Posters - 21st International Symposium „Biodiversity and
Transcription
Posters - 21st International Symposium „Biodiversity and
21st International Symposium “Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology” of the German Botanical Society (DBG). September 16th – 19th 2012 Onosma arenaria Fotos: Ralf Omlor Mainzer Sand Program & Program Program Sunday, 16th September 14.00Excursion to the „Mainzer Sand“ (relict steppe flora) Meeting point at the bus stop „Colonel-Kleinmann-Weg“ on campus, next to the “Grüne Schule” in the Botanic Garden. 17.00 onwardsWelcome and registration with „Weck, Worscht und Woi“ in the Botanic Garden Monday, 17th September 08.15 Address of welcome: Prof. Hans Zischler Dean of the Faculty of Biology, JGU Mainz Prof. Dirk Albach President. Section Biodiversity and Evolution of the German Botanical Society Symposium: Evolution of Mountain Floras Chair: Karol Marhold 08.30-09.00Invited speaker: Christian Körner / Basel: Why is biological diversity in mountains higher than in lowlands? Presentations: 09.00-09.20Sebastian Gebauer, Martin Röser, Julian Starr, Matthias Hoffmann: Why are there so few high mountain species in a highly diverse and speciose sedge group? 09.20-09.40Gerald Schneeweiss, Ruth Flatscher, Michaela Sonnleitner, Manuela Winkler, Pedro Escobar Garcia, Jan Suda, Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss, Karl Hülber, Peter Schönswetter: A short history of nearly everything: evolutionary patterns in the Alpine polyploid complexJacobaea carniolica (Senecio carniolicus; Astercaeae). 09.40-10.00Salvatore Tomasello, Christoph Oberprieler: Phylogeography of the polyploid complex of Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood (Compositae, Anthemideae). 10.00-10.20Simon Pflanzelt, Bostjan Surina, Helena Einzmann, Dirk Albach: Bridging the Alps and the Middle East: Phylogeny and systematics of the genus WulfeniaJacq. (Plantaginaceae). 10.20-10.40Nicolai M. Nürk, Berit Gehrke, Marcus Koch: Multiple migrations shaped the composition of African Hypericum – phylogenetics and biogeography of St. John’s wort. 3 10.40-11.00Heidi Meudt, Jessica Prebble, Carlos Lehnebach: Endemic New Zealand Myosotis (Boraginaceae): Phylogeny and species limits in a recently radiated genus with a high proportion of threatened species. 11.00-11.15 Coffee break 11.15-12.00Plenary talk – Birgit Gemeinholzer / Gießen: Accessing and sharing biodiversity data – the next generation research. 12.00-13.00 Lunch and poster hanging Symposium: Next Generation Sequencing in Plant Systematics and Evolution Chair: Frank Blattner 13.00-13.30Invited speaker: Thomas Hankeln / Mainz: Next-Generation sequencing: a technical introduction. 13.30-14.00Invited speaker: Aaron Liston / Corvallis: Next generation sequencing for plant systematics and evolution. Presentations: 14.00-14.20Elvira Hörandl, Marco Pellino, Thomas Schmutzer, Uwe Scholz, Heiko Vogel, Diego Hojsgaard, Timothy Sharbel: Genome evolution in the apomictic Ranunculus auricomus complex: examining the effects of hybridizationand mutation accumulation via transcriptomics. 14.20-14.40Kamil Konowalik, Salvatore Tomasello, Christoph Oberprieler, Robert Vogt: Using next-generation sequencing techniques for the reconstruction of reticulate evolutionin the polyploid complexesof Leucanthemum and Leucanthemopsis (Compositae, Anthemideae). 14.40-15.00Eike Mayland-Quellhorst, Dirk Albach: The analysis of polyploid species in Veronica (Plantaginaceae) with 454 sequencing of ITS1. 15.00-15.20Susann Wicke, Bastian Schäferhoff, Claude W. dePamphilis, Andreas Fleischmann, Günther Heubl, Kai F. Müller: Chloroplast genomes of carnivorous Lentibulariaceae evolve at highly elevatedsubstitutionalrates and show significant changes of selection pressures in photosynthesisgenes. 4 Coffee break 15.40-16.10 Volker Wissemann: Introduction to the “Verband Botanischer Gärten” Symposium: Mechanisms of Speciation Chair: Marcus Koch Program 15.20-15.40 16.10-16.40Invited speaker: H. Peter Linder / Zürich: Speciation mechanisms, speciation rates, and phylogenies. Presentations: 16.40-17.00Samira Ben-Menni Schuler, Jordi López-Pujol, Gabriel Blanca, Roser Vilatersana, Núria Garcia-Jacas, Víctor N. Suárez Santiago: Homoploid hybrid speciation in a narrow endemic knapweed: disentangling reticulate evolution in section Willkommia. 17.00-17.20Roland Greiner, Christoph Oberprieler: The impact of polyploidy on genetic structure and reproductive isolation in the genus Leucanthemum Mill. (Compositae, Anthemideae). 17.20-17.40Judith Fehrer, Jindrich Chrtek, Anna Krahulcova, Frantisek Krahulec: Patterns and processes of speciation in two closely related agamic complexes of hawkweeds. 17.40-18.00Petra Šarhanová, Radim Vašut, Martin Dan ák, Timothy Sharbel, Bohumil Trávni ek: Microevolutionary processes in Central European Rubus populations: apomixis versus sexuality – stability versus innovation. 18.00-18.20Eliane Furrer, Nigel P. Barker, H. Peter Linder: Phylogeographical patterns of the widespread Pentameris pallida (Poaceae). 18.20-18.40Jos Käfer, Sylvain Mousset: A pitfall in sister clade comparisons, and a new analysis of dioecy in flowering plants. 18.40-20.00 Posters and wine at the Muschel 5 Tuesday, 18th September Symposium: Evolution of Tropical Floras Chair: Thomas Borsch 08.30-09.00Invited speaker: R. Toby Pennington / Edinburgh: Phylogeny, ecology and the historical assembly of tropical forests. Presentations: 09.00-09.20Nicola Flanagan, Francisco Hernando Molineros Hurtado, J. Tupac Otero, Robert Tulio Gonzalez: Phylogenetic characterization of the diversity of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) in Colombia. 09.20-09.40Marcus Lehnert, Harald Schneider, Michael Kessler, Dietmar Quandt, Sarah Noben: Retracing the evolution of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida). 09.40-10.00Kurt Weising, Florian Krapp, Diego Sotero Pinangé, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon, Georg Zizka: Phylogeny and evolution of Dyckia (Pitcairnioideae; Bromeliaceae): understanding rapid diversification in the Brazilian Cerrado. 10.00-10.20Daniel Thomas, Richard Saunders: Cross-taxon biogeographical patterns at the Malesian floristic interchange: Insights from phylogenetic analyses of species-rich Malesianangiosperm taxa. 10.20-10.40Alexandra Ley, Olivier Hardy: Phylogeographic studies reveal diverse speciation patterns in central African tropical herbs (Marantaceae). 10.40-11.00Zulqarnain, Igor Aurelio Silva, Julia Caram Sfair, Fernando Roberto Martins: Phylogenetic relationships of liana-phorophyte interactions in tropicalforest. 11.00-11.15 Coffee break 11.15-12.00Plenary talk – Erwin Beck / Bayreuth: (Why) Do we need legal regulations for biodiversity? 12.00-13.00Lunch and meeting of the Section “Biodiversity and Evolution” of the German Botanical Society 6 Symposium: Pollination and Dispersal Biology Chair: Sigrid Liede-Schumann Program 13.00-13.30Invited speaker: Andrea Cocucci / Córdoba: The bull in the milkweed: evidence of animal-like male-male competitionin plants. Presentations: 13.30-13.50Stefan Abrahamczyk, Aelys Humphreys, Michael Kessler: What drives differences in nectar sugar composition in angiosperms? Pollinator preference or plant identity? 13.50-14.10Claudia Erbar, Peter Leins: Nectar in pollen flowers of the lower organisational level of the angiosperms. 14.10-14.30Birgit Oelschlägel, Stefan Wanke, Matthias Nuss, Christoph Neinhuis, Stefan Dötterl: Pollinator attraction and deception in Aristolochia rotunda L. (Aristolochiaceae). 14.30-14.50Sarah Papiorek, Robert R. Junker, Marlies Sazima, Thomas Eltz, Klaus Lunau: The role of colour, gloss and epidermal cell shape for sensory exclusionof bees by flowersadapted to the pollinationby birds. 14.50-15.10André Rech, Jeff Ollerton, Marlies Sazima: Reproductive biology in the family Dilleniaceae: natural history and evolution. 15.10-15.30Petra Wester, Anton Pauw, Steve Johnson: Rodent pollinators appealed by potato scent of the South African Pineapple Lily, Eucomisregia (Hyacinthaceae). 15.30-16.00 Coffee break 7 Two parallel sessions of the Open Symposium Session I (phylogenetics): Chair: Kai Müller Presentations: 16.00-16.20Angélica Cervantes, Jorge Gutiérrez-Amaro, Thomas Borsch: Phylogeny and biogeography of Acalyphoideae s. str. (Euphorbiaceae): evidence for at least three Caribbean lineageswith radiations in Cuba and Hispaniola. 16.20-16.40Pedro Gonzalez, Markus Ackermann, Kurt Zoglauer, Rosa Rankin, Rosalina Berazaín, Egon Köhler, ThomasBorsch: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Buxus (Buxaceae), focusing on the Cuban and Antillean species. 16.40-17.00Iraj Mehregan, Maliheh Memarian, Rahilsadat Mousavian, Valiollah Mozaffarian: Phylogeny of the tribe Echinophoreae (Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae) using ITS and ETS data. 17.00-17.20Julio Schneider, Pulcherie Bissiengou, Maria do Carmo Amaral, MichaelFay, Marco Thines, Marc Sosef, Lars Chatrou, Georg Zizka: Infrafamilial relationships and classification of the pantropical Ochnaceaes.l.: a first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study based on multiple genes. 17.20-17.40Nikolai Friesen: Does the origin of the genus Allium lie in the ancient Mediterranean region? 17.40-18.00Najibeh Ataei, Jafar Valizadeh, Eva Temsch, Tae-Soo Jang, Elmar Endl, Andreas Dolf, Gerald Schneeweiss, Miguel Angel García, Monika Ballmann, Susann Wicke, Dietmar Quandt, Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss: Evolutionary trends in the non-photosynthetic parasitic Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) inferred from karyological data. 18.00-18.20Lars Chatrou, Michael Pirie, Freek Bakker: Issues in dating the age of rain forest dwellers – the case of Annonaceae. 18.20-18.40Michael Pirie: Species tree inference given coalescence and reticulation. 8 Session II (diverse topics): Chair: Thomas Stützel Presentations: Program 16.00-16.20Owen Jones, Roberto Salguero-Gomez: Variation in plant demographic trajectories: problems and opportunities. 16.20-16.40Zeki Kaya, Ayten Dizkırıcı, Yeliz Tümbilen Özer, Çi dem Kansu, Hayri Duman: Genetic diversity patterns and relationship among closely related Quercus infectoria, Q. pubescens and Q. virgiliana studied in oak-hybrid rich areas of Turkey. 16.40-17.00Carsten Löser: Speciation and speciation reversal – two sides of a coin. 17.00-17.20Fernando Fernández Mendoza, Stephanie Domaschke, Christian Printzen: Evolving as a system: A photobiont switch drives the evolution of the lichen Cetraria aculeata. 17.20-17.40Barbara Neuffer: Flower morphology and pollen germination within and between Capsella-species (Brassicaceae). 17.40-18.00Yannick Marc Städler, David Masson, Jürg Schönenberger: X-ray tomography of plant tissue: novel staining methods allow high resolution and high contrast imaging. 18.00-18.20Michael Wink: Evolution of plant secondary metabolism. 19.30 Conference Dinner, Proviant Magazin, Schillerstraße 11a Wednesday, 19th September Symposium: Evolution of Mediterranean and Arid Floras Chair: Christoph Oberprieler 08.30-09.00Invited speaker: Bruce G. Baldwin / Berkeley: Evolutionary patterns and processes in the California Floristic Province. Presentations: 09.00-09.20Ronny Brandt, Maria Lomonosova, Kurt Weising, Helmut Freitag: Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Suaeda, subgenus Brezia (Chenopodiaceae) in the Americas. 9 09.20-09.40Doerte Harpke, Frank R. Blattner, Helmut Kerndorff: Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution. 09.40-10.00Karol Marhold, Stanislav Španiel, Judita Zozomová-Lihova: First insights into the evolutionary history and differentiation patternsin the Alyssum montanum-A. repens group. 10.00-10.20Paulina Kondraskov, Nicole Schütz, Mike Thiv, Sabrina A. Schmidt, Barbara Rudolph, Miguel Pinto da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, ArnoldoSantos Guerra, J. Alfredo Reyes-Betancort: Laurel forest – a relict vegetation type? 10.20-10.40Matthias Kropf, Kristina Plenk, Mária Höhn, Katharina Bardy: Steppe plants in Central Europe: first insights based on fruit set, germinationexperiments, and AFLP variation. 10.40-11.00Roberto Salguero-Gomez, Wolfgang Siewert, Brenda Casper, Katja Tielborger: A demographic approach to study effects of climate change in desert plants. 11.00-11.15 Coffee break 11.15-12.00Plenary talk – Herbert Hurka / Osnabrück: Ex situ plant conservation strategies – pros and cons. 12.00-13.00 Lunch Symposium: Ontogeny: from Meristems to Phenotypic Diversity Chair: Claudia Erbar 13.00-13.30Invited speaker: Louis Ronse de Craene / Edinburgh: Evolution of perianth and androecium in Caryophyllales: a complex story. Presentations: 13.30-13.50Kester Bull-Herenu, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff: The ontogenetic base for the transient model of inflorescence development. 13.50-14.10Ingrid Lock, Aleksey Penin, Paula Rudall, Margarita Remizowa, Dmitry Sokoloff: Inflorescence development, vasculature and patterns of terminal flower formation in mutants of Arabidopsis (tfl 1-2 and tfl 2-1). 10 Program 14.10-14.30Alexander Vrijdaghs, Hilda Flores Olvera, Erik F. Smets: Homoplasy as a trigger for character research, the ‚bracteoles‘ enveloping female flowers in Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae). 14.30-15.30 Poster session and coffee Symposium: Evolution, ecology and population history of model plants Chair: Barbara Neuffer 15.30-16.00Invited speaker: Karl Schmid / Stuttgart-Hohenheim: Genomic footprints of selection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Presentations: 16.00-16.20Pilar Catalan, Diana Lopez-Alvarez: More than one model plant within the complex? Hybridization history and ecological distribution of the Brachypodium distachyon-B. stacei-B. hybridum taxa. 16.20-16.40Antonio Manzaneda, Pedro Rey: Natural variation and tradeoffs in drought tolerance traits in Brachypodium distachyon: adaptation and ploidy. 16.40-17.00Mathijs Nieuwenhuis, Dóra Szinay, Freek Bakker: Evolutionary trends in genome size in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae). 17.00-17.20Roswitha Schmickl, Marcus Koch: Arabidopsis thaliana‘s wild relatives – a model for introgression dynamics. 17.20-17.40Marc Stift, Brain Hunter, Benjamin Shaw, Aileen Adam, Peter Hoebe, Barbara Mable: S-linked genetic load contributes to inbreeding depression in Arabidopsis lyrata. 17.40-18.00Frank R. Blattner: Think big(ger) – From model species to model genera. Thursday, 20th September 09.15-15.00 (SR 275) Workshop: How to deal with inflorescences in systematics and floral ecology? 11 Talks In alphabetic order … T 1 What drives differences in nectar sugar composition in angiosperms? Pollinator preference or plant identity? Title Stefan Abrahamczyk, Aelys Humphreys & Michael Kessler Author The vast majority of angiosperms is dependent on animal pollinators. To attract Abstract pollinators, most angiosperms produce nectar, an aquatic solution constisting of the two monosaccarids glucose and fructose and the disaccharide sucrose, as the main floral reward. It is well known that different groups of pollinators, e.g., bees, bats, hummingbirds or song birds, have different preferences or constraints for Talks nectar sugar composition (NSC). Therefore, it has frequently been proposed that interspecific differences in NSC represent adaptations to the dietary constraints of different pollinator groups. In contrast, a second hypothesis predicts that NSC is constrained by the plant, e.g. being developmentally constrained, resulting in a pattern of similar NSC in closely related plant species, irrespective of their pollinators. Previous studies have showed mixed support for these two hypotheses, leading to suggestions that perhaps different factors operate in different plant clades or geographical regions. To test the relative contributions of pollinator preference and plant identity (phylogeny) in generating patterns of variation in NSC across a broad plant clade, we determined the nectar sugar composition across more than 2100 species of Asterids (ca. 80,000 spp.). We then constructed a summary phylogeny from published studies for all sampled Asterid species, modelled change in NSC among plant clades and among their pollinator groups. We found that rates of change are constrained in some plant clades but that pollinator group exerts a much stronger constraint on change in NSC. Using a dataset of unprecedented scale we are able to demonstrate that while there are some differences among plant clades, by far the strongest determinant of NSC is pollinator group. Pollination and Dispersal Biology Symposium 13 T 2 Title Author Abstract Evolutionary trends in the non-photosynthetic parasitic Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) inferred from karyological data Najibeh Ataei, Jafar Valizadeh, Eva Temsch, Tae-Soo Jang, Elmar Endl, AndreasDolf, Gerald Schneeweiss, Miguel Angel García, Monika Ballmann, Susann Wicke, Dietmar Quandt & Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss The genus Cistanche includes 15-23 species widely distributed in arid regions from western Africa to central Asia, with the center of diversity in SW Asia. Circumscription of Cistanche species, which is based exclusively on morphological characters, and the relationships among species are poorly understood and consequently species delimitation within the genus is still controversial. The current study aims (i) to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within Cistanche and to test whether the current infrageneric taxonomy reflects evolutionary phylogenetic relationships; and (ii) to identify trends in genome size and chromosome number evolution in Cistanche. Therefore, comprehensive data on genome size and chromosome numbers are presented and discussed in a phylogenetic framework. All accessions of Cistanche analyzed so far (10 species, 12 accessions) are diploid (n = x = 20), and their karyotypes consist predominantly of large meta- to submetacentric chromosomes. The genome size of 50 populations of all currently recognized species of Cistanche (40 populations from Iran and 10 from Morocco and Spain) was estimated using Feulgen densitometry or flow cytometry. Nuclear DNA content in Cistanche (1C) ranges from 6.44 pg in C. ridgewayana to11.03 pg in C. tubulosa. Chromosome number stability contrasts with nearly two-fold genome size variation, suggesting mechanisms other than polyploidy that increase the genome size, e.g., repetitive DNA amplification. Symposium 14 Open topic T 3 Evolutionary patterns and processes in the California Floristic Province Title Bruce G. Baldwin Author Generations of plant researchers interested in processes and patterns of evolutio- Abstract nary change have focused on the rich vascular flora of North America‘s Mediterranean climatic region, the California Floristic Province (CA-FP). The importance of ecological factors in origins of neoendemic diversity within the CA-FP flora is increasingly evident from studies of clades wherein diversification has occurred across steep environmental gradients or, instead, has been marked by niche conser- Talks vatism and limited to particular habitats or settings. Morphological change associated with ecological shifts in the CA-FP has ranged from striking to undetectable, with cryptic diversity frequently resolved, sometimes with the cryptically distinct lineages occurring in parapatry. In some clades (e.g., in Holocarpha, Compositae), disconnect between patterns of interfertility and morphological/ecological evolution demonstrates the primacy of natural selection, rather than intrinsic reproductive barriers, in driving phenotypic divergence. Reexamination of classic patterns of endemism and diversity in the CA-FP from a phylogenetic perspective has reinforced and refined some earlier ideas about floristic hotspots and evolutionary activity associated with particular ecological settings (e.g., serpentine exposures) and has allowed for inferences that extend to communities and clades. Origins of CA-FP plant lineages have been traditionally viewed in the context of Tertiary Geoflora concepts, which, although with some value heuristically, do not capture the complexity of different sources and timings of introduction of plant lineages to the province. Similarly, concepts of paleo- and neo-endemism have sometimes been confusingly applied in different senses that may reflect either ages of ecologically important traits or ages of taxa (or lineages) relative to the timing of plant establishment in the CA-FP or in environmental islands within the province. Dispersal of plant lineages between the CA-FP and other Mediterranean-climatic regions worldwide has received much attention recently, as has an important, previously controversial pattern of dispersal from the CA-FP to the Hawaiian Islands. In addition, broad-scale analyses of the evolutionary and biogeographic history of Californian vascular plants now underway using specimen data from the Consortium of California Herbaria and DNA sequence data are allowing for novel estimates of phylodiversity and phyloendemism across the state. Evolution of Mediterranean and Arid Floras Symposium 15 T 4 Title Author Abstract (Why) Do We Need Legal Regulations for Biodiversity Research? Erwin Beck With the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) the 193 member countries have agreed that organisms are the property of the country of their origin. While the spirit of the CBD is generally acknowledged, this principle of ownership causes considerable problems, last not least for research. States, while encouraged by the CBD to promote research into their biological resources, have now the right to refuse the use of their biological material, and research is considered by the Convention as “use”. Furthermore, the term “Biological Resources“ includes all kinds of material which could be of interests to biologists. Clearly, the intentions behind these regulations, especially of developing countries, are the sharing of profits from industrial exploitation combined with the fear of biopiracy. One principle of the CBD is therefore to couple granting access to biological resources with contractually agreed sharing of benefits: “Access and Benefit Sharing”, ABS, is the legal term. In its 20 years of age, ABS became the major issue of the CBD, documented by a new compendium of regulations, “The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization”. This protocol differentiates between non-commercial, basic and commercial research and encourages the member countries to the CBD to “Create conditions to promote and encourage research which contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, particularly in developing countries, including through simplified measures on access for non-commercial research purposes…”, however, there is no consensus about the interpretation of the term “simplified measures”. Thus negotiations about access to biological resources are still an ad-hoc issue at the discretion of a country’s relevant authority, termed its Focal Point. In spite of the 36 articles of the Nagoya protocol and the implementation of national authorities, the individual researcher is left with his or her negotiating skills, when applying for permission of non-commercial biodiversity-related research. Significant differences in details may thus come out from country to country with respect to the handling of ABS. Mutual trust and commitment to the spirit of the CBD by both parties, the applicant and the focal point can help to overcome the problems created by a lack of harmonization between the member states with respect to the significance of research. Symposium 16 Mechanisms of Speciation T 5 Homoploid hybrid speciation in a narrow endemic knapweed: disentangling reticulate evolution in section Willkommia Title Samira Ben-Menni Schuler, Jordi López-Pujol, Gabriel Blanca, Roser Vilatersana, Núria Garcia-Jacas, Víctor N. Suárez Santiago Author Hybridization is considered a major driving force in plant diversification. Phyloge- Abstract netic analyses have shown that diversification of several plant groups is stimulated by widespread reticulate evolution, in which many homoploid hybrid species are recognized. Here we focus on Centaurea sect. Willkommia, which has been Talks proposed to follow a model of reticulate evolution with recurrent hybridizations between divergent (microallopatric) populations within the geographical range of a primary radiation, favoured by the Pleistocene climatic oscillations and the rugged local topography. We have selected a complex comprising three species, C. gadorensis, C. pulvinata and C. sagredoi, to test whether C. pulvinata has arisen from the other two species by means of a homoploid hybrid speciation process, and to determine whether the genetic composition of populations of these species conforms to the theory of reticulate evolution proposed for the section. Results obtained for 9 allozyme loci and 7 microsatellite loci confirm the hybrid origin of C. pulvinata, its genome being a mosaic of C. gadorensis and C. sagredoi. It is worth noting that the contribution to the genome of C. pulvinata by the parental species shows great differences depending on the population analyzed. The genetic structure detected among populations of the three species, together with their geographical pattern, suggest that their populations fit well a model of altitudinal migrations tracking the climatic oscillations. Mechanisms of Speciation Symposium 17 T 6 Title Author Abstract Think big(ger) - From model species to model genera Frank R. Blattner The study of model organisms like Drosophila, yeast and Arabidopsis resulted in large advance of knowledge in many fields of life sciences during the last century. Studies of diverse evolutionary aspects were, however, rarely possible within single species. Moreover, model species are still sparsely distributed in the tree of life, which prevents them from becoming useful models for evolutionary research. Thus, in many cases analyses progressed from the model species into closely related taxa to answer questions regarding, e.g., speciation, trait evolution, or ecological adaptation. With the advent of „omics“ technologies and particularly the recent advances in genomics a much broader approach towards model taxa seems possible. In grasses, genomes were published for rice and Brachypodium, and genome initiatives work on Sorghum, maize and barley. These activities resulted in a renewed interest in taxa of the genera Oryza and Brachypodium, where initial studies started during the last years (Oryza) or are planned. Thus, in many model species the genomic tools were developed first, and afterwards questions were searched that can be answered in close relatives with the help of these tools. In Hordeum, where a draft genome of barley will be finished this year, extensive evolutionary analyses on the wild species were conducted during the last decade, resulting in a somewhat reversed situation. The intrageneric phylogeny is known, as well as progenitor-derivative relationships for allopolyploids. For many species and species groups, phylogeographic, population genetic, and niche modeling analyses were conducted, providing a substantial amount of evolutionary data (and questions) to be further analyzed in a genomics framework. Thus, Hordeum might become a model genus where -omics tools (developed in barley) can be used on a wide range of topics, which are driven by evolutionary questions. Symposium 18 Evolution, ecology and population history of model plants T 7 Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Suaeda, subgenus Brezia (Chenopodiaceae) in the Americas Title Ronny Brandt, Maria Lomonosova, Kurt Weising, Helmut Freitag Author As part of our ongoing study of the phylogeny and biogeography of genus Abstract Suaeda, subg. Brezia on a worldwide scale, here we present some results related to the Americas. The subgenus comprises ca. 35 species, distributed in all continents but clearly centered in temperate and subtropical regions. All species are hygrohalophytes and occur either in coastal areas, preferably in the tidal zone, or in depressions and around salt lakes in arid inland areas. In the Americas 10 spe- Talks cies are actually recognized but many more were described and some new species are under discussion. We analyzed 130 American samples along with 50 samples from other continents using the nuclear ITS region and the chloroplast rpl32-trnLregion. Additionally the chromosome numbers were counted. The study is aimed (1) to elucidate the geographic origin of the ancestors of the American species, (2) to assess the timing and number of colonization events, (3) to determine the role of polyploidisation in the speciation processes, and (4) to test if the recognized and the putative species are genetically distinct entities. The nuclear ITS data show that all three lineages of Brezia are represented in the Americas but in a most unequal manner. The overwhelming majority of species belongs to the S. corniculata group. Within this group obviously two independent migration events happened between Central Asia and North America. From there, the S. corniculata group also entered the South American Altiplano and the southern parts of the subcontinent. Of the S. maritima group only S. maritima itself is present in N America, where it is distributed along the Atlantic coast. Our data suggest a recent arrival of S. maritima, either via bird dispersal or/and by early trade routes from Western Europe and the Mediterranean, at least two times. Obviously the species is highly competitive and has pushed back indigenous Suaeda taxa with which it freely hybridizes. The genetic diversity of species and populations is generally lower in the northern areas of North America as compared to the southern areas, most likely due to extinctions and migrations during the Ice Ages. The chloroplast phylogeny differs in some points from the ITS phylogeny which can be explained by chloroplast capture and hybridization events. In contrast to other continents, no diploid Brezia taxa were found. The common occurrence polyploid species document the importance of polyploidisation as a driving force in speciation. Evolution of Mediterranean and Arid Floras Symposium 19 T 8 Title Author Abstract The ontogenetic base for the transient model of inflorescence development Kester Bull-Hereñu, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff Modern research in plant science has concentrated in modeling and revealing ontogenetic process that lead to the formation of key attributes in plant evolution. One of the most discussed models is the „transient model“ for inflorescence architecture proposed by Prusinkiewicz in 2007. This model is successful in explaining different types of inflorescence architectures based on two main principles: the decaying of a veg factor in the inflorescence‘s apical meristem (AM) that determines the number of plastochrones the AM is functional until it converts itself into a terminal flower, i.e. the number of nodes that the inflorescence will posses; and in the transient nature of lateral meristems that explains disjunct morphology in compound racemes. In the present work we address if both principles find a concrete morphologic correlate in inflorescence ontogeny through study of the development of simple and compound inflorescences with aid of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative analysis of the size of AM of simple inflorescences that produce a terminal flower (Rosaceae, Berberidaceae, Papaveraceae, Campanulaceae, seven spp., N = 25) showed that the initial size of the AM correlates with the number of nodes of the mature inflorescence. As the meristematic size in simple inflorescence gets smaller through ontogeny, the initial size of the AM suggests a sort of „half life“ that correlates with the putative veg decay proposed by the Prusinkiewicz model. By the other side, qualitative analysis showed that the disjunct morphology of compound racemes (Fabaceae, Verbenaceae and Rosaceae, 3spp.) is based in a two-steps ontogeny: first, a reproductive AM of moderate size produces lateral racemes and later on, this AM enlarges and produces lateral flowers, giving rise to the terminal raceme. This sequence contrasts with the ontogeny of panicles of conjunct morphology (Polemoniaceae, Papaveraceae, Berberidaceae, 3spp.) by which the initial AM presents the largest size and gets reduced until terminal flower production. We therefore conclude that the disjunct morphology of compound racemes relays in the transient size of the AM within the ontogeny, offering a variant to the Prusinkiewicz model. Symposium 20 Ontogeny: from Meristems to Phenotypic Diversity, Open topic T 9 More than one model plant within the complex? Hybridization history and ecological distribution of the Brachypodium distachyon-B. stacei-B. hybridum taxa. Title Pilar Catalan, Diana Lopez-Alvarez Author Brachypodium distachyon s. l. has been largely investigated over the world as Abstract a model plant for temperate cereals and biofuel grasses. However, this annual plant shows three cytotypes that have been recently recognized as three independent species, the diploids B. distachyon (2n=10, x=5) and B. stacei (2n=20, x=10) and its derived allotetraploid B. hybridum (2n=30, x=5+10). The importance of Talks B. distachyonand its recently split congeners has been underlined in the new initiatives on the genomic re-sequencing of B. distachyon and the de-novo sequencing of B. stacei and B. hybridum. The features of the triangle species, characterized by their similar small and low-repetitive compact genomes, make it an optimal group to investigate the mechanisms of polyploid hybrid speciation. Cytogenetic analyses have confirmed the allopolyploid origin of B. hybridum and have detected different genomic arrangements within this taxon. Phylogenetic analysis based on plastid and nuclear genes have corroborated that B. stacei and B. distachyon were the genome donors of B. hybridum. New evolutionary analyses of a larger population sampling of the three taxa across their native Mediterranean region have demonstrated the polyphyletic and polytopic origin of B. hybridum. This species has resulted from bi-directional crosses of B. distachyon and B. stacei plants acting either as maternal or paternal parents. The similarity of the genetic profiles of B. hybridum to, respectively, those of B. distachyon and B. stacei indicates that a large percentage of those genomes have remained mostly intact since the recent occurrence of the hybridization events (ca. 1 Ma). The recurrent formation of the allotetraploid apparently took part at different sites and times across the Mediterranean region. Ecological niche predictions show a significant correlation of the potential distribution areas of B. distachyon and B. stacei with latitude and altitude and their associated climatic parameters. B. stacei is distributed in warmer and lower latitudinal and altitudinal southern Mediterranean areas whereas B. distachyon is preferentially distributed in more mesic and higher latitudinal and altitudinal northern (but also in some southern) Mediterranean areas. By contrast, the distribution of the highly adapted B. hybridum overlaps with those of both parents and expands further. These findings are of great relevance for further evolutionary studies on adaptive ecological speciation of the three species. Evolution, ecology and population history of model plants Symposium 21 T 10 Title Author Abstract Phylogeny and biogeography of Acalyphoideae s. str. (Euphorbiaceae): evidence for at least three Caribbean lineages with radiations in Cuba and Hispaniola Angélica Cervantes, Jorge Gutiérrez-Amaro, Thomas Borsch Acalyphoideae is the largest tropical clade within Euphorbiaceae, and following a phylogenetic definition, comprises about 95 genera and ca. 1940 species. Acalyphoideae s. str. is a diverse group in Central America and Mexico as well as in the Caribbean. In an effort to better understand the origin and evolution of the floras and the biogeography of these regions, it is used as one of the model groups. Because there was no densely sampled and well resolved tree for the Acalyphoideae, this study first aimed at providing a robust phylogenetic framework for the subfamily. Previous phylogenetic studies recovered two major sub-clades, the alchorneoids and the core acalyphoids, the latter composed of eight lineages. We have generated a combined data set of matK-trnK, trnL-F and petD intron sequences for an increased number of genera. Phylogenetic inference using maximum parsimony (MP) and model based (BI, ML) approaches yielded a well supported tree and new insights: members of Agrostistachydeae are recovered in a newly clade within the core acalyphoids, while Wurdack et al. [Am. J. Bot. 92: 1397-1420, 2005] considered that this tribe belongs to alchorneoids. In the core acalyphoids, Bernardieae and Plukenetieae are sisters and this lineage again is sister to a clade of Adeliae/Chrozophoreae p.p. [= A6 of Wurdack et al., 2005]; this topology for the first time receives convincing node support. Another new clade is found consisting of Amperea, Adriana and Seidelia (Ampereae/Acalypheae p.p.), contradicting the circumscription of clade A4 in Wurdack et al. (2005), and indicating that their clade A5 is in fact not an isolated lineage. The clade A1 (Macaranga and relatives) is confirmed as sister to the rest of core acalyphoids with substantially increased support. The clade Adeliae/Chrozophoreae has more than 40 species endemic to the Caribbean, belonging to Argythamnia, Garciadelia, Lasiocroton and Leucocroton and represents the largest radiation in the West Indies. In Leucocroton, for example, preliminary molecular dating suggests a crown group age of approx. 6 m.y., which is in concordance with other species radiations in the Caribbean. Within Plukenetieae, Platygyna, endemic of Cuba, is another example of a recent radiation. Bernardieae is shown to be a completely neotropical radiation with a few species that have reached the Caribbean. Again, Bernardia has a crown group age of approx. 