73 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM LESSON 11 GRAMMAR 11 In the preceding

LESSON 11
GRAMMAR 11
NOUN FORMATION.
In the preceding lessons we have seen many ways of making nouns from verbs or adjectives. Nouns are
of different kinds. In addition to those formations inherited from Old Iranian, numerous indigenous
Sogdian ones exist. These are summarized and supplemented here. The list is not complete, of course.
A. Nouns from verbs.
1. Noun = present stem, e.g., anyām “end,” āxəns “fight,” δβēš “harm,” pərβēr “deliberation,” uγəš “joy,”
etc.
Sometimes the noun differs from the present stem only by the quality or quantity of the vowel, e.g.,
ѳəβār “gift” ~ ѳəβər- “to give.”
2. Noun = present stem (or “root”) + ē, e.g., pyātē “adornment,” and— with different vowel—əspāsē
“servant” ~ əspeš- “to serve,” root əspəs-.
3. Noun = present stem + -ā, e.g., əšmārā “thought.”
4. Noun = present stem + -āmandī, see lesson 5.
5. Noun = past stem + yā (light) or -ī (heavy), e.g, əktyā “deed, act,” wyāβərtī “speech.”
B. Nouns from adjectives (or nouns).
6. Noun = adjective + yā (light) or -ī (heavy), e.g, utyā “hardship,” širāktī (širəktyā) “beneficence.”
7. Noun = adjective or noun + -yāk (light) or -yā (heavy), e.g, xətyāk “judgement,” γərβākyā “wisdom.”
8. Noun = adjective + -āwē, e.g, friyāwē “love,” ēžənāwē “worthiness.”
The feminine -āwəč (-ōč) also makes nouns from adjectives, but is rare, e.g., δəštāwč, δištōč “poverty.”
9. Noun = adjective + -kāwī, e.g, δβanzəkāwī <δβ’nzk’wy> “thickness.”
10. Noun = adjective + -ōnī, e.g, məstōnī “drunkenness,” kambōnī “inferiority, ‘less-ness’.”
11. Noun = noun + -δənē, designating container, e.g., zākδənē “womb” < zāk “child.”
12. Noun = noun + -stən, designating place, e.g., βōδəstən “garden” < βōd “fragrance,” čīnəstən “China.”
13. Noun = noun + -kərē, designating action or profession, e.g., āzarmkərē “hurting,” zérnkərē
“goldsmith.”
VERBS. INTRANSITIVE ~ TRANSITIVE.
Many Sogdian verbs can be grouped in pairs of intransitive ~ transitive with passive ~ active or active ~
causative meaning. There are several types, but two of the most common are:
1. Intransitive with short vowel ~ transitive (causative) with long vowel, usually -ē-. The past stems of
such pairs are usually the same for both, e.g.:
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AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN
Intransitive
sən- <sn-> “to rise, go up”
xur- <xwr-> “to eat”
anwəz- <’nwz-> “to gather”
Past stem
sət <st>
xurt- <xwrt>
ənušt <’nwšt>
Transitive
sēn- <syn-> “to raise, lead up”
xwēr- <xwyr-> “to feed”
anwēž- <’nwyj-> “to gather”
2. Intransitive in -s-, also called inchoatives, e.g.:
pəsuxs- <pswxs-> “to be purified”
āyəfs- <’’yfs-> “to be perverted”
pətyams- <ptyms-> “to end, stop”
pəsuγd <pswγt>
āyəβd <’’yβt>
pətyamt <ptymt>
pəsōc- <pswc-> “to purify”
āyəmb- <’’ymb-> “to pervert”
pətyām- <pty’m-> “to end”
As we see, the presents in -s- serve as passive forms of the corresponding transitive verb.
Note the following irregular formations:
ōšt- (ōštəy-) <’wšt-> “to stand”
place”
nīѳ- <nyδ-> “to sit (down)”
ōstāt <’wst’t>
ōstəy- (ōst-) <’wsty-> “to
nəst <nst>
nəšēδ- <nšyδ-> “to seat, place”
Note: It is not certain what the past stem of nəšēδ- is.
TEXT 11
(Manichean cosmogony, cont’d)
Students should review the formation of the imperfect in lesson 4.
