births
(ii) Infant Mortality, Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age
per 1000 live births;
(iii) Child Mortality (Under 5 Mortality – U5M), Annual number of deaths of
children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births. International standards
often refer more to last two indicators.
64
Fig. 4.3: Number for perinatal mortality calculated by years
1300
Nomber of mortality
1100
900
700
500
300
100
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Number of fetal deaths
Number of dead Babies in first week
Number of perinatal deaths
Lack of data reported by health institutions makes the accurate calculation of
perinatal death level difficult. WHO, UNICEF, and UNFPA offices tried to bypass
this hurdle by gathering and analyzing data since the year 200020, however their
report does not include home births and births in private clinics.
In Fig. 4.3, a perinatal mortality figure for Kosovo is shown for the years 2000
- 2005. It is shown that this number has decreased from 1149 to 652 deaths, so in
2005 about 43% less perinatal deaths were registered. Perinatal mortality level is
calculated at about 29.1 deaths per 1000 births in the year 2000 and 22.4 in 2005,
which means that during this 6 year period, the number of perinatal deaths has
decreased by ¼ (see Fig. 4.4). All these values are much higher than those within
European Union countries and it is one of the highest in European region. 4
Fig. 4.4: Perinatal mortality rate through the years
35
30
Mortality %
25
20
15
10
5
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Perinatal death level
Fetal death level
Neonatal death level
20 UNICEF
etc.: “Perinatal situation in Kosovo for years 2000 -2005”, 2005
65
If perinatal mortality is analyzed in detail, by considering its two major components: fetal and neonatal mortality, further explanations for the high mortality
rate may be determined. Fetal mortality is greatly influenced by the social and
economic conditions of the family. Some of the major factors connected with
this are; maternal care during pregnancy (including nutrition), treatment for the
mother, health care and medical consultation. In cases of neonatal mortality, additional factors such as medical assistance during the birth, family care for newborn children and specialized medical consultation should be considered.
It is clearly shown that in the year 2000, the number of fetal mortality cases is
almost the same as neonatal rates. After this, both these indicators decreased, but
the level of decrease for neonatal mortality is larger. In 2005, 262 neonatal deaths
were registered along with 390 fetal deaths. The level of fetal mortality for the
year 2000 was 14.5 deaths per 1000 births and for the year 2005 it fell to 13.25. This
is testament to the increase of care both during and after birth, while the awareness for the necessary care during pregnancy continues to progress very slowly.
Based on data for the year 2005, the most common causes of fetal mortality are: (i)
complication during pregnancy, which makes up about 46 % of cases; (ii) Asphyxiation during birth, representing about 14.8% of the cases; and (iii) Congenital anomalies, which represent about 9.7 % of cases. For the same year, the most common
causes of neonatal mortality are: (i) Prematurity - about 54%, congenital anomalies
25 %, other perinatal reasons 8 %, asphyxiation 4 %, and other reasons 1 %.
A large factor in neonatal mortality is the lack of appropriate transportation for
newborn babies from the regional maternity hospital. Incubators for transportation or warm fetters are not utilised in a routine or correct way. In some cases, neonatology employees are not able to measure the temperature of the newborns being transferred. There is a lack of corporation and networking throughout all levels
of health care between maternity hospitals. There is no follow up reporting on the
conditions of newborns referred from lower to higher levels and vice versa.
4
Fig. 4.5: Perinatal death in the year 2005 based on
municipalities
40.0
36.2
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
18.0
17.5
16.0
15.0
10.0
7.9
5.0
5.6
Prishtina
Gjilani Prizreni Mitrovica Gjakova
Peja
In Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, the level of perinatal mortality in the year
2005 was 17.5 deaths per 1000 births. This corresponds to 38 deaths in 2005, out of
which 35 have occurred in the maternity hospital. The value of Gjakovë/Ðakovica ’s indicator is lower than the Kosovo average of 22.14 and about 2 times lower
than in Prishtinë/Priština, however it is about 2.2 times higher than in Prizren
Municipality (see Fig. 4.5). This data shows that in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, education
and clinical support is very much needed to improve the quality for obstetric and
neonatal care.
66
Table 4.1: Death of children in Kosovo and in neighboring countries
Level of Infant Mortality
Mortality of children under 5
years old
Maternal Mortality
Serbia
13.6
15.3
6.9
Bosnia Herzegovina
7.6
8.7
9.5
Albania
12.3
16.9
15
Bulgaria
14.6
15.1
19.1
Kosovo
44
44 up to 6912121
21
Croatia
7.7
9.2
2.4
Macedonia
14.9
12.9
6.9
Rumania
18.6
21.9
34
Country
Source: UNICEF 2005
4.3
Infant Mortality
The infant mortality in Kosovo during 2003 is calculated at 44 deaths per 1000
live births. This mortality rate is the highest in the region (see Table 4.1). Poor
standard of living, malnutrition, a destroyed environment, and insufficient opportunities to receive specialized health care are calculated as the most influential factors in the high level of infant mortality in Kosovo. The low level of health
education for mothers and families should be added to this list, which directly
impacts children’s health and nutrition. Breast feeding is used for only a small number of children and over a short duration. The percentage of children who are breast fed up to 6 months is low, at only
12%22. This issue is extremely important as ready-made food is expensive and
cow’s milk does not have all the necessary nutrition, while breast feeding for first
six months provides greater health benefits with fewer expenses.
4
4.4
Infant mortality data is lacking at the municipal level and the analysis of infant
mortality is calculated based on the Kosovo average values. However, based on
the estimations of health institutions in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, it is
thought that this indicator is a little lower than this average; however, in any case
it remains very high compared with the values in the region.
Child Mortality (U5M)
Child mortality is comprised of the annual number of deaths of children under
5 years of age per 1000 live births. This indicator also includes the value of infant
mortality.
Systematic data for this indicator is missing in Kosovo and in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Municipality. However, by referring to some different sources, baseline values
may be deduced for child mortality, which ranges from about 35-40 23 up to 69 2414
deaths per 1000 live births. Despite the discrepancy in these values, this indicator
is higher than 35 which is the given value for child mortality. As it clear, Kosovo
has the highest level of child mortality in the region (see Table 4.1) 21 Demographic
and Health Survey – DHS 2003
Kosovo, 2003.
and Health Survey – DHS 2003
24 Demographic and Health Survey – DHS 2003.
22 UNICEF
23 Demographic
67
4.5
Maternal Mortality
Health of mothers is a measure of the social and economic position of women, the
cultural level for maternal health care, the level of knowledge on family planning
and reproductive health. But, maternal health is also a measure of the development level in a country or area.
Maternal mortality is the number of women’s deaths connected with pregnancy
out of 100,000 live births. It should be said that the data for maternal mortality in
Kosovo is insufficient and unreliable, as there is no current census, and a traditional approach is used in counting maternal mortality.
This indicator in Kosovo is continuously falling. After the dramatic increase
during the war period, when this indicator reached about 500 deaths for every
100,000 live births, this indicator decreased to 23 deaths in 2000 and 12.6 deaths
in 20012515. Values given by other sources vary greatly. However, by referring to
Table 4.1, it is clearly demonstrated that this indicator is much higher than in the
surrounding regions.
There is not yet a realiable system yet for ascertaining the reasons of high maternal mortality in Kosovo, but, analysis of some major features can be done: (i)
High level of abortions and illegal abortions are major contributors to the
high maternal mortality and permanent reproductive problems. The abortion continues to be the most common method of controlling fertility, and
as legal measures or often insufficient , late and ten weeks private illegal
abortions are reported; (ii) The level of knowledge among women of family planning and reproductive health is low. In 2000 less than 20% of women reported that they use
some form of contraception, which is the lowest percentage in Europe.
About 12% of women from the age-group 15-49 years old report that they
have no knowledge of contraceptive methods. This data demonstrates the
high risk of possibilities for under-age pregnancy, unsafe abortions and
abandonment of children2616;
4
(iii) According to the “Study of Nutrition Status” findings show that 95% of
women have access to prenatal health care. But the frequency of prenatal
visits differs. Based on this study, only 25% of women have more than
three specialized medical visits, which is considered an optimal number
of visits during the pregnancy.
For Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, there is no data for maternal mortality. The
only data is from Gjakovë/Ðakovica’s maternity hospital where there were no
maternal fatalities from the year 2000 until 2005. But, this does not mean that
there were no deaths occuring outside of this insititution.
4.6
Infectious diseases
Occurances
The incidence of infectious diseases in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is still
high. 3,705 cases of infectious diseases are registered,during the year 2005. Out
of these, 2,291 cases are from influenza, 642 cases from acute diarrhea, and 142
cases from food poisoning, 120 cases from varicella. There were no cases of German measles and tetanus this year in Gjakovë/Ðakovica.
25 UNDP,
“Human Development Report– Kosovo 2004”
2000
26 UNFPA/SOK/OM,
68
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis was a big health threat during the 20th century and unfortunately
continues to be present. The spread of this disease is not only influenced by
medical factors but also by social and economic ones. The war in Kosovo made
the situation more difficult. During migration, many refugees have lived in survival conditions, under a lot of stress, with a lack of food and health care including medication for tuberculosis. As such, most new cases of this disease are in
the age-group of those aged 15-34 years old. Based on the data for 2002, about 68 to 78 cases of tuberculosis for 100 thousands
people were registered in Kosovo2717. This figure is about 3 times higher than in
Albania, about twice high than in Macedonia, and about 1.5 times higher than in
Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina. The percentage of successful medical treatment
for this disease for the year 2001 was 87% and the mortality rate of tuberculosis
was 3.5%, which corresponds to 43 death cases.
The same occurrence is also seen in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality. In 2005,
66 cases of tuberculosis were registered, but there is no clear evidences of any
progression in this disease over the past years.
HIV/AIDS
The registration of HIV/AIDS cases in Kosovo started in 1986. Since that time 47
patients have been diagnosed with this disease. Most of them were men between
30 to 39 years old. Out of these, 22 of those affected died by the end of the year
2002.
A lack of a systematic monitoring system for this dangerous disease makes it
impossible to know the exact number of people infected with HIV. However, its
spread is estimated to be less than 0.1% and based on the UNAIDS classification,
Kosovo is a region with a low level of the epidemic. But in Kosovo, all factors
are present for a possible volatile HIV/AIDS situation: shame surrounding the
disease and hesitation around admitting infection, youthful population, high unemployment, rapid social change, drug use, spread of prostitution, large movement of the population in and out of Kosovo, and the considerable international
community presence.
4
All these factors are present in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality too. Therefore, an
increase in the level of knowledge among Gjakovë/Ðakovica’s youth about HIV/
AIDS and sex practices is an urgent need. With all the efforts of state structures and
NGOs for youth consciousness, facts still show that youth are being faced with difficulties in accessing quality information about safe sex practices. There remains a
lot to be done in supporting awareness campaigns for HIV prevention directed at
youth and lead by youth to promote public debates on these problems.
27 UNDP:
“Where are we going to be in 2015”. Prishtinë/Priština, 2003
69
4.7
Health Care Institutions
Public Sector
The health care system in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is organized in 3 levels:
(i)
Primary Level – Currently in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, there is a main center
functioning, 9 other centers and 15 family health centers. 29 specialists for
family medicine work in these health institutions;
(ii) Secondary Level – The regional Hospital “Isa Grezda “ is included in this
category, with 566 employees, out of which there are 72 specialists, 5 medical technicians, 312 nurses and 177 non-medical employees. The hospital
has 470 beds and provides the services of surgery, gynecology, urology,
internal medicine, orthopedic, ophthalmology, eye/nose/throat (ENT), infectious diseases, pulmonary medicine, pediatrics and neuropsychiatry.