9 m.y., indicating an even younger origin of the Caribbean endemic species. Symposium 22 Open topic T 11 Issues in dating the age of rain forest dwellers – the case of Annonaceae Title Lars Chatrou, Michael Pirie, Freek Bakker Author Estimating the age of organisms that habitually occupy specific biomes is one ap- Abstract proach to the assessment of biome ages. Annonaceae are a good proxy for tropical rain forests as their abundance and richness is correlated to higher temperatures and precipitation. However, age estimates within Annonaceae, particularly for the two major clades (subfamilies Annonoideae and Malmeoideae) that comprise most of the species, are disputed. The average branch length from the crown node Talks to the tips in Annonoideae is twice that of Malmeoideae. These differences translate into contrasting age estimates depending on the assumed pattern in change of molecular evolutionary rate. It is not obvious which, if any, of the currently favoured assumptions might be appropriate. We set out to critically test the commonly applied Bayesian relaxed-clock dating methods. In a first series of analyses, we varied the ratio of annonoid and malmeoid species represented. We found that the analyses are sensitive to sampling bias. The proportion of annonoid species influences the estimated age of the malmeoid crown node: when the fraction of annonoids is below a certain threshold, the age of Malmeoideae increases. In a second series of analyses we estimated branch lengths (based on sequences from rbcL, matK and ndhF) by applying codon as well as nucleotide models. Nucleotide models capture both synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates separately, which are likely to evolve with different ‚clockiness‘. Modelling branch lengths as codon changes alliviates this problem as models capture silent and nonsilent rates simultaneously and hence supress branch length differences due to increased silent rates. We show that these factors are significant in Annonaceae plastid DNA sequences. Open topic Symposium 23 T 12 Title The bull in the milkweed: evidence of animal-like male-male competition in plants Author Andrea Cocucci, Salvador Marino, Matías Baranzelli, Ana P. Wiemer, Alicia Sérsic Abstract Sexual selection was originally defined by Darwin as dependence of mating success on competition between conspecifics over mates through physical or sensory interaction and secondary sexual characters as its consequent evolutionary acquisition. This was then unknown in plants, which are sedentary and lack sensory organs. Though many forms of sexual selection are now recognized in plants, direct physical clashes leading to reproductive disadvantage of one opponent and advantage of the other are still regarded to be restricted to animals. We show that, in some plants, pollen-bearing organs (pollinaria transported on pollinators) engage in body to body confrontations that may result in reproductive disadvantage of one of the opponents in two ways: First, through the promotion of the opponent by providing sites where to cling onto pollinators and, second, through the reduction of their own siring success due to spatial interference by the opponent. This is supported by experimental evidence demonstrating that pollinaria whose defensive features have been removed are frequently unable to avoid confrontations and by the demonstration that unmanipulated pollinaria which had avoided confrontations have a higher reproductive performance than pollinaria which had not achieved avoidance. In addition, occurrence of defensive features in species of the clade Oxypetalinae is, in a phyllogenetically informed analysis, significantly associated with avoidance of confrontations. Further evidence is suggestive of the existence in pollinaria of offensive and defensive weapons that, respectively, promote and avoid confrontations. First, allometric relationships suggest that pollinarium features involved in promoting or avoiding linkage are subjected to exaggerated growth. Second, studies on opponent-mediated selection show corrrelational selection of these features which suggests their reciprocal counter-adaptation. Third, phylogenetic evidence shows that weaponry size changes coordinately in evolutionary transitions. We believe this is the first evidence in plants of male body-body struggles in the fashion known in vertebrates and insects. Traits that we suggest have arisen as adaptations to these confrontations would represent the first animal-like secondary sexual characteristics ever recognized in plants. Thus, evidence is presented of a mechanism thought, ever since its proposal by Darwin, not to be possible in organisms which are sedentary and lack sensory capabilities. Symposium 24 Pollination and Dispersal Biology T 13 Nectar in pollen flowers of the lower organisational level of the angiosperms Title Claudia Erbar, Peter Leins Author Nectar secreting tissue is recorded in multistaminate members of, e.g., Nymphaea- Abstract ceae (Schneider et al. 2005), Illiciaceae (Thien et al. 1988), Calycanthaceae, Lauraceae, Monimiaceae (Endress 2010), Annonaceae (Silberbauer-Gottsberger et al. 2003), Magnoliaceae (Daumann 1930) and is well-known in the Ranunculaceae since Sprengel (1793). In Ranunculaceae, nectar is secreted by special nectary organs (staminodes / “petals“, e.g. in Ranunculus and Aquilegia), or at the base Talks of filaments in some members of Clematis (Kratochwil 1988) and Pulsatilla (Daumann & Slavikova 1968) and in one case (Caltha) by the carpel flanks (patches of hairs on both flanks; Sprengel 1793, Peterson et al. 1979). Our own investigations in Anemone nemorosa – based on the observation of Bombylius major taking up nectar - revealed for the first time nectar secretion in the genus Anemone s.s. and in addition within the family a new type of a carpellary nectary. It is an epithelial nectary in which the whole epidermis of the ovarian part of the carpel is involved. The nectary of Anemone nemorosa resembles that of Magnolia (e.g. Magnolia stellata) which we re-investigated histologically and by SEM. In Anemone nemorosa as well as in Magnolia stellata nectar production is mainly limited to the female phase of the proterogynous flower. By this, the attractiveness of the flower is also assured in the non-pollen-presenting phase. Especially in Magnolia with its numerous carpels on the cone-like receptacle the economic disadvantage of a choricarpous gynoecium compared to a coenocarpous one is compensated by nectar secretion of every carpel. When licking up the nectar droplets from the carpel surfaces contact of the insect‘s body with every stigma can be achieved. Pollination and Dispersal Biology Symposium 25 T 14 Title Author Abstract Patterns and processes of speciation in two closely related agamic complexes of hawkweeds Judith Fehrer, Jindrich Chrtek, Anna Krahulcova, Frantisek Krahulec Agamic complexes present particular challenges for the reconstruction of species relationships. The hawkweed genera Hieracium and Pilosella are characterized by relatively small numbers of diploids and high numbers of polyploids. Different ploidy levels can occur in the same species. The genera are closely related, but differ strongly not only morphologically, but also by contrasting modes of reproduction and cytotype distribution. In Hieracium, apomixis of the diplosporous type occurs; all polyploids appear to be obligatory apomicts. Most species are triploid or tetraploid. Many of the basic evolutionary units (diploids and well-defined polyploids with unique morphology) unexpectedly had ancient hybrid origin; recent hybridization does not play a significant role in this genus. Multi- and single-copy nuclear as well as chloroplast markers showed evidence for extinct diploid lineages. Ancestral polymorphism and incomplete lineage sorting further complicated the inference of species relationships. Survival of ancestral diploids in different glacial refugia, very recent speciation, hybridization as a result of secondary contact, and the emergence of polyploidy and apomixis in this context are currently considered as cornerstones of Hieracium speciation. In Pilosella, apomixis of the aposporous type occurs; polyploids can be sexual or facultatively apomictic. Most taxa are tetraploid or pentaploid. Speciation at the diploid level appears to be more regular than in Hieracium, resulting in several distinct species clades. Recent hybridization with gene flow across ploidy levels is abundant in Pilosella; reproductive barriers are almost completely absent. A high proportion of apomictic hybrids arose from apomictic seed parents and sexual pollen donors indicating an evolutionarily significant role of residual sexuality of apomicts in this genus. Based on multilocus fingerprinting and isozyme analyses, some older polyploid species with unique morphology consist of only a single or a few clones; their origin from diploid progenitors is still unclear. Apomictic taxa with intermediate morphology are formed recurrently from the same or similar parents. Those with a high degree of apomictically produced seeds establish stable populations and can spread over large distances. Those with lower proportions of apomictic progeny produce higher amounts of polyhaploids and/or hybrids; this high genotypic diversity can act as raw material for selection of favorable genotypes. Symposium 26 Mechanisms of Speciation T 15 Evolving as a system: A Photobiont switch drives the evolution of the lichen Cetraria aculeata Title Fernando Fernández Mendoza, Stephanie Domaschke, Christian Printzen Author Lichens are symbiotic organisms, formed by the interaction of a biotrophic fun- Abstract gus and a population of phototrophic microorganisms, usually green algae or cyanobacteria. Despite of their dual nature, lichen systematics is that of lichenized fungi. Yet, lichens are trophic systems, and the algal partner, being the primary producer, plays a key role in shaping the ecological niche of the association. Differences in photobiont use have been found to determine the ecological prefe- Talks rences of several lichen species. We hypothesize that changes in photobiont use could be driving the evolution and diversification of lichen species. Subtle changes in the fungus‘ interaction niche (trophic niche) could notoriously modify the climatic niche, geographic distribution, population structure or demographic history of a lichen species. In this study we present the results of our research on the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr., which is a frequent species of terricolous communities of polar and boreal regions of both hemispheres. As most bipolar species, it is also found at lower latitudes, and not only as part of high mountain ecosystems. The Eurasian distribution of C. aculeata is broader than in other continents, because it is also frequent in dry ecosystems (sand dunes, woodlands or steppes) across the Temperate and Mediterranean regions. In previous studies we surveyed populations of C.aculeata along much of its distributional range, and studied both components of the symbiosis from a population genetics perspective. We found a coherent genetic pattern fungal and algal symbionts, which suggested that the Mediterranean populations are genetically different than those from other regions. We also found that the genetically coherent Mediterranean lineage is also morphologically diverse and includes closely related morphospecies (i.e. C. steppae, a hipertrophic vagrant morph and C. crespoae, an epiphytic species found in the Iberian Peninsula). In this study we include a wider geographic sampling and analyze the geographic trend found in photobiont use from the perspective of the lichen‘s ecology and biogeography. We use phylogenetic methods and stochastic character mapping to give an evolutionary perspective to photobiont use and discuss it as a driver of morphological, ecological and genetic diversification. Symposium Open topics 27 T 16 Title Author Abstract Phylogenetic Characterization of the Diversity of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) in Colombia Nicola Flanagan, Francisco Hernando Molineros Hurtado, J. Tupac Otero, Robert Tulio Gonzalez Vanilla is the most economically-important spice crop in lowland tropical regions. As such, it offers a key alternative for sustainable income generation for forest-dependent communities in the tropics. The vanilla crop is almost exclusively vegetatively-propagated, increasing its susceptibility to phyto-sanitary problems. Despite their importance for crop improvement programs, little is known regarding wild populations of species of the genus Vanilla (Orchidaceae). Studies of the diversity of the genus Vanilla are doubly hindered due to: 1. the phenotypic plasticity of their vegetative parts and their infrequent flowering resulting in many erroneous identifications of herbaria accessions; and 2. the small, hyper-dispersed populations typical in these species making them difficult to encounter in the wild. The application of molecular genetic approaches, through the generation of sequence data for the ITS and MatK loci, has facilitated the characterization of the diversity of Vanilla in Colombia. Our studies have identified the presence of 11 species belonging to the Section Xanata, comprising those neo-tropical species that produce fragrant fruits. These include three new reports for Colombia, and one proposed new species. Eight of these species were localized in the highly biodiverse humid forests of the Colombian Pacific Coastal region. This region represents the confluence between the South and Central American biotas, as well as having a high proportion of endemic species. However, the floristic diversity of this recognized biodiversity hotspot is poorly studied. The Vanilla species identified in this study offer exceptional new biological resources to develop sustainable livelihoods based on native biodiversity for the communities in the region. Simultaneous implementation of programs for the conservation management of these populations is also essential for these highly-prized plant genetic resources. Symposium 28 Evolution of Tropical Floras T 17 Does the origin of the genus Allium lie in the ancient Mediterranean region? Title Nikolai Friesen Author Genus Allium with more than ca. 900 species comprises a major taxonomic portion Abstract of the monocot family Amaryllidaceae. Allium is naturally distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and has the biodiversity center in central Asia. Based on combined molecular and morphological character all Allium species was divided in to 15 subgenera, which are grouped in three evolution lines (Fritsch and Friesen 2002, Friesen et al. 2006). The key taxon in the answer of the question about Talks origin of the genus is subgenus Amerallium from the basal evolution line, with species distributed in all continents of the North hemisphere. All American species of subgenera Amerallium are clearly monophyletic (Friesen et al. 2006; Nguyen et al., 2008). Nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS, ETS) and several chloroplast spacer regions was used to develop a phylogeny of Eurasian Amerallium species. Within the subgenus Amerallium the section Moly was found to be paraphyletic. The chloroplast phylogeny put the endemic for south western Alps section Narkissoprason (Allium narcissiflorum and A. insubricum) as the sister group to all other species of the subgenus Amerallium. This finding supports the assumption of the origin of the subgenera Amerallium and probably also of genus Allium in the ancient Mediterranean region. Open topics Symposium 29 T 18 Title Author Abstract Phylogeographical patterns of the widespread Pentameris pallida (Poaceae) Eliane Furrer, Nigel P. Barker, H. Peter Linder We investigated the phylogeographic patterns of Pentameris pallida (Poaceae), a widespread and variable grass of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), and tried to disentangle its taxonomy. To cover the whole geographic and environmental distribution range we collected 48 populations of P. pallida and studied the molecular, morphological, anatomical, as well as ecological and spatial variation. Taxonomically we examined whether a spatial pattern is underlying the genetic variation and whether the genetic pattern is corroborated by morphology, anatomy and ecology. We further compared our data to seven morphological and ecological forms of P. pallida suggested by Linder and Ellis (1990). Phylogeographically, we inferred the origin and migration routes of P. pallida and looked for potential mechanisms behind the observed distribution patterns. We found that four groups can be discerned in the P. pallida complex. Therefore, we can confirm the high variability of the complex found in earlier studies. These groups are based on genetic, morphological and anatomical data and are spatially and ecologically coherent. At least one of the four groups can be split off from P. pallida and should be recognised as a distinct new species. Further, our findings indicated that the centre of genetic, anatomical and morphological diversity of P. pallida is in the South on the Agulhas plains. We concluded that P. pallida and closely related species probably have originated and diversified in the South and later crossed the mountains and migrated to the East and the West of the Cape. Symposium 30 Mechanisms of Speciation T 19 Accessing and sharing biodiversity data – the next generation research Title Birgit Gemeinholzer Author Biodiversity research seeks to understand the biospheres‘ dynamics from genes Abstract to taxa in their ecosystems with their respective flexibility, adaptability and limits. Hereby, biodiversity research – even a comparatively new buzzword - is not a completely new field of research. It builds upon earlier perceptions gathered in different fields of expertise by combining and integrating information about biological diversity. In addition, continuously also new data and information are Talks being generated by the use of well-established and newly emerging techniques. This information, even mostly gathered for specific purposes, can be evaluated in different contexts for biodiversity research. Integration of data enhances the precision to understand functions, evolution, to predict the future of systems and allows for addressing large scale questions. However, to answer long-standing fundamental questions about biological diversity, data re-use, availability and access has to be guaranteed. In an exploratory study we evaluated reasons for the reluctance to share data, motivations for sharing, and demands for the re-use of data. Furthermore, formal and technical requirements for data sharing and reuse in existing data repositories were evaluated in terms of infrastructures and technical solutions. Our results provide recommendations to design or expand user friendly data infrastructures, e.g. data management plans for all scientific investigations have to be promoted, training for the users has to be provided and motivational aspects at all stages of data submission and re-use have to be considered. Furthermore, the shaky funding situation of most repositories must be optimized to guarantee sustainability. Hitherto scattered activities should be consolidated to ensure sustainable data availability and use. This allows for the integration and synthesis of cumulative gathered evidences which will impact our understanding of biological diversity in a changing world. Plenary talk Symposium 31 T 20 Title Author Abstract Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Buxus (Buxaceae), focusing on the Cuban and Antillean species Pedro Gonzalez, Markus Ackermann, Kurt Zoglauer, Rosa Rankin, Rosalina Berazaín, Egon Köhler, Thomas Borsch Buxus is the largest genus of the family Buxaceae, comprising ca. 100 species worldwide. In tropical America Buxus has its center of diversity in Cuba, where ca. 40 species (80%) of the around 50 Neotropical taxa occur. Buxus is therefore a very promising study group in order to understand the origin and diversification of the Cuban flora, with about 51% endemism in the estimated number of 6.500 flowering plant species on the island. There is not a study with a dense sampling of the Cuban and Caribbean Buxus, the last phylogenetic study of Buxaceae done by Balthazar [Int. J. Pl. Sc. 161 (5): 785-792, 2000] included only two Cuban species of Buxus. The aims of this study are to find out the phylogenetic relationships of the Cuban Buxus with respect to the Neotropical species, and to investigate their biogeographical history. During the present investigation we generated a combined sequence data set of the plastid markers trnLF, petD and matK-trnK, from 103 samples representing about 90 % of the Neotropical and nearly all Caribbean species and a broad coverage of Old World species. In our study we also included as outgroup sequences of 16 taxa of Ranunculales, Sabiales, Proteales, Trochodendrales, while all the remaining genera of Buxales were as well included in the ingroup. Consensus trees obtained through Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian inference reveal three major clades within a monophyletic genus Buxus: an African clade, a Eurasian clade and a Neotropical clade. The data provide strong evidence for a Caribbean clade that is well resolved. First results indicate that this Buxus clade could have started to radiate on Cuba during the middle Miocene, and from there has reached other islands. Individual subclades of Caribbean Buxus diversified much later during the last ca. 7-4 million years. Possible effects of adaptation to serpentine soils to the species diversification of Buxus on Cuba are discussed. Symposium 32 Open topics T 21 The impact of polyploidy on genetic structure and reproductive isolation in the genus Leucanthemum Mill. (Compositae, Anthemideae) Title Roland Greiner, Christoph Oberprieler Author Polyploidy is a prominent evolutionary process, particularly in plants. It is known Abstract to rapidly trigger a number of morphological, phenological, and ecological shifts, and may give rise to immediate post-zygotic isolation between the newly formed polyploids and their diploid progenitors. Consequently, it is considered to be the single most common mechanism of sympatric speciation. Various studies Talks have either analyzed the phylogenetic patterns associated with polyploidy, or the mechanisms underlying polyploid speciation. By contrast, the thesis at hand combines these two approaches to provide a comprehensive picture of evolution by polyploidy in four species from the genus Leucanthemum, including one diploid, one tetraploid, and two hexaploid taxa. It particularly aims at the questions whether the investigated taxa are monophyletic, which species have been involved in the formation of the polyploids, and whether the members of the study group are reproductively isolated from each other. Sequencing of two markers from the chloroplast genome demonstrates that the diploid species L. pluriflorum represents the maternal parent of the three polyploid taxa, and further suggests that there were at least three independent genome duplication events. Furthermore, the analysis of ETS sequence variation shows that L. pluriflorum was formed presumably by homoploid hybrid speciation, and that the polyploids arose from this species by whole genome duplication. By contrast, the AFLP analysis reveals considerable genetic differentiation between the diploid and the polyploids, thereby indicating that other species might have played a role in the evolutionary history of the investigated polyploids. Finally, crossing experiments conducted between the four taxa rather showed that inter-ploidy crosses basically were capable of producing viable offspring. However, flow cytometrical analysis of 233 individuals demonstrates that inter-cytotype mating is rare, and consequently it can be assumed that pre-zygotic barriers and reduced fitness of inter-cytotype hybrids play a decisive role in the reproductive isolation of polyploid Leucanthemum species. Mechanisms of Speciation Symposium 33 T 22 Title Author Abstract Next-Generation Sequencing: a technical introduction Thomas Hankeln Since their broad commercial introduction 5-7 years ago, novel high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies (often subsumed under the name „Next-generation sequencing“, NGS) have revolutionized all disciplines of biology, of course including evolutionary biology and systematics. I will outline here the technical features, working principles and pros/cons of current NGS technology platforms with a special focus on the currently most widely used Illumina technology. I will also try to outline some important bioinformatical techniques in NGS data analysis, as applied to examples from our metagenomic, phylogenomic and transcriptomic studies (which, however, have a focus on animal biology). Symposium 34 Next Generation Sequencing in Plant Systematics and Evolution T 23 Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution Title Doerte Harpke, Helmut Kerndorff, Frank R. Blattner Author The genus Crocus consists of about 95 species. Intrageneric taxonomy is tradi- Abstract tionally based on differential weighting of morphological characters and flowering time, resulting in quite diverse and often incompatible groups in the past. Currently the genus is divided into two subgenera, the monotypic subgenus Crociris consisting only of C. banaticus and subgenus Crocus that is split into two sections Talks (Crocus and Nudiscapus) comprising six and nine series, respectively. Crocus is notorious for its widely varying chromosome numbers (2n = 6-70) that do not conform current intrageneric taxonomic groups. To clarify phylogenetic relationships as well as chromosome number evolution and their correlation with taxonomic units we analyzed the nuclear rDNA ITS region (ITS1 + 5.8S rDNA + ITS2) and the nuclear single-copy marker region pCOSAt103. Based on the resulting phylogeny we reconstructed ancient chromosome numbers of clades and traced chromosome number changes through time. Phylogenetic analyses resulted in a monophyletic genus Crocus, probably monophyletic sections Crocus and Nudiscapus, and inferred monophyly for eight of the 15 series of the genus. The C. biflorus aggregate, thought to be consisting of closely related subspecies, was found to be polyphyletic, the taxa occurring within three major clades in the phylogenetic tree. Therefore the subspecies concept cannot longer held upright and let us to estimate that the genus comprises about 150 species. In the framework of this phylogeny, reconstruction of ancient chromosome numbers inferred an initial number of 2n = 2x = 8 for the genus. Through time this number increased several times independently via polyplpoidization within different clades of the genus. Dysploidy is a common phenomenon in Crocus and makes it partly impossible to infer the exact ploidy level for species with somehow intermediate chromosome numbers. Extensive presence of homoeologs of pCOSAt103 in species of the large section Nudiscapus indicates that the entire section originated through ancient allotetraploidization (2n = 4x =16). Within section Nudiscapus diploidization of the genomes occurred two times independently resulting in chromosome numbers of 2n = 6 (the lowest chromosome number in the genus) and 2n = 8/10. Evolution of Mediterranean and Arid Floras Symposium 35 T 24 Title Author Abstract Why are there so few high mountain species in a highly diverse and speciose sedge group? Sebastian Gebauer, Martin Röser, Julian Starr, Matthias Hoffmann The genus Carex (Cyperaceae) comprises about 2,000 species and is an important component of the high mountain floras across the world. In many instances Carex species belong to the most characteristic and abundant species over large alpine areas. We study the highly diverse Carex sect. Vesicariae as well as several closely related sections, comprising about one hundred species. These species are distributed on all continents with the exception of Antarctica. Only four species of this large group were reported to occur in the alpine belt. The molecular phylogeny of this group reveals independent origins of these species. Missing adaptations to cold growth conditions and short vegetation periods may be ruled out as a reason for only a few alpine species, because many species of the group grow also in the boreal to the arctic zones of the northern hemisphere. The analysis of morphological data of vegetative and generative parts of the plants, like plant height, leaf width, and sizes of spikes, suggests that allometric constraints might be reasons for the scarcity of these plants at higher elevations in the mountains. The plants of Carex sect. Vesicariae and allied sections are generally very tall and large. It may be possible that the large size of the organs in the study group may not easily be reduced to fit plant sizes that are able to grow in the alpine belt of high mountains. Symposium 36 Evolution of Mountain Floras T 25 Genome evolution in the apomictic Ranunculus auricomus complex: examining the effects of hybridization and mutation accumulation via transcriptomics Title Elvira Hörandl, Marco Pellino, Thomas Schmutzer, Uwe Scholz, Heiko Vogel, Diego Hojsgaard, Timothy Sharbel Author The evolution of apomictic polyploid complexes is thought to be shaped by hybrid Abstract origin during the climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene, and to be prone to early extinction because of accumulation of deleterious mutations (Muller‘s ratchet). Talks However, because of the lack of suitable genetic markers for such evolutionarily young lineages, these hypotheses have so far remained quite speculative. Next generation sequencing is a powerful tool for providing genomic data for dating and understanding origin, divergence and mutational change of asexual lineages. RNAseq (illumina technology) was used to sequence the flower-specific transcriptomes of five genotypes of the Ranunculus auricomus complex, representing three sexual and two apomictic reproductive biotypes. The five sequence libraries were pooled and de novo assembly performed, and the resultant assembly was used as a backbone for a subsequent reference assembly of each library separately. Based upon the reference assembly, high quality single nucleotide (SNP) and insertiondeletion (indel) polymorphisms were mined from each library, and were used to examine the predicted hybrid origin of apomictic genotypes from sexual ancestors, in addition searching for evidence of mutation accumulation (i.e. Muller‘s ratchet) in apomicts. A comparison of polymorphic SNPs between all genotypes supports the hypothesized origin of both apomictic genotypes during the last glacial maximum, originating from hybrids of the sexual progenitors (R. carpaticola and R. cassubicifolius). Pairwise comparisons of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitution ratios between apomictic and sexual genotypes for 30 annotated genes for which open reading frames (ORF) could be determined, were conducted to identify loci under divergent selection. Results demonstrated similar distributions for all comparisons of apomicts versus apomict, apomict versus sexual and sexual versus sexual, suggesting that apomictic lineages diverge much faster from each other than the sexual species as the latter are much older. However, the apomictic lineages are probably too young to suffer from pronounced effects of Muller‘s ratchet. Altogether 16 genes demonstrated outlier (i.e. elevated) dN/dS ratios in the different comparisons, suggesting that these genes are under diversifying selection. The association of some genes of these genes with meiosis and gametogenesis follow predictions of a functional divergence between sexual and apomictic genomes. Next Generation Sequencing in Plant Systematics and Evolution Symposium 37 T 26 Title Author Abstract Ex situ plant conservation strategies – pros and cons (Invited Plenary Lecture) Herbert Hurka, Barbara Neuffer, Anthony H.D. Brown Threats to biodiversity and the impact of biodiversity loss on the biosphere and on humanity call for conservation activities. The conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits are the subject of international and national agreements. Yet global diversity continues to decline, despite some local successes. To stem the loss of biodiversity, several conservation strategies and techniques have been advocated and implemented. These fall into two categories; in situ and ex situ measures. They can be effective in conserving some species, habitats or genetic variability. However they are definitely no panacea, since human impact and environmental change will continue to exert pressure on biodiversity. In its broadest sense, conservation is an evolutionary process that inevitably involves humans and a cultural setting, especially in man-made landscapes like middle Europe. We here consider ex situ measures, particularly the role of living collections in botanic gardens to conserve species, of DNA banking as an ex situ technique, but the main focus is on seed banking. Seed banks are crucial in the conservation of domesticated plant varieties, but the continue loss of natural habitats has led to increasing efforts also to stockpile wild plant species in seed banks. The aims of such seed banks are (i) the preservation, protection and documentation of genetic variation, (ii) the provision of authentic material for research and plant breeding programs, and (iii) the provision proper seed material for reintroduction programs and replenishment of endangered populations in their natural sites. Critical challenges concern the proper documentation of accessions (‚passport data‘) and data handling, the representation of the genetic diversity in the wild, sampling strategies and dimensions, the maintenance of accession viability, the avoidance of genetic change or erosion in the ex situ environment, continued institutional support and benefit sharing. Possibly the most important role of seed banks of wild plants will continue to be in research, as will be instanced by examples. Symposium 38 Plenary talk T 27 Variation in plant demographic trajectories: problems and opportunities Title Owen Jones, Roberto Salguero-Gomez Author Senescence, a decline in survival probability and/or reproductive success with age, Abstract is believed to be a common feature of the life history of both animals and plants. Understanding this phenomenon is important to conservation biology, biological demography and evolution. To understand these patterns it is first necessary to describe them. Then, if we are to understand how aging patterns vary among taxonomic groups, or in relation to life-history traits, we must study the distribution Talks of its metrics in a phylogenetic context. However, due to the existence of large amounts of demographic and phenotypic plasticity within species, the characterization of patterns for any particular species is not an easy task. We use data from the COMPADRE database of plant demography to explore the nature of variability in demographic trajectories, and measures derived from them, in plants. We then assess how variability may be an issue in interpreting evolutionary studies, and how these difficulties may be overcome. Finally we explore some of the opportunities that the existence of such variability presents. We conclude that significant variability exists in mortality and recruitment trajectories, and that the amount of variability varies greatly both among and within taxonomic groups. It is clear that our inferences on the processes occurring for particular species are dependent on the spatial and temporal sampling regime used to collect the data. This has important implications if we use these trajectories to parameterise population models for management or conservation purposes, or in studies of the evolution of senescence. It thus emphasises the need for greater replication in demographic studies. Finally, we emphasise that demographic variability need not be a problem (data availability notwithstanding). Firstly, for comparative phylogenetic studies there are some simple ways of dealing with variation in the trait. Secondly, it opens up the possibility of studying the nature of the variability – i.e. phenotypic plasticity – and how this varies among taxonomic groups or alongside other lifehistory traits. Open topic Symposium 39 T 28 Title Author Abstract A pitfall in sister clade comparisons, and a new analysis of dioecy in flowering plants Jos Käfer, Sylvain Mousset Understanding the processes that give rise to biological diversity remains a challenge. One approach consists of looking for traits that influence diversification rates, e.g. through sister clade comparisons. The case that interests us here is the one of dioecy in angiosperms : dioecious clades have been found to be less species rich than their non-dioecious sister clades. We show here, using simulations and an analytical model, that equal diversification rates give rise to unequal species richness distributions when the trait under study is a derived trait, like dioecy. We developed a method to take these inequalities into account, and find that dioecy in flowering plants does not decrease diversification, but on the contrary increases it in several clades. These results have important consequences for theories on dioecy, and might apply to other traits as well. Symposium 40 Mechanisms of Speciation T 29 Genetic diversity patterns and relationship among closely related Quercus infectoria, Quercus pubescens and Q. virgiliana studied in oak-hybrid rich areas of Turkey Title Zeki Kaya, Ayten Dizkırıcı, Yeliz Tümbilen Özer, Çi dem Kansu, Hayri Duman Author Quercus infectoria and Q. pubescens are widely distributed in southern Europe Abstract and Turkey while Q. virgiliana is limited distribution in Turkey, mainly in northern Turkey. These three species often have overlapping distribution where they are naturally hybridized, complicating species identification. The objective of this stu- Talks dy was to explore the genetic relationships among three closely related species by sampling populations from natural oak-hybrid rich regions of Turkey. Three populations of Q. virgiliana, 10 populations of Q. pubescens and 8 populations of Q. infectoria were sampled in mixed oak stands and studied with 8 SSR primers. The results revealed that genetic distance between Q. infectoria and Q. pubescens (0.04) was smaller than it was between Q. infectoria and Q. virgiliana (0.11) as well as between Q. infectoria and hybrids of Q. pubescens xinfectoria (0.22) or Q. pubescensx virgiliana (0.25).Observed and expected heterozygosities at the species level were higher in Q. infectoria (HO=0.69, He=0.80) than those in Q. pubescens (HO =0.57, He=0.74) and Q. Virgiliana (HO =0.41, He =0.57). There were 27 and 17 private alleles in Q. infectoria and Q. pubescens, respectively while no specific allele to Q. virgiliana was detected. The fixation index was generally high in all three species, but it was highest in Q. virgiliana (Fis=30). The genetic differentiation among three species was 0.018 which is lower than it was found among populations of Q. pubescens (0.07) and Q. infectoria (0.08). In general, observed heterozygosities were lower than expected in most of the populations of Q. infectoriaand Q. pubescens and in all population of Q. virgiliana. Especially in populations occurred as mixed oak stands, isolated from the main oak distribution and contained morphologically identified hybrids, the effective sample size was reduced in turn, fixation index was increased that caused to reduction of genetic diversity. Many oak stands like the ones studied here are managed as coppice forests and poor in acorn production. Considering forest management practices which threaten the genetic resources of these oaks species, extensive natural hybridization in overlapping distribution areas, excess of homozygotes and lack effective conservation programs, new dynamic and human assisted in situ conservation programs are urgently needed for these species in Turkey. Open topics Symposium 41 T 30 Title Author Abstract Laurel forest – a relict vegetation type? Paulina Kondraskov, Nicole Schütz, Barbara Rudolph, Sabrina A. Schmidt, Miguel Pinto da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, Arnoldo Santos Guerra, J. Alfredo Reyes-Betancort, Mike Thiv Laurisilva or laurel forests are found on several Macaronesian islands including Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. This vegetation type is thought to represent a relict of a vegetation type which originally covered much of the MediterraneanBasin when the climate of the region was more humid. Our project evaluates whether laurel forest elements are relicts or recently immigrated plants. In special, our aim is to address the following questions: When did laurisilva taxa evolve, where did they come from and what are the inner-islands relationships? Molecular phylogenies of several laurel forest genera are reconstructed using DNA sequence variation and/or DNA fingerprint methods. The use of relaxed molecular clocks calibrated using fossils will provide time frames in which the laurel forests evolved. First results available for Lauraceae, Ixanthus, Viburnum and Rhamnus will be presented. Meta-phylogenetic analyses will provide an overall picture on evolution of Macaronesian laurel forests and will deliver data for ecological modelling (physiology, geology, geography) in a large network. Symposium 42 Evolution of Mediterranean and Arid Floras T 31 Using next-generation sequencing techniques for the reconstruction of reticulate evolution in the polyploid complexes of Leucanthemum and Leucanthemopsis (Compositae, Anthemideae) Title Kamil Konowalik, Salvatore Tomasello, Christoph Oberprieler, Robert Vogt Author The two genera Leucanthemum and Leucanthemopsis (Compositae, Anthemideae) Abstract represent a medium-sized and a small genus of the tribe, respectively, in which whole-genome duplication events (polyploidy) played a paramount role in their Talks evolutionary history. While the genus Leucanthemum consists of 40 species ranging from diploid to dodecaploid level (with a further species exhibiting a 22-fold chromosome set), the genus Leucanthemopsis comprises six species with chromosome numbers covering the diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid level. We report on the results of the 454 sequencing of barcoded amplicon mixtures to elucidate the reticulate evolution in these polyploid complexes. After screening of suitable lowcopy nuclear markers suggested for the Compositae by Chapman & al. (2007), we selected nine (A39, B12, B20, C12, C20, C33, D18, D23, and D27 in Leucanthemum) and three of these markers (B12, B20, and C12 in Leucanthemopsis) for the 454 sequencing procedure. After PCR amplification with Kapa HiFi polymerase and M13- and TitB-tailed primers, we used a second PCR amplification step with Pwo polymerase to incorporate an accession-specific barcode and the TitA-primer sequence at the M13-side of the amplicons. After equimolar mixing of amplicons, 454 sequencing resulted in reads that covered all markers and accessions equally. After removing reads with low quality, we used Bayesian cluster analysis (with the software BAPS) to determine the optimal number of alleles per accession and per marker and to detect recombinant sequences caused by PCR artifacts. Finally, majority-rule (80%) consensus sequences were computed for each allele to be used in the phylogenetic reconstructions. After gene-tree reconstructions with modelbased Bayesian methods (MrBayes), we used the resulting tree topologies as input for species-tree reconstruction with PhyloNet and *BEAST (on the diploid level) to search for species-trees minimizing deep coalescences. The evolutionary history of polyploids was inferred using either network reconstruction methods (NeighborNet) or consensus tree methods based on multi-labeled gene trees (PADRE). Next Generation Sequencing in Plant Systematics and Evolution Symposium 43 T 32 Title Author Abstract Why is biological diversity in mountains higher than in lowlands? Christian Körner Mountains are biologically more diverse than would be expected from their areal extent. Several factors contribute to the exceptional biological richness of mountains: (1) The altitudinal compression of large climatic gradients over a short geographical distance, (2) contrasting slope exposure, also causing rather contrasting life conditions over small areas, (3) the forces of gravity that lead to a varied topography (ruggedness) with a multitude of micro-habitats, (4) the fragmentation of mountain landscapes into many separate units (archipelago effect). The combined effect of all these influences is a high geodiversity (mosaics of different climate, nutrient and water availability, bedrock quality and, thus, soil properties). Infra-red thermography and multi-data-logger-surveys permit quantifying one of these aspects of geodiversity, mosaics of thermal contrasts in alpine terrain. Such data make it obvious that mountains are particularly well suited for species survival in a changing climate. Thus, it does not come at a surprise that mountains have been refugia for plant and animal taxa in the past. For the same reasons, mountain biodiversity will be less affected by climatic change than lowland biota, although the abundance (not the diversity) of certain habitat types will change. Körner C (2004) Mountain biodiversity, its causes and function. Ambio Special report 13:11-17. Scherrer D, Körner C (2010) Topographically controlled thermalhabitat differentiation buffers alpine plant diversity against climate warming. J Biogeogr 38:406-416. Symposium 44 Evolution of Mountain Floras T 33 Steppe plants in Central Europe: first insights based on fruit set, germination experiments, and AFLP variation Title Matthias Kropf, Kristina Plenk, Mária Höhn, Katharina Bardy Author Exploring a transect towards the (north)western-most distribution limit of pan- Abstract nonian, submediterranean, pontic, and euro-siberian continental steppe plants in Central Europe, we investigate the biogeographical history, genetic structuring and diversity as well as the performance of those steppe plants at their distributional periphery. We are analysing a set of steppe plants showing a similar, disjunct Talks distribution pattern with more wide-spread occurrences in the Pannonian Basin in Hungary compared to the western limit of the Pannonian area in Eastern Austria and to their (north)western-most habitats in western Germany (especially in Rhineland-Palatinate). For all steppe taxa four populations representing each of the three study regions are included. The species in our major focus are Adonisvernalis (Ranunculaceae), Carex supina (Cyperaceae), Inula germanica (Asteraceae), Linum flavum (Linaceae), Oxytropis pilosa (Fabaceae), and Poa badensis (Poaceae). All species under study represent endangered species with high nature conservation value in Central Europe. Along the study transect, we expect increasing isolation in a westward direction, which might be accompanied by progressively reduced population genetic diversity and performance due to suboptimal conditions at the range periphery. To uncover such patterns, genetic analyses are performed based on mainly nuclear Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) as well as chloroplast DNA sequence data. Population fitness is analysed based on fruit set, fruit weight, germination speed and rates. Here, we report first results from the performance part of our project and exemplarily from the molecular part based on AFLP analyses. In detail, we present fruit set and seed mass data as well as outcomes of germination tests for Carex supina (Cyperaceae), Inula germanica (Asteraceae), Oxytropis pilosa (Fabaceae), and Poa badensis (Poaceae), clearly indicating significant differences in fruit set and germination among species as well as study regions. AFLP data provide first insights into genetic diversity patterns and the degree of isolation among populations and study regions. Evolution of Mediterranean and Arid Floras Symposium 45 T 34 Title Author Abstract Retracing the evolution of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida) Marcus Lehnert, Harald Schneider, Michael Kessler, Dietmar Quandt, Sarah Noben The Cyatheaceae encompass ca. 600 species of predominantly large ferns with trunk-like rhizomes to 20 m tall that occur throughout the tropics and southern temperate regions. Because they are a ubiquitous group with a long geological history and high recent diversity, they have been in the focus of several phylogenetic studies trying to elucidate the generic delimitation and biogeographic history of this group. In this study we address some question that remained unresolved by increasing the sample size but restraining the genetic analysis to the most reliable markers (rbcL, trnG-R, trnL-F). The phylogeography of the six neotropical species of the largely Australasian genus Sphaeropteris reveals an ancestral area in northern Central America and that the genus has used the Andes as a pathway to reach southeastern Brazil quite recently. A similar pattern is revealed for the Cyathea armata-group, favoring a boreotropical origin. However, macrofossils of this group found in central Argentina contradict this finding. We further discuss the equivocal spore fossil Kuyrilosporites in the dating of the Cyathea-clade. Within the neotropical Cyathea-clade, the Andean species form a diverse group of originally high-elevations preferring species that is sister to typical lowland species. Symposium 46 Evolution of Tropical Floras T 35 Phylogeographic studies reveal diverse speciation patterns in central African tropical herbs (Marantaceae) Title Alexandra Ley, Olivier Hardy Author Vegetation history in tropical Africa is still to date largely unknown. Hypotheses Abstract include major speciation events during Pleistocene climate changes and ecological speciation across abiotic gradients. Phylogeographic studies might shed new light on this matter as indicated by similar studies in temperate regions; the challenges in tropical Africa being different highly diverse biotic and abiotic conditions and a distinct climatic and geological history. Here we analysed phylogeographic pat- Talks terns (chloroplast-DNA sequences, AFLP, microsats) of seven widespread herb and liana species from four different genera of the family Marantaceae (Zingiberales) including two pairs of sister species. Across all investigated species intraspecific patterns of