Life of James Abram Garfield

Transcription

Fromthe Personal Library of
Je rry R u sh fo rd
Escomb Saxon Church, County Durham, England. Built c. A.D, 670
U N I V E R S I T Y OF C A L I F O R N I A
S a n ta B a rb a ra
P o l it i c a l D is c ip le :
T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p B e tw e e n
Jam es A . G a r f i e l d and t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t
A D i s s e r t a t i o n s u b m itte d i n p a r t i a l s a t i s f a c t i o n
o f t h e r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g re e o f
D o c to r o f
P h ilo s o p h y
in
R e lig io n
in
A m e r ic a
by
J e rry
C o m m itte e
in
B ry a n t
R u s h fo rd
c h a rg e :
P ro fe s s o r
R o b e rt M ic h a e ls e n ,
P ro fe s s o r
R o d e ric k
P ro fe s s o r
C a rl
V.
C h a ir m a n
Nash
H a rris
A ugust
1977
The d i s s e r t a t i o n o f
J e r r y B ry a n t R u s h fo rd
i s a p p ro ve d :
A ugust
1977
P U B LIC A TIO N
I
h e re b y
re se rv e
in c lu d in g
ta tio n ,
fro m
th e
th e
in
a ny
d a te
a ll
rig h t
fo rm
of
O P T IO N
rig h ts
to
of
p u b lic a tio n ,
re p ro d u c e
fo r
a p e rio d
s u b m is s io n .
S ig n e d
th is
of
d is s e r
th re e
y e a rs
FO R L O R I ,
who
sh a re d
iv
it
a ll
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
in g
want to
t h a n k m em bers o f
in s titu tio n s
W illia m s
fo r
C o lle g e
L ib ra ry ,
M a n u s c rip t D i v i s i o n
C o lle g e
L ib ra ry ,
L ib ra ry ,
O h io ;
H ira m ,
th e
of
O h io ;
S o c ie ty ,
S o c ie ty
C o lu m b u s ;
tu c k y
H is to ric a l
D a v id
th e
U n iv e rs ity
Te xa s
L ip s c o m b
C in c in n a ti
V a n d e rb ilt
in
lib ra ria n
th e
am g r a t e f u l
in
to
s p e c ia l w ays.
a t A b ile n e
summ er o f
we s h a r e d
L ib ra ry
R e se rv e
th e
O h io
H is to ric a l
H is to ric a l
th e
1973,
D is c ip le s
a d jo in in g
M is s o u ri;
and
Te xa s;
th e
th e
th e
H e n ry
th e
P e p p e rd in e
and t h e
U n iv e rs ity
in d iv id u a ls
F o r e m o s t was R .
o ffic e s
C h ris t
Te nne sse e ;
Te xa s;
C a lifo rn ia ;
a num ber o f
I
of
Ken
L ib ra ry ,
W o rth ,
A b ile n e ,
of
th e
B a rb a ra .
C h ris tia n
when
S o c ie ty ;
U n iv e rs ity
U n iv e rs ity
C a lifo rn ia ;
S a n ta
C o lle g e
W e ste rn
Fo rt
M a lib u ,
B e th a n y
and t h e
L ib ra ry ,
L ib ra ry ,
th e
M e n to r,
U n iv e rs ity
L ib ra ry ,
th e
M useum ,
C o lu m b ia ,
C o lle g e
th e
H ira m
L ib ra ry ,
U n iv e rs ity
b u te d
th e
M is s o u ri
San M a r in o ,
I
C o n g re ss;
N a s h v ille ,
L ib ra ry ,
C a lifo rn ia
m a te ria ls :
L ib ra ry ,
C h ris tia n
fo llo w
M a ssa c h u se tts;
and t h e
K e n tu c k y ;
th e
G a rfie ld
O h io ;
H u n tin g to n
of
of
L ib ra ry ,
S e m in a ry ,
th e
lo c a tin g
of
C o lle g e
of
C h ris tia n
A b ile n e
Ja m e s A .
L e x in g to n ,
S o c ie ty ,
th e
L ib ra ry
C le v e la n d ,
th e
in
W est V i r g i n i a ;
th e
T h e o lo g ic a l
L ib ra ry ,
th e
P u b lic
H is to ric a l
L e x in g to n
h e lp
s ta ffs
W illia m s to w n ,
B e th a n y ,
C le v e la n d
in
th e ir
th e
L.
C o lle g e .
be ga n r e s e a r c h
in
th e
v
B ro w n
who c o n t r i
R o b e rts,
For
th re e
on t h i s
L ib ra ry
re se a rc h
m o n th s
in
p ro je c t,
on t h e
ACC
c a m p u s.
H is
in v a lu a b le
e n c y c lo p e d ic
in
lo c a tin g
head l i b r a r i a n
of
w as a t r e m e n d o u s
An a s s i s t a n t
o rd e rin g
th e
th e
and M a ry
I
want to
a ls o
G a rfie ld ,
and s h e
S o c ie ty
th e
h a v e been
c u ra to r
s o c ie ty .
w e re
They
L ib ra ry ;
of
s e rio u s ly
and M a r v i n
e s p e c ia lly
have
D.
c o n tin u e d
of
to
my i n q u i r i e s .
vi
L ib ra ry .
re la tiv e
in
of
H ira m .
life tim e
C h ris t
The
hobby,
s o c ie ty ,
D r.
th is
C la u d e
d u rin g
re sp o n d
H is to ric a l
W ith o u t
W illia m s ,
h e lp fu l
L i
to u r.
re n d e re d .
lim ite d .
T h e o lo g ic a l
H u n tin g to n
house
th e
H is
o f M is s o u ri
be e n h e r
D is c ip le s
th e
of
C in c in n a ti
a d is ta n t
of
C a ro ly n
P ric e
L e x in g to n
G a rfie ld
at
T.
th e
H e n ry
home h a s
s e rv ic e s
A lle n
th e
S te w a rt
C o n g re ss;
U n iv e rs ity
th e
th e
th e
of
Chace o f
th e
o f m a te ria ls
e m e ritu s ,
a rc h iv is t,
to
th a n k
L ib ra ry
g a ve me a g u i d e d
n u m e ro u s
c o lle c tio n
to
Zim m e rm a n ,
in
fa m ily
am i n d e b t e d
fo r
K a te
of
Phebe
a i d e d me i n
w is h
P ie rs o n
th a n k
g e n e ro u s ly
lo a n .
Ro sc o e
Fry
Faye M i l l i k e n ,
in te r- lib ra ry
La u ra
g ra c io u s ly
I
w o u ld
of
e v e ry
S o c ie ty ;
who now l i v e s
re s to ra tio n
p h a s e o f my r e s e a r c h .
C o lle g e
Is a b e l
The
in
th e
of
m a te ria l.
w as
C a llie
I
of
h is to ry
L ib ra ry ,
on
h e lp
N ancy L a n k f o r d
b ra ry ;
le n t
H ira m
S o c ie ty ;
S e m in a ry ;
ite m s
D is c ip le
and r e f e r e n c e
M a ry H a r l o w ,
D iv is io n
H is to ric a l
to ric a l
e n c o u ra g e r
fifty
M a n u s c rip t
O h io
B ro w n
a d d itio n a l
W easner o f
so u rc e
lib ra ria n ,
over
For
th e
k n o w le d g e o f
J r.,
E.
th e
e x c e l
p ro je c t
S p e n c e r,
lib ra ria n
my r e s e a r c h
e a g e rly
to
at
a ll
and
th e
of
I
fo rtu n e
s h a ll
of
s tu d y in g
M ic h a e ls e n ,
is
a lw a y s
v a lu a b le
am a l s o
in
in d e b te d
P a p e rs
my u s e
fo r
I
want to
S e rv ic e s
and K i r k
S a n ta
opment o f
th e
C h u rc h o f
m em bers o f
to
fo r
in
P o tts
th e
th e ir
B ro o k s
h e lp
th a t
s u s ta in e d
F in a lly ,
I
so
fiv e
th e
to
who t y p e d
th e
is
a ls o
T h is
is ,
in
la rg e
I
G a rfie ld
w h e re
c o u ld
of
th is
I
th e
C o l
P h o to g ra p h y
and d e v e l
book.
T u rn p ik e
have
se rv e d
The w o n d e rfu l
d e v o te
of
C h ris tia n
s e le c tio n
have w i l l i n g l y
I
Sa n d e rs
e ld e rs
re lie v e d
la rg e
Road
as
a
and
me o f
b lo c k s
of
and w r i t i n g .
a c k n o w le d g e a v e r y
th e
e n tire
a s s is ta n t,
and som ehow,
m e a su re ,
th e ir
lib ra ria n ,
m ic ro film e d
due t h e
o u r home a r o u n d my e x a s p e r a t i n g
e n c o u ra g e r,
UC SB
In s titu te
a rra n g e d
le s s
th e
A b ile n e
L o ri,
re se a rc h
to
and c o n t e n t .
and L a r r y
my w i f e ,
was my d i l i g e n t
R o b e rt
Much o f w h a t
a ttrib u ta b le
appear i n
y e a rs.
th a t
re se a rc h
w is h
in
B a rb a ra ,
c o n g re g a tio n
ta s k s ,
H a rris .
D a v id s o n ,
D e p a rtm e n t o f
S a n ta
p a st
under P ro fe s s o rs
is
of
and good
B a rb a ra .
C la rk
of
p riv ile g e
o rg a n iz a tio n
re e ls
a p p re c ia tio n
th e
th is
many r o u t i n e
tim e
of
C h ris t
fo r
120
p h o to g ra p h s
A w o rd
m in is te r
S e w e ll
B a rb a ra ,
D o n a ld
S a n ta
th a n k
th e
and C a r l V .
d is s e rta tio n
D r.
in
fo r
B a rb a ra
c o n c e rn in g
p u rc h a se
C o m m u n ic a t io n
in
th is
to
to
S a n ta
N ash,
s u g g e s tio n s
who a g r e e d
le g e ,
at
R o d e ric k
commendable
be g r a t e f u l
debt
to
m a n u s c r i p t and p a t i e n t l y
w o rk
p e rc e p tiv e
th ro u g h
it
a ll,
h e r book as w e l l
v ii
s p e c ia l
s c h e d u le .
She
c ritic ,
tire
a lo v in g
w ife .
as m in e .
V ITA
B o rn ,
P o c a h o n ta s,
1965
B .A .,
O kla hom a C h r i s t i a n
1966
M . A . , A b ile n e
1969
M .D i v . , A b ile n e
1969-1972
I n s t r u c t o r , D e p a rtm e n t o f R e l i g i o n ,
M ic h ig a n C h r i s t i a n C o lle g e
1973
I n s t r u c t o r , D e p a rtm e n t o f R e l i g i o n ,
P e p p e rd in e U n i v e r s i t y , M a lib u
1977
P h .D ., U n iv e rs ity
S a n ta B a rb a ra
D ecem ber
11,
1942
F IE L D S
M a jo r F i e l d :
R e lig io n
in
A rk a n sa s
C h ris tia n
C o lle g e
C o lle g e
C h ris tia n
of
C o lle g e
C a lifo rn ia ,
OF S T U D Y
A m e ric a .
S tu d ie s
i n R e l i g i o n i n A m e ric a :
The
P r o f e s s o r R o b e rt M ic h a e lse n
S tu d ie s
in U .S . H is to ry :
Th e R a d ic a l
P r o f e s s o r A b ra ha m F r i e s e n
S tu d ie s
The
P r o f e s s o r Th o m a s F . O 'D e a
S tu d ie s
in U .S . H is to r y :
P ro fe s s o r C a rl V.
S tu d ie s
The
P r o f e s s o r R o b e r t M ic h a e ls e n
S tu d ie s
in U .S . H is to ry :
A m e r ic a n
P r o f e s s o r R o d e ric k Nash
C o lo n ia l
P e rio d .
R e fo rm a tio n .
Mormon M o v e m e n t.
T h e A m e r ic a n
H a rris
S o u th .
N in e te e n th
C e n tu ry
In te lle c tu a l
H is to ry
A BSTRA C T
P O L IT IC A L D IS C IP L E :
TH E R E L A T IO N S H IP BETW EEN
JA M ES A . G A R F I E L D AND T H E D I S C I P L E S OF C H R I S T
by
J e rry
Jam es A .
G a rfie ld
e v e r occupy th e
s o c ia l,
cades
in te lle c tu a l
of
th e
re lig io u s
fir s t
fifty
in tim a te
its
re c ip ro c a l
in
th e
in
D is c ip le
p u rp o se
n a tu re .
th e
of
th e a tre "
(1850)
a s tu d e n t
at
of
th e
ba se
of
and t h e y
h is
on O h i o ' s
D is c ip le
W e ste rn
e n la rg e d
h is
Tw o y e a r s
in te lle c tu a l
h o riz o n s
to
fo c u s
and t o
on
sh o w
by D i s c i p l e s
in
W e ste rn
c o n s e c u tiv e
tu rn
sh a re d
R e se rv e ,
and a t
E c le c tic
H ira m ,
a t W illia m s
ix
is
e x p a n d in g c a r e e r .
R e se rv e
and d e v e l o p e d
The
p a ra lle le d
by a D i s c i p l e
of
de
A m e r ic a n
C h ris t.
m o v e m e n t,
in n e r
D is c ip le s .
of
th e
(he won t e n
academy a t
fo r
e a rly
w as h e l p e d
a D is c ip le
frie n d s
th e
re la tio n s h ip ,
(1 851 -185 4),
c irc le
of
stu d y
he w as b a p t i z e d
th e
p ro fo u n d
of
th is
to
th e
c lo s e ly
R e se rv e ),
was r e a r e d
p re a c h e r
of
h is to ry
a p o litic a l
G a rfie ld
fe rm e n t
D is c ip le s
G a rfie ld
W e ste rn
o n ly
w h ic h p ro d uc e d
th e
and i n f l u e n c e
e ig h te e n
W h ile
c e n tu ry
p re s tig e
p rin c ip a l
of
and r e l i g i o u s
The
th e
w as a p r o d u c t
G a rfie ld - D is c ip le s
b u ild in g
e le c tio n s
of
life .
th e
th e
H o use ,
n in e te e n th
y e a rs
R u s h fo rd
(1 831 -188 1),
m ovem ent know n a s
G a rfie ld 's
in
W h ite
B ry a n t
th e
"th e
th e
p re a c h e r.
In s titu te
he c u l t i v a t e d
a b ility
C o lle g e
age
to
an
p re a c h
(1 854 -185 6)
and c o n v i n c e d
h im
th a t
th e
D is c ip le
tim e
m in is try
G a rfie ld
w as
re tu rn e d
to
fo rm u la tin g
p la n s
th ro u g h
"e d u c a tio n a l
th e
In
th e
(1 856 -185 9),
m a rrie d
"a
in to
fa v o rite
th e
of
1859,
G a rfie ld
in
th e
men i n
c o u rse
fu l
a fte r
of
th a t
to
th e
la y in g
E c le c tic
as
su p p o rt
of
to
th a t
th a n
re tu rn
and he
in to
th e
as
of
w o u ld
th e
e a g e rly
o rg a n iz a tio n
D u rin g
y e a rly
W a r,
"g a in e d
m e e tin g
need o f
G a rfie ld
x
of
"m a n ly
saw h i s
h im
th a t
n a tio n
fo r
tw e n ty
th e
fe rv o r
H is
command o f
a v id
speech a t
M is s io n a ry
m ilita ry
y e a rs
succ ess
th e
he r e c r u i t e d
adopt a r e s o lu t io n
G a rfie ld 's
a ste p
a ssu re d
C h ris tia n
to
D is c ip le s ,
p re a c h e rs .
a c c e p te d
re g im e n t.
A m e r ic a n
At
C iv il
ru le
"H ira m
and s u p p o r t e r s .
and
D e n n is o n
At
a p o litic a l
b e lo v e d
S e n a te
was o f
and became
in flu e n tia l
th e
H ira m
E c le c tic ,
fo r
w as a g r e a t e r
e v a n g e lis tic
h is
and h i s
to
D is c ip le s .
a s s o c ia te s
O h io
th e re
th e re
R e se rv e
se v e ra l
th e
in
th e
g ro u n d w o rk
a ba se
of
G o v e rn o r
W ith
th e
my p u r p o s e . "
le a d e rs
w a r,
U n io n .
h is
fa m ily
c o lle a g u e s
o u tb re a k
c le a rly .
D is c ip le
a fte r
among W e s t e r n
h e w as
th e
th e
of
y e a rs
H ira m ,
p o litic s "
c o n v e n tio n
s ta te s m a n s h ip "
D is c ip le
he a r g u e d
D is c ip le s
of
a s tro n g
D is c ip le
second O h io .
fie ld
of
d ire c tio n
th e
"th e
he w as a l r e a d y
was made p r e s i d e n t
th e
m ilita ry
a t H ira m ,
By th e
p o rta l."
th re e
won e l e c t i o n
At
te a c h
fie ld ."
G a rfie ld
w ith
D is c ip le s
u n p ro m is in g
e n te rin g
p re a c h e r"
c a re e r w ith
In
fir s t
same t i m e ,
c irc le "
fo r
"a n
y e a rs
F o rty -
h u n d re d s
th e
S o c ie ty
of
1861
le d
lo y a lty
(1861-1863)
he won r a p i d
th ro u g h
th e
p ro m o tio n
d ilig e n t
1880
in
D e c e m b e r,
when he was
As
same y e a r
in
e v e r,
he
th e
he c o n t i n u e d
s iv e
th e
p e rio d ic a l
m e rg in g
fo r
m o v e m e n t,
to
su p p o rt
th e
and t h r o u g h
p u b lic ity
U n iv e rs ity .
e x p re ss
of
G a rfie ld
and t h r o u g h o u t
h im s e lf
in
T h is
h is
th e
c a re e r
th e
school
lib e ra l
of
a
th a t
e s ta b lis h m e n t o f
th is
C h ris tia n
and t h e
paper
C h ris tia n ity "
"n e w and b e t t e r
he
fa ile d .
p ro g re s s iv e
How
m o v e m e n t"
D is c ip le s
H in s d a le .
in
G a rfie ld 's
th e y
th e ir
as
and i n
th e
v ic to ry
p ro je c ts
back
in itia te d
in
a c tiv e
fo r
and
a u tu m n o f
but
a s s a s s in a tio n ,
such
c o lle c tio n
C o n g re ss,
h is
1866;
c a lle d
th e
"a
m in is trie s
w e re
th e
G a rfie ld
b e h in d
D is c ip le s
and G a r f i e l d
b o a rd
c a ta ly s t
The
memory i n
u n til
in
of
a s s o c ia te s
c o n g re s s io n a l
school
and B u r k e
G a rfie ld 's
H is
th e
P in k e rto n
o f w o rld - w id e
h is
in
D is c ip le
g e n e ra l,
P re s id e n c y .
H ira m
L e w is
c a m p a ig n ,
A fte r
th e
th e
make a f i g h t
D is c ip le
saw e m e r g i n g
lik e
to
new D i s c i p l e
to
h is
o f m a jo r
and c o n t i n u e d
e le c te d
He c o n c e i v e d
an e f f o r t
w ith in
1863,
he w as t h e
ra n k
C o n g re ss.
d e p a rtm e n t a t
a s ig n ific a n t
S ta n d a rd .
to
a member o f
th e o lo g ic a l
th e
w o rk o f
home he won e l e c t i o n
b e ga n
to
young
th e y
th e
soug ht
is
m a n u s c rip ts
n a rra tiv e
as
th e
re lig io u s
to
G a rfie ld
stu d y
own w o r d s
e n jo y e d
p re s id e n tia l
fru its
m o v e m e n t.
p e rp e tu a te
M e m o ria l
C h u rc h
b a s e d on t h e
e x te n
in
th e
G a rfie ld
o fte n
as
L ib ra ry
is
le ft
p o s s ib le .
of
to
CAST OF CHARACTERS
(Each p e rs o n
HENRY T .
JOHN M.
ANDERSON
A TW A TER
HARMON A U S T I N
O TH N IE L A .
SAM UEL D .
(1 8 3 7 -1 9 0 0 )
BARTHOLOMEW
ADAMSON B E N T L E Y
J E R E M IA H
(
ALMEDA A .
a D is c ip le )
a W a s h in g to n
s tu d e n t
-
th e
(1 7 8 5 -1 8 6 4 )
-
an O h io
B LA C K
(1 810-1897)
-
c h u rc h
(1 8 1 0 -1 8 8 3 )
-
e d ito r
(1 8 2 3 -1 8 7 5 )
ju ris t
p ro fe s s o r
-
In d ia n a
BURN ET
(1 808-186 7)
-
a C in c in n a ti
THOMAS C A M P B E L L
T IM O T H Y
COOP
IS A A C
ERRETT
TO LBERT
(1 763-1854)
FA N N IN G
-
(1 822-1890)
(1 8 2 0 -1 8 8 8 )
HA RV EY E V E R E S T
-
(1 831-1900)
(1810 -187 4)
W A LLA C E JOHN FO RD
Texas
(1788-1866)
(1 8 1 7 -1 8 8 7 )
NORMAN D U N S H E E
-
-
-
e d u c a to r
le a d e r
of
(1 8 3 2 -1 9 1 6 )
c h u rc h
-
x ii
paper
C o lle g e
U n iv e rs ity
and p r e a c h e r
p re a c h e r
B e th a n y
C o lle g e
o f A le x a n d e r
in
B ritis h
a t H ira m
th e
p ro fe s s o r
-
C in c in n a ti
p r e a c h e r and e d i t o r
p ro fe s s o r
-
p re a c h e r
and p o l i t i c i a n
K e n tu c k y
aged f a t h e r
e d ito r
in
H ira m
p re s id e n t,
c h u rc h
-
of
at
(1 829-188 2)
A LEXA N D ER C A M PBELL
re g e n t
(1 8 4 2 -1 9 1 6
b o a rd
an a b o l i t i o n i s t
BURG ESS
BU RN ETT
-
-
le a d e r
O TIS
THOMAS R .
(1 824-1891)
-
of
H ira m
p re a c h e r
BOWMAN
D A V ID S .
H ira m
an O h io p r e a c h e r
(1 812 -189 3)
in
a W a s h in g to n
JOHN B .
A.
p re a c h e r
and t e a c h e r
a member o f
(1 837 -190 9)
-
was
-
B IS H O P
BOOTH
-
-
-
lis t
)
S U LLIV A N
JOHN BOGGS
(1 812 -187 2)
(1 817 -189 3)
BA TES
R IC H A R D M.
on t h i s
C o lle g e
C h ris tia n
a t H ira m
le a d e r
a member o f
in
th e
Is le s
S ta n d a rd
C o lle g e
N a s h v ille
H ira m
b o a rd
B E N J A M IN F R A N K L I N
(1 812 -187 8)
-
e d ito r
CORYDON E .
(1 8 3 0 -1 8 8 6 )
-
a s tu d e n t
FU LLER
th e
in
A.
C.
R e v ie w
H ira m
ABRAM G A R F I E L D
(1 800-183 3)
-
of
Jam es A .
G a rfie ld
E LIZ A
(1 8 0 2 -1 8 8 8 )
- m o th e r o f
Ja m es A.
G a rfie ld
G A R F IE L D
fa th e r
of
JA M ES A .
G A R F IE L D
(1 8 3 1 -1 8 8 1 )
-
an A m e r ic a n P r e s i d e n t
LU C R E TIA
G A R F IE LD
(1 8 3 2 -1 9 1 8 )
-
w ife
E LIJ A H
GOODWIN
FR A N C IS
(1 8 0 7 -1 8 7 9 )
MARION G REEN
R IC H A R D HA W LEY
D.
HAYDEN
C HA RLES
E.
HENRY
K IN G
JA M ES
S.
MOSES E .
LA R D
W IL LIA M A .
-
L IL L IE
(
e d ito r
-
LOOS
of
-
-
-
-
of
p ro fe s s o r
(1 8 4 0 -1 9 1 6 )
-
a u th o r
MCGARVEY
(1 829 -191 1)
-
a K e n tu c k y
)
-
(
-
an O h io
C o lle g e
p re a c h e r
Is a a c
p re a c h e r
th e
member o f
MASON
MA RVIN
H ira m
E c c le s ia s tic a l
e d ito r
-
O h io "
O b se rv e r
E rre tt
and e d i t o r
(1 829 -191 9)
(1 8 2 3 -1 9 1 2 )
b o a rd
p re a c h e r
"Man i n
b io g ra p h e r o f
)
and p r e a c h e r
H ira m
p re s id e n t,
a K e n tu c k y
-
(1 831 -191 7)
L.
-
(1 813 -190 4)
(1 818 -188 0)
C HARLES
ANDREW J .
th e
G a rfie ld 's
LOCKWOOD
W.
e d u c a to r
-
B.
J.
b u s in e s sm a n
a member o f
(1837-1900)
R e c o rd
p re a c h e r
(1 835 -190 6)
C HARLES
FR A N K H .
an O h io
O h io
G a rfie ld
C h ris tia n
a W a s h in g to n
(1 829 -190 8)
D A V ID L IP S C O M B
th e
-
(1 8 1 9 -1 8 9 4 )
LAMAR
-
-
Jam es A .
(1 8 1 0 -1 8 9 7 )
H A R R IS O N JO N E S
D A V ID
-
of
a D e tro it
(1 813 -188 0)
B U R K E AARON H I N S D A L E
JEFFERSO N
-
(1 799-186 3)
P A T H EN D ER SO N
e d ito r
(1 8 3 6 -1 9 1 1 )
(1 815 -188 4)
AMOS S U T T O N HAYDEN
W IL LIA M
-
of
of
th e
H ira m
a t B e th a n y
b o a rd
C o lle g e
re g im e n ta l h i s t o r y
p re a c h e r
a member o f
x iii
G o s p e l A d v o c a te
th e
and e d i t o r
H ira m
b o a rd
R O B ER T M ILLIG A N
W IL LIA M
T.
GEORGE G.
MOORE
K.
THOMAS W.
L.
L.
F R E D E R IC K
P H IL L IP S
D.
JOHN F .
ROWE
ZEB
R U D O LPH
(1 803 -189 7)
-
(1 792 -187 0)
p re a c h e r
a p ro fe s s o r
at
H ira m
p re s id e n t,
-
K e n tu c k y
-
-
p re a c h e r
e d u c a to r
a member o f
a member o f
-
th e
a member o f
(1 834 -192 1)
-
K e n tu c k y
S IL A S
(1 801 -187 7)
-
an O h io
(
-
a member o f
E.
ANDREW J .
MYRON J .
SHEPARD
S Q U IR E
STREA TO R
WORTHY S .
STREA TO R
A.
(
B.
WAY
-
C HA RLES W IL B E R
F R E D E R IC K
C.
M.
GEORGE W.
N.
)
(1 818 -188 1)
)
-
th e
stu d e n t
(1831-
-
)
-
x iv
and e d i t o r
and l a w y e r
H ira m
b o a rd
H ira m
b o a rd
H ira m
b o a rd
p re a c h e r
th e
H ira m
b o a rd
p re a c h e r
th e
H ira m b o a rd
o f A llia n c e
a t H ira m
member o f
a Te xa s
C o lle g e
p r e a c h e r and e d i t o r
member o f
fo u n d e r
-
-
an O h io
-
(1 799 -188 8)
(1 848 -189 8)
YOST
-
(1 816 -190 2)
(1 830-1891)
W ILLIA M S
W ILM E TH
-
C o lle g e
and e d i t o r
th e
JOHN S H A C K LE F O R D
Arm y
p re a c h e r
th e
S.
b u s in e s s m a n
a W a s h in g to n
-
U.
B e th a n y
P e n n s y lv a n ia
C o lle g e
and e d i t o r
th e
(1 836 -189 0)
-
B e th a n y
in
-
(1811 -188 9)
at
c h a p la in
(1851 -191 1)
(1 827 -189 7)
SYMONDS R Y D E R
-
-
(1 812 -187 5)
JA M ES H A R R IS O N RHO DES
R O B IS O N
an O h io
(1 8 3 5 -1 9 1 2 )
POWER
JOHN P .
-
-
(1 8 1 7 -1 8 9 9 )
P IN K E R TO N
p ro fe s s o r
(1 841 -190 9)
(1 8 2 3 -1 8 9 8 )
PEN D LETO N
-
(1 8 3 2 -1 9 2 6 )
M U LL IN S
THOMAS M U N N E LL
W.
(1 8 1 4 -1 8 7 5 )
and W i l l i a m s
th e
p re a c h e r
P e n n s y lv a n ia
C o lle g e
H ira m
b o a rd
and e d i t o r
b u s in e s sm a n
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PROLOG UE
........................................................................................................................
C H A P T E R O NE:
The
C H A P T E R TWO:
L ib e ra liz in g
C HA PTER T H R E E :
The
Son o f
D is c ip le
P a r e n t s .............................
7
My M i n d ..............................................
44
D ire c tio n
C H A PTER FO UR:
I
S ta n d
C HA PTER F I V E :
A ll
T h in g s
C H A PTER S I X :
The
F a ilu re
C H A PTER S E V EN :
T h is
C H A PTER E IG H T :
A R e lig io u s
1
o f My P u r p o s e
B e tw e e n
to
of
79
Tw o F i r e s
P o litic a l
th e
New and B e t t e r
Man f o r
12 0
A d v a n c e m e n t.
.
150
S t a n d a r d .................................... 1 9 3
Movem ent
........................
224
P r e s i d e n t .............................. 2 6 0
E P I L O G U E .............................................................................................................................. 2 9 1
N O T E S ......................................................................................................................................... 300
A N O TE ON S O U R C E S .........................................................................................................392
B IB LIO G R A P H Y
.............................................................................................................
396
C H R O N O L O G Y ......................................................................................................................... 42 2
A P P E N D I C E S ......................................................................................................................... 4 2 4
xv
1
PROLOGUE
The
fro n tie r
D is c ip le s
(1 8 0 4 -1 8 0 9 )
and
fe rm e n t.
th e
n u m e ro u s
of
a ll
The
in
C h ris tia n ity .
if
"D is c ip le "
Te sta m e n t
They
c h u rc h
tw o
in
D is c ip le s
th e
a p p e a l.
They
m e n t"
th e
or
p a rtic ip a n ts
a im e d a t
fin a l
a u th o rity
an i n t e l l i g e n t
th e
w h e re
B ib le
B ib lic a l
of
a ll
th e ir
R e fo rm a tio n "
a ll
a c c e p te d
in
of
re lig io n ,
tru th .
speaks,
th e
of
th a t
in
p rim itiv e
th is
w o u l d be
"C h ris tia n "
of
of
or
th e
New
New T e s t a m e n t
sea son
fro n tie r
a
and o u t o f
w ith
th e ir
"R e s to ra tio n
Move
and saw t h e m s e l v e s
e x is tin g
as
c h u rc h e s
d iv is io n s .