Over 16,000 patients, 2,300 births, and 2,500 surgeries occur here, and
about 130,000 visits by specialist and 1,700 endoscopic treatments are undertaken in the hospital during any year; Based on the questionnaire, about 69%
of those interviewed
declared that they
are satisfied with the
healthcare. However,
they do point to the
problem of lack of
financial resources
needed for some services and medications,
especially for families
with long-term chronic
diseases (see Fig. 4.6).
4
(iii) Tertiary Level – This includes the Institute of Medicine of Work, which
specializes in assessing potential employees fitness for work. This provides tertiary level services for all Kosovo citizens. 85 people are employed
here, out of which about 15 specialists are employed, and it has consulting
rooms for pulmonary medicine, cardiology, gynecology, neurology and
diagnostics. There are 60,000 visits, examinations and diagnoses provided
by this institute during a year.
Fig. 4.6: Access to healthcare services in
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality28
Access to healthre
31%
69%
Satisfied
Unsatisfied
Also functioning in Gjakovë/Ðakovica are the Mental Health Center and the
Mental Health Facility for psychiatric cases, and a branch of National Institute
for Public Health, an authority that is responsible for analyzing and monitoring
the hygienic-epidemiologic situation in the town.
Health buildings in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality.
In general, the buildings of the primary level of institutional building are in good
condition. All the existing buildings have been renovated and reconstructed, and
have trained and skilled human resources working within them. However, the
nearest health center is over 5 km away for about 7.97% of the population (see
Table 4.2). This indicator is comparable with the Kosovo average, but is much
higher than in Prishtinë/Priština. The construction of family health treatment
centers in rural areas such as Dardani, Korenica, and Babaj Bokes are considered
the most needed.
70
Table 4.2: Access – approach to health centers
Municipality
The nearest health center is farther than 5km. %
0.41
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
7.97
Skenderaj/Srbica
27.81
Kosovo
8.125
Rural area
14.23
Urban area
0.69
By utisling the newly completed building within Gjakovë/Ðakovica hospital,
much better conditions will created which will serve the entire region.
Private Health Sector
The private health sector is mostly organized in small health treatment centers
with 1 or 2 specialists and equipped with necessary supplies to function. The
most numerous of this number is made of up private dentistry centers mainly
employing more than one dentist.
18 private drugstores and 2 public drugstores exist in pharmaceutical sector.
Supply of medication is mostly adequate, especially in private drugstores where
the choice and the quality of medication is better.
Major Deficiencies
While the health reform process in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality has achieved
clear results, insufficient quality of health service remains the major obstacle in
achieving modern standards in health care, especially when related to the care
toward mothers and children. The quality of this service is particularly connected
with the following factors:
(i)
4
Quality and distribution of health care staff – While the quality of health
staff is estimated to be adequate, a lot remains to be done when it comes
to modern methods of diagnosing and treatment. This is particularly relevant to the staff serving in rural areas. Inadequate and insufficient skills of
health care staff influence the overload on the gynecological and obstetric
sector in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, as a large number of pregnant women come
in from regions that do not have their own maternity hospital. Patients
come from the regions of Peja/Peć, Klinë/Klina, Rahovec/Orahovac, Malishevë/Mališevo, and from the northern parts of Albania, like Bajram Curri
and the highland to Gjakovë/Ðakovica hospital. With these conditions,
it is noted that the staff and equipment of this maternity hospital cannot
meet the demand from all the regional patients. Also, a lack of neonatologists in secondary and tertiary levels of health care is a problem. The
number of nurses and midwifes is large, but their re-distribution is really
needed. The same problem is seen with gynecologists and obstetrics, their
number is sufficient – even exceeding the need - but their distribution is
not adequate which influences the incomplete functioning of some maternity hospitals, as they do not have any gynecologists or less than they
need.
71
(ii) Lack of adequate equipment – Quality of health care services is also influenced by medical equipment. In general, maternity hospitals in the
municipality have most fundamental obstetric equipment. Nevertheless,
there is a lack of specific technological equipment necessary for primary
and secondary health care. So, while there is a lack of incubators in the
secondary levels of health care, in the meantime there is a surplus and
under-usage in primary levels of health care. This requires further assessment of the situation and their allocation or distribution.
(iii) Lack of a diabetes treating center for pensioners – which represents an important problem for community and is included as a priority program.
4
72
Fifth Chapter
SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT
“Ensure a Sustainable Environment” is the 7th Millennium Development Goal.
Integration of the sustainable development principles in local development policies
and programs and reversal of the current tendency of uncontrolled exploitation of
environment resources, halving by the year 2015 the number of people without access
to running drinking water, prevention of forest degradation, expansion of forested
areas and of protected habitats of diverse species and plants are some of the major
targets of this objective. In Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, the major environmental
problems are connected with the protection of natural resources, especially forestry,
agricultural land and rivers, protection of air and drinking water, as well as the rehabilitation of some environmental hot spots . Special attention should be given to the
mined areas, areas polluted by uranium and solid and industrial waste dumps. Solving these problems requires; commitment from both central and local governmental
structures, considerable financing resources and increased public awareness for protecting the environment. Some of these problems, such as that of mines and uranium
contamination, cannot be solved without international assistance. Despite financial
limitations, the improvement of environmental conditions by 2015 is attainable.
Problems linked with ensuring the sustainable environment in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality are considerable and their solution requires the commitment of
central and local governmental structures, as well as extensive involvement of
the community. Some of the important environment issues also require considerable investments, which may exceed central and local budget allocations. Therefore, setting of priorities for environmental problems that could be, solved may
be the first real effort toward the improvement of the situation. This however
does not mean that other problems accumulated over time or new ones are not
important, but the issues tackled in this Chapter are simply considered as priorities to be resolved. 5.1
Protection of Natural Resources
The livelihoods of a great number of households in Kosovo, especially in rural areas, depend on natural resources. About 90% of households living in rural areas
are in possession of land , 55% of them are engaged in cattle breeding, about 15%
meet their daily consumption needs with their own farm products and about
20% of households earn their living by wood exploitation1828 (see Fig. 5.1). Consequently, protection of natural resources in turn provides guarantees for sustainable environment and household income generation. The protection and the development of sustainable natural resources is an important challenge for Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality. The nature and landscape
make this municipality a very diverse and rich region. With surrounding forests, mountains, upland pastures, in western parts, with fields and arable lands
and the Drini River in the eastern part, and with other rivers, Gjakovë/Ðakovica
possesses rich environmental diversity with great opportunities for its further
development.
28 ABEF,
5
2003
75
Fig 5.1: Household dependency on natural resources
Percentage of population
All
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Rural
89.6
66.3
55.4
38.6
10.2
Possess land
Possess livestock
20
14.7
10
Existential
agriculture
Bassed on
forestry prod
Protection of Agricultural Land
There is about 577,000 hectares of qualitative agricultural land in Kosovo, which
has been degraded over recent years due to lack of criteria for construction criteria and the erosion caused by rivers and streams. Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality has about 14.741 ha of arable land, and its structure (see Table 5.1) creates
very convenient conditions for intensive economic development.
Table 5.1: The structure of agricultural land in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Agricultural cultures
Social sector
(ha)
Individual sector
(ha)
Total
(ha)
5.518
9.223
14.741
4
480
484
Vineyard
175
150
325
Pastures
5.448
1.706
7.154
Meadow
865
5.851
6.707
Mountains
17.435
8.829
26.264
Total
29.445
26.239
55.684
Fields – gardens
Trees
5
Despite the abundance of natural resources, transformation of arable lands is
clearly seen. Due to the lack of accurate data, approximate estimations show that
in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, 35 hectares of agricultural land are lost or
transformed every year. This is caused by the construction of apartments, swimming pools, football fields, petrol stations, warehouses, etc. without building permits, and by land erosion. All these developments impact the decrease of agricultural lands and their quality with resulting consequences for households, which
are manifested through lower yields and environmental degradation.
More detailed situation analysis of agricultural land degradation at the level of
the municipality reveals the existence of three negative factors:
(i)
76
Uncontrolled woodcutting. It is estimated that there are around 12,000
hectares of damaged forests from fire and uncontrolled woodcutting
throughout Kosovo. There is a lack of data at the municipal level, however
estimations show that the forest degradation is considerable;
(ii) Land erosion. This natural phenomenon is present in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
municipality as well as in the entire Kosovo territory. The erosion is manifested through different forms, such as land surface erosion, riverbanks
and streams erosion exploitation of gravel, and degradation. Fires and uncontrolled woodcutting destruction of flora, lack of investment in the construction of landslide barricades and in forestation are among the most
frequent reasons for this phenomenon’s occurrence; (iii) Lack of urban planning. Continuous decrease and loss of agricultural
land is greatly influenced by the lack of urban planning and uncontrolled
development, which is a direct result of the lack of urban development
plan and the lack of legal implementation and monitoring. The urban development plan of Gjakovë/Ðakovica currently in place was drafted about
20 years ago, and it has not been updated according to the recent urban,
economic and social developments.
Consolidation of land has a specific role in protecting the agricultural land. There
are about 577,000 hectares of quality agricultural land at the Kosovo level, but
the average size of the farms is 2.2 - 4 ha per household divided into 6-8 parcels.
Through land consolidation parcels are grouped in larger areas, and better conditions are created for land protection and its best use. The consolidation includes
new land measurements , formation of new parcels, settlement of property related
issues and creation of a detailed plan of land boundaries, drafting of urban development plans, especially for residential buildings, roads, and industrial areas.
Halting Forest Degradation
Based on the official data of 2003, some 455.000 hectares or 41% of Kosovo territory is covered by forests 2919. Kosovo has the highest percentage of areas covered
with forests within the region, (see Table 5.2). Less than one third of forests can
be considered as healthy and productive, almost 1/3 is exposed to uncontrolled
woodcutting, and about 17% of forests have been degraded. Total forestry includes about 33.7% privately owned forests.
A considerable part of Gjakovë/Ðakovica is covered with forests, mainly in the
north-eastern and the western part. About 67 % of forests are socially owned, and
33% are privately owned.
Table 5.2: Protected forests and areas
Forests
in %
Biodiversity protection
Area in %
Averaged values of CO2
emmissions in ton
Albania
36
4
n.a
Bosnia & Herzegovina
45
0.5
3.88
Croatia
32
7.5
4.06
Kosovo
41
4.27
5.5
Macedonia
36
7
4.14
5
Country
Source: UNDP, 2004
Forests cover these major territories in the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Pashtriku forests (Region of Hasi, Damjan, and Zylfaj);
Qerreti forests (Region of “Reka e Keqe”, Deva, and Morina);
Maja forests (Region of “Reka e Keqe”, Morina, and Batusha);
Dushkaja forests (Region of Qerimi and Jablanica).
29 Ministry
of Environment and Spatial Planning, 2003.
77
Major data on forests, number of trees and their quality for Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Municipality are shown in Table 5.3, which refers to the Forestry Inventory (FAO
– 2003). The list shows that the forest trees account for about 628 thousands m³.
Out of this number, only about 11% of trees belong to the first class quality, and
the larger part, about 77% belong to the third class quality. This means that great
restraint should be shown in the cutting of first class forest and the efforts should
be concentrated in preservation of forests and in upgrading their quality.