genetic diversity from chloroplast DNA were concordant with overall species diversity maximizing in topographically rich Gabon and showing traces of expansion across the rather flat central Cameroun and the Congo basin. However, comparing sister species relationships between different genera different speciation modes were revealed. Patterns in the genus Haumania suggest allopatric speciation with genetic pattern concordant with postulated Pleistocene refugia followed by current intraspecific geneflow in overlapping distribution areas. In the genus Marantochloa hybridization seems to be involved in the creation of new species. This study gives an insight into the diverse and ongoing evolutionary processes in central tropical Africa and the role of different geographic areas in the evolutionary process. Evolution of Tropical Floras Symposium 47 T 36 Title Author Abstract Speciation mechanisms, speciation rates, and phylogenies H. Peter Linder Speciation, the generation of diversity, is both central to evolutionary biology and enigmatic. The mechanisms or processes of speciation can be studied from ahistorical (the actual reproductive barriers or ecological differentiation between closely related species, or within a species) or a historical (evolution of differences between closely related species) angles. The speciation rate is a macro-evolutionary concept. Phylogenies, as hypotheses of ancestor-descendent relationships, inform us about historical relationships, about which species exlusively share common ancestors, and as such are central to both evolutionary approaches to speciation and to the investigation into speciation rates. The tools to investigate speciation rate and speciation mechanisms from a phylogenetic perspective have become much more sophisticated in the last decade. For speciation rate analysis the diversification rate has been replaced by speciation and extinction rates, and the models to investigate rate variation within and between clades, and over different time periods, have become increasingly complex. Application of these tools are making it possible to determine whether diversifications are limited by time (non-equilibrium models) or available resources (equilibrium models), and whether they vary through time or between clades. The investigation of speciation mechanisms has progressed due to an increasing ability to scan significant proportions of the genome, or to target genes thought to be associated with reproductive isolation or ecological specialisation. This has led to a bridging of the gap between historical and ahistorical approaches to speciation, and have eroded the distinction between allopatric and sympatric speciation, suggesting that selection or adaptation might play a significant role. Symposium 48 Mechanisms of Speciation T 37 Next generation sequencing for plant systematics and evolution Title Aaron Liston Author For nearly two decades, evolutionary biologists have typically used plastid and Abstract nuclear ribosomal sequences to estimate phylogeny, and large numbers of anonymous loci in studies at the population level. This methodological divide has hindered studies of speciation, which occur at the interface of phylogenetics and population genetics. I will describe a novel method, Hyb-Seq, which has tremendous potential to bridge this gap, by simultaneously sequencing hundreds, or even Talks thousands, of nuclear loci. This approach uses 80-120 bp biotinylated RNA baits that target selected regions in a genome. The efficiency of the target capture is approximately 50%. We take advantage of this to also characterize the high-copy number plastid genome and nuclear ribosomal repeats, using „genome skimming“ of these off-target sequences. We have used Hyb-Seq to resolve species-level relationships in Fragaria, and to reconstruct ancient allopolyploidy in the family Rosaceae, using a set of 257 nuclear loci developed from the strawberry, peach and apple genomes. We have also used Hyb-Seq to target 6500 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to construct a linkage map from a within-population cross of Fragaria vesca subsp. bracteata. These were chosen from among over 40,000 high quality SNPs identified by shallow genome sequencing of the two parents of the cross. I will also describe how large scale phylogenetic analyses of nearly complete plastid genomes are now routine, with examples from 107 species of Pinus and 171 individuals of Asclepias representing 105 species. These studies provided increased phylogenetic resolution and new insights into the evolutionary history of these genera. Finally, the sequencing of nuclear genomes is now technically and economically feasible for any plant, as illustrated by our progress towards the genome of Asclepias syriaca, a model system for studies of plant reproductive biology and plant-herbivore interactions mediated by host-plant chemistry. Next Generation Sequencing in Plant Systematics and Evolution Symposium 49 T 38 Title Author Abstract Inflorescence development, vasculature and patterns of terminal flower formation in mutants of Arabidopsis (tfl 1-2 and tfl 2-1) Ingrid Lock, Aleksey Penin, Paula Rudall, Margarita Remizowa, Dmitry Sokoloff Wild-type plants of Arabidopsis develop racemose inflorescences that lack a terminal flower, but some mutants consistently develop closed inflorescences. In the present study, we compare development and vasculature in wild type and mutant (tfl 1-2 and tfl 2-1) plants of Arabidopsis. All examined individuals of Arabidopsis mutants possessed a terminal flower, but its morphology was highly unstable. Some terminal flowers possessed sepals, petals, stamens and carpels and/or organs of ‚hybrid‘ morphology, whereas others lacked petals or petals and sepals. The first-formed sepals of the terminal flower continued the spiral of lateral flower arrangement, irrespective of presence or absence of a flower-subtending bract in lateral flowers. In the most reduced form, the terminal flower consisted of two phyllomes intermediate between carpels and sepals. Cases in which one or two of the uppermost lateral flowers are closely associated with the terminal flower can result in pseudanthium formation, but organs belonging to the terminal flower still can be distinguished. In wild-type, flower-subtending bracts are absent, and a single bundle supplies each lateral flower. Mutant tfl 1-2, sporadically produce flowers subtended by a bract. In bracteates flowers, three bundles depart from inflorescence axis to supply the flower-subtending bract and its axillary flower. These bundles form a compact group in which the outer (abaxial) bundle enters the flower-subtending bract and paired inner (adaxial) bundles enter the pedicel. If no visible flower-subtending bract is present in tfl 1-2 mutants, flower supply still consists of two bundles. This could be explained by the occurrence of a considerable auxin flow from the site of a cryptic flower-subtending bract (in contrast to the wild type). The terminal flower of tfl 1-2 mutants is supplied by four to seven vascular bundles that enter the pedicel directly from inflorescence axis. Mutants tfl 2-1 usually produce very sparse non-bracteate inflorescences with weakly developed vasculature. Both terminal flower and lateral flowers are supplied by a single bundle each. This contradicts a rule that in plants with stable occurrence of terminal flowers they are supplied by more bundles than the lateral flowers. We compare data on Arabidopsis with those on basal monocots that exhibit variation in inflorescence tip structure in natural populations. Symposium 50 Ontogeny: from Meristems to Phenotypic Diversity T 39 Speciation and speciation reversal – two sides of a coin Title Carsten Löser Author Background: Genic incompatibilities are the basis of reproductive isolation. How- Abstract ever, theory predicts that genic incompatibilities are inefficient in preventing gene flow as long as migration across genetic boundaries is high and hybrid fitness is not too low. In a hybrid zone, selection is expected to favour recombination of compatible genotypes, leading to erosion of genetic clines by diffusion, or hybrid zone movement and trapping in a physical barrier. The genus Cyanus (Asteraceae) Talks is expected to have undergone numerous instances of hybridization in evolutionary time scales. Methods and Results: Here, I first analyze speciation patterns on the basis of morphologic variation, ecological and biogeographic evidence. Various instances of superimposed ancient and recent species boundaries are found, pointing to extensive incomplete erosion of genetic clines. I then screened variation in nuclear gene fragments in a large dataset across several taxonomic contact zones and geographic boundaries. Genetic data generally confirm the expectation that genetic clines are only stable in physical barriers. Moreover, reduced genetic diversity in the space between geographic barriers, excess of rare alleles and prevalence of star-like genealogies indicate that erosion of species barriers is not a slow process of diffusion but accompanied by some form of selection, including genomic conflicts and adaptive evolution. This is further supported by gene function, and correlations of diversity and divergence with local recombination rate. Conclusions: Secondary contact initiates collective evolution of (interspecific) populations within unconstrained space and divergence from geographically separated populations. Species diversity is formed by periodic divergence at geographic barriers, and convergence after collapse of physical barriers or secondary contact following range shifts. Local adaptation is often the remainder of previous cycles of collective spread of (conditionally) advantageous alleles rather than the product of divergent selection in the face of gene flow. The combined effects of selection, drift and recombination lead to disjoint gene histories that never converge on a common species tree estimate, the presumable gold standard in systematic inference. Open topic Symposium 51 T 40 Title Author Abstract Natural variation and tradeoffs in drought tolerance traits in Brachypodium distachyon: adaptation and ploidy Antonio Manzaneda, Pedro Rey Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that lead to phenotypic variation in ecologically important traits of plants (those traits that increase plant‘s ability to survive and reproduce) has been a long-term goal for evolutionary biologists and ecologists. The adaptive evolution of the phenotype is not straightforward, yet arises from complex interactions between the genes, genomes, and the environment at different levels of organization and scales: within genotype, among genotypes and among populations. Beyond the inherent difficulty of identifying which (if any) ecological or evolutionary process govern and maintain the evolution of one or several related traits, it exists the primary difficulties of (i) screening precisely and unambiguously the natural variation existing in those traits, and (ii) to identify the scale at which such a variation is relevant for their evolution. In addition, in plants, polyploidization (i.e., whole genome duplication), that itself may arise adaptively, also may play an important role in the variation of tolerance traits. Water stress is one of the main abiotic factors that limit the distribution and abundance of plants and one of the major selective force that promotes local adaptation in plants. Water use efficiency (WUE) and flowering time are key traits intrinsically related to dehydration avoidance and drought escape respectively, which has a direct impact on fitness of plants growing in waterrestricted environments. However, causes that mantain natural variation in those traits are still poorly known. We use the annual grass Brachypodium distachyon (Poaceae) – a new plant model proposed to study temperate cereals – to approach the study of the natural variation in water use efficiency and flowering time across 192 accessions with different ploidy level from 24 natural populations in the Iberian Peninsula. Here, we present the first comprehensive study on sources of natural variation of drought tolerance traits in the diploid B. dystachyon (2n= 10) and its derived allopolyploid B. hybridium (2n =30). In particular, our results suggest that variation in those traits among plants may be result of adaptive processes. Similarly, hybridization and genome duplication may have played also an important role in the adaptation and colonization of polyploids of drier environments. Finally, we suggest that genetic tradeoffs may contribute to maintain levels of variation in drought tolerance traits in this species. Symposium 52 Evolution, ecology and population history of model plants T 41 First insights into the evolutionary history and differentiation patterns in the Alyssum montanum-A. repens group Title Karol Marhold, Stanislav Španiel, Judita Zozomová-Lihova Author The Alyssum montanum-A. repens group is a diploid-polyploid complex of per- Abstract ennial, predominantly outcrossing herbs. First insights into its evolutionary history and differentiation patterns were gained using molecular (AFLP and cpDNA), cytometric and morphometric approaches. Two allopatric subspecies of A. montanum from C. Europe display different evolutionary histories; while genetic de- Talks pauperation, recent expansion, and autopolyploidization have been inferred for ssp. gmelinii, a rich population differentiation has been revealed for the geographically restricted diploid ssp. montanum. Allopolyploid origin of stenoendemic A. montanum ssp. pluscanescens (2n=6x) has been suggested, with A. montanum ssp. gmelinii and A. repens as putative parental taxa. Populations from central and southern Apennines (A. diffusum) are clearly distinct from A. montanum. Geographic isolation in multiple Apennine refugia along with polyploidizations have increased its diversity. Three subspecies of A. diffusum occupy distinct geographic regions and display different cytotypes: ssp. garganicum (2n=2x), ssp. calabricum (2n=4x), and ssp. diffusum (2n=2x, 4x, 6x). The on-going studies in the Balkans indicate complex evolutionary history of this group, and it is also apparent that its taxonomic treatment needs to be considerably revised. Romanian tetraploid A. repens is confirmed to be a well defined species, but slightly differentiated, both genetically and morphologically, from the diploids from Austria attributed to this species. A few diploid local endemics (e.g. A. wierzbickii, A. reiseri, A. moellendorfianum) are confirmed to be distinct. On the other hand, A. scardicum in its current circumscription is not supported. Unexpectedly, populations from the western Balkans (NE Italy, S Slovenia, Croatia, W BiH) emerged as a clearly differentiated lineage (its name to be determined). It is composed of two genetically and geographically separated diploids and a group of genetically admixed tetraploids (most likely allopolyploids). Lot of variation but little resolution was obtained for most of the other Balkan populations of the studied group; a few genetic groupings showing correlations with ploidy levels and/or geographic distribution are suggested. Interestingly, populations from Serbia are highly diverse, and this area appears to be a contact zone of several lineages. More investigation is needed to get deeper insights into the variation and evolution of this group in the Balkans. Evolution of Mediterranean and Arid Floras Symposium 53 T 42 Title Author Abstract The analysis of polyploid species in Veronica (Plantaginaceae) with 454 sequencing of ITS1 Eike Mayland-Quellhorst, Dirk Albach Next generation sequencing allows simultaneous sequencing of many samples in parallel, which can mean individuals or loci, very wide or deep sequencing. Expensive, time-consuming subsequent cloning can be avoided when inferring the ancestry of polyploid species. With deep sequencing it is possible to find orthologs and distinct alleles of nuclear DNA regions like the internal transcribed spacer region, which has the problem of concerted evolution homogenizing different alleles over a short-time span to an extent that direct Sanger sequencing of the predominant parental allele is possible. For one 454 Roche GS Junior run we investigated 32 individuals of five Veronica groups differentiating each individual with a specific Multiplex Identifier (MID). The resulting data set was processed in Roche´s Amplicon Variant Analyzer (AVA). The alignments in the global and consensus view were used to get access to the sequence information of each individual and the variants table AVA produce was ignored. Consensus reads of variants were produced in AVA of contigs with a coverage of 20 reads per consensus or more. These were exported and were subsequently used in phylogenetic analyses. The Junior run, in which our study was placed, produced 63,789 reads of which AVA trimmed and multiplexed successfully 18,709 reads. Demultiplexing with the 5-prime and 3-prime end MID failed for three individuals. The number of reads varied between 55 and 1,446 per individual. We here present drawbacks of our study design and the results from a preliminary analysis of the ITS1 region for two groups of polyploid Veronica (V. persica, V. gentianoides). These highlight the potential and problems of the method. The analysis of V. persica of a rather small group of five diploid and three tetraploid species clearly demonstrates the presence of ITS1alleles related to diploid V. polita (as demonstrated by the Sanger sequence of V. persica), alleles related to V. ceratocarpa and some recombinants. The analysis at a larger scale in V. gentianoides, a polyploid complex with diploid to decaploid cytotypes demonstrates that the mixture of various alleles and recombinants makes a simple inference of relationships difficult to impossible. Symposium 54 Next Generation Sequencing in Plant Systematics and Evolution T 43 Phylogeny of the tribe Echinophoreae (Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae) using ITS and ETS data Title Iraj Mehregan, Maliheh Memarian, Rahilsadat Mousavian, Valiollah Mozaffarian Author The family Apiaceae with more than 400 genera and ca. 3800 species worldwide Abstract is mainly centered in the northern hemisphere. The Flora Iranica area in SW Asia is one of main centers of biodiversity of the family which hosts ca. 140 genera. According to the traditional taxonomic treatments of the family, the mainly xerophyte tribe Echinophoreae is a morphologically well recognizable group of taxa Talks distributed mainly in SW Asia. It includes six genera Anisosciadium, Dicyclophora, Echinophora, Pycnocycla, Ergocarpon and Thecocarpus. Though the analysis of a ITS and ETS datasets consist of 36 taxa indicated the monophyly of the group, Maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian analysis (BA) of the larger dataset obtained from the ITS region of the nuclear DNA clearly showed that tribe Echinophoreae is not monophyletic. In the analysis of the larger ITS dataset, Thecocarpus showed to be out of the tribe. The five other genera formed a monophyletic clade with very high support. The core Echinophoreae was divided into two subclades including 1) Anisosciadium-Echinophora subclade, and 2) Ergocarpon-Dicyclophora-Pycnocycla subclade. The phylogeny of the group is supported by anatomical supports. Open topic Symposium 55 T 44 Title Author Abstract Endemic New Zealand Myosotis (Boraginaceae): Phylogeny and species limits in a recently radiated genus with a high proportion of threatened species. Heidi Meudt, Jessica Prebble, Carlos Lehnebach Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships among individuals of closely-related species is an important and necessary part of delimiting species boundaries, revising the taxonomy, and informing conservation strategies. In New Zealand, phylogenetic reconstruction of many plant genera has been challenging due to a combination of complicating underlying evolutionary processes, including radiation following one or few long-distance founding events, recent speciation, hybridization, and polyploidy, among others. The New Zealand forget-me-nots (Myosotis, Boraginaceae) are an excellent example of a monophyletic group of many (35+) closely related species whose phylogeny is largely unknown and involves geologically-recent species radiation and polyploidy, and whose taxonomy is a high priority for revision due to a high percentage of range-restricted and threatened species. In this talk I will discuss our recent efforts to elucidate the main lineages within the New Zealand Myosotis species radiation using analyses of DNA sequencing and AFLP fingerprinting data of over 100 individuals representing most species and varieties. I will also introduce the M. petiolata and M. pygmaea species complexes and highlight ongoing morphological, genetic and other data that is currently being collected to delimit species in these groups. Overall, the results from this research are key first steps toward understanding the evolutionary history of New Zealand forget-me-nots, and for planning and undertaking their taxonomic revision. Symposium 56 Evolution of Mountain Floras T 45 Flower morphology and pollen germination within and between Capsella-species (Brassicaceae) Title Barbara Neuffer Author Change in mating system often is accompanied by changes in flower morphology Abstract like reduction of petal size or loss of petals, changes in production of volatiles, pollen / ovule ratio, the position between anthers and stigma and the germination time of pollen after pollination. These changes are merged under the term “selfing syndrome“ and often result in new taxonomic species. The evolutionary shift happens often in parallel within many families and genera for example within the Talks Brassicaceae family. Within the genus Capsella which is closely related to the molecular model species pair Arabidopsis lyrata (SI) / A. thaliana (SC) we studied selfincompatible and selfcompatible species: SC species C. rubella and C. bursa-pastoris perform (i) smaller petals as the result of a decreasing cell division and only less of decreasing cell volume, (ii) 3.5 less production of pollen in one flower, (iii) less deep incision between the two valves of the fruits combined with a shorter style, and a (vi) much quicker fertilization of SC pollen after pollination in comparison with the SI species C. grandiflora. Crossing success between the diploid species, between different taxa of the tetraploid C. bursa-pastoris, between the two diploid species and between particular individuals of the selfincompatible C. grandiflorahas been proven. Open topic Symposium 57 T 46 Title Author Abstract Evolutionary trends in genome size in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) Mathijs Nieuwenhuis, Dóra Szinay, Freek Bakker This study explores the variation of genome size in the predominantly South African genus Pelargonium, known for both its genomic instability and morphological diversity. Across its 280 species, as many as twelve independent polyploidization events have occurred within the genus, and six basic chromosome numbers have been observed. In addition, Pelargonium comprises two main clades that appear to correlate with chromosome size. In this study we performed flow cytometry to estimate genome sizes of 70 Pelargonium species that represent the main clades evenly, in order to infer possible evolutionary patterns therein. Given the genome size of the octaploid P. radens (C-value: 8.1 pg) we selected (C-value: 1.51 pg) as a control species. Both DAPI and Propidium Iodide measurements were conducted to balance quantity and quality of data, and to allow compilation with recently published measurements. Continuous character optimization over trees was performed with a discretized and non-discretized approach using Mesquite and Ape (R) respectively. Preliminary results indicate that genome size varies significantly between clades but that so far, overall, trends in genome sizes cannot be inferred within main clades. Ultimately, we expect results to inform subsequent phylogenetic and functional studies based on NGS data and aim to test hypotheses regarding genome size variation and adaptive traits such as stomata size, which are relevant for evolutionary studies in all flowering plants. Symposium 58 Evolution, ecology and population history of model plants T 47 Multiple migrations shaped the composition of African Hypericum – phylogenetics and biogeography of St. John‘s wort Title Nicolai M. Nürk, Berit Gehrke, Marcus Koch Author Hypericum (St. John‘s wort, Hypericaceae) is a widespread genus with a world- Abstract wide mostly temperate climate distribution missing only from tropical lowlands and arid regions. Despite conflicting topologies revealed in different studies and/ or marker systems, insights into the biogeography of this large and largely temperate genus can be inferred, taking into account both gene tree differences Talks and phylogenetic uncertainty. We present the most current and comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis based on several marker regions (nuclear rDNA ITS and chloroplast petD, trnL-F), highlighting major differences among gene trees and discuss possible explanations. We present results of parsimony approaches and parametric modeling on dated phylogenies to infer the biogeographic history of the genus. These biogeographic analyses indicate that Hypericum did not originate in central Africa (as originally hypothesized) but in the Northern Hemisphere and that its worldwide distribution is the result of several intercontinental migrations and long-distance dispersals. For example, the genus colonized sub-Saharan Africa at least four times independently, once from South or Central America, once from Southeast Asia and twice from the Palaearctic-Mediterranean region. Evolution of Mountain Floras Symposium 59 T 48 Title Author Abstract Pollinator attraction and deception in Aristolochia rotunda L. (Aristolochiaceae) Birgit Oelschlägel, Stefan Wanke, Matthias Nuss, Christoph Neinhuis, Stefan Dötterl The genus Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) is well known for its peculiar trap flowers. Commonly accepted is a deceptive pollination syndrome with flies as pollinators. The dark purple color and sweetish or carrion-like smell are suggested to be responsible for deceiving the flies. However, behavioral evidence that these cues are indeed responsible for attracting the flies is lacking. Further, our knowledge on the scent cues is very limited and scent composition was so far only identified for the tropical, giant flowering liana A. gigantea revealing over 100 compounds. Aristolochia in the western Mediterranean comprises 16 species, such as A. rotunda, which have, compared to A. gigantea and other tropical species rather inconspicuous flowers. Floral scent of Mediterranean species is hardly detectable for humans and it remains unclear whether it is a major factor in the pollination system of these species. We identified the pollinators of A. rotunda in natural populations in Croatia and determined the cues mediating the interaction by a multidisciplinary approach. Dynamic headspace and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that flowers, though weakly scented, emit a high number of scent compounds. Several of these compounds can be detected by the flies as determined by GC coupled with electroantennography (GCEAD). The behavioral attractiveness of some of the EAD-active compounds was substantiated by biotests in the field applying synthetic flower scent compounds. For the first time we uncovered the pollination system of an Aristolochia species and specifically demonstrate that A. rotunda flowers deceive kleptoparasitic flies through chemical mimicry. Symposium 60 Pollination and Dispersal Biology T 49 The role of colour, gloss and epidermal cell shape for sensory exclusion of bees by flowers adapted to the pollination by birds. Title Sarah Papiorek, Robert R. Junker, Marlies Sazima, Thomas Eltz, Klaus Lunau Author Flower colors are very diverse among the plant kingdom due to a wide array of Abstract different colour pigments and diverse epidermal cell structures. Coloured flower petals are signaling structures that attract pollinators but at the same also deter non-pollinating visitors. Flowering plants adapted to the pollination by birds suffer from being robbed or thieved by bees which do not contribute to the repro- Talks ductive success. Consequently bird-pollinated flowers would benefit if they exclude these non-pollinating visitors. For the flowers of neotropical plant species we show that both red and white hummingbird-pollinated flowers differ from beepollinated flowers in their spectral reflection properties. In addition, we substantiate with preference tests involving neotropical hummingbirds and orchid bees foraging at artificial red and white flowers with deviant UV-reflection properties the sensory exclusion of bees through hummingbird-pollinated flowers by colors of less spectral purity. Furthermore, we studied the underlying mechanism of the deviant reflection properties by means of epidermal cell shape investigations. Flat epidermal cell surfaces and concomitant higher amounts of gloss were found in flowers adapted to pollination by birds, whereas bee-flowers have more conical shaped epidermal cells acting as light traps and reducing gloss. In flowers with flat epidermal cell surfaces incident light will enter the pigment-containing plant tissue to a lesser amount as compared to flowers with conical cells. Gloss thus alters colour impression and reduces colour purity, which is an important colour feature for foraging bees to detect flowers. The divergence of epidermal cell structure and gloss is discussed with respect to the hypothesis that bird-pollinated flowers benefit by excluding nectar-robbing bees via sensory filters. Pollination and Dispersal Biology Symposium 61 T 50 Title Author Abstract Phylogeny, ecology and the historical assembly of tropical forests R. Toby Pennington, Kyle Dexter, Colin Hughes, Matt Lavin, Tiina Särkinen Numerous studies now demonstrate that continental-scale patterns in neotropical plant phylogenies are ecologically rather than geographically structured, and that large-scale phylogenetic biome conservatism has played a significant role in shaping neotropical plant evolution. This suggests that a biogeographic model emphasising dispersal and the influence of ecology may be more fruitful than traditional approaches that emphasise singular geological and climatic events. Future research might focus on the relative permeability of different major biomes (e.g., rain forests, savannas, seasonally dry tropical forests) to lineages in order to address the question of the ease of evolving the necessary adaptations to survive in different environments. As a means of moving beyond the confines of phylogenies of single taxa, phylogenetic community approaches may prove a complementary approach to investigate niche conservatism. Finally, we will discuss the conservation implications if lineages are evolutionarily confined to certain biomes. Symposium 62 Evolution of Tropical Floras T 51 Bridging the Alps and the Middle East: Phylogeny and Systematics of the genus Wulfenia Jacq. (Plantaginaceae) Title Simon Pfanzelt, Bostjan Surina, Helena Einzmann, Dirk Albach Author Since the publication of the genus Wulfenia (Plantaginaceae) in the late 18th Abstract century, its species have long puzzled botanists for its peculiar life history traits, and even more so for its striking intra- and interspecific disjunctions between mountain ranges of the Alps, southeastern Europe and the Middle East. Wulfenia carinthiaca occurs in the Carnic Alps and the Dinaric Alps. The recognition of the Talks W. carinthiaca population of the Dinaric Alps on the species level (as W. blechicii) was a matter of debate for a long time. The Dinaric Alps also harbour W. baldacii. A third species, W. orientalis, grows in the Amanos mountain range of SE Turkey. Using morphological and molecular data (plastid and nuclear DNA sequence variation, as well as AFLP fingerprinting), we addressed the following questions: 1) How many species should be recognized? 2) Is Wulfenia indeed a Miocene relictual taxon, as formerly suggested? 3) Can the life history traits of Wulfenia be linked to its evolution within a past ecoclimatic envelope? 4) Is vicariance or dispersal the cause for the disjunct distribution areas? Results suggest that the genus consists of three species, rejecting the status of W. blechicii as a different species. A dated and calibrated phylogeny supports a Miocene age for the Wulfenia stem group (median age 17.0 My, 95% higher posterior density interval 9.3-26.9 My). The evolution of Wulfenia‘s life history traits within a subtropical Miocene palaeoclimate is discussed. We suggest vicariance, rather than dispersal, to explain the distribution patterns of the extant species. Our study settles some disputes on the ‚Wulfenia problem‘ and provides general insights into the evolution of European and Eastern Mediterranean mountain plant life. Evolution of Mountain Floras Symposium 63 T 52 Title Author Abstract Species tree inference given coalescence and reticulation Michael Pirie For evolutionary biologists seeking to infer relatedness of organisms – the ‚species tree‘ – the current paradigm can be summed up in one word: coalescence. It is clear that gene trees differences are biologically meaningful (give or take analytical error) and should be exploited to accurately recover the sequence and timing of speciation events. However, whilst coalescent stochasticity is not the only process underlying species tree/gene tree discordance, it currently serves as the null hypothesis: assumed, given the (common) circumstances under which it cannot be rejected. This approach serves to bias against inferring reticulate processes (such as hybridisation), even though they may be common and of direct importance both for the evolutionary process itself and the performance of methods used to infer it. I use examples from both plant and virus datasets to demonstrate an easily implemented supermatrix approach that is not dependent on the assumption of an underlying bifurcating species tree. This approach may be used to infer the sequence and timing of gene and genome divergences given conflict between individual gene trees, even when the processes underlying that conflict cannot be distinguished. It can in principle be applied to any group of organisms and can be extended to explicitly model both reticulation and coalescence without prior knowledge of the species tree topology. Symposium 64 Open topic T 53 Reproductive biology in the family Dilleniaceae: natural history and evolution Title André Rech, Jeff Ollerton, Marlies Sazima Author The family Dilleniaceae has a pantropical distribution and shows great variation Abstract in floral morphology. Initially the family was placed among the basal groups of angiosperms but recent molecular phylogenetic studies have placed Dilleniaceae among the core eudicot families. Likewise the first pollination studies suggest beetles as the main pollinators; nowadays, the importance of bees has been recorded. We have studied the pollination biology of neotropical species (Davilla Talks spp., Doliocarpus spp., Pinzona coriacea and Curatella americana) which compose the doliocarpoide clade. Fieldwork was carried out over a large geographic area of Brazilian savanna and forest. The flowers are dish-like, yellow in Davilla and white in the clade formed by Doliocarpus, Pinzona and Curatella. We recorded two main flowering strategies: the first consists of a mass flowering period over one week with >3000 small flowers opening synchronously (recorded in most species of Davilla, Doliocarpus, P. coriacea and C. americana). The second strategy, recorded in Davilla grandiflora, consists of a one month flowering time with 10 to 50 larger flowers opening every day. The species of Davilla inside the first group, and also P. coriacea, were pollinated mainly by social bees. Curatella americana was pollinated by small, medium and large sized bees and also flies. Species of Doliocarpus were recorded as visited by bees and flies (Syrphidae). Individuals of D. dentatus visited only by social bees produced fewer fruit than those visited also by solitary bees. Davilla grandiflora was recorded as pollinated by Euglossini and Tapinotaspidinae bees and exclusion experiments showed that Apis mellifera is a pollen thief. D. grandiflora occurs in sympatry and flowers synchronously with D. lacunosa and D. elliptica. All of them have very similar flowers and are phylogenetically related. We suggest that the flowering/pollination strategies of D. grandiflorahave been the mechanisms to secure the reproductive isolation across space and time. Here we confirm that neotropical Dilleniaceae are mainly pollinated by bees, while flies and beetles may act as secondary or occasional pollinators. The variation in phenology and pollination among and within genera as described here suggests that these traits are fine-scale adapted and vary according to the interactions with particular pollinators. Pollination and Dispersal Biology Symposium 65 T 54 Title Author Abstract Evolution of perianth and androecium in Caryophyllales: a complex story Louis Ronse De Craene Core Caryophyllales represent one of the most diverse groups of angiosperms by their androecium and perianth. Stamens range from over 1000 to a single stamen, and the perianth is either absent, sepal-derived, sepal- and bract-derived, or sepaland stamen-derived. The whole floral evolution in the order is determined by the initial loss of petals, and a repeated reinvention of pollinator attraction. Moreover, developmental patterns of the androecium are unique among angiosperms. Several earlier authors tried to link the androecium with an ancestral diplostemony, often presenting theoretical diagrams that do not fit reality. Recent advances in the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of core Caryophyllales have made it possible to revisit androecium and perianth morphology to clarify two important questions: -What is the origin of the perianth and what led to the diversification of perianth types? -What is the ancestral androecium in the order and what patterns exist in the origin of divergent forms. To clarify the evolution of perianth and androecium, data on the comparative floral development of several representatives from different clades are presented. A two-whorled androecium without petals is recurrent in many groups, and appears to be the ancestral condition. Different configurations are the result of a shifting reinforcement of the alternisepalous or the antepetalous sectors. Initiation of the androecium is fundamentally centrifugal on a raised platform, and alternisepalous and antesepalous stamens behave developmentally different. The alternisepalous stamens are often shifted in antesepalous position, arising as paired or single stamens, and disrupting the sequence of stamen initiation. Superimposed on the initial stamen initiation a ring primordium can be formed and stamen number can be centrifugally increased. Stamen increase and reduction in the upper whorl is in line with changes in carpel numbers. Antesepalous stamens often arise in a reversed phyllotactic sequence, starting with the stamens opposite sepals 4 and 5, and stamens are also lost following this sequence, occasionally ending with a single stamen opposite sepal 4. The alternisepalous stamens often behave as a unit, either becoming sterile or lost, or dividing centrifugally to form a petal or stamen. Particular trends in the flower are discussed in the former Molluginaceae and for the three main clades, such as the Caryophyllaceae-clade, Portulacinae, and Aizoaceae-clade. Symposium 66 Ontogeny: from Meristems to Phenotypic Diversity T 55 A demographic approach to study effects of climate change in desert plants Title Roberto Salguero-Gomez, Wolfgang Siewert, Brenda Casper, Katja Tielborger Author Desert species respond strongly to infrequent, intense pulses of precipitation. Con- Abstract sequently, indigenous flora has developed a rich repertoire of life history strategies to deal with fluctuations in resource availability. Examinations of how future climate change will affect the biota often forecast negative impacts, but these -usually correlative- approaches overlook precipitation variation because they are Talks based on averages. Here, we provide an overview of how variable precipitation affects perennial and annual desert plants, and then implement an innovative, mechanistic approach to examine the effects of precipitation on populations of two desert plant species. This approach couples robust climatic projections, including variable precipitation, with stochastic, stage-structured models constructed from long-term demographic datasets of the short-lived Cryptantha flava in the Colorado Plateau Desert (USA), and the annual Carrichtera annua in the Negev Desert (Israel). Our results highlight these populations‘ potential to buffer future stochastic precipitation. Population growth rates in both species increased under future conditions: wetter, longer growing seasons for Cryptantha and drier years for Carrichtera. We determined the importance of survival and size changes for Cryptantha and the role of seed bank for Carrichtera. Our work suggests that desert plants, and thus the resources they provide, might be more resilient to climate change than previously thought. Evolution of Mediterranean and Arid Floras Symposium 67 T 56 Title Author Abstract Microevolutionary processes in Central European Rubus populations: apomixis versus sexuality – stability versus innovation Petra Šarhanová, Radim Vašut, Martin Dan ák, Timothy Sharbel, Bohumil Trávni ek Apomixis is asexual reproduction through seeds leading to clonal offspring of the mother plant. Apomicts usually produce viable pollen enabling them to outcross with sexual relatives, or fertilize their own egg cells, which can lead to ploidy level shift. In bramble (Rubus), facultative pseudogamic apospory has already been described. Sexuals and apomicts with overlapping distribution can hybridize to form hybridogenous populations with different ages of origin. Two such taxa, the common European R. bifrons (facultative apomict) and R. ser. Glandulosi (prevalent sexual), are morphologically distinct tetraploids. At sites where both species occur sympatrically, intermediate morphotypes can be occasionally found. Furthemore some apomictic species of Rubus ser. Radula have likely arisen through such past hybridization. In order to better understand the hybridization processes within populations of facultative apomicts, we investigated the frequency of apomictic/ sexual reproduction in the putative parents (R. bifrons and R. ser. Glandulosi), in two contrasting regions: a) with the occurrence of stabilized apomictic hybridogenous microspecies from ser. Radula in the southern part of the Bohemian Massive, and b) with the occurrence of unique singular hybrids in the Moravian Carpathians. Additionally we studied reproduction modes in different Rubus taxa and genetic variability of three chosen hybridogenous species from R. ser. Radula (R. epipsilos, R. induiatus and R. vatavensis) and the putative parents. We detected geographical differences in proportion of sexuality of R. ser. Glandulosi and we observed switch towards sexuality of R. bifrons under experimental cultivation. The molecular markers performed on the species suggest on single origin of most apomictic taxa and confirm hybridogenous origin of species from ser. Radula. Symposium 68 Mechanisms of Speciation T 57 Arabidopsis thaliana‘s wild relatives – a model for introgression dynamics Title Roswitha Schmickl, Marcus Koch Author The genus Arabidopsis provides a unique opportunity to study fundamental bio- Abstract logical questions in plant sciences utilizing the diploid model species A. thaliana and A. lyrata. However, only a few studies have focused on introgression and hybrid speciation in Arabidopsis, although polyploidy is a common phenomenon within this genus. More recently, there is growing evidence of significant gene flow between the various Arabidopsis species. So far, we know A. suecica and A. Talks kamchatica as