B ib le
as
and t h e y
th a t
An e a r l y
and we a r e
fe lt,
and p r a c t i c e .
th e
th e
s e c ta ria n
th e y
C h ris tia n s - - b e c a m e
th e
e ffo rts
u n ity
p a tte rn
w o rs h ip ,
th e
ba ck t o
name
re s to ra tio n
in v e s tig a tio n
d is c o v e ry
th e
th e
th e
a m ovem ent w i t h i n
D is c ip le s
of
c o n c e iv e d
p e n e tra te d
"C u rre n t
in
and u r g e d
and u n c e a s i n g l y ,
c a lle d
e lim in a tin g
The
to
re u n io n
sea so n,
m ovem ent d e p l o r e d
m u s t be d i r e c t e d
id e a s — th e
" p le a ,"
th e
A m e r ic a n
e n th u s ia s m
had gone a s t r a y ,
d o c trin e ,
d is tin c tiv e
of
on t h e
re lig io u s
c h u rc h
w o u ld w e a r
and t h e
of
a re s to ra tio n
g e n e ra lly
and r e t u r n
C h ris tia n ity
th e
th ro u g h
e v e ry o n e
Tho se
in
in
"d e n o m in a tio n s "
p o s s ib le
and
le a d e rs
P ro te s ta n tis m
C h ris tia n ity .
o rig in a te d
a p e rio d
fir s t
d iv is io n s
C h ris tia n s
and t h e
o f C h ris t
th e
b e lie v e d
so u rc e
m o tto
s ile n t
a b s o lu te
w o u ld
w as:
w h e re
th a t
re s u lt
"We s p e a k
th e
B ib le
2
is
s ile n t." 1
W ith
human r e l i g i o u s
"th e
B ib le
Of
by B a r t o n
as
W.
c re e d s
th e
th e
unabashed
th e
tw o ,
p rio rity
m er o f
1804
he
of
stre a m s
ches
th e
a g re e d
a sh o rt
name
in
tim e
th e
S to n e
K e n tu c k y ,
In
se v e re d
th e ir
O h io ,
1809
th e ir
to
e n jo y
w ith
or
(1 813-1830)
th e y
B a p tis ts .
In
th e
fo llo w e rs
among t h e
w e ste rn
V irg in ia ,
and f o r
"re s to ra tio n
of
in
become p a r t
H a v in g
th e se
c h u r
le a d e r,
th e
C h u rc h
n e a rly
seven y e a rs
In
and
s ta te s
of
o rd e r
of
and fo r m e d
e ig h te e n
w ith
y e a rs
R e g u la r
m o n th ly ,
he u s e d
Th ro u g h
m o v e m e n t,
th e m s e lv e s
fir s t
o f w e ste rn
s e c ta ria n is m
a n c ie n t
S to n e 's
re la tio n s h ip
and K e n t u c k y .
th e
sum
"C h ris tia n s ."
c a lle d
fo u n d e d h i s
B a p tis ts
p a p e r C a m p b e ll e x p o s e d
th e
C h u rc h e s ."
g ro w th
They
and f o r
C a m p b e ll
B a p tis t,
to
a c k n o w le d g e d
u n a w a re o f
had a t e n u o u s
C h ris tia n
o t h e r by
In
s e c ta ria n ,
P re s b y te ria n
"D is c ip le s ,"
1823
le d
and T e n n e s s e e .
own i n d e p e n d e n t m o v e m e n t.
"R e fo rm e rs"
C h u rc h
th e m s e lv e s
a ra p id
C a m p b e lls ,
tie s
and t h e
S to n e .
"C h ris tia n
c a ll
one w as
(now W e s t V i r g i n i a ) .
to
as
ta k e
2
m o v e m e n t,
K e n tu c k y ,
P re s b y te ria n
In d ia n a ,
th e
th e
on a l l
men t o
h e a v e n ."
b e lo n g s
had become t h e
m ovem ent be ga n t o
to
a ll
V irg in ia
"P re s b y te ria n "
h e n c e fo rth
tim e
of
B e th a n y ,
an i n d e p e n d e n t m ovem ent o f
re n o u n c e d
th e
le ft
g u id e
L e x in g to n ,
A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e ll o f
Of
su re
t w o m a in
of
t h e y waged w a r
and p le a d e d w i t h
o n ly
S to n e
ze a l
it
to
g a in
P e n n s y lv a n ia ,
th e
pages o f
and p le a d e d
th in g s ."
3
fo r
th e
O h io ,
th is
th e
3
D e s p ite
tw o
stre a m s
d iffic u ltie s
c ris s - c ro s s e d
came a w a re
of
1824,
re c o g n iz e d
th e y
D is c ip le s
w e re
re s to ra tio n
th e
sense
one
m o v e m e n ts w e re
trin e s
tio n ,
of
b o rn
d iv in e
a fu tu re
th e
v a tio n ."
I f
g re a t
d is s o lv e d
m a n 's
C a lv in is m
c o n fe s s
s in s
w h ic h
so
out
m o v e m e n t.
w ith
B a p tis ts
re s to ra tio n
Th ro u g h
of
h is
C h ris t,
tra n s fo rm e d
Th a t
e x is te n c e
ended
fre e d
th e
h im
in
in
doc
paved t h e
m o v e m e n ts .
a
A s s o c ia tio n
e v a n g e lis tic
R e se rv e
4
p la n
S c o tt's
of
C h ris t,
s a l
re p e n t
re sp o n d
th e
of
g ifts
re s u lte d
a s s o c ia tio n
and was a b s o r b e d
s e v e n te e n
C a m p b e ll's
and
God w o u ld
m e s sa g e
th e
in
p re d e s tin a
W e ste rn
"g o sp e l
fa ith
T h is
th e
be
b o th
and i t s
D is c ip le s .
d e fin e d
in to
life .
th e
th e
and g r a n t i n g
of
and
tw o
1827-1830,
a s h a rp ly
an d e t e r n a l
D is c ip le
th e
in
and be b a p t i z e d
its e lf
fro n tie r:
M a h o n in g B a p t i s t
th e a tre "
man w o u ld
re v iv a l
th e
R e se rv e .
S c o tt
p rin c ip a l
by r e m i t t i n g
to
w e re A r m i n i a n
th e
th e
s im ila r
C a m p b e ll m ovem ent had e x p e r i e n c e d
W e ste rn
c o n ta in e d
S p irit
a re a c tio n
among t h e
p re a c h in g
H o ly
t e r m w as u s e d o n
m e rg e r o f
o f W a lte r
s in s
g ro u p s
to
s im ila ritie s
on t h e
h is
a d d itio n
These
c h u rc h e s
of
b o th
C h ris tia n s
a to n e m e n t.
re c e p tio n
"th e
In
of
d e p ra v ity ,
p o s itiv e
became
and C a m p b e ll m e t
p rin c ip le s
s im ila r.
and g r a d u a l l y
to ta l
M e a n w h ile ,
e ffo rts
as
fro n tie r
s o v e re ig n ty ,
and l i m i t e d
way f o r
th e
th e m e s,
th a t
and c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,
When S t o n e
th a t
s trik in g ly
w h ic h
tra v e l
on t h e
a n o th e r.
and u n i t y
in
of
th e
in
th a t
a
it
by t h e
y e a r m a rria g e
"D is c ip le s "
to
4
come t o g e t h e r w i t h
In
1830
M ille n n ia l
th a t
S to n e 's
"C h ris tia n s ."
C a m p b e ll c h a n g e d t h e
H a r b i n g e r , w h ic h
a g o ld e n
age f o r
re fle c te d
C h ris tia n ity
c o n s u lta tio n
m e e tin g s
b e tw e e n t h e
D is c ip le s
in
1831
to
K e n tu c k y ,
on J a n u a r y
th a t
s h o u ld
th e y
le d
1,
a la rg e
1832,
u n ite .
th e
be a c c o m p l i s h e d
and u r g i n g
th e m t o
s c a le ,
it
and
th e
had o v e r
A m e r ic a n
an a t t a c h m e n t
name " C h u r c h
to
of
"D is c ip le s
"C h ris tia n
C h ris t"
th e
2 0 ,0 0 0
to
th e
u n ite d
mem bers
L e x in g to n ,
a g re e d
C h u rc h ."
In
had b e e n w i d e l y
un
c o n g re g a tio n s
on a b r o a d
C a m p b e ll- S to n e
in
C h ris t,"
any
a c tu a l
1832.
5
re s u lte d
fro m
a g r e e d o n an e x c l u s i v e
of
and
re c o g n iz e d
c h u rc h ,
m ovem ent w h i c h
C a m p b e ll- S to n e m e rg e r n e v e r
C a m p b e ll p r e f e r r e d
at
w as a c c o m p l i s h e d
th a t
re lig io u s
lo c a l
A num ber o f
g ro u p s
g ro u p
th e
fa ith
C h ris tia n s
m e e tin g
by g o i n g
T h is
w as e s t i m a t e d
m ovem ent p r o b a b l y
The
u n ite .
of
w h ic h b o th
above
io n
paper to
o p tim is tic
le a d e rs
u n ity
in
h is
w as d a w n in g .
n e ith e r
a u th o rity
o n ly
h is
S in c e
e c c le s ia s tic a l
c o u ld
name o f
w h e re a s
name.
S to n e
some l o c a l i t i e s
had
th e
u s e d b y mem bers o f
g
b o th
g ro u p s.
th re e
The
to
of
Th ro u g h o u t m ost o f
th e se
names w e re
name " D i s c i p l e s
d e s c rib e
th e
A lth o u g h
and C h r i s t i a n s
a c t"
of
h is
of
a c c e p te d
C h ris t"
m ovem ent a s
S to n e
and u s e d
used
ro le
and r e g a r d e d
C a m p b e ll
n in e te e n th
c e n tu ry
a ll
in te rc h a n g e a b ly .
in
th is
d is s e rta tio n
in
b rin g in g
a w h o le .
had a m a j o r
to g e th e r
life ,
is
th e
th e
u n io n
s o o n became t h e
th e
d o m in a n t
D is c ip le s
"n o b le s t
fig u re
5
in
th e
m o v e m e n t.
a g g re s s iv e
d ire c tio n
H is
le a d e r,
to
B e th a n y
tra in in g
and h i s
c ip le s
"A
th e
s c h o la r
fo r
fo u n d e d
commanded t h e
A m e r ic a n C h r i s t i a n
2 0 ,0 0 0
to
in
In
1849
1832
2 0 0 ,0 0 0
1840,
and
7
a p ro u d
a n o th e r
th irty
became t h e
of
of
S o c ie ty ,
th e
y e a rs.
p rin c ip a l
D is c ip le
p a tro n a g e
and
C a m p b e ll ga ve
p re a c h e rs,
th e
e n tire
he w as named p r e s i d e n t
M is s io n a ry
e s ta b lis h e d
ra n k ,
s p o k e s m a n ,"
a new g e n e r a t i o n
b ro th e rh o o d .
Be tw e e n
fir s t
y o u t h f u l m ovem ent f o r
H a rb in g e r
o rg a n iz a tio n
th e
and a f o r c e f u l
C o lle g e ,
school
of
fir s t
of
D is
th e
n a tio n a l
by D i s c i p l e s .
1860
th e
D is c ip le s
and became h i s t o r y ' s
m u ltip lie d
"g re a te st
fro m
re lig io u s
g
m ovem en t o f
p e c u lia rly
A m e r ic a n
T h is
of
D o u b tle s s
e x a g g e r a t e d when he w r o t e
"th e
but
cause
in
w h i c h we a r e
he w as n o t
th e ir
G a rfie ld
a lo n e .
rig h te o u s n e s s
a c c e le ra tio n
c o n v i n c e d many D i s c i p l e s
Ja m e s
th e
o rig in ."
enga ge d m u s t
Many o v e r l y
g ro w th
as
an i n d i c a t i o n
conquer th e
n a tio n
if
not
By
la rg e s t
1880
re lig io u s
M is s io n a ry
D is c ip le s
re c e iv e d
th e
D is c ip le s
b o d ie s
S o c ie ty
in
th e
e s tim a te d
c o u n t r y . 10
a n a tio n a l
n e ve r b e fo re
mer p r e a c h e rs
T h is
e le c te d
in
cause.
in
1855:
w o rld ,"
D is c ip le s
tim e
9
saw
t h e y w o u ld
w o rld .
had em erged a s
A m e r ic a .
th a t
In
re c o g n itio n
e n jo y e d .
was
in
th a t
th e
th e
o p tim is tic
ra p id
th e
ta k e
of
Th a t year
th e re
th e
one o f
w e re
th e
over
P re s id e n t
of
th e
U n ite d
G e n e ra l
D is c ip le s
w h ic h
o c c u r r e d when one o f
s ix
6 0 0 ,0 0 0
same y e a r t h e
and p r e s t i g e
th e
th e y
th e ir
had
fo r
S ta te s.
6
T h e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e c o m p rise d t h e n o r t h e a s t s e c t i o n o f t h e
s t a t e o f O h io , l y i n g a lo n g th e s o u t h e r n s h o r e o f La k e E r i e .
I t r a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y one h u n d r e d t w e n t y m i l e s e a s t and w e s t .
I t s w i d e s t d i s t a n c e n o r t h and s o u t h , e x t e n d i n g a l o n g t h e
P e n n s y l v a n i a l i n e , w as s i x t y - e i g h t m i l e s .
7
CHAPTER ONE
"THE SON OF DISCIPLE PARENTS"
I am t h e s o n o f D i s c i p l e P a r e n t s , h a v e a l w a y s l i v e d
among D i s c i p l e s , l i s t e n e d t o t h e i r t e a c h i n g s , h a v e
become one m y s e l f , and h a v e f o r some t i m e b e e n a
t e a c h e r among th e m .
- - Ja m e s A . G a r f i e l d , J u n e 2 3 , 1 8 5 4
Jam es Abram G a r f i e l d
"th e
ber
p rin c ip a l
19,
S to n e
1831.
th e a tre "
S ix
weeks
m o v e m e n ts m e r g e d ,
h is to ry
of
life
G a rfie ld .
of
th e
1831
liv e d
s p a rc e ly
s e ttle d
in h a b ita n ts
ever
of
re lig io u s
a rriv e d
on t h e
As
had
fo r
o ne o f
th e ir
w a y ."1
C h ris t
fir s t
th e
th e y
W e ste rn
of
in
next
th e
in
y e a rs
of
w e ste rn
L ik e
G a rfie ld s
th e
p a ra lle le d
p a re n ts
th is
on Novem
C a m p b e ll and
fifty
c lo s e ly
R e se rv e ,
Ja m es,
had
o u tp o st
many o f
had
th e
of
th e
se v e re d w h a t
New E n g l a n d when t h e y
R e se rv e .
G a rfie ld ,
p ro v id e d
d ire c tio n
p r e a c h e r by t h e
d is tric t
th e
a d iffe re n t
c h ild re n ,
se rm o n "
th e
b irth
fa m ilie s .
th e
had
by E l i z a
liv e
h is
G a rfie ld ,
y e a rs
W e ste rn
m o v e m e n t,
C h ris t
fro n tie r
tie s
to
of
on t h e
D is c ip le s
fo r
New E n g l a n d
Some s e n s e
G ospel
and
se v e ra l
re la te d
"re s o lv e d
th e
a fte r
D is c ip le s
Abram and E l i z a
by
of
w as b o r n
she
life "
th e y
and h e r
a fte r
"c o u ld
came f r o m
th e
fin d
husband
d e a th
th e
a D is c ip le s
name o f M u rd o c h who d e l i v e r e d
th e y
had e v e r h e a r d .
moved Adamson B e n t l e y ,
2
a D is c ip le
The n
in to
of
rig h t
of
"th e
th e
p r e a c h e r w hose
8
Sunday
s e rv ic e s ,
c o n d u c te d
ho use ,
A bram and E l i z a
Adam son B e n t l e y
C a m p b e ll
to
th e
on t h e
th e
le y
fa rm e d ,
3
ra n
of
re tu rn
to
"in
became c l e a r
la te r,
B e n tle y
"b u t
to
fie ld
th e n
" It
was b a p t iz e d
se e m e d ,"
B o th
th e ir
re lig io n
In
in
M ay,
la te r
y e a rs
fa th e r,
ous
C h ris tia n "
to
to
C a m p b e ll,
fo r
C h ris t
E liz a ,
lik e w is e
tim e
le a v in g
to
th e
7
"Y o u r
fo r
1833.
In
le s s
S a v io u r."
h a p p y ."6
and
liv e s .
new f a i t h ,
But
fo r
he
young c h i l d r e n .
to
fo r
soon
A bram G a r
th e ir
h is
a
m used y e a r s
D is c ip le s ,
fa th e r
e a rn e s tly
lis te n e rs .
"obeyed t h e
of
of
As a r e s u l t
22,
a w id o w and f o u r
"c o n te n d e d
S a in ts ."
it ."
w a n te d
B e n t
way"
"w e w e r e p e r f e c t l y
e x p re ss
4
p le a
E liz a
became z e a l o u s
m o th e r w r o t e :
who
fin d
"rig h t
on J a n u a r y
he h e l d
re s to ra tio n
th e
d u ty ,"
p o stp o n e d
w hen Ja m e s G a r f i e l d
h is
th e
and t h e
D is c ip le
p e o p le ."
h e a rd
became an i m p o r t a n t p a r t
a sh o rt
th e
th e
and p a t i e n t m i n i s t r y ,
G a rfie ld
w ro te
1833,
h is
d e liv e re d
w is e
a ll
he c o u l d
G a rfie ld s
A bram and E l i z a
A b ra m h a d o n l y
d ie d
th e
"We knew o u r
in to
tw o w e eks E l i z a
th e n
w h e re v e r
a g r e a t many,
o f Adam son B e n t l e y ' s
h is
m ovem ent and
of
w ith
and p l e a d e d
C h ris tia n ity ,
b o th .
lik e
and i n
by A l e x a n d e r
re s to ra tio n
A c c o rd in g
a u th o rity
a sto re ,
p rim itiv e
th e
m o st re sp e c te d
New T e s t a m e n t C h r i s t i a n i t y
Th ro u g h
n e ig h b o rh o o d
had be e n c o n v e r t e d
R e se rv e .
a fo re m o s t p o s it io n
th e
s e ld o m m i s s e d .
p rin c ip le s
had become one o f
p re a c h e rs
in
.
know m o re a b o u t
.
th e
.
was
fa ith
a z e a l
o nce
9
The
G a rfie ld
B ib le
te rs
guage o f
of
to
h e r h u s b a n d 's
her
re lig io n .
and t a u g h t h e r
c h ild re n
sp e ec h w e re p r o f u s e l y
th e
e v e ry
B ib le ,
and s h e
member o f
d e rs ta n d in g
h is
event
even c l o s e r
re a d e r
and
th a t
tra g ic
of
fa ith ."
th e
J.
th e
M.
She
to
liv e d
re a d
up t o
s h o u ld
and be a b l e
th e
have
"to
d re w E l i z a
became an a v i d
in te rs p e rs e d
c h u rc h
B ib le
d e a th
it.
Her
w ith
th e
le t
la n
D is c ip le
id e a l
a th o ro u g h
g iv e
un
a re a so n
fo r
Bundy w ro te :
I n a l l w a y s s h e i m p r e s s e d r e l i g i o u s t r u t h on h e r
c h i l d r e n , and k e p t th e m n o t o n l y f r o m bad h a b i t s b u t
f r o m bad t h o u g h t s .
A n y t h i n g t h a t a p p ro a c h e d i m p u r i t y
o f l i f e and s p e e c h i n any d e g r e e , w as h a t e f u l t o h e r
beyond e x p r e s s io n .
I n t h a t h o u s e h o l d t h e r e w as a s o r t
o f f la m in g sw o rd s w in g in g c o n s t a n t l y a g a in s t a l l fo rm s
o f i n d e c e n c y and i m m o r a l i t y . 8
For
w a lk e d
to
s e v e ra l y e a rs
th re e
m ile s
e v e ry
h e a r Adamson B e n t l e y
fo r
th e
u n ity
ta m e n t.
of
These
n ie c e
a ll
p re sse d
c u rre d
or
a d e s ire
a n o th e r
th a t
and s h e
came w i t h i n
h is
to
a sto ry
become a p r e a c h e r .
lo g
s w in g in g
on t h e b a s i s
to
th e
D is c ip le
D is c ip le
fro m
m o th e r n o tic e d
When s h e
th e
and h e r
p re a c h e r p le a d
of
th e
he w as m i s s i n g
set
s ig h t
a rm s
out
of
th ro u g h
h im
and t a l k i n g
th e
he w as
lik e
he e x
in c id e n t
th re e
fro m
young
by h i s
"G ra n d m o th e r G a r f i e l d " ) ,
when he w a s
New T e s
on
re la te d
T h is
c h ild re n
m e e tin g h o u s e
had a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e
on a Su n d a y a f t e r n o o n
c a b in
to
i t
H is
ro c k
Sunday
and a c c o r d i n g
(who h e a r d
w id o w G a r f i e l d
C h ris tia n s
y e a rs
Ja m e s G a r f i e l d ,
th e
th e
w ood s
oc
y e a rs
o ld .
a re a
near
to
" s ta n d in g
fin d
h im .
on a h i g h
p re a c h e r B e n tle y
10
whom he had h e a r d
make h i m
a p re a c h e r."
C lo s e
by t h e
s c h o o lh o u s e
in
he w as o n l y
th re e
fe w m o n th s
th a t
"a t
ment as
little
at
a p riz e
age s e v e n
re la tiv e s
one
of
"O h ,
c ip le
or
a W h ig ,
of
th e
I
in
th is
H is
D is c ip le
re m a in d e r
The
of
h is
th e
became t h e
G a rfie ld
B ib le "
h is
to
s m a ll
of
hymn b o o k w e r e
to
When
asked w h e th e r
re p lie d ,
y e t."^
fo r
a D is
on h e r
many r e l i g i o u s
can be no q u e s t i o n
e x p e rie n c e s ,
th e
home.
Th e re
of
b e tw e e n
G a rfie ld
fo c a l p o in t
fa m ily .
c la s s
have
been b a p t iz e d
th e
many o f
a ro u se d
c o n te n ts
be p a r t
h is
of
of
in te re s t
th e
h im
th e m
B ib le
fo r
th e
life .
in flu e n c e
c o n s id e ra b le .
th a t
It
w as
G a rfie ld
th e
a
h a s y o u n g James
G a rfie ld
E liz a
"a fte r
a New T e s t a
d is c u s s io n
supposed
s c h o o lh o u s e ,
k n o w le d g e
in
sto ry
in th e
is
d is tric t
and f u r t h e r
y o u n g b o y and
c h ild h o o d
little
th a t
re a d e r
h a v e n 't
in
says
b e st
th e
he
little
he r e c e i v e d
g u e sts
to
th e
te rm
e n c o u ra g e m e n t o f
re lig io u s
m o th e r was
in
a p o litic a l
D e m o c ra t,
but
God t o
f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n when
tra d itio n a l
to
tu rn e d
th e
th e
re lig io n .
and t h e
h is
b e in g
Ja m e s G a r f i e l d ' s
c e n te re d
in
fir s t
se v e ra l
and t h i s
a c tiv itie s
s to o d
T ra d itio n
re a d
c h u r c h w as o r g a n i z e d
p ro p e rty ,
th a t
to
A n o th e r
g u e sts
Th ro u g h
c a b in
o ld .
th e
fo r
and
a W h ig
I'm
a b le
lis te n in g
h is
th e
G a rfie ld
e nd o f
to
9
y e a rs
he w as
th e
day and he was p r a y i n g
w h i c h Ja m e s be ga n h i s
b o y s . " 10
he w as
th a t
d e riv e d
o p in io n
of
fro m
F.
M.
11
G re e n ,
a fe llo w
H ira m ,
th a t
D is c ip le
th is
and a c l a s s m a t e
in flu e n c e
of
w as e n d u r i n g .
G a rfie ld 's
at
He w r o t e :
W h a te v e r M rs . G a r f i e l d d id f o r h e r so n i n o t h e r
d i r e c t i o n s , n o th in g i s c le a r e r th a n t h a t h e r i n f l u
e n c e was g r e a t i n k e e p i n g h i s m in d and h e a r t i n t h e
d i r e c t i o n o f t h e m o r a l and t h e s p i r i t u a l .
H i s w h o le
l i f e was r e l i g i o u s l y i n f l u e n c e d by t h e seed w h ic h
w as p l a n t e d b y h i s m o t h e r ' s h a n d , w h i l e he l i v e d
w it h h e r i n th e l i t t l e
lo g c a b in i n th e w i l d e r n e s s .1 2
B u n d y w a s one o f
th e
y e a rs
and he w as p e r s u a d e d
c a re fu lly ,
fo rc e s
t h a t w e re
to
fe w b i o g r a p h e r s
ta k e
G a rfie ld s
la y
c o ile d
n a tu re
h is
m o t h e r . " · 13
D u rin g
G a rfie ld 's
of
D is c ip le s
w e re
R e se rv e .
The
o p tim is m
a ffe c t
p ro b a b ly
fe lt
w e re
m e e tin g s
g ro w in g
ity
to
b e fo re
in
fo n d
w h ic h
th e
of
le ft
to g e th e r
in
home a t
g ro w th
by
se v e ra l
th e se
"Y e a rly
and f e l l o w s h i p ,
e v e n ts
g re a t
s o c ia l
y e a rs
W e ste rn
had a
and i t
la rg e
th e
w as
The
D is
annual
t h e y w e r e m em bers o f
a
had an o p p o r t u n
e x c itin g
a ffa irs
s ix te e n .
C a m p b e ll had e n c o u r a g e d
in
re lig io u s
as w e l l .
in
e a rly
p re v io u s
on t h e
D is c ip le s ,
G a rfie ld
age o f
a ll
such p ro g re s s
m o v e m e n t.
th e
of
th e
d y n a m ic
and t e e n - a g e
to g e th e r
of
"th e
s e n s itiv e ,
h o u s e h o ld
th e m t h a t
p re a c h in g
of
fin e ,
R e se rv e
g a th e rin g
th a t
ra n g e
a ra p id
G a rfie ld
and e n e r g e t i c
he
th e
g e n e ra te d
re m in d e d
p a rtic ip a te
out of
c h ild h o o d
on W e s t e r n
A le x a n d e r
g a th e r
up i n
e x p e rie n c in g
w o n d ro u s
c ip le s
h im
who s t u d i e d
M e e tin g s "
and t h e s e
fo r
th e
D is c ip le s
th e
p u rp o se
g a th e rin g s
to
of
s o o n became
s ig n ific a n c e .
Y e a rly
12
m e e tin g s w e re
and w e r e
la rg e
a tte n d e d
re g io n
a p e rso n
of
1833
th e
u s u a lly
th e
c o u ld
a tte n d
R e se rv e
M ille n n ia l
se v e ra l
p e rso n s
re n .
th e
In
n o te
space
w e re
in
of
1835
fa ll
of
th e
Th ro u g h o u t
m e e tin g s
re p o rt
1839,
h e ld
h is
of
th e
w ith
in
T h is
la te r,
in
y e a rs
d re d
to
at
at
year
O ver a
a way t h a t
In
th e
to u r
fa ll
th ro u g h
y e a rly
m e e tin g s .
in
pages o f
th e
th a t
th e
th e
over
m e e tin g
to u r,
N e w b u rg
th e
e ig h th
th e
one
in
th is
W a r
tim e
(now C l e v e l a n d )
The
it
th a t
th e
D is c ip le s
d o lla rs
fo r
th e
R e se rv e .
y e a rly
G a rfie ld
c a rrie d
p u rc h a se
of
in
In
A ugust
th e
of
ever
fo llo w in g
m e e tin g
h o m e s te a d
a fu ll
h e ld
at
and J a m e s ,
m i g h t h a v e been p r e s e n t .
was
e x c e p tio n a l
on t h e
th e
and C a m p b e ll
l a r g e s t m e e tin g
la rg e
when G a r f i e l d
a n o th e r
s iz e
H a rb in g e r
th e
b irth d a y ,
of
in
th irtie s
a t N e w to n F a l l s
W e ste rn
th e
e ig h te e n
in c re a s e
m e e tin g
s ite
1847
se v e ra l
m e e tin g s
decade o f
w as n e a r
Th re e
such
sea so n.
he r e p e a te d
on a n o t h e r
h is
in
p re a c h in g
a tte n d a n c e
C a m p b e ll c a l l i n g
now n e a r i n g
th e
one
th e
c o u n tie s .
and he r e p o r t e d
c o v e ra g e .
y e a rly
by D i s c i p l e s
B e d fo rd .
th e se
c o n tin u e d
m o n th he r e p o r t e d
was
in
of
b a rn .1
4
th e
p re ss
fa ll
sta g g e re d
g r e a t m e e tin g
i n C o lo n e l W ig h tm a n 's
e x te n d e d
to
th e
se v e ra l
and a t t e n d e d
H a rb in g e r,
th o u sa n d
y e a rly
fro m
m e e t in g s w e re
He ga ve g e n e r o u s
ta k in g
by p e o p l e
fo r
C a m p b e ll made a t w e n t y - d a y
W e ste rn
h is
s c h e d u le d
n e a rly
y e a rly
R e se rv e
th e
" B ig
e le v e n ,
B e d fo rd
m e e tin g .
ra is e d
Te n t"
It
fiv e
to
was
hun
be u s e d
13
fo r
th e ir
y e a rly
fo r
th re e
th o u sa n d
c re a s in g
h e lp e d
c ro w d s
m e e tin g s .
at
fro m
to
th e
f i l l
c h u rc h e s
in g s
th e
th a t
be p r e s e n t ,
p le s
w e re
not
Jonas
S u tto n
Hayden,
w e re
a lw a y s
By
in te re s t
th e y
th e
it
one
and
c h u rc h e s
These
D is c ip le s
fu ll
It
w as a t
m e e tin g s
lo o s e ly
su c h m e e t
and
was one o f
sp e a k e r.
th e
W.
A.
W e ste rn
R e se rv e
T h e ir
ra p id
and t h a t
th e
d is c o v e re d
m e m b e rs.
b o a ste d
of
at
n in e
Ja m e s G a r f i e l d
H.
w e re
y e a rly
c o u n tie s
D is c ip le s
w e re
Amos
Jones,
in
in
its
th e
an
m e e tin g s
th a t
w e re
had s e v e n t y -
C uya hog a C o u n t y ,
w h e re
tw e lv e
p u b lis h e d
th e
n u m b e re d among t h e
823
X6
w as n o t
th e
c h u r
an e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o
and C a m p b e ll e a g e r l y
H a rb in g e r.
Hayden,
had a r o u s e d
th e
8 2 3 m em bers
fig u re s
D is c i
g r e a t m e e tin g s .
g ro w th
th a t
th e
and J .
D is c ip le s
fa ll
In
W illia m
L illie ,
th e
But
and s u c h men a s J o h n
Adamson B e n t l e y ,
4 ,5 0 8
th e
y e a rly
among t h e
good p r e a c h e r s ,
o p tim is tic
in
th e
P re a c h in g
fe a tu re d
G re e n ,
e v e ry w h e re ,
re p o rt
But
w as
liv e d ,
in
p a s t y e a r was d i s c u s s e d
w o rk .
s ta tis tic s .
re p re se n te d ,
ches.