Table 5.3: Forests and the forestry products
Quantity
Forests
26800 Ha
Other forestry land
400 Ha
Pastures
6200 Ha
Volume of forests trees:
628456.80 m3
First class
69599.47 m3
Second class
72036.43 m3
Third class
486820.90 m3
Source: Forestry Inventory, FAO - 2003
In direct divergence from this recommendation, Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality
continuously undergoes a drastic loss of forestry surface resulting from illegal
woodcutting, massive fires and from the vegetation (tree) diseases.
Heating of the population remains a fundamental issue, which is connected with
forest protection. Today, electricity and lumber are used for heating.
While 99 % of households in Gjakovë/Ðakovica are connected on power supply
system, this supply is very unstable. Regular power cuts are the reason for utilization of wooden stoves, which, in turn results in high levels of woodcutting and
air pollution. This situation is foreseen to get worse following the activation of
industry, which will consume much larger quantities of energy.
All this will be improved if Gjakovë/Ðakovica homes are be connected to the central heating, which will decrease the power consumption, and it will also lessen
forest and environment degradation. For this to take place, increase of heating
capacities should be carried out, including the collective connection of households. According to Gjakovë/Ðakovica Directorate of Forestry, 37,500 m³ of wood is
needed per year only for heating. The bulk of this wood is mainly extracted from
socially owned forests, from the private forestry sector, from other areas within
Kosovo, or imported. It is quite clear that this is a concerning figure considering
the limited capacities of forests, and the absence of a strict legal regime for forest
protection, which leaves room for illegal woodcutting. Lack of forest certification
is a factor that also contributes towards the misuse of forests.
5
Protection of Parks
Although, there is a considerable number of parks throughout Kosovo, areas
protected by law in the form of national parks are limited. Today, they cover a
surface of only 46.247 ha or only about 4.3% (see Table 5.2). The global average of
this percentage is 11.7%. This leaves a huge part of natural environment without
specific protection and exposed to risks, because of the degradation that can occur through uncontrolled constructions, woodcutting destruction of rare plants
78
and shrubs with healing properties, excavation of sand and gravel in river beds
and fires caused by carelessness.
About 320,000 m² natural parks and about 50,000 m² of urban parks are located
in Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality:
(i) Natural Park Qabrati Hill - 200,000 m²;
(ii) Natural Park Shkukëza - 120,000 m²;
(iii) Liberty Park - 40,000 m²;
(iv) Mother Teresa Park - 9,000 m²;
(v) The Park in Orize neighborhood - 1,500 m².
None of these parks has a specific protection status. In addition to this, their
maintenance is at a very low level. Except for the park in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
town center, other parks are not maintained be it due to the lack of communities’
awareness or the lack of funds.
Rivers
Most of rivers in Kosovo are polluted. Analysis of the samples taken show that
fresh water from rivers is polluted with bacteria, and in some industrial areas,
with heavy metals such as as lead and zinc, and can not be used without a prior
treatment, not even for industrial needs. The major source of pollution is industrial waste.
Pollution of rivers further contributes to land pollution through the irrigation
systems, but it can also pollute drinking water, however the studies in this respect are still insufficient. From an early study of the year 1989, it was estimated
that about 74% of wells in rural areas had unacceptable levels of water bacteria
pollution. These are confirmed also by later specific valuations from sanitary inspections, and also by the studies on children’s death by diarrhea, which are considered to be directly related with the pollution of the drinking water.
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is rich with rivers, and other than the lack of
maintenance, they are also degraded from gravel exploitation, direct pouring of
sewage into rivers and uncontrolled waste disposal.
Uncontrolled exploitation of riverbeds for gravel remains is one of the most concerning problems. During the year 2005, temporary user permits were provided
for this activity to 29 operators. Their monitoring however was little and the level
of control limited. This resulted in the degradation of the riverbed Ereniku from
Shishmon village upstream, and of the Drini i Bardhë River from Kramovik to
Rogova.
5
At the same time rivers are are also being polluted from sewage. Direct pouring
of sewage run-off into the Ereniku river is carried out in three spots: the first spot
is in Gjakovë/Ðakovica at the southern Orize under the New Bridge, in Duzhnje
at the Deva Bridge and Raqa location. There are also two pouring locations in the
river Krena, one in Osek Pasha and the other one in Dujaka. In Janoshi stream,
the pouring of sewage run-off is carried out at the Janoshi Bridge. Meanwhile, in
Drini i Bardhë river sewage waters are discarded after being treated in the water
treatment pool in Rogova village.
79
5.2
Air and Drinking Water Pollution
Air
Kosovo remains one of the areas with high air pollution in south-east Europe,
although this pollution should have decreased in last 15 years because of the
decrease of industrial activities and the UNMIK decision to shut down some of
the polluting industrial facilities after the war. It is estimated that C02 emissions
in Kosovo are about 5.5 tons compared to 4.14 tons in Macedonia, 4.06 tons in
Croatia, 4.06 tons in Serbia and Montenegro, 3.86 tons in Bosnia and Herzegovina
and 3.85 tons in Romania (see Table 5.2).
Traffic is an ever increasing source of air pollution, especially in urban areas.
The number of vehicles is increasing fast and most of them are not compliant
with European emission standards. They are old and imported as secondhand
vehicles, using fuel without a catalytic convector. Due to this reason and because
of the situation of the road infrastructure that causes traffic jams, quantity of
emissions exceeds the permitted norms.
The poor road situation in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality greatly increases the
possibilities of air pollution by vehicles and dust. In the Table 5.4 a summarizing
profile sheet of road situation is provided. Asphalted roads are not maintained.
But, the situation of roads is worse in the villages, especially in remote ones, such
as the roads in villages of the Dushkaja area and bordering villages with Albania,
which are in a miserable situation and impassable during the winter, resulting in
the isolation of entire villages in this region.
Table 5.4: Road status within Municipality of Gjakovë/Ðakovica and the connection roads
Main roads
Length
Situation today
Urban roads
133 km
96 km asphalted road in the urban part
37 km urban roads paved with gravel
Gjakovë/Ðakovica –
5
87 km
This road is not in a good condition, although it is the most frequented one. It is
crossed in about two hours, while it should be a little over an hour normally.
Gjakovë/Ðakovica – Peja/Peć
36 km
It is in a relatively good condition, but, because of the bad asphalt structure after
heavy rains it needs to be repaired.
Gjakovë/Ðakovica - Prizren
37 km
This is the only road, while only having two lanes, it is constructed with sustainable standards
Gjakovë/Ðakovica – border
with Albania
12
This road is in good condition up to Bajram Curr, but impassable further due to
the lack of constructed road on the Albanian part for a length of 37 km
Rural roads
200 km
Over 130 km of this road is not asphalted
Drinking Water
In 2003 approximately 44% of Kosovo populations had access to the water supply
system (see Fig. 5.2). In rural areas, only 7% have access to running water, thus
households are mainly supplied with water from wells. Since in rural areas, 60%
of population use unprotected shallow wells and about 3/4 of wells have an unacceptable level of bacterial water pollution, the population is exposed at a great
level to diseases. Interruption of the water supply is also a common problem in
urban areas, as a result of many illegal connections and power cuts.
80
Fig. 5.2: Water supply and the sewage
Percentage of population
50
Water supply and water treatment
40
30
20
10
0
Water
Sewage
Kosova
Rural areas
In Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, these indicators are a little bit better than the
Kosovo average, but even so, they remain very high (see Table 5.5). This means
that about 42.8% of municipality population has no access to the water supply
system, and about 18% of population use wells as main water sources.
Water supply and water treatment
Table 5.5: Water supply in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
50
Gjakovë/
Ðakovica
Peja/
Peć
Prizren
Prishtinë/
Priština
Ferizaj/
Uroševac
Without a central pipe30
or main water source
70.3
42.8
54.2
34.1
42.8
64
Main water source are20
wells
40.5
17.9
39.2
24.0
30.2
52.9
49
35.1
32.4
44.6
32.6
55.1
49.0
35.1
29.5
44.1
32.6
55.1
Percentage of
population
Gjilan/
Gnjilane
Family
40
10
There is no bathroom with water in the house
Have WC in the yard
0
Water
Source: World Bank, “Poverty valuation in Kosovo”, June 2005.
Kosova
Sewage
Rural areas
There is no sewage water treatment plant in Gjakovë/Ðakovica. Sewage systems
do not exist in rural areas. Although the town has a good sewage system at a
length of 45 km, there is still no functional water treatment plant, since the old
one is dysfunctional. So, in practice there is no treatment of sewage waters. Dysfunctional water treatment plant causes pollution of rivers and underground water, thus posing danger to drinkable water.
5.3
Environmental Hot Spots
Solid Waste Disposal
5
According to GTZ assessments, 1.2 kg of solid waste per day is produced per
capita in Kosovo, which corresponds to an annual amount of 3.2 m³ per capita.
In addition to household litter, waste such as aluminum, glass, plastic, textile, etc,
is also included in this amount. Waste management has improved significantly in
some municipalities such as Prishtinë/Priština, Peja/Peć, Prizren, Gjilan/Gnjilane,
Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, Podujevë/Podujevo, Ferizaj/Uroševac, Dragash/Dragaš and
Zveçan/Zvecan, where regional dumps are constructed. But, in many other municipalities (landfills) are old and located near inhabited areas.
The solid waste dump in Gjakovë/Ðakovica is located only 2 kilometers away
from the town, and this distance continues to be decreased as a result of urban
area spreading and the creation of informal settlements. This is a big pollution
source, considering that the garbage is often burnt irresponsible persons.
Poor waste collection is also an important issue and a supplementary source of
water pollution. Equipment and transport are still insufficient for regular waste
collection and deposit of municipal waste. In Kosovo, only 10% of families report
81
that their garbage is collected by the trucks, and only 27.5% of them have containers in the street. Infrastructure of selecting, processing and the recycling of solid
waste has not yet been built.
Mined areas
Along the border with Albania there are many mined areas2620(see Fig. 5.2), which
present a permanent risk for people and cattle. As it can be seen, many of the
mined areas (colored in red) have not been cleared. Fig. 5.2: Map of mines location
Uranium Contamination
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality must deal with a very specific environmental issue, which classifies it as a Kosovo environmental hot spot. Based on the United
Nations Environment Program2721, the Gjakovë/Ðakovica area is one of the most
contaminated areas in Kosovo with depleted uranium ammunition. This report
notes 39 contaminated locations with depleted uranium, out of which 30 are located in urban area (ex military garrison near Gjakovë/Ðakovica close to Catholic
Church) and 9 in Radoniqi Lake. Water from this lake is used as drinking water
for Gjakovë/Ðakovica town and for some villages.
5
Fig. 5.3: Polluted areas from uranium missiles
82
26 KFOR,
2005
27 UNEP,
“Depleted Uranium in Kosovo”, 2001.
The effects of being exposed to depleted uranium are radiological and chemical,
but they depend a lot from the dose and the exposure time. Risks for general
contamination of the area is very low, but high contamination levels, which are
measured only within a very limited space (usually located in a surface of 20cm
x 20 cm size) are health hazards, especially in the case when the ammunition has
exploded. In this case, depleted uranium can pollute the underground water and
the surrounding plants, but the biggest risk is when a person physically makes
contact with the contaminated point or the soil beneath it. People who touch these
ammunitions are exposed to greater health hazard. In this case, hands get contaminated and a small part of depleted uranium may be absorbed by the body.
Although, there is a lack of thorough studies, it is thought that currently Gjakovë/Ðakovica may be facing possible health consequences of environmental
pollution, which are closely connected with the quality of drinking water from
Radoniqi Lake.