fully stabilized allopolyploid species. Both species evolved during Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation cycles in Fennoscandinavia and the amphiBeringian region, respectively. These hybrid studies were conducted either on a phylogeographic scale, or hybridization was reconstructed experimentally in the laboratory. With our study we focus at a regional and populational level. Our research area is located in the foothills of the Eastern Austrian Alps, where two Arabidopsis species, A. arenosa and A. lyrata ssp. petraea, are sympatrically distributed. Our hypothesis of genetic introgression, migration, and adaptation to the changing environment during the Pleistocene has partly been confirmed: We observed significant, mainly unidirectional gene flow between the two species, which has probably given rise to the tetraploid A. lyrata. We assume that this cytotypewas able to escape from the narrow ecological niche occupied by diploid A. lyrata ssp. petraea on limestone outcrops by migrating northward into siliceous areas, leaving behind a trail of genetic differentiation. Evolution, ecology and population history of model plants Symposium 69 T 58 Title Author Abstract Genomic footprints of selection in Arabidopsis thaliana Karl Schmid For the past decade, Arabidopsis thaliana has become an important model organismfor studying the genetics and evolution of plant adaptation. This species is characterized by a complex demographic history resulting from a postglacial expansion into Central and Northern Europe and the adaptation to different local habitats. We are studying the different evolutionary processes that shaped current patterns of genomic and phenotypic variation, in particular the interplay of genetic drift and natural selection, which is influenced by the effective population size. For example, the frequency of putatively deleterious mutations in different subpopulations as well as the interplay of ecological nitrogen limitation on patterns of nucleotide variation show a strong effect of local population size although other processes such as biased mutation and gene conversion also play a role. More recently, we began to investigate genes involved in plant reproduction because we expect selection to be particularly strong due to genetic conflicts and selection for reproductive isolation. In support of this hypothesis, we identified numerous candidate reproductive genes with a strong signal of positive selection by the analysis of intra- and interspecific genetic variation, which are now further investigated for their functional importance in plant reproduction. In summary, the evolutionary analysis of the A. thaliana genome reveals new and complex patterns of genetic variation, which need sto be considered in the context of the ecological processes and functional-genetic networks to understand their role in creating phenotypic diversity. Symposium 70 Evolution, ecology and population history of model plants T 59 A short history of nearly everything: evolutionary patterns in the Alpine polyploid complex Jacobaea carniolica (Senecio carniolicus; Astercaeae) Gerald Schneeweiss, Ruth Flatscher, Michaela Sonnleitner, Manuela Winkler, Pedro Escobar Garcia, Jan Suda, Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss, Karl Hülber, Peter Schönswetter Title Author Abstract Jacobaea carniolica (syn. Senecio c.) is a common element of silicicolous alpine vegetation in the Eastern Alps and the Carpathians. Against previous assertions that it were exclusively hexaploid, in the Alps Jacobaea c. actually comprises three Talks main cytotypes (diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids). The high incidence of cytotype co-occurrence (mainly diploids and hexaploids) within the same population and the low frequency of putative hybrids suggest that cytotypes follow independent evolutionary trajectories eventually resulting in speciation. Thus, Jacobaea c. is a good model system to study patterns and mechanisms of speciation in highmountain plants. Using genetic, morphological and ecological data we (1) test for auto- vs. allopolploid origin of polyploid cytotypes; (2) test phylogeographic hypotheses on Pleistocene range dynamics in the Alps, specifically the role of peripheral versus interior refugia; (3) assess genetic, morphological and ecological integrity of and differentiation among cytotypes, which forms the basis for an updated taxonomic treatment; and (4) test the roles of reproductive isolation mechanisms. Evolution of Mountain Floras Symposium 71 T 60 Title Infrafamilial relationships and classification of the pantropical Ochnaceae s.l.: a first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study based on multiple genes Author Julio Schneider, Pulcherie Bissiengou, Maria do Carmo Amaral, Michael Fay, Marco Thines, Marc Sosef, Lars Chatrou, Georg Zizka Abstract Malpighiales are an important element of tropical forests and one of the phylogenetically least understood orders of angiosperms. One of the well-supported clades of the Malpighiales unites the three families Medusagynaceae, Ochnaceae, and Quiinaceae, which have been merged into a single expanded Ochnaceae s.l. in the most recent APG classification. However, the relationships within Ochnaceae s.l. are still poorly known and, for Ochnaceae s.s., a comprehensive classification based on molecular data is still wanting. In the present study, we analyse the infrafamilial relationships of Ochnaceae s.l. based on DNA sequences of multiple genes and discuss the infrafamilial classification. Symposium 72 Open topic T 61 X-ray tomography of plant tissue: novel staining methods allow high resolution and high contrast imaging Title Yannick Marc Städler, David Masson, Jürg Schönenberger Author Study of plant morphology, development, function, and ultimately evolution, re- Abstract quires detailed three-dimensional visualization and modeling. X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) allows straightforward visualization and modeling of complex plant and animal objects. However, the low absorbance of most plant tissues has earlier been an obstacle for the use of this method in plant sciences (with the Talks notable exception of wood and permineralized, or charcoalified fossils). Here we present several staining methods allowing obtention of high contrast and high resolution reconstructions of any plant tissue/organ using a commercial MicroCT system. Stains were selected from the transmission electron microscopy literature. Fixed material Arabidopsis thaliana flowers were infiltrated for 12h to a week. We quantified: (1) contrast improvement, (2) homogeneity of the stain, (3) penetration of the tissue, and (4) selectivity of stain. The studied samples proved unequal in their performance. If (1) all stains allowed for improvement in contrast, improvement was however especially noticeable with KMnO4, PbCit, BiTart, OsO4, and PTA. (2) Homogeneous staining was allowed by: I3, BiTart, OsO4 (small objects), PbCit (although often with precipitates), PTA, and UAc. (3) Penetration of the tissuewas best with I3, PbCit, BiTart, PTA, and UAc (the latter improved by two times dilution of the solution in methanol). (4) Highly selective staining as such was not obtained. However, noticeable staining for pollen was obtained with I3, OsO4, PTA, UAc; for stigmata with: I3, OsO4, PbCit; for ovules with: I3, BiTart, PbCit, PTA, UAc; for vasculature with I3, OsO4, BiTart, PbCit, PTA, UAc; for cell walls with: OsO4, BiTart, PbCit, PTA, UAc; for cell nuclei with: UAc, PTA. Staining methods, by allowing straightforward imaging of fixed floral material, open a broad field of possibilities. For instance, this method can be applied to the study of quantitative traits that can be regressed against gene expression or sequence polymorphism data. Micro-CT can also be applied to samples that are difficult to study via serial sectioning or electron microscopy. Moreover it can also be applied to the study of pollination, where precise 3d matches between pollinator and flowermorphologies can be quantified. Open topic Symposium 73 T 62 Title Author Abstract S-linked genetic load contributes to inbreeding depression in Arabidopsis lyrata Marc Stift, Brain Hunter, Benjamin Shaw, Aileen Adam, Peter Hoebe, Barbara Mable Newly formed selfing lineages may express recessive genetic load and suffer inbreeding depression, which is thought to form one of the main barriers for the evolution of selfing. Inbreeding depression can have a genome-wide genetic basis, or be due to loci linked to genes under balancing selection. Understanding the genetic architecture of inbreeding depression is important in the context of the maintenance of self-incompatibility and understanding the evolutionary dynamics of S-alleles. We addressed this using the North American subspecies of Arabidopsis lyrata, which is one of the main models for studying sporophytic self-incompatibility and is of interest for mating system evolution because some populations have undergone a transition to selfing. The goals of this study were to: 1) quantify the strength of inbreeding depression in North American populations of A. lyrata; and 2) disentangle the relative contribution of S-linked genetic load compared with overall inbreeding depression. We enforced selfing in self-incompatible plants with known S-locus genotype by treatment with CO2, and compared the performance of selfed vs. outcrossed progeny. We found significant inbreeding depression for germination rate (_ = 0.33), survival rate to four weeks (_ = 0.45) and early growth (_ = 0.07), but not for flowering rate. PCR based genotyping of selfed progeny revealed significant S-linked load for two out of four S-alleles in our design. This load was reflected by an under-representation of S-locus homozygotes in selfed progeny. These results confirm earlier findings in the related species A. halleri that the degree of S-linked load varies among S-alleles. However, in our case, the strength of S-linked load was not related to the dominance level of S-alleles as had been found in A. halleri. Instead, the random nature of the mutation process may explain differences in the recessive deleterious load among lineages. Symposium 74 Evolution, ecology and population history of model plants T 63 Cross-taxon biogeographical patterns at the Malesian floristic interchange: Insights from phylogenetic analyses of species-rich Malesian angiosperm taxa Title Daniel Thomas, Richard Saunders Author Malesia is one of the geologically most dynamic tropical regions in the world. The Abstract archipelago‘s geological past, characterized by the evolution of an ever-changing mosaic of terrestrial and marine areas throughout the Cenozoic, provides the geographical backdrop for several remarkable angiosperm diversifications. Today the archipelago consists of over 20,000 islands, harboring an estimated 42,000 vascular Talks plant species and exhibiting an extraordinary degree of endemism. The processes underlying the evolution of this species-richness and the spatio-temporal origin of Malesian biota, particularly in the central Malesian region known as Wallacea, are still poorly understood. Recent phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of species-rich angiosperm genera in the Annonaceae (Pseuduvaria, Uvaria), Araceae (Alocasia), Begoniaceae (Begonia), and Meliaceae (Aglaia), whose distributions span the wider archipelago, are reviewed in the light of recent palaeogeographical reconstructions of Southeast Asia. Several salient cross-taxon patterns can be summarized: 1) The water bodies separating the Sunda Shelf region from Wallacea have been porous barriers to plant dispersal following the emergence of substantial land in eastern Malesia from the late Miocene onwards. 2) For several taxa distinct west to east dispersal trends within Malesia have been inferred. The extensive rain forest west of Wallace‘s Line has been the source of numerous taxa which dispersed to Wallacea. The few inferred back-dispersals from Wallacea to the Sunda Shelf region did not result in subsequent radiations. One factor underlying this pattern may be niche preemption, i.e. the filling of niche space by island radiations, which inhibit the establishment of later, closely related arrivals. 3) Dispersal to the Philippines, Sulawesi and New Guinea frequently gave rise to extensive in-situ diversifications. 4) Molecular divergence time estimates do not support the hypothesis that rafting on tectonic plate microfragments aided dispersal into Wallacea. Evolution of Tropical Floras Symposium 75 T 64 Title Author Abstract Phylogeography of the polyploid complex of Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood (Compositae, Anthemideae) Salvatore Tomasello, Christoph Oberprieler Leucanthemopsis alpina (Compositae, Anthemideae) is a polymorphic species growing in the mountains systems surrounding the Mediterranean basin. Depending on alternative taxonomical treatments, several taxa at different hierarchical level, have been described within the species. All of them are little caespitose, scapose perennial herbs linked to alpine environments (c. 1800-3600 m above sea-level). The species is distributed throughout the Alps, Apennines, Carpathians, Balkans, and the Pyrenees. L. alpina is a polyploid complex, represented by diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid populations, indicating active speciation processes in the species. In order to shed light on these processes, 66 populations from the Alps, 13 from Pyrenees, two from Corsica, and one each from the Apennines, Tatra and the S-Carpathian Mountains were collected. For 3 individuals per population, chloroplast markers (psbA-trnH, trnC-petN) were sequenced to reconstruct the phylogeography of this polymorphic species. Ploidy level was also determined using flow-cytometry. Specimens belonging to two other species of the genus Leucanthemopsis were used as outgroup. The phylogeographical reconstruction obtained shows a high diversity of haplotypes in the W Alps (where diploids are present), while the populations in the E Alps display a low genetic differentiation. This may indicate the survival of the species in the W Alps during glacial cycles. The subspecies L. alpina subsp. tomentosa (diploid from Corsica) seems to be related to the populations of L. alpina subsp. alpina from the W Alps. The hexaploid population from the ´Sierra de Urbion´ (Iberian System) belonging to L. alpina subsp. cuneata is characterised by a chloroplast haplotype that is very deviating from the rest of the L. alpina specimens, clustering with the outgroup accessions. The position of this taxon should be likely revised and placed together with the other Spanish taxa of the genus. While haplotypes from the W Pyrenees (where the hexaploids are found) are closer to the outgroup than the other accessions, haplotypes from the E Pyrenees cluster together with those from the W Alps. This is most easily interpreted as a more recent migration from the Alps to the E Pyrenees. Symposium 76 Evolution of Mountain Floras T 65 Homoplasy as a trigger for character research, the ‚bracteoles‘ enveloping female flowers in Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae) Title Alexander Vrijdaghs, Hilda Flores Olvera, E. F. Smets Author The tribe Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae) has until now been described as having Abstract two conspicuous bracteoles enveloping the female flowers/fruits. In other tribes, flowers are considered as ebracteolate with persistent perianth. Reduction of inflorescence and flower would explain the origin of the bracteoles and of unisexual flowers. However, „bracteoles“ appears to be a homoplastic character. Therefore, Talks it is necessary to determine the origin of the bracteoles. A floral developmental study based on SEM and LM was performed to evaluate the nature of the bracteoles and sex determination in Atripliceae. In Atriplex and Spinacia, the modified structures around female flowers are not bracteoles, but two opposite accrescent tepal lobes, parts of a perianth persistent on the fruit. Flowers can achieve sexuality through many different combinations; usually, they are initially hermaphroditic, subsequently developing into bisexual or functionally unisexual flowers, with exception of Spinacia and strictly female flowers in Atriplex, which are unisexual from the earliest developmental stages. There may be a relation between the formation of an annular perianth primordium and flexibility in sex determination. Ontogeny: from Meristems to Phenotypic Diversity Symposium 77 T 66 Title Author Abstract Phylogeny and evolution of Dyckia (Pitcairnioideae; Bromeliaceae): understanding rapid diversification in the Brazilian Cerrado Kurt Weising, Florian Krapp, Diego Sotero Pinangé, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon, Georg Zizka The neotropical Bromeliaceae comprise ~3,400 species that occupy a wide variety of terrestrial and epiphytic habitats. The great versatility of bromeliads is associated with several key innovations, like CAM photosynthesis, succulence, and the formation of foliar trichomes capable of water absorption. According to the revised infrafamilial classification by Givnish et al. (Am. J. Bot. 98:872-895, 2011), Bromeliaceae are divided into eight subfamilies. Our research aims to analyze evolutionary patterns within subfamily Pitcairnioideae s.str. that includes five genera: Pitcairnia, Fosterella, Deuterocohnia, Dyckia and Encholirium. Phylogenetic relationships were assessed based on sequence data from several chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions and the nuclear PHYC gene. We also applied AFLPs to achieve better resolution at the species level. In all molecular trees, the large and widely distributed genus Pitcairnia (>400 species) takes a basal position in the subfamily. Fosterella (31 species) branches out next and is sister to a xeromorphic clade formed by Deuterocohnia, Dyckia and Encholirium. Whereas Fosterella and Deuter ocohnia are mainly distributed in the Central Andes, Dyckia and Encholiriumoccur in azonal habitats of neotropical savannas and the Atlantic forests of Brazil and adjacent countries. With 147 currently described species, Dyckia is relatively species-rich compared with its close relatives Encholirium (25 species) and Deuterocohnia (18 species). DNA sequence variation among Dyckia species turned out to be extremely low, and phylogenies were hence poorly resolved. All molecular data support the monophyly of Dyckia, whereas Encholirium is apparently paraphyletic. A dated cpDNA tree suggests that Dyckia experienced a recent radiation starting around 3 Ma. A recent expansion was also suggested by a star-like pattern of a parsimony network based on cpDNA haplotypes. The general topology of the AFLP tree is consistent with morphological and biogeographical data. Our current working hypothesis based on sequence data, AFLPs, and geographical distribution of extant taxa is that Dyckia and Encholirium were separated in NE Brazil. Whereas Encholirium never left this area, at least one lineage of Dyckia dispersed to S Brazil, from where a rapid colonization of suitable habitats was initiated. We further hypothesize that the radiation of the genus has been triggered by the climatic oscillations of the Cenozoic. Symposium 78 Evolution of Tropical Floras T 67 Rodent pollinators appealed by potato scent of the South African Pineapple Lily, Eucomis regia (Hyacinthaceae) Title Petra Wester, Anton Pauw, Steve Johnson Author Plants adapted to rodent pollination show characters like visually inconspicuous, Abstract bowl-shaped flowers near ground level, stiff stamens, easily accessible nectar and often characteristic scent. The South African Pineapple lily Eucomis regia (Hyacinthaceae) is hypothesised to be rodent-pollinated on the basis of sharing these characters and as it differs from insect-pollinated Eucomis species main- Talks ly in scent chemistry. Under natural conditions and in the laboratory mice were observedto become dusted with pollen as they licked nectar in the flowers. Pollen and dye was transferred to stigmas. Live-trapped mice had large amounts of E. regia pollen in the fur around the snouts and in the faeces. Selective exclusion of vertebrates, but not insects, led to significant reductions in seed set. Controlled pollination experiments showed that E. regia is self-incompatible and thus entirely dependent on pollinator visits for seed production. Spectral reflectance of floral tepals is very similar to the green bracts and leaves, rendering flowers inconspicuous to insects. The scent of flowers and nectar is reminiscent of boiled potatoes due to the presence of the sulphur compound methional, confirmed by analysing headspace scent samples with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Choice experiments showed that mice are strongly attracted to this compound. E. regia resembles other Eucomis species pollinated by spider-hunting wasps and carrionflies in floral morphology and colour as well as nectar properties, but differs heavily in floral scent. In the genus Eucomis not visual cues, but scent is the relevant attractant to discriminate between different pollinator groups. Pollination and Dispersal Biology Symposium 79 T 68 Title Author Abstract Chloroplast genomes of carnivorous Lentibulariaceae evolve at highly elevated substitutional rates and show significant changes of selection pressures in photosynthesis genes Susann Wicke, Bastian Schäferhoff, Claude W. dePamphilis, Andreas Fleischmann, Günther Heubl, Kai F. Müller Carnivory is one of the most fascinating and extreme ecological specializations among plants. Showing varying levels of arguably differing degrees of reliance on carnivory, the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae) with its three genera Pinguicula, Genlisea and Utricularia is an ideal model system for tracing genomic and molecular evolutionary changes across the whole suite of autotrophy-relevant genes and genome compartments as the carnivorous syndrome unfolds. In an effort to illuminate such changes, we sequenced the complete plastid genomes of one representatives from each of the three genera. We observe a size reduction of up to nine percent in Lentibulariaceae plastid genomes including independent losses of genes for the NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase complex as well as altered proportions of plastid repeat DNA. Protein-coding genes show significantly higher and disproportionally elevated rates of both non-synonymous and synonymous substitutions with the number of affected genes increasing from Pinguicula via Utricularia to Genlisea. Using a series of likelihood based tests, we detected significant relaxation of purifying selection in two out of the four remaining directly photosynthesis-related functional gene classes as well as in the plastid-encoded polymerase complex that is essential for the efficient transcription and, thus, the sufficient supply of photosynthesis protein subunits. Convergent patterns of substitution rate evolution and changes of purifying selection also occur in obligate parasites among closely related angiosperms, and such parallels and potential overarching mechanisms will be discussed. [S.W. and B. S. contributed equally to this study.] Symposium 80 Next Generation Sequencing in Plant Systematics and Evolution T 69 Evolution of plant secondary metabolism Title Michael Wink Author Plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites (SM). They serve as defence Abstract compounds against herbivores and microbes but also as signal compounds. The distribution of SM is sometimes limited to specific families or genera and has therefore been used as a systematic marker e.g., in chemosystematics. Molecular phylogenies reveal that the distribution of most SM is often not restricted within related plant taxa but usually over a wide range. How to explain the patchy distribution? There is evidence that several genes which encode biosynthetic pathways Talks are not restricted to taxa which actually produce corresponding compounds. In contrast, many pathway genes have a wide distribution and several of them apparantly derived from genes which had evolved in microorganisms. Their occurrence in plants could be a result of ancient or more recent horizontal gene transfer. Apparently, it is a fundtion of gene regulation whether a plant produces a partcular SM or not. Many plants live together with endophytic fungi. Some of them produce SM which are sequestered by the host plant (e.g. ergot alkaloids). Also endophyte derived SM could be a reason for a patchy distribution of SM in the plant kingdom. This review summarizes the molecular evidence for the evolution of plant secondary metabolism over the last 400 million years. Open topic Symposium 81 T 70 Title Author Abstract Phylogenetic relationships of liana-phorophyte interactions in tropical forests Zulqarnain Zulqarnain, Igor Aurelio Silva, Julia Caram Sfair, Fernando Roberto Martins We assessed the influence of species phylogenetic relatedness on the structure of the liana-phorophyte interactions. Considering that phylogenetically close species tend to have similar niches, we expected (1) closely related lianas to co-occur in similar phorophyte species and (2) phylogenetically distinct lianas to occur in distinct phorophyte assemblages. We sampled four highly diverse forest sites in SE Brazil: a tropical rainforest, a woodland savanna and two tropical seasonal semideciduousforests. We tested for the presence of a phylogenetic signal in liana climbing traits. We tested for a phylogenetic signal in the liana-phorophyte interaction by testing the correlation (a) between phylogenetic distances and similarity of interacting species; and (b) between the liana species phylogenetic originality and number of interactions. We also searched for a positive relationship between phylogenetic originality and the distinctiveness of the interaction. We found phylogenetic signal in climbing mechanisms of liana species. In the seasonal semideciduous forest, we observed a slight tendency of closely related liana species to share similar phorophyte species and of original lianas to occur in a small number of phorophyte species. However, when we evaluated the interactions of species with high phylogenetic originality, we found an opposite pattern in forests and savanna. In forests, the phylogenetically original liana species co-occurred more frequently with very distinct assemblages of phorophytes. In the woodland savanna, conversely, the phylogenetically original liana species co-occurred with more common assemblages of phorophytes. We argued that environmental differences in forests and savannas mediated distinct evolutionary processes in structuring the liana-phorophyte interactions. Symposium 82 Evolution of Tropical Floras 83 Talks Posters In alphabetic order … P 1 Inflorescence architecture and sex distribution in the endemic Apiaceae Dorema aucheri Boiss. from Iran Title Yousef Ajani, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff Author Inflorescences in Apiaceae-Apioideae are usually compound umbels (with umbel- Abstract lets) with hermaphrodite and male florets (andromonecy). In protandrous species, the terminal umbel tends to produce the highest percentage of hermaphrodite florets. With increasing branch order, the number of male florets increases finally resulting in completely male umbels. In umbels with both types of florets, hermaphrodite florets are usually found in outer positions. Dorema aucheri, an endemic element of the dry steppe vegetation in southern Iran, differs from this general picture in two aspects. First, the flowering part of the plant is neither crowned by a terminal umbel nor composed of compound umbels, but consists of long shoots of first (distal part) and second order (proximal part) covered with many small and simple bractless umbels. Young stages indicate that these simple umbels correspond to the umbellets of a compound umbel being separated from each other by strong intercalary meristem activity. Despite its unusual appearance, the inflorescence of Dorema can thus be compared with the typical apioid inflorescence in the closely related genus Ferula. Second, hermaphrodite and male florets do not occur in the same umbel, but are strictly separated. The distal umbels are completely Posters hermaphrodite and flower synchronously in a protandrous sequence. In a second flowering phase, all umbels of the proximal part flower synchronously. They are male providing the plant with a duodichogamous flowering sequence. This guarantees a rich pollen resource for the receptive styles and increases pollination and fruit set success. The unusual shaping of the inflorescences, the surplus of pollen and the extreme dichogamy in Dorema aucheri are considered as useful adaptations of the monocarpic species to increase pollinator attraction and outcrossing. 85 P 2 Title Author Abstract Temporal correlations determine showy bract formation in extrafloral pseudanthia Melanie Arndt, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff In many taxa, showy extrafloral bracts increase attraction of inflorescences. Originating from the transitional zone between vegetative foliage and floral organs they often share characters with both leaves (e.g. size, shape) and petals (e.g. colour, delicateness). To understand the genesis of extrafloral bracts comparative ontogenetic studies in Cornus mas L., Cornus florida L., Davidia involucrata Baill. (all Cornaceae) and Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana Decne. (Hamamelidaceae) were conducted. All species have densely aggregated inflorescences (floral units) surrounded by scales (Cornus mas) or large white bracts (remaining species). In Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana attractive stipules contribute to the showiness of the bracts. All species flower between March and May. Interestingly, the inflorescences are already produced in the previous summer, i.e. seven to nine months before flowering. The scales and showy leaves are already present and serve as bud protectors thereby persisting in young developmental stages. In Cornus mas, the single species flowering before sprouting, the bracts remain inhibited. In the other three species, which flower after the restart of sprouting, the general growth also includes the bracts. They, however, do not complete the developmental program of the leaves, but enlarge at their specific stage of development. As chlorophyll synthesis is also inhibited, large white bracts result. In Cornus florida, parallel vascularization and in Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana dominant stipules indicate this early leaf expansion starting at a juvenile developmental stage. 86 P 3 Multicyclic dichogamy in Euphorbia seguieriana Neck. (Euphorbiaceae) Title Dominic Bastian, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff Author An efficient way to avoid geitonogamy is the temporary separation of sexual pha- Abstract ses within a plant. This strategy, called dichogamy, is particulary important in unspecialised, self-fertile systems. In this case, dichogamy ensures outcrossing and increases genetic diversity of the offspring. In modular organised inflorescences, multicyclic dichogamy is common, which is characterised by repetitive sex alteration with increasing branch order. For analysing multicyclic dichogamy in Euphorbi aceae we chose Euphorbia seguieriana, a typical representative of the local steppe flora ‘Mainzer Sand’. Investigation included identification of sexual phase overlap by recording flowering sequence within and among cyathia, determination of the degree of andromonoecy, self-fertility and fruit set success as well as observation of pollinators and their behaviour. Our results show that E. seguieriana is pollinated by many different insects (promiscuous pollination) and has a moderate to high fruit set. Multicyclic dichogamy with almost no sexual phase overlap is evident. Selfing is thus avoided, whereas outcrossing is guaranteed by large population size. Interestingly, the original protogyny, given by the structure of the cyathium, often shifts into protandry due to terminal (female) flower reduc- Posters tion. Thereby, the respective cyathium becomes male and the whole plant andromonoecious. As modular inflorescence architecture, extreme dichogamy and sex distribution changes with age often co-occur in self-fertile plants with promiscuous pollination, we conclude that this character combination represents an adaptive syndrome to increase the outcrossing rate in systems otherwise running a high risk of geitonogamy. 87 P 4 Title Author Abstract Stamen appendages in Melastomataceae Matthias Betz, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff Melastomataceae include highly diverse androecia and stamens. The latter are often characterised by appendages originating from dorsal (abaxial) and / or ventral (adaxial) tissue of the anther base. While the dorsal appendages have no apparent function, the ventral ones are often bright yellow `anther dummies´ attracting pollen collecting bees. In the past, different interpretations were given for these structures ranging from anther elongation to connective, filament or anther tip effigurations. To understand stamen diversification, ontogenetic analyses have been started with the following test species, Medinilla suberosa Regalado, Medinilla alpestris Blume, Tococa guianensis Aubl., Amphiblemma cymosum Naudin and Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana. The species differ in having i) monomorphic or dimorphic stamens, ii) only dorsal or dorsal and ventral appendages, and iii) dorsal appendages with or without vascular bundles. Special attention is given to the temporal correlations between hypanthium elongation, ovary formation and anther production, and to the resulting spatial constraints influencing anther development. 88 P 5 Gisekiaceae a poorly known family within Caryophyllales Title Author Kerstin Bissinger, Peter Kotrade, Gudrun Kadereit Abstract The small family Gisekiaceae contains seven species in one genus (Gisekia). The species grow as annual or rarely perennial herbs and were differentiated based on morphological characters such as stamen number, fruit morphology and inflorescence type. Gisekia is distributed all over Africa and in parts of Asia (e.g, Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam). The family is placed in the order Caryophyllales within the caryophyllids clade of the Core Caryophyllales. The relationship of Gisekiaceae to Phytolaccaceae, Sarcobataceae and Nyctaginaceae is not resolved. A close relationship to Aizoaceae, in which Gisekia was formerly placed, lacks support. In consequence the sister group of Gisekiaceae is unclear at the moment. Also infrageneric relationships are unknown. Therefore we are using a molecular phylogeny based on chloroplast and nuclear markers to resolve the relationships within the family as well as at the family level. Furthermore, we are correlating georeferenced distribution points and bioclimatic variables to study the ecological and climatical preferences of Gisekia. Additionally we are investigating the C4-anatomy of Gisekia. Our data depict Gisekiaceae as a monophyletic family whereas not all species are monophyletic as well. Especially widespread Posters species like G. pharnaceoïdes are polyphyletic. Our anatomical research in combination with georeferenced _13C values show that all species of the genus use C4metabolism. All species show classical kranz anatomy (atriplicoid type) with some variations. The genus preferably grows in hot climates where it is located in areas with good water supply e.g, at rivers, streams or along the coast. 89 P 6 Title Author Abstract Molecular phylogenetic relationships within grasses (family Poaceae) and the order Poales based on a nuclear single copy gene Anne Blaner, Julia Schneider, Martin Röser Most previous studies on phylogenetic relationships within the grass family are based on molecular sequence data sets of the chloroplast genome, chloroplast restriction site data and / or morphological data. There are only two representative studies across the entire Poaceae using nuclear DNA sequences, i.e. the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Hsiao et al. 1999, Aust. J. Bot. 11, 667-688) and a part of phytochrome B (phyB; Mathews et al. 2000, Am. J. Bot. 87, 97-107). The monophyly of the BEP clade (subfamilies Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae and Pooideae) was supported only in some of these studies and also the relationships among the subfamilies of this clade remained unresolved. To address these problems we used for the first time sequences of the nuclear single copy gene topoisomerase 6 (Topo6) spanning four exons. These sequences could successfully be amplified in different subfamilies of the grasses and closely related families of the order Poales. Phylogenetic reconstruction used maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The grass family is strong supported as well as the split of the nonbasal grasses into two major lineages BEP and PACMAD clade. The strong support of the BEP clade confirmed the results of the phyB study and underlines the utility of nuclear single copy genes in higher level systematics of Poales. 90 P 7 The savanna evolution as a trigger to diversification in dominant C4 grasses (Andropogoneae). Title Gaelle Bocksberger, Jan Schnitzler, Georg Zizka Author Savannas represent 65% of the vegetation cover of Africa. The origins of the bi- Abstract ome, around 8 million years ago, as well as its maintenance are thought to result from the interactions between fire, climate, herbivores, and grasses. The C4 grasses of the tribe Andropogoneae are well adapted to resist regular fires and dominate the African Savannas, presumably as a result of a rapid radiation in their early history. We investigated the temporal dynamics of lineage diversificationwithin the African Andropogoneae, as well as the impact on diversificationof functional traits associated with survival in the savanna environment, and the evolution of their climatic niche. To obtain the up to now most comprehensive phylogeny of the African Andropogoneae we sequenced one nuclear marker (phyC) and four plastid markers (rbcL, matK, trnLF, rpl32) from 107 taxa. Our dated phylogeny associates an age of 12.24 myr (confidence interval: 8.37-16.25) to the crown node of Andropogoneae, which is four million years older than the savanna biome. Our results show an increase in diversification rates for a clade which age corresponds to the timing of the expansion of C4 grasslands. The temporal dynamics of the tribe’s climatic tolerance show an ecological diversification in two steps: First Posters along a precipitation gradient in the early history of the tribe, and later along a temperature gradient, which also corresponds to the shift in diversification. More over, in Andropogoneae, tall plants, annuals, and plants with a hygroscopic awn are shown to be correlated with higher speciation rates suggesting an ecological advantage in savannas for those traits. We conclude that Andropogoneae were already adapted to high precipitation climate and to fires before the onset of the savanna biome and that the diversification of Andropogoneae into the savanna biome was eased by certain morphological traits and related to adaptation to different temperatures niches. 91 P 8 Title Author Abstract Spatial distribution of genotypes and genetic diversity at the edge of the range of the endangered coastal plant Eryngium maritimum Sulisława Borzyszkowska, Erik Westberg Eryngium maritimum L. is a perennial insect pollinated herb with a mixed mating system and clonal growth. It is widely distributed on coastal dunes of Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia. Over the last 160 years a reduction in the number, size and density of populations has been noted in Central and northern Europe where it is now endangered. In this study, four of the largest populations from the south coast of the Baltic Sea were surveyed. In an area of circa 80m2 per population, all ramets were mapped, sampled and scored for AFLP markers. For the analysis of clonality, multilocus genotypes (MLG) matching at all loci were identified. Alternatively, considering genotypes matching at all but two loci, samples were assigned to MLG2errs allowing for an error rate of 2.6% of 212 loci. Clonality was very variable across sites. Depending on the mode of MLG identification, 27% to 62% of the samples shared a genotype with at least one other sample (MLG and MLG2err respectively). This may explain the low total genetic diversity parameters estimated for all collected ramets (He=0.055). Recruitment from seed also seems to take place, as single plants representing different genets were found intermingled with clones. Clonal dispersal takes place as ramets of the same genet were found far removed. 92 P 9 Incongruities between nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies in the worldwide distributed genus Suaeda subgenus Brezia (Moq.) Volk. (Chenopodiaceae). Title Ronny Brandt, Maria Lomonosova, Kurt Weising, Helmut Freitag Author The ca. 35 species of Suaeda subgenus Brezia (Chenopodiaceae) are distributed Abstract worldwide in saline coastal and inland habitats. So far we analyzed 160 samples en-compassing 30 taxa from all continents. One aspect of our investigation is the assessment of the putative role of hybridization for the evolution of the subgenus. To test for this, we generated independent phylogenies based on either the nuclear ITS region or the chloroplast rpl32-trnL region, and compared the topologies of the obtained trees. Three main clades can be discerned in each tree, but they partly differ in species composition, with corresponding differences in geographical distribution of the respective clades. The three clades of the ITS tree are wellknown from previous studies. While in Eurasia all three clades are present and show an almost sympatric distribution, in other continents only one or two clades are present. Clade 1 represents the S. maritima group, which mainly includes species from Eurasia, but also extends southwards to Australia and New Zealand. In the Americas, species from clade 1 only occur along the eastern coast of N Ameri- Posters ca. Clade 2 (= S. prostrata group) extends from the Mediterranean to C Asia. It is also represented with one species in S Africa and a few outlayers in the Americas. Clade 3 (= S. corniculata group) is made up of taxa occur-ring from SE Europe to E Asia, but has radiated in N America, from where it also spread into the arid Altiplano and down to Patagonia. In the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) tree, some of the Eurasian species change their position among the three clades. Thus, constituent species of clade 1 from the ITS tree, like S. maritima and S. salsa, occur in clade 2 of the cpDNA tree, together with S. prostrata. In a similar manner, S. kulundensis, S. sibirica, S. heteroptera and S. crassifolia, all residing in clade 1 of the ITS tree, are placed in clade 3 of the cpDNA tree. The contrasting topologies of the ITS and the cpDNA tree are probably best explained as results of hybridization events, where species of the S. prostrata and the S. corniculata groups, respectively, served as cpDNA donators. In some cases, we were able to detect the potential cp-donators or related offsprings in areas where the respective species pairs are present. Similar processes also contributed to speciation inside of the three phylogenetic clades. Our data reveal first insights into the complex hybridization and migration history of the species of subgenus Brezia. 