B.
n u m b e rs,
g a th e re d
G a rfie ld s
of
b u s in e s s .
in
da ys,
p o p u l a r demand a t
1848
s ta tis tic s
th e
H a rtz e l,
in
th e
g a th e rin g s .
fe llo w s h ip
th e
of
s e a tin g
and w h e n e v e r A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e ll was a b l e
he w as
A.
of
c o n ta in e d
in d ic a tiv e
D is c ip le s .
fu tu re
sh o rt
H e n ry ,
te n t
D is c ip le
th re e
fo r
th e
p ro g re ss
fu n c tio n s ,
and w as
to
need
of
T h is
annual
tw o
w e r e made f o r
c e n tra l
to
th e
L a s tin g
o rg a n iz e d
p la n s
p e o p le
15
14
D is c ip le s
yet
in
"obeyed
C u ya h og a C o u n t y
th e
g o s p e l."
in
H is
1848,
e a rlie r
had b e e n t e m p o r a r i l y
re p la c e d
sea .
n a u t ic a l n o v e ls
The
lo n g in g
to
fo r
le a v e
s ix te e n
and
re a d in g
of
tra v e l,
home.
So,
th e
G a rfie ld
"sta rte d
fo r
C le v e la n d w i t h
at
th e
b o tto m
m a s te rin g
it ."
G a rfie ld 's
weeks
ne ss
of
th e
he n e a r l y
cape,
h is
s ix - w e e k
d ro w n e d .
th a t
la te r
w ro te ,
and f o r
In
re tu rn
h is
18
h im
th e
1848
of
firm
m o th e r,
in te n tio n
of
s a ilin g
th e
th e
c a r e e r w as
on t h e
h im .
"I
to
a little
of
be
of
d id
over
home w i t h
m ost
h is
of
h is
m o th e r,
e s
he
n o t now b e l i e v e
me on my own a c c o u n t , "
He had s a v e d me f o r
s o m e th in g
g re a te r
and b e t t e r
of
an i l l -
an i n c i d e n t w h e r e
th o u g h t
re m in is c e n c e s
s ix
s ig n ific a n t
n a rro w n e ss
p ra y e rfu ln e s s
a ny a t t e n t i o n
th e
th e
and c a r e -
I
home f r o m
a
he d e c id e d
h is
la s te d
P e rh a p s
R e fle c tin g
"b u t
in
w hen he r e t u r n e d
God had s p a r e d
God had p a i d
had a r o u s e d
b u s in e s s
n a u tic a l
and r e m e m b e r in g
c o n c lu d e d
go t o
up w h a t money he had
c a n a l e x p e rie n c e
(a p p a re n tly m a la r ia ) .
of
to
w is h e s
g a th e re d
re lig io n
17
and ende d a b r u p t l y
event
th e r
a g a in s t
in
d e s ire
summ er o f
o ld
fu lly
he
th e
he had n o t
in te re s t
by a s t r o n g
year
g in n in g
th a t
and i n
because
1877
th a n
G a rfie ld
my mo-
c a n a l i n g . "1
9
d e s c rib e d
h is
c a n a l:
A s I a p p ro a c h e d t h e d o o r a t
t h e e v e n i n g , I h e a r d my m o t h e r
in g th e p ra y e r she r e f e r r e d to
o n l y knew w h e r e , and a s k e d t h a
i n h e a l t h t o r e t u r n t o h e r and
a b out n in e o 'c lo c k i n
enga ge d i n p r a y e r . D u r
me, h e r s o n a w a y, God
t he m i g h t be p r e s e r v e d
c o m fo rt h e r i n h e r o ld
15
age.
A t th e c o n c lu s io n o f th e p ra y e r I q u i e t l y r a is e d
t h e l a t c h and e n t e r e d .
I w i l l n o t a tte m p t to d e s c rib e
th e scene w h ic h f o ll o w e d .
I d i d n o t know t h e n how b a d l y
m o t h e r had f e l t o v e r my d e p a r t u r e .
B u t I a fte rw a rd s
f o u n d o u t t h a t i t n e a r l y k i l l e d h e r . 20
G a rfie ld 's
and he
la y
to
c a n a l,
th e
fo llo w e d
i l l
it
e x p la in e d
bout w ith
fo r
but
fiv e
h is
p ro v e d
m o n th s.
lo n g
to
m a la ria
was no
s lig h t
a ffa ir,
He was d e t e r m i n e d
s ic k n e s s
be a t u r n i n g
and t h e
p o in t
to
w e akne ss
in
h is
re tu rn
th a t
life .
He
la te r:
I
s t i l l e x p e c t e d t o go b a c k .
B u t my m o t h e r c a p t u r e d
me.
A l l t h e t e r r i b l e m o n t h s o f my s i c k n e s s s h e d i d n o t
o n c e r e p i n e o r r e p r o v e me.
She s im p ly w e n t a b o u t h e r
d u t i e s q u i e t l y and p e r m i t t e d t h i n g s t o w o r k t h e m s e l v e s
o u t.
S h e had g r e a t t r u s t i n a P r o v i d e n c e t h a t s h o u l d
s h a p e t h e e n d s o f t h o s e who t r u s t e d i n G o d . 21
A n o th e r
w ith
fe v e r,
h is
s e m id e liriu m ,
p ra y in g .
h im up
he
n ig h t
w is e
"th a t
and
I
A lth o u g h
God,
a s k in g
it
fo r
God t o
G a rfie ld
in
a young
had a t t e n d e d
G a rfie ld
and h i s
sp a re
p u rp o se s.
and t h e r e
p ra y e rs ."
as
c o u ld
h is
life
m o th e r
and t o
in
th e
ra is e
dead o f
m u s t be w o r t h
to
in
made me t h i n k , "
ris e
my l i f e
re s o lv e d
to s s in g
ro o m h i s
"T h is
th u s
la y
m in d w a n d e r i n g
an a d j o i n i n g
my r e c o v e r y ,
w as p r o b a b l y
and
in
my m o t h e r
and e n r o l l i n g
m o th e r
B a te s
if
th a t
th ro b b in g
and n o b l e
th e n
o f my m o t h e r ' s
canal
says
he o v e r h e a r d
and p r a y
th in g ;
b ra in
S h e was
fo r
s a id ,
account
p ro v e
some
m y s e lf w o rth y
22
la te r
a ttrib u te d
Geauga S e m i n a r y
a id e d
D is c ip le
by t h e
s ile n t
p re a c h e r
to
h is
le a v in g
th e
p ro v id e n c e
in flu e n c e
of
named S a m u e l D .
e a rlie r
th e
of
h is
B a te s .
and was p l a n n i n g
16
to
re tu rn
w as
in
s t ill
re tu rn
th e
s p rin g
h im .
23
as
e n tire
B a te s.
th e
"I
a d v ic e
C h e ste r,
tw e lv e
m ile s
fro m
to o k
if
th e
lo c a te d
th e
to
in
7 -
academy
lo g
B a p tis ts .
In
O c to b e r
O c to b e r
ia te ly
23,
a fte r
(N o v e m b e r,
Fe b ru a ry ,
1851,
in
seemed a t
s c h o o l,
y e a rs
1851,
p re a c h in g
1849;
M a rc h
12
-
M a rc h ,
in
-
On t h r e e
Geauga y e a r s
it
G a rfie ld
Geauga S e m i to w n s h ip
c a b in ,
th e
of
and had
s p rin g
of
academy w i t h
G a rfie ld
8 -
J u ly
J u ly
2,
he
1850,
in
ta u g h t
4,
tw o
a tte n d e d
1849;
1850;
o c c a s io n s
W a rre n s v ille ;
fir s t
home i n
B a p tis t
no e v i d e n c e
se v e n te e n
and A u g u s t
d u rin g
and immed
d is tric t
S o lo n ;
s c h o o ls
N o v e m b e r,
and M a r c h ,
A ugust
1851
1850
-
-
May,
Ro c k ).
h is
of
1850,
(M a rc h
and he w as
W ill
and
te rm s
th e
1849
1849
fo u r
18 50 ).
B lu e
In
Fre e
30,
to
stu d e n ts.
th e
fo r
th e
G a rfie ld
Geauga S e m i n a r y w a s a c o - e d u c a t i o n a l
th is
h im
th e
1849
D u rin g
o f m a la ria ,
m o n e y ,"
fo u n d e d by t h e
fifty - tw o
W ill
who
he w o u l d u s e
be e n
h u n d re d
Fre e
o ffe re d
and w e n t
Geauga S e m i n a r y w as
G a rfie ld ,
a tta c k
s a v in g s ,
school w ith
n a ry ."
h is
her
to
w e ll
fro m
m o th e r
p ro b a b ly
"a s
He u r g e d
G a rfie ld 's
d o lla rs ,
w ro te ,
1849.
home c o n v a l e s c i n g
w ith
go t o
of
tw o
th e
at
p re v a ilin g
fre q u e n tly
in
m e e tin g h o u s e .
G e o rg e H .
of
te rm s
D is c ip le
B a ll.
The
Geauga S e m i n a r y ,
B a p tis t
Sunday
Th e re
young
in to le ra n c e
G a rfie ld
a tm o sp h e re
a tte n d a n c e
he
lis te n e d
s tu d e n t
u n til
th e
of
th e
at
th e
to
th e
d is p la y e d
fin a l
Sunday
7
17
of
th e
second
te rm .
Tha t
n ig h t
he w r o t e
in
h is
J o u rn a l:
W ent t o m e e tin g .
E l d e r B a l l spoke fro m th e f o l l o w
i n g t e x t , ' B u t now ye a r e commanded, e v e r y w h e re t o
re p e n t, b a p tis in g th e m ,1 e tc .
He e n d e a v o r e d t o p r o v e
t h a t t h e y w e re n o t b a p t i s e d t i l l t h e y w e re c o n v e r t e d ,
e tc .
I c a n ' t go h i s s e n t i m e n t s . 2 4
But
G a rfie ld
fu rth e r
in g
le ft
fo r
c o n fro n ta tio n
w eek he w a s
In
in
scho ol
D is c ip le
m e e tin g
in
w hen
H a w le y
th a n
th a t
tw o w e e k s
G a rfie ld
n o te d
th a t
and a n o t h e r
c h u rc h u n it e d
la te r
th e o lo g y .
fir s t
B e d f o r d w h e re
G a rfie ld
m em bers o f
h is
th e re b y
was
J.
in
w as
B a p tis t
w ith
he c o n f i d e d
he
fo llo w
s c h o o l.
c lo s e d
Jones
"g re a t
at
25
a
w as
re jo ic in g "
and s e v e r a l
d is c ip le s ."
h is
h is
a tte n d a n c e
P re a c h e r
th e
to
The
H a rris o n
th e re
p o s tp o n in g
d is tric t
tw o w e e k s b e f o r e
S o lo n ,
in
B a p tis t
fo r
1850,
p re a c h in g .
"E ld e r
w ith
S o lo n
F e b ru a ry ,
d is tric t
home o n T u e s d a y ,
26
Less
J o u rn a l:
A b o u t t h i s tim e I f i n d m y s e lf re a d in g P o l l o k ' s
C o u rse o f T im e .
C a n d o r r e q u i r e s me t o a d m i t t h a t i t
h a s a s e n s i b l e e f f e c t up o n my f e e l i n g s and t e n d s t o
r a i s e my m in d t o n o b l e r and s u b l i m e r t h o u g h t s t h a n
t h e mean and g r o v e l i n g s c e n e s o f E a r t h .
I fe e l d is
g u s t e d w i t h l o w v u l g a r company and e x p r e s s i o n s . 2 7
It
y e a rs
of
was
in
age,
th e
n e x t week t h a t
e x p e rie n c e d
came an i m p o r t a n t
event
h is
th e
c o n v e rs io n
D is c ip le s
th e
of
C h ris t.
re lig io u s
m e e tin g
at
c a b in w h e re
to
"th e
little
a s p iritu a l
in
h is
g ro w in g
re lig io u s
of
th e
h is
s o many e v e n t s
in
h is to ry .
p u b lic
h is
near
c h ild h o o d
was
th e
a c c e p ta n c e
o c c u rre d
th e
be
T h is
m ovem ent o f
D is c ip le s
s c h o o lh o u s e "
now e i g h t e e n
a w a k e n in g w h i c h
p e rso n a l
F ittin g ly ,
p rin c ip le s
G a rfie ld ,
in
G a rfie ld
of
a
lo g
had t r a n s p i r e d .
18
On S u n d a y m o r n i n g ,
W.
A.
a b ly
L illie
ro u se d
p re a c h
at
on t h e
M a rc h
th e
s u b je c t"
it
fu rth e r.
th e r
he
"d e te rm in e d
h is
d e c is io n
p u b lic .
n e x t d a y he wa s
B ib lic a l
te rm in o lo g y
of
"To d a y
was
w ith
a ro se
to
w a lk
in
been B a p t i s e d
in to
G a rfie ld 's
w h ic h
to
re le a s e d
h is
in te re s t
th e
a ls o
h is
a ro u n d
D is c ip le s
w h o le
to
in
For
p ro v e d
to
in
to
29
ano
in to
R iv e r,
p re a c h e rs
B a p tis m
he
and
28
be an e x p e r i e n c e
re lig io n .
and ga ve
s tim u lu s
As W asson n o te d :
w ith
v a ry in g
d e g re e s
and e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r e s s
H is
new r e l i g i o u s
a c o n s id e ra b le
and
a s many a s h a v e
n a tu re
re v o lv e
re lig io u s
One r e c o r d
C h a g rin
C h ris t
to
and made
b a p tiz e d
D is c ip le
e m o tio n a l
was
th e
th e
th e
h e a rin g
h a v e p u t on C h r i s t . "
in te re s t
life
of
life .'
c o n v e rs io n
o f C h ris t."
d e te rm in e d
a s s o c ia te s .
of
C h ris t
h is
in c re a s in g
"H e n c e fo rth
'b u rie d
new ness
and " d e t e r m i n e d
G o s p e l"
trib u ta rie s
h e a rd
"c o n s id e r
obey th e
in
I
th e
and w as
a fte r
in
w ro te :
of
to
G a rfie ld
e v e n in g ,
C h ris t
th e
one
o f b a p tis m
Th a t
The
1850,
in v e s tig a te "
se rm o n ,
3,
e x te n t
h is
of
of
a ffilia tio n
frie n d s
and
sa ys:
T h e n and l a t e r , b o t h a t home and i n t h e e v e r w i d e n
i n g c i r c l e s i n w h i c h he m oved , many o f h i s w a r m e s t
f r i e n d s and m o s t e a r n e s t s u p p o r t e r s w e r e t o be f o u n d
i n t h e c h u r c h t o w h i c h , c o m m i t t e d a s a y o u n g man, he
a l w a y s r e m a i n e d f a i t h f u l . 30
Th e o d o re
th is
C la rk e
c o n v e rs io n
he r e c e i v e d "
31
S m ith
in
was c o n v in c e d
18 50 was
u n til
h is
th e
th a t
"w ith o u t
stro n g e st
in v o lv e m e n t
in
s in g le
th e
·
C iv il
any d o u b t
in flu e n c e
W a r.
19
G a rfie ld
day
fo r
Jo u rn a l
th e
a tte n d e d
re m a in d e r
re fle c te d
of
h is
th e
D is c ip le
th e
week o f
jo y ,
m e e tin g s
h is
and on M a rc h
tw ic e
each
c o n v e rs io n .
H is
10
he c o n c l u d e d :
Our l i t t l e
s c h o o l h o u s e was f i l l e d t o o v e r f l o w i n g ,
t h e c a u s e o f God i s p r o s p e r i n g .
I n t h i s p l a c e 17 have
made t h e good c o n f e s s i o n and a r e r e j o i c i n g i n t h e hope
o f e te rn a l l i f e .
T h a n k s be t o God f o r h i s g o o d n e s s
. . . I ' l l p r a i s e my m a k e r w h i l e I ' v e b r e a t h . . . 3 2
Th e re a fte r,
D is c ip le
th e
y o u th .
to
g ro w in g
a tte n d
re lig io u s
w ith
th e m ,"
g a th e rin g s
O f p r a y e r m e e tin g s
and a f t e r
m e e tin g s
Seven m o n th s
c o u rse
h is
life
he w r o t e :
one M o n d a y :
Su c h m e e tin g s
a fte r
many n e e d s
a b u s y w eek-end o f
he w r o t e
re n e w e d e n e r g y .
on t h e
s a tis fie d
h is
lo v e
a tte n d in g
"Commenced t h e
w o rk
r e n e w my s t r e n g t h . "
c o n v e rs io n ,
had t a k e n
"I
in
G a rfie ld
re fle c te d
and w r o t e :
Tw o y e a r s ago t o d a y I was t a k e n w i t h t h e ague i n
C le v e la n d .
When I c o n s i d e r t h e s e q u e l o f my h i s t o r y
t h u s f a r , I c an s e e t h e p r o v i d e n c e o f God i n a s t r i k
i n g m a n n e r.
Tw o y e a r s ago I w as r i p e f o r r u i n .
On
th e c a n a l . . . re a d y t o d r i n k i n e v e ry s p e c ie s o f
v i c e - - a n d w i t h t h e u l t i m a t e d e s ig n o f g o in g on t o
th e ocean.
See t h e f a c t s .
I w as t a k e n s i c k , u n a b l e
t o l a b o r , w e n t t o s c h o o l tw o t e r m s , t h u s c u l t i v a t i n g
my m o r a l and i n t e l l e c t u a l f a c u l t i e s , t o o k a s c h o o l
i n t h e w i n t e r , and g r e a t e s t o f a l l , o b e y e d t h e g o s p e l .
. . . T h u s by t h e p r o v i d e n c e o f God I am w h a t I am,
and n o t a s a i l o r .
I t h a n k H i m . 34
When G a r f i e l d
s p rin g
of
A ll
h is
of
1850,
d a ily
lig h t,
and he
sh o rt
h o m ilie s .
he w r o t e :
h is
"C a n
re tu rn e d
w h o le
b e in g
a c tiv itie s
fille d
h is
A fte r
to
w as
w e re
Jo u rn a l
lis tin g
a s ta te
illu m in a te d
w ith
th e
s e e many b e a u t i e s
in
in
p io u s
s u b je c ts
each,
in
of
th e
fe rm e n t.
by t h e
new
p h ra se s
and
he was
ta k in g
and e s p e c i a l l y
20
B o ta n y ,
w h ic h
n a tu re 's
flo w e rs
te a c h e s
God'
of
th e
Good t i m e s .
m o n t h w as
and t o
us
see
fie ld ."
Thank
cause
to
h is
The
God f o r
fo r
'lo o k
th ro u g h
w is d o m m a n i f e s t e d
next
The
up t o
even
day he w r o t e :
th e m ."
s e rio u s
n a tu re
in
th e
"S tu d y in g .
b e g in n in g
of
a new
m e d ita tio n :
T h i s i s t h e f i r s t d a y o f May and s t i l l t h e p r o g r e s s
o f tim e i s u n a b a te d .
M o n t h a f t e r m o n th r o l l s a r o u n d
. . . and we a r e c a r r i e d n e a r e r t o e t e r n i t y a t e v e r y
re v o lu tio n .
W h a t a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y r e s t s upon u s f o r
t h e way and m a n n e r i n w h i c h we s p e n d o u r t i m e .'35
For
e n trie s
me t o
m o n th s
lik e
see
th e
th e
a fte r
lig h t
see
be t h a n k f u l
w e e k ."
ne ss
in
th e
fo r
of
th e
hands
of
A n o th e r
was
th e
th e
of
"Th e
in
b ro u g h t
th e
la n d ,
A lm ig h ty .' "
Jo u rn a l
a g a in p e r m i t s
has
May I
a g a in p e r m i t
th e
May I
my t i m e
th e
fo rth
tru s t:
but
re st
I
c o m in g
"S ic k
m y s e lf
^
re s u lt
an a u s t e r e
a fte r
Lo rd
and i m p r o v e
s ig n ific a n t
A m o n th
goodness
w e re
a n o t h e r Monday m o r n i n g .
c h o le ra
a b ro a d
e m e rg e n c e o f
m o ra ls .
of
sam e,
'T h e
th e re
a n o th e r p le a s a n t m o rn in g .
lig h t
a re
"G o d 's
A nd a g a i n :
An o u t b r e a k
and d e a t h
c o n v e rs io n
fo llo w in g :
e v e r be t h a n k f u l . "
t e d me t o
h is
of
G a rfie ld 's
a ttitu d e
c o n v e rs io n
to w a rd
c o n v e rs io n
p e rso n a l
he w r o t e :
S t u d y i n g a s u s u a l , and t r y i n g t o s e r v e t h e L o r d i n
my d a i l y w a l k and c o n v e r s a t i o n .
We h a v e l a t e l y com
menced f a m i l y w o r s h i p .
A lth o u g h I as y e t f e e l d i f f i
d e n t , y e t I s t i l l c o n s id e r i t a p r i v i l e g e t o re a d a
p o r t i o n o f G o d ' s w o r d and c a l l on h i s n a m e .37
He w as
to
"d e te rm in e d
"e v e r
liv e
to
w o rth y
c o n tin u e
of
h is
to
be
fa ith fu l,"
b le s s in g ."
In
and w a n t e d
one e n t r y
he
21
w ro te :
"I
a n o th e r,
th e
p ra y
God t o
"May I
ever
tru th ."
se rv e d
to
in c re a s e
p a tio n
th e
to
to
and t h e
and
in
k n o w le d g e
of
it
o n ly
and he r e s p o n d e d ,
"I
m ust
a b le
h im ,
we h a v e
to
to
a s s is t
me i n
th e
tim e
of
life
fo r
s p e n d in g
our
of
of
th e
c la s s e s ,
th e
and he w as
tim e
us,
in
In
s u rro u n d in g
m e d ita tio n
th e
he w o u ld
d is s i
about
im m o rta l m in d ."
s o litu d e .
was
20)
But
m o rn in g
c lim b
to
m et
he
h o u rs
th e
sc e n e ry ."
It
and c om m union w i t h
th e
to p
w as,
39
G a rfie ld 's
c o lo re d
e v e ry
v is ite d
h im
v a n c in g
age,
a b le
to
re n d e r
h e r,
and s o
J o rd a n
m o u n tin g
event
at
in
h is
re lig io u s
d a ily
th e
of
d e c lin e
th a t
d e a th ,
I
a lw a y s
th e
life .
a g a in ,
c o n v e rs io n ,
s ig n a l
fo r
m o th e r
to u c h e d by h e r
"O !
p e a c e fu l
p a rtin g
s e e m in g ly
When h i s
w rite :
life
m eet h e r
w h e re
G a rfie ld 's
of
e n th u s ia s m
he was
and he w as moved t o
liv e
A fte r
y e a r was
of
G a rfie ld
D is c ip le s ,
(a f e w names o f
"c o n te m p la te
a "p la c e
d is c ip lin e ,
o th e r
im p ro v e
b e g in n in g
to
of
"In ste a d
o rd e r
th e
C re a to r."
th e
w a y ,"
tro u b le d ,
o f m o ra l
fe llo w s h ip
w rite :
in
a h ill
fo r
g ra c e
fa ith ,
new l i f e
c u ltiv a te d
p rio r
h is
God who i s
and v i c e ,
to g e th e r
of
in
th is
fo r
p le a s e d
a ls o
in
rig h t
38
In
eager
g ro w
th e
When he was p a r t i c u l a r l y
however t r u s t
n e e d ."
ke ep me i n
s h a ll
th e
a Jo u rn a l
th a t
I
may be
and ha p p y
when we h a v e
be no m o r e . "
b e g in n in g
e n try
of
ad
of
to
c ro sse d
40
a new
s p iritu a l
22
re fle c tio n
on t h e
c o u rse
of
h is
life .
In
1851
he w r o t e :
T o d a y commences a new e r a i n my e x i s t e n c e .
N in e
t e e n y e a r s h a v e made t h e i r i m p r e s s upon me s i n c e f i r s t
I saw t h e l i g h t .
Y e s ! f o r n in e te e n lo n g y e a rs th e
m e r c i e s o f God h a v e s u r r o u n d e d me, and I b l e s s h i s
name t h a t I am w h a t I am.
May I e v e r l i v e m i n d f u l o f
h i s many b l e s s i n g s t o me a p o o r worm o f t h e d u s t . 41
In
eye
h is
fo c u s e d
d rin k in g ,
new l i f e
on a w id e
le v ity ,
b lo o m e r d r e s s ,
h is
c a u s tic
c is m
of
fo r
h is
o th e r
th e
and a g i t a t o r s
re lig io u s
w as
H is
th e se
as
he u n d e r s t o o d
c o n v e rs io n
re lig io u s
th e m .
c o lo re d
h im
g ro u p s
te d ,
new t h e o l o g i c a l
a s s o c ia te s
a s p irit
at
th e
On h i s
fir s t
in d ig n a n tly
to
fo r
h is
th e a tre ,
w o m e n 's
s o c ie ty —
th e
c irc u s ,
rig h ts - - a n d
o p in io n a te d
re se rv e d
h is
h a rsh e st
One o f
b a p tis e
th e
te a c h in g s
te rm s
D is c ip le
to
th o u g h ts
th e
as
e v a lu a te
p rin c ip le s
D is c ip le
In
As c o u ld
was
each
tra in e d
p a rtic u la r,
cause
and i t
be e x p e c
fir s t
on
"E ld e r
c o n d e m n a tio n .
S u n d a y ba ck a t
s in n e rs
a g a in s t
and b e h a v i o r ,
c o m b a tiv e n e s s
w ro te :
to
in to le ra n c e .
m o st h e a te d
re s u lts
he r e j e c t e d
h im
Such d e v o tio n
of
a ro u se d
p ro m p te d
of
c riti
i m m e d ia t e
a ttitu d e
Geauga S e m i n a r y .
re c e iv e d
Lo rd
in
G a rfie ld 's
in
th e
th e
of
h is
a m ilita n t
p ro d u c e d
c o n v e rt
a sp e c ts
c ritic a l
p o s te rity
b o d i e s — w h o se
of
B a ll"
fo r
"d e n o m in a tio n s ."
"s e c ta ria n ."
h is
th e
n o v e ls ,
young D i s c i p l e
c o n v e rs io n
h is
of
G a rfie ld 's
on eac h o n e . ^
th e
n a tu ra lly
ra n g e
pe n r e c o r d e d
o b s e rv a tio n s
a C h ris tia n ,
to b a c c o ,
th e
But
as
th e
"Am s o r r y
w ith
th e
to
S e m in a ry ,
hear
H o ly
th e
fo lk s
S p irit.
new
p ra y
T h in k
fo r
it
23
is
w ro n g ."
B a ll
The
p re a c h e d
( in to )
c o u ld
not
say
la te r
H.
S u n d a y he p r o t e s t e d
on B a p t i s m .
q u o te d A c ts
m o n th s
Geo.
next
2-38
E x p la in e d
and
le ft
in te n tio n a lly .
G a rfie ld
B a ll's
was
re n d e rin g
out
T h in k
s t ill
fu rth e r:
th e
G re e k w o rd
th e
w o rd
he
is
in
c o m p la in in g
o f A c ts
"E ld e r
2 - 3 8 ,"
'e is 1
'R e p e n t,1 I
e rro r."
about
Tw o
"E ld e r
when he w r o t e :
E l d e r G. Η . B . s a i d . . . t h a t P e t e r d i d n o t p r e a c h
t o t h e P e n t e c o s t i a n s a s he d i d t o o t h e r s , f o r i n s t a n c e ,
a s he d i d t o C o r n e l i u s ; and b e c a u s e he was y o u n g and
in e x p e rie n c e d !
B u t when he came t o p r e a c h t o C o r n e l i u s
he p r e a c h e d a b o u t r i g h t . O
how can a man i n t h i s age
o f B i b l e s p re a c h su c h d o c t r i n e !
Can t h e H o l y S p i r i t
e rr?
T h e A p o s t l e s s p o k e , n o t t h e i r own e x p e r i e n c e , b u t
t h e y s p o k e a s t h e H o l y S p i r i t o f God gave th e m u t t e r a n c e .
By
th e
tim e
he had c o m p le t e d h i s
in te rp re ta tio n ,
D is c ip le
G a rfie ld
p r e a c h e r he w as
was
to
c ritiq u e
s o u n d in g
become.
of
E ld e r
B a ll's
v e r y much l i k e
He w r o t e
th e
d e fia n tly :
W i l l t h e n m o r t a l man d a r e t o d i s p u t e t h e t e a c h i n g s
o f God and s u p p l a n t h i s own w o r d ?
L e t u s r a t h e r m e e k ly
f o l l o w t h e p r e c e p t and b r i g h t e x a m p le o f o u r s a v i o r and
n o t a t t e m p t t o s p i r i t u a l i z e and e x p l a i n away p l a i n p a s
sa g e s o f S c r i p t u r e t o s u i t o u r v ie w s , b u t l e t u s ta k e
t h e naked w o rd , t h e t r u t h as i t i s i n J e s u s as o u r o n ly
r u l e o f f a i t h and p r a c t i c e .
I f t h e w o r l d w o u ld do t h i s
how much l e s s s t r i f e and c o n t e n t i o n w o u l d t h e r e be t h a n
a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . 43
E ld e r
e s tim a tio n
a fte r
B ib le ,
le t
th a t
ho use .
B a ll's
G a rfie ld
s u b je c t
re c o rd e d :
G.
d id n 't
fa re
much b e t t e r
when he c h a n g e d s u b j e c t s .
h e a rin g
th e
B a ll
a tte m p t
w ro te
a lo n e ."
" A t m e e tin g
H.
B a ll
p ro v e
On a n o t h e r
W.
I
th e
"h e
in
(Fre e
so m e ."
in
J u ly ,
a u th e n tic ity
Sunday
B a p tis t
s le p t
G a rfie ld 's
One S u n d a y
d is a p p o in tin g ly ,
at F.
spoke.
to
in
It
of
had b e t t e r
A ugust
W ill
was
he
Im m e rse r)
in
th a t
25
e x e r c i s e s w e re n e a r l y c lo s e d .
I t p a i n s my h e a r t t o
s e e t h e i g n o r a n c e and b i g o t r y t h a t i s a b r o a d i n t h e
la n d .
I w i s h t h a t men w o u ld l e t a l l human t r a d i t i o n s
a l o n e and t a k e t h e B i b l e a l o n e f o r t h e i r g u i d e .
Th re e
m o n th s
la te r
(an u n s c r i p t u r a l
H e a rd
he w r o t e :
name)
a m is s io n a ry
a d u lte ra te d
w ith
O c t o b e r he w as
. . .
s u b je c t
s e rm o n ."
he w as
annoyed by
back t o
At
th e
w a it
tw o
u p o n h im
se rv e d
le a s t
th a t
or
"th e
g ro w th ,
but
p rie s t
of
tra il
fo u n d
L illie
in g
w h o le
fo u n d a tio n
fa ls e ."