The major measures that are recommended are the following: (i) accurate identification of depleted uranium spots; (ii) collection of depleted uranium ammunition; (iii) decontamination of the area, always prioritizing areas close to residential facilities; (iv) periodic monitoring of water quality around polluted areas;
(v) increasing studies to clarify scientific uncertainty related to consequences for
human health; and (vi) informing the public on polluted areas, level of risk and
the protection measures.
Moreover, depleted uranium ammunition should be treated like mines.
Industrial Waste
While industry is not as active as was the case before the war, it still presents a
potential environmental risk (particularly if it is re-activated). The following locations can be considered as environmental hot spots:
(i)
Metal factory “Metaliku”: which when it becomes functional, will present
a pollution factor for Krena river and the surrounding wells;
(ii) A part of the village Deva, where the Deva mine was active, which is
covered with remains of chrome enrichment. This large field covered with
chrome remains has never been cleaned, and presents a permanent risk
for inhabitants health and the environment;
(iii) The industry for construction material (Deçan/Dećane) is a polluting factor for the rivers that pass through Gjakovë/Ðakovica and the surrounding wells.
5
83
Sixth Chapter
GOOD GOVERNANCE
“Good Governance” is an added Millenium Development Goal, chosen especially
for Gjakova Municipality, because the governancet improvement on local level is
considered the key factor to guarantee municipal economic and social development.
The work essence of good governance is that everybody should understand that the
government improvement is a reciprocal process. By one side, it requests capacity
strengthening of local government structures in compiling and implementing
successfully municipal economic and social development policies, and to take new
responsibilities for the reform cadre of government decentralization. On the other
side, we should understand that we can not have a good governance without citizens
participation in government, what requests the public consciousness for the role and
the responsibilities in the municipal government, institutionalization of the public
participation in taking the decisions and strengthening the role of the civil society
organizations in this participation process.
6.1
Structure and responsibilities of the local government
The form of local government in Kosovo is the Municipality. The municipality
regulates and manages public issues within its territory in order to provide conditions for normal and quiet life for all inhabitants. It also takes care of issues of
common public interest that cannot be analyzed only by the central government
or any other body. The municipal territory is comprised of numerous villages.
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality being composed of 31 villages.
The Municipal Assembly is the highest municipal body (see Fig. 6.1), and is chosen directly by the public. The Gjakovë/Ðakovica Assembly has 41 delegates currently in the municipality representing various different political parties. LDK
and AAK have the largest number of seats - 41.47% and 24.39%, respectively
(see Fig. 6.2). The Municipal Assembly nominates the Committee on Policy and
Finances; Committee of Communities and the Mediation Committee. These committees may also engage members out of the Assembly, but they may not represent the Committees’ overwhelming majority.
Local government activity is directed by the Mayor of the municipality and by
two deputies, who are selected by the Municipal Assembly from amongst the
municipal assembly members. This activity is fulfilled through the municipal
administration, which is managed by the Chief Executive and the Board of Directors. Directors of the 13 Directorates participate in the Board of the Directors,
which form the organizational structure of municipal administration.
Out of those Directorates, 6 have sectoral responsibilities ( in the sectors of education, health, agriculture, public services, urban planning and youth, culture and
sports), 4 Directorates have inter-sectoral functions (budget-finance, economic
development, property related issues and land planning) and 3 Departments are
vested with the general functioning responsibilities (administration, inspection
and the civil security).
GOOD GOVERNANCE
6
85
MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLY
Public Jurist
Municipal Mayor
Vice Mayor
Vice Mayor
Chief Executive
Board of Directors
Department for
Budget
and Finances
Department for
Urban and
Rural Planning
Department for
Education
and Science
Department for Civil
Security and
Emergency Disposition
Department of
Economic
Health Department
Department for
Culture, Youth
and Sport
Department for
Property and
Juridical Matters
Agriculture
Department
Department for
Cadastre
Department for
Public Services
Fig. 6.2: Representation of political parties in
Gjakova Municipal Assembly
PDK
PLK
IRDK
LDK
UDGJ
AAK
PDSHK
Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality is responsible for and governs over these major
activities within its’ territory3022: (i) Offering basic conditions for economic sustainable development to every local community; (ii) Maintenance of roads, river
beds, public parks, etc.; (iii) Urban, village planning, and land usage; (iv) Issuing
permits for construction and other developments; (v) Environmental protection;
(vi) Offering local services and infrastructure including water supply, water system and canalization, process of sewage, local roads, and also the plans for local
heating; (vii) Public services, including fire-department and emergency services;
(viii) Management of the municipal property; (ix) Preschool, primary and secondary education; (x) Primary health care; (xi) Social and housing services; and
(xii) Issuing permits for services and equipment, including entertainment, food,
markets, street sellers, local public transport and taxi services, hunting and fishing, restaurants and hotels. Central government may delegate supplementary
competencies to the municipality within the authority of central government
with a condition that respective supplementary financial resources are provided
to the municipality. Central government may conduct administrative supervision in municipalities in order to ensure that the law and the regulating system is
respected, including protection of accepted standards.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
6
30 Statute
86
of Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality – 2004.
6.2
Decentralization of Responsibilities
Despite positive steps taken so far, most of responsibilities in Kosovo are still
held by the central government. Budget allocation and administration (see Table
6.1) is one of the indicators of the level of decentralization level. Currently, only
about ¼ of the budget goes to the local government, while ¾ of the budget is
centrally managed, where allocated budget for institutions with reserved power
is included, over which the Municipality or Kosovo Government have no management or authority.
Table 6.1: Public budget splitting in Kosovo
Benefiting institutions
Employed
2004
Employed
2003
Budget
in Euro
Budget
in %
IPQV Institutions
17286
16357
289 045 594
45.71
Reserved power institutions
17968
16371
167 498 508
26.48
Municipalities
42150
175 781 460
27.79
632 325 922
100.00
Amount
Source: MEF, “Kosovo Consolidated Budget – 2004”
Municipal incomes are collected in accordance with central government laws
and instructions, which are connected with: (i) Licenses and fees set by the municipality; (ii) Income from municipal property; (iii) Fines; and (iv) Property Tax. The Municipal Assembly may also determine other income resources through
further more specific decisions.
Transfer of responsibilities towards the local government has become a global
tendency in democratic countries. This process is managed through the principle
that the closer services are brought to the community, the better the government
operates. Decentralization is composed of three major components: (i) Localization of responsibilities in providing the services; (ii) Administration of revenues
and public expenditures; and (iii) Transfer of decision-making powers to the local level.
Decentralization is a form and process of governance. A good decentralized
government is conditioned by good central level government, which includes
mechanisms and processes that makes society capable in achieving a rapid and
sustainable development.
Decentralized good government includes forms and procedures that provide an
opportunity for the society to achieve as quickly as possible the economic and
social development objectives at the local level. With this purpose in mind and
based on the recommendations of the European Council3123, a range of measures
is being undertaken in Kosovo aiming to increase the decentralization of responsibilities from central government to the municipal level in order to improve
the services provided to the public and the approach of the government toward
them. This reform is in accordance with the European Charter of Local Self-government, which is bilateral Treaty of the Council of Europe which enshrines
best practices of local government and serves as a model to be implemented for
every country. Following the determination of its status, Kosovo will also sign
this Charter. Therefore, the decentralization process will in the future serve this
process. Other major aspects of this reform are:
6
GOOD GOVERNANCE
31 “Reform
of Local Self-Government and Public Administration in Kosovo”, Decentralization Mission of the
Council of Europe, 2003.
87
(i)
Management of public services by the municipality itself;
(ii) Larger municipal financial responsibilities in collecting and administering their revenues;
(iii) Increase of the role of the public in local government and especially their
participation in decision-making.
In light of this, Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality should be prepared in two aspects:
(i) Assume and administer transferred responsibilities through decentralization reform;
(ii) Develop capable administrative capacities in implementing new responsibilities successfully and transparently.
If the decentralization is implemented with efficiency, it may be one of the most
important mechanisms for bringing governance closer to the people, for increasing the confidence of public in the system, for enabling better governance monitoring and for meeting community’s interests better.
6.3
Local Democracy
The effective representation of citizens in the government is not guaranteed only
with their right to participate in free and fair elections. Except for elections, other
mechanisms are necessary to be implemented in order for local democracy to
be developed and respected and for the government to properly meet citizens’
needs and aspirations. Good governance is conditioned by: (i) enlargement of
the public participation and representation in the government; and (ii) building
alliances between civil society, private sector and the media in achieving citizens’
participation and representation as widely as possible. The essence of local democracy is public participation in the government and the first step to achieve
this is an increase of transparency in decision-making and administration at the
municipal level. When participation and representation achieve satisfying levels then conditions
are created for government’s democratic systems to be more effective in managing economic development and the fair delivery of these benefits. These benefits include: social development to respect individual and societal rights, and
achieving satisfactory social cohesion. When participation and representation are
at very low levels, social problems arise, such as unequal economic and social
development, extreme poverty, corruption, and abuse of power.
Based on these principles, the priority development policies for governance
in Kosovo are: (i) Creation of a governmental structure based on equality and
respect of human rights for all Kosovo citizens; (ii) Ensuring a competent government with clear functions and responsibilities, both at the central and local
level by accomplishing effective coordination between them; (iii) Development
of instruments and the implementation of measures for promoting transparency
and fighting corruption; (iv) Drafting and implementing a legal framework for
the benefit of rapid social and economic development; (v) Ensuring that steps
undertaken to benefit economic and social development are integrated into the
regional development agenda and that of the European Union.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
6
In Kosovo, the opportunity for all people, irrespective of their income level or
ethnic, race, religious or gender background, to participate, negotiate, influence,
and request responsibilities from local institutions is considered insufficient. The
need of the improvement is also emphasized in “Standards for Kosovo”, namely,
in Functional Democratic Institutions and Rule of Law Standards. Conclusions
show that some positive developments have taken place, however some challenges still remain. UNMIK has put in place a legal framework that promotes
88
democratic society and rule of law; gender equality is promoted in state institutions and the ethnic minority participation and representation is guaranteed by
the Constitutional Framework.
It should be mentioned that greater transparency in public administration remains obstructed by the lack of complete and qualitative data. Partnership between the community main players (Municipal Assembly, Business Community
and the Civil Society) is still insufficient. Moreover, the existence of corruption is
also evident. This is a regressive burden that causes loss in public sector incomes
and discourages vulnerable groups of society to benefit more from support of
public services. Corruption is considered as problem of medium to high importance, depending on sectors, and can negatively influence different levels of the
population, especially the poor. Low level of public participation can also be seen from a survey of Kosovo citizens. As it can be seen, less than 7% of the respondents have participated in public discussions and in citizens’ initiatives, meanwhile less than 1% of them have
participated in implementing local government projects or have benefited from
those projects (see Table 6.2). This research shows that the level of public satisfaction for the work of the local institutions still remains at a very low level.
Table 6.2: Level of citizens’ participation in Kosovo
Has implemented NGOs’
projects
Has been beneficiary of the NGOs’
projects
Has implemented local
governmental
projects
Has been beneficiary of local
governmental
projects
Has participated
in public discussions
Has participated in citizens’
initiatives
Has signed
the petition
1.7%
2%
0.7%
0.8%
6.7%
6.4%
6.1%
Source: UNDP, “Human Development Report– Kosovo 2004
There are some municipal rules that are connected with local democracy. So, in
the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, the Municipal Assembly may use any form
of consultation and public participation3224such as: (i) information campaigns and
advertisements in promoting programs and municipal activities; (ii) Contacts
with selected districts in discussing the respective policy; (iii) Surveys dealing
with the implementation of municipal policies, where, among others, key informants, clients and citizens affected by this policy will be included; (iv) Public
notification and proposals regarding the policy or the draft regulation by inviting
the public to participate and present; (v) Contacts and meetings with stakeholders; (vi) Public meetings; (vii) Public sessions; (viii) Public inquires; (ix) Studies
in assessing the influence of municipal policies; (x) Advisory Committees; and
(xi) Referendums.