93 P 10 Title Author Abstract Phylogenetic analysis of Hordeum polyploids using next generation sequencing Jonathan Brassac, Frank R. Blattner Within the barley genus Hordeum nearly half of the 33 species are polyploids. While for diploid species a good hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships exists, little information is available for the polyploids (4x, 6x) of Hordeum. This lack of phylogenetic knowledge currently prevents analyses of changes in ecological niches and in gene expression connected to the changes in ploidy level in Hordeum. Moreover, it is currently unclear how many species evolved through allopolyploidization events and how frequent homoploid speciation on the tetra- or hexaploid level is. To resolve phylogenetic relationships of all Hordeum species and cytotypes we first conducted a phylogenetic analysis by sequencing cloned PCR amplicons of the nuclear single-copy locus TOPO6. This analysis could clarify certain progenitor– derivative relationships in the genus. Resolution within the closely related and vividly speciating American Hordeum species was, however, low. To overcome this restriction we amplified 14 nuclear low-copy number loci and one chloroplast region by PCR in 96 individuals representing all species and cytotypes of the genus. The amplicons were fragmented, barcoded to be able to identify from which individual they were derived, and the mixture of PCR products was sequenced with the 454 sequencing technology. The sequences were assembled for each individual including several steps of quality control. Homoeologous sequences were identified in the polyploid species and phylogenetic analyses were conducted for each nuclear locus separately and, as far as possible, for concatenated sequences from multiple loci. In this talk we will discuss our sequencing approach and compare traditional, cloning-based phylogenetic analysis in polyploid species with the in silico cloning through next generation sequencing methods. 94 P 11 The role of reproductive barriers in the maintenance of species boundaries in two Antirrhinum species Title Elena Carrió, Pilar Blasco, Jaime Güemes Author Reproductive barriers play an important role in the maintenance of species bound- Abstract aries. Secondary contacts between related species with weak reproductive barriers may lead to hybridization. Recent anthropogenic encroachment has diminished ecological isolation between the rare endemic Antirrhinum valentinum and the common A. controversum and has bring these species into contact. Pre- and postzygotic reproductive barriers (phenology, pollinator visitors, pollen-grain adherence and germination in the stigma, pollen-tube growth, fruit set and seed set, seed mass, seed germination rate and speed) and the reproductive capacity of the experimental interspecific hybrids (pollen-grain and ovule production, pollen viability, fruit set and seed set, seed mass, seed germination rate and speed) were investigated in order to evaluate the degree of reproductive isolation between A. valentinum and A. controversum and determine potential hybridization. Repro- Posters ductive isolation comes by both pre- and postzygotic barriers. 95 P 12 Title Author Abstract Conservation genetics of the threatened Andalusian belladonna (Atropa baetica) Elena Carrió, Víctor N. Suárez Santiago, Olga Mayoral, Gabriel Blanca, Inmaculada López-Flores, Jaime Güemes Atropa baetica (Solanaceae) is a critically endangered species, with a narrow distribution area and a severe habitat fragmentation, which is distributed in the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa. Populations have a low number of effectives, most of them with only one individual. Previous observations have revealed a high number of sterile fruits in natural populations, but clonal reproduction seems an important reproductive strategy and each plant form dense groups of clonic indiviudals. Genetic analysis are particularly important in clonal species, where reproduction results in the creation of one or more genetically identical ramets. Reduce level of heterozygosity within population are frequently attributed to this reproduction mode. In this study, microsatellites markers were used to evaluate the levels of genetic variation and population genetic structure in A. baetica. 96 P 13 Specialisation vs. generalisation – field investigations in bee-pollinated Salvia (Lamiaceae) species from central Anatolia Title Regine Claßen-Bockhoff, Ferhat Celep, Zeynep Atalay, Fatih Dikmen, Musa Do an Author Bilabiate flowers evolved in co-evolution with bees and represent a classical ex- Abstract ample for specialisation to a certain pollinator guild. This is also true for Salvia, the largest genus in the Lamiaceae with approx. 680 bee-pollinated species. In view of the huge number of sages and bees we question how close the mutualism between a given flower and its bees might be. In our study, we investigated ten co-occurring Salvia species (S. absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet, S. aethiopis L., S. candidissima Vahl, S. cyanescens Boiss. & Balansa, S. hypargeia Fisch. & Mey., S. russellii Benth., S. tchihatcheffii Boiss., S. verticillata L., S. virgata Ait., S. viridis L.) and their pollinators in Central Anatolia, Turkey. We identified 32 insect pollinators, among them 28 bee species from 15 genera. They either preferred only a single Salvia species (18 bee species) or visited up to seven different sages (e.g. Apis mellifera). Then, specific pollination was guaranteed by seasonal and / or mechanical isolation due to differential pollen deposition by means of the staminal lever mechanism. The only exceptions were the hybridizing S. candidissima Posters and S. cyanescens (sharing six pollinators), the not hybridizing S. viridis and S. virgata (sharing Anthophora aestivalis) and the pair S. absconditiflora and S. tchihatcheffii (sharing Apis mellifera and Osmia mustelina) flowering simultaneously and depositing pollen on the same site on the pollinator. For the first time, fly pollination was documented in a Salvia species as Nemestrinus reticulatus Latreille and Neorhynchocephalus tauscheri Fischer (all Nemestrinidae) were observed as frequent pollinators in S. virgata and Pangonius pyritosus Loew (Tabanidae) in both S. virgata and S. verticillata. The ten Salvia species and the hybrid usually share 3–7 pollinators (7 ssp.) with only two pollinators observed in the hybrid and 9–19 pollinator species in S. russellii and S. virgata. In each case, the pollinators belonged to different genera and clearly differed in body size and proboscis length. Though they appeared in different frequencies, they clearly indicated that the Salvia species investigated had almost no specialization to a certain bee species, bee subgroup or bee size. We conclude that in our model system the bees are much more specialized than the Salvia species which indeed appear to be functional generalists within the limits of their bilabiate flower construction. 97 P 14 Title Author Abstract Inflorescence analysis in three steps Regine Claßen-Bockhoff, Kester Bull-Hereñu An ontogeny based framework for inflorescence analysis is presented. Different meristem types (vegetative vs. reproductive), the position of reproductive meristems within a flowering shoot system (terminal vs. lateral) and developmental processes are used for identification. The basic reference unit for inflorescence analysis is the flowering shoot system (FSS) defined as the entire annual plant or the seasonal growth unit of a perennial/woody plant that bears reproductive units (RUs). Four types of FSS are distinguished, those i) with a solitary terminal RU, ii) with a terminal and several lateral RUs in the axil of frondose leaves or at the end of leafy shoots (incl. anthoclades sensu Goebel and modular constructions), iii) with terminal RU(s) stimulating development of basipetal branches (“paraclades” sensu Stauffer) and iv) those, producing only lateral RUs (in acropetal sequence, with or without proliferation). Depending on the respective meristem type, RUs are inflorescences, flowers or floral units. Inflorescences are ramification systems arising from inflorescence meristems. These share the ability of acropetal primordia formation with vegetative meristems, but have limited activity and produce exclusively reproductive sub-meristems. Four basic types of inflorescences are distinguished based on their ontogenetic pathway (degree of branching) and the nature of the apical meristem (indeterminate vs. determinate): i) compound racemes, ii) panicles, iii) racemes and iv) botryoids. Inflorescences carry flowers or floral units. Floral unit meristems resemble flower meristems in early producing a `naked´ meristem which is then completely used up by the production of many flowers. Floral unit meristems give rise to simple and compound heads (Asteraceae), umbel and umbellets (Apiaceae), cyathia (Euphorbia), spikelets (Cyperaceae) and cymes (in lateral position). Inflorescences producing cymes instead of flowers are thyrses irrespective of the presence/absence of a terminal flower and the degree of branching. By following the three steps of identification, i) flowering shoots system, ii) position and number of RUs within the FSS and iii) meristem type with its specific developmental potential, inflorescence analysis becomes clear and transparent. However, the most important innovation of the concept is its reference to meristems and developmental processes rendering it to a more natural concept than the existing formal ones. 98 P 15 Decorative flowers in Hydrangeaceae – spatial constraints or age gradient? Title Torsten Collet, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff Author Decorative flowers arranged around a field of inconspicuous florets increase the Abstract showiness of the inflorescence as a whole. In the most famous example of the Asteraceae, the outer florets of the head are the first ones initiated. Following the morphogenetic field theory, one may assume that they have the most space to develop. In Hydrangea and Schizophragma (Hydrangeaceae), decorative flowers appear at the periphery of panicles. Morphological studies indicate that these, usually sterile flowers are the youngest ones terminating branches of 4th and 5th order. The question arises whether enlarged flower production in Hydrangeaceae can also be explained by spatial constraints or, alternatively, by a simple age gradient. Ontogenetic studies were conducted in Schizophragma hydrangeoides and Hydrangea petiolaris (both corymbs with few one- or four-lobed decorative flowers), H. quercifolia (elongated panicle with few tetramerous decorative flowers) and H. arborescens (a cultivar with a corymb covered by a huge number of tetramerous decorative flowers). Our data indicate that early development is the same in all species investigated. Differences in inflorescence shaping (flat vs. elongated) and number of enlarged calyx lobes per flower (one vs. four) only appear Posters in late ontogeny. There is no evidence for spatial constraints. Primordia of the youngest flowers are neither in outer positions nor have otherwise more space to develop than the remaining flowers. In contrast, they are restrained among earlier produced primordia. The argument that too little space to develop perfect florets may trigger decorative flower production is also rejected as the cultivars produce enlarged flowers at 1st and 2nd branch orders where enough place is available. We thus conclude that decorative flower formation in Hydrangeaceae is due to an age gradient. We assume that the youngest primordia are too weak to develop perfect florets and that they instead are used to increase the showiness of the inflorescence. Decorative flower production in cultivars is correspondingly explained by early aging. 99 P 16 Title Author Abstract Systematics and evolution of the African Achyranthoid clade (Amaranthaceae) Vanessa Di Vincenzo, Melaku Wondafrash, Thomas Borsch The Amaranthaceae belong to the Caryophyllales and comprise c. 840 species in 77 genera. Earlier phylogenetic analyses showed an Achyranthoid clade [Müller & Borsch 2005a, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 66-102; Müller & Borsch 2005b, Grana 44: 266-282] that comprised a majority of genera occurring in Africa. In order to first reveal the composition of the Achyranthoid clade, sequence data from all African genera were included in an overall data set of Amaranthaceae. A dense taxon sampling was possible based on extensive field work in East and Southern Africa. Newly sampled genera include Nelsia, Dasysphaera, Polyrhabda, Centema, Lopriorea, Mechowia, Chionothrix, Volkensinia, Lagrezia and Henonia. Of these, only Lagrezia and Henonia do not belong to Achyranthoids, but to the Celosioids. Further detailed phylognetic inference using sequence data from matK/trnK and other non-coding plastid genomic regions as well as nrITS yielded trees with new, hitherto unknown lineages and provided a higher resolution of relationships within the Achyranthoids. For example, Centema, Lopriorea and Mechowia form a newly recovered clade as sister to the monophyletic genus Centemopsis. Another such lineage consists of Pupalia, Dasysphaera and Polyrhabda. Previous hints of Cyathula to be polyphyletic were confirmed, indicating that the species of this genus are in fact distributed to three unrelated lineages. The biggest clade comprises the type of the genus Cyathula prostrata, and species like C. cylindrica and C. uncinulata together with members of Pandiaka, Nelsia and Sericocomopsis (“Core Cyathula clade”). The second Cyathula clade comprises all individuals of C. orthacantha from South Africa to Ethiopia with different haplotypes (but the species recovered as monophyletic). The third Cyathula clade consists of C. lanceolata and allies, all of them occurring in Southern Africa and in an early branching position within Achyranthoids. The other extreme case of a polyphyletic genus is Psilotrichum that appears to consist of a diverse clade (P. sericeum, P. gnaphalobryum and allies) within Achyranthoids, while P. africanum is an isolated species. At least one more lineage of members of this genus exists outside the Achyranthoid clade. Work is underway to taxonomically revise certain groups of the Achyranthoids and to unravel the diversification of the clade in time and space. 100 P 17 The evolution of edaphic differentiation in Adenostyles Cass. (Asteraceae – Senecioneae) Title Markus Dillenberger, Joachim Kadereit Author Adenostyles is one of many taxa that show inter- and intraspecific edaphic dif- Abstract ferentiation in the Alps and other European high mountains. In order to better understand patterns and processes of edaphic differentiation, the phylogeny of Adenostyles was studied. Adenostyles contains three species and several subspecies. Each taxon is largely confined to either calcareous or non-calcareous substrates. We analysed the phylogeny of Adenostyles using DNA sequences of nrITS, nrETS, nuclear chalcone synthase and three plastid markers (rpl32-trnL, psbA-trnH and ndhF-rpl32) of 46 ingroup and six outgroup samples. The phylogeny was used for molecular dating and to reconstruct ancestral edaphic preferences and distribution areas. On the basis of our molecular phylogeny and the morphology of the leaf margin, two subspecies of A. alliariae were combined into A. alpina. Within A. alpina, now containing five subspecies, the shift of edaphic preference from calcicole to calcifuge in three of the subspecies is linked to dispersal events in subsp. briquetii (Corsica) and subsp. pyrenaica (Pyrenees), and to a migration or dispersal event in subsp. macrocephala (southernmost Italy). In A. alpina subsp. nebrodensis, which colonized Sicily by long-distance dispersal, probably no shift Posters in edaphic preference took place. All dispersal events and shifts in edaphic preference likely took place in the Quaternary. We hypothesize that the colonization of novel edaphic environments by either dispersal or by climatically enforced migration may be a general model for the evolution of edaphic preference. Under such circumstances, probably fast evolutionary change of edaphic preference may have been favoured by small population size, conditions of relaxed competition and temporally variable surroundings. 101 P 18 Title Author Abstract Unravelling a backbone phylogeny for the Brassicaceae: Promises and pitfall from a single gene perspective Liza Ding, Marcus Koch The Brassicaceae are a cosmopolitan family comprising approximately 338 genera with about 3700 species. This family is subdivided into a tribal system originally based on homoplasious morphological characters, but is now reorganized according to molecular phylogenies. 49 tribes are recognized at the latest which are arranged in three major monophyletic lineages and some additional small groups. The relationships within these lineages, especially within expanded lineage II, are not very clearly resolved as the Brassicaceae are characterised by frequently occurring hybridisation and polyploidization events. The lack of resolution could be due to radiation events. One reason for that could be a duplication of the whole genome (WGD) which is widely accepted as a prevalent pathway for speciationin angiosperms. The Chalcone synthase gene (Chs) is a nuclear gene that occupies a central role in secondary plant metabolism of the flavonoid biosynthesis and has proven to be useful in phylogenetic analysis concerning the mustard family. Chs is supposed to be a single copy gene, scarcely affected by recombination, and therefore delivering only one copy each in diploid taxa. This should result in an authentic representative analysis confirming the backbone phylogeny of the Crucifers. However, our results show that the corresponding chs-based phylogenetic hypothesis is frequently not in congruence with known phylogenetic relationships, although the gene is single copy. We assume that this is caused by effective diploidization processes after reticulation and polyploidization leaving either the functional orthologue or functional paralogue copy in the diploidized genomes. 102 P 19 The Tropical African Plant databases at Senckenberg Title Stefan Dressler, Günter Baumann, Robert von Blittersdorff, Marco Schmidt, Georg Zizka Author The Tropical African Plant Photo Database at the Senckenberg Research Institute Abstract comprises now regional portals for West, Central, and East Africa. It contains live images of plants in their natural habitats combined with an easy-to-use determination tool. These images are linked to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Images with coordinates can be displayed in Google Maps or Google Earth. Search approaches are either via freetext, via a systematic thesaurus or via easy-to-observe-characters (all approaches combinable). Species pages give links Posters for retrieving further information. Visit: www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de 103 P 20 Title Author Abstract Molecular systematics, morphological character evolution and biogeography of the mediterranean genus Fumana (Cistaceae) Meike Engelbrecht, Elena Carrió, Jaime Güemes, Patricio Garcia-Fayos The genus Fumana (Dunal) Spach is one of the most diverse and least known generaof the family of the Cistaceae. Up to today, there are 21 recognized species which have an almost exclusively circum-Mediterranean distribution, with two cores centers of diversification, one in the western part of Europe, in the Iberian Peninsula, and one in the eastern part, centered in the Peninsula of Anatolia. More than half of the species of Fumana have a limited geographic distribution (they are restricted endemism), a feature that makes them particularly vulnerable to extinction. Despite the characterization of their importance to the Mediterranean region, the evolution of the species diversity in Fumana has never been examined from a phylogenetic point of view and in a biogeographic context. We therefore aim to reveal the internal relationship of the genus Fumana by elaborating a detailed phylogenetic study based on two plastid and one nuclear sequences including 90% of all recognized species. We want to answer the following questions: (1) Does Fumana form a monophyletic group? (2) Does the molecular based phylogeny support the previously established infrageneric classification? (3) What is the geographic origin of the genus? (4) In what time frame did the genus Fumana diversify? (5) How did the morphological character evolve throughout the genus? 104 P 21 Success of the Foreign Beast – Native roses on European coasts are poorly adapted to salty locations Title Jens Föller, Christoph-Martin Geilfus, Hans-Werner Koyro, Karl Hermann Mühling, Volker Wissemann Author Introduced from East Asia the neophytic and invasive Japanese Rose (Rosa rugosa) Abstract replaces the two native roses R. spinosissima and R. mollis from their habitats on the Northern European coasts. One explanation for the success of Rosa rugosa may be its marked salt tolerance. This project tries to unravel the mechanisms of salt tolerance in five different rose species and searches for an answer for the superior success of R. rugosa. In a spill water experiment roses were watered in a ten day period with six different concentrations of synthetical seawater during eight weeks. The collected plant material was analysed with AAS and HPLC to achieve information about the containing ions and sugars in leafs. For physiological analysis we performed chlorophyllfluorescence- and gas exchange-measurements. For morphological analysis pictures were taken and to examine anatomical changes light microscopy was used. We detected, that R. rugosa is markedly better adapted to salt stress than the other four species. Data from gas exchange, ion accumulation and sugar contents in the leafs as well as the number of stomata, results from root transport experiments and data for photoinhibition and light saturation cur- Posters ves point to species specific differential regulation, which allows R. rugosa to be much more efficient on salty grounds than European native species. 105 P 22 Title Author Abstract The evolution of auto-pollination in tropical orchids: morphological, experimental, and phylogenetic studies in Bulbophyllum THOUARS from Madagascar Alexander Gamisch, Hans-Peter Comes, Gunter Alexander Fischer Selfing in orchids is typically assumed to provide reproductive assurance under conditions of pollinator and/or mate limitation. In tropical orchids, little is known about the frequency and evolutionary consequences of shifts in mating system. Here, we investigate shifts from outcrossing to selfing over evolutionary time in a clade of self-compatible Bulbophyllum orchid species from Madagascar (sects. Bifalcula, Humblotiorchis, Calamaria; c. 30 species). We address this issue by pollination experiments, floral micro-morphological studies, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Our preliminary data indicate that eight out of 28 species are polymorphic for the (non-)capacity of autonomous fruit set, depending on the absence (or presence) of the rostellum, a structure separating the anthers from the stigma. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that rostellum presence (outcrossing) is the ancestral state of this Late Miocene clade, whereas the transition to selfing has occurred multiple times independently, but almost exclusively at the phylogentic tips. This pattern accords with the hypothesis that selfing is an evolutionary ‘dead end’, but may also reflect an adaptation in response to climate-induced range fragmentation and population isolation during the Pleistocene. 106 P 23 Species richness and endemism in the Afroalpine mainland mountain ‘island’ systems Title Berit Gehrke, H. Peter Linder Author Plant species richness and endemism on islands is mostly dependent on island age, Abstract size, elevation and distance to nearest source of migrants. Mainland ‘island’ systems, such as the cool-adapted tropical-alpine flora of the mountains in Africa, are less well studied. Here we analyse the Afroalpine flora, found on highly isolated mountains straddling the equator as an example of a mainland island system. Using the beta-sim index in a hierarchical clustering approach combined with ordination methods, we show that four geographical groups exist: Mt Cameroon in the west, in East Africa a northern group (Ethiopia and Southern Sudan), a western group (Uganda, Congo and Rwanda) and an eastern group (Kenyan and Tanzanian). The Mantel statistic showed a significant positive influence of geographic distance on the hierarchical clustering indicating that geographical isolation, rather than environmental filtering is leading to the observed pattern of species distribution in the alpine environment in Africa. Species richness of these mountain regions - similar to islands - can be explained by a model including age, area size, elevation and isolation. However the Afroalpine contains fewer species than expected by area alone - even considering the area-species relationship – when Posters compared to the Páramo or other tropical regions with an alpine like environment as well as many islands. The importance of available space for the evolution of endemic species is supported by the strong correlation between numbers of endemics and area. Additionally species richness in combination with area and isolation form a model explaining level of endemism best. Interestingly environmental variables were not part of the best model explaining species richness as well as endemism either because we have missed to include the correct variables or due to allopatric speciation processes shaping the Afroalpine communities more strongly than sympatric ones. 107 P 24 Title Author Abstract Fumana procumbens gr. -Cistaceaein Eastern Mediterranean regions Jaime Güemes, Pilar Blasco, Elena Carrió Currently underway under the Flora Hellenica project, the review of genus Fumana (Dunal) Spach -Cistaceae- has allowed us to delve into this genus in Eastern Mediterranean region. The specific diversity of Fumana in Anatolia is well-known but it is less known in other south-eastern areas in Europe. In spite of this, its speciation in Greek mountain systems had been overlooked to date. In the floras of Eastern Europe and Turkey, the presence of Fumana procumbens Gren. & Godron and F. ericoides (Cav.) Gand. has been profusely reported. Based on today’s knowledge, the presence of these species in the eastern Mediterranean region can be discussed and limited; and three new species are presented: F. balcanica Güemes, largely distributed in lowland areas up until sea level, in south east Europe (Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Serbia ...); F. chelmensis Güemes, only known in Mount Chelmos in central Peloponnesus; and F. paeonia Güemes, exclusive to Mount Menikion, in northern Greece. All three species had been treated so far as F. procumbens, even though a detailed morphological analysis produced no doubts. F. balcanica differentiates in its flowers grouping in terminal inflorescence with bracts similar to leaves but much smaller; F. paeonia has abundant straight and applied filiform leaves; on the contrary, F. chelmensis has broad flat leaves, with a marked front side and underside; leaves are dispersed, straight, and patent. The relationships of such species with /F. paphlagonica/ subsp. /alpina/ (Janchen) Greuter, endemic to Crete, are also discussed 108 P 25 Chaenorhinum flexuosum (Desf.) Lange (Scrophulariaceae) in North Africa Title Jaime Güemes, Elena Carrió, Pilar Blasco Author The genus Chaenorhinum (DC.) Rchb. consists of about 25 species distributed main- Abstract ly by the SW in Europe, N Africa and SW Asia. The taxonomy of the genus is complicated by the lack of vegetative and reproductive characters clearly discriminatory. A sample of this complexity is that the material from the specimens of Northern of Africa, Ch. flexuosum (Desf.) Lange subsp. flexuosum and Ch. flexuosumsubsp. maroccanum (Pau) Dobignard, are often easily confused, although they show different elements: Ch. flexuosum subsp. flexuosum is an herb up to 15 (22) cm, with flexuous stems, obovate and spatulate leaves, corolla from 10-14 mm and capsule 2.5-3.5 mm; Ch. flexuosum subsp. maroccanum is (3) 5-10 cm, has flexuous and tangled stems, subrhomboids leaves, corolla (7) 8-10 mm and capsule from 2.2-2.5 mm. Furthermore, both taxa have been traditionally determined incorrectly as Ch. crassifolium (Cav.) Kostel. In order to obtain more distinctive characteristics, we perfomed a micromorphological study of indumentum and seeds to separate Posters surely the three taxa and to identify correctly the herbarium material available. 109 P 26 Title Author Abstract Unveiling the origin of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae) in Southeast Asia and the role of biogeographic barriers on its current distribution Frank Hauenschild, Melanie Grudinski, Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl Southeast Asia is divided by a distributional barrier, Wallacea, supposed to have contributed to organismic diversity patterns in this speciose area. Wallacea comprises the islands between Lydekker’s line (1896) and Wallace’s line (modified by Huxley 1868), including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Flores and Timor. It divides two biodiversity hotspots: the Sunda shelf region and the Queensland wet tropics, including the Sahul region. Wallace’s line exists in various modifications, particularly including or excluding islands like Java, Bali, Palawan, and even the whole Philippines from Wallacea. Although Lydekker’s line shows a smaller impact on the distribution of plant taxa than Wallace’s line, previous studies still considered it as a barrier. Combining both lines, the idea of whole Wallacea acting as a major barrier for plants between the Sunda and Sahul regions arises. This makes it necessary to investigate dispersal routes and directions within and across Wallacea for distinct monophyletic taxa throughout the region’s complex geological history. Dysoxylum Blume has been chosen as a suitable taxon for further research. Dysoxylum is an overall tropical genus (Meliaceae), compromising c. 90 species. Concerning life-form, Dysoxylum solely comprises trees, yet size and vertical position within the forest vary between species. The genus’ distribution ranges from India and Sri Lanka throughout Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific islands to as far as Kiribati and Hawaii. Although the majority of species is found in tropical habitats, few occur in subtropical to temperate areas, such as Xizang, New South Wales and New Zealand. While the species are primarily endemic to either one of the two shelves, Wallacea itself harbours a few species, each one only intruding one of the neighboring regions. Finally, nine widespread species occur across the genus’ entire distribution range. So far, 84 species of Dysoxylum have been collected to reconstruct the genus´ phylogenetic history and its relation to Chisocheton and other members of Melioideae. Two sets of molecular markers are applied, nuclear ribosomal spacers (nrITS), and several plastid regions (atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer, trnL-F intergenic spacer). Ancestral areas, dispersal routes and directions through out Southeast Asia will be reconstructed to gain insights into the driving factors of (sub)tropical plant diversity patterns. 110 P 27 Phylogenetic relationships within Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae / Poales) Title Sascha Heller, Georg Zizka, Elton M.C. Leme Author The subfamily Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae) comprises – besides the famous Pine- Abstract apple (Ananas comosus) – more than 900 species in 33 genera. In the last years several molecular analyses of Bromeliaceae and especially Bromelioideae have been published. These analyses indicate that many bromeliad genera originally based on morphological characters are para- or polyphyletic. Especially the largest genus of Bromelioideae, Aechmea, is polyphyletic. The delimitation of Aechmea and allied genera is by no means clear and also the infrageneric classification of Aechmea receives hardly any support from molecular data. However, molecular studies at hand up to now suffer from still insufficient sampling and low support for the revealed topologies. In our attempts to identify monophyletic groups we recently confirmed the monophyly of the so called Portea-Gravisia-clade, comprising taxa of the genera Aechmea, Portea and Canistrum using AFLPs. Our new approach focuses on a broad sampling from the core-Bromelioideae. We selected more than 400 accessions to generate a large phylogeny based on plastid as well as nuclear sequences. Combination with biogeographical and morphological data will help to elucidate the evolutionary history and role of traits within the Bromelioideae Posters and to identify monophyletic groups with suggestions for genus boundaries. 111 P 28 Title Author Abstract Assessing genetic diversity and divergence within and among populations of the threatened plant Chasmantheradependens (Menispermaceae) in West Africa Andrew Chibuzor Iloh, Juraj Paule, Oluwatoyin Ogundipe, Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl Knowledge about genetic diversity and population genetic structure can form a good baseline for predicting the effects of future climate change on threatened plant species. Understanding the genetic variation within and among populations can help to set targets towards the establishment of effective and efficient conservation practices. Using Chasmanthera (Menispermaceae) as a model system, our research aims at understanding the genetic variation of populations across West Africa. Based on both AFLPs and the cpDNA markers trnH-psbA and trnL-F, populations of Chasmanthera dependens form two genetic groups: one distributed in Cameroon, and another occurring in Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana. This genetic divergence may be due to the formation of geographic barriers (mountain chain between Nigeria and the Cameroons). However, cpDNA sequences further suggest possible influence of West African refugia and the Dahomey gap on the plant’s phylogeographic history. 112 P 29 Live imaging of plant development with ELM (Epi-Illumination Light-Microscopy) Title Markus Jerominek, Kester Bull-Hereñu, Melanie Arndt, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff Author One of the most important techniques for documenting inflorescence and flower Abstract ontogeny is Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). However, plant material has to be fixed for SEM analysis requiring many different meristems for the reconstruction of an ontogenetic series. This is a serious problem in species with variable meristem sizes and high numbers of flowers per inflorescence (e.g. Asteraceae) or floral organs per flower (e.g. Ranunculaceae). To establish a technique allowing continuous documentation of growing meristems, we tested Epi-Illumination Light-Microscopy (ELM). ELM compensates the low depth-of-focus by generating a single sharp image from many stacked images. Originally introduced for fixed material, we were able to adopt this technique successfully to living material of Davidia involucrata Baill. We isolated growing reproductive meristems and kept them alive by supplying them with water in a moisture chamber. We then automated the stacking procedure with a stepper motor controlled by a computer, repeating this procedure every single hour. The resulting time-laps video shows the whole development of a male inflorescence of Davidia involucrata Baill from Posters the undifferentiated meristem to male flower segregation and stamen maturing over 32 days. The advantages of the procedure are evident: live imaging of plant development without any fixation or otherwise treating (e.g. critical point drying, sputtering), low costs, time saving and colour information. 113 P 30 Title Author Abstract Evolution of African Alchemilla Martha Kandziora, Berit Gehrke Evolution of African Alchemilla (lady’s mantles) Martha Kandziora and Berit Gehrke Previous studies of the molecular phylogeny of the genus Alchemilla (Rosaceae) had shown that the genus contains four clades, i.e. the exclusively South American Lachemilla, mostly annual Aphanes and two Alchemilla-clades: the Eualchemillaclade mostly confined to Eurasia and the African Afromilla-clade. Unfortunately the Afromilla-clade did not show any internal resolution. More than 35 species have been described for the African continent and they show greater variation in growth form than the species from Eurasia. African Alchemilla species are rosette plants, trailing herbs or dwarf shrubs, which often form dense stands that dominate patches of Afroalpine vegetation. Here we present a more detailed phylogeny of the Afromilla-clade based on additional chloroplast markers and parts of the external transcribed spacer, to better understand relationships among the African species. A biogeographic pattern seems to be emerging. The South African species form a monophyletic group. Species from Madagascar are represented by one to two clades, unfortunately without support for their relative position in the tree. Furthermore, while there tend to be distinct clades of uniform growth form, multiple clades seem to contain dwarf shrubs. Molecular dating reveals a relative young age for the arrival of Alchemilla in Africa. Further analyses will allow us to test hypotheses about the conditions under which the colonization of the African high mountains by Alchemilla took place. 114 P 31 The Molecular Phylogeny of Turkish Oaks from the Cerris section of Quercus genus Title Zeki Kaya, Aysun D. Gülsoy, Murat Gülsoy, Hayri Duman Author There are over 23 taxa of Quercus species in Turkey. The species of Cerris section Abstract of Quercus are naturally and widely distributed and economically important in Turkey. The six species ( Quercus cerris subsp. cerris, Q. cerris subsp. austrica, Q. libani, Q. brantii, Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis, and Q. trojana), when they have overlapping distribution, are extensively hybridized. This makes the taxonomic identifications of species be difficult. The matK region of chloroplast and ITS region of nuclear genomes were studied to determine the molecular phylogeny of these species and evaluate the role of the natural hybridization in oak speciation. The matK data revealed that nucleotide diversity (0.0018) and parsimony informative sites (16) were high in the section Cerris, but the most of this molecular diversity of this region was contributed by the Q. cerris subsp cerris. Similarly, the DNA sequence data from ITS region indicated that ITS1 sector of the region had high molecular diversity in which Q. cerris subsp. cerris had a great contribution. The nucleotide diversity and parsimony informative sites were found to be 0.054 and 36 in ITS1 while they were 0.032 and 21 in ITS2. The molecular phylogenic trees constructed using the data from both matK region and ITS regions produced very Posters similar pattern that there is no clear grouping pattern with respect to studied six oak species of the section Cerris although there are small clusters formed in some species based on geographical locations where the species form pure and isolated stands. Since natural hybridization occurs among Q. cerris subsp cerris and other species of the section and promotes the speciation when they are mixed naturally, hybridization seems to be causing the formation of disrupted patterns in the constructed molecular phylogenic trees. Considering the results from the current study, sterile nature of most hybrids and the level of present conservation activities in oaks in Turkey, there are possibilities of future losses in purity as well serious threat of extinction of some populations of the species of the Cerris section. 115 P 32 Title Author Abstract Glacial refugia and range expansion of the species complex Rosa mollis SM. and Rosa villosa L. (Rosaceae, sect. Caninae) Alexandra Kellner, Christiane M. Ritz, Volker Wissemann During the last glaciation period, large areas of Europe were covered with ice. After the retreat of the glaciers, these areas have then been recolonised by plant species. Thus, present day patterns of plant distribution do not only reflect habitat preferences and the outcome of competition, but they are also a consequence of this recolonisation process. A central issue in the discussion of recolonisation routes is the idea that plant populations survived the glaciation period in isolated regions from which they started to recover their original habitat after the retreat of glaciers. However, some species, e.g. Rosa mollis and Rosa villosa, failed to recover their pre-glacial distribution area because their invasive power is very low, and thus their actual distribution represent the areas of glacial survival. Today these genetically isolated populations are threatened much stronger than larger populations by both, anthropogenic as well as environmental constraints, e. g. land-use changes, dehydration and global warming. Here we present the first results of a population genetic analysis on the species pair R. mollis from Scandinavia and R. villosa from the Valais (Switzerland) representing presumably a locally adapted conspecific taxon becoming separated during the last glacial period. Therefore we analysed chloroplast DNA sequences (cpDNA), AFLP fragments and microsatellites and compared these data with morphological measurements. The knowledge gained about this naturally disjunctive species complex will provide a base line for future research on the post-glacial distribution processes and biogeography of the genus Rosa in Europe. 116 P 33 Phylogenetic study of interrelationships in Alooids (Xanthorrhoeaceae) based on multiple genes and intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) Title Zeinab Khodaei, Michael Wink Author Despite many attempts to provide a stable classification system for genera As- Abstract phodeloideae, the interrelationships amongst genera are still unresolved. The alooids or Aloe and its succulent-leaved relatives, namely Astroloba, Chortolirion, Gasteria and Haworthia has a significant present day center of diversity in southern Africa, with outliers in Africa, arabian peninsula, Madagascar. They share a number of convincing morphological and anatomical apomorphies. However, investigation of cryptic evidence in this group has perplexed classification efforts rather than providing clarity and provided new evidence of reticulation, suggesting that hybridization may have played an important role in the evolution and speciation of the group. Molecular markers have become a powerful tool to understand phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships in plants. Therefore, in this study Phylogenetic relationships including paraphyly and polyphyly problems were evaluated in Alooid complex within subfamily Asphodeloideae (Xanthorrhoeaceae). DNA was isolated from four genera including more than 100 species. They were studied using two different molecular markers: nuclear and chloroplast Posters DNA sequences of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), rbcL, trnL_F intergenic spacer as well as genomic fingerprinting by intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR). According to the results of the present study, based on NJ reconstruction gene tree, there is a possibility regarding Alooids as a super-genus Aloe, with many infrageneric units. ISSR study strongly supports the polyphyly idea. Despite some apparent affinities between North African species, NJ tree showed no specific clear clusters for biogeographically different samples. The current taxonomic system does not clearly support the phylogentic relationships amongst these genera. Further studies in molecular systematic using new effective methods such as Next-Generation sequencing are likely to reveal new insights into the complicated evolutionary and taxonomically history of Alooids. 