And when he
re p o rte d :
sto v e
h im
to
"A
fe llo w
and k n o c k e d
be a v i l l a i n . "
of
in
p re te n d e d
o v e r,
c h u rc h
in
a
C o u n ty
lo u d ly
sto o d w it h
( ta il) ."
upon th e
nor
h is
d is g u s t,
and c han g ed
G a rfie ld
name)
e n jo y in g
w ith
th e m
spoke upon th e
lo o k e d
it
is
M u s k in g u m
n o te d w i t h
w e re
fa u lt
"B ro .
th e
"H e
it
th a n
n e ith e r
P .M .
ob
seemed t h e
46
and S h a k e r s
G a rfie ld
in
house
He had tw o y o u n g men t o
(a l i b e l
a ll."
but
and g e n u f l e c t i o n s
tim e s .
h is
ra th e r
spoke
G a rfie ld
p l e a s e d when
th a t
who
(a n o th e r)
a M e th o d is t
s e rv ic e
g y ra tio n s
th re e
M o rm o n s
At
M e th o d is t
some g o o d ,
h is to ric a l
p rie s t,
and c a r r y
re v e re n tia l
The
"a
c o n g re g a tio n ,"
g a rm e n t
do ne
be u n d e r s t o o d .
" a n d made o c c a s i o n a l
h is
He h a s
to
to
P re s b y te ria n
a C a th o lic
enough t o
th e
A .M .,
s e c ta ria n is m ."
gospel
d is tin c tly
" A t m e e tin g
th e
e tc .
of
He was
show
B o o k o f Mormon i s
have t h e
I
to o .
p ro p h e c ie s ,
on a S h a k e r
to
a p e rio d
g a th e rin g ,
he
p o w e r— f e l l
on
s o u n d e d h im
and f o u n d
47
was
te a c h in g
a d is tric t
school
at
B lu e
24
same m o n th
S e m in a ry
many
It
was
re s tra in ts
fo r
th a n
th a t
te e s ,
he
o n ly
d is p le a s u re
th a t
stro n g e r
in
.
.
p rin c ip a l,
th e
e v e n F o w l e r w as
th e
th e
S.
fe e lin g
J.
th e
s c h o o l.
la te r,
F o w le r
a tte m p te d
w o rs h ip
w ith
p l a c e we g e t a g r e a t
m akes u s
a B a p tis t
w hen he
D is c ip le
th e
but
tw o m o n th s
a u th o ritie s
h e a rd
it
at
h is
s e c ta ria n
w as e n c o u r a g i n g
o f w o rk in g
se p a ra te
re v e a le d
th is
a D is c ip le ,
Less
B a p tis t
"In
k n o c k s,1 b u t
44
F o w le r,
G a rfie ld
s a y in g ,
'd ry
tru th ."
th a t
to
s e rv ic e s .
move had b e e n b l o c k e d
ra n
a fo u l
e s ta b lis h
of
th e
a tim e
by t h e
B o a rd
of
Tru s
snapped:
I e v e r h a v e s e e n , and s t i l l s e e , a m a n i f e s t S e c t a r
ia n S p i r i t i n t h i s s c h o o l, w h ic h I f e a r w i l l e v e n t u a lly
d e s tro y th e s c h o o l.
I see t h a t th e f r e e s p i r i t o f S .
J . F o w l e r c a n n o t and w i l l n o t b r o o k t h e i r r e s t r i c t i o n s .
Nor w i l l I .
When i t
was
to
le a v e ,
of
th e
m e e tin g
announced
G a rfie ld
te rm
he
a w o rd o f
re s u lts
e ra b le .
la te r
"G o o d ,
is
G o o d ."
th e
scho ol
th a t
la s t
te rm
F o w l e r w as g o i n g
On t h e
tim e
c lo s e d ,
I
la s t
Sunday
s h a ll
a tte n d
he
le ft
w ith o u t
re g re t.
to
days
"th is
When t h e
A lth o u g h
h im
w ro te ,
added,
h e re ."
fo u r
a tte n d
w e re
G a rfie ld 's
and t h e
s e rv ic e s
a lw a y s
Tw o m o n t h s
. . .
lis te n e d
th e
in itia l
B a p tis ts ,
in
h is
a num ber o f
same— t h e
a fte r
c ritic is m
h is
was
n a tu ra l
c o n v e rs io n
w e n t t o m e e tin g t o th e
a f e w m o m e nts and t h e n
c u rio s ity
c h u rc h e s.
s e c ta ria n is m
fo c u s e d
But
was
on
le d
th e
in to l
he r e p o r t e d :
P r e s b y te r ia n H ouse,
s l e p t s o u n d ly t i l l th e
26
Rock
in
little
by
th e
s p rin g
D is c ip le
of
a c tiv ity ,
s e c ta ria n is m ."
w as h o r r i f i e d
M itc h e ll
and s h e
who
by t h e
"sp o k e
s c re a m e d
D is c ip le
S t.
P a u l,
'L e t
In
was h i s
in
th e
a t A u ro ra
"b ro th e r."
not
speak
at
lo v e
Jo u rn a l
was
"su rro u n d e d
c h u rc h
m o u th ,
th in k in g
s ile n c e
of
in
c h u rc h .'"
but
re fle c te d
h is
of
th e
c h u rc h
e tc ."
w o rd s
fo r
it
of
is
48
of
fo r
h is
b ro th e rs
In
th e
summer o f
m e e tin g
p ra c tic e
pounded,
in to le ra n c e
C h ris t.
y e a rly
and be ga n t h e
H is
th e
and d e v o t i o n
th e
th e re
a woman p r e a c h e r named
G a rfie ld 's
D is c ip le s
in
h im s e lf
M e th o d is t
h e lp
in
to
th a t
b u t h e r m a n n e r was v e h e m e n t
y o u r women ke e p
he p a r t i c i p a t e d
Te n t"
of
fro th e d
"c o u ld
fe lt
th e
w e ll
m a rk e d c o n t r a s t
s is te rs
1850
v e ry
a woman t o
s e c ta ria n is m ,
and
and he
s p e c ta c le
lo u d ,
young
fo r
he d i s c o v e r e d
He v i s i t e d
Th e
a shame
1851,
of
under
th e
c a llin g
n e w -fo u n d
" B ig
e v e ry o n e
jo y :
A b o u t 10 o ' c l o c k t h e p e o p l e c o n v e n e d u n d e r t h e b r o a d
sp re a d canvas to c e le b ra te th e p r a is e o f th e L o r d i n
t h e ir annual f e s t iv a l.
B r o . H . J o n e s spoke i n th e
f o r e n o o n and B r o . G re e n i n P . M .
2 w e re im m e rs e d i n t h e
name o f t h e L o r d J e s u s f o r t h e r e m i s s i o n o f s i n s .
I
to o k s u p p e r a t B r o . J e w e t t ' s , g o t a c q u a in te d w i t h B r o .
P a r k s and h i s w i f e f r o m C h a r d o n .
S t a i d a t B r o . W. T a y
l o r ' s over n ig h t.
E n jo y m e n t.
F e l i x sum ( I am h a p p y ) .
In
th e
fo llo w in g
M ille n n ia l
re a d in g
week t h e
H a rb in g e r.
ba ck
is s u e s
im p re s se d w i t h
he c o n s i d e r e d
of
To
th e
new D i s c i p l e
make up
fo r
H a rb in g e r
A le x a n d e r C a m p b e ll's
"a
On S u n d a y s
p ro fo u n d
w o rk ."
s u b s c rib e d
lo s t
tim e
to
th e
he began
and was p a r t i c u l a r l y
"A d d re ss
on W a r"
w h ic h
49
he w a s d e t e r m i n e d
to
a tte n d
th e
D is c ip le
27
m e e tin g s
p a rt
in
"T h is
whenever p o s s ib le ,
th e m .
F o u r m o n th s
is
th e
fir s t
s c h o o l,"
and
in
Sunda y m e e tin g
w e d d in g ,
in
th e
he
of
1851
new D i s c i p l e
th e
of
c ip a l,
th e
u a tio n
tu a l
on J u n e
life
"H ira m
re s u m e
on t h e
Hayden,
The
Sunday-
th a t
at
of
a
th e
1854,
was c e n te r e d
th e
e a rly
th e
23,
th e
p re te n tio u s
The
p rin
and
D is c ip le s .
1851,
to
in te lle c tu a l
frie n d ly
summer
at
p re a c h e r,
of
a
had e s t a b l i s h e d
In s titu te .
e n tire ly
G a rfie ld 's
in
it
a D is c ip le
on A u g u s t
n e a rly
a s tu d e n t
D is c ip le s
E c le c tic
w as
fo r
b u t by t h e
and had g i v e n
c o n s is te d
e n ro llm e n t
23,
in
p a ra b le
e d u c a tio n
on b e i n g
H ira m .
R e se rv e
fa c u lty
H ill."
h is
p la n n in g
e a rlie r
W e ste rn
h is
he w r o t e ,
a le s s o n
he r e p o r t e d
Amos S u t t o n
Fro m
not
a lre a d y
s ix - m e m b e r
1851
he w as t a k i n g
c o n v e rs io n
re c ite d
a fe w w o r d s
academy i n
th e
ever
h is
lo n g
22nd.
d id
academy a y e a r
title
on
"s a id
le a v in g
he w as
I
a fte r
sum m er o f
M a tth e w
G a rfie ld
year a fte r
tim e
and b e f o r e
D is c ip le
h is
and
g ra d
s p iri
a tm o sp h e re
W asson w r i t e s :
H e r e , b e g i n n i n g i n 1 8 5 1 , he l i v e d f o r t h r e e y e a r s i n
t h e m i d s t o f a d m i r i n g D i s c i p l e f r i e n d s and c o n g e n i a l
a s s o c i a t e s and i n an e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h f u r t h e r awakened
h i s i n t e l l e c t u a l and r e l i g i o u s p r o p e n s i t i e s a s w e l l a s
g i v i n g s h a p e and f o r m t o t h e m . 51
The
re s u lt
of
E c le c tic
th e
( la te r
d e s ire
w h e re
th e ir
c h ild re n ,
is m ,"
c o u ld
o b ta in
of
to
become H i r a m
e a rn e st
w ith o u t
D is c ip le s
b e in g
a "C h ris tia n "
C o lle g e )
to
exposed
e d u c a tio n
fo u n d
to
in
w as
th e
a school
"s e c ta ria n
s u rro u n d in g s
28
c o n d u c iv e
to
of
w h ic h was
H ira m ,
ro a d ,
th e
of
la n d
our
m id d le
of
m ile s
s e le c te d
fro m
a th re e -s to ry
fie ld .
th e
v illa g e
sta g e
and b r i c k
on t h e
b u ild in g
h ig h e s t
ra n g e
W e ste rn
th e y
set
about to
a im :
"to
make men and women o f
th e
y o u th
c o m m itte d
it
to
th e
p a th
of
u s e fu ln e s s ."
good men and women;
to
It
w as
th a t
a g re e d
e d u c a tio n "
"d e v o te
at
p o in t
th e
a p a rt
It
h is
s tu d ie s
of
th e
fir s t
and w i t h
y e a r,
o u rs e lv e s
A s w as
an i m p o r t a n t
in
th e
M o st o f
as
in
e v e ry
to
h is
sp e ec he s,
th e ir
S m ith
life
w a s one o f
h is
d e v o te d h i m s e l f
"we
w h ic h
At
.
our
.
th e
.
end
c o n g ra t
te a c h e rs
54
re lig io n
G a rfie ld 's
of
A lo n g w i t h
re s u lts .
e x tra o rd in a ry ."
fin g e r
52
s c h o o l.
F u lle r,
c o n tin u e d
w h ile
poem s,
the m e o r w e re
to
s t u d e n t w o u ld
it.
he e a g e r l y
re a liz e
fo u n d a tio n
Jam es G a r f i e l d
e n c o u ra g in g
be e x p e c t e d ,
p a rt
s e n tim e n t.
th a t
53
"th e
s tu d y in g
upon o u r p r o g r e s s ,
to
re lig io n
w o u l d be
a c c o rd in g
u s was r a t h e r
le a v e
th e m t h e
to
s tu d e n ts
F u lle r,
and
and t h a t
each d a y "
C o ry d o n
to
E c le c tic .
B ib le
academ y,
of
to
s o o n became c l e a r
new f r i e n d ,
a ssu re d
out
th e
m o re p r o m i s i n g
u la te d
R e se rv e ,
tin y
n e a re st
s to n e
Th e re ,
th e
th e
p ro v id e n c e
g io u s
They
in
tru s t;
e ith e r
th re e
a c o rn
of
th e
life .
and t h e y b u i l t
in
th e ir
a m o ra l
to
p la y
he was a t
and e s s a y s
c o lo re d
th e
had
by r e l i
e x p la in s :
I t i s o n ly by r e a l i z i n g t h e n a t u r e o f t h e l i t e r a r y
s t a n d a r d s o f t h e f i f t i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and by
c a l l i n g t o m in d t h a t G a r f i e l d ' s m o d e l s w e re c h i e f l y
29
t h e s e r m o n and t h e hymn b o o k t h a t
t o th e a m u s in g ly t u r g i d e f f u s i o n s
f o r t h i n t h e s e y e a r s . 55
H is
fir s t
show s
h is
m a jo r
th e
speech,
e x te n t
p h ra s e o lo g y .
to
g iv e n
w h ic h
In
it
in
th e
re lig io u s
he
one can do j u s t i c e
w h i c h he p o u r e d
fo rm
of
a v a le d ic to ry ,
s e n tim e n ta lity
p e rm e a te d
s a id :
T h r e e s h o r t m o n t h s h a v e b e e n c h r o n i c l e d up o n h i s
m i g h t y s c r o l l s i n c e a band o f s t r a n g e r s m e t w i t h i n
th e se w a lls .
We ha d l e f t t h e s o c i e t y o f f r i e n d s and
p a r e n t s , t h e e n d e a r m e n t s o f home, t o s e e k t h e s p a r k
l i n g gems o f s c i e n c e ; t o e x p a n d and e l e v a t e t h e m i n d ,
t o r a i s e t h e s o u l f r o m e a r t h and p o i n t i t t o t h e s k i e s
. . . A t t h e r e t u r n o f each g l a d m o r n i n g we h a v e h e r e
a s s e m b l e d t o r e a d t h e w o rd o f God; t o l e a r n s w e e t l e s
s o n s fro m i t s sa c re d p a g e s; t o in v o k e H i s b l e s s i n g t o
r e s t u p o n u s ; and t h e n we h a v e r a i s e d o u r v o i c e s , i n
s i n g i n g p r a i s e s t o H i s name . . . 5 6
He a l s o
in g
had o c c a s i o n a l
dozens
re lig io u s
of
s ta n za s
th e m e s.
o u tb u rsts
in
of
p o e tic a l
hymn bo o k m e t e r s
A ty p ic a l
fe rv o r,
upon th e
w rit
usua l
poem w a s :
Why do we i n t h e s i l e n t n i g h t
W h ile d a rk n e s s s h ro u d s th e e a r th
D e l v e b y t h e t a p e r ' s d re a m y l i g h t
F o r t r u t h s o f c o u n tle s s w o rth ?
T h a t we may r i s e above t h e d u s t
And m i s t o f a g e s p a s t ,
And s o a r on h i g h and p l a c e o u r t r u s t
On h im w h o s e w o rd s t a n d s f a s t .
To f
For
And
Our
In
excel
in
he be ga n
fe s s o r
h is
h is
to
i t th e s o u l, th e im m o rta l s o u l,
m a n s io n s i n th e s k i e s ,
t h e r e , w h i l e e n d le s s ages r o l l
s o n g s o f p r a i s e s h a l l r i s e . 57
second y e a r
s tu d ie s ,
ta k e
and
a t H ira m ,
in
th e
a d va n c e d w o r k
N orm an D u n s h e e .
He was
in
G a rfie ld
w in te r
th e
a ls o
c o n tin u e d
te rm s
of
c la s s ic s
added t o
1852-1853
under
th e
to
P ro
fa c u lty ,
30
te a c h in g
G re e k .
in g ,
in tro d u c to ry
In
a d d itio n
G a rfie ld
d e b a tin g ,
lite ra ry
c e n tra l
h is
of
appeal
s lu m b e rin g
h a lls
to
w e re
speaker
fa v o ra b ly
A c c o rd in g
of
be ba ck
of
at
th e
a ll
P h ilo m a th e a n
F.
s o c ie ty
of
th e
k in d
E c le c tic
th e
58
n e a rb y
These
in
M.
D is c ip le
G re e n ,
s o c ie ty
w as
th e
th e
soon
w ith
a c tiv ity
a lw a y s
had
a n x io u s
he c o u l d
c la s h in g
"w ake
of
ly c e u m s w e re
H ira m
to w n s
and w a s
and make i t s
fie ry
o f w h i c h made t h e
h is
of
s c h o o l w h e re
o ld
was
c a lle d ,
and he w as
c o m m u n it y
kno w n t o
to
T h is
a g a in w i t h
in
G a rfie ld
d e b a te s w e re
G a rfie ld ,
g iv e n
and S o l o n ,
th e
to
E c le c tic
O ra n g e ,
of
th e se
d e c la m a tio n ."
o c c a s io n a lly
te a c h
c h a lle n g e
a c tiv itie s
E c le c tic ,
s o c ie tie s .
re so u n d
th e
th e
P h ilo m a th e a n
as
echoes
and f o r e n s i c
at
th e
o th e r
v a c a tio n s
to
year
" ly c e u m s , "
a p a rtic u la r
and
on c a m p u s.
fir s t
th e
g ra m m a r,
and h i s
th e
m em bers o f
c o n fin e d
w o rk
w h i c h w a s one o f
in
b a te
s c h o la s tic
in te lle c tu a l
e nga ge d
c la s s ic
a rith m e tic ,
th e
p re s id e n t
th e
h is
in
in
e le c te d
d u rin g
to
d e lig h te d
s o c ie tie s
In
c o u rse s
a lo n e ,
lik e
denot
but
W a rre n s v ille ,
young d e b a te r
and
b re th re n .
"m o st b r i l l i a n t
w in te r
of
p e rio d "
1853-1854.
I t s m e e t i n g s w e r e p u b l i c and a l l who c a r e d t o do s o
a tte n d e d .
S u c h s u b j e c t s as S e c u l a r H i s t o r y , C h u rc h
H i s t o r y , P r o p h e c y , P h r e n o l o g y , G e o lo g y , and L o g i c and
R h e t o r i c , w e re d i s c u s s e d i n t w e n t y - m i n u t e s l e c t u r e s ,
b y Ja m e s A . G a r f i e l d , H . W. E v e r e s t , O. P . M i l l e r ,
P h i l l i p B u r n s , N orm an D u n s h e e , and A m a z ia h H u l l . 59
B u rk e
H in s d a le
s a id
of
th e
P h ilo m a th e a n :
made u p o n my own m in d w as q u i t e
.
.
.
"Th e
deep.
im p re s s io n
N ig h t
a fte r
31
n ig h t
I
c lim b e d
d a rk n e ss,
to
th e
hear
th o se
G a rfie ld 's
a fte r
h is
a ttitu d e
to
w as h i s
J o u rn a l.
"Th e y
and w a t e r
at
s u b je c t
of
some good done b y
a ls o
on
re a d
at
th e
so
s m a rt
w o rd
th e
The
B ib le
in
it.
th e ir
of
th e
M e t h o d is t m e e tin g
stro n g e r
th a n
in
e v e r.
he w r o t e
"W e nt
in
and u n i o n .
I
When r e a d i n g
he g r u d g i n g l y
good b o o k .
of
th e
as
s p rin g
I
to
Have
Some
so
a ls o
is
S e m in a ry
w rite :
"N o t
seen.
of
1854,
G a rfie ld
s o u th e rn
O h io ,
h is
He r e p o r t e d
as
o f A sb u ry
p ro m p te d h im
have
re a d in g
b y Amos D r e s s e r .
stu d e n ts
fin d
"A v e r y
s e c ta ria n ,
of
on t h e
he w r o t e .
however
h is
and p a r t o o k
"B e e n
He i s
60
m ilita n t
w rite rs .
M e t h o d i s t m e e tin g h o u s e
in
th is
"s e c ta ria n "
An e x h i b i t i o n
When,
lo v e
and
c o n tin u e d
s e rv ic e .
e tc .,
G o d ."
A g a in s t W a r,
a p e rfo rm a n c e
of
H o u se ,"
ra in
and l e c t u r e s . "
a M e th o d is t
e v id e n c e s ,
In fid e lity ,"
good t h i n g s
N e ls o n ."
th e
of
in
"se c ts"
T y p ic a l
e x p e rie n c e s ,
to k e n
C h ris tia n
of
th e
M e th o d is t
re la te d
command i n
of
a t H ira m .
th e
in
and s o m e t i m e s
w o n d e r f u l d e b a te s
c ritic is m
no s u c h
N e ls o n
h ill,
in to le ra n c e
e n ro llm e n t
a lo v e - fe a s t
b re a d
e a st
on t h a t
a tte n d e d
in to le ra n c e
a
w as
o c c a s io n :
A t t e n d e d a M e t h o d i s t p r o t r a c t e d m e e t i n g . . . and
was g r i e v e d and d i s g u s t e d w i t h t h e s h a m e f u l p r o c e e d i n g s .
T h e m o s t e x c e s s i v e s h o u t i n g and r o a r i n g .
My c o n c l u s i o n
i s t h a t t h i s r e l i g i o n i s o n l y a d a p te d t o t h e c o a r s e r
o r d e r o f m i n d , and h a s m ore o f t h e a n i m a l t h a n s p i r i t u a l
in i t .
Hence t h e y p r e a c h t h e t e r r o r o f t h e l a w and w o r k
u p o n f e a r , t h e l o w e s t e m o t i o n i n t h e human h e a r t , and
t h e y a l s o s h o u t and s ta m p t o g e t up a p l e a s u r a b l e
e x c ite m e n t by s o c i a l a t t r i t i o n .
32
"Th e
m o tiv e s
n o b le r
of
th a n
and e n j o y m e n t s
th is ,"
th e
fru its
not
c o n fu s io n ."
In
C h e ste r
h is
fo u r
fir s t
v is it
at
to
and h e
T h is
he ha d h i s
th e
th e
c a n k e r worm o f
its
h e a rt
and i t
e q u a lly
he w r o t e :
A year
la te r
be s p e n t
th a n
in
in
fro n ta tio n
a th e is t
fo u n d
th a t
of
th e
h ig h e r
a h o ly
and
q u ie t
and n o i s y
jo y ,
peace,
z e a l.
e tc .,
to
th e
cause
th e ir
and i s
a re
o n ly
a p p e tite s
as
of
It
w as
n e a rly
D is c ip le ,
in
"Th e n
h is
"b u t
at
63
s h o u tin g
th e
"s e c ts ,"
One F o u r t h
of
in d e p e n d e n c e
and p a s s i o n s
a c tu a lly
th e re
w as g n a w in g
w o rld ly .
th e
and
J o u rn a l,
e m b ra ced t h e
"O u g h t n o t
fro m
in
d e a th .
d e a d ."
to d a y
m a n k in d
d is s ip a tio n
of
s e c ta ria n is m
c o n te m p t n o t
to w n s h ip
B re th re n ."
z e a lo u s
he r e c o r d e d
re lig io u s
th e
s c h o o l had c e a s e d o p e r
p r o n o u n c e d on t h e
to
to
th e
th e
A c a d e m y ,"
re s c u in g
day?????????"
lo v e ,
among o u r
home o f
he q u e s t i o n e d :
such
In
th e
"H u n d re d s
s la v e s
p ie ty
re tu rn e d
a "m e e tin g
w ith e re d
G a rfie ld 's
who a r e
G a rfie ld
own o p i n i o n
a flo u ris h in g
J u ly
a re
was no s u r p r i s e
w as
b u t w as
"p ro d u c in g
a fu rio u s
s p irit
1854,
speak
y e a rs,
and n o t
G ospel a re
62
June,
to
a tio n .
of
th e
he c o n c l u d e d ,
c a lm e n j o y m e n t ,
For
of
and s i n s . "
4 th
of
th ra ld o m
J u ly
of
s in ,
c h a ra c te riz e s
th is
to
64
s p rin g
w ith
of
1852
" In fid e lity ,"
named J o s e p h
Tre a t.
G a rfie ld
in
The
th e
had h i s
p e rso n
Jo u rn a l
is
of
fir s t
con
a tra v e lin g
d is a p p o in tin g ly
33
b rie f
at
th is
g iv e s
a d e s c rip tio n
c a lls
"a m in ia t u r e
p h ilo s o p h e r"
e g o tis m ,"
at
th e
p o in t,
w ith
w as
e d itio n
and
th e
by t h e
by t h i s
he w o u l d
T r e a t's
of
to
th e
R e m in is c e n c e s ,
Tre a t,
b u t m o re
w h ic h
whom F u l l e r
Bo b I n g e r s o l l
c h a lle n g e
th e
s ty le
" im p u d e n c e
anyone
c o n s is te d
fir s t
p re a c h e r
to
of
le c tu re s ,
and t e a c h e r
answ er T r e a t
u n s c ru p u lo u s
exchange,
h is
of
and
a n s w e r h im
an a t t a c k
on
B ib le .
one o f
a D is c ip le
in
e n c o u n te r.
b ra in s "
le c tu re ,
made an a t t e m p t t o
re tu rn
th is
"le s s
h is
F o llo w in g
M u n n e ll,
of
a c c u s to m e d
end o f
C h ris tia n ity
but F u lle r,
b u t was
d e b a te r.
and he d e t e r m i n e d
c h a lle n g e
th e
a th e is t
p h ilo s o p h y
was
re fle c te d
th e
ro u g h ly
G a rfie ld
th a t
h im s e lf.
in
at
P ro fe s s o r
at
H is
th e
E c le c tic ,
h a n d le d
was
th e
Th o m a s
in
a n g e re d
rig h t
d is g u s t
tim e
fo r
J o u rn a l:
H i s p r i n c i p l e s w o u l d a r r a i g n t h e H o l y B o o k o f God
a t t h e b a r and he p u t s h i s f e e b l e r e a s o n u p o n t h e
t h r o n e t o ju d g e i t b y .
L e t h im r a i s e h i s i n s e c t arm
a g a i n s t i n f i n i t y , and t h e A l m i g h t y , b u t t r u t h i s
m i g h t y , e t e r n a l , and t h e B i b l e f i r m a s t h e T h r o n e o f
God s h a l l s t a n d when k in g d o m s c r u m b l e and t h e p l a n e t s
c ra sh .
I t s h o ly t r u t h s th r o u g h c e a s e le s s ages s t i l l ,
s h a l l s e n d a b l a z e o f h e a v e n l y l i g h t and d r i v e t h e
d a r k n e s s f r o m t h e n a u s e o u s to m b , and p o i n t u s t o t h e
m o r n i n g s t a r o f God w h i c h s h a l l a r i s e f r o m o u t t h e
to m b and b l a z e h i s g l o r i e s w h i l e e t e r n i t y e n d u r e s ,
o r God e x i s t s i n h e a v e n . 65
When T r e a t
th e
o p p o rtu n ity
re m e m b e re d
th e
B ib le
th e
m ig h ty
th e
as
is s u e d
to
re sp o n d w i t h
speech
th e
as
so u rc e
n a tio n s ;
a n o th e r
th e
"a m o st
of
c h a lle n g e ,
a h a lf- h o u r
im p a s s io n e d
c iv iliz a tio n ,
a c c e p te d m o r a l
th e
g u id e
G a rfie ld
s e iz e d
spe ec h.
F u lle r
e u lo g y
upon
c re e d o f
of
a ll
a ll
th e
34
g r a n d e s t men i n
o n ly
lig h t
s o rro w in g
p e a c e ."
h is to ry ."
th ro u g h
ra c e
Of
th e
to
G a rfie ld
a d a rk w o rld
th e
b le s s e d
im p a c t
of
to
c a lle d
le a d
h ills
th is
of
th e
B ib le
a s u ffe rin g
e te rn a l
speech,
F u lle r
"th e
and
life
and
w ro te :
B e f o r e he had s p o k e n f i v e m i n u t e s he had t h e sym
p a t h y o f a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e a s s e m b l a g e , and t h e a p p l a u s e
w a s c o n s t a n t and d e a f e n i n g , u n t i l he be ga n h i s e l o q u e n t
e u l o g y o f t h e s a c r e d v o l u m e ; t h e n t h e a u d ie n c e became
a s o r d e r l y and q u i e t a s a r e l i g i o u s a s s e m b l y .
He s p o k e
w i t h a r e a d i n e s s and p o w e r and e lo q u e n c e w h i c h w e r e p e r
f e c t l y o v e rw h e lm in g .
I do n o t t h i n k M r . T r e a t e v e r
a t t e m p t e d a n o t h e r s p e e c h a t H i r a m . 66
In
a tte n d
th e
a d e b a te
D is c ip le
th re e
in g
w ith
days
"Th e y
at
In fid e ls "
in te lle c tu a l
a w fu l
and an
th e
to
G a rfie ld
e v id e n c e s
he
and g a i n i n g
as
of
"I
th e y
D u rin g
a c le a re r
d id
not
d o ,"
a new and b o l d
to
e v id e n c e
re jo ic in g
ta k e n
m eet suc h
a Fe b ru a ry ,
in
d e b a te 's
upon w h ic h
re v ile rs
1854,
th e
of
in fid e lity .
J.
J.
"I
ha d my i n f o r m a t i o n
has
th e
"I
have
le tte r
ju s t
been h o ld in g
fro m
w o rd
of
to
fro m
of
Joel
g o in g
to
Je sus
he w r o t e :
God r e s t s ,
and
67
G a rfie ld
th e
w as
fo rc e s
d e b a te w h ic h
T iffa n y ,"
a n o n -p ro fe s s o r,
th e ir
am d e t e r m i n e d
over
th e
of
" d is c u s s
th a n
I
F u lle r,
v ic to ry
h e a rd
w ith
sta n d .
a
J o u rn a l.
c o n c lu s io n
G o d 's w o r d s . "
an a p p a r e n t D i s c i p l e
of
M oss
in
h a v e men among th e m much b e t t e r
th e
c o u rse
p ic tu re
he w r o t e
has
In
th e
to
b e tw e e n
know t h e y w e r e
" In fid e lity
to
P itts b u rg h
s p e n t much t i m e
At
be a b l e
in
C h ris tia n ity
C h r i s t ! . 1 B la s p h e m y !"
kn o w t h e
w as
" In fid e l."
d e b a te ,
p o s itio n .
le n g th s
c la im
1853
on t h e
p re a c h e r
h is
such
sum m er o f
he w r o t e .
and he s a i d
35
th a t
B ro .
in fid e l,
, . .
M oss
and g a i n e d
.
p u b lic
fla y e d
.
o p in io n .
"I
h is
am n o t
he w r o t e
lo v e
c o n tin u in g
m o re ,"
he
h im o f
m y s e lf
th e
tro u b le d
is
Lo rd
by
th e
so
h a rd
"M a y God h i d e
ne ss
and
In
th e
be an
bar o f
fro m
"I
days
in
H ira m
p e rso n a l p ie ty .
Je sus
f i l l
o f N a z a re th ,"
my h e a r t w i t h
m u s t re a d
th e
w o rd
of
G o d ."
When he r e t u r n e d
p re a c h
at
th e
(I
me t h e
.
"T h is
.
ho p e ) an e v e r l a s t i n g
th a n
I
have
I
in
.
h e re
gave
c o v e n a n t.