The Municipal Assembly should also consult the public by using different ways
of consultation and public participation such as: (i) Information campaigns
aimed at creating positive opinions for proposals made; (ii) Contacts with selected districts and stakeholders in order to try and discuss the proposal; (iii)
Public notification of the proposal, by inviting the presentation of the proposals
and by allowing at least fourteen days for their acceptance; and (iv) Studies and
assessments of opinions’ influence.
6
GOOD GOVERNANCE
32 Status
of Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality – 2004.
89
Beside this, the municipality at least twice a year shall organize public meetings
with citizens. Municipal representatives will inform the participants in public
meetings about the issues of common interest. Meetings are of an open character and all those interested can participate in them. In these meetings, initiatives
may be undertaken, proposals may be given, or suggestions in solving certain
issues. One of these meetings should be held during the first six months of the
year, and the other during the second six months of the same year. If only two
public meetings are held during a year, then there should be an interval of at
least two months between the two meetings. Time, day and venue where the
meeting should take place are announced through the media two weeks before
the meeting. The municipality publishes the public announcement. Public meetings are open for the media representatives. The mayor and all Committees of the
Municipal Assembly have also the right to determine consultations and public
participations for any issue within their competencies. The way that the consultation or participation should be developed has to be known to the public at least
14 days in advance.
For certain issues, the Municipal Assembly may also hold referendums. The referendum is initiated by the Municipal Assembly or upon the request of at least
10 % of registered voters in municipal elections. Every proposal in having the
referendum should be followed with a rationale together with: (i) The question
related to the decision that has been put into referendum, which may be ”YES” or
“NO” or “IN FAVOR” or “AGAINST”; (ii) Financial estimation and the resources
for the payment of expenditures; (iii) Signatures, full names and addresses of
those requesting the referendum in cases when the Municipal Assembly does not
act on self-initiative.
In Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality, as well as in other Kosovo municipalities,
strict implementation of these requirements has not been observed. Public protests have been the most common form of citizens’ participation, which can be
explained by the authoritarian regime that was ruling Kosovo until 1999. The
culture of participatory governance presents a novelty in Kosovo society, which
is gradually taking root after the disbelief of the role that community may play in
the government, cultivated during the governance of previous regime.
Other than this, the estimation on the citizens’ responsiveness to municipal local
institutions and their involvement in local governmental process is a difficult
task. Lack of clear administrative data, excluding some departments, contributes
to the lack of data and transparency on the quality and cost of services performed
by the public administration. The lack of transparency in public procedures of
tenders is also evident.
A good step toward a transparent administration is the formation of the Citizens’ Information Office within the Municipal Assembly, where two journalists
are employed, who for the time being are informing only the municipality staff
on the events taking place within the municipality. However, this Office does not
operate as a public information office in the real sense of the word. The office of
the municipal assembly members has been opened as well, which receives and
deals with citizens’ complains.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
6
6.4
Strengthening Local Partnership
A rapid economic and social development of Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality can
not be accomplished without ensuring a close partnership in the local government between structures of the local government and the civil society. The latter
more often is integrated with Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and different associations, such as the Chamber of Commerce.
90
Civil society has started to play an increasingly large role in the economic and social development of the municipality. However, the experience of the civil society
organizations is still limited and not so very developed. On the other hand, society and the community do not have sufficient knowledge about the important
role of these organizations. Thus, identification of the municipal civil society’s
major needs is important. These needs are related to:
(i)
Lack of a culture of volunteering, which, if improved, may be of great assistance to the municipal development. Many civil society organizations
are founded with the support of the international donators and continue
to be financially supported by them. Since 1999, work on voluntary basis
has decreased significantly. So, some of the characteristics of a mature and
responsible civil society are often lacking. As a result, mutual confidence
building, which is fundamental in creating successful relations between
the civil society and the public, local government structures, the media
and private sector, is being developed very slowly;
(ii) Expanding the dialogue between the structures of the local government
and the community. For this purpose, this dialogue needs to be institutionalized. Capacities of critical and innovative thinking may be financed
only in this way. This creates conditions to assist the local government
with alternative solutions to the economic and social problems of municipality;
(iii) Higher transparency and accountability. In general, public servants do
not clearly understand the great importance of public participation in local government and the necessity of including them in the process of decision-making. This is also clearly seen in practice when meetings with the
public are organized, whereby the main trigger for them is fulfillment
of municipal obligations rather than the need to genuinely communicate
with the public in trying to be transparent on the decisions taken and to
watch with critical eyes the performance of local government institutions.
The role of the civil society organizations is fundamental in developing
this partnership.
(iv) Monitoring of central and local government institutions in implementing
the policies. This is a very important aspect of the work of civil society.
Observations show that additional efforts are needed for public awareness raising on their rights to have acesss to official documents, and also
for the training of the public officials in being capable to serve the public
efficiently. Lack of knowledge and lack of the citizens’ interest for their
role and the responsibilities in local government structures has become a
widespread phenomenon in both municipal and central level in Kosovo.
(v) Improvement of the minority and marginalized groups status. In the
above analyses about economic development and poverty, education,
health services and the problems of gender equality, it clearly demonstrated that especially the RAE community does not have the same conditions
and possibilities compared to the other part of the municipality population. Local government structures may be assisted by the civil society
organizations to get a better knowledge of the real situation of the RAE
community, and to better understand their priority needs, and also to provide services to this community. Also, these organizations can contribute
to the public consciousness and to RAE community itself for the rights of
this community and for the necessity of accomplishing the international
standards which are connected with these rights.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
6
91
Currently, 42 local NGOs are operating in Gjakovë/Ðakovica, which are members of the NGOs’ Forum. All these organizations have their offices in the urban
area, but they practice their activity throughout the entire municipality. NGOs
depend completely on donors financing and do not have any financial support
from the municipality, as the municipality has a limited budget. The Kosovo
Regional Office of Chamber of Commerce is also located in Gjakovë/Ðakovica,
which protects community business’ interests. Unions in factories are not operating, and some municipality representatives are members of the Regional Union.
Also, assistance is expected in the future from the recently founded NGO Agency for Local Development, which targets the promotion of investments and the
strengthening of businesses.
A wider NGOs activity is oriented in these major fields: (i) Promotion of gender
equality; (ii) Improvement of the inter-ethnic relations; (iii) Assistance in psycho-social problems, and (iv) Promotion of community and the economic development. Civil society, especially youth is included in the activity regarding the
inter-ethnic coalitions. Because the NGOs work mostly with donor funding, they
are more oriented towards providing services through short-term projects and
their sustainability is still fragile.
Most Kosovars see NGOs as organizations that do not serve or represent their
opinions, as they believe that this is a function which is performed by political
parties. This opinion changes a slighly when discussing coalitions such as Family
Coalition of Missing Persons, Veteran Organization of Kosovo Liberation Army,
groups of pensioners, etc.
Based on the above needs, the priority policies of civil society development both
at the municipal level and Kosovo wide are:
(i)
Development and implementation of the mechanisms that provide active
participation for the civil society in compiling and implementing development policies;
(ii) Creation of the institutional capacities (structures, systems and knowledge) of civil society in accomplishing its responsibilities as partners in
compiling, implementing and the monitoring of the policies;
(iii) Encouragement of civil society in developing new opportunities of economic activities and employment, and also providing public services.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
6
92
Second part
DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES
2.1
Strategic Objectives
Based on the detailed analysis of the Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality situation
from a Millennium Development Goals point of view, certain priority strategic
objectives have been initially determined. These are shown in tables that follow
under each MDG taken into consideration. For each objective, respective indicators are also determined, by taking as a baseline their current value, and projecting values for future periods, up to 2015. The selection process of priority objectives and their indicators is based on the analysis that was performed in the first
section, and in keeping in mind their harmony with these major documents: Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Development Goals include 8 general goals, with relevant objectives and indicators, which allows for progress to be monitored throughout their
implementation. For each MDG, objectives and respective indicators are already
determined based on current Kosovo conditions3325. Kosovo Development Strategy
The fundamental document for Kosovo’s future development planning is the
Frame of Kosovo Spatial Development 2005 – 2015. This strategic document contains information on the challenges for development, economic and social sectors
challenges, the real opportunities facing them, and also the priority measures to
respond to development requirements for each sector. It promotes the joint interests of Kosovo inhabitants for faster economic development with a purpose of
improving the quality of life by protecting resources, and the natural and cultural
inheritance. The strategy is also used as a guide for the selection of policies in the
industry, services, rural development, and tourism sectors, and for making decisions about public strategic investment. The strategy considers the most important issues that Kosovo development is
facing, such as: continuous increasing of unemployment, high level of poverty,
loss of agricultural land, infrastructure and inadequate services, unequal economic development, depopulation, irresponsible use of natural resources, high
level of pollution, and environment degradation.
The strategy is prepared based on the most important documents for Kosovo
development, such as: (i) Social-economic profile, and the development challenges3426, which offers analytical bases for social, demographic, economic and development tendencies; (ii) The social-economic profile and the Kosovo development
challenges which looks at the major issues of economic increase and investment
capacity; (iii) Kosovo economic3527memorandum, which examines the opportunities of economic increase, by considering conditions for economic stability, rapid business development, and export increase; (iv) Poverty study in Kosovo3628,
which analyses the poverty level and the measures to reduce it; and (v) Kosovo
– coordinating policies toward development increase3729, which treats the need of
rapid economic increase as an urgent challenge, necessary to influence the reduction of unemployment and social exclusion.
33 UNDP,
“Where are we going to be in 2015”, Prishtinë/Priština 2004.
– Prishtinë/Priština 2004
Bank, September 2005
36 World Bank, September 2005
37 International Monetary Fund, 2004
34 Riinvest
35 World
95
Partnership with the European Union
Based on the Resolution of the United Nations Security Council3830, the Commission of the European Union has approved principles, priorities, and partnership
conditions in 2004 with Kosovo, and also the major standards that have to be
fulfilled by Kosovo during a short-term and a mid-term period. According to this
document, the Stabilization and Association process remains the main course for
the general development of Kosovo, as it is for countries of West Balkans. The
document contains main areas, where the priority work should be focused, in
order to speed up the European intergration process for Kosovo, which take in
consideration the European Union norms3931. Democracy and implementation of
the law, human rights and protection for minorities, a market-driven economy
and structural reforms, agricultural development, transport, energy and small
and medium enterprises, justice and fight against crimes and trafficking crimes
are some of the priorities included in this European Union document.
2.2
Development Programs and Projects
There are 17 objectives based on the MDGs that have been chosen to respond to
the specific situation in Gjakovë/Ðakovica. Priority programs were chosen for
each objective whose implementation directly impacts the achievement of these
objectives. This strategy contains 17 objectives that are detailed further in programs. These (33) programs are further detailed in 136 projects, with a detailed
time-line, cost and possible donors. The approximate cost is foreseen for each
project which could be a direct investment or assistance cost towards further. All
this data are included in tables that follow.
38 Resolution
39 This
96
No: 1244, date 10 June 1999
is about acquis communitaires
99
Development and implementation of
a strategy that fights unemployment
and increases employment.