ar∫l /11! /11! tyna Myt Sm†ra . . dnacasytp atr∫l wx /!0 /!0 yynams wpsyw rp y†ra
. dnwksa †y†πyrf ax y†a wk lrwa . dnacasnm ras Naaryq raftc rp
. yycx xwsf rwyyr∫ asl yywaqzna∫l wx yy†ynams ) ynyw y†ra
xwsf rwyr∫ ayr∫ ax Sm Nπytra
dnylp /o /o wr∫l wya wya rp . dnwksa ytynams ayw y†a yk a†r∫l /!0 /!0 rptra
Dnrcaw )p)p dnanwq dnylp wya wya rp y†ra . dncasnm
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LESSON 11
dnanwq Lypq Pppp º asrp wya wya rp †zya /!0 /!0 yynrcaw wya wya ayw y†a
Pppp º asrp kyt∫l rp yta
tkryn wwa ytra dnaπyqyrp yta dnadny∫ twyl yta †πyπky eyylyypq aypsyw ayw yta
. ry©yΩ lyπxnams wwa rkrpπyw wx rastp y†ra dnaπyqyrp Nyytp yy†πyrts Nc
Lyπxa Nams asl Nw©m rp yta dnalyπyn kwla© rp eyynams kym†∫a ayw wπy†ra
. dnanwq watwx yta
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dncasytp Nzwrxna yta yyrxc eynπan rtsrlac yynams asl Nc rastptra
. dntamw atrt∫ts yta trtΩy∫ yta trtsyragnΩ∫ yta yk yy†wyl tkymt †dnaw Nctra
Nw©m rp eyyrJp /!O yta rxna /1!0 yta . . dnadny∫ rdnc yyNzwrxna ayw Nπtra
. . dnytsaw raytp ayt∫l yynw wya Nπytra . dnanwk tralnwaπxa lbmcfa acsyrtp
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lywyc dnfaw dn∫tp yta kar xyw dnx tyts∫ yynzwrxna ayw yta yk yy†wyl wpsyw Nc yta
dnacwqam Nzwrxna wwa ytra . dnbmws Nw∫ eynams Qycrlac ayw ytra dnfawytp yta
[...] yydnmar wrxc Qycyksa y†a wnaw dnytsaw dnyyπap yyπp©∫ /! eyy†a
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(end of Manichean cosmogony)
EXERCISES 11
1. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English. Then change simple past tense into imperfect and
imperfect into simple past tense. Then write the whole in subjunctive and then in optative.
yy†r∫ayw kyna©∫ wrp dna†ka dnswx y†a . dnπw©yw ryπ †kaπw©n Nam†©s y†aplyw
dnral†r∫ Camn MaΩ y†ra dnral†πw©†p ynamyrm y©∫ y†πyrf Nc wc Namrf ◊ra wp y†a
2. Translate into Sogdian:
The δēn led three souls up to paradise.
The demons gathered before the city and deliberated.
Thus they said: ‘Let us gather a large army so that we can kill brave Rustam!’
The evil Chinese began to pervert the pure Sogdians.
But the Sogdians departed from China and came to Samarkanѳ.
GLOSSARY 11
’’yfs- ’’yβt āyəfs- āyəβd: to become perverted
’’ymb- ’’yβt āyamb- āyəβd: to pervert
’’zrmkry āzarmkərē: hurting
’kwc- ’kwγt ākōč- ākuγd: to suspend, hang up
’ns’c- ’nsγt ansāč- ansəγd: to arrange
’nxr anxər: star, constellation
’nxrwzn anxər-wəzən: zodiac
’sp’sy əspāsē: servant
’xš’wnδ’r əxšāwənδār: ruler
’xšyδ xšēѳ: ruler
’yjn’wy ēžənāwī: worthiness
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’yw wnyy δβty’ ēw wine δβitya: one another
’yzt ēzd: street
βwn βun: bottom
βwδstn βōδəstən: garden
βyj βež fem.: evil
c’δrcyk čāδərčīk: : inferior, below, which is
below
c’δrs’r čāδərsār: down(ward)
c’δrstr čāδəristər: most down(ward)
cndr čandər: within
cxr čəxr: wheel
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LESSON 11
δβ’nzk’wy δβanzəkāwī: thickness
fswx fəsux: frasang
j’m žām: exquisite
kyr’n kirān: direction; čən ... kirān: from the
side/direction of
mstwny məstōnī: drunkenness
n’šny nāšənē: rolling, turning
nyδ- nyst nīѳ- nīst: to sit (down)
nyrk nērək: male
prs pərs fem.: side, flanc
pswxs- pswγt pəsuxs- pəsuγd: to be purified
ptβnd pətβand: link, tie, bond
ptw’f- pətwāf-: to weave
pty’m- ptymt pətyām- pətyamt: to end, stop
(trans.)
pty’r pətyār: opposition, counterpart
ptyn pətīn: separate(ly)
pw-’rγ pū-arγ: priceless, valuable
pxry pəxrē: planet
pδynd *pəδēnd: threshold
p’šyn pāšēn: guardian
r’k rāk: vein
sm’nxšyδ smānxšēδ: Ruler of Heaven, Rex
Honoris
sn- st sən- sət: to rise, go up
šyr’kty širāktī: beneficence
tmyk təmīk: of darkness, pertaining to Hell
w’f- wāf-: to weave
w’sty- < ’wstywy’βr wyāβər: explanation, word
wyšprkr wēšpərkər: Spiritus vivens (Vaiiuš
Uparōkairiia)
wyx wēx fem.: root
xwsnd xusand: satisfied
xwyr- xwēr-: to feed (somebody, an animal)
ykš yakš: yakṣa
z’kδny zākδənē: womb
zyrnkry zérnkərē: goldsmith
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