May
"I
th in k
and a t
no o t h e r
c o n tro l."
The
next
day when I
am s o l d
it
I
my n a t u r e
know o f
to
p la c e ,
e v e r b e e n ."
and a d m i t t e d ,
one
comes
s c h o o lh o u s e ,
and he w r o t e :
a s s o c ia tio n s
cause
to
little
F a ith
S c rip
fa ith .
h is
s tru g g le s
one
He
th a t
tim e s
I
da y he w r o t e ,
to
lic e n tio u s -
69
m id s t
"Th e re
ta k e
and t h a t
is
e v e ry
to
ne ed m o re
u n ta m a b le .
d e c id e d :
of
"I
of
Lo rd
w a y ."
lic e n tio u s n e s s
dent
m a tte r
b e fo re
stu d e n t
cause
c o n v e rs io n ,
to
h is
"May t h e
m ost d i f f i c u l t
lu s t."
th e
to
th e
rig h t
th e
in ,
se e m s p e r f e c t l y
have
h im
c o m m itm e n t t o
awakens o ld
be m o re d e v o t e d
p a s s io n
it
by
h is
o th e rs ,
to
th e
Sunday
a b ove a l l
was
to
stre sse d .
and i t
home one
p ro v e d
v ic to ry
d u rin g
ste rn
on one o c c a s i o n .
re m in d e d
I
Jo u rn a l
enough d e v o te d
by h e a r in g
h is
a c o m p le te
and k e e p me i n
tu re s
man a l i v e ,
,,6 8
G a rfie ld 's
re fle c ts
th e
to
of
is
th e se
m o ra l
s tru g g le s
b u t one c o u r s e
make r e l i g i o n
d a y and h o u r ' s
fo r
young
a C h ris tia n
a p e rso n a l
re fle c tio n
th e
th in g
s tu
to
and a
and p r a c t i c e . "
36
But
fo u r
m o n th s
h is
"h o ly
la te r
he w a s
a s p ira tio n s ,"
s t ill
and t h i s
s tru g g lin g
tim e
to
o b ta in
he d e c i d e d :
T h e r e i s o n l y one means b y w h i c h I can s h i e l d my
h e a r t and s o u l , and t h a t i s b y h u m b le and e a r n e s t
p ra y e r.
May t h e L o r d w a l k b y me i n t h e l a b o r s o f
l i f e , and r u l e i n my t h o u g h t s and h e a r t f o r g o o d , and
l e a d me t o h i s e v e r l a s t i n g r e s t .
I w i l l c a l l upon
h i s h o l y name f o r p r o t e c t i o n .
Th o u g h
th e
p ra y e rs
w as c o n s c i o u s
of
b ro u g h t
"a
s p irit
my t h o u g h t s ,
and i t
th a t
good r e s u l t s
a ll
n a tu ra l
th e
c a u s e s ."
and w r o t e
fro m
th e
in
h a b it
of
tia lly
1853
th e
th e se
he w as
God i s
p re a c h e d
J o u rn a l,
in
Canal w ith
h is
its
th e
at
In
h is
to
fir s t
jo u rn e y
of
h is
fiv e
w as
Jo u rn a l
hand
life ,
e n try
th a t
G o d 's
y e a rs
in
th e
b rie f
fo r
has
and b e l i e v e
h i m ba ck t o
m e m o r ie s
h e a rt
d o u b t . " 70
p u rp o se ."
b ro u g h t
mood
my v i l e
some w i s e
it
of
of
th is
of
God w as p r o v i d e n
"th e
of
re a so n ,
e ffe c ts
G a rfie ld
w h ic h
O h io ,
in te rv e n in g
th e
ba ck o f
of
o v e rc o m e
H ira m ,
tru s t
me f o r
a g a in
c o u rts
in flu e n c e s
way i n
on t h e
F ra n k lin ,
to
G a rfie ld
s ta n d in g
"May my God c l e a n s e
p re p a re d
fa r
th e
o f p r a y e r w e re
th e
life .
and he w as r e m i n d e d
liv e d
th ro u g h
and b l i g h t i n g
p re s e rv in g
a ll
s c e p tic is m
s tu d e n t y e a rs
s t ill
b r o u g h t me t h u s
th a t
w h is p e rs
c o n te m p la tin g
g u id in g
of
and s t r e n g t h ,
He w as d e t e r m i n e d
c h illin g
In
s o la c e
n a u tic a l
p ro v id e n c e .
he w as moved t o
When he
th e
O h io
c a re e r,
A s he r e
w rite :
T o o k t e a a t S i s t e r D a y ' s on t h e ba n k o f t h e r i v e r .
I h a v e j u s t made a c i r c u i t o f n e a r l y 5 l o n g y e a r s and
O! w ha t a change.
I am now l o o k i n g u p o n t h a t t u r b i d
and f i c k l e s t r e a m u p o n w h o s e s u r f a c e I w as f l o a t i n g
w i t h a company o f d e g r a d e d y o u n g men. O
w h e re a re
37
t h e y now?
T o w h a t end d i d d i s s i p a t i o n b r i n g the m ?
And m y s e l f — 0 my God make me m o re t h a n k f u l f o r t h e
w o n d r o u s m e r c i e s t o me p r e s e r v e d f r o m t h e a w f u l g u l f
i n t o w h i c h I w as p l u n g i n g .
How h a s t h i s g r e a t change
been e f fe c t e d ?
Why h a v e I b e e n p r e s e r v e d ?
What d e s
t i n y a w a i t s me . . . O ! a t t h a t t i m e I w as r i p e f o r
r u i n , and an a c t i v e and w i l l i n g s e r v a n t t o s i n .
How
f e a r f u l l y I w a s r u s h i n g w i t h b o t h s o u l and b o d y t o
d e s tru c tio n . O
my God!
ta k e m e - - fo r th o u h a s t
re d e e m e d me f r o m d e a t h .
Make me w h a t s o e v e r t h o u w i l t - b u t l e t me be t h y c h i l d .
When he r e v i e w e d
amazed a t
th e
and c o u l d
o n ly
life
hand o f
.
me f o r
th e
th a t
c a re e r
y e a rs
Lo rd
tio n .
of
th a t
H ira m
a s p e c ia l
He w a s
I
an i n c r e a s i n g
p u rp o se
H ira m .
in g
th a n
h is
y e a rs
life
of
h is
seemed t o
c o n v in c e d
have
th a t
"th e
and h e h a s p r e s e r v e d
in
num ber o f
G a rfie ld 's
of
th e
m in is try ,
"I
a n y w h e re
a rriv a l
and t h e
in
life
p ro g re ss
fo r
th e
can e n j o y m y s e l f
in
72
H ira m ,
th e
D is c ip le
he w as
fo r
h is
in
a fin e
th a t
d ire c
p ro p a g a tio n
D is c ip le
b e tte r
in
It
stu d e n t
s c h o o lb o y
he w r o t e
who
was c l e a r .
and d u r i n g
a tte n d in g
e ls e ,"
D is c ip le s
q u a lific a tio n s
he made c o n s i d e r a b l e
p rin c ip le s ,
in
h is
he w as
o f m ira c le s — a
have
fu lly
me,
God i n
fo u r
a c h a in
la te r,
„ 71
s a tis fa c tio n
a fte r
th a n
m o n th s
of
la s t
ha d now become a c e n t e r
s e rv ic e s
h e re
th e
been w i t h
D is c ip le
H ira m
th re e
o v e r w h ic h
he had a l l
th e
D is c ip le
Soon
has
w e re
G o d 's
in
at
le s s
e v e n ts
some p u r p o s e .
a p p e a re d
th a t
no c o n t r o l . "
Th e re
fe lt
of
a g a in
in te rv e n tio n
c o n c lu d e
" little
c o n c a te n a tio n
or
life
w o n d e rfu l
had b e e n
little
h is
in
h is
lis te n in g
fo u n d
c h u rc h
o u r m e e tJ o u rn a l.
to
th e
38
le a d in g
D is c ip le
C a m p b e ll,
D a v id
As
b e ll
g re a t
S.
but
some o f
of
of
h is
n o tin g
to
ris e
at
a rriv a l
in
re s tin g
Id e a ."
For
w ith
C a m p b e ll
th a t
to
he was
and a l s o
R a p p in g s '"
le a d e r
he h e a r d
w h ic h
su rp a sse s
re sp o n d e d
by
a p a st
th e
of
th e
D is c ip le s
th e
w ritin g s
one o f
b e g in
re m a in d e r
of
o f C a m p b e ll,
B ro .
C a m p b e ll's
'P h re n o lo g y ,
and on a n o t h e r
any t h i n g
th e
w as
"re a d in g
th e
to
th e
it
th ro u g h
th e
W e ste rn
e te rn itie s ,
G a rfie ld
th e
Camp
He c om pa red man
on tw o
"re a d A le x a n d e r C a m p b e ll's
sea ,
on t h e
H ira m
a g r e a t man.
so o n d e v o te d
S p iritu a l
he had
o c c a s io n
d e s c rip tio n
of
th a t
saw o r
I
ever
sun
73
In
th e
e x e rc is e s
at
summer o f
B e th a n y
e n ro llm e n t
e x p la in e d :
was
G ra n d
on D e m o n o lo g y '
th a t
h is
is
an a r c h
He was
M e sm e rism ,
re a d ."
"H e
on one o c c a s i o n
'A d d re s s
m e e tin g s
h e a rd
and t h e n
and he r e v e r e d
life .
lik e ly
b y C a m p b e ll
a warm f r i e n d s h i p
C h ris t,
had m o s t
y e a rly
h is
E rre tt.
le c tu re
a d m irin g ly :
n in g
th e
A le x a n d e r
a p p re c ia tiv e ly
w ritin g
and a f u t u r e .
Isa a c
in c lu d in g
He l i s t e n e d
chapel
a k e y sto n e
and
day,
a g a in .
m o rn in g
to
th e
G a rfie ld
soon a f t e r
re fo rm e r
of
B u rn e t,
a young b o y,
speak a t
R e se rv e ,
p re a c h e rs
"To
th e re
th e
C o lle g e
. . .
as
G a rfie ld
as
a tte n d e d
a p re p a ra to ry
th e
fo llo w in g
y e a r.
young
re lig io u s
e n th u s ia s t
a s much a p i l g r i m a g e
C a m p b e ll
1853
it
to
th e
liv in g
w as a n y t h i n g
But
s h rin e
e ls e ."
74
In
commencement
ste p
to w a rd s
as W asson has
th e
of
jo u rn e y
A le x a n d e r
th e
c o u rse
39
of
th is
fa m ily
th e
e x c itin g
w o rs h ip
w eek-end,
one m o r n i n g
many o b j e c t s
none
th a t
of
made s o
in te rv ie w
he w as p r i v i l e g e d
in
in te re s t
s tro n g
th e
th e re ,"
he w r o t e ,
an i m p r e s s i o n
F a th e r
Thom as C a m p b e ll."
im p re s s e d w i t h
th e
way i n
w h ic h
and l e n g t h y
see
in
h im
p a ssa g e s
th e
he w r o t e .
"I
of
h ig h lig h t
of
th e
th e
p re se n c e
fu l
m o m e n ts moved h i m
fro m
th e
o f A le x a n d e r,
v is it
and t h e
w rite
"we
year
as
o ld
th e
w ith
th e
men
C h ris t,"
h im ."
tim e
memory o f
hym ns
"Le t
G ospel o f
was
fa th e r
e n tire
m em ory.
was
fo u n d
G a rfie ld
q u o te
f o r g e t my v i s i t
fo u r-d a y
to
n in e ty
c o u ld
power o f
never
th e
b lin d ,
S c rip tu re
s u s ta in in g
s h a ll
th e
th e
"Among
on my m in d
o ld
now e n t i r e l y
a tte n d
C a m p b e ll home.
w ith
o f A le x a n d e r,
to
But
spent
th e se
in
w o n d e r
e x a ltin g ly :
O f t h e man h i m s e l f I m u s t s a y he i s a l i v i n g w o n d e r .
When i n h i s c om pany, y o u f e e l t h e sh a d o w o f g r e a t n e s s
f a l l i n g u p o n y o u ; he i s a new man e v e r y t i m e y o u m e e t
h i m , f o r h i s m in d see m s t o be t a k i n g a sweep t h r o u g h
t h e u n i v e r s e and i s e n l i g h t e n i n g new o b j e c t s a t e v e r y
in c h o f i t s o r b i t .
T h u s f a r i n h i s c o u rs e , sy ste m s
h a v e be e n c r u s h e d b e f o r e h i m , t r u t h h a s b l a z e d a r o u n d
and peace and r i g h t e o u s n e s s h a v e f o l l o w e d i n h i s t r a i n .
The
a fte rn o o n
se p a ra te
in flu e n c e
tw e n ty -o n e
"up on
th e
o c ta g o n a l
th e re
in
w as n o t b o u n d e d b y
He w a s
c o n v in c e d
sp re a d
over
is le s
of
th e
th e
y e a r o ld
lo fty
stu d y ,
th a t
stu d e n t
h ill"
th a t
s e c lu d e d
C a m p b e ll's
A m e r ic a n
of
of
one
C a m p b e ll's
"th a t
tre m e n d o u s
o c t a g o n b e n e a t h me,
it
be b y h i s
in flu e n c e
c o n tin e n t
o ce a n and r e s t e d
p a rt
o v e rlo o k e d
and he t h o u g h t
space n o r w i l l
th a t
spent
but
down u p o n
had
th e
th a t
m o rta l
life ."
had n o t o n l y
"c ro sse d
m ig h ty
th e
E m p ire
40
of
G re a t
over
B rita in ,
h a lf
th e
and t o d a y
c iv iliz e d
th e
B e th a n y
d is c o u rs e
in
John
at
le a s t
c h u rc h
fro m
B ro .
3 rd ."
th e
O h io ,
fo r
to
A.
G re e n ,
w as
B.
to
hear
th e
c la u s e ,
th e
se rm o n s
g re a t
q u e s tio n ,
in
te n t"
v is ite d
th e
p o w e rfu l
th a t
th is
ney o f
a th o u sa n d
e x e m p lifie d
S.
Hayden,
a p p e a ra nc e
of
ye o f
h im s e lf,
v iz :
75
a to m s .'" 7
5
tra v e le d
to
th e
D is c ip le s
in
g a th e re d
u nd e r th e
"B ig
B u rn e t,
but
th e
re c o rd e d
"o w n r e m a r k ,
in
and F u l l e r
th e y
by D a v id
va st
as
s m a l l m in d s w i t h
m e e tin g
Isa a c
E rre tt,
th e
m a in
a ttra c tio n
next
day.
G a rfie ld
g a th e re d
h is
th e
C h ris t? "
of
a se rm o n
m a s te rp ie c e
under
se rm o n on t h e
The
tw o
stu d e n ts
"w a s w o r t h
a jo u r-
m ile s ." 6
7
C a m p b e ll,
th e
im p a c t on G a r f i e l d
Is a a c
E rre tt.
E rre tt's
H ira m
in
is tic
e ffo rt
G a rfie ld
"B ro .
E rre tt
spoke
D e c e m b e r,
fe lt
and e l o q u e n t
n e w - b irth
w hen C a m p b e ll d e l i v e r e d
a g re e d
g re a te st
pe n i s
C a m p b e ll's
G a rfie ld
y e a rly
"th e
"W h a t t h i n k
N ext to
h is
"a
s y ste m s,
and W i l l i a m
w e re
is
On S a t u r d a y
be C a m p b e l l ' s
and F u l l e r
of
C a m p b e ll u p o n t h e
la te r
C uya h o g a C o u n t y .
Te n t"
and h e a r d
p la y w it h
Tw o m o n t h s
E u c lid ,
G a rfie ld
He commented t h a t
fir s t
'G r e a t m in d s
stro k e
w o rld ."
On S u n d a y m o r n i n g
of
th e
1852,
D is c ip le
d u rin g
tw e lv e - d a y
was
th e
h is
p r e a c h e r who had t h e
s tu d e n t
p ro tra c te d
m ost
(so
m e e tin g
s u c c e s s fu l
had e v e r w i t n e s s e d .
a fa re w e ll
y e a r s was
in te n d e d )
On t h e
at
e v a n g e l
te n th
se rm o n ,
day
and an
41
in v ita tio n
to
w as g i v e n ,
obey t h e
th e
L o rd ."
and 19
W ith
th a t
m e e t i n g w as e x t e n d e d
a fte r
th e
tw e lfth
day,
g lo rio u s
k in d
of
s o u ls
in d u c e d
e n c o u ra g in g
tw o m o re d a y s ,
G a rfie ld
w e re
re sp o n se
and when i t
added up t h e
c lo s e d
c o n v e rs io n s :
M e e t i n g c l o s e d t o d a y w i t h 12 m o re b a p t i s m s .
T h is
h a s been su c h a m e e tin g a s I have n e v e r b e fo r e a tte n d e d .
S o much s o u n d good s e n s e , and s o l i t t l e
a tte m p t a t
r a i s i n g an e x c i t e m e n t and y e t s o g r e a t an e x c i t e m e n t .
47 w e r e i m m e r s e d , 3 r e c l a i m e d , and one came f r o m t h e
B a p tis ts .
I f I do n o t l i v e b e t t e r a f t e r t h i s I s h a l l
be g r e a t l y t o b l a m e . 77
The
w ith
in fo rm a tio n
m e e tin g s ,
p re se n t
and
at
re fe rre d
it
Jo u rn a l
about h is
re v e a ls
b a p tis m a l
to
and a f t e r
m ost
G a rfie ld
b a p tis m
as
h is
"a
as
On one
s u b lim e
I
ever
at
tim e
w h e n he and G a r f i e l d
in
E rie
and had b e e n moved b y
d e s c rib e d
and
y e a rs
is
v a rio u s
D is c ip le
in
o c c a s io n
s o le m n
he c a l l e d
F u lle r
b e in g
he
s p e c ta c le ,"
it
"a
rem e m b ere d
had w i t n e s s e d
th e
re p le te
e n jo y m e n t
such
n ig h t
s a w ."
a n o th e r
Lake
at
p a rtic u la r
a b a p tis m
sce ne
th e se
a tte n d a n c e
s e rv ic e s .
w itn e s s in g
im p re s s iv e
d u rin g
b a p tis m s
s p e c ta c le .
A s he
it:
A t th e c lo s e o f th e a fte r n o o n s e r v ic e a g re a t con
c o u r s e f o u n d t h e i r way t o t h e s h o r e o f L a k e E r i e , t o
w i t n e s s t h e b a p t i s m o f a n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s who had
d e te rm in e d t h u s t o e n l i s t i n th e M a s t e r 's s e r v i c e .
T h e s p e c t a c l e w as p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p r e s s i v e . . .
As
Ja m e s and I s t o o d on t h e s h o r e and w i t n e s s e d t h e
s o le m n r i t e , we f e l t t h a t we u n d e r s t o o d t h e g r e a t
a p o s t l e when he s p o k e o f t h e C h r i s t i a n s o f h i s day
as 'b u r ie d w i t h C h r i s t i n b a p t i s m . '7 8
C o n s id e rin g
D is c ip le
cause,
h is
and h i s
p a s s io n a te
a d m ira tio n
in v o lv e m e n t w i t h
fo r
D is c ip le
th e
p re a c h e rs
42
lik e
C a m p b e ll and E r r e t t ,
w o u ld
The
b e g in
D is c ip le s
made no
th o se
to
th e
o n ly
o c c a s io n s ,
of
in a u g u ra l
re p re se n te d
th e
27,
"th e
fir s t
in
"I
I
Ravenna
come s u c h
p re a c h
in
and A u r o r a .
a p o p u la r
know n o t w h y .
of
" fir s t
I
D is c ip le
"I
79
m o re
fro m
By
soon
th e n
th e
at
fe e l
o rd in a tio n
c h u rc h e s.
p re v io u s
fu ll- le n g th
s p e a k away f r o m
a m e re e x h o r t a
next
th e
Sunday,
ste p
Sunday.
v e ry
th e
c a lm
a la rm e d ,
it
was
T h a t n ig h t
F ra n k lin ,
he w a s
T h is
P ro v id e n c e ,"
d e s k ."
end o f
W ith
tw e n ty -o n e .
th a n
of
and
a b ility
I
am t a k i n g
he w a s p r e a c h i n g
th a t
e v e ry
fir s t
to
th e
th in k
But
th e
D is c ip le
th e
and
c h u rc h e s.
"D iv in e
a tte m p t
p u lp its .
c le rg y
G a rfie ld 's
of
spoke
am a l m o s t
s e lf- c o n fid e n c e ."
th e
age o f
M a n tu a
I
G a rfie ld
on a num ber o f
in
speaker
n e a rly
he w r o t e ,
th e
s u b je c t
M a n tu a a g a i n ,
s o m e w h e re
s p e a k in g ,"
at
w hen
and f e e l my w e a k n e s s . "
D is c ip le s
th a t
who p r e a c h e d
p re a c h e d h i s
any t h i n g
ever
tre m b le
of
fu lfill,
m e e tin g "
1853,
G a rfie ld 's
tim e
th o se
e n c o u ra g e m e n t o f
When h e p r e a c h e d
he w r o t e ,
at
to
on t h e
my own c o n g r e g a t i o n
tio n . "
in
an o r d a i n e d
a p p ro v a l
b u t he a c t u a l l y
se rm o n ,
p re a c h in g
b e tw e e n
th e
"sp o ke n
on M a rc h
in e v ita b le
A n y man who d e m o n s t r a t e d
re q u ire m e n ts
He had
se rm o n
n o t.
w as
re c o g n iz e
s o o n g a in e d
no c l e r i c a l
c o n s is te d
not
of
d is tin c tio n
who d i d
p re a c h
p ra c tic e
d id
sh a rp
it
fo r
th e
and f i n a l l y
y e a r he had b e
c a lle d
"A fte r
upon t o
I
get
to
and c o l l e c t e d ,
fe a rin g
it
is
I
a k in d
43
As
it
G a rfie ld
a p p e a re d
H is
th a t
a b ility
to
e n te re d
h is
p re a c h
was p r o v e n ,
and h i s
in te re s t
th e
c o u ld
in
count
th e
o p in io n
"H a d Jam es A .
p o litic a l
C a m p b e ll
frie n d s
th a t
as
w ro te :
"To
tw o
th re e
to
th e
or
d e v o te
he w o u l d
H ira m
he was g o i n g
to
me t h e r e
h is
g o s p e l.
th e
y e a rs,
in
th e
g iv e
th e
D is c ip le
of
a re lig io u s
have
h is
is
not
th e
at
le a s t,
ta le n ts
life
to
to
m in is try .
K.
Shaw ,
th a n
next
at
th is
p re a c h in g .
s lig h te s t
doubt
fu lly
th e
of
It
th a t
a
to
c lo s e
tim e
F u lle r
th a t
G a rfie ld
w o rk
he
re s p o n s ib ility
G a rfie ld 's
c o n fid e n t
in te n s e
C h ris t,
ra n k e d
w e re
M r.
h is
ra th e r
80
h im .
of
H e n ry
E c le c tic ,
b e fo re
W ith
D is c ip le
m o v e m e n t."
th e
s tra ig h t
D is c ip le s
p ro b a b ly
c irc le "
s p le n d id
to
h is to ria n ,
chosen
in
la y
at
w h a te v e r p o s i t i o n
D is c ip le
a le a d e r
year
seemed s e c u r e .
of
to
G a rfie ld
"th e
life
a v a ila b le
of
c a re e r,
in
fu tu re
p ro g re ss
w as
in
fin a l
a c c e p ta b ly
on r i s i n g
and l e a d e r s h i p
w as
p a th
h is
fo r
e x p e c te d
p re a c h in g
44
CHAPTER TWO
"LIBERALIZING M
Y MIND"
I t h o u g h t b e s t , f o r t h e s a k e o f l i b e r a l i z i n g my m i n d ,
t o s p e n d some t i m e i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e o f New E n g l a n d
w h ic h i s so d i f f e r e n t fro m t h a t o f o u r W e s te rn I n s t i
tu tio n s . . .
i n L i t e r a t u r e , P o l i t i c s , and R e l i g i o n .
— Ja m es A . G a r f i e l d , J u n e 2 3 , 1 8 5 4
When t w e n t y - o n e
B e th a n y
C o lle g e
s e rio u s
y e a r.
I f
he w as g o i n g
g ospel
in
D is c ip le
c o n s id e ra tio n
D is c ip le s
to
stu d y
b e ll,
th e
of
but
tim e
re fo rm e r
W e ste rn
D is c ip le
J o u rn a l.
stu n n e d
to
was
in
th e
to
o n ly
w ith
next
p re a c h in g
to
th e
he w as
th e
seemed t o
"m o th e r
th e
1853,
th e re
c h o i c e w as
not
of
be t h e
th e
be t h e
way
c o n tin u e
h is
c o lle g e "
in
th e
mean an o p p o r t u n i t y
re n o w n e d A l e x a n d e r Camp
th e
y o u n g men f r o m
le a d e rs
in
th e
B e t h a n y made t h e
p re se n c e
in to x ic a tin g
and t h e
le a d e r c o u ld
when
and t h a t
w o u ld
liv e
life
a tte n d e d
next
a ll
over
g e n e ra tio n
a d v a n c i n g m o v e m e n t.
R e se rv e ,
But
h is
h o n o re d
g u id a n c e
summer o f
e n ro llin g
lo g ic a l
It
w eek-end a t
spent
g iv e
h ig h ly
who w o u l d
ra p id ly
The
The
th e
a chance
n a tio n
th e
th e
th e
m o v e m e n t.
under
to
th e
to
c h u rc h e s,
he w a s p r o g r e s s i n g ,
at
Ja m e s G a r f i e l d
commencement i n
g iv in g
p re p a ra tio n
y e a r o ld
th e
th e
but
c o lle g e
to
of
th e
th e
was
N e o tro p h ia n
v e n e ra b le
young p re a c h e r
re v e re n c e
fin d
d e c is io n
w ith
e x a lte d
w h ic h
re lig io u s
fro m
put
th e
he v i e w e d
e x p re s s io n
a n o th e r m a tte r.
s o c ie ty
d iffic u lt.
in
th e
th e
G a rfie ld
was
on a p e r f o r m a n c e
45
of
The
Lady o f
tra p p in g s
of
Lyons
P a rk
w ith
tin g e d
not
seem much l i k e
o b s c e n ity ,"
G a rfie ld 's
re v e a le d
e x a m in e d
q u a lity
b ia s e d
in
of
a g ro w in g
B e th a n y
of
to
F u lle r
but
fin e
ta le n t
th e re ."
and
s p ite
of
stu d y
For
d is c u s s io n .
th e
fo llo w in g
G a rfie ld
to
th e
a sp e c ts
s p irit
th e se
th e
its e lf
" It
does
G o s p e l."1
of
B e th a n y
th a t
w ill
be
h is
th e
Jo u rn a l w ith
re tu rn
c ritic is m s
c o n c lu d e d ,
"Y e t
D is c ip le
tim e
th e
in
re e v a lu a te
C a m p b e ll,
th e
fro m
in
a
th e re
mecca,
th e
so
was
A ugust
n ig h t
d e s c rib e d
to
liv e
a c a p a c ity
in
th e
re li
a tta c h e d .
he and P r o f e s s o r
e n g ro sse d
th e
fu tu re .
was n o t i c e a b l y
w e akne sse s
d e e p ly
h is
d e s ire
he d e m o n s t r a t e d
he was
n ig h t
up h a l f
of
Upo n h i s
be ga n t o
some o f
w h ic h
One T h u r s d a y
sta y e d
th e
fir s t
e x a m in e
m ovem ent t o
Dunshee
e x p re ss
p ie c e
c o n c lu d e d ,
and f i l l e d
w o rk .
" a ll
2
a ttra c tio n
th e
"th e
He w as n o t
th o u g h tfu lly
B e th a n y ,
c ritic a lly
g io u s
to
summ er G a r f i e l d
in
d e c lin in g .
to
c o n tin u e d
h is
o th e r
s e c tio n a l
th e ir
le tte r
In
to
s tu d e n ts
he
Tha t
s a d ly
p re a c h e rs
c h a p te r.
V irg in ia ,
some
and
re a c tio n s
n o te d ,
He t h o u g h t
e d u c a tin g
a la te r
th e
a s he a n g r i l y
T h e a tre !!"
w as
s o c ie ty
w ith ,
in
Norman
a th o u g h tfu l
exchange o f
id e a s
in
way:
O u r c o n v e r s a t i o n w a s , i n t h e m a i n , on C h r i s t i a n
i t y and i t s s p i r i t ; and e s p e c i a l l y t h e f a c t t h a t o u r
b r e t h r e n , t o a g r e a t e x t e n t , a r e d e b a t e r s , and l i t e r a l
c r i t i c s , and do n o t e n o u g h t e a c h t h e s p i r i t o f C h r i s t
and h i s G o s p e l .
T h i s i s to o f e a r f u l l y t r u e !3
46
T h is
s ig n ific a n t
fie ld
c o n v e rs a tio n
and r e v e a l e d
an a d m i r a b l e
j u d g m e n t and o b j e c t i v e
th in k in g .
im p a tie n c e
It
th a t
w as common among many D i s c i p l e s .
has d e s c rib e d
fo llo w in g
th is
w ith
of
a ls o
of
th e
g ro w in g
q u a lity
n in g
to ria n
h is
sh o w e d a new s i d e
G a r
in d e p e n d e n t
m a rk e d
a B ib lic a l
le g a lis tic
of
th e
le g a lis m
One D i s c i p l e
te n d e n c y
b e g in
h is
and g i v e n
it
in te rp re ta tio n :
Th e D i s c i p l e s t a u g h t a c o n c e p tio n o f th e g o s p e l
m a rk e d b y a d e f i n i t e n e s s and p o s i t i v e n e s s t h a t gave
g r e a t power t o t h e i r e v a n g e lis m .
The d e fe c t o f t h i s
v i r t u e was t h a t i t e a s i l y r a n i n t o l e g a l i s m , and t h i s
l a t e n t t e n d e n c y w as n o t l o n g i n d e v e l o p i n g .
S in c e
t h e y knew e x a c t l y w h a t a man m u s t do t o become a
C h r i s t i a n , th e y c o u ld w i t h e q u a l c e r t a i n t y d e te rm in e
w h e t h e r a man was a C h r i s t i a n b y f i n d i n g w h e t h e r he
ha d f u l f i l l e d t h e t h r e e r e q u i r e m e n t s — f a i t h , r e p e n
t a n c e , and b a p t i s m .
I t seemed e q u a l l y s i m p l e t o
d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r a c h u r c h was a t r u e and p r o p e r
c h u r c h o f C h r i s t b y c o m p a r in g i t s p r a c t i c e w i t h t h e
d iv in e b lu e p r in t s .
S u c h w as t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e
s t r i c t c o n s t r u c t i o n i s t s .4
In
e v id e n c e
by h i s
of
year
g re a te r m a tu rity
fro m
h is
In
la te r
in te lle c tu a l
d e a th
la s t
w i d e r k n o w le d g e
la rg e ly
B o o th .