Implementation of European Card for
small and medium enterprises.
Balanced spatial development and benefits
devilivered equally through all the territories,
by providing access to infrastructure for all.
Ensuring an adequate space for residence,
as much in urban areas as in rural areas.
Consolidation of agricultural land.
Gradual reduction in unemployment, with
a specific emphasis in municipalities with
a higher level of unemployment than the
Kosovo average.
Ensuring the durability of macroeconomy and the development of
the market-driven economy.
Reduce the level of poverty, particularly in
rural areas and especially in areas with a high
level of poverty
Halve the portion
of the population
with incomes less
than one dollar a
day within 2015
European Union
Kosovo Spatial Plan
2005-2015
MDO
STRATEGIC TARGETS
OBJECTIVE 1
ERADICATE OF EXTREME POVERTY
Improvement in conditions of residence, especially in rural areas:
•
Number of houses that need both
minor and major repair;
•
Number of houses without access to
running water;
•
Residences without electricity connection
1.6%
42.8%
40%
3:1
42.26%
Gradual reduction in the unemployment level.
Promoting private investments, specifically foreign direct investments to reverse the existing
ratio of public investment/private investment.
13.8%
Base value
Indicators
Halve the portion of the population by 2015
that lives in extreme poverty conditions.
Strategic Targets of Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Municipality
10%
in 2010
22.4%
in 2015
0%
in 2010
1:2.5
in 2015
12% in 2015
22% in 2010;
6.9%
in 2015
Forecast
100 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF GJAKOVË/ÐAKOVICA MUNICIPALITY
More major projects
1.1.1. Increase the efficient of the
potential resources for economic
development in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
municipality
2007
2007-2010
2007-2010
2007-2010
Promotion of potential resources for Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality’s economic development through
regional and international connections
Organizing trade shows and promoting conferences of services and products that local businesses
provide
Speed up of reconstruction, privatization, and/or
liquidation of existing state enterprises
Period
Identification of main resources and preparation of a
data-base
Target 1.1: Halve of the population part that live in extreme poverty conditions until the year 2015
Priority Programs
PRIORITY PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
Central Government
Donors
Business community
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Business community
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Civil society
Eventual partners
2.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Central Government Donors
Local Government
Business community
Central Government Business community
Donors
Eventual more major financers
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF GJAKOVË/ÐAKOVICA MUNICIPALITY 101
2007-2008
2007-2010
2007-2010
2007-2008
2007-2010
2007-2008
2007-2010
2007-2010
2007-2010
2007-2010
Creating a Fund for Agricultural Development with
a specific emphasis on financing tobacco, vinyards,
orchard, vegetable-culture and plants with natural
healing properties
Application of new agricultural technology through
promotion and creation large agriculture land surfaces from farmers joining in cooperatives.
Promotion of utilization of improved seeds
Promotion and creation of conditions for establishing
an Agro-business Bank
Rehabilitation of orchard plantation
Creation of a plant nursery
Creation of a covered surface with greenhouses, by
establishing at least 10 of them
Promotion of agro-tourism: farmers’ training to be
included in agro-tourism business and financing in
agro-tourism
Increased pace of farming development through
improvement in the number of herds, pedigree and
quality of feed.
Creation of micro-credits schemes for supporting
private farmers
1.1.2.Increased pace of agricultural
and farming development, and modernization of agricultural and farming
production processing
Period
More major projects
Priority Programs
Central Government
Donors
Private business
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Private business
Donors
Local Government
Private business Local Government
Private business
Donors
Local Government
Private business
Private foreign business
Central Government
Central Government
Private business
Central Government
Local Government
Private business
Local and international private
business
Eventual partners
10.0
8.0
10.0
5.0
1.0
10.0
20.0
2.5
8.0
10.0
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Donors
Private business Donors
Private business
Private business
Private foreign business
Central Government Private business
Private business
Donors
Private business
Donors
More major projects
1.2.2. Development of human
resources in order to respond to new
requirements of private business
1.2.1. Rapid development and
empowerment of small and medium
enterprises
2007-2010
2007
2007 -2010
Prepare and implementa local strategy for promoting
employment, with a specific emphasis in developing
a complete reform of professional training for the
unemployed and the newly employed, according to
the demand of local labor market.
Compile of program for seasonal employment out of
Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality and abroad
Offer training in increasing entrepreneurs managing
capacities
2007-2010
Creation of a package of measures to be implemented by Local Government, such as family business
promotion, creation of urban conditions for business development, promotion of SME services and
products.
2007
2007-2008
Creation of a Fund for small and medium enterprises
(SME Fund) that will generate employment and
reduce poverty in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Creation of partnership net and cooperation based
on mutual interest between local partners and
Kosovo-wide partners and international partners
2007-2015
Period
Prepare and implement a local strategy in improving the environment for development of small and
medium enterprises, with measures for improved
conditions for start-ups, increased access to credit,
guarantee of equal conditions for competition.
Target 1.2: Gradual decrease of unemployment level
Priority Programs
Private business
NGO –s
Donors
Local Government
Civil Society
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Civil Society
Local Government
Business Community
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Business Community
Private local and
foreign Business
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Business Community
Eventual partners
1.5
0.2
2.5
0.5
1.0
10.0
1.0
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Private business
Donors
Local Government Donors
Central Government
Donors
Central Government Business Community
NGO -s
Private Business
Donors
More major projects
Period
Eventual partners
Approximate cost
Million Euro
2007-2009
2007-2010
2007-2009
2007
2007
Creation of an industrial park in Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Promotion in creating private bank branches in
Gjakovë/Ðakovica
Organization of joint meetings for local and international businesses
Creation of business association network
Compilation of a regulation that institutionalizes
effective communication between local government
and businesses, and its implementation
1,4.1 Improvement of residences infrastructure, water supply and electricity
2007-2010
2007-2015
2007-2010
Reducing the number of houses that need both
minor and major repair;
Reducing the number of houses without access to
running water
Connections with electricity to residences that do not
have one currently
Target 1.4: Improvement of residence conditions, especially in rural areas
1.3.1. Creation of attractive conditions
for direct foreign investment
Central Government
Local Government
Community
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Private owners
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Local Government
Business Community
Local Government
Central Government
Business Community
Private Business
Donors
Local Government
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
4.0
18.0
10.0
-
0.1-
0.3
2.0
10.0
Target 1.3: Promotion of private investment and specifically direct foreign investment in order to reverse the existing ratio of public investment/ private investment
Priority Programs
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Private owners
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Business
Community,
NGO-s-
Local Government
Private Business
Private Business
Central Government
Donors
Strengthening of the
Kosovo institutional
capacities in order to fit
the policies and meet
the respective legal
requirements of those of
European Union
Prepare and implement
a strategy that promotes
employment, with a specific emphasis in forming
professionals to meet the
demand of the market
Offering social and technical services
as close as possible to residences,
with a specific emphasis on areas
where these services are at a low
level or do not exist at all.
Improvement of learning conditions
and a creation of a physically suitable
environment for the function of the
education system
To ensure that by
the year 2015, children-both boys and
girls, will complete
primary school
European Union
Kosovo Spatial Plan
2005-2015
MDO
STRATEGIC TARGETS
OBJECTIVE 2
ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
Reform of the professional educational system in accord
with the European Qualification Framework:
•Increase in the number of branches and disciplines in technical and professional schools
A clear increase by the year 2015 of the educational level
and of the quality of learning:
•
Registration level in primary education
•
Attendance of primary school by Roma
•
Average years of education
•
Drop outs in primary school
•
Drop outs in secondary school
•
Student/teacher relationship
Ensuring by the year 2010, suitable learning conditions
through the improvement of educational infrastructure
and the increase of access of students to school:
•Creation of optimal educational space (Average
students for a school):
-
In primary schools
-
In secondary schools
•
Reducing the number of shifts
Strategic Targets of Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipality
8 branches
35 disciplines
92.6%
80.11%
9.37 years
4.71%
6.38
23.22 students
per teacher
493 pupil
418 students
4 shifts
Base value
Indicators
10 branches
44 disciplines
100%
100%
10.5 years
1%
1.6%
20 students per teacher
350 pupil
350 students
2 shifts
Foresight
More major projects
Period
Possible partners
2.1.2 Improvement of the students’
access to schools in the rural areas
2.1.1. Improvement of educational
infrastructure
2007-2015
2007-2015
2007-2015
2007-2015
2007-2015
2007-2015
Construction of at least 2 new secondary schools,
based on the results of the feasibility study
Rehabilitation of primary schools and existing secondary schools based on their rehabilitation needs or
their expansion based on the results of the feasibility
study
Equipping schools with necessary educational equipment and labs for the core subjects
Ensuring a suitable environment for the preschool
education according to the feasibility study requirements
Improvement of the educational recreation outside
the environment such as sport grounds and green
surfaces
Expansion of the private educational sector
2007-2010
2007-2015
Construction of at least 10 new schools, based on the
results of the feasibility study
Gaurantee of transport for students and teachers,
where schools are outside of the surrounding area
2006-2007
Preparation of a feasibility study for the evaluation of
the overloaded educational environment in all levels,
their physical condition and the optimal delivery possibility of schools
Local Government
Business Community
Business Community
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Target 2.1: Achiement by the year 2010 of suitable learning conditions through the improvement of educational infrastructure
Priority programs
0.4
3.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
5.0
0.20
Approximate
cost
Million Euro
Local Government
Business Community
Private Business
Central Government
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Local Government
Business Community
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Central Government
Local Government
Business Community
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Donors
More major projects
2.2.1. Increase of interest in attending
primary and secondary school
2007
2007-2010
2007
2007-2011
2007
2007-2011
2007-2015
Awareness raising campaigns for parents and students, especially in rural areas, about their childrens’
educational need
Inclusion of parents and students in governing the
school
Organization of specific courses to give a baseline
knowledge for children and those over 15 years old,
especially for the Roma community, many of whom
did not finish primary school
Review of law and regulations regarding compulsory
education ensuring the commitment of local and
community government for its implementation
Promotion of permanent education also after the finish of the obligatory educational period
Integration in the students’ social life, who had interrupted the primary education
Period
Information the public about the educational situation today in Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality, and
comparing it with their educational tradition
Target 2.2: Clear increase by the year 2015 of the educational level and quality of learning
Priority programs
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Business Community
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Local Government
Local NGO - s
Donors
Business Community
Local Government
Parents’ community
Local Government
Local NGO - s
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO – s
Donors
Possible partners
0.8
0.5
-
0.6
-
0.3
0.1
Approximate
cost
Million Euro
Local Government
Donors
Business Community
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
-
Local Government
Local NGO – s
Donors
Business Community
-
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Donors
2007-2011
2007-2015
2007-2010
2007-2011
2007-2011
Prepare and the implementation of modern educational programs, which boots the working habits and
fulfill the requests for further education
Training of teachers in order to respond to educational modern requests
Compile and the implementation of programs for
early education
Completion with texts and other educational means
Expanding the use of the information technology by
students and putting the internet in schools
2.3.1. Fitting the professional education with the labor market
2007-2009
2007-2010
2007-2008
Review of learning programs for secondary professional education
Creation of partnership between professional schools
and the business community
Promotion and the creation relief conditions in building an Agricultural Institute
Target 2.3: Reformation of professional secondary education in accord with the European Frame of Qualifications:
2007-2008
Compile and the implementation of modern inclusive
educational policies
2.2.2.Increase quality of educational
Period
More major projects
Priority programs
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Business Community Local
NGO
Central Government
Donors
Business Community
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Local NGO
Private Business
Central Government
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Possible partners
2.0
0.6
2.0
1.5
-
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
Approximate
cost
Million Euro
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Business Community
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Private Business
Central Government
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Strengthening of the Kosovo
institutional capacities in order to fit the policies and the
respective legal cadre with
those of European Union
Development of social policies that promote employment and the social cohesion, and target lessening
the poverty and reduction of
the social exclusion.