117 P 34 Title Author Abstract Testing the functional significance of staminal levers in Salvia – experiments with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) Daniela Klein, Charlotte Hildebrandt, Janina Stöbbe, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff The flowers of Salvia (Lamiaceae) are characterized by staminal levers promoting pollen transfer. It is suggested that the specific pollination mechanism contributes to pollen saving by hiding the pollen-sacs below the upper lip, depositing pollen grains precisely on a certain body site of the pollinator and dispensing pollen by the reversible movement of the levers. However, quantitative data confirming this assumption are lacking. We therefore started experiments with a bumble bee colony (Bombus terrestris) kept in the lab. Under standardized conditions, we bring bees and flowers into contact, observe foraging behavior and flower handling by the bees and measure the amount of i) pollen removal from the anther after a single bee visit, ii) pollen loss after a five minute flight and, iii) pollen deposition on the receptive stigma. Three different experimental designs have already been tested. In the first, we used six diverse Salvia species to get basic quantitative data on pollen transfer via staminal levers. We then started experiments with Lamiaceae lacking a lever mechanism (e.g. Stachys, Rosmarinus) to get control data. Finally, we designed artificial Salvia flowers equipped with movable adjustable levers. They allow future choice experiments between flowers without levers and low nectar reward and flowers with levers and high nectar reward. These experiments will show up to which limit bumble bees are willing to invest energy to get high nectar quality or from which demanded force upwards the bumble bees prefer food plants with easier access to nectar. 118 P 35 Sempervivum tectorum var. rhenanum from the Middle Rhine Valley is a hybrid species Title Johannes Klein, Cecilia Perera, Joachim Kadereit Author The common houseleek, Sempervivum tectorum L., is a widespread species in the Abstract European Alpine System, with subspecies in the Pyrenees, the Massif Central, the French Jura, the Alps and the Apennines. Its cultivation is known since medieval times, and was even enforced by royal decree. Therefore its distribution in Northern Europe is regarded as synanthropic, with the possible exception of populations in the Middle Rhine Valley in Germany. These have been regarded as morphologically distinct and were described as var. rhenanum Hegi. We here present the results of a phylogenetic study of S. tectorum var. rhenanum. Individuals from 10 populations were sequenced for ITS and a portion of the IGS region of nrDNA and for three chloroplast markers (atpI-atpH, trnQ-rps16, rps16). A pattern of hybridogenic heterozygosity was found in nrDNA, and cpDNA revealed that var. rhenanum represents a distinct and monophyletic lineage. Our phylogenetic inferences showed close relationships of one parental allele of nrDNA to an alpine S. tectorum lineage, and the second allele could be inferred to be closely related to S. calcareum Jord. With S. tectorum growing on more or less siliceous substrates throughout the Alps, and S. calcareum being restricted to calcareous soils in the Posters southwestern-most Alps, the two parental species show a vicariant pattern of edaphic preference. Sempervivum tectorum var. rhenanum, to be described as a new species, is intermediate in terms of soil-pH. Our findings reverse the geography of events as described for the textbook classic Biscutella laevigata L. (Brassicaceae). Whereas in this species the Alps were colonized by lineages from Northern Europe, possibly including the Middle Rhine Valley, the Middle Rhine Valley populations of S. tectorum clearly have alpine ancestors. 119 P 36 Title Author Abstract The evolutionary history of Cochlearia in Central Europe - Population genomics of a cold relic in a warming world. Marcus Koch, Eva Wolf The genus Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) shows a strong evolutionary signature for cold adaptation. During the Miocene Cochlearia diverged from its closest relatives forming the genus Ionopsidium with a western mediterranean and submediterranean distribution. The genus Cochlearia might have been forced northward to Central Europe. However, radiation and speciation of the various cold-adapted Cochlearia species must have happened exclusively during Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation cycles, and representatives the genus moved even to the circum-arctic regions. During the past two decades and based on isozymes, RAPDs, AFLPs, DNA sequence data from single genes and regions and cytological studies we could develop some ideas about relationships and evolutionary histories, but the most important questions remained opened, because the time intervals of glaciation and deglaciation cycles could not be resolved with past marker systems. Here we are developing a project for high-resolution of the evolutionary history of the genus Cochlearia in terms of time and space. A comprehensive sampling recovers all actual known populations/regions for the diploid taxa complemented by various polyploid accessions. First data are shown from whole-genome-sequencing of chloroplast DNA and confirming our idea that various taxa were forced into colder habitat types during warming periods, but also were fragmented in lowland regions during periods of maximum glaciation. Most of these processes predate the last glaciation period. 120 P 37 Niche evolution through time and across continents: the story of tropical Cedreleae (Meliaceae) Title Valerie Köcke, Jan Schnitzler, Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl Author We combine molecular phylogenetics, fossils, biogeographical and climatic data Abstract to study the niche evolution of the genus Cedrela. Molecular phylogenetics based on the nuclear ribosomal spacer region and three plastid loci were used to infer species relationships within Cedreleae and for Bayesian molecular clock dating. We performed ecological niche modeling to determine the climatic dimension of a species niche. This allowed us to measure the predicted niche occupancies of species with respect to climate variables. We subsequently followed a method developed by Evans et al. (2009), calculating maximum likelihood for each climatic variable at all interior nodes of the phylogeny to infer the evolutionary dynamics of species’ climatic tolerances. The extensive fossil record of Cedrela or Toona enabled us to compare the inferences of ecological niches to the ecology of fossil Posters Cedreleae as described in the literature. 121 P 38 Title Author Abstract The development and evolution of vein density and bundle sheath cells in closely related C3 and C4 species Britta Kuempers, Julian Hibberd The development and evolution of vein density and bundle sheath cell size in closely related C3 and C4 species in the genus Flaveria (Asteraceae). C4 photosynthesis has evolved independently in over 60 species. In most cases C4 photosynthesis is coupled with a typical anatomy called Kranz anatomy with concentric circles of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells around the veins and an increased vein density. Whereas the regulation of C4 biochemistry is relatively well understood, the genetic determinants of C4 Kranz anatomy are still largely unknown. Using closely related C3 and C4 species, I am studying the development of leaf veins and bundle sheath cells from very young to mature leaves. C4 leaves tend to have a higher vein density compared with C3 species as well as enlarged bundle sheath cells. I am analysing in detail the developmental stages at which these traits appear, prior to then using RNA sequencing to identify candidate genes that regulate vein density and bundle sheath cell size. Vein density starts to increase at the tip of the leaves and then develops basipetally. By comparing gene expression within leaves (tip to base comparison) as well as between leaves of different developmental stages and between C3 and C4 species, I am hoping to understand the regulation of development of vein density and bundle sheath cell size and to understand what changes were necessary in the C4 species to achieve increased vein density and bundle sheath cell size. I am also going to compare my results of C3 and C4 species in the genus Flaveria (Asteraceae) with results from our lab of C3 and C4 species in the genus Cleome (Cleomaceae) to gain insights into the evolution of the C4 syndrome. 122 P 39 Genetic Diversity of Laurel Forest Species Title Anja Landau, Mike Thiv, Marcus Koch Author The laurel forest is endemic to several islands of Macaronesia and endangered due Abstract to human impact and maybe also due to climate change. In this project, we aim to identify the genetic hotspots of the laurel forest on Tenerife with an exhaustive sampling of two model species, Laurus novocanariensis RIVAS MART., LOUSÃ, FERN.PRIETO, E.DÍAS, J.C.COSTA & C.AGUIAR and Ixanthus viscosus (AITON) GRISEB. to develop strategies for future protection of this important ecosystem. With AFLP fingerprinting we obtained Laurus fingerprints of 673 individuals using three primer combinations and finally scored 251 AFLP markers. Population structure on Tenerife resulted in five genetic clusters, of which the two main genepools are geographically distinct in the eastern Anaga and the western Teno mountain ranges. Nevertheless, the genepools are showing also genetic exchange on intra- and interisland level and no isolation by distance effects are detectable. Furthermore, we developed maps on individual and population level visualizing genetic diverse hotspots. Centres of genetic diversity are present in populations in eastern Anaga, central Teno and in a geographically isolated southern population. Areas with high levels of forest degradation and fragmentation between Icod and Orotavavalley showing a pronounced loss of diversity compared to the more Posters intact regions. 123 P 40 Title Author Abstract Endemism in Caribbean Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae: The case of Tylodontia Griseb. Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ralph Mangelsdorff, Ulrich Meve Cuba is home of ca. 15 species of slender, small-flowered twiners, hitherto mostly assigned to Metastelma R.Br. DNA analysis and morphological study revealed that almost half of these species are not related to Metastelma at all, but constitute radiations of their own in the Gonolobinae, a speciose, but insufficiently known American subtribe with one center of distribution in the Caribbean. The plants form two radiations, one comprising the type species of Tylodontia, T. cubensis Griseb., the other a hitherto unnamed alliance of wider Caribbean distribution occurring mostly in littoral habitats. A sistergroup relationship of the two radiations is weakly supported. The first radiation comprises four Cuban endemics with small, whitish, almost closed flowers concealing highly intricate structures of the pollination apparatus while the latter comprises a few species with similar flowers but much simpler structures of the pollination apparatus. Both alliances are nested within several more widespread Caribbean species with medium sized, rather open, colored flowers being similar to the majority of the speciose and widely distributed genus Matelea Aubl., thus complicating morphological circumscription of the group. The flower miniaturization in Cuba is documented for several, not closely related, alliances, but the underlying causes are not yet understood. 124 P 41 Speciation and speciation reversal in Cyanus Title Carsten Löser Author Hybridization may be accompanied with hybrid zone formation, introgression of Abstract adaptive traits or proliferation of parasites, pathogens and selfish genetic elements. The consequences of extensive hybridization in evolutionary time scales are analyzed in Cyanus (Centaurea, Asteraceae). Taxonomic species boundaries are ambiguous due to superimposition of conflicting patterns of variation. Several examples are illustrated showing that secondary contact initiates collective evolution and that genetic boundaries collapse and get trapped in physical barriers. Data from nuclear gene fragments indicate that genetic clines eroded rapidly, supporting predictions that genomic conflicts impose selection throughout the genome. Local recombination rate is a good predictor of diversity and divergence, indicating that linked selection is more important than demography. Further evidence for selection comes from gene function and fixed non-synonymous mutations. These results indicate the collapse of species boundaries is as important as divergence in forming species diversity and that tree-based inference in systema- Posters tics is seriously flawed when species form hybrid zones. 125 P 42 Title Author Abstract Cetraria steppae: a lichen species of central Asian steppes, or part of a wider Mediterranean clade of C. aculeata. Tetiana Lutsak, Fernando Fernández-Mendoza, Olga Nadyeina, Sergio Pérez-Ortega, Christian Printzen Cetraria steppae (Savicz) Kärnefelt is a lichen species known from semi arid Eurasian steppe biomes, as Kazakhstan, Iran, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. In this region, its distribution overlaps with that of C. aculeata (Schreb.) Fr., a widespread species which in Eurasia is found from boreal and polar regions to dry temperate lowlands and Mediterranean environments. C. steppae was first described from Southern Ukraine (Savicz 1924) as an hypertrophic morph similar to C. aculeata; Kärnefelt (1986) later reinterpreted the species using the production of norstictic acid as a diagnostic character. After collecting both species across their distributional ranges, we found that they overlap in morphology and widely co-occur in mixed populations in steppe environments. We also found that hypertrophic morphs found in the interior highlands of the Iberian Peninsula (Pérez-Ortega et al. 2011), initially reported as C. steppae, lack norstictic acid in spite of their clear morphological similarity to C. steppae. In this study we increased sampling of C. steppae and C. aculeata in Ukrainian, Iranian territories with the aim to assess whether both species are genetically isolated and if there is phylogenetic support for delimitation of both species based on norstictic acid production. The results suggest that both species belong to a wide Mediterranean clade within C. aculeata. Taken further, they support a previous idea that C. aculeata might have originated in a Eurasian steppe environment from which it dispersed to its current extent, an idea that gives an interesting insight into the importance of central Asian floristic elements in the Mediterranean lichen flora. 126 P 43 Is the Irano-Turanian floristic region a source for the Mediterranean region? A case study from the Citrus family Title Sara Manafzadeh, Elena Conti Author The flora of the Irano-Tranian (I-T) region is characterized by a high number of Abstract endemic genera and very high species endemism. The region furthermore comprises 2 of the 34 global hotspots of biodiversity. The I-T region also appears to have provided many old colonists to neighboring regions, most notably to the Mediterranean region. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the I-T region has been a source for the colonization of the Mediterranean region. We thus focused on Haplophyllum (Rutaceae), which is usually used to characterize the I-T region because this region harbours 60% of the species of the genus. Additionally, due to the fact that Haplophyllum contains species present in the Mediterranean floristic region (21% of the species diversity), the genus can be used to explore the biogeographic links between these two floristic regions. We performed molecular dating and ancestral range reconstructions analyses to investigate the extent to which past geological and climatic histories of the I-T and Mediterranean floristic regions explain the current distribution of the genus. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships using DNA sequences from 3 regions of the chloroplast genome Posters for 37 species of Haplophyllum and 31 more species of other Rutaceae to carry out molecular dating and ancestor area reconstruction analyses. Our results strongly suggest that Haplophyllum originated in the Central Asian part of the I-T region in the early Eocene and started to diversify within this region in the early Oligocene. At the latter epoch, the Tethys sea vanished and the Paratethys and the Mediterranean seas arose. Haplophyllum subsequently migrated to the Mediterranean basin in the Middle Miocene during the Paratethys salinity crisis. Finally, Haplophyllum colonized the western Mediterranean in the early Pliocene after the Messinian salinity crisis. However, our current knowledge of the diversification of the arid flora within the I-T floristic region remains very scanty. The application of niche modeling tools will be fundamental to achieve a more complete understanding of the relative roles of geologic vs. climatic factors in speciation, and niche conservatism vs. niche evolution, in shaping the distribution and diversification patterns within the I-T region. Characterization of the region will be most meaningfully carried out by focusing on the characteristic elements of the region, e.g. Haplophyllum. 127 P 44 Title Author Abstract Biogeography of Anabasis L. (Chenopodiaceae) – drought resistance and implications for ecological niche evolution Rüdiger Masson, Maximilian Lauterbach, Gudrun Kadereit The genus Anabasis L. (Chenopodiaceae, Salsoleae) comprises 25-30 spp. of longlived C4-shrubs in steppes, semi-deserts and deserts of North Africa and West and Central Asia. Anabasis shows conspicuous adaptations to drought and saline conditions (e.g., succulence, leaf reduction, multi-layered epidermis, wax cover, abscissal tissue, etc.) and some species of the genus evolved an extreme drought tolerance surpassing most other plant species in their respective areas. Our dated molecular phylogeny (based on nrDNA and cpDNA data) and biogeographical analysis show that Anabasis is monophyletic and originated during the Middle Miocene in the Central Asian region east of the Caspian Sea. Diversification of the genus started c. 15 mya and it reached the African continent during the Late Miocene (c. 6-11 mya). The widespread Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. is probably of North African origin and subsequently spread in West Asia. Divergence timing and tree topology suggest that Anabasis followed the spread of arid landscapes from the Asian interior to North Africa during the Late Miocene, using the newly formed connection between North Africa and Asia to migrate via the Saudi Arabian Peninsula during the closure of the Tethys. The molecular phylogeny of Anabasis will be used to trace the historical niche differentiation and adaptation to extremely dry habitats in Anabasis by combined analysis of biogeography and speciesspecific bioclimatic envelopes. The evolution of the ecological niches in Anabasis will then be compared with the morphological and anatomical adaptations of the respective species. The historical niche differentiation, observed correlations between delta13C values and bioclimatic variables and morphological / anatomical innovations in different Anabasis-species will help us to understand the evolution of the extreme drought tolerance in some species of the genus. 128 P 45 Population genetic analyses of Fosterella rusbyi (Bromeliaceae) with AFLP and nuclear SSR markers Title Ingo Michalak, Tina Wöhrmann, Natascha Wagner, Kurt Weising, Georg Zizka Author The genus Fosterella (Bromeliaceae) comprises 31 species of terrestrial and saxicole Abstract herbs with rosette leaves and small, mostly whitish flowers. It is distributed from Argentina to Peru, with a centre of diversity in the Bolivian Andes. Given that 20 of the 31 Fosterella species are confined to small distributional ranges, and 11 of these can be considered as narrow endemics, the genus is a good model system for studying the development of endemism in the Andes. The infrageneric phylogeny of Fosterella is reasonably well understood, but still little is known about the genetic structure and variation within species, their mating system, and the mechanisms of speciation. Fosterella rusbyi (Mez) L.B.Sm., a relatively abundant species endemic to Bolivia, occurs in humid Sub-Andean forests as well as in more arid deciduous forests in inter-Andean valleys. A total of 231 wild individuals of F. rusbyi were collected in the department of La Paz (Bolivia), spanning the known distributional range of the species. The population structure was analysed based on 487 AFLP and 15 nuclear SSR markers. One of our hypotheses was that genetic difference between populations is proportional to geographic distance (isolation Posters by distance). To test this, several statistical methods for the estimation of population differentiation and (sub)population structure were applied, such as a Mantel test, Wright’s F-statistic, Nei’s Gst, STRUCTURE analyses and a Bayesian approach combined with geographical information using BAPS. We estimated the extent of genetic populations and evaluated the genetic variability in groups of the tested individuals. 129 P 46 Title Author Abstract Haberlea rhodopensis – reproductive potential of a tertiary relict plant from Bulgaria. Native populations and ex situ collection from Botanical Garden of Johannes-Gutenberg University Katerina Milkoteva, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff, Ekaterina Kozuharova Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. belongs to the tropical family Gesneriaceae. Only three genera of this family (Haberlea, Ramonda, Jankaea) are distributed in Europe. All of them are tertiary relicts and so called “resurrection plants”. H. rhodopensis has a restricted distribution in Bulgaria and Greece and a highly fragmented habitat. It is a medicinal plant according to the medicinal Plant Act and is also used in homeopathy and cosmetics. The question arises how much picking up a population can tolerate without becoming severely affected. Because nothing is known about reproductive potential of the plant, we started pollination ecological and reproductive biological studies in H. rhodopensis. Our results indicate that the species is self-compatible but not autogamous. Pollen / ovule ratio of about 300:1 points to facultative autogamy, but herkogamy, proterandry and sequential flowering mode in natural populations promote cross pollination. Though sharing floral traits with typical bee flowers, the species was not found to be specialized to bees. This may be caused by low nectar reward and concentration. Instead small size insects collect pollen. The plant produces over 600 seeds per fruit, which readily germinate, but grow extremely slowly. This explains the low number of young plants in natural populations. We conclude that the plants primarily maintain their population by old plants while only rarely young plants germinate and contribute to genetic diversification. It is thus recommended to protect natural localities and to increase cultivation of the plant for future usage. 130 P 47 The origin of the serpentine endemic Minuartia laricifolia subsp. ophiolitica Title Abigail Moore, Dominik Merges, Joachim Kadereit Author Minuartia laricifolia is distributed throughout the Alps, western Carpathians, and Abstract Pyrenees. In its traditional circumscription, the species has three subspecies with distinct ecologies and distributions: the calcifuge subsp. laricifolia in the western Alps and Pyrenees, the calcicole kitaibelii in the eastern Alps and Carpathians, and the serpentine endemic subsp. ophiolitica in the Apennine Mountains. The three subspecies fall into two separate clades with ITS sequence data, with subsp. laricifolia and subsp. ophiolitica together in one group and subsp. kitaibelii more closely related to other calcicole Minuartia species. We collected AFLP data from 445 individuals of M. laricifolia subspp. laricifolia and ophiolitica from 30 populations throughout their ranges in the western Alps and Apennines. We also obtained sequences of the chloroplast trnQ-rps16 spacer from one individual from each of the 30 populations (after preliminary analyses failed to find sequence variation within populations). The individuals of the serpentine-endemic subsp. ophiolitica formed a distinct group, which was nested within subsp. laricifolia in a neighborjoining tree of the AFLP data. Three distinct groups were recovered within subsp. laricifolia using the AFLP data: one in the Maritime Alps, one in the north-western Posters part of the French Alps, and one in the central Alps of Switzerland, Austria, and northern Italy. Subspecies ophiolitica appeared to be most closely related to the populations of subsp. laricifolia found in the Maritime Alps. There is evidence that the populations of subsp. laricifolia in the Maritime Alps and subsp. ophiolitica in the Apennine Mountains represent remnants of a once continuous distribution area. First, the populations of subsp. ophiolitica contain three haplotypes also found in subsp. laricifolia in the Maritime Alps. Second, levels of genetic diversity are high and of comparable magnitude in these two areas. We conclude that subspeciation and thus edaphic specialization occurred by vicariance, as opposed to subsp. ophiolitica being the product of long-distance dispersal. 131 P 48 Title Author Abstract Unveiling the role of herbs in the biodiversity of caatinga. The importance of the non-woody component in a neotropical dry vegetation Marcelo Freire Moro, Eimear Nic Lughadha, Fernando Roberto Martins The dry vegetation formations of Brazil (locally called Caatinga) have been historically undercollected. Since the 1990s sampling effort focused on the woody component has been increasing and from the late 1990s onwards researchers began to survey both woody and non-woody plants. How much of the biodiversity in caatinga was ignored when only woody plants were considered? We built a database of published floristic papers, distinguishing treatments dealing with 1) total flora 2) only woody flora and 3) only non-woody flora. We recorded species richness in each paper and data on habits of individual species, when available in the original publication. Mean richness reported in papers surveying only woody plants was 50 ± 20 species (n=29); mean richness in papers surveying non-woody plants was 62 ± 14 species (n= 6); and mean richness in papers with total flora was 106 ± 61 species (n= 44). Thus caatinga surveys concerned only with shrubs and trees have been ignoring much of plant diversity. The surveys that presented habit data for individual species included a total of 2453 records of plant habits. There was a geographical bias in these surveys, though, because most were conducted in a subtype of caatinga which occurs in the sedimentary basins of NE Brazil and is known to be relatively poor in herbs when compared to the more widespread subtype of caatinga occurring on crystalline terrain. Nonetheless, we found 919 records of non-woody plants compared to records of 1501 woody plants (plus 33 records of epiphytes and hemiparasites), equivalent to a proportion of 0.6 non-woody plant species records to each woody plant species record, indicating that non-woody plants form a very significant portion of the diversity, even in areas considered to be relatively poor in herbs. Preliminary analysis of our complete dataset (including more geographically widespread surveys) suggests that a proportion of one nonwoody to each woody plant species is found across the caatinga as a whole. Being subjected annually to a strong seasonality, it seems that two contrasting strategies were equally successful in caatinga: the woody deciduous phanerophytes and the herbaceous habit, predominantly in the form of short-lived therophytes. 132 P 49 Seed micromorphology of Minuartia species (Caryophyllaceae) in Iran Title Golaleh Mostafavi, Mostafa Assadi, Taher Nejadsattari, Fariba Sharifnia, Iraj Mehregan Author Seed micro-morphology of 20 annual and perennial herbaceous species belonging Abstract to the genus Minuartia L. (Caryophyllaceae) and from two different subgenera i.e. M. subg. Spergella and M. subg. Minuartia, were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Some qualitative and quantitative characters such as seed length and width, seed shape, cell shape, cell ornamentations were studied. The results showed that seed micro-morphology has a significant role in the recognition and separation of M. hamata (Hausskn.) Mattf., from the other species of the sect. Minuartia. Minuartia khorassanica Assadi & Mostafavi, a recently introduced species from Iran, is another species that micro-morphologically was quite different. Some diagnostic characters including seed length and width, cell ornamentations and seed color confirm micro-morphological variations. The species M. juniperina (L.) Maire & Petitmangin, belonging to the sect. Acutiflorae was completely distinct from the other species in the section in having glandular papillae on the cell surface. As a result, seed micro-morphology with a few exceptions Posters showed variation and its taxonomic value was significant in distinguishing taxa. 133 P 50 Title Author Abstract A taxonomic revision of all Minuartia species existed in Iran Golaleh Mostafavi, Mostafa Assadi, Taher Nejadsattari, Fariba Sharifnia, Iraj Mehregan Taxonomic revision of 22 species belonging to two different Subgenera, i.e. Spergella and Minuartia was performed by the authors. According to the latest study, seven sections were determined for the subgen. Minuartia. Identification key, distribution map and taxonomic description for each species were demonstrated. Within the species investigated, two new species i.e. M. sabalanica Assadi & Mostafavi (from NW Iran) and M. khorassanica Assadi & Mostafavi (from E Iran) were introduced for the first time to the world of science. In addition, the new combination, M. lineata Bornm. subsp. litwinowii (Schischk.) Assadi & Mostafavi, was introduced based on taxonomic rank reduction of Minuartia litwinowii Schischk. Moreover, taxonomic characters of an endemic species Minuartia urumiensis Bornm., was investigated according to the type specimen`s data. In this study, a general revision of all the introduced species from Iran in different floras (flora Iranica, flora de` Iran, etc.) was performed precisely and according to taxonomic studies the existence of some species recorded from Iran, i.e., M. thymifolia, M. tenuifolia, M. anatolica, M. setacea, M. dianthifolia, M. pungens, M. lydia, M. turcomanica, M. oreina, M. brevis, M. wiesneri and also M. viscosa, was controverted. 134 P 51 Investigating Geropogon hybridus (Asteraceae) population differentiation along fragmented habitats Title Christina Magdalena Müller, Volker Wissemann, Birgit Gemeinholzer Author Intensive, large-scale agriculture leads to habitat loss and fragmentation of Abstract naturalhabitats. Plant populations hereby get isolated on island like habitats with influences upon population genetic structures. In this study, we test the effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation along a precipitation gradient in an agri culture dominated landscape. Our study site is along a desert-Mediterranean transition zone of the Southern Judea Lowlands in Israel. By applying AFLP we investigated the population genetic structure of the annual Geropogon hybridus (Asteraceae). We screened 12 populations in total in 3 different land-units. The 94 analysed individuals provided 63 unambiguously scorable loci with 58 (92.1%) loci being polymorphic. Even the extent of the whole study area was relatively small (10km x 30 km), we found isolation by distance to be effective. We detected high levels of genetic differentiation among populations but genetic structures only in part reflected spatial patterns. The Structure analysis resulted in a distinct modal maximum of K=3 but only individuals in the more humid North did clusteraccording to their land-unit affiliation while individuals in the dryer South were partly genetically more diverse and featured some genetic admixture. The resultsdeviate Posters from earlier investigations on the same sites with a different annual Asteraceae species (Catananche lutea). Both Asteraceae species differ in capitulum and fruit morphology with G. hybridus being less polymorph and featuring less genetic admixtureacross the site. 135 P 52 Title Author Abstract Phylogeny, genome size and antimicrobial activity of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) Jennifer Nolzen, Ahmed Rezk, Matthias Ullrich, Dirk Albach Plants are creative ‘chemists’ that have evolved fascinating and biological-active chemical structures. The evolution of such substances is mostly considered to be a defense against microbial pathogens and herbivores. The probability of evolutionary innovations (for example, a new substance) can be improved by the duplication of genetic information (polyploidy). The approach of this project will be the combination of the phylogeny of Rhododendron with flow cytrometric estimates of genome size and the biological activity of certain secondary compounds against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Only about 350 species of the 1,300 species of Rhododendron currently accepted have been studied in phylogenetic analyses with a focus on specific subgenera and / or sections. In this work, the phylogeny of the genus Rhododendron was studied using the nuclear ITS region and the plastid trnLF region, including ca. 35-40 new sequences, respectively. Addit ionally, genome size of Rhododendron species (ca. 40-45) was estimated, which might indicate the degree of polyploidy. The phylogenetic analyses support a clear clustering of Rhododendron into the currently accepted subgenera and in most parts also sections / subsections but the phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear marker is incongruent with the plastid marker in a number of instances. Analysis of further markers, such as the nuclear region RPB2-i and the plastid region matK with its trnK intron (3’-end), is on its way to achieve a better support for relationships in Rhododendron. The combination of preliminary results with the measurements of genome size and biological activity against bacteria demonstrate the advantage of combining these three research aspects. Subgenera Hymenanthes, Azaleastrum, Mumeazalea and Tsutsusi seem to include only diploid species with almost all tetraploids and hexaploids restricted to subgenus Rhododendron. In addition, subgenus Rhododendron includes most species with antimicrobial activity and those with the strongest reaction. They show significant inhibition of grampositive bacteria and to a lesser degree of gram-negative bacteria. 136 P 53 Reproductive modes in Potentilla sensu lato (Potentilleae, Rosaceae) – prospects and limits of flow cytometric seed screen Title Juraj Paule, Christoph Dobeš, Andrea Lückl Author The applicability of the flow cytometric seed screen (FCSS) depends on sufficient Abstract amounts of endosperm and a bi-nucleate female contribution to the endosperm. To test this precondition, FCSS was combined with AFLP based progeny surveys and data on sporo-, gameto- and embryogenesis. Reproductive modes were inferred for 14 species representing six genera of the tribe Potentilleae. The endosperm uniformly received a bi-nucleate female contribution. Apomixis was restricted to two evolutionary lineages (Potentilla and Alchemilla/Aphanes), while Argentina, Comarum, Dasiphora, Drymocallis, Horkeliella, and Sibbaldia were exclusively sexual. The male contribution to the endosperm was flexible but the maternal:paternal (m:p) genomic ratio of 2m:1p was re-established in the majority of seeds. Mathematical considerations demonstrated that the accurate ploidy inference of gametes is limited by the systematic error of the peak index estimate. Furthermore, the ratio of m:p contributions to the endosperm is not constrained Posters to 2:1 but flexibility is largely restricted to 1n versus 2n male contributions. 137 P 54 Title Author Abstract Gene tree incongruence in Medicago (Fabaceae) Bernard Pfeil Gene trees for various taxa often show incongruence. The inference of species trees, however, requires first that the processes that cause incongruence among gene trees are understood. Some processes that cause incongruence can be reconciled with current nethods (such as incomplete lineage sorting), whereas others require different approaches (such as paralogy and hybridisation) not readily accommodated in current software implementations. Here we review the incongruence observed among gene trees drawn from Medicago species, a circumMediterranean genus of annual and perennial herbs and small shrubs. We examine the evidence for each of hybridisation, paralogy and incomplete lineage sorting as explanations for the incongruence. We then discuss the steps that could be taken in order to infer a species tree (or network) for species of Medicago. 138 P 55 Phylogeny of the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) in Iran Title Shaghayegh Rezaei, Iraj Mehregan, Mostafa Assadi Author Following research includes the molecular phylogeny of the genus Hypericum L. Abstract (Hypericaceae) in Iran. Hypericum includes annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees. The genus is widely distributed worldwide, and is represented in Iran by 19 species of perennials or shrubs. In order to clarify the phylogenic relationships between Iranian species of Hypericum, datasets obtained from the sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacers 1+2 (ITS1 & 2) plus 5.6S region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were analyzed using Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). According to the results, all species of the genus Hypericum formed a monophyletic clade. Hypericum dogonbadanicum seemed to be the sister taxon to the rest of the Iranian species. Most of the Iranian species formed a monophyletic clade nested in the core Hypercum clade. The results also showed that main monophyletic clades were formed by species with neighboring geographical distribution. Results obtained from the analysis of 15 vegetative characters showed that none of the main clades could be supported by Posters certain synapomorphies. 139 P 56 Title Author Abstract From Gondwana to the world: phylogeny of the Cryptocarya group (Lauraceae) Jens Rohwer, Barbara Rudolph, Pedro Luis Rodrigues de Moraes, Henk van der Werff The Cryptocarya group includes about 500 to 750 species, distributed throughout many moist tropical to subtropical regions of the world. It constitutes the oldest major clade within the Lauraceae, second only to the monotypic West African genus Hypodaphnis. The delimitation of some of its genera is still controversial, and several new genera have been described only relatively recently. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast trnK intron sequences and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences suggest the following: (1) The monotypic Malesian endemic genera Eusideroxylon and Potoxylon form the sister group to the remaining genera. (2) Aspidostemon from Madagascar and Dahlgrenodendron from Eastern South Africa are closely related, and sister to all other genera except those mentioned above. (3) The large pantropical genus Cryptocarya (including Ravensara but excluding Aspidostemon and Dahlgrenodendron), is clearly monophyletic. The species so far investigated form geographically homogeneous clades, except for the aberrant Chilean C. alba, which appears to be the sister to all other species examined. (4) All remaining genera, including the recently described Sinopora and Yasunia, form a well-supported clade together with all species currently placed in Beilschmiedia. Most of them appear to be nested within Beilschmiedia in at least some analyses, but generally with low support values. Therefore, it is still too early to decide if Beilschmiedia is monophyletic or paraphyletic. The fact that the basal taxa in most branches are from different parts of the Southern Hemisphere suggests a Gondwana origin for the Cryptocarya group. 140 P 57 Propagation and ex situ conservation of same rare and threatened European bryophytes Title Marko Sabovljevic, José Gabriel Segarra-Moragues, Aneta Sabovljevic, Felisa Puche, Beata Papp, Milorad Vujicic, Erzsebet Szurdoki Author Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) are often overlooked in conserva- Abstract tion initiatives despite their presence in most terrestrial habitats and being major contributors to the functioning and biodiversity of many of the world’s ecosystems. The ex situ conservation of bryophytes faces many challenges including: insufficient amounts of plant material for implementing action plans; unresolved taxonomic problems; poor knowledge of the biology and ecology of target species; habitat degradation and / or loss and hence a lack of potential habitats for introduction; underdeveloped biotechnological processes for the establishment and propagation of both xenic and axenic cultures; genetic variability (problems with maintaining genetic variability in ex-situ stocks). Progress in this area has been achieved by individual and group activities. So far, 16 liverwort and 53 moss species of national and wider conservation interest are to some extent conserved as in vitro cultures, with 51 additional bryophyte species maintained in living tissue collections for purposes other than conservation. Here, case studies on selected European bryophytes are presented such as Bruchia vogesiaca, Campylopus Posters oerstedianus, Entosthodon hungaricus, Goniomitrium seroi, Hennediella heimii, Molendoa hornschuchiana, and Riella helicophylla. Financial support is now urgently needed to boost current and develop further initiatives and collaborations in ex situ bryophyte conservation and thus to ensure the survival of rare and threatened species in a rapidly changing European environment. 141 P 58 Title Author Abstract An overview of biodiversity of wild Triticeae genepools in Iran Hojjatollah Saeidi, Mohammad Reza Rahiminejad Wild genepools are important genetic resources for cultivated species which have narrowed gene pools due to intensive breedings. Information on genetic diversity at the DNA level among Iranian wild genepools are meager and poorly documented. Here the biodiversity of wheat, barley and rye wild genepools in Iran based on molecular data is reviewed and some new evidences are provided. Generally high levels of genetic diversity in Triticum diploid species, Aegilops tauschii, Secale sp. and H genome containing species of the genus Hordeum were found. In most species genepool subdivisions were found and mostly genepools present along Zagros Mountains were different from those grow along Alborz Mountains. In genetic diversity analyses of all species studied, ecogeographical patterns of diversity were partly evident. In Hordeum murinum, along with high genetic diversity, three geographic sub-genepools; 1: in the North-Northeast region along the Alborz Mountains, 2: in the West- Northwest region along the Zagros Mountains and 3: in the Central – Southern region, were evident. The genetic diversity in diploids was higher than polyploids. Also genetic diversity in W-NW region along the Zagros Mountains was considerably higher than that of the other regions. In diploid species of the genus Triticum, IRAP data proved a center of high diversity in the West and the Northwest of Iran and clearly revealed patterns of two distinct geographic regions. Also the study showed a high level of genetic diversity among the Iranian gene-pool of diploid Triticum species. 