G a rfie ld 's
of
w o rk w i t h
y e a rs
he
in d e b te d n e s s
he p u b l i s h e d
at
in
books
H ira m
h is
th in k in g ,
and p e o p l e .
a fa c u lty
fre q u e n tly
to
M is s
a m e m o ir t h a t
he began
sh o w
b r o u g h t on
T h is
re s u lte d
member named A lm eda
B o o th ,
s a id
to
in
and a f t e r
th is
her
p a rt:
When I s t r u c k H i r a m I f o u n d h e r t h e r e - - a woman
n i n e y e a r s o l d e r t h a n I , and w h o , I do n o t h e s i t a t e
t o s a y , w as i n some r e s p e c t s g r e a t e r e v e n t h a n M a r
g a re t F u l l e r .
I n f a c t , I am d i s p o s e d t o t h i n k h e r
t h e g r e a t e s t A m e r ic a n Woman I h a v e e v e r k n o w n .
She
w as a v e r y p l a i n - l o o k i n g p e r s o n , w i t h no e x t e r n a l
a t t r a c t i o n s , b u t w i t h p r o d i g i o u s i n t e l l e c t u a l p o w e r.
47
G a rfie ld
h is
s tu d ie d
g ra d u a tio n
was p e rsu a d e d
th e
tw o
w ith
fro m
la te r
M is s
th e
fo r
E c le c tic
th a t
g r e a t m in d s ,
B o o th
"sh e
o u ts id e
in
tw o y e a r s
June,
1854,
and P r e s i d e n t
o f b o o ks,
p rio r
to
and he
H o p k i n s w e re
th a t
h e lp e d
shape
my l i f e . " ^
In
E a s te rn
th e
w in te r
of
1853-1854,
c o lle g e s — Y a le ,
W illia m s ,
expenses
and p r o g r a m s
of
stu d y .
ga ve h i m
fo u r
fo r
a d m itte d
in
B e th a n y ."
at
Ja n u a ry ,
T h is
B e th a n y ,
y e a rs.
c h o ic e s
By
th e
w as
"so m e
The
G a rfie ld 's
c a n d id
to
c o n d itio n in g
to
w as
th e
s t ill
w o u ld
in
th e
"in
g ra d u a te
re q u ire
th e
in
at
b u t he
a ir
E a s t.
but
he
fa v o r
of
one y e a r
le a s t
fe lt
tw o
th a t
7
in
May,
H o w e v e r,
some m i s g i v i n g s
e n v iro n m e n t,
th is
day b e c o m in g m ore
m u s t go t h e r e . "
up i n
th re e
about
e d u c a tio n ,
"e v e ry
he e x p r e s s e d
a C a lv in is tic
h is
B e th a n y ,"
I
to
B e th a n y ,
o d d s w e re
he c o u l d
to
a lre a d y
F u lle r
su rfa c e d
A lo n g w i t h
M a rc h he w as
s a y in g
h e a r t w as
in
th a t
o th e rs
g o in g
fa te
q u e s tio n
le tte r
s tu d y in g
th e
end o f
and m o re o p p o s e d
th e re
1854,
w ro te
B ro w n - - in q u irin g
c o m p le tin g
w as b e c a u s e
w h e re a s
G a rfie ld
and h i s
but
in
a
about
D is c ip le
when he w r o t e :
I t i s s t r a n g e t o me t h a t a n y s e t o f C h r i s t i a n s can
h o l d s o t e n a c i o u s l y t o a ny dogma s o c o l d and c o m f o r t
l e s s a s t h e C a l v i n i s t i c f a i t h , and a t t h e same t i m e
r e g a r d t h e g o s p e l a s a scheme o f b e n e v o le n c e and e v e n handed j u s t i c e .
C e r t a i n l y I c o u ld n e v e r r e j o i c e i n
su c h a g o s p e l.
May t h e day s o o n come when t h e n a t i o n s ,
t o n g u e s and p e o p l e t h a t l i e i n d a r k n e s s may s e e t h e
g l o r i o u s l i g h t and l i b e r t y o f t h e g o s p e l o f o u r b l e s s e d
L o rd .8
49
I am t h e s o n o f D i s c i p l e P a r e n t s , h a v e a l w a y s l i v e d
among D i s c i p l e s , l i s t e n e d t o t h e i r t e a c h i n g s , h a v e b e
come one m y s e l f , and h a v e f o r some y e a r s b e e n a t e a c h e r
among th e m .
Now I know t h a t e v e r y d e n o m i n a t i o n ( f o r
e v e n t h o s e who o p p o s e s e c t a r i a n i s m seem t h e m s e l v e s t o
be a s e c t ) h a s i t s p e c u l i a r v i e w s and d i s t i n c t i v e c h a r
a c te ris tic s .
E a c h i s a c c u s to m e d t o l o o k a t t h e w o r l d
and a l l i t s b e l o n g i n g s f r o m one p a r t i c u l a r s t a n d p o i n t ,
and e a c h h a s i t s own s p h e r e o f K n o w l e d g e , and d o e s n o t
go b e y o n d i t .
T h u s t h e M e t h o d is t s have t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r
t h i n g s w h ic h th e y m u st know, th e P r e s b y t e r i a n s t h e i r s
and t h e D i s c i p l e s t h e i r s .
T h is
D is c ip le s ,
p o s itio n
w h ic h
w as r e m a r k a b l y
ju s t
a year
b e fo re .
w e re
"s e c ta ria n "
g ra d u a te
d iffe re n t
te n d e n c ie s
d e n ie d
lim ita tio n .
s t ill
c o m m itte d
to
g ic a l
p rin c ip le s "
re m a rk
a p p lie s
to
H a v in g
e x p re sse d
fro m
among h i s
was c o n v in c e d
own p a r t i c u l a r
in
"th e
th e
us
th a t
h is
th a t
of
D is c ip le s ,
c ritic a l
a d m it
to
th e
own p e o p l e ,
th a t
th e re
s o m e th in g
The
each d e n o m in a tio n
A lth o u g h
does
to
to
one he had h e l d
a year e a rlie r.
d o c trin e s
of
re g a rd
th e
He w as now p r e p a r e d
he w o u l d h a v e v e h e m e n t l y
H ira m
he now t o o k
young
had i t s
he s t a t e d
th a t
S c rip tu re
and t h e o l o
he
fe lt
o th e rs
ju d g m e n t,
th a t
to
he was
"th e
a g re a t
same
e x te n t."
he c o n c l u d e d :
Hence I t h o u g h t b e s t , f o r t h e sa ke o f l i b e r a l i z i n g
my m i n d , t o s p e n d some t i m e i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e o f New
E n g la n d w h ic h i s so d i f f e r e n t fro m t h a t o f o u r W e s te r n
In s titu tio n s . . .
i n L i t e r a t u r e , P o l i t i c s and R e l i
g i o n . 10
The
who h a v e
B ro s.
so
lo n g
Dunshee
he p r e a c h e d
m e n ta l
next
day he
been
"to o k
le a v e
a fa th e r
and M u n n e l l "
of
B ro .
and m o t h e r
and s t a r t e d
fo r
fo r
th e
D is c ip le s
in
R u s s e ll.
o c c a s io n
fo r
G a rfie ld ,
and he w r o t e
and S i s t e r
to
H a yd e n
me and a l s o
home.
T h is
of
On S u n d a y
w as a s e n t i
te n d e rly :
50
T h i s I p r e s u m e t o be t h e l a s t t i m e I s h a l l m e e t
w i t h o u r b r e t h r e n f o r a l o n g t i m e , b u t I hope t o know
o f t h e i r p r o s p e r i t y i n t h e c a u s e o f t r u t h , and t h e i r
triu m p h o v e r e r r o r .
T h e y a re a s a p e o p le s y m p a th e tic
and b e n e v o l e n t b e y o n d m o s t o t h e r s .
T h e G o s p e l makes
th e m s o . 11
to w n .
Four
days
la te r
T h is
new p h a s e
and a c h a l l e n g e ,
w e re
of
lo s t
h is
in
dence
of
th e m ,"
to
th e
of
trip
n o te
he
on t h i s
H im who h o l d s
such
B u tle r,
a way t h a t
New Y o r k ,
in
c e n tra l
it
was
th e
h im
to
th e
th e
ces
a te a c h e r.
ga ve v e n t
in
of
"th e
a fa c t
m u rm u rin g
s to r m 's
p e a lin g
th e
of
th e
ca
an
a w e -stru c k
m id n ig h t
'h o llo w
w h ic h
g lo rie s
a r r a n g e m e n t he had p l a n n e d
h is
itin e ra ry
he w o u l d m e e t C o r y d o n F u l l e r
on S u n d a y .
w h e re
It
th e re
th a t
h is
th e
a D is c ip le
fia n c e e .
G a rfie ld 's
up o n t o
At
S o u th
fe w p l a c e s
c h u rc h ,
th e
" fa m e
p re a c h ,
in
and
D is c ip le
had p r e c e d e d
w h ic h
he d i d
h e a re rs ."3
1
Sunday,
New J e r s e y ,
T h e ir
w as one o f
w as
F u lle r's
n o te d
fo llo w in g
to
B u ffa lo ,
c o u rse
H a n d .'"1
2
home o f
S c h ra a le n b u rg h ,
as
flo o d s
th e
and g a ze d w i t h
d is p la y
a t o nc e c a l l e d
d e lig h t
By
e n tra n c e d
th e
in
had
H is
F u lle r
and he w as
in to
an a d v e n t u r e
of
New Y o r k
a ls o
th a t
W illia m s -
he may h a v e
ra in e d
Jo u rn a l
s u b lim e
th e
It
to
s w e lle d
"sto o d
w h ic h
C le v e la n d
h is
way t o
e d u c a t i o n w as b o t h
e u p h o ria .
fro m
in
By p re v io u s
in
h is
w as o n h i s
and a n y m i s g i v i n g s
deep had
w h ile
a d m ira tio n
in
a g e n e ra l
s te a m e r
c a used h im
G a rfie ld
w h e re F u l l e r
a tte n d a n c e
G a rfie ld 's
G a rfie ld
at
th e
lin g e rin g
and F u l l e r
w as t h e n
D u tc h
w e re
e m p lo y e d
R e fo rm e d
re lig io u s
in
s e rv i
in to le ra n c e .
51
He t h o u g h t
th e
p r e a c h e r was
m o d e rn m i n i s t e r i a l
and commented i n
"a s
p e rfe c t
s a n c tim o n io u s n e s s
th e
a s p e c im e n o f
as
a n y one
I
a
ever
saw "
J o u rn a l:
I e n d u r e d an h o u r o f h i s s e r m o n i z i n g on t h e c o m f o r t
a b l e th e m e s o f o r i g i n a l s i n , T o t a l D e p r a v i t y , e t c .
How
s t r a n g e t h a t men w i l l be s o t e n a c i o u s f o r do gm a ta t h a t
c o n t a i n n e i t h e r G o s p e l , l o g i c , r h e t o r i c n o r t r u t h , and
h o l d th e m o u t a s t h e c o m f o r t i n g t r u t h s o f t h e w o rd o f
G o d . 14
F o llo w in g
G a rfie ld
to
o ld
s a ile d
H o o s ic k ,
H ira m
on b o a r d
a v is it
up t h e
New Y o r k .
g ra d u a te
th e
to
Hud son
sta g e
r e a c h e d new h e i g h t s
to
On J u l y
bounded
d a ily
New Y o r k
as
fro m
Tro y
11,
in to
C ity
th e
n e x t day,
and h e nc e by t r a i n
1854,
th e
tw e n ty -tw o
year
W illia m s to w n , M a ssa c h u se tts,
H o o s ic k
he d e s c r i b e d
F a lls .
th e
H is
e n th u s ia s m
g r e a t m om ent:
We p a s s t h r o u g h a g o r g e b e tw e e n t h e t o w e r i n g p e a k s ,
w h ic h s u d d e n ly expands i n t o a d e l i g h t f u l v a l l e y f o r a
m i l e o r t w o , and t h e n c o n t r a c t s a g a i n .
I n th e c e n te r
o f t h i s v a l l e y l i k e a d ia m o n d i n an e m e r a l d c a s k e t i s
W illia m s to w n . . . T h i s b e a u t i f u l l i t t l e
v illa g e is
l i t e r a l l y w a lle d i n w i t h m o u n ta in s — a w a ll n o t o f
" r u i n e d p a r a p e t s and c r u m b l i n g t o w e r s , " b u t G o d 's own
w a ll o f g r a n it e , th e e v e r l a s t i n g h i l l s , c lo th e d w it h
t h e r i c h n e s s o f h i s own v e r d u r e , and w r e a t h e d w i t h t h e
g o r g e o u s c l o u d s o f h i s own s k i e s . 15
But
a fte r
B o o th "
by
"a
at
fin d in g
th e
sense
and c r i e d
D is c ip le
p o st
of
fro m
of
D u rin g
s lip p e d
out
i 6
th e
of
th e
and
s t ill
R e se rv e
tw o y e a r s
of
A lm ed a A .
was m o m e n t a r i l y
s e p a ra tio n ,"
c h a lle n g e
h a b it
my d e a r S i s t e r
G a rfie ld
He was
W e ste rn
th e
h is
"fro m
o ffic e ,
lo n e lin e s s
fre e ly .
a p p re h e n s iv e
a le tte r
v e ry
and he b r o k e
much t h e
and p e r h a p s
b e fo re
down
p ro v in c ia l
a little
h im .
a t W illia m s
re c o rd in g
o v e rc o m e
C o lle g e ,
d a ily
G a rfie ld
e n trie s
in
h is
52
Jam es A .
G a rfie ld
a t W illia m s
C o lle g e
1854-1856
53
Jo u rn a l
and o n l y
made an o c c a s i o n a l
u n d e rsta n d
h is
life
n e c e ssa ry ,
fo r
th e
n a te ly ,
W illia m s
th e
ha d n o t
s ta rte d
a rriv e d
in
T h is
c la s s e s
im m e d ia te ly
fin d
d u rin g
to
tim e
lo o k
fo r
17
T h e re fo re ,
th e se
y e a rs
e ls e w h e re .
many l e t t e r s
it
to
is
F o rtu
and o t h e r
w ritin g s .
G a rfie ld
te rm .
m ost p a r t ,
he managed t o
m is c e lla n e o u s
he
and t h o u g h t
e n try .
re a liz e d
a m o n th
tim e
fo r
gave h i m
th e
th a n
c lo s in g
h is
th e
fa ll
te rm
E c le c tic 's ,
weeks o f
q u a lity
re a c tio n s
th e
th e
an o p p o r t u n i t y
and e x a m in e
sent
la te r
th a t
th e
and
summer
to
s it
in
of
th e
fa c u lty .
back t o
at
o n some o f
L u c re tia
He
R u d o lp h :
18
I am p l e a s e d , v e r y w e l l p l e a s e d w i t h t h e C o l l e g e
and t h e P r o f e s s o r s , and am v e r y g l a d I d e t e r m i n e d t o
come h e r e i n s t e a d o f B e t h a n y . . .
I do n o t f e e l
s a t i s f i e d m e r e l y t o c a r r y away t h e s k i n o f a M a s s a
c h u s e t t s s h e e p b u t I w a n t t o know s o m e t h i n g o f t h e
m en, t h e t h o u g h t s t h a t a r e h e r e .
I f e e l th e ne ce s
s i t y o f b r e a k i n g t h e s h e l l o f l o c a l n o t i o n s and g e t
t i n g m e n ta lly f r e e .
Lest
she
th in k
added t h a t
te a c h in g
m in d
in
s a rily
of
I
g iv e
s ta n d a rd
th a t
of
c ritic a l
d is re s p e c t
but
one p a r t i c u l a r
is
d e s ira b le ."
to
th a t
have
tra in in g
h e re ,
had f a r
th a n
I
he
s y ste m
H ira m ,
th e
in flu e n c e s
fe lt
of
he q u i c k l y
"to
m o u ld o n e ' s
th in g s
c h a n n e l and n o t
and
m ust neces
th a t
b re a d th
19
F u lle r
s c h o la rs h ip
of
fo r
th a t
and u n d e r one
a le tte r
th o se
th o ro u g h
it
"n o
have h a d ,"
one p l a c e
In
u n fa irly
he m e a n t
th a t
fie ld
a rs;
h im
he a d m i t t e d :
and v e r y
b e tte r
h a v e ."
But
"Th e re
is
a h ig h
many e x c e l l e n t
a d v a n ta g e s
th e
s c h o l
and m ore
a m b itio u s
G a rfie ld
54
ha d be e n c a l c u l a t i n g
now c o n f i d e d
d e te rm in e d
to
F u lle r
th a t
th a t
out o f
th e
th irty - s e v e n
lie
h e re
s h a ll
a lo n e
my n e r v e s
th e r,
"a n d
I
me — t o
b e lie v e
I
a lm o s t
s ta n d
fifty
s c h o la rs h ip
and
s e ttle d ,
w as e x p e c t e d
th is ,
C o lle g e
W illia m s ,
ways
of
to
w e re
th e
th e
at
fe llo w
and
th e
"a
p ra y e r
stu d e n ts.
of
a d ju s t
to
u n o rth o d o x y
If
th o ro u g h
1
2
The
C a l
of
re lig io u s
Each
s tu d e n t
G riffin
H a ll
in
th e
S tre e t.
In
a d d itio n
on
fo u r
days
C o n g re
of
to
th e
on S u n d a y s .
and s o c i a l
th e
set
fa c t
h im
he had e n r o l l e d
1854-1855,
had
on S u n d a y
m e e tin g s
re lig io u s
20
tra d itio n s
a day i n
be
I
New E n g l a n d
was c o n s e r v a t i v e .
s e rv ic e s
d ie .
fo r
life ."
noon p r a y e r m e e tin g s
re lig io u s
or
fu r
tra c k s
c o n fro n te d
th e
"I
re s tle s s ly ,
tria l."
e s ta b lis h e d
tw ic e
have
my c l a s s
tw o
firs t,
of
I
he w r o t e
re p u ta tio n
h e ad o f M a in
had t o
but
G a rfie ld
o rth o d o x y
chapel
p re v a ilin g
s c h o o l- y e a r
th a t
firm ly
a t b o th
a re
and he
tw o m o n t h s . "
to s s in g
a fa ir
c o n v e n tio n a l
a tte n d
G a rfie ld
and h i s
h is
on
c o lle g e
week and s p o n t a n e o u s
In
m em bers o f
and c r e e p , "
th e re
g ra n te d
re lig io u s
th e
c h u rc h
th e re
y o u and me,
among t h e
stu d e n ts
be p r e s e n t
g a tio n a l
if
re s tin g
at
th a t
and p o w e r , "
me w i t h i n
c ra w l
le a s t
re s p e c ta b le ,
a tm o sp h e re
and t o
at
W illia m s
ty p e ,
b e h in d
fe e l
it,
tw o h u n d re d
v in is t
"b e tw e e n
fo rty - tw o
and s i n e w s
c an do
The
s ta n d
d im e n s io n s
o n my bed a t m i d n i g h t ,
w h ile
fo re
"th e ir
he w o u ld
a tm o sp h e re
th a t
a p a rt
at
h is
at
W e ste rn
fro m m o st
B e th a n y
fo r
h a v e been a s s o c i a t e d
55
w ith
young D i s c i p l e s
Jo hnso n,
and J .
h is
W.
John
M.
K.
a ll
F a m ilia r
P e n d le to n ,
w o u ld
of
su rro u n d e d
th e
m em bers
lik e
R ic h a rd s o n ,
d ire c tio n
C o lle g e
s tu d e n t
New Y o r k
he had t o
body,
by an a d m i r i n g
g ro u p
a s o c ia l
of
in
fro m
of
th is
th e
a C a lv in is tic
to
to
a fa irly
fro m
"b ro th e rs
re lig io u s
th e
u rb a n
lo n g e r
and s i s t e r s "
w h e re
a lre a d y
frie n d s h ip s
e x is te d .
And,
e n v iro n m e n t w h ic h
u n c o n g e n ia l.
w e re
a fte r
h is
a rriv a l
in
W e ste rn
R e se rv e
had come i n t o
fin e s t
th a n
th e
h is
b e lo v e d
in
so rt
in
a ls o .
th e se
of
men w as
th in g
w e re
H o p k in s
so
W ith in
th e
tw o
young D i s c i p l e
c o n ta c t w it h
A m e r i c a — M a rk H o p k i n s ,
The
th re e
H e n ry
mode o f
th o u g h t
i m m e a s u r a b l y m o re c h a l l e n g
p re v a le n t
A le x a n d e r C a m p b e ll,
th a t
M a rk
a d ju s tm e n ts ,
and R a l p h W a ld o E m e r s o n .
he e n c o u n t e r e d
in g
o th e r
le c tu re rs
W a rd B e e c h e r ,
le c tu re s
B u rg e ss,
s im ila r
He was no
Th e re
th e
W.
A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e ll ,
a d ju s t
s itu a tio n
a ll
m o n th s
A.
B.
a D is c ip le - o rie n te d
and New E n g l a n d .
c o n fro n tin g
fo u n d
La m a r,
O tis
d ra w n p r i m a r i l y
be e n made and i n - g r o u p s
he
S.
and R o b e r t M i l l i g a n
fo r
had a l r e a d y
of
J.
22
c o s m o p o lita n
b u t w as
Rowe,
o f whom had b a c k g r o u n d s
R o b e rt
A t W illia m s
c e n te rs
F.
H a rv e y E v e r e s t ,
fa c u lty
have p r o v id e d
e d u c a tio n .
John
S h a c k le fo rd ,
B a rn e s,
own.
lik e
he
a t H ira m .
A p a rt
fro m
had n e v e r e x p e r i e n c e d
s tim u la tin g .
had been p r e s i d e n t
o f W illia m s
C o lle g e
56
s in c e
1836
and w as
re p u ta tio n
P re s id e n t
w as
it
e n jo y e d .
H o p k in s
im m e d ia te ly
m a n ."
k in s
F iv e
re s p o n s ib le
G a rfie ld
on h i s
firs t
days
p re a c h ,
la rg e ly
la te r
fo r
th e
p re se n te d
da y
in
th is
h im s e lf
b e fo re
W illia m s to w n
"n o b le
and
s p e c im e n o f
he had an o p p o r t u n i t y
and he w r o t e
n a tio n a l
to
a
h e a r Hop
a p p ro v in g ly :
F i r s t and m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f a l l he i m p r e s s e s me
w i t h t h e i d e a t h a t e v e r y w o rd comes f r o m h i s h e a r t
up t h r o u g h h i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , and I f e e l t h a t he i s
a good man.
He i s c e r t a i n l y a g r e a t t h i n k e r t h o u g h
I s h o u ld say n o t a v e ry o r i g i n a l one.
He i s m ore o f
t h e A n a l y t i c a l s ta m p . . . T h e r e i s a s y m m e t r y a b o u t
h i s m in d t h a t i s a d m i r a b l e . . .
On t h e w h o l e , I
t h i n k he i s a g r e a t m a n . 23
In
th e
Beecher
fo llo w in g
speak b e fo r e
and r e p o r t e d
But
h e a rin g
m o n th he p a i d
th a t
th e
to
Young M e n 's
to
h e a r H e n r y W ard
L ib ra ry
" w a s much p l e a s e d w i t h
g re a te st
Em e rso n
e x c ite d ly
he
th e
a d o lla r
speak
i m p a c t came f r o m
fo r
th e
fir s t
A s s o c ia tio n ,
h im ."
24
Em e rso n .
tim e ,
A fte r
G a rfie ld
w ro te
F u lle r:
On T u e s d a y e v e n i n g I l i s t e n e d t o an a d d r e s s f r o m
R a l p h W a ld o E m e r s o n , o f B o s t o n , and I m u s t s a y , he i s
th e m ost s t a r t l i n g l y o r i g i n a l t h i n k e r I e v e r h e a rd .
E a c h b o l t w h i c h he h u r l s a g a i n s t e r r o r , l i k e G o e t h e ' s
c a n n o n b a l l , g o e s " f e a r f u l and s t r a i g h t , s h a t t e r i n g
t h a t i t may r e a c h , and s h a t t e r i n g w h a t i t r e a c h e s . "
I
c o u ld n o t s le e p t h a t n i g h t , a f t e r h e a r in g h i s t h u n d e r
s to r m o f e lo q u e n t t h o u g h t s .
I t made me f e e l s o s m a l l
and i n s i g n i f i c a n t t o h e a r h i m . 25
A c c o rd in g
th a t
n ig h t,
m e n t.
h is
to
"H e
one w r i t e r
b u t m a rk e d
to ld
in te lle c tu a l
m e ,"
life
it
not
o n ly
an e p o c h i n
w ro te
fro m
k e p t h im
h is
to
s le e p in g
in te lle c tu a l
E d w a rd A t k i n s o n ,
lis te n in g
fro m
d e v e lo p
"th a t
he d a t e d
a le c tu re
by R a l p h
57
W a ld o E m e r s o n ,
g iv e n
in
th e
o ld
th e
le c tu re
to w n ."
2
6
A m o n th
a fte r
w as
"a lm o s t
in to x ic a te d "
s t ill
manner o f
of
e x p re s s in g
E m e rs o n 's
th e
m ost
h e a rd
w ritin g s ,
s ta rtlin g ly
or
e n th u s ia s m
fe s s o rs .
a re a
of
Th e re
to
to
tw o
He had s t a r t e d
o rig in a l
in
to
W illia m s -
w ro te
o v e r E m e rs o n 's
th a t
he
"th o u g h ts
to
c o lle c t
fin d
and a t t r a c t i v e
over
le tte rs
h im
men"
and
some
"o n e
of
he had
sc e n e ry ,
w as,
of
It
lib ra ry ,
c o u rse ,
w as t o
fro m W ill ia m s t o w n
th e
ways
lo n g
of
be e x p e c t e d
New E n g l a n d
essa ys
(se rm o n s)
he w r o t e
e ffo rt.
w e e k ly w h i l e
I
I
to
see
s ta y
I
re a d
and p r o
"a n d
W asson
th e
c o m m it t e d
have d i f f i c u l t y
by tw o
am doomed t o
28
th a t
o rth o d o x y .
L u c re tia ,
h e re ."
b u ild in g s ,
re fle c t
o n e m a rk e d e x c e p t i o n — t h e
o f A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e ll w o u ld
men t o d a y , "
by t h e
G a rfie ld
and he c o n t i n u e d
fir s t
re lig io n .
fo llo w e r
in g
c h u rc h
re a d .7
2
G a rfie ld 's
h is
th e m ."
p a ris h
"I
're v e re n d '
fe e l
tw o
have
n e a rly
h o u rs
a d ju s t
lis te n e d
g e n tle
e x h a u ste d
o f m is e ry
has w r i t t e n :
One can a l m o s t s e e t h e c o n t e m p t G a r f i e l d had f o r
su c h ways o f p r e a c h in g .
He w as a c c u s to m e d t o t h e
e x t e m p o r e p r e a c h i n g o f t h e D i s c i p l e m i n i s t e r w h o se
m e s sa g e w as m a i n l y an u n e m o t i o n a l e x p o s i t i o n o f a
f a v o r i t e t e x t , w i t h an ab un d a nc e o f S c r i p t u r a l p a s
s a g e s q u o t e d v e r b a t i m and n e v e r r e a d !
And t o be
c a l l e d ' R e v e r e n d ' r a t h e r t h a n ' B r o t h e r ' was u s u r p i n g
t e r m s b e l o n g i n g o n l y t o G o d . 29
Tw o w e eks
C ity
fa re d
la te r
one o f
no b e t t e r .
th e
le a d in g
G a rfie ld
c le r g y m e n o f
New Y o r k
re p o rte d :
I h a v e l i s t e n e d t o t h e g r e a t D r . G. W. B e t h u n e , t h e
l i o n o f t h e c l e r g y o f N . Y . and B r o o k l y n .
A l t h o u g h he
r e a l l y i s a g r e a t and e l o q u e n t man, he e v i d e n t l y l o o k s
58
a t th e g o sp e l th ro u g h th e c o lo re d s p e c ta c le s o f a
s h a c k l e d and p u r b l i n d t h e o l o g y and w o u ld be b u t an
i n f a n t on t h a t the m e b y t h e s i d e o f o u r d e a r B r o .
C a m p b e ll.3 0
P e rh a p s
re g a rd
in g
fe e lin g
to
h is
"B ro .
o p e n in g
th e
P rio r
m o n t,
fa ll
to
th e
fifty
p re a c h e rs
and B r o .
S tre a to r,"
a g a in
he h a s t e n e d
h is
p re a c h
to
L u c re tia ,
among o u r
th e m ,
he was
b re th re n ,"
p e rm a n e n tly !
triu m p h ."
32
To
c h u rc h
th e
in
of
sta te
th e
to
to
in
re a d
th e
O h io ,
of
in
th e
H ira m
th a t
"B ro .
tw o
B e n e d ic t
a t W e st
and he w as
so
how I
and o u r
s tu d e n t
good t o
lo n g
Once
in v ite d
When he w r o t e
tru th
V e r
good t i m e s .
seem s
"O h ,
1854,
R u p e rt,
a m e e tin g
th e
h im ,
" It
S e p te m b e r,
le a rn e d
m e e tin g .
he w r o t e .
We h a v e
of
sh a re
th e
in
a t W e st
m id s t
o v e rjo y e d .
a n o th e r
w as g i v e n
weeks b e fo r e
When he
had p r e c e d e d
one e v e n i n g
th e
c la s s e s
a w a y.
th e re
re p u ta tio n
to
of
a D is c ip le
w e re
in
d e fe n s iv e
31
o p e n in g
fro m
and on t h e
G a rfie ld
w ritin g s ,"
m ile s
D is c ip le
R u p e rt,
v ie w s ,
te rm .
d is c o v e re d
about
is o la te d
re lig io u s
C a m p b e ll's
of
G a rfie ld
h im s e lf
to
home
get
be among
cause m u st
he w r o t e :
T h e y had an e x c e l l e n t m e e t i n g .
E l e v e n i n a l l w e re
im m e r s e d and one added f r o m t h e B a p t i s t s .
I was much
r e f r e s h e d and s t r e n g t h e n e d .
Oh! how I l o n g t o be among
o u r d e a r b r e t h r e n a g a in !
I know we h a v e t h e t r u t h , and
I b e l i e v e t h a t o u r b r e t h r e n a r e t h e n o b l e s t and b e s t
men t h a t l i v e .
I f G o d ' s T r u t h can make men g o d l i k e
t h e y o u g h t t o be s o . 33
Back
fie ld
H ira m ,
w as
in
W illia m s to w n
jo in e d
by C h a r le s
who had d e c id e d
to
to
b e g in
D.
W ilb e r,
fo llo w
h im
th e
to
school
y e a r,
a c la s s m a te
W illia m s
G a r
fro m
C o lle g e .
59
G a rfie ld
and t h e
S o u th
of
w as c h e e r e d b y
tw o
"G a rfie ld
of
and h e a l t h y ,
a p a le
th e
S in c e
W i l b e r was
a c la s s m a te
la rg e
la te r
fra m e ,
lo o k in g
in te lle c tu a l
T h is
a rriv a l
s o o n made a r r a n g e m e n t s
C o lle g e .
c ru tc h e s,
th e
c ast
.