Increase of the social cohesion,
by strengthening the system
unification of social care, and by
reducing issues that stimulate
gender inequality.
Empowerment of the woman role,
by paying specific importance
to education and the prepare of
women for professional works.
Difference between boys
and girls should be eliminated in all educational
schools until the year
2015
European Union
Kosovo Spatial Plan
2005-2015
MDO
STRATEGIC TARGETS
Evident empowerment within the year 2015 of the female role in
decision making:
•
Proportion of places in the Municipal Assembly
•
Percentage of managers and professionals
•
Managing women in primary schools
•
Women with science titles in the Educational Faculty
Step by step increase until the year 2015 of female participation in
the labor market and their employment level:
•
Female participation in the labor power
•
Female level of unemployment
•
Unemployment level of youth up to 25 years old
•
Reduction of monthly income male and female proportion
Increase of female educational level and a step by step elimination
of differences between boys and girls in all educational levels until
the year 2015:
•
Level of female education over 15 years old;
•
Yearly average of female education
•
Registration level in primary education
•
Registration level in secondary education
•
Registration level in high education
•
Drop out of primary education
•
Drop out of secondary education
OBJECTIVE 3
PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
40%
25%
19
5
to 1.5 : 1
from 3 : 1
32.12%
11.11%
2
1
55%
25%
30%
92%
9.5 years
100%
75%
50%
0%
0%
Foresight
26.57%
49.06
81.08%
87.64%
8.45 years
94.27%
58.44%
22%
4.36%
2.78%
Base value
Indicators
More major projects
Period
Possible partners
2007-2015
2007-2011
Promoting and relief measures (such as scholarships, transport,
free books, etc.), especially for women that attend the secondary and the high school with a specific focus of women with a
residence in rural areas
2007-2012
Organizing specific courses for fundamental knowledge with
women aged over 15 years old with a specific focus in RAE minority women.
Conscience activity with young girls to encourage them in attending the secondary and the high school
2007-2010
Campaign of the society awareness for female education, especially in rural area
3.2.1. Women participation encouragement in the labor market
2007-2010
2007-2011
2007-2008
Campaign for the society awareness in employing the women
Programs for the increase of women information level about the
local labor market and the employment procedure opportunities
Campaign for women consciousness in order to be registered as
ones looking for jobs in the Employment Regional Center
Target 3.2: Step by step increase until the year 2015 of women participation in the labor market and their employment level
3.1.2. Female encouragement in attending education in all levels
3.1.1. Family encouragement in order
not to discourage or obstruct girls’
education
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Business Community
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Business Community
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Target 3.1: Increase of female educational level and the step by step elimination of differences between boys and girls in all educational levels until the year 2015
Priority Programs
0.2
0.3
0.2
1.0
0.4
0.8
0.2
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Business Community
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Donors
Business Community
Local Government
Donors
Eventual more
major financers
2007-2015
2007-2015
Programs with favorable measures that promote private businesses for the professional formation and women employment
Promote of professional training courses for professions that favor
women’ employment who have finished the secondary education,
such as secretarial, receptionist, information technology, services,
etc.
3.3.2. Increase of women’ participation in the taken decision structures
3.3.1 Public education with modern
concepts for the women’ role in the
family and in the social life.
2007-2011
Qualification programs in the field of education management that
promote the increase of the women’ number in managing positions of primary education
2007-2010
Promote the participation and the integration in women social
activities of RAE community
2007-2010
2007-2008
Gender equality of concepts inclusion in teaching programs, and
the students’ education covered by these concepts
Quota application for the number of women in local government
positions of taking decisions
2007-2010
Campaign of the society consciousness for the women role in the
family, at work, and in the political and social activities
Target 3.3: Evident empowerment within the year 2015 of women role in the family at work and in the political and social activities
2007-2010
Compile and implementation of a local strategy for women
employment with a specific focus in identifying employment
potential opportunities in the public sector
3.2.2. Increase of the women employment level
Period
More major projects
Priority Programs
Local Government
NGOs
Donors
Local Government
Political Parties local
branches
Local NGO
Local NGO
Donors
Central Government
Local NGO
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Local Government
Private business
Donors
Central Government
Private business
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Possible partners
0.3
-
0.2
-
0.4
1.0
5.0
0.1
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Local Government
Donors
-
Local NGO
Donors
-
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Private business
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Donors
Local NGO
Eventual more
major financers
To fight the virus HIV/
AIDS, malaria, and other
dangerous and catching
diseases.
Norm of motherhood
death should be less by
three fourth until the
year 2015
Improvement of population’s
general health situation
Children norm of death
under 5 years old should
be reduced by two third
until the year 2015.
Providing social and technical
services as close as possible to
residences, with a specific emphasize to areas where these services
are in a low level or does not exist
at all
Quality increase of health service
through the management
improvement, staff qualification,
and health infrastructure improvement
Kosovo Spatial Plan
2005-2015
MDO
STRATEGIC TARGETS
Development of systems
and procedures that provide
efficiency, transparence, and
a better control of public
expenses
Strengthening of Kosovo
institutional capacities in order to fit the policies and the
respective legal cadre with
those of European Union
European Union
HIV/AIDS virus spreading and the other dangerous catching diseases should be stopped within the year 2015.
•
Part of population aged 15-24 years old with general
knowledgement for HIV/AIDS
•
Level of knowledge for contraception group-ages 15-49
years old
•
Tuberculosis spreading level
•
Death from tuberculosis
•
Healed tuberculosis cases under DOT
•
To increase the care toward children and mothers health, by reducing in evident way the main death indicators within the year 2015.
•
Decrease of prenatal death
•
Babyhood death decrease
•
Death decrease of children up to 5 years old
•
Motherhood death decrease
•
Part of pregnant women that do at least 3 visits to the
doctor
•
Birth percentage in the presence of the qualified staff
•
Percentage of children’s vaccination aged 0-14 years old
with 5 main vaccines.
OBJECTIVE 4 4-6
REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH AND COMBAT HIV / AIDS
AND OTHER DESEASES
12%
44 ‰
3.5 ‰
70%
100%
10 ‰
0‰
100%
100%
100%
52%
65 %
100%
50%
25%
92%
6%
12 ‰
13 ‰
0
Foresight
17.5 %
35 ‰
40 ‰
21 cases/year
Base value
Indicators
More major projects
Period
4.1.2. Care increase toward children
and mother’s health
4.1.1. Monitoring of mother and
children’s health and the public
consciousness
2007-2012
Knowledge increase of families and the society for the issues that
have to do with mother’s health and the growing of the children
in proper way
2007
Study of health situation and the services toward mother and
children in RAE community.
2007-2010
2007-2008
Corporation strengthening between central and local health
authorities, NGOs and the other professional associations for informing and making the public conscious, especially in rural areas,
for mother and children’s health issues
Determining reasons of low level antenatal visits, especially in
rural areas and for the RAE community, and the implementation
of respective recommendations
2007-2012
Public periodically information for the indicators’ values of mother
and children’s health through the media, publication of leaflets
and the informing conferences with the community.
2007-2009
2007-2008
Departmentalism and implementation of the Administrative
Directory for using regularly protocols for mother and children’s
health, the pregnancy and children’s book
Fulfillment of informative center nets and their efficiency increase
in educating pregnant mothers and mothers with children
2007
System increase of data gathering that are connected with the
monitoring of mother and children’s health in a level of a municipality and villages by evidencing in a continuous way all disease
and death indicators.
Target 4.1: Health increase toward children and mothers, by reducing in evident way major death indicators within the year 2015.
Priority Programs
Central Government
Local Government
Local NGO
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Local NGO
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Local NGO
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
International institutions
Possible partners
0.9
0.3
0.9
0.1
-
0.6
0.5
0.5
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Donors
Local NGO
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Donors
-
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Central Government
Donors
Eventual more
major financiers
2007-2008
2007
Strengthening of managing capacities in the municipality level in
order to face decentralization of primary health service
Building of a center for diabet treatment for pensioners
2007-2010
Determining the needs and the completion with equipment and
necessary devices of health institutions for all levels
2007-2010
2007-2009
Study of optimal delivery of dispensaries and building at least
4 new dispensaries in order to guarantee a health service not
farther than 5 km from the residence
A complete implementation and the practice monitoring by the
Obstetric Essential Care and the Essential care for the newborn
and the ones fed by sucking.
2007-2010
Professional continuous education of health staff for all levels
through the Promotion Strategy of Prenatal Effective Care, the
Integrated Management of Complication during the pregnancy
and birth, ALARM and other training packages
2007-2008
2007-2010
Providing the complete vaccination cycle for the group-aged children 0-14 years old with 5 main vaccines: tuberculosis, hepatitis
diphtheria/tetanus/whooping cough, measles/German measles,
and poliomyelitis.
Valuations for needs of the health staff, and the optimism of human resources in all health institutions.
2007-2009
Strategy implementation of Reproductive Health by guaranteeing
the financial needed support
4.1.3. Guarantee of the modern
health service for mother and the
children
Period
More major projects
Priority Programs
Local government
Central government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Business Community
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Possible partners
0.5
0.2
-
-
2.5
2.0
0.2
1.5
1.0
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
-
-
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Business Community
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Eventual more
major financiers
More major projects
Period
4.2.1. Monitoring and combat of the
dangerous diseases and the public
consciousness.
2007-2012
2007-2012
2007-2008
2007-2009
2007-2012
2007-2010
Implementation of preventive measures for tuberculosis, especially through vaccination and other preventive measures
Early and on time diagnostification and adequate treatment of
tuberculosis in health institutions with a specific focus in groups
that are risked a lot by being based in DOTS strategy
Providing adequate supply with anti-tuberculosis medicaments,
by guaranteeing free treatment for the sick people
Improvement of lab services in interest of tuberculosis diagnostification
Organization of consciousness activities in order to fight the
tuberculosis
Providing radiological, endoscope necessary equipment and the
other diagnostofic means.