142 P 59 Life and death in the garden: mortality and recruitment trajectories in plants Title Roberto Salguero-Gomez, Owen Jones Author One group of ‘classical’ theories of senescence focuses on the existence of trade- Abstract offs between early and late life performance. This body of literature, initiated by Hamilton and later supplemented by Williams, Medawar and Kirkwood, has been developed with unitary organisms in mind. These theories are usually interpreted to predict that, after the onset of sexual maturity, survival rate will decline alongside reproductive output. Using data derived from the COMPADRE database, we examined age-specific mortality and per-capita recruitment trajectories for hundreds of vascular plant and algae species using population projection matrices6 to examine the validity of these theories for the age trajectories of modular organisms. We demonstrate the existence of an astonishing variety of demographic trajectories in modular organisms, the majority of which do not adhere to the ‘classical’ Hamiltonian predictions of inevitable senescence. We argue that environmentalfiltering and phylogenetic ancestry explains much of the observed variation, and that the classical theories of senescence are not sufficient to explain demographic trajectories in modular organisms like vascular plants, red and Posters brown algae. Symposium 143 P 60 Title Author Abstract Molecular evidence for reticulate evolution in the genus Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) in the Western Mediterranean and Macaronesia Agnes Scheunert, Günther Heubl The mainly holarctic figworts, Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) consist of app. 250 species and have their primary center of diversity in the Irano-Turanian region. However, the genus is also widely distributed in the Mediterranean, where it displays a considerable degree of endemism. A secondary center of diversity is located on the Iberian Peninsula (22 species including 10 endemics), while app. 21 species (5 endemics) occur in Northern Africa and 9 species (6 endemics) in Macaronesia. To reveal phylogenetic relationships of Scrophularia in these regions, a total of 72 taxa was sequenced using the intergenic spacer trnQ-rps16 of chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal ITS. The sampling covers 100% of the Iberian and Macaronesian taxa and 84% of the species occurring in Western North Africa. The nuclear data analyses show that the majority of the Iberian species (91%) are part of three highly supported clades, each containing at least one more widespread species. The largest of them comprises the majority of Iberian and Macaronesian species (“Iberia-Macaronesia Clade”). Two highly supported subclades contain close relatives of the widespread S. auriculata and S. scorodonia, respectively. Our results indicate that the “Auriculata Clade” constitutes the closest relative of the perennial Macaronesian endemics. The annual Macaronesian species form a separate clade at the very base of the tree; this position might be artificial due to an increased evolutionary rate caused by an annual life cycle. The molecular phylogenetic analyses further suggest that the islands of the Macaronesian archipelago have been colonized at least four times. Comparing nuclear and chloroplast marker phylogenies, the analyses reveal large amounts of incongruence; several examples show that hybridization, introgression, and lineage sorting are likely to play major roles in the evolutionary history of Western Mediterranean Scrophularia. 7 Iberian endemic species could be identified as of hybridogenous origin, with the putative parent species being members or ancestors of the Auriculata- and Scorodonia Clades. The Iberia-Macaronesia Clade shares a rather uncommon chromosome number of 2n = 58; its origin was a subject of debate, but remained obscure. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, chromosome number evolution is discussed, assuming repeated events of ancient allopolyploid hybridization involved in the origin of this clade containing 64% of all Iberian and 78% of all Macaronesian species. 144 P 61 Population-based DNA-barcoding of Arabidopsis thaliana’s wild relatives Title Roswitha Schmickl, Nora Hohmann, Karol Marhold, Marcus Koch Author With a rising number of studies including Arabidopsis thaliana’s wild relatives to Abstract address questions in evolutionary biology, ecology and adaptation, the need for a reliable identification of the various taxonomically difficult species becomes an important issue. Aside A. thaliana three major lineages (A. arenosa, A. halleri, A. lyrata) with numerous, more local closely related species and subspecies as well as two narrow endemics (A. cebennensis, A. pedemontana) are described. These major lineages are morphologically distinct, but beyond these entities taxa are neither clear nor easily distinguishable. Due to the relatively short evolutionary history of these species and frequent hybridisation, sequence-based DNAbarcodingis not sufficient to identify all different taxa. In this study, a population genetic approach based on nuclear microsatellites was used as an alternative to traditional DNA-barcoding, demonstrating that population genetics are a powerful tool for barcoding when traditionally used sequence-based techniques fail. We developed a reference set of several thousand individuals and hundreds of populations and use an analytical strategy based on a series of hierarchical genetic subgroups to delimitate most taxonomic and evolutionary distinct entities Posters within the genus Arabidopsis. 145 P 62 Title Author Abstract Evolving towards the top: phylogeny and evolution of the European endemic Phyteuma (Campanulaceae) Gerald Schneeweiss, Clemens Pachschwöll, Andreas Tribsch, Peter Schönswetter, Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss, Mike Thiv Phyteuma, phylogenetically nested within Campanula, comprises 24 species mainly distributed in Europe (only a single species also in northern Morocco) and is morphologically characterized by flowers with a deeply (4)5-lobed corolla and a peculiar opening mechanism. Due the lack of a comprehensive molecularphylogenetic study of Phyteuma, both its circumscription and relationship to other genera, such as Physoplexis or Asyneuma, and evolutionary processes concerning, for instance, chromosome number (dysploid series from x = 10 to x = 14) or habitat evolution (lowland and alpine species), are insufficiently understood. Here, we test previous hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships of and within Phyteuma using phylogenetic analyses of plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data from usually multiple accessions of nearly all currently recognized Phyteuma species and from putatively closely related genera. Specifically, we answer the following questions: (1) Is Phyteuma a monophyletic group distinct from Physoplexis, as suggested by morphological and karyological differences? What is the closest relative of Phyteuma and Physoplexis? (2) What are the phylogenetic relationships within Phyteuma and do inferences from molecular data agree with the intuitive phylogenetic hypothesis suggested by the latest monographer of the genus? Using the thus established phylogenetic framework, we (3) investigate chromosome number evolution (including newly obtained chromosome data) to test whether different chromosome numbers correlate with phylogenetic lineages in Phyteuma; (4) reconstruct the biogeographic history of this genus to identify patterns of range formation with particular emphasis on the relationships between lowland areas and high mountain ranges as well as among different high mountain ranges; and (5) reconstruct habitat evolution with special emphasis on alpine habitats. 146 P 63 Duthieeae, a new tribe of grasses (Poaceae) identified among the early diverging lineages of subfamily Pooideae Title Julia Schneider, Grit Winterfeld, Matthias H. Hoffmann, Martin Röser Author During the past years several molecular phylogenetic studies have been conducted Abstract on the Pooideae, one of the largest subfamilies of grasses. We used a broad sampling of genera with uncertain previous placements and representatives from all lineages of this subfamily to understand the evolutionary origin of early diverging lineages in Pooideae. Molecular analyses of the chloroplast gene region matK– 3’trnK and the nuclear marker ITS were carried out and supplemented by morphological, cytogenetic and biogeographical investigations. Based on such characters we identified a new and well-supported monophyletic lineage encompassing Anisopogon, Danthoniastrum, Duthiea, Metcalfia, Pseudodanthonia, Sinochasea and Stephanachne. Phaenosperma was unsupported sister to this group. Based on structural characters we suggest to keep Phaenosperma under the monotypic tribe Phaenospermateae and to classify the other genera under a new tribe Duthieeae, which is characterised by synapomorphic spikelet features. Duthieeae and Phaenospermateae differ clearly in morphological characters and molecularphylogenetic data from the much more species-rich tribe Stipeae, a further ear- Posters ly diverging lineage. The cytogenetic study of exemplary taxa corroborate high chromosome base numbers to be prevalent within the early diverging lineages of Pooideae, but chromosome sizes are much more varied than previously reported. Biogeographical analyses indicated warm and humid conditions as the ancestral bioclimatic niche of Phaenosperma and Duthieeae. Adaptation to cold and drought occurred only in a part of Duthieeae. The distribution of Duthieeae with species-poor or monotypic genera in mountains of the northern hemisphere and Anisopogon as an outlier in Australia points to relict character. 147 P 64 Title Author Abstract Implications of chloroplast haplotypes on the evolution of Deuterocohnia (Bromeliaceae) Nicole Schütz, Kurt Weising, Georg Zizka The genus Deuterocohnia Mez (Bromeliaceae) comprises 17 species with a distribution centre in the Andes of southern Bolivia and northern Argentina. Typical habitats are dry, rocky slopes or rock faces. Succulent leaves and CAM photosynthesis are some of the adaptations related to their xerothermic habitat. Our ongoing project involves a detailed morphological, biogeographical and molecular systematic analysis of the genus. In the present contribution we introduce the results of comparative sequence analysis of three intergenic chloroplast DNAregions (trnS-ycf3, rps16-trnK, rpl32-trnL) and two nuclear single copy marker (PRK exon2-5 and PHYC). According to the chloroplast data, Deuterocohnia proved to be deeply paraphyletic, with five species forming a sister group to the closely related genus Dyckia, and all other species being sister to the Dyckia / Deuterocohnia clade. In contrast to the chloroplast DNA data, preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on low-copy nuclear markers provide good support for the monophyly of Deuterocohnia. The pattern of the cpDNA-based phylogeny and haplotype network supports biogeographical pattern rather than morphology. Possible explanations for the incongruence of the cytoplasmic versus nuclear phylogenies are discussed. 148 P 65 Alpine adaptation, how common is it? A case study of Senecio s.str. in the Afroalpine Title Thomas Schwartz, Berit Gehrke Author The daily repeating cycle between night freezing and day thawing makes living Abstract conditions in tropical alpine regions very different from those in any other ecological zone. Despite these harsh climatic conditions the African alpine region of Tropical East Africa and Ethiopia (the Afroalpine) is inhabited by >30 species of Senecio s.str. (Asteraceae), which thereby ranks as the largest of the Afroalpine genera. Our study aims to investigate whether adaptations to the Afroalpine have occurred more than once in Senecio. Currently available phylogenetic trees only include two East African species which grow in the alpine region, i.e. they are grossly under sampled in relevant taxa, and lack resolution for the pertinent clade / s. Our aim is therefore to add both to the number of taxa and to the number of sequenced genes (including low copy nuclear coding genes) in order to test our hypothesis that Senecio has adapted to the tropical alpine climate several times independently and to estimate a temporal time frame for these colonisation Posters events. 149 P 66 Title Author Abstract Study of Iranian Crataegus species (Rosaceae, Pyreae) using molecular marker(ITS) Fariba Sharifnia, Nasim Seyedipour To resolve the relationships among the Iranian taxa of the Crataegus and to clarify whether they belong to one or more monophyletic entities or clades, phylogenetic relationships were constructed for 38 Old and New World taxa of Crataegus and two taxa of Mespilus using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI) results gave consistent relationships among major groups: Mespilus is sister to Crataegus, and Crataegus brachyacantha is sister to the rest of Crataegus. Furthermore, within the Crataegus clade there are two major clades: Clade I comprises the majority of the North American species of Crataegus as well as species of the central and eastern Asian C. sect. Sanguineae. Within clade I, clade A formed by the eastern North American Crataegus spathulata, C. phaenopyrum and C. marshallii is sister to clade B which is divided into clade B1 and B2. Clade B1 comprises the western North American Crataegus saligna and C. suksdorfii, as well as species of the eastern Asian C. sect. Sanguineae. Clade B2 contains eastern North American Crataegus species. In clade II, the eastern Asian Crataegus hupehensis is sister to the European and western Asian species of C. sect. Crataegus. Within the clade of Crataegus sect. Crataegus, C. ser. Pentagynae (clade C) is sister to the remaining species of the section (clade D). The traditional division into C. ser. Crataegus and ser. Orientales is not supported. Crataegus babakhanloui was originally referred to C. sect. Sanguineae, but in this study it is shown to be closely related to C. songarica of C. sect. Crataegus. The Iranian taxa of Crataegus studied here belong to C. sect. Crataegus. Keywords--- Crataegus, Mespilus, Iran, ITS, molecular data, phylogeny. 150 P 67 Cyclamen purpurascens subsp. immaculatum – resurrected endemic taxon from the Western Carpathians Title Marek Slovák, Peter Turis, Jaromir Kucera, Judita Zozomová-Lihova Author Cyclamen fatrense was described as a narrow endemic of the Western Carpathians. Abstract Inasmuch as its uncertain morphological distinction from the closely related C. purpurascens, it has not been widely accepted as a separate taxon. Amplified fragment length polymorphism – AFLP, multivariate morphometric and karyological analysis were used to ascertain the taxonomic position of assumed C. fatrenseand also to investigate potential differentiations in the closely related C. purpurascens. Results of the study showed that the Western Carpathian populations are genetically and morphologically distinct from those of C. purpurascens and that they should be considered as separate endemic subspecies, namely C. purpurascens subsp. immaculatum. Crucial diagnostic characters separating it from nominate subsp. purpurascens are the absence of ornamentation on their upper leaf surface, the shape of the leaves and sepals, the width of the petals and the position of the widest part of the leaf lamina. Furthermore, all studied populations including those of C. purpurascens subsp. immaculatum are karyologically uniform and all are diploids (2n = 2x = 34), containing minute difference in their Posters absolute DNA content. 151 P 68 Title Author Abstract About dwarfs and giants: evolution of miniaturization in arctic-alpine plants Simone Steffen, Joachim Kadereit Miniaturization of plant size is a phenomenon well known from both arctic and alpine regions. We aim to test this commonly observed pattern of decreasing plant size with decreasing temperatures in a phylogenetic context. Petasites and Tussilago (Asteraceae) are widespread throughout the northern hemisphere, and are well-known for their large leaves, while the closely related Homogyne and Endocellion are solely found in alpine and arctic environments, respectively, and have rather small leaves. We present a comprehensive phylogeny of these four genera based on nrDNA and cpDNA sequences (ITS, ndhF-rpl32 and rpl32-trnL). The four genera form a well-supported monophyletic group within subtribe Tussilagininae of tribe Senecioneae, but within this clade relationships remain unresolved as Homogyne, Tussilago, and Petasites incl. Endocellion form a trichotomy. Dwarfism evolved several times within the group: those species living in alpine or arctic environments do not only have much smaller leaves than other representatives of the group, but also have a reduced number of capitula. This is not only true for the arctic / alpine Endocellion and Homogyne, but also P. doerfleri and P. rubellus, which are restricted to alpine habitats, are reduced in size. The widespread P. frigidus shows high morphological variation and individuals from the arctic are much smaller in leaf and inflorescence size than those from lower latitudes. To better understand the forces that drive the evolution of dwarfism, we took a closer look at the ecology of species that occur in the Alps. Homogyne alpina, H. discolor and P. paradoxus occur in (sub-) alpine habitats, but only Homogyne species are true dwarfs with leaves less than 5 cm in diameter and only one flowering head, while P. paradoxus has leaves up to 30 cm in diameter and numerous capitula. These species differ in ecology: Homogyne is found in nutrient-poor and stable habitats, while P. paradoxus grows in nutrient-rich and often disturbed habitats. This pattern can be observed as an overall trend in the entire group: plant size decreases with decreasing temperatures, but factors like nutrient availa bility and habitat disturbance can counteract this trend. 152 P 69 Systematics and phylogeny of Ananas and its relatives (Bromeliaceae) Title Gerardo M. Steinbeisser, Juraj Paule, Sascha Heller, Elton M.C. Leme, Georg Zizka Author Although Ananas comosus is a tropical crop of highest economic importance and Abstract the focus of intensive research, nevertheless, the relationship among the Ananas species as well as with other related taxa is yet not well understood. Based on existing molecular phylogenies and morphological similarities we analysed Ananas species and 19 presumably related taxa (currently members of Acanthostachys, Disteganthus, Neoglaziovia, Pseudananas, Aechmea subgenus Chevaliera) with both highly variable AFLPs and sequence data in order to reconstruct the phylogeny using maximum likelihood and Bayesian algorithms. The developed phylogeny was combined with biogeographical, ecological niche modelling and morphological data with the aim to reconstruct the historical biogeography and to identify Posters evolutionary processes which shaped the studied group. 153 P 70 Title Author Abstract Population genetics of the narrow endemic and critically endangered Arenaria nevadensis (Caryophyllaceae) Víctor N. Suárez Santiago, Inmaculada López-Flores, Laura Terrón-Camero Arenaria nevadensis is an annual herb that is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains (Granada, Spain). It is included in the IUCN red list of endangered species and is classified in the red book of endangered flora of Spain as a critically endangered species. It has only two populations, Veta Grande (VG) and Mulhacén (MU; subdivided into three nucleous: 7-Lag, Send, Pneg), which are 5 km apart and each occupy less than 1 km_. This species grows at altitudes of between 2,950 m and 3,300 m, in muddy places amongst loose, graphite-micaschist stones on steep slopes. These environmental conditions occur infrequently in the Sierra Nevada mountains, and this confines the development and expansion of this species, so increasing the risk of extinction. We report an initial study using eight microsatellite loci for characterizing the genetic diversity in A. nevadensis and understanding its population structure, which can provide important data for the conservation and recovery of this species. Despite the limited range of the species, genetic diversity values detected were moderately high. At population level, MU was more diverse than the population VG. There is a high degree of genetic differentiation and a very low migration rate between the two populations. This high genetic differentiation is explained by a strong effect of the genetic drift on the analized populations; which is evidenced by the unequal distribution of allele frequencies at each locus and the high number of private alleles per population. MU showed a reproductive structure among nuclei within populations, explaining its significant deviation from Hardy-Weingerg proportions (Wahlund effect). Two subpopulations were detected, one of them consisting of a nucleus (7-Lag) and the other comprising the other two nuclei (Send and Pneg). The significant differentiation between the two subpopulations can be explained by a founder effect in the subpopulation 7-Lag, after colonization of the area by individuals from the other subpopulation. The positive correlation between genetic distances and geographic distances between nuclei in MU suggests they were origined by dispersive processes. When geographic distance is low, gene flow prevents genetic differentiation (Send vs Pneg, 300 m), but when geographic distance is enough as to promote reproductive structure and reduced gene flow (7-Lag, 1 km), genetic differentiation appears. 154 P 71 Parallel colonisation of the Arctic by plants Title Natalia Tkach, Martin Röser, Matthias H. Hoffmann Author The now treeless and cold region of the Arctic was covered throughout much of Abstract Tertiary with deciduous and coniferous forest. During the late Tertiary and Pleistocene cooling and the retreat of the forests this space became available for (re) colonisation and evolution of plants. The environmental conditions of the Arctic are very harsh. Nevertheless, c. 2500 vascular plant species occur presently in the Arctic. These species may be immigrants from southern areas or may have evolved in situ. To infer colonisation patterns and putative adaptations we study species occurring in the Arctic in a phylogenetic framework. Species of the genera Artemisia L., Ranunculus L., and Pedicularis L. were chosen as model groups. Additionally, many molecular phylogenetic studies available for other genera occurring in the Arctic were studied to infer the origin of the arctic flora. Multiple evolution of arctic taxa from non-arctic ancestors of different ages and places of origin and with various ecology preferences is the prevalent pattern detected for the arctic flora. Evolutionary radiations as found in arctic Douglasia (Primulaceae) are a rare exception. It turns out that arctic species have evolved from ancestors that may have occupied virtually all geographical areas and vegetation types of the adjacent non-arctic areas. A clear preference for habitat or vegetation type were Posters seemingly not required for successful spread into the Arctic. 155 P 72 Title Author Abstract Intron evolution in a phylogenetic perspective: Assessing molecular characteristics in a duplicated MADS box gene in Impatiens L. Ute Volkmar, Eric F. Smets, Henning Lenz, Steven B. Janssens MADS box genes encode transcription factors that determine flower development. Some of them are already used to resolve phylogenetic relationships within angiosperms (e.g. ap3, pi). Here, we present a detailed study on the phylogenetic potential of all introns in a duplicated def gene of selected Impatiens species, thereby also evaluating molecular traits during the evolution of the genus. Variability and substitution rates vary tremendously between introns in both copies. While most introns have a fixed substitution rate, some intron rates are matching def exonic regions. Long introns do not show higher variability or substitution rates compared to shorter introns. Our results suggest that intron substitution rates depend on adjacent exons. From a total of twelve investigated introns, only three neighbouring introns are sufficient to obtain a resolved and well-supported phylogeny. General trends in intron evolution across the genus phylogeny are not observed. Length increases, decreases and stagnation are found in introns of both gene copies. Nevertheless, in the analysed taxa, stagnation in length is not absence of variability but rather fluctuation of sequence stretches. 156 P 73 Tracing speciation processes in the Latin American genus Fosterella (Pitcairnioideae, Bromeliaceae) Title Natascha Wagner, Ingo Michalak, Georg Zizka, Kurt Weising Author The neotropical genus Fosterella (Pitcairnioideae, Bromeliaceae) currently inclu- Abstract des 31 species. The genus has its distribution centre in the Bolivian Andes. In our recent work we combined molecular and biogeographical data to get insights into the spatiotemporal evolution of Fosterella. A well-resolved multilocus phylogeny of Fosterella based on six chloroplast DNA regions (matK, rps16 intron, atpB-rbcL, psbB-psbH, rpl32-trnL, rps16-trnK) demonstrates the monophyly of the genus and its division into six evolutionary lineages. Application of a molecular clock and ancestral area reconstruction suggest an origin of the genus in the mid Miocene about 10 Ma, either in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) of the Andes or in azonal lowland sites of Bolivia. We are currently applying AFLPs to increase the phylogenetic and phylogeographic resolution and to study speciation processes within several subgroups defined by the plastid data. Here we present our AFLP results for (1) the penduliflora-group and (2) the micrantha-group. The penduliflora-group comprises the morphologically diverse and widespread species F. penduliflora and the narrow endemic F. gracilis. The two species are clearly distinct and their populations show a high degree of isolation by distance. Allopatric speciation seems Posters to be the main mechanism of diversification in this group. The micrantha-group contains three morphologically similar species and shows a disjunct distribution pattern. Fosterella micrantha only occurs in SDTFs of Central America, where it probably arrived as a consequence of a long distance dispersal. Fosterella christophii is endemic to small areas in Bolivia, those are in parts overlapping with the wider distributional range of F. villosula in the Bolivian Yungas. Most of the populations of the Central American F. micrantha are clearly separated from those of its sister species by AFLP data. A neighbour net analysis suggests a geographical rather than a species-specific pattern for F. christophii and F. villosula, separating northern from southern populations irrespective of species designation. 157 P 74 Title Author Abstract On thyrses and thyrse-like units Eileen Wasner, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff The term `thyrse´ is one of the most controversely used terms in inflorescence morphology. Based on its single characteristic, the production of cymes, open and closed, simple and compound, leafy and bracteose thyrses, cymoid inflorescences, cymoids, dichasia and anthoclades are distinguished. However, it is not the huge diversity of thyrses which raises problems, it is the mixing of reference levels. Based on the specific characteristics of the meristems they originate from, different levels of reproductive units are distinguished. The first level is the flowering shoot system, a one-season old branching system producing one to several repro ductive units at terminal and / or axillary meristems. If it branches sympodially and produces reproductive units regularly at the tip of each branch, a leafy `thyrse´ (or anthoclade) results. The second level is the inflorescence originating from an inflorescence meristem. It shares acropetal organ production with the vegetative meristem, but has limited activity producing exclusively reproductive submeristems. Basic inflorescences are compound and simple racemes (terminal flower absent) and panicles and botryoids (terminal flower present). If these inflorescences produce cymes instead of flowers, they merge into `thyrses´. The third levelis the floral unit originating from a flower-like meristem lacking the ability to produce sub-meristems in acropetal order. Instead it fractionates almost synchronously and is used up completely. If terminal flower production is followed by ordinal fractionation, cymes are produced. They give rise to a third type of `thyrses´ (e.g. cyathia in Euphorbia). It is evident, that the different kinds of thyrses are not the same. We therefore propose to restrict the term thyrse on the inflorescence level and to refer the remaining thyrse-like units to their respective frameworks, i.e. the flowering shoot system and floral unit. In the project, species from different families (mainly eudicots, e.g. Boraginaceae, Caryophyllaceae) are examined (by SEM and histological techniques) to illustrate the analogous formation of `thyrses´ and to increase the understanding of inflorescence diversity from an ontogenetic perspective. 158 P 75 Diversity of C3- and C4- leaf anatomy in South African species of Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae) Title Lisa Wernet, Dirk U. Bellstedt, Gudrun Kadereit Author South Africa Zygophyllum comprises c. 100 mostly shrubby species in warm and Abstract dry regions of Africa, Asia and Australia. Only one species, the annual Z. simplex, is known to perform C4 photosynthesis. The center of diversity is located in SouthAfrica where 54 species are distributed in seven of the eight South African biomes. The genus is subdivided into the subgenera Zygophyllum and Agrophyllum. While subgenus Agrophyllum shows the highest species diversity in the succulent karoo, subgenus Zygophyllum is highly diverse in the Cape Floristic region. Leaves in Zygophyllum strongly differ in shape and degree of succulence. We examined leaf anatomy and photosynthesis type in 37 species of South African Zygophyllum. To analyze the leaf anatomy we made cross sections from dry material. In addition, _13C- data were measured to determine the photosynthetic pathway. We discovered that Zygophyllum simplex is not the only C4- species within Zygophyllum. The two other species of the sect. Annua, Z. inflatum and Z. spongiosum, are also C4. All three show a similar Kranz anatomy (kochioid) with a large central water storage tissue and peripheral vascular bundles that show a semi-kranz arrange- Posters ment of bundle sheath cells. All other species investigated show _13C- values typical of C3 photosynthesis. The cross sections show a high diversity in leaf anatomy within Zygophyllum. The only common feature is an isolateral arrangement of the tissues in all examined species. The amount of chlorenchyma layers varies between one layer in the annual species up to five layers. Closely corresponding to the degree of succulence found, the water storage tissue is either absent or makes up between 20% to 62% of the cross section. Another varying feature is the position of the vascular bundles which most commonly lie in one layer in the middle of the leaf or -more rarely- are peripheral with only one large, central bundle. Mapping leaf types onto the most recent phylogeny of Zygophyllum shows that succulent leaves arose multiple times in the genus. 159 P 76 Title Author Abstract Molecular evidence for divergent selection between Oenanthe aquatica and Oe. conioides Erik Westberg, Joachim Kadereit Oenanthe conioides (Apiaceae) is a narrow endemic from the lower Elbe river area (Germany) where it is restricted to areas experiencing fresh water tides inundating the plants twice a day. The species has been shown to have originated from Oe. aquatica which is widely distributed in Europe and grows in still or slowly flowing fresh water. Reciprocal transplant experiments have previously shown that in the two respective habitats, the non-native species are less fit than the native. Reduced fitness of Oe. aquatica in the Oe. conioides-habitat may result from low winter temperatures, and reduced fitness of Oe. conioides in the Oe. aquatica-habitat from herbivory. We here present data from a genomic scan for markers linked to sites under divergent selection. We also investigate the genomic distribution of candidate markers to see whether they are clustered or dispersed throughout the genome. Markers under divergent selection were found to be dispersed throughoutthe genome. This fits the hypothesis that adaptation of the two species to their respective habitats involves several unrelated plant properties, including cold and herbivore resistance discussed above. 160 P 77 Genetic diversity in populations of Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae) along a steep climatic gradient in Israel Title Erik Westberg, Oz Barazani Author Eruca sativa Mill. (Brassicaceae) is an annual self-incompatible species with insect Abstract pollinated pale white to yellow flowers. The plant is of Mediterranean origin and distribution, and its occurrence in Israel is at the easternmost Mediterranean periphery. Here, natural populations of E. sativa are distributed in a narrow geographical range along the Jordan valley to the southern Golan Heights along a steep climatic gradient, from mesic Mediterranean conditions in the north, to the arid-hot desert conditions in the south Jordan valley. An AFLP analysis of nine representative populations revealed two main geographical clusters. One cluster consisted of two northern populations and the second cluster included seven populations from the southern and central parts of the distribution range. To see whether the environmental gradient has an influence on genetic variation in this species, climatic and edaphic data was gathered and compared to the AFLP data. Both geographical and environmental distances were significantly correlated with genetic distance. In addition, when controlling for the effects of geographic distance, climatic factors explained more of the AFLP variation than edaphic factors. Posters These results suggest that genetic structure is influenced by both an isolation-bydistance process and local environmental conditions. 161 P 78 Title Author Abstract The maintenance of nototriby by resupination – experimental studies in Salvia gravida Epling Petra Wester, Silke Czarny, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff Dorsiventral flowers often guide their visitors into a position that allows access to nectar and guarantees pollen transfer. In occasionally sidewards or downwards oriented branches, flowers are often found to twist to their `normal´ position making nototriby possible. This leads to the hypothesis that dorsiventral beepollinated flowers are phenotypically sensitive for gravity To test this hypothesis we investigated the bird-pollinated Mexican endemic Salvia gravida. This species is the only known Salvia species characterised by obligatory pendulous inflorescences in which all flowers resupinate thereby attaining a position favourable to nototriby. Resupination is realised by the pedicels twisting during late bud stage. The process starts at the proximal part of the inflorescence and proceeds distally with the flowering sequence. In the field (El Terrero, Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, Mexico), the large, rosy-purple, nectar-rich flowers were observed to be pollinated by a hovering hummingbird, being dusted with pollen on the dorsal side of its head. In an experimental set up, bird skins were placed into not resupinated flowers simulating sternotribic pollen transfer. It was evident that the birds were hindered to enter the flower by the upper lip and moving stamens. Experiments conducted in the Botanical Garden at Mainz University (Germany) confirmed the ability of the flowers to regulate their spatial arrangement. Inflorescences which were artificially bound upwards or sidewards showed compensatory movements at their tips. Dependent on the developmental stage, flowers and buds differed in their response to manipulation. The youngest buds, still untwisted, maintained their position and did not start to twist. Older, already twisted flower buds continued to turn round or back (dependent on the shortest way) thus reaching the adequate position for nototriby. Already open flowers did not respond at all. It is thus evident that the flowers are able to respond to changes in gravity but that this ability is restricted to a small and definite time window. 162 P 79 Assembly and Optimizations for the Reconstruction of Specific Genomic Segments using Whole Genome Shotgun Pyrosequencing Title Susann Wicke, Gerald Schneeweiss, Dietmar Quandt, Claude W. dePamphilis, Kai F. Müller Author Next generation sequencing technologies (NGS) have revolutionized genome re- Abstract search, and thus the number of fully or partially sequenced animal and plant organellar and nuclear genomes has increased remarkably during the past few years. Nevertheless, there is no study available focusing on requirements for confident reconstruction of distinct genomic regions from un-enriched whole-genomic DNA. According to the sequenced sample or tissue, the abundance of a given genomic element may vary dramatically (e.g. organellar DNA). Thus, its reconstruction from locus-unenriched DNA depends on several often unknown parameters such as genome size and its ratio of the desired region to total genomic DNA, and the complexity and abundance of small and large repetitive elements. In the present study, we investigate quality and accuracy aspects for the reconstruction of specific genomic segments from total genomic DNA extracts by evaluating the impact of different assembly strategies and 454-datasets of varying complexities. Using the plastid chromosome as an exemplar genomic locus and a resampling scheme Posters for quality assessment for assemblies from simulated and empirical 454-datasets, we analyze and discuss the minimum requirements in terms of assembly (and sequencing) efforts for high-quality assembly and reconstruction of locus-specific genomic regions. By analyzing a variety of assembly quality parameters, we show how the success and ease of reconstructing a specific genomic region depends on the size of the assembled read pool. Using a non-linear model, we provide an estimation method for the a priori assessment of the optimal read pool sizes for the assembly of genomic subsequences. Considering the rapid advances in sequencing technologies and the consistently increasing amounts of data that can be generated in one single run (or parts thereof), the findings of this study might prove useful for designing future studies that involve high-throughput sequencing and aim at specific genome regions. 163 P 80 Title Author Abstract Why Africa matters: evolution in Old World Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) Maria Will, Regine Claßen-Bockhoff The genus Salvia is distributed worldwide comprising approx. 900 species. More than one third (345 spp.) of these species is restricted to the Old World with centers of diversity and endemism in China, Iran, Turkey and Africa. To understand the intergeneric relationships and character evolution in Old World sage we chose Salvia Clade I for molecular investigations. Our previous studies revealed that this monophyletic lineage comprises at least 149 spp. species from Europe, Southwest Asia (Iran & Turkey) and Africa. Here, we focus on the African taxa which are extraordinary divers concernig i.e. habit, floral morphology and pollinator interactions. Based on nuclear (nrITS-ETS) and chloroplast data (rpl32-trnL IGS) of 48 African taxa (77.4%) we draw the following conclusions: (1) African Salvias do not represent a monophyletic lineage. They rather split into several lineages within Salvia Clade I reflecting biogeography i.e. the Circum-Mediterranean Area, SubSaharan Africa or the Canary Islands. Interestingly, some species distributed from Northern Africa to Southwest Asia (S. aegyptiaca-group) are highly supported to be part of Salvia Clade III based on chloroplast and ETS data. (2) The Canary Islands were colonized twice. (3) Hybridization might have influenced the evolution of African Salvia species. (4) One highly supported Sub-Saharan Africa subclade was identified. The topology of this lineage suggests that bird pollinationevolved three times in parallel in Old World Salvia. 164 P 81 A set of nuclear microsatellite markers for the genus Dyckia (Bromeliaceae) developed by 454 pyrosequencing Title Tina Wöhrmann, Diego Sotero Pinangé, Florian Krapp, Sina Möller, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon, Kurt Weising Author The genus Dyckia Schult. & Schult. f. (Bromeliaceae) has 146 accepted species Abstract that are characterized by their xeromorphic habit, coriaceous leaves, lateral floral scapes, showy flowers forming a petal-staminal ring and the absence of a rosette tank. Dyckia species are distributed in Brazil and adjacent countries, with diversity centres in the Cerrado and Campos rupestres of the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. Little is known yet about infrageneric relationships within Dyckia, the genetic structure and variation within its species, and the mechanisms of speciation. A major and long-recognized problem is the high degree of intraspecific morphological plasticity, which makes species delimitation in Dyckia notoriously difficult. Here we present a set of polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers that can be used as versatile tools for assessing genetic diversity, population structure and species boundaries within the genus Dyckia. We used the 454 Life Sciences / Roche GS FLX Titanium platform to generate 59,624 reads with an average length of 330 bp from a single plant of Dyckia marnier-lapostollei var. estevesii. These reads were Posters screened for the presence of microsatellites with motif lengths ranging from one to six base pairs. Assuming a lower threshold of 15 repeat units for mono-, seven for di-, six for tri-, five for tetra-, and four units for penta- and hexanucleotide repeats, a total of 1,587 perfect SSRs were identified. Initially, a total of 50 primer pairs were designed and after preliminary tests the functionality of 15 of these SSR markers was demonstrated in five natural populations of three Dyckia species (D. dissitiflora, D. pernambucana and D. limae). A considerable extent of inter- and intraspecific polymorphism was revealed, with a mean value of 9.3 alleles across all loci in the overall sample. 165 P 82 Title Author Abstract Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Helictotrichon sensu stricto and related oat grasses (Poaceae: Aveneae) Alexandra Wölk, Elke Döring, Julia Schneider, Martin Röser Helictotrichon s.str. is a genus with about 65 species. The genus is most diverse in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, especially the Mediterranean area. A second center of diversity is located sub-Saharan in the high mountain regions of tropical Africa to South Africa. Sequences of the plastid matK–psbA, the nuclear ribosomal ITS and a part of the nuclear single copy gene topoisomerase 6 (Topo6) spanning two introns were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus Helictotrichon with focus on the Eurasian and South African species. In addition, the analyses contains a few species of the tropical mountains of Africa and Asia and a couple of genera of the Koeleria lineage. Plastid and nuclear sequences were analysed by maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The Topo6 sequences reveal a strong geographical pattern of genetic variation which allows for comprehensive phylogeographic analyses. The South African species and tropical Helictotrichon elongatum have two copy types (A and B) of the Topo6 fragment. These copy types are strongly different from that found in the Eurasian species of Helictotrichon. Copy type B probably descends from the Koeleria lineage and A from the South African H. longum or H. rogerellisii. Nuclear ITS and plastid matK– psbA analyses corroborate the separation of the Eurasian and the sub-Saharan African species as two different groups. 166 P 83 Phylogeny and evolution of live forms of genus Valeriana in South American páramo Title Vojt ch Zeisek, Petr Sklená Author Páramo is tropical alpine ecosystem in high altitudes (from ca. 3 500 to 5 000 m) Abstract of Northern Andes in South America. It is unique environment with very rich flora (ca 3 500 vascular species) and high endemism. High Andes of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela are known to be center of diversity for plenty of plant taxa (for example Lupinus or Espeletia). One of most astonishing examples of rapid evolution and adaptive radiation is genus Valeriana presenting about 60 alpine species (150 totally in South America) and amazing variability of morphological forms and ecological adaptations ranging from tiny cushions, basal rosettes and lianas to shrubs and small trees, and from dry rocks exposed to winds through pastures and forests to wetlands. Using molecular markers we are exploring evolutionary history of Valeriana in alpine South American páramos. We use sequences of nuclear ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 and plastide matK and trnL-F. Those sequences are known to be highly variable and are broadly used in plant systematics. But the resolution of phylogenetic trees is not sufficient (probably because of rapid evolution within young group) to recover whole evolutionary history of Valeriana in all details. Because of that we are now developing microsatellite markers using 454 sequenci- Posters ng to get more variable and highly reliable genetic marker. We are also using flow cytometry to see if there are changes in ploidy level among and / or within species. We are actually not able to show complete picture of Valeriana evolution in South America yet (the work is in progress), but it seems, that colonization of páramos (probably from mountain forests) occurred repeatedly and at least some morphological forms also evolved several times. We also suppose, that our actual point of view to species delimitation in some groups of species could be slightly modified. There are not more ploidy levels within one species and most of the species are dilpoids or tetraploids. Although ploidy level is not specific for any morphological form neither ecological adaptation. For now, evolutionary history of Andean Valeriana is still enigmatic, but we are approaching its resolution. As wee proceed in our work, new and new questions are emerging. 