.
w e re
.
S.
fe llo w - D is c ip le ,
ro o m t o g e t h e r
re m e m b e re d t h e
up s i x
lim p in g
P.
re c e iv e d
in
th e
h ig h ,
H u b b e ll,
h e lp
b e s id e
w ith
h im ."
d e s c rib e d
a t W illia m s .
as:
s tro n g
and W i l b e r ,
a lo n g
th e
ro o m m a te s
fe e t
a b a c k w o o d sm a n ,
same c l a s s m a t e ,
tw o D i s c i p l e s
to
h is
lame and r e q u i r e d
lo o m in g
lik e
of
34
how
He w r o t e :
T h e i r p o s i t i o n a t f i r s t w as a v e r y i s o l a t e d and
p e c u l i a r o n e , and w h i c h was e n h a n c e d b y a w h i s p e r
t h a t s o o n c i r c u l a t e d among t h e s t u d e n t s t h a t t h e y
w e re C a m p b e l l i t e s .
Now w h a t t h a t m e a n t , o r w h a t
t e n e t s t h e s e c t h e l d , n o b o d y seemed t o k n o w , b u t
i t w as s u p p o s e d t o mean s o m e t h i n g v e r y a w f u l .
But
t h e y c o n t i n u e d on p u r s u i n g t h e e v e n t e n o r o f t h e i r
w a y , unmoved b y t h e s t a r e s and c r i t i c i s m s o f t h e i r
c o m p a n io n s .
A c c o rd in g
e a rn e st"
to
H u b b e ll,
about g e ttin g
e n g ro sse d
in
th e ir
G a rfie ld
th e
fir s t
te rm
became c l e a r
th e
c la s s .
'j s
th e
H ira m
an e d u c a t i o n
s tu d ie s
a p p e a re d t o
c o u rse
he w o u l d
g r a d u a t e s w e re
of
and c o l l e g e
have
stu d y
"ta k e
He d e s c r i b e d
and w e r e
little
th e
th e
d a ily
dead
" e n tire ly
d u tie s ."
d iffic u lty
a t W illia m s ,
one o f
"in
and
firs t
s c h e d u le
it
w ith
soon
h o n o rs"
to
in
L u c re tia :
R i s e and a t t e n d p r a y e r s i n t h e c h a p e l a t 5 and
t h e n r e c i t e one h o u r i n Q u i n t i l i a n .
T h e n go a q u a r
t e r o f a m ile to b r e a k fa s t.
A t 9 o 'c lo c k , th re e
t i m e s a week a t t e n d l e c t u r e s on P h i l o s o p h y and a t
11 r e c i t e i n M e c h a n i c s .
A t 4 P . M . G re e k f o r an h o u r ,
th e n p r a y e r s .
I n a d d it io n to th e s e t h e r e a re occa
s i o n a l e x e r c i s e s i n t h e m e s , d e b a t e s and o r a t i o n s . 36
60
But
He s o o n
jo in e d
G a rfie ld 's
life
became w h a t he c a l l e d
th re e
E q u ita b le
F ra te rn ity ,
The
P h ilo g ia n
w a s one o f
W illia m s ,
and G a r f i e l d
d e b a te r.
T h is
lo g ia n
h is
in
n o n -se c re t
s ix
w e re
of
h is
le d
year
th e
on
w h ic h
"C h iv a lry "
p re se n te d
The
tru e
w ith in
s c ru p u lo u s
o b se rv e r o f
th e
th e
of
fo rm s
to
h is
th e
s e c t";
la rg e ly
e re c tio n
a fo rm id a b le
of
th e
P h i
was a
and by t h e
th e
fro n t
of
th a t
w as t o
be
a
37
he gave
one o f
fo u n d
be m i s u n d e r s t o o d
own p e r s o n a l
s p rin g
as
s o c ie ty ,
s a id
th e
in
th e
by h i s
d e fin itio n
w as n o t
"m e re ly
th e
man
C h ris tia n
C h u rc h ,
nor
th e
T h e o lo g ia n ,
of
at
in flu e n c e
and c e r e m o n i e s " ;
n o r was he
c lu b s
a t W illia m s .
"th e
s p le n d id
n o r w as he
who can l o g i c a l l y
dogmas and m a i n t a i n
some p a r t i c u l a r
th e
he
C h ris tia n
p a le
and p o w e r f u l
a d v o c a te
not
to
S o c ie ty .
fra te rn itie s
P h ilo g ia n
w h ic h
So a s
who s t a n d s
fo r
s o c ie tie s ,
o f m o d e rn c h i v a l r y
a C h ris tia n .
flu e n tly
in
th e
These
had f o r g e d
jo in in g
as
He
F ra te rn ity
le s s e n
on c a m p u s.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
lite ra ry
E q u ita b le
soug ht to
d e b a tin g
a C h ris tia n .
le a rn e d
The
stu d y .
S o c ie ty ,
T h e o lo g ic a l
as p r e s id e n t
th e
of
"th e
e le c tio n
a fte r
life
of
g re a t
e le m e n t"
e x p re s s io n s
P h ilo g ia n
M ills
n o n fra te rn ity
b e st
lis te n e rs ,
tw o
th e
a ll
S ta te sm a n ."
s o o n won r e c o g n i t i o n
s o c ie tie s
S h o rtly
an o r a t i o n
th e
h is
m o re t h a n
fir s t
of
a "C o lle g e
and t h e
sec ond y e a r .
se c re t
"le a d e r
to
s o c ie ty
little
campus was n o t
campus o r g a n i z a t i o n s :
th e
th e
on t h e
th e
te n e ts
and
of
man who s u b s c r i b e s
c h u rc h e s,
w ith
th e
61
w e a lth
The
w h ic h
tru e
liv e s
w ith
C h ris tia n ,
C h ris t- lik e ,
h is
in g
a c c o rd in g
and l i k e
u n d e rs ta n d in g
was p r o b a b l y
at
W illia m s .
in
A lth o u g h
ty p e
th o u g h t
re p re se n te d
lib e ra l
as
w h ic h
R e se rv e
among t h e
th a t
s io n
to
h a rd
hand o f
G a rfie ld ,
D iv in e
a fte r
h is
h is
n ific a n t
h is
was
p o v e rty ."
"th e
M a ste r,
le tte r
to
m e a n in g o f
m in d ,
man who
g o e s h u m b ly
and
of
fre e "
C h ris t.
in
of
H ira m .
th e
n e a rly
so
W e ste rn
it,
of
made h i m
c o n s e rv a tis m ."
G a rfie ld
th e
th e
e x p e rie n c e
he p u t
th e
th in k
fo r
th a t
on t h e
H is
as
speech,
p rin c ip le s
re lig io u s
fo u n d
o f New E n g l a n d
and a t
w o rd C h r i s
was n o t
b e h in d
W e st,
"C h iv a lry "
a frie n d
soon
a t W illia m s
re s tra in t
th e
th e
th e
had come E a s t
he
he had l e f t
d is illu s io n m e n t
th e
G a rfie ld
D is c ip le s
lib e ra l
so m e w h a t t h e
Tw o d a y s
h is
lib e ra liz in g
"b ro a d ,
"fe e l
th e
a d va n c e o f much o f
of
th e
to
h is
of
p u rp o se
of
fro m
G o d ."^
T h is
tia n
he h a s w r e n c h e d
39
g a ve e x p r e s
same t i m e
D is c ip le s
re a ffirm e d
in
a s ig
He w r o t e :
I h a v e b e e n h e r e l o n g e n o u g h t o be i n i t i a t e d i n t o t h e
d u t i e s and m y s t e r i e s o f c o l l e g e l i f e .
Thoug h t h e r e a re
a g r e a t many f i n e s c h o l a r s and b r i l l i a n t m in d s h e r e , y e t
t h e r e a r e b u t f e w who seem t o h a v e a n y c o r r e c t v i e w s o f
l i f e and i t s a im s and o b j e c t s . . .
I h a v e had a f i n e
c h a n c e t o s e e t h e w o r k i n g s and h e a r t h e d o c t r i n e s o f New
E n g l a n d o r t h o d o x y and I am m o re c o n v in c e d t h a n e v e r o f
t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e f o r m a t i o n p l e a d e d by B r o . A . C a m p b e ll
i s th e b r i g h t e s t l i g h t o f th e age.
T h e p e o p le h e r e lo o k
some w a y s down o n W e s t e r n men and i n s t i t u t i o n s ; b u t I
s a y t h a t i f New E n g l a n d h a s a n y b o a s t i n g t o d o , s h e m u s t
do i t q u i c k l y o r i t w i l l be f o r e v e r t o o l a t e . 40
In
to
p re a c h
th e
to
a u tu m n o f
a s m a ll
1854,
G a rfie ld
of
had been c a l l e d
D is c ip le s
in
away
P itts to w n ,
62
New Y o r k .
41
H is
re p u ta tio n
s c a tte re d
D is c ip le
Fe b ru a ry ,
1855,
in
but
As
was e v i d e n t l y
c h u rc h e s
in
he a c c o m p a n ie d
P o e s te n k ill,
New Y o r k .
e n d e d up s t a y i n g
he e x p l a i n e d
to
e a s te rn
"B ro .
He o n l y
tw o w e e k s
g ro w in g
New Y o r k ,
S tre a to r"
p la n n e d
due t o
among t h e
and i n
to
a m e e tin g
a b rie f
s p e c ia l
v is it
c irc u m s ta n c e s .
F u lle r:
B r o . S t r e a t o r commenced a s e r i e s o f m e e t i n g s , and
i n s i s t e d on my s t a y i n g w i t h h i m a w e e k .
I d i d s o , and
b y t h e c l o s e o f t h e week t h e b u r d e n o f t h e m e e t i n g had
n e a r l y f a l l e n on me, and a deep i n t e r e s t w as a w a ke n e d .
T h e y w o u l d n o t c o n s e n t t o l e t me g o , and s o I r e m a i n e d
a n o th e r week.
D u r i n g my s t a y I s p o k e f i f t e e n d i s c o u r
s e s , and v i s i t e d w i t h a l l t h e b r e t h r e n i n t h e n e i g h b o r
hood.
N o t h i n g e l s e c o u l d h a v e k e p t me away f r o m c o l
l e g e , b u t I am g l a d I s t a y e d .
I t h i n k I can make i t
up i n a s h o r t t i m e . 42
" It
was a h a l f - m o n t h
home t o
L u c re tia .
handed.
in
th e
In
a p p re c ia tiv e
jo y
N o r d id
a d d itio n
m e e tin g ,
of
to
and b l e s s i n g
he r e t u r n
tw e n ty
he had r e c e i v e d
D is c ip le s .
to
d o lla rs
a ll
to
he w r o t e
W illia m s to w n
in
cash
s o rts
He r e p o r t e d
m e ,"
to
of
fo r
g ifts
e m p ty -
h is
p a rt
fro m
th e
L u c re tia :
S i s t e r M a ry C o l e ga ve me f o u r new s h i r t s , s i x c o l l a r s
and when I came away s t u f f e d my t r u n k w i t h c a k e s and
a p p le s .
H e r s i s t e r M r s . M a r i a L e a r n e d a l s o gave me tw o
s i l k n e c k h a n d k e r c h i e f s and a s a t i n s t o c k .
A n o t h e r gave
me t w o new p a i r s o f s o c k s .
S i s t e r C o le a l s o g o t me tw o
w h ite l in e n p o c ke t h a n d k e r c h ie fs .4 3
G a rfie ld 's
of
h is
warm and
in tim a te
c h u rc h .
S in c e
W illia m s
c a m p u s,
w e ek-e nds
lo c a l
m e e tin g
in
P o e s te n k ill
re la tio n s h ip
P o e s t e n k i l l w as o n l y
and h i s
D is c ip le s .
G a rfie ld
was
w ith
tw e n ty
became a f r e q u e n t
p re a c h in g
He u s u a l l y
th e
th a t
m ile s
D is c ip le
fro m
v is ito r
was much a p p r e c i a t e d
made t h e
b e g in n in g
jo u rn e y
by
th e
on t h e
th e
by h o rs e b a c k ,
63
but
frie n d s
th e re
he t r a v e l e d
w e re
C h a rle s
and Re b e c c a J a n e
young
fro m
came g r e a t l y
Le a rn e d
home,
G a rfie ld
b e h in d
te rm
S e lle c k .4
sc h e d u le
on t h o s e
at
th e
made i t
up.
m e e tin g
tia n ity
and L a t i n "
and a s s u r e d
b e fo re
to
fe e l
m a te ,
By
m o re a t
C h a rle s
whom G a r f i e l d
v is ito r
th e
F u lle r
p ro fe s s o rs "
th e
s p rin g
home i n
G a rfie ld
of
th e
la te r
s in c e
h is
a
be
in
th e
she
knew
w o rk
a little
te rm ,
fo r
E v id e n c e s
th a t
h is
fir s t
W illia m s
w ro te
s p rin g
h is
A stro n o m y ,
th e
W ilb e r,
of
Economy,
45
w as
w e e k - e n d s when
had p u t
b e g in n in g
"P o litic a l
W illia m s .
to
Edmond and
la tte r
S h e was a f r e q u e n t
as
s tu m b le d
The
c lo s e s t
be p r e s e n t .
P o e s te n k ill
he q u i c k l y
Among h i s
Le a rn e d ,
New Y o r k ,
p a rtic u la rly
w o u ld
The
L e w is b o ro ,
a ttra c te d .
fo o t.
and M a r i a
M a ry C o l e ,
la d y
on
but
th e
of
he had
C h ris
"n e v e r
e n ro llm e n t
year
new
at
G a rfie ld
e n v iro n m e n t.
began
H is
ro o m
th a t:
. . . i n s i x m o n t h s , a l t h o u g h t h e c r i t i c i s m was
f o r m i d a b l e , he had b r o k e n down a l l t h e c o l l e g e w a l l s
s o c o m p l e t e l y t h a t , t h o u g h e v e r y c l a s s seemed t o be
b o u n d b y i t s t r a d i t i o n s and i t s p e c u l i a r s t y l e o f
s e l f i s h n e s s , a l l seemed t o be l a i d l o w and he w as one
w i t h t h e c o l l e g e and t h e h e r o o f a l l . 46
G a rfie ld 's
p rim a rily
to
th e
re lig io u s
p ro g re ss
c o m in g o p e n
to
second
te rm
he a c t u a l l y
on t h e
cam pus.
b a ck a t
H ira m ,
th e
re lig io u s
T h is
but
of
in te re s t
th e
s t ill
D is c ip le s ,
p ro g ra m s
p a rtic ip a te d
he w i l l i n g l y
w as
d ire c te d
but
he w as b e
a t W illia m s .
in
a re lig io u s
s u rp ris in g
e x p la in e d
h is
to
h is
In
h is
re v iv a l
frie n d s
p o s itio n :
64
T h e y a r e h a v i n g a g r e a t " R e v i v a l , " and t h o u g h I c a n
n o t s u b s c r i b e t o a l l t h e w a y s and m eans y e t I b e l i e v e
t h e r e i s much good b e i n g done and I can t r u l y s a y t h a t
I h a v e n e v e r be e n among m ore s p i r i t u a l l y - m i n d e d C h r i s
t i a n s th a n th o s e I f i n d i n W illia m s C o lle g e .
I am
h e a r t i l y c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h th e m i n a r o u s i n g t h e u n c o n
c e rn e d t o th e i n t e r e s t s o f th e C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o n , b u t
I l e t th e m h a v e t h e i r way i n r e f e r e n c e t o d o c t r i n e .
I
do n o t t h i n k i t w o u ld be r i g h t t o i n t e r p o s e a d i s c o r d a n t
e l e m e n t a t s u c h a t i m e t h o u g h I can h a r d l y r e s i s t my
d e s i r e t o t e l l th e m w h a t t h e G o s p e l i s . 47
T h is
in
h is
cal
re la tio n s h ip
S o c ie ty .
lib ra ria n
one o f
a ll
of
g ro w in g
m e m b e rs"
of
th e
h e ld
because
T h is
of
G a rfie ld 's
h im
fro m
on d o c t r i n a l
p re p a re
to
S o c ie ty
w ith
As W asson
c la s h in g
m a tte rs.
W e ste rn
about
to
a r g u m e n t s ."0
5
one
b a p tis m
fo rty
th is
on t h e
by G a r f i e l d ,
M ills
T h e o lo g i
o ffic e s
and e s t e e m
in n a te
"I
in
s u b je c t
and t h a t
of
d id
he was w e l l
liv in g
and
T h e o lo g ic a l
P re a c h e rs ."9
4
th e
b a p tism
th e
not
w ritin g ,
th e
th a t
its
a s s o c ia te s
sto p
young C o n g re g a tio n a l
guess
of
" liv e d
a D is c ip le
m ust
e v e n in g
to
k in d lin e s s
G a rfie ld
c o o p e ra tio n
to
of
m anagement o f
C a lv in is tic
le tte r
he w r o t e :
th e
th a t
of
h is
"One can r e a d i l y
A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e ll
re so rte d
s p irit
d is p la y e d
u rb a n ity ,
in
a ls o
th e
re sp e c t
fe lt
w ith
In
R e se rv e ,
d is c u s s
sa ys:
"h is
same c l a s s m a t e
H o w e v e r,
th e
s o c ie ty ,
ju d g m e n t
C h ris tia n ."4
8
was
s u c c e s s iv e ly
won t h e
a tru e
p re v e n t
a ttitu d e
m em bers o f
th e
"h e
and good s o u n d
a ffa irs ."
on t h e
G a rfie ld
c la s s m a te s ,
n a tu re ,
life
w ith
and p r e s i d e n t o f
h is
its
c o o p e ra tiv e
d e b a te s
had be e n
of
fre e ly
fo rtifie d
w ith
65
p re a c h
th e se
In
May,
in
a n o th e r p ro tra c te d
la b o rs
c o u rse s
a re
L u c re tia
th e
I
came,
h o p in g
at
G a rfie ld
he r e p o r t e d
s in c e
s t ill
1855,
th e
c o n tin u in g
fo r
to
re tu rn e d
m e e tin g .
F u lle r:
and s i x
m o re
"I
c o n c lu s io n
g e n e ro s ity
of
of
th e
h is
and
of
socks
and s e v e n t e e n
m e e tin g
a fte r
p e o p le
of
w h ic h
he w e n t
S a tu rd a y
He w r o t e
m o n th
D is c ip le s "
to
e v e n in g
F u lle r:
th e m ."
53
w h ile
It
w as
in
s p iritu a lly
m e e tin g s ,
w ro te
th e
I
G a rfie ld
th e
le tte r
fro m
th e
fo llo w in g
it
to
w as
s ig n ific a n t
. . .
d is
We
to
and
in
to
re la te
"Th e y
he e n t h u s e d ,
in
fo r
m o n e y ."
52
"a y e a r ly
fo u r
"sp o k e
to
on L o r d ' s
da ys,
th e
d a y ."
each p la c e ,
a p p e a ls
s tre n g th to
P itts to w n
te n
a tte n d in g
d is c o u rs e s
F u lle r
of
frie n d s .
New Y o r k ,
th e
to
When he w r o t e
d o lla rs
P o e s te n k ill
have
spoken
d o lla rs ,"
can n o t r e s i s t
th is
re fre s h e d
to
m id s t
im m e rs e d
had good m e e t i n g s
I
a id
fo u n d
and t h r e e
"We
fo r
seven
P itts to w n ,
a g a in
and much i n t e r e s t .
b re th re n
in
have
P o e s te n k ill
w o rth
fo llo w in g
th e
m e e tin g ,
p a n ts
The
In
c o n v e rs io n s ." 51
of
p a irs
P o e s te n k ill
h a v e been
gave me a p a i r
"tw o
to
th a t
of
speak
our
to
G a rfie ld ,
now
and P o e s t e n k i l l
p a ra g ra p h :
I t e l l y o u , my d e a r b r o t h e r , t h e c a u s e i n w h i c h we
a r e engaged m u s t t a k e t h e w o r l d .
I t f i l l s my s o u l when
I r e f l e c t up o n
t h e l i g h t , j o y and l o v e o f t h e A n c i e n t
G o s p e l and i t s
a d a p t a t i o n t o t h e w a n t s o f t h e human
ra c e .
I l o o k u p o n o l d New E n g l a n d a s a w i l d e r n e s s o f
dead p i n e s , w h e r e t h e w i n d s moan s o l e m n l y , and t h o u g h
t h e y p l a y an o r t h o d o x t u n e , y e t t h e y can n o t much l o n g e r
ke e p t i m e w i t h t h e o n - r u s h i n g s p i r i t o f f r e e t h o u g h t ,
f r e e s p e e c h and f r e e g o s p e l .
O ur R e fo rm a tio n i s th e
g r e a t e s t l i g h t o f th e n in e te e n th c e n tu ry : I b e lie v e i t .
I l o n g t o be i n t h e t h i c k e s t o f t h e f i g h t , and s e e t h e
66
a rm y o f T r u t h c h a r g e home u p o n t h e b a t t a l i o n s o f h o a r y headed e r r o r .
B u t I m u s t be c o n t e n t t o be a s p y f o r a
t i m e , t i l l I have r e c o n n o i t r e d th e e n e m y 's s t r o n g h o l d s ,
and t h e n I ho pe t o w o r k .
He c l o s e d
th e
th a t
F u lle r
".
.
.
le tte r
w a s m a k in g
you w i l l
know how t o
th e n
to
put
fo rw a rd ,"
th e ir
h is
" A m e ric a 's
m o v e m e n t,
L ik e
G a rfie ld
th e
M e a n w h ile ,
a c h ie v in g
was
one o f
and
G a rfie ld
th e
th e
w as a s e r i o u s
to o k
lite ra ry
and m i s c e l l a n e o u s
fo rm a l
h is
lite ra ry
and s o
You
do we a l l
F u lle r
w o u ld
th e
th a t
be
Tru th
w h ic h
fo rw a rd
in
th e
v a lle y
of
life
c u rre n ts
of
o u r n a tio n
The
o p tim is tic
h e a rt w i l l
o v e rly
th a t
th e ir
in
th e
one o f
c o m in g
h ig h e s t
s in c e
b re th re n .
w h e e l and p u s h
be
in
tim e
lite ra ry
th e
D is c ip le s
G a rfie ld
year o f
b e sto w e d
In
of
th e
m ig h t
th e
A lth o u g h
h ig h
1855,
W illia m s
T h is
on a W i l l i a m s
s e rio u s ly .
a im e d a t
was
May,
1855-1856.
c o n c e rn e d g e n e ra l
w e re
th a t
P rim itiv e
m em bers o f
fie ld .
e d ito rs
p u b lic a tio n .
a rtic le s
th e
a re
b e lie v e d
w ith
C o lle g e ,
new p o s i t i o n
m a tte r
fille d
th e
m essa ge.
school
h o n o rs
G a rfie ld
o p tim is tic
back a t W i l l i a m s
as
In d ia n a ,
news
way i n
o th e r
re c o g n itio n
fo r
th e
th e
th e
w ith
he had b e e n e l e c t e d
Q u a rte rly
to
of
of
th o u g h t
n a tio n
among o u r
He ho p e d t h a t
"g o in g
th e
a p p ro v a l
M is h a w a k a ,
e n c o u ra g in g ly
so b r i s k l y . "
lo n g
h is
p riv ile g e ,
it."
w as
w h e re
C h ris tia n ity ."
conquer
of
th a t
and he w r o t e
M is s is s ip p i,
b e fo re
be b r o u g h t
"s h o u ld e rs
R e fo rm a tio n
b o u n d in g
a move t o
a p p re c ia te
h a v e be e n d e p r i v e d
a b le
by e x p r e s s in g
The
its
c o lle g e
s e n io r,
Q u a rte rly
e d ito ria l
ne w s,
sta n d a rd s
of
its
67
w ritin g .
trib u te
B o th
s tu d e n ts
a rtic le s
have
s h o u ld e re d
w ith
th e
fo r
L u c re tia
lo n g
s ile n c e
Q u a rte rly ,
la s t
e v e n in g
be o u t
th e
k e e p in g
th e
books
of
th e
a ll
re m a in e d
home t o
15
O h io
T h is
tw o
a t W illia m s ,
In
of
was
th e
fir s t
la b o r
th e
of
c o n n e c tio n
A u g u st,
11,
The
frie n d s
in
to
p re a c h
to
F u lle r:
s tu d e n ts
m o n th
th e
fo r
as
"I
la tte r
lite ra ry
F u lle r
fo r
th e
D is c ip le
go t o m o r r o w
he w r o t e : o
e
lr5
FTtw
h
:4
u
.
.
.
p ro o f,
H e n r y W a rd B e e c h e r d e l i v e r
s o c ie tie s .
v is it
w ith
he r e t u r n e d
Then
fa m ily
to
he
and
home d u r i n g
meet h i s
th e
th e
w ith
a
frie n d s .
m ost
C o lle g e .
C h ris t.
c h u rc h
to
firs t-
commencement
a t home b r o u g h t many r e u n i o n s
of
w e re
c o rre sp o n d e n c e ."
he p r e p a r e d
a t W illia m s
D is c ip le s
th e
he a p o l o g i z e d
and t h e
one a c a d e m ic y e a r he had e m e rg e d a s one o f
p ro m is in g
1855.
and he m u s t h a v e be e n f i l l e d
a c c o m p lis h m e n t
to
h a v e been a t w o r k
lite ra ry
tim e
con
a p p e a rs
c ritic is in g
a m o n th - lo n g
o n ly
to
48 p a g e s m y s e l f
on t h e
and h e a r d
fo r
in
To
o n campus
b e fo re
frie n d s .
y e a rs
th e
and c a r r y i n g
annual o ra tio n
h u rrie d
of
in
Q u a r t e r l y --m y
a fte rn o o n ."
sh e e ts
on A u g u s t
"I
e x a m in a tio n s ,
and t h e
th is
p ro o f
G a rfie ld
e x e rc is e s
th e
w o rk
on A u g u s t
and e x p l a i n e d :
and
had n i n e - t e n t h s
sense
summ er i s s u e
to
re a d
th e
e d ito ria l
When he w r o t e
e n c o u ra g e d
G a rfie ld
th e
th e
b o rn — w i l l
I
much o f
w e re
p e rio d ic a l.
of
fin is h e d
"I
th is
fa c u lty
p u b lic a tio n
h is
on t h e
to
and
in
H ira m ,
w ith
He a r r i v e d
S o lo n
home i n
and t h e n
on my way t o
h is
th e
tim e
w ro te
y e a rly
68
m e e tin g
in
b re th re n
W a rre n ,
w h e re
and s i s t e r s .
I
E u c l i d . 6
"T5 wo w e e k s
"g lo rio u s
"I
am r e j o i c e d
E lm a
us
m e e tin g
is
life ." 5
7
in
of
W e ste rn
a c ha ng e
in
R e se rv e ,
ro o m in g
a rra n g e m e n ts.
"I
th in k
w h e re
I
a lo n e .
is
I
to
e x tre m e ly
p le a s a n t,"
be much b e t t e r
can commune w i t h
d o ."
It
is
d o u b tfu l
h im s e lf.
p re s id e n t
of
E q u ita b le
F ra te rn ity ,
im m e d ia te ly
made
lo n g e r
ne ed ed
and he w o rk e d
of
th e m
th e
Ea st
lib ra ry .
"My
a ro o m i n
c o n fid e d
s a tis fie d
m y s e l f m o re
th a n
to
I
y e a r.
G a rfie ld
ro o m m a te ,
he
D is c ip le s
to
liv e
L u c re tia .
a lo n e
have h e r e t o f o r e
58
to
th e
and e t e r n a l
S e n io r
th e o lo g ic a l
w ith
W illia m s to w n
He no
moved i n t o
F u lle r:
and i s
W i l b e r w h e re b y b o t h
1 6 0 0 -v o lu m e
been a b le
he
C h a rle s
h is
th e
s is te r
th e
to
sc ho o l y e a r,
a D is c ip le
G a rfie ld
th e
s h a ll
m u n in g w i t h
of
h is
an a g r e e m e n t w i t h
s itu a tio n
re tu rn e d
of
of
w ith
at
news o f
in fo rm e d
Lo rd ,
tie s
b e g in n in g
th e
w ith
im m o rta lity
h is
m e e tin g
o u r— dear
th e
o p e n in g
a s s o c ia tio n
next
in
th e
out
C o lle g e
s is te r
o u r dear
th e
w ro te
and h a p p i l y
G a rfie ld
th e
c lo s e
liv e
a tte n d
G a rfie ld
good hope o f
fo r
s e e many o f
you y o u r — y e s ,
dear
th e
c o u ld
to
a ls o
re e s ta b lis h e d
m id - S e p te m b e r
W ith
s h a ll
la te r
te ll
th e
H a v in g
hope
E u c lid "
now a d o u b l y
a p a rta k e r
on t h e
to
at
I
M ills
p lu n g e d
th a t
G a rfie ld
As p r e s i d e n t
T h e o lo g ic a l
and e d i t o r
in to
a ll
of
had much t i m e
of
th e
P h ilo g ia n
S o c ie ty ,
th e
s o rts
of
fo r
S o c ie ty ,
le a d e r o f
W illia m s
s tu d e n t
com
th e
Q u a rte rly ,
a c tiv itie s .
69
Less
th a n
w ro te
in
tw o m o n t h s
h is
in to
th is
h e c tic
s c h e d u le ,
G a rfie ld
J o u rn a l:
I t i s now am ple t i m e f o r a r e f o r m i n some o f my
s o c ia l . . . h a b its .
I h a v e a l l o w e d m y s e l f by d e g r e e s
and a l m o s t i m p e r c e p t i b l y t o be d r a w n i n t o t h e c u r r e n t s
o f C o l l e g e p a r t i z a n s h i p and h a v e t h u s made m y s e l f a
s o r t o f C o lle g e S ta te s m a n .
T h i s h a s be e n w e l l e n o u g h
f o r t h e e x t e r n a l s o f my l i f e and b e i n g b u t h a s i t been
w e l l e n o u g h f o r me, my i n n e r s e l f and i n n e r l i f e ?
. . .
I h e r e r e c o r d my p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e f a r t h e r c o n t i n
u a t i o n o f t h i s s t a t e o f t h i n g s and a l s o my r e s o l u t i o n
t o do m o re f o r and by m y s e l f . 59
D u rin g
th e
h is
fe llo w s h ip
k ill.
A fte r
S e n io r
of
th e
he r e f l e c t e d
"d e a r
frie n d s "
sto ry
of
w ro te ,
of
th a t
m ost o f
p a th .
ence
th e
S e n io r
in
th e
P itts to w n
in
c h u rc h
re s u lts
s tra n g e
is
th a t
have
lig h ts
th e
it
fo llo w e d
fie ld
fo r
e n jo y
N o v e m b e r,
of
h is
w as p r o v i
"Th e
fir s t
and s h a d o w s
a la rg e
i f
to g e th e r.
in
in
k in d n e s s "
and w o n d e re d
P o e s te n k ill
to
and P o e s t e n
P o e s te n k ill
"a ffe c tio n a te
ha d b e e n b r o u g h t
to
c o n tin u e d
w h o le
p la c e ,"
a re
fu lly
he
in
lin e
a l o n g my l i f e ' s
re fle c tio n
in
re fe r
it.0
6
"
re v o lv e d
a c a d e m ic w o r k
a ro u n d
c la s s
L o g ic
in
The
John
of
te a c h in g
th e
and M o r a l
H o p k in s .