Target 4.2: The spreading of the virus HIV/AIDS should be stopped within the year 2015, and the other dangerous diseases
Priority Programs
Central Government
Donors
Private sector
Local NGO
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Private sector
Central Government
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Possible partners
1.8
0.6
2.0
-
-
0.8
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Central Government
Donors
Private sector
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Private sector
-
-
Central Government
Donors
Eventual more
major financiers
2007-2009
2007-2015
2007-2015
2007-2010
2007-2010
2007-2012
Improvement of SNS and HIV monitoring system
Support of vulnerable consultation services and the test for more
risked groups of HIV/AIDS
Organizing campaigns for early and on time diagnostification and
adequate treatment of cases with HIV/AIDS
Strengthening the microbiological lab capacities for diagnose of
sexually transmitted diseases
Increase for professional capacities of the health staff that deals
with diagnostification and treatment of sexually transmitted
diseases
Organization of consciousness activities to fight the spreading of
the sexually transmitted diseases, especially with youth
6.2.2. Monitoring and the prevention
of disease spreading sexually transmitted and the public consciousness
for the fight against them
Period
More major projects
Priority Programs
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Private sector
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO
Central Government
Donors
Possible partners
0.4
0.3
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Private sector
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Donors
Donors
Eventual more
major financiers
Kosovo Spatial Plan
2005-2015
Protection of the agricultural
qualitative land and its consolidation
Level decrease of pollution
and further degradation of
environment, and the protection of natural resources by
providing a more healthy environment for Kosovo inhabitants by starting respecting the
European Union standards
MDO
Inclusion of development
principles durable in country
policies and programs, and
the return vice versa of the
environmental resources loss
Halve within the year 2015
of the number of people
without a continuous supply
of a secure drinking water
STRATEGIC TARGETS
The approve and the implementation of legislation in
valuating the environment
impact in accord with European Union standards
Prepare of an Local Environment Action Plan in accord
with the European Union
standards
European Union
OBJECTIVE 7
ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Rehabilitation of hot environmental areas:
•
Field deposit of stiff remains rehabilitated within the
year 2010;
•
Mined areas completely cleared until the year 2009
•
Contaminated areas from uranium completely cleared
until the year 2010
Protection of natural resources, especially agricultural land, forests,
parks, and waterfalls:
•
Reduce of agricultural land surface in 2010;
•
Covered surface with forests in 2015;
•
Forest surface with uncontrolled cut downs;
•
Percentage of the protecting area in 2015;
•
Percentage of families in 2015 that are supplied with
water from a water-supply
Commitment of local government structures, civil society organizations, and the entire public in the issues of protecting the
environment:
•
Municipal policy for environment protection within the
year 2007;
•
Municipal Forum for environment protection within the
year 2007.
Yes
Yes
Yes
-
60 %
42.8 %
-
0 ha/year
27000 ha
0 ha
5%
Partnership
Agreement
-
35 ha/year
26800 ha
8000 ha
0%
Approved
Foresight
-
Base value
Indicators
More major projects
2007-2015
2007 - 2008
Implementation of the Municipal Policy for the Environment Protection through the promotion of the financing from the central
government, coordination of international Donors financing and
the financing from the local budgets and from the Business Community
Compile of the underground cadastre (compile of the map of
underground infrastructure)
2007-2015
2007-2015
Public consciousness campaign for the environment protection
Monitoring the environment situation in the entire municipal territory in a continuous way, and the sensibility of local governmental structures for the identified problems
2007-2015
Continuous information of the public for the environment situation in the entire municipal territory
Local government
Private business
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Local NGO
Business Community
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO
Donors
Local Government
Local NGO
Local Government
Civil Society
2007
Building a Municipal Forum for the Environment Protection with
representatives from all local players
Possible partners
Local Government
Civil Society
Donors
Period
Compile of the Municipal Policy for the Environment Protection,
and the approval by the Gjakovë/Ðakovica Municipal Assembly
(leap for Gjakovë/Ðakovica municipality)
Target 7.2: Protection of natural resources, especially the agricultural land, forests, parks and the waterfalls
7.1.2. Monitoring of the environment
and the implementation of environment rehabilitation projects
7.1.1. Covering of environment issues
in the local governmental plan
Target 7.1: Commitment of local government structures, civil society organizations and the entire public in the issues of environment protection
Priority Programs
0.5
10.0
0.1
0.5
-
-
0.1
Approximate
cost
Million Euro
Local government
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Business Community
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Donors
-
-
Local Government
Donors
More eventual financers
2007-2015
2007 -2009
Rehabilitation and the expanding of the water-supply net in
urban and rural areas
Improvement of local rivers bottom of Krena, Ereniku,
Trava (Trakaniq), Lukac etc
7.3.3. Rehabilitation of polluted areas
from depleted uranium
7.3.2. Clearance of the mined areas
7.3.1. Deposit of stiff remains
2007-2008
2008-2010
Sensibility campaign in Kosovo and in an international level for
the risk of pollution by uranium for the municipality inhabitants,
and the necessary rehabilitation of polluted areas from uranium
missiles
Clearance of municipal territory from depleted uranium (DU missiles) and the rehabilitation of the polluted territory
2007-2008
Consciousness campaign with school students and the community for the care toward the mines, who live next to mined areas
2007-2012
Study and implementation of measures for the discipline of gathering and depositing the stiff remains in a municipal level
2007-2009
2008-2010
Rehabilitation of Gjakovë/Ðakovica field deposit of stiff remains
A policy compile for the municipal territory price and its implementation
2007
Feasibility study for the reconstruction of Gjakovë/Ðakovica field
deposit of stiff remains
Target 7.3: Rehabilitation of hot environment areas
2007-2015
2007-2008
Prepare of a study in a municipal level that chooses the surfaces
and arguments in providing of the status A National Protective
Area
Building and functioning of quality monitoring local system for
water-supply and wells’ drinking water, and also of the water from
rivers and streams
2007-2008
Fulfillment of a legal and regulatory cadre for the forests’ protection, rules of using river banks and the urban planning
7.2.2. Water protection from pollution
2007-2008
Compiling a policy for the protection of risked lands from the
flood and the erosion
7.2.1. Implementation of protecting
measures for the agricultural land
and the forests
Period
More major projects
Priority Programs
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Local NGO
Local Government
Local NGO
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Private business
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Possible partners
2.0
0.2
2.0
3.0
3.0
0.1
4.0
-
10.0
1.2
0.1
-
0.1
Approximate
cost
Million Euro
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Donors
Donors
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
Local Government
Central Government
Donors
-
Central Government
Local Government
More eventual financers
More major projects
8.1.1. Promotion of professional capacities for the local administration
2007-2009
2007-2009
2007-2015
2007
Standardization of procedures in providing services by the local
administration and their implementation.
Periodic observation for the public opinion about the service
qualities of local administration and the level of transparency in
taking its decisions.
Institutionalization of a meeting with international Donors for
finance coordination and addressing them toward municipal
priority projects
2007-2010
Percentage and the implementation of a strategy for the fight
against the corruption in accord with European Union standards
Application of informative technology (and government) in local
administration work and the staff training.
2007-2010
Period
Adoption and implementation of decentralization reform and
providing sufficient local capacities for implementing it, through
training and assistance of the local administration staff.
Target 8.1: Increase of the local administration efficiency
Priority Programs
PRIORITY PROGRAM AND PROJECTS
STRATEGIC TARGETS
OBJECTIVE 8
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Local government
Local government
Local NGO
Local government
Local NGO
Local government
Local NGO
Local government
Local NGO
Central government
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Possible partners
-
0.6
0.1
0.8
0.4
0.3
Approximate cost
Million Euro
-
Local government
Donors
Local government
Donors
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Central government
Local government
Donors
More major eventual
financers
2007-2010
2007
2007-2008
Compile and implementation of a communicating strategy with
the public.
Compile and hand out of a directory for citizens about the way of
receiving information from local government.
Functional restructure of the center for public information.
8.2.1. Strengthening partnership
between local government and civil
society.
2007
2007-2012
2007-2015
2007-2009
Dialogue institutionalization of local government structures with
local NGOs and other local partners, through signing and implementing a Partnership Agreement for Development.
Promotion and strengthening of the citizen’s pressure over the
local government structures in increasing transparency and the
account for.
Monitoring local government policies and programs.
Consciousness campaigns about local government structures for
the need and the partnership benefit with the civil society.
Target 8.2: Strengthening of democracy and the local partnership
2007-2008
System restructure of statistic information.
8.1.2. Creation of an adequate system for statistic information
Period
More major projects
Priority Programs
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Local NGO
Donors
Local government
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Local government
Local NGO
Local government
Local NGO
Central government
Local government
Local NGO
Possible partners
0.1
0.4
0.5
-
0.2
0.05
0.1
0.3
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Local NGO
Donors
Local government
Donors
Donors
-
Local government
Donors
Local government
Donors
Local government
Donors
Central government
Local government
Donors
More major eventual
financers
2007-2010
2007-2010
2007-2012
2007-2010
2007-2012
Promotion of creating coalitions for change through the creation
of citizens group’s means and NGOs.
Promotion of the voluntary culture, especially to youth.
Support for the participation of minorities and marginalized
groups in the local decision making processes.
Promotion of public consensus in compiling and implementing
the local development policies.
Strenthening of capacity of local NGOs.
8.2.2. Capacity promotion of the civil
society.
Period
More major projects
Priority Programs
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Local government
Local NGO
Donors
Local NGO
Local government
Donors
Possible partners
1.0
0.2
0.3
0.2
-
Approximate cost
Million Euro
Local government
Donors
Local government
Donors
Local government
Donors
Local government
Donors
-
More major eventual
financers
The strategy preparation process was led by:
Halil Kaja – Team leader
Valbona Dushi, Donat Spahija, Trumza Lila - Ukmata and Fatlinda Ponosheci - Koshi
Actors in the strategy compilation process:
Municipal Assembly – departments, Business community and NGOs. Contributors in the MDG matrixes compilation process and participants in working
groups:
Badia Rraci, Osman Gojani, Besim Shllaku, Bashkim Gashi, Donat Spahija, Faton Sadiku,
Kujtim Rrahmani, Besim Kusari, Besim Meqa, Kushtrim Fetiu, Shkëndije Ballata, Fatlinda
Ponosheci - Koshi, Urata Efendiu - Beqa, Ahmet Asllani, Afrim Nivokazi, Elmir Tarani,
Dukagjin Dyla, Kuenda Laze, Rreze Tetrica, Valon Nixha, Kade Leniqi, Arbërie Nagavci,
Muhamet Rogova, Myftar Shala, Hidajete Vokshi, Fehmi Xharavina, Ndue Muqaj, Urim
Fazlija, Mirlinda Kusari, Sevdije Haxhibeqiri, Lumnije Shllaku, Flamur Gojani, Jakup
Hasi, Petrit Hasanaj, Naser Bordoniqi, Trumza Lila -Ukmata, Albina Nura, Agron Zorra,
Liridona Ponosheci, Stefano Frasca, Leonora Rraci, Rexhep Alija, Kapllan Kërshi, Fatos
Stavileci, Zef Osmani, Blerina Lluhani, Zoge Gacaferri, Nertila Qarri, Vullnet Nixha,
Muharrem Jupa, Masar Lluka, Mazllom Ballata, Vlora Binaku, Violeta Dema, Armond
Koshi, Valbona Dushi, Mujë Zeneli, Arbnor Pula, Pal Lekaj, Zana Efendia, Albert Lila, Halil
Kaja, Veli Bakija, Flamur Bicurri, Ramush Hajdari, M. Shamsuzzaman, Lulzim Gërqina,
Ali Buza, Dugagjin Sahatqija, Dhurata Bardoniqi, Timlush Domi, Edona Grezda, Mentor
Pula, Vjollca Tytyni, Artan Stavileci, Krenare Kastrati, Gazmend Doli, Zeki Vehapi and
Drita Hasimja.
Studies of different organizations and institutions in Kosovo and of international organizations
were used for special parts, cited in the text.
The strategy was drafted by the Community and Business Development Centre –
Gjakova. Head author: Halil Kaja
The Human Development Promoting Centre in Tirana and in particular Dr. Ylli Çabiri
and Dr. Lindita Xhillari gave a special assistance for the drafting of this Strategy.
For additional, please contact:
CBDC
Tirana St.
Gjakove, Kosove
Tel: +381 390 23 428
E-mail: [email protected]
www.cbdckosova.org
This strategy is available at:
http://www.ks.undp.org.
CBDC - COMMUNITY & BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CENTER
Adress: Str. Tirana (Transit) N.N. Gjakova 50000, Kosovo
Tel / Fax: ++381 390 23 428
www.cbdckosova.org; e-mail: [email protected]

Sustainable Development Strategy Of Gjakovë/Ðakovica

Transcription

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