167 P 84 Title Author Abstract Development of SSR markers by means of 454 pyrosequencing in Deuterocohnia longipetala (Bromeliaceae) and their cross-species transferability within the genus Fides Zenk, Tina Wöhrmann, Kurt Weising We used 454 pyrosequencing to establish nuclear SSR markers for the genus Deuterochonia (Pitcairnioideae; Bromeliaceae). A total of 25,827 reads with an average size of 337 bp were generated from genomic DNA of the widely distributed Deuterocohnia longipetala, corresponding to a genomic coverage of approximately 2%. Unigenes were assembled and screened for the presence of di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexanucleotide repeats, with a lower threshold of seven for di-, six for tri-, five for tetra-, and four units for penta- and hexanucleotide repeats. In this way, 835 unique SSRs were identified, corresponding to an average SSR frequency of one SSR per 10.5 kbp. Dinucleotide (62%) and trinucleotide repeats (24%) were most abundant, and the three most common single motifs were AG, AT and AAT. Flanking sequences of sufficient quality and length for primer design were present in 408 SSR-containing reads. Twenty primer pairs were designed and their performance was tested by PCR of a small set of Deuterocohnia template DNAs followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Of these, ten loci were used to genotype a larger set of samples on an automated Li-Cor sequencer. Ten markers proved to be polymorphic among 23 individuals of D. longipetala with an average allele number of 8.9. Six of these markers were transferable to four other Deuterocohnia species and were used to genotype five accessions of D. brevifolia, two populations of D. meziana (12 and 16 individuals) and one population each of D. seramisiana (17) and D. brevispicata (15 individuals). In these non-target species the average allele numbers varied between 1.6 and 7 per locus. Transferability was most efficient between D. longipetala und D. brevifolia, and least effective between D. longipetala and D. meziana. Some primer pairs also generated PCR products in other species of subfamily Pitcairnioideae, suggesting a relatively wide application range of this new set of SSR markers. 168 P 85 What is the fleshy tissue outside the seed of Celastraceae? Title Xin Zhang Author To learn more about the evolution of secondarily intercalated seed envelopes, a Abstract series of developmental studies of arillate seeds in gymnosperms and angiosperms was undertaken. The goal was to test whether the second (outer) integument could be derived from an aril of gymnospermous ancestors. In our developmental studies of three species of Celastraceae, however, it turned out that the structure termed aril in this family does not originate from the funiculus or the hilum but from the exostomatic micropyle. As a consequence, the micropyle is not inside the aril but at the base of the fleshy structure which is thus better referred to as a caruncula. The fleshy part in seeds of Celastraceae differs thus markedly from tho- Posters se seed appendages usually referred to as an aril. 169 Contact In alphabetic order, participants in bold letters … Abstract Name Contact T1 Abrahamczyk, [email protected] LMU Munich, Munich, Germany T20 Ackermann, [email protected] Nees Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany T62 Adam, [email protected] Glasgow, United Kingdom P1 Ajani, [email protected], Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T42, T51, P52 Albach, [email protected] Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany T60 Amaral, Maria do [email protected] Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil P2, P29 Arndt, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P49, P50, P55 Assadi, [email protected] Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran T2 Ataei, Najibeh P13 Atalay, [email protected] Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey T11, T46 Bakker, [email protected] Wageningen University, Biosystematics group, Wageningen, Netherlands T3 Baldwin, Bruce G. T2 Ballmann, [email protected] Bonn, Germany T12 Baranzelli, MatíasLaboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva – Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Cordoba, Argentina P77 Barazani, [email protected] Israeli Plant Gene Bank, Bat Dagan, Israel T33 Bardy, [email protected] Institut für Integrative Naturschutzforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria T18 Barker, Nigel [email protected] Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa P3 Bastian, Dominic P19 Baumann, GünterSenckenberg FI, Botanik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Becher, Hannes [email protected] a Bonn, Germany Contact [email protected] b Department of Integrative Biology and Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, United States [email protected] d Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany [email protected] h MLU Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany 171 Abstract Name Contact T4 Beck, Erwin [email protected] e Dept. of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany Becker, Ute [email protected] b Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P75 Bellstedt, Dirk [email protected] Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch, South Africa T65, P81 Benko-Iseppon, Ana [email protected] Genetics Department, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil T5 Ben-Menni Schuler, Samira T20 Berazaín, [email protected] Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba Bernhardt, Nadine [email protected] b IPK, Gatersleben, Germany P4 Betz, Matthias [email protected] b Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T60 Bissiengou, [email protected] Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands P5 Bissinger, Kerstin T5, P12 Blanca, [email protected] University of Granada, Granada, Spain P6 Blaner, Anne P11, P24, P25 Blasco, [email protected] University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain T6, T23, P10 Blattner, Frank R. P19 Blittersdorff von, Robertc/o Senckenberg FI, Botanik Frankfurt am Main, Germany P7 Bocksberger, [email protected] Frankfurt am Main, Germany T10, T20, P16 Borsch, Thomas t [email protected] Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum BerlinDahlem, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Berlin, Germany P8 Borzyszkowska, Sulislawa s [email protected] University of Gdansk, Department of Molecular Evolution, Gdansk, Poland Böttger, David [email protected] D Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, I nstitut für Spezielle Botanik, Jena, Germany 172 s [email protected] University of Granada, Granada, Spain [email protected] k Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany [email protected] a Institute of Biology, Department of Systematic Botany, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany [email protected] b IPK, Gatersleben, Germany Abstract Name Contact T7, P9 Brandt, Ronny [email protected] b Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany P10 Brassac, Jonathan [email protected] b IPK, Gatersleben, Germany T26 Brown, Anthony [email protected] CSIRO, Canberra, Australia T8, P14, P29 Bull-Hereñu, [email protected] Escuela de Pedagogía en Biología y Ciencias. Universidad Central de Chile, Departamento de Ecología. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile [email protected] University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain T55 Casper, [email protected], University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States T9 Catalan, Pilar P13 Celep, [email protected] Nev ehir University, Nev ehir, Turkey T10 Cervantes, Angélica [email protected] a Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany T11, T60 Chatrou, Lars L [email protected] Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands T14 Chrtek, [email protected] Institute of Botany ASCR, Pruhonice, Czech Republic [email protected] p University of Zaragoza, Huesca ,Spain T8, P1-P4, P13-P15, Claßen-Bockhoff, Regine P29, P34, P46, P74, P78, P80 [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T12 Cocucci, Andrea [email protected] a Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva – Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Cordoba, Argentina P15 Collet, Torsten t [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P22 Comes, Hans-Peter [email protected] p Universität Salzburg, Fachbereich Organismische Biologie, Salzburg, Austria P43 Conti, [email protected] Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland P78 Czarny, Silke T30 da Silva Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel [email protected] Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal T56 Dancák, [email protected] Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic s [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany 173 Contact P11, P12, P20, Carrió, Elena P24, P25 Abstract Name T68, P79 dePamphilis, Claude [email protected] Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, United States T50 Dexter, [email protected] Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and University of Leeds, Edinburgh, United Kingdom P16 Di Vincenzo, Vanessa P13 Dikmen, [email protected] Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey P17 Dillenberger, Markus [email protected] d Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P18 Ding, Liza [email protected] COS Heidelberg, Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Heidelberg, Germany T29 Dizkırıcı, [email protected] Dept of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey P53 Dobeš, [email protected] Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria P13 Musa Do [email protected] Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey T2 Dolf, [email protected] Bonn, Germany T15 Domaschke, [email protected] Abt. Botanik & Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany P82 Döring, Elke T48 Dötterl, [email protected] Universität Bayreuth, Institut für Pflanzensystematik, Bayreuth, Germany P19 Dressler, Stefan T29, P31 Duman, [email protected] Dept of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey T51 Einzmann, [email protected] Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany T49 Eltz, [email protected] Lehrstuhl für Evolutionsökologie und Biodiversität der Tiere, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany 174 Contact v [email protected] Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Botanik, Berlin, Germany [email protected] e Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Erlangen, Germany s [email protected] Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Abstract Name Contact T2 Endl, [email protected] Bonn, Germany Endress, Peter P20 Engelbrecht, [email protected] Desertification Research Center, Moncada, Spain T13 Erbar, [email protected] COS – Biodiversität und Pflanzensystematik, Heidelberg, Germany T60 Fay, [email protected] Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, United Kingdom T14 Fehrer, [email protected] Institute of Botany ASCR, Pruhonice, Czech Republic T15,P42 Fernández Mendoza, [email protected] Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (Bik-F), Frankfurt am Main, Spain P22 Fischer, Gunter [email protected] Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden Corporation, Tai Po, Hong Kong T16 Flanagan, [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, Colombia T59 Flatscher, [email protected] University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria T68 Fleischmann, [email protected] Department of Biology, Systematic Botany and Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany T65 Flores Olvera, [email protected] Departamento de Botánica, Germany P21 Föller, [email protected] Department of Systematic Botany, Gießen, Germany Frankenhäuser, HerbertInstitut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T7, P9 Freitag, [email protected] Institut für Biologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany T17 Friesen, [email protected] Botanischer Garten Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany T18 Furrer, [email protected] University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland P22 Gamisch, [email protected] Anif, Austria T59 Garcia, Pedro [email protected] University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria T2 García, Miguel [email protected] Madrid, Spain Garcia Lino, Mary [email protected] University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile Contact [email protected] p Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland 175 Abstract Name P20 Garcia-Fayos, [email protected] Desertification Research Center, Moncada, Spain T5 Garcia-Jacas, Nú[email protected] Instituto Botánico de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain T24 Gebauer, [email protected] Halle (Saale), Germany T47, P23, P30, P65 Gehrke, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P21 Geilfus, [email protected] Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel, Germany T19, P50 Gemeinholzer, [email protected] Department of Systematic Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany Germany, MarkusInstitut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T16, T20 Gonzalez, [email protected] Institut fuer Biologie-Botanik, Berlin, Germany T21 Greiner, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany P26 Grudinski, [email protected] Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)/Senckenberg, Goethe University, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany P11, P12, P20, Güemes, Jaime P24, P25 Contact [email protected] University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain P31 Gülsoy, Aysun [email protected] Dept of Biol. Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey P31 Gülsoy, [email protected] Dept. of Biological Sicence, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey T10 Gutiérrez-Amaro, [email protected] Jardín Botánico Nacional, La Habana, Cuba T22 Hankeln, [email protected] Institute of Molecular Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany T35 Hardy, [email protected] Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium T23 Harpke, [email protected] Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany P26 Hauenschild, [email protected] University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany P27, P69 Heller, [email protected] Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute/Goethe University, Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 176 Name Contact Herrmann, [email protected] Gatersleben, Germany T68, P60 Heubl, Gü[email protected] Department of Biology, Systematic Botany and Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany P38 Hibberd, [email protected] Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom P34 Hildebrandt, CharlotteInstitut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T62 Hoebe, [email protected] Edinburgh, United Kingdom T24, P63, P71 Hoffmann, Matthias [email protected] Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology, Department of Systematic Botany, Halle (Saale), Germany P61 Hohmann, [email protected] COS Heidelberg, Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Heidelberg, Germany T33 Höhn, Má[email protected] Faculty of Horticultural Science, Department of Botany; Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary T25 Hojsgaard, [email protected] University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany T25 Hörandl, [email protected] Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, AvH Institute für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Abt. Systematische Botanik Göttingen, Germany T50 Hughes, [email protected] Institut für Systematische Botanik, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland T59 Hülber, [email protected] VINCA, Vienna, Austria T1 Humphreys, [email protected] Imperial College London, Berkshire, United Kingdom T62 Hunter, [email protected] Glasgow, United Kingdom T26 Hurka, [email protected] University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany P28 Iloh, Andrew [email protected] Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany Jabbour, [email protected] Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany T2 Jang, [email protected] Vienna, Austria P72 Janssens, Steven [email protected] KU Leuven, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Section Ecology, Leuven, Belgium 177 Contact Abstract Abstract Name P29 Jerominek, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T67 Johnson, [email protected] School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa T27, P59 Jones, [email protected] Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany T49 Junker, Robert [email protected] Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany P5, P44, P75 Kadereit, [email protected] Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Johannes GutenbergUniversität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P17, P35, P47, Kadereit, Joachim W. P68, P76 Contact [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T28 Käfer, [email protected] UMR CNRS 5558 UCBL1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France P30 Kandziora, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T29 Çi dem [email protected] Dept of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey T29, P31 Kaya, [email protected] Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey P32 Kellner, [email protected] Department of Systematic Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany T23 Kerndorff, [email protected] Sao Bras de Alportel, Portugal T1, T34 Kessler, [email protected] University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland P33 Khodaei, [email protected] IPMB, Heidelberg, Germany Kilian, [email protected] Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank/ Genome Diversity, Gatersleben, Germany P34 Klein, DanielaInstitut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P35 Klein, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T47, T57, P18, Koch, Marcus P36, P39, P61 178 [email protected] COS Heidelberg, Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Heidelberg, Germany Name Contact P37 Köcke, [email protected] Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)/Senckenberg and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany T20 Köhler, [email protected] Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, AG Botanik und Arboretum, Berlin, Germany T30 Kondraskov, [email protected] Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany T31 Konowalik, [email protected] University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany T32 Körner, [email protected] Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland P5 Kotrade, PeterInstitut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P21 Koyro, [email protected] Department of Plant Ecology, Gießen, Germany P46 Kozuharova, [email protected] Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria T14 Krahulcova, [email protected] Institute of Botany ASCR, Pruhonice, Czech Republic T14 Krahulec, [email protected] Institute of Botany ASCR, Pruhonice, Czech Republic T65, P81 Krapp, [email protected] Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany T33 Kropf, [email protected] Institut für Integrative Naturschutzforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria P67 Kucera, [email protected] Institue of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia P38 Kuempers, [email protected] of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom P39 Landau, [email protected], COS Heidelberg- Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Heidelberg, Germany P44 Lauterbach, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T50 Lavin, [email protected] Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, United States T44 Lehnebach, [email protected] Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand T34 Lehnert, [email protected] Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany 179 Contact Abstract Abstract Name T13 Leins, [email protected] COS – Biodiversität und Pflanzensystematik, Heidelberg, Germany P27, P69 Leme, Elton [email protected] Herbarium Bradeanum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil P72 Lenz, [email protected] University Bonn, IZMB, Molecular Evolution, Bonn, Germany T35 Ley, [email protected] University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany P40 Liede-Schumann, [email protected], Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany T18, T36, P23 Linder, H. [email protected] Institute of Systematic Botany, Zurich, Switzerland T37 Liston, [email protected] Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, United States T38 Lock, [email protected] Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation Löfstrand, [email protected] Department für Strukturelle und Funktionelle Botanik, Fakultätszentrum für Biodiversität, Universität Wien, Wien, Austria T7, P9 Lomonosova, [email protected] Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation T9 Lopez-Alvarez, [email protected] University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain P12, P70 López-Flores, [email protected] University of Granada, Granada, Spain T5 López-Pujol, [email protected] University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Lösch, [email protected] Aschaffenburg, Germany T39, P41 Löser, [email protected] Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Spezielle Botanik, Jena, Germany P53 Lückl, [email protected] Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria T49 Lunau, [email protected] Institute of Sensory Ecology, Düsseldorf, Germany P42 Lutsak, [email protected] Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany T62 Mable, [email protected] Glasgow, United Kingdom 180 Contact Abstract Name Contact P43 Manafzadeh, [email protected] Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland P40 Mangelsdorff, [email protected] Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und DiversitätFrankfurt am Main, Germany T40 Manzaneda, [email protected] Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain T41, P61 Marhold, [email protected] Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Department of Vascular Plant Taxonomy, Bratislava, Slovakia T12 Marino, SalvadorLaboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva – Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Cordoba, Argentina P48 Martins, Fernando [email protected] UnicampCampinas, Brazil T61 Masson, [email protected] Zürich, Switzerland P44 Masson, Rü[email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T42 Mayland-Quellhorst, [email protected] Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany P12 Mayoral, [email protected] University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain T43 Memarian, [email protected] Department of Biology, Science and research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran P47 Merges, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T44 Meudt, [email protected] Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany P40 Meve, [email protected] Dept. of Plant Systematics, Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany P45, P73 Michalak, [email protected] Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute & Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany P46 Milkoteva, [email protected] Smolyan, Bulgaria 181 Contact T43, P49, P50, P55 Mehregan, [email protected] Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran., Tehran, Iran Abstract Name Contact T16 Molineros Hurtado, Francisco Hernando [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Colombia P81 Möller, [email protected] Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany P47 Moore, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P48 Moro, Marcelo [email protected] Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil P49, P50 Mostafavi, [email protected] Department of Biology, Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran T43 Mousavian, [email protected] Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran T28 Mousset, [email protected] Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France T43 Mozaffarian, [email protected] Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Tehran, Tehran, Iran P26, P28, P37 Muellner-Riehl, Alexandra [email protected] Department of Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Plants, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig., Leipzig, Germany P21 Mühling, Karl [email protected] Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel, Germany P51 Müller, Christina [email protected] Department of Systematic Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ettingshausen, Germany T68, P79 Müller, Kai [email protected] Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany P42 Nadyeina, [email protected] M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Napp-Zinn, [email protected] Spenge, Germany T48 Neinhuis, [email protected] TU Dresden, Institut für Botanik, Dresden, Germany P49, P50 Nejadsattari, [email protected] Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran T26, T45 Neuffer, [email protected] University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany P48 Nic Lughadha, [email protected] Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, Brazil 182 Name Contact Nierbauer, [email protected] Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany T46 Nieuwenhuis, [email protected] Wagenigen University, Wageningen, Netherlands T34 Noben, [email protected] Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany P52 Nolzen, [email protected] Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, AG Biodiversität und Evolution der Pflanzen, Oldenburg, Germany T47 Nürk, Nicolai [email protected] COS Heidelberg, Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Heidelberg, Germany T48 Nuss, [email protected] Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden & Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany T21, T31, T64 Oberprieler, [email protected] University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany T48 Oelschlägel, [email protected] TU Dresden, Institut für Botanik, Dresden, Germany P28 Ogundipe, [email protected] Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria T53 Ollerton, [email protected] The University of Northmapton, Northampton, United Kingdom Omlor, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T16 Otero, J. [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Colombia T29 Özer, Yeliz Tü[email protected] Dept of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey P62 Pachschwöll, [email protected] University of Vienna, Wien, Austria T49 Papiorek, [email protected] Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany P57 Papp, [email protected] Budapest, Hungary P28, P53, P69 Paule, [email protected] Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute & Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany T67 Pauw, [email protected] Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa 183 Contact Abstract Abstract Name T25 Pellino, [email protected] Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany T38 Penin, [email protected] Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation T50 Pennington, R. [email protected] Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom P35 Perera, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P42 Pérez-Ortega, [email protected] Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCNCSIC), Madrid Spain T51 Pfanzelt, [email protected] Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany P54 Pfeil, [email protected] University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Pico, [email protected] Estacion Biologica Donana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain T65, P81 Pinangé, Diego [email protected] Genetics Department, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil T11, T52 Pirie, [email protected] University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa T33 Plenk, [email protected] Institut für Integrative Naturschutzforschung, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria T44 Prebble, [email protected] Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand T15, P42 Printzen, [email protected] Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany P57 Puche, [email protected] Valencia, Spain T2, T34, P79 Quandt, [email protected] Nees Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Bonn, Germany P58 Rahiminejad, Mohammad [email protected] University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran T20 Rankin, [email protected] Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba T53 Rech, André[email protected] Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil T38 Remizowa, [email protected] Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation Reuter, KerstinInstitut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany 184 Contact Abstract Name T40 Rey, [email protected] Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain T30 Reyes-Betancort, J. [email protected] Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias Tenerife, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain P55 Rezaei, [email protected] Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran P52 Rezk, [email protected] Jacobs University Bremen, School of Engineering and Sciences, Bremen, Germany P32 Ritz, Christiane [email protected] Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany P56 Rodrigues de Moraes, Pedro [email protected] UNESP – Rio Claro, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil P56 Rohwer, [email protected] Biozentrum Klein Flottbek und Botanischer Garten, Hamburg, Germany T54 Ronse De Craene, [email protected] Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom [email protected] Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Biology, Department of Systematic Botany, Halle (Saale), Germany T38 Rudall, [email protected] Royal Botanical Garden, Richmond, United Kingdom T30, P56 Rudolph, [email protected] University of Hamburg, Biocentre Klein Flottbek, Hamburg, Germany P57 Sabovljevic, [email protected] Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro P57 Sabovljevic, [email protected] Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro P58 Saeidi, [email protected] University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran T27, T55, P59 Salguero-Gomez, [email protected] Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany T30 Santos Guerra, [email protected] Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias Tenerife, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain T56 Šarhanová, [email protected] Palacky University in Olomouc / Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Olomouc, Czech Republic Contact T24, P6, P63, Röser, Martin P71, P82 Contact 185 Abstract Name T50 Särkinen, [email protected] The Natural History Museum, London, London, United Kingdom T63 Saunders, [email protected] University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China T49, T53 Sazima, [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil T68 Schäferhoff, [email protected] Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany P60 Scheunert, [email protected] Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany Schmalz, Natalie T57, P61 Schmickl, [email protected] COS Heidelberg, Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Heidelberg, Germany T58 Schmid, [email protected] Institute of Plant Breeding, Seeds Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany T30 Schmidt, [email protected] Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale), Germany P19 Schmidt, [email protected] Senckenberg FI, Botanik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Schmidt, Sabrina [email protected] Biozentrum Klein Flottbek und Botanischer Garten HamburgGermany Schmitt, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T25 Schmutzer, [email protected] Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany Schneckenburger, [email protected] Botanischer Garten der TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany T2, T59, P62, P79 Schneeweiss, [email protected] University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria T34, T60 Schneider, [email protected] Natural History Museum London, London, United Kingdom P6, P63, P82 Schneider, [email protected] Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology, Department of Systematic Botany, Halle (Saale), Germany Schneider, [email protected] Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany P7, P37 Schnitzler, [email protected] Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)/Senckenberg and Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 186 Contact Mainz, Germany Name Contact T25 Scholz, [email protected] Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany T61 Schönenberger, Jü[email protected] Dept. of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria T59, P62 Schönswetter, [email protected] University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Schubert, [email protected] Fachbereich Biologie, Mainz, Germany T30, P64 Schütz, [email protected] Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany P65 Schwartz, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P57 Segarra-Moragues, José [email protected] Moncada, Spain T12 Sérsic, AliciaLaboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva – Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Cordoba, Argentina P66 Seyedipour, [email protected] Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran T70 Sfair, Julia [email protected] Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora, Rio do Janeiro, Brazil T25, T56 Sharbel, [email protected] Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany P49, P50, P66 Sharifnia, [email protected] Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran T62 Shaw, [email protected] Glasgow, United Kingdom T55 Siewert, [email protected] University of Tubingen, Tübingen, Germany T70 Silva, Igor [email protected] State University of Campinas, Brazil, Campinas, Brazil P83 Petr Sklená [email protected] Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic P67 Slovák, [email protected] Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia T65, P72 Smets, Erik [email protected] Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands T38 Sokoloff, [email protected] Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation 187 Contact Abstract Abstract Name T59 Sonnleitner, [email protected] University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria T60 Sosef, [email protected] NCB Naturalis & Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands T41 Španiel, [email protected] Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic T61 Städler, Yannick [email protected] Dep. of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria T24 Starr, [email protected] Ottawa, Canada P68 Steffen, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P69 Steinbeisser, Gerardo [email protected] Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute/Goethe University, Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Frankfurt am Main, Germany T62 Stift, [email protected] University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany P34 Stöbbe , JaninaInstitut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany Stützel, [email protected] Ruhr-Universität Bochum, NDEF 05/770, Bochum, Germany T5, P12, P70 Suárez Santiago, Víctor [email protected] Granada, Spain T59 Suda, [email protected] Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic T51 Surina, [email protected] Natural History Museum Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia T46 Szinay, Dó[email protected] Wageningen University, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen, Netherlands P57 Szurdoki, [email protected] Budapest, Hungary T2 Temsch, [email protected] Vienna, Austria P70 Terrón-Camero, [email protected] University of Granada, Granada, Spain T60 Thines, [email protected] Biodiversity and Research Centre (Bik-F) & Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany T30, P39, P62 Thiv, [email protected] Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany 188 Contact Name Contact T63 Thomas, [email protected] University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China T55 Tielborger, [email protected] University of Tubingen, Tübingen, Germany P71 Tkach, [email protected] Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Biology, Department of Systematic Botany, Halle (Saale), Germany T31, T64 Tomasello, [email protected] University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany T56 Trávnícek, [email protected] Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic P62 Tribsch, [email protected] University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria P67 Turis, [email protected] State Nature Protection of the Slovak Republic, Low Tatras National Park Administration, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Uhink, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, ohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P52 Ullrich, [email protected] Jacobs University Bremen, School of Engineering and Sciences, Bremen, Germany T2 Valizadeh, [email protected] Zahedan, Iran P56 van der Werff, [email protected] Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, United States T56 Vašut, [email protected] Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic T5 Vilatersana, [email protected] Instituto Botánico de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain T25 Vogel, [email protected] Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany T31 Vogt, [email protected] Fachbereich Physik and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany P72 Volkmar, [email protected] Neckargemünd, Germany T65 Vrijdaghs, [email protected] K.U. Leuven Instituut voor Plantkunde & Microbiologie, Heverlee Leuven, Belgium P57 Vujicic, [email protected] Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro P45, P73 Wagner, [email protected] University of Kassel, Plant Systematics and Morphology, Kassel, Germany Contact Abstract 189 Abstract Name T48 Wanke, [email protected] TU Dresden, Institut für Botanik, Dresden, Germany P74 Wasner, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T7, T66, P9, P45, Weising, Kurt P64, P73, P81, P84 Contact [email protected] Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany T2, T59, P62 Weiss-Schneeweiss, [email protected] University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria P75 Wernet, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany P8, P76, P77 Westberg, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T67, P78 Wester, [email protected] School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa T2, T68, P79 Wicke, [email protected] Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany T12 Wiemer, Ana P.Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva – Biología Floral IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Cordoba, Argentina P80 Will, [email protected] Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany T69, P33 Wink, [email protected] Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Heidelberg, Germany T59 Winkler, [email protected] University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria P63 Winterfeld, [email protected] Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Institute of Biology, Department of Systematic Botany, Halle (Saale), Germany P21, P32, P51 Wissemann, [email protected] Department of Systematic Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany P45, P81, P84 Wöhrmann, [email protected] Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany P36 Wolf, [email protected] COS Heidelberg, Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Heidelberg, Germany P82 Wölk, [email protected] Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology, Department of Systematic Botany, Halle (Saale), Germany P16 Wondafrash, [email protected] The National Herbarium of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 190 Abstract Name P83 Vojt ch [email protected] Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic P84 Zenk, [email protected] Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany P85 Zhang, [email protected] Bochum, Germany Zhao, [email protected] Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Zirpel, [email protected] Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany [email protected] Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Sencken berg Research Institute & Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany T20 Zoglauer, [email protected] Humboldt Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Berlin, Germany T41, P67 Zozomová-Lihova, [email protected] Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia T70 Zulqarnain, [email protected] State University of Campinas, Brazil, Campinas, Brazil Contact, Imprint T60, T65, P7, Zizka, Georg P19, P27, P45, P64, P69, P73 Contact Imprint Organizing Committee Regine Claßen-Bockhoff, Berit Gehrke, Gudrun Kadereit, Joachim W. Kadereit, Angelika Schmitt, Christian Uhink Grafics Doris Franke, Anne Korek E-mail [email protected] Phone +49 (0) 6131 - 39 2 2537 / 39 2 2533 Telefax +49 (0) 6131 - 39 2 3524 Postal address Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Institut für Spezielle Botanik D-55099 Mainz Germany Visitor address Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 9 a + b www.biodivevol2012.uni-mainz.de September 2012 191 Gonsenheim 10 MPI-P i P 11 6 H H 33 31 29 Saarstraße 18 Philosophicum 18 23 16 11 14 18 J.-J.-Becher-Weg Chemie 16 8 4 4 9 A.-F.- 14 5 H 4 3-9 eg 1 P i P g an ng 2 tei H up Ha gwe ß Fu 2 eg ndw mu Alte Mensa Forum 4 H e res D.-G 5 tzel-W H n v.-Be 3 SR 275 2 Biologie 7-15 -Weg ReWi echer J.-J.-B 10 10 UniversitätsBibliothek 12 (mit Hausnummern) 25 7 23a Jakob-Welder-Weg 13 15 22 25 6 Lageplan Campus 1 9 26 26 27 MPI-C H SB II 8 Sport 1 31 MPI-C 21 Naturwiss. Institutsgeb. 12 7 39 41 17 16 18 12 Anselm-Franz-v.-Bentzel-Weg 6 traß e er-S Wittichweg 37 35 37 43 38 30 28 J.-Welder-Weg 30 30a Biochemie Gentechnik 32 27 25 32 40 36 Wohnheime 34 29 34 47 45 43 Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 36 49 Kernphysik Mainzer Mikrotron H.-D.-Hüsch-Weg H 2 15 Physik 3 3 5 1 P wei tz Sch ertAlb Duesbergweg Fussweg Mensa Studierendenhaus Chemie Mathematik Informatik Psychologie 9 Ackermannweg 5 100 m 3 13 7 Physiologie 14 7-11 H Duesbergweg 13 6 13 P 13 5 Weg üller-v.-M nnes 13 Joha P Autopforte-Ackermannweg H 16 10 3 5 Berno-Wischmann-Haus 1536 6 12 - 14 Col.-Kleinmann-Weg Stadion 2 H ße r-S tra NOR D hw ei tz e 4 Sc rtbe Al 14 8 6 4 2 12 10 14 20 22 2 Große Sporthalle H r-W eg ime lhe Dah P ei m Koblenzer Straße 5 45 10 Autobahn H 31 P A.-F.-v.-Bentzel-Weg F.-Strassmann-Weg J.-F.-v.-Pfeiffer-Weg Bogenschießanlage nh ze et Br 23 21 Staudinger-Weg 5 Staudinger-Weg 2 7 1 Bretzenheim / Lerchenberg H Ma rtin h H Parent/Child room Mathematik | 9 On campus accomodation Berno-Wischmann-Haus Lunch possibilities Mensa | 15 Rechtswissenschaften | ReWi | 9 Kulturcafé, Baron | Alte Mensa | 3-9 Imbiss Diwan | 23a Workshop on 20th Sept. SR 275 Plenary talks and symposia Lecture halls (N1-N3) of the “Muschel” On site registration Botanic garden (on Sunday at “Grüne Schule“) “Muschel“ (on Monday to Wednesday) Innenstadt H -Lu the r-K Go ing nse -We nhe g im /M om bac Dr.-