P ro fe s s o r
th e
s tu d ie d
some g r o u n d i n g
of
on
T o me t h e r e
to
D is c ip le s
th a t
th e y
th e
The
in to
in
my g o i n g
"a n d
G a rfie ld
a p le a s a n t w eek-end
1855,
d e n tia l
year
o n ly
th e
S e n io r
of
z o o lo g y
n a tu re
P h ilo s o p h y - - a ll
o th e r
B a s c o m 's
a t W illia m s
P r e s i d e n t M a rk H o p k i n s .
a n a to m y and
p h y s ic a l
year
of
fo r
a tim e ,
man,
The
to
get
and t h e n moved
under
th e
firs t
c o u rse
in
th e
P h ilo s o p h y
of
R h e to ric .
in s tru c tio n
te rm
was
L a te r
in
70
th e
year
th e re
P h ilo s o p h y ,
For
of
th e
c o u rse s
and N a t u r a l
m ost
t a u g h t w e re
P re s id e n t
w e re
of
H o p k in s .
d ra w in g
a t W illia m s ,
in te re s t
H is
c a rd s
of
th e
ta k e
a p p ro a c h
of
M a rk H o p k i n s ,
tio n
to
h e lp
th e
s tu d e n t
he moved t h r o u g h
th e
le c tu re s
tio n
of
e v e ry
to
s e n io r
choose
In
S o c ra tic
He was
h im ,
of
th e
out
of
a s k in g
you
A c c o rd in g
t e a c h e r w as
"to
to
w a tc h
S e n io r
y e a r,
in s p irin g
In
D r.
it? "
It
H o p k in s ,
th e
s p rin g
th e
educa
"A s
H o p k in s '
th e
ques
c le a r
to
o p p o rtu n ity
fo llo w e d
stu d e n ts
was
in
saw t h e
th e
p ro g re ss
of
th is
flo u ris h e d
th e
th in k .
b e fo re
m e th o d
g re a tn e ss
of
th e
under
of
in d iv id u a l
and a n s w e r o b j e c t i o n s . "
G a rfie ld
th e
tru th .
s t u d e n t who s t o o d
G a rfie ld
and awaken i n t e r e s t ,
h is
th e
th a t
w h ic h
made h i s
re c itin g
th in k about
d ia lo g u e
H o p k in s .
a lw a y s
th e
la y
in
61
c la s s ro o m d i s c u s s i o n s ,
a lw a y s
a im o f
he made a b u n d a n t l y
h is
H o p k in s
S e n i o r was
g re a t
each
of
w as one
on m o r a l p h i l o s o p h y , "
own p o w e r
re je c t H im ."
in s p ira tio n
re lig io u s
"a p p ro a c h e d
h is
s u b je c ts
was c e n t r a l
th e
p e rc e iv e
tim e
th e
th e
and e v e r y
h im
or
m e th o d ,
P o litic a l
M o ra l P h ilo s o p h y
God
c la s s ro o m
m in d ,
w ith in
h o w e v e r,
in flu e n c e
and t o
he
a t w h ic h
th a t
" W h a t do
M a rk
C h ris tia n
has w r it t e n ,
c h o ic e ,
in
c o lle g e ,
to
b io g ra p h e r
H is to ry ,
a lo n g s id e
c o u rse
re q u ire d
w as
it.
A m e r ic a n
T h e o lo g y .
stu d e n ts
m in o r
in
th e
Th ro u g h
tu te la g e
H o p k in s .
November G a r f i e l d
w ro te
in
h is
J o u rn a l:
"Th e re
is
71
a m in e
o p e ned
tre a su re s
a re
and h e a r t . "
day I
But
th is
f
Tw o d a y s
same d a y .
tw ic e
th e
I
is
le a d in g
save
us w ith
ought
is
some o f
so
I
D r.
do i n
in
such
s o many j e w e l s
"We a r e
he
and p o w e r f u l
hand a lo n g
tre a su re s
th e
is
of
stra n g e
th o u g h t
and
now g a t h e r i n g
in fo rm e d
p a th s
of
G a rfie ld
g iv in g
.
L u c re tia
F u lle r
P re s id e n t
tro d d e n ."
he
.
o u r p o w e rfu l
c o u rs e ,"
b e fo re
to
a sea o f
H o p k in s ."6
4
a s tro n g
days
s u g g e s t i v e .63
he w r o t e
fro m
c o lle g e
and y e s t e r
fo u r
in fin ite ly
flo u n d e r
g r e a t m in d
"To d a y
am now d o i n g
th e
th e
to
n o w ,"
tre a su re d
have n e v e r
us,
to
H o p k in s
th o u g h t
in te n d e d
use
in
life ." ^
G a rfie ld
H o p k in s '
th a t
G a rfie ld
c la s s
tim e
he r e c o r d e d
V i n c e n t on
re c e iv e d
on t h e
to
h is
in
th e
in to
usual
h is
sta n d a rd
th e se
of
and
th e
w as
th e
"T h is
One S a t u r d a y
m o rn in g
fro m
"fo r
an e x e r c i s e
fa ith ,"
on C a l v i n i s t i c
in v e s tig a te d
and E l e c t i o n
to
c u sto m
C a lv in is tic
d is c u s s io n s
e n th u s ia s m .
C a te c h is m
It
s tim u la tio n
S a t u r d a y m o rn in g
J o u rn a l:
and D e c r e e s
in te lle c tu a l
C a te c h is m .
d e v o te
h o n o re d
e n te re d
w ith
P u rp o se s
even
c la s s e s
S e n io r
trin e
I
a d a y and t h e
H o p k in s '
he a d d e d :
"a n d o u r b e lo v e d
w h i c h my f e e t
in
as
tw ic e
P re s id e n t
la te r
to
never
of
Chapel
M e ta p h y s ic s
lo v e
tim e
fru it
Fe b ru a ry ,
th e
of
H o p k in s
in
p re s id e n t,
rip e s t
c o m in g
D r.
"I
But
in
"to
c o lle g e
w e a lth
re v e llin g
b e lo v e d
th e
th e
m ig h ty
th o u g h ts .
in
th e
h a v e do ne a b o u t w h a t
"We a r e
th e
in
in
doc
N ovem b e r
we had a l e s s o n
th e
and
D o c trin e
and R e p r o b a t i o n . "
of
T h is
in
72
p ro m p te d
God,
he
G a rfie ld
su g g e ste d ,
c h a ra c te r,
p ro d u c e
But
men f r e e
a c h a ra c te r
S a tu rd a y
a ls o
m o rn in g
c le r g y m a n
to
w o rk o u t h i s
had p e r h a p s
and l e f t
G a rfie ld
y e a rs
to
to
m eet th e
e le c te d ,
s e s s io n s .
J.
of
d is c u s s io n s ,
not
make t h e
te s t
f o u n d much w i t h
and a c l a s s m a t e
th e se
to
own t h e o r y
K.
of
but
a
c h o i c e s w h i c h w o u ld
to
Ha zen,
G a rfie ld ,
e le c t.
p e rso n s,
and w i n
w h ic h
th e
s a lv a tio n .^
d is a g re e
in
th e
a P re s b y te ria n
re fe rrin g
in
la te r
w ro te :
. . . th o u g h h o ld in g a d i f f e r e n t ty p e o f th e o lo g y ,
no n e o f o u r c l a s s e n t e r e d i n t o t h e s t u d y m o re h e a r t i l y
th a n G a r f i e l d .
I t s u i t e d h i s m e t a p h y s ic a l t u r n o f m in d .
I n t h e d i s c u s s i o n s w h i c h f o l l o w e d , a s we w e n t f r o m o u r
c l a s s - r o o m t o t h e d i n n e r - t a b l e , I w as a l w a y s i m p r e s s e d
w i t h t h e k e e n n e s s o f h i s c r i t i c i s m s . . . and w i t h t h e
s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d f a i r n e s s and h e a r t y r e s p e c t w h i c h he
a c c o r d e d t o v i e w s w h i c h he u t t e r l y r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t . 67
As a r e s u l t
in te re s ts
and i n t o
of
w e re
th e
H is
tu rn e d
away f r o m
Fe b ru a ry
life
v o lu n ta ry
of
le tte rs
re a d in g
th is
In
q u ie t
w ritin g s
H o p k in s '
p h ilo s o p h ic a l
1856.
c a lm ,
of
of
of
stu d y
and
he
h e c tic
lite ra ry
in fo rm e d
s tu d y ."
of
in s p ira tio n ,
H e b re w and
Sh a k e sp e a re ,
Te nnyso n,
sh o w t h a t
th e
fic tio n ,
new i n t e r e s t
in
in
m a in ly
c o lle g e
lin e s
th is
"I
te rm
and S i r
same t e r m
to
th e
w in te r
am l e a d i n g
he t o o k
im m e r s e d h i m s e l f
W a lte r
he p l u n g e d
C o o p e r and D i c k e n s .
fic tio n
p o litic s
d u rin g
L u c re tia :
D u rin g
G a rfie ld 's
in
a
up
th e
S c o tt.
in to
th e
He e x p l a i n e d
L u c re tia :
When I was t h i r t e e n and o n w a rd t o e i g h t e e n I r e a d a
g r e a t many n o v e l s , b u t when I e m b ra c e d C h r i s t i a n i t y I
n o t o n l y l e f t th e m o f f b u t d i d n o t e v e n r e a d n e w s p a p e r
ta le s . . .
I n e x a m i n i n g m y s e l f I f o u n d my m in d was
g e t t i n g t o o d u l l and m a t t e r - o f - f a c t i n i t s o p e r a t i o n s
73
. . . and I t h e r e f o r e d e t e r m i n e d t o t a k e up a c o u r s e
o f r e a d i n g a fe w v o l u m e s o f t h e b e s t a u t h o r s o f f i c
t i o n . 68
D u rin g
h is
S e n io r
moods o f
in tro s p e c tio n
in
h is
life
th e
hand o f
w h ic h
ences
to
m o th e r's
y e a r,
when he w o u l d
was m o v in g .
in flu e n c e .
G a rfie ld
Th e re
p ro v id e n c e
In
one o f
a n a ly z e
w e re
and t o
th e se
c o n tin u e d
th e
to
d ire c tio n
o c c a s io n a l
th e
h ave
im p a c t o f
re fe r
h is
moods he w r o t e :
I n r e v i e w i n g t h e v a r i e d s c e n e s o f my s h o r t y e t e v e n t
f u l l i f e , i n e x a m i n i n g t h e t a n g l e d web o f c i r c u m s t a n c e
and e a r t h l y i n f l u e n c e s I can s e e one g o l d e n t h r e a d r u n
n i n g t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e — my M o t h e r ' s i n f l u e n c e u p o n me.
A t a l m o s t e v e r y t u r n i n g p o i n t i n my l i f e
s h e h a s been
t h e m o u l d i n g a g e n t . 69
Th ro u g h o u t
th e
in
p ra c tic e
of
days
in g
to
th e
th e
d u ty
J u ly ,
d e s c rib e d
re st
of
1856.
a t W illia m s
re a d in g
c o rre sp o n d e n c e
kno w n
in
h is
w ith
of
a p o rtio n
h is
h is
of
m o th e r.
c la s s m a te s
e v e ry W illia m s
One o f
C o lle g e ,
h is
man,
th e
T h is
B ib le
k e p t up
eac h e v e n i n g
p ra c tic e
when G a r f i e l d ,
w as made
f u lf ill
c lim b e d M o unt G re y lo c k
c la s s m a te s ,
w h a t h a p p e n e d on t h a t
G a rfie ld
E.
N.
o c c a s io n .
M a n le y ,
la te r
He w r o t e :
We u s e d t o h a v e an a n n u a l h o l i d a y c a l l e d ' M o u n t a i n D a y .'
A t th e c lo s e o f o n e , a F o u r t h o f J u l y e v e n in g ,
o n t h e s u m m it o f o l d ' G r e y l o c k , ' s e v e n m i l e s f r o m t h e
c o l l e g e , t h e r e w as a g o o d l y g a t h e r i n g o f s t u d e n t s a b o u t
t h e i r c a m p f i r e , when G a r f i e l d , t h e r e c o g n i z e d l e a d e r ,
t a k i n g a c o p y o f t h e New T e s t a m e n t f r o m h i s p o c k e t ,
s a i d , ' B o y s , I am a c c u s to m e d t o r e a d a c h a p t e r w i t h my
a b s e n t m o th e r e v e ry n i g h t ; s h a l l I re a d a lo u d ? '
A ll
a s s e n t i n g , he r e a d u s t h e c h a p t e r h i s m o t h e r i n O h io
was t h e n r e a d i n g , and c a l l e d o n a c l a s s m a t e t o p r a y . 70
As
e x p re sse d
th a t
G a rfie ld 's
g ra d u a tio n
some a n x i e t y
w o u ld d e t e r m in e
about th e
c o lle g e
fro m W i ll ia m s
o u tc o m e o f
h o n o rs.
Of
th e
d re w n e a r ,
th e
he
e x a m in a tio n s
45 m em bers
of
74
th e
S e n io r
c la s s ,
h o n o rs
and be
m e n t.
But
th e
of
in v ite d
G a rfie ld
exam s w as a l l
th e
th e
to
o n ly
s ix ,"
th e
to
d id
th a t
he w r o t e
g iv e
not
ways
V a le d ic to ry ."
a w a rd e d t o
e n tire
c o lle g e
p o s s ib le
W ith
h is
G a rfie ld
c o n s id e ra tio n
h im w e re
to
a c a d e m ic
th e
of
to
h is
p re a c h
re tu rn
w h e th e r
to
A lth o u g h
fir s t
C la rk e
F u lle r,
The
re s u lt
c o n s id e re d
th e
"I
in
to
th e
says
to
tw o
was
E c le c tic
th is
h is
h ig h e s t
a n x ie ty - t h a t w e re
or
he had t o
or
D is c ip le
s p rin g
of
fo r
m in is try
la tte r,
c a re e r
a l
e s ta b lis h e d ,
ro a d s
D is c ip le
by t h e
am one
stu d e n t.
a g re a te r
The
h is
of
th e
a t W illia m s
th e
th e
a lte rn a tiv e ,
S m ith
had a c h i e v e d
th e
many o f
of
second o n ly
V a le d ic to ry
a tra n s fe r
he c h o s e
become d i s e n c h a n t e d w i t h
Th e o d o re
commence
"a n d r e c e iv e d
fu tu re .
fu rth e r
th e
w o rry .
th e
to
now t u r n e d
If
u rg in g
at
w ith
fo r.
s ta n d in g
become a t e a c h e r .
o w n.
g ra d u a te
h a v e ho pe d
is
G a rfie ld
a v a ila b le
a m b itio u s
on h i s
w o u ld
a s t u d e n t who had be e n a t W i l l i a m s
th e
b e fo re
w h ic h
to
And s i n c e
c o u rse ,
honor
have
e x c ite d ly
71
s ix
an o r a t i o n
he c o u l d
M e ta p h y s ic a l O r a t io n
th e
fir s t
to
choose
la u n c h
frie n d s
of
to
w e re
1856
a D is c ip le
out
he had
p re a c h e r.
d e v e lo p m e n t:
S o f a r a s can be made o u t , i t seem s t o h a v e been t h e
r e s u l t o f h i s d i s c o v e r y t h a t t h e D i s c i p l e s a s a bo dy
c o u n te d f o r l i t t l e
i n New E n g l a n d and t h e E a s t and t h a t
t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f t h e i r c o m in g t r i u m p h w i t h w h i c h he had
l e f t H i r a m e n t i r e l y fa d e d away w i t h g r e a t e r e x p e r i e n c e . 7 2
"I
w ant v e ry
May 2 ,
"in
much t o
re fe re n c e
ta lk
to
w ith
y o u ,"
my f u t u r e
he w r o t e
c o u rse
of
to
life
L u c re tia
on
and my d u t y
75
in
re g a rd
"Th e
to
c h o o s in g
d is o rg a n iz e d
ra th e r
re p e ls
p ro m is in g
some c a l l i n g . "
and d i s t r a c t e d
me f r o m
fie ld ."3
7
He c a n d i d l y
s ta te
of
th e m and r e n d e r s
Tw o w e e k s
la te r
th e
th e
a d m itte d :
B ro th e rh o o d
m in is try
he w r o t e
an u n -
fu rth e r:
I t i s a l w a y s d i s a g r e e a b l e t o t a l k o f money i n c o n n e c
t i o n w i t h t h e G o s p e l , and y e t I m u s t and w i l l s a y t h a t I
do n o t i n t e n d t o aband on o u r e a r t h l y s u p p o r t t o t h e t e n
d e r m e rc ie s o f o u r B r o t h e r h o o d .
To e n te r th e f i e l d a t
p r e s e n t when t h e y a r e a l l t o r n up i n t o w a r r i n g f a c t i o n s
i s u n p l e a s a n t and i t a l m o s t see m s a s i f o n e ' s e f f o r t s
w o u l d be n e u t r a l i z e d by s u c h t h i n g s . 74
In
D is c ip le s
June
in
he h u r r i e d
M illv ille ,
u p lifte d .
ra th e r
and g l o o m y , "
to
I
me t h e r e
th in k
tu a lity
is
our
B re th re n
he was
th e
at
th e
w ith
He a l s o
E c le c tic ,
in
th e
E a s t.
h im c r i t i c a l
th e
little
w o rld
in
fo r
th e
of
to o ,
to
th e
h is
a c ad e m ic
H ira m
m e e tin g
riv e r,
"a n d
la c k
c o n fe s se d
to
th e
per year
$ 1 ,5 0 0
it
sta n d a rd s
at
seem s
In d e e d
s p iri
th a t
he was
R e fo rm a tio n
g a in
re jo in
per
tw o y e a r s
it
by
it."
th e
in
fa c u lty
was p r e p a r e d
y e a r he c o u l d
W illia m s
at
now seemed s m a l l
th e
75
and h e r e
o p p o rtu n itie s
to
lo o k s
of
w as t e a c h i n g ,
te a c h in g
of
he w as n o t
d e v o tio n .
be e n much r e a l
$600
th e
th e ir
re g a rd
p re a c h in g
tim e
L u c re tia ,
G a rfie ld
se v e ra l
th e
next
Then
of
to
th is
C h ris tia n
p ro v e rb ia l
has
a y e a rly
e a st o f
had an i n v i t a t i o n
but
pay seemed p a l t r y
but
in fo rm e d
p ie ty ."
th e re
c o n fro n te d
E a s t.
he
a re
a lte rn a tiv e
a tte n d
cause,
a lm o s t d is c o u ra g e d
and d o u b t w h e t h e r
The
"Th e
a g re a t want o f
and p e r s o n a l
"s o m e tim e s
to
New Y o r k ,
s p iritu a lly
d a rk
o ff
to
get
had made
E c le c tic ,
and
and c o n f i n i n g .
76
re tu rn
Th e re
w as a r u m o r
if
S.
A.
c o n firm e d
th is
s t ill
(in
say
P rin c ip a l
kno w and s o
it
s h o u ld
In
d e c id e d
u lty .
h is
th e
to
such
c o n tin u e d
lo v e
do y o u
th a t
to
I
m id s t
to
B ro .
w ill
a ll
h is
p rin c ip a l.
L u c re tia :
i f
he
"I
is
to
School
of
fo r
Th e re
and r e s p o n d e d
to
as
w e re
p o s itio n .
G a rfie ld
but
th e
th riv e
7
a p o s itio n
Hayden,
and
He c o n c l u d e d :
and t e a c h i n g . "
o ffe r
s a id
re m a in
cannot
w a n te d H a y d e n 's
not
G a rfie ld
have
go t h e r e . "
th e
w o u ld
s u d d e n ly
on t h e
some b o a r d m em bers w e re
a re p la c e m e n t
a p ro m o tio n
G a rfie ld
d e lib e ra tio n s ,
a c c e p t H a y d e n 's
th a t
as
not
d is c ip lin e
of
th a t
H)
th a t
G a rfie ld
He w a s a w a re
name a s
about
a ll
under h is
fe lt
H ira m
when he w r o t e
p e rm a n e n tly
"I
some who
Hayden
in
fa c
s u g g e s tin g
he was c a u t i o u s
L u c re tia :
Y o u r v i e w s and m in e c o i n c i d e p e r f e c t l y i n r e g a r d t o
th e P re s id e n c y o f th e E c le c t ic .
I h a v e by no m eans
a s p i r e d t o i t n o r do I w a n t i t .
W e re I a t h i r d p e r s o n
I w o u ld c o u n s e l t h e t r u s t e e s n o t t o g i v e i t i n t o t h e
h a n d s o f s o y o u n g a p e r s o n a s I a m . 77
re fu g e
W ith
th is
w ith
h is
" S e n io r
P o e s te n k ill
v a c a tio n "
L u c re tia
"la s t
m a jo r d e c is io n
of
w e re
h is
m ent p a r t y
e n jo y e d
A ugust
12,
Ja m e s
to
W e ste rn
th e
frie n d s
h im ,
d u rin g
b e tw e e n e x a m i n a t i o n s
and F u l l e r
triu m p h "
b e h in d
a fin a l
R e se rv e .
c a re e r,
week i n
and h i s
H is
c h a p te r
th e
and commencement.
in
h is
and t h e n
6 fo r
th e
P o e s te n k ill.
fu tu re
c o lle g e
to o k
s o - c a lle d
p r e s e n t on A u g u s t
c o lle g e
G a rfie ld
a new a nd a m b i t i o u s
b o th
G a rfie ld
b rid e
d a y s w e re
life
w as
th e
commence
F in a lly ,
sta rte d
ba ck
now o v e r ,
ju s t
on
but
b e g in n in g .
77
G a rfie ld 's
tu rn e d
it
to
to
th e
th e
b o th
be e n a n o t h e r
p o litic s ;
to
h is
summer o f
1856
As
a stu d e n t
a re
h is
of
its
o ld
d u ty
o p in io n s
th e
s h o u ld
was
day
sp e e c h e s on
s p e e c h e s w e re
v o te ,"
s u b je c t.
G a rfie ld 's
G o o d ric h
h im
and by J e b
m in d - - o n e
S e n io r year
in
n a tio n a l
a p o te n tia l
base
fo r
Then
be
fo r
a
had been
and p o l i t i c i a n s . 7
9
"I
he a d d e d :
S e n io r
been
in c lin e d
la c k e d
"1 7
"I
th in k ,
21 y e a r s
of
1855,
d is s o lv e .
The
to
ho w a g e ."0
8
th a t
h is
tu rn in g
when he
lis te n e d
and i t s
a fte rm a th .
by M a s s a c h u s e t t s
to
days
as
ye a r a t W illia m s
began t o
d u r
am p r o f o u n d l y
and am n o t
he
he w r o t e
he was u n d e c id e d
had I
P a tte rs o n ,
G a rfie ld
v io le n c e ,"
g la d
K a n sa s-N e b ra sk a A c t
d e liv e re d
may h a v e
a lre a d y
1852.
pha ses
on November 2 ,
th e
and A lm e d a
he may h a v e
p o litic s
g re a t
fo u n d
a g a in s t p o l i t i c s
p o in t o c c u rre d
of
w ith
n o t have v o te d
in
as
he owed
th e re
h is
and H i r a m ,
c a m p a ig n o f
enough t o
upon
p re ju d ic e
a t C h e ste r
m u ltifa rio u s
E le c tio n
In
he r e
s ta te s m a n s h ip ."
now r a g i n g
p re s id e n tia l
But
a new i n t e r e s t
of
in
th a t
G a rfie ld 's
re v e a l.
fie ld
It
Z.
to
"th e
it ."
I
re a d y
back o f
in
b e in g
e v e r,
th e
th a t
R u d o lp h
re tu rn .7
8
c o n n e c tio n s
ig n o ra n t
of
in
h is
H ira m
th e
s tu d y
fo r
he had d i s c o v e r e d
n e g a tiv e
out
because Hayden t h o u g h t
h is
"P o litic s
in g
yet
and by t h e
see
c a re e r
v e ry
eager
he was n o t
have p o in t e d
and b e c a u s e L u c r e t i a
re a so n
a t W illia m s ,
gun
E c le c tic
academ y,
B o o t h w e re
w h ic h
b io g ra p h e rs
to
tw o
The
C o n g re ssm a n Jo h n
w h o se n e w s p a p e r o f f i c e
in
78
M is s o u ri
h is
had b e e n s u b j e c t e d
sta n d
Th a t
a g a in s t
n ig h t
G a rfie ld
s tru c te d
to n ig h t
and f r o m
th is
its
ille g a l
on t h e
tim e
m o v e m e n ts and
At
n e w ly
its
its
p la tfo rm
d e d ic a te d
s la v e ry
and t o
news o f
F re m o n t's
made h i s
c a lle d
to
ra tify
In
p o litic a l
tu rn
to
fir s t
th e
to
th e
th e
th e
had i t
in
c o n te m p la tio n
e ith e r
at
th e
have
to
c o n v e n tio n
th a t
th e
ro le
c o u n try
about
1856,
82
y e a rs
be e n c o n c e iv e d
in
th e
th e
e x te n s io n
of
When
G a rfie ld
m e e tin g
th a t
c a m p a ig n .
d e liv e re d
"I
on t h e
have
fie ld
1856
h is
d e c is io n
of
p o rta l."
W e ste rn
on a
and was e a g e r l y
la te r,
summer o f
as
He had now become
P a rty
th e
th e
F re m o n t
R a ilro a d .
a c o lle g e
s ig n ific a n t
e n te r
on t h e
J o h n C.
P a c ific
G a rfie ld
e d u c a tio n a l
p e o p le
our
June,
fu rth e r
in
or
D is c ip le
of
re a c h e d W i l l i a m s t o w n ,
le g a l
h is
h a v e be e n i n
He w as n o m i n a t e d
he c o n f i d e d :
to
Kansas.
know m ore
in
n o m in a te d
n o m in a tio n .
Th re e
v ic to ry ,
hope t o
in
of
81
speech a t
he made t h e
E c le c tic .
p o litic a l
s h a ll
a g re a t
an a c t i v e
"I
c o n d itio n
R e p u b lic a n
same m o n th
speech,
h is
p re v e n tin g
p o litic a l
fo rw a rd
I
n o m in a tio n
an a r d e n t member o f
lo o k in g
J o u rn a l:
P a rty
s u b s id iz in g
fir s t
in
p re s id e n c y .
to
a re s u lt
by M i s s o u r i a n s
n a tio n a l
th e
as
v o tin g
in te re s ts ."
fo rm e d R e p u b lic a n
fo r
mob v i o l e n c e
p o litic a l
fo rw a rd
fir s t
c a n d id a te
was
w ro te
to
83
fo r
to
firs t
re
e ve o f
h is
some y e a r s
s ta te s m a n s h ip ,
T h a t p la n
may
when he w e n t back
R e se rv e .
79
C HA PTER T H R E E
"TH E
D IR E C TIO N
OF MY P U R P O S E "
I h a v e f o r some y e a r s had i t i n c o n t e m p l a t i o n t o e n t e r
th e f i e l d o f s ta te s m a n s h ip , e i t h e r a t th e le g a l o r edu
c a tio n a l
p o r t a l , and i f t h i s p l a n s u c c e e d s I s h a l l h a v e
g a in e d a
s t e p i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f my p u r p o s e .
-Jam es A . G a r f i e l d , A u g u s t 2 2 , 1 8 5 9
The
was
s t ill
lo c a te d
th a n
to
H ira m
ju s t
a fu ll
se v e n ty
o p e ra te
c e n tra l
300,
th re e
ho use s
g re e n .
B u rk e
G a rfie ld
a v illa g e ,
fro m
and t h e
th a t
s m a lle r
m ile s
fro m
su rro u n d e d
its
s in g le
But
stu d e n t
c o n s titu e n c y
H in s d a le
re tu rn e d
th a n
th e
th e
o nc e
b ric k
w h ic h
to
and
Less
c o n tin u e d
b u ild in g
had r i s e n
s c h o o l w as
1856,
ra ilro a d .
E c le c tic ,
re m a rk e d
A u g u st,
e n ro llm e n t
th e
in
n e a re st
tw o -s to ry
of
to
on t h e
to
n e a rly
in c re a s in g .
G a rfie ld :
I know o f n o t h i n g b e t t e r t o c om pa re t h e E c l e c t i c
t o t h a n t h e c i r c u l a t o r y s y s t e m o f t h e human b o d y .
The
h e a r t i s i n H ira m , th e a r t e r i e s r u n a lo n g th e m a il
r o u t e s t o a l l p l a c e s w h e r e r e t i r e d s t u d e n t s r e s i d e , and
t h e v e i n s f l o w ba ck a g a i n t h r o u g h t h e same c h a n n e l s t o
th e h e a rt in H ira m .1
G a rfie ld
sy ste m "
see
w as w e l l
a w a re o f
th ro u g h o u t
how i m p o r t a n t
th e
th e
th e
W e ste rn
E c le c tic
g ro w th
of
R e se rv e ,
c o u ld
c a re e r.
When t h e
tw e n ty -fo u r
g ra d u a te
re tu rn e d
to
at
to
b e lie v e
w o u ld
th e
th a t
th e
s o o n be p l a c e d
fir s t
te rm
th e
began,
in
h is
hand s.
G a rfie ld
year
E c le c tic ,
fo r
But
"c irc u la to ry
and he had come t o
be i n
p e rso n a l
te a c h
th is
te rm s
o ld
of
h is
own
W illia m s
he had r e a s o n
ru n n in g
th e
school
th re e
weeks
a fte r
e x p e rie n c e d
a le td o w n
when
80
th a t
of
e ith e r
B o a rd
of
g re a t d e p re s s io n
th e
he d i d
of
n o t have
Tru ste e s
he w r o t e
or
to
th e
u n a n im o u s b a c k i n g
th e
fa c u lty .
In
a mood
F u lle r:
S u t t o n i s away m o s t o f t h e t i m e , and c a n ' t g o v e r n
and I w o n ' t , u n d e r p r e s e n t a r r a n g e m e n t s .
I want v e ry
much t o g i v e y o u a v i e w o f t h e s t a t e o f t h i n g s i n O h io
i n g e n e r a l and H i r a m i n p a r t i c u l a r .
T h e r e a r e many
u n d e r c u r r e n t s o f m a n e u v e rin g t h a t n e v e r see th e l i g h t .
I am i n c l i n e d t o s a y w i t h S h a k e s p e a r e , ' T h e r e ' s some
t h i n g r o t t e n i n th e S t a t e o f D e n m a rk .'
My s t a y h e r e
w i l l c e r t a i n l y be v e r y s h o r t ; no l o n g e r a t m o s t t h a n
th e y e a r f o r w h ic h I have engaged.
Had I known b e f o r e
a l l I now k n o w , I w o u ld n o t h a v e come h e r e a t a l l . 2
W hat b o th e re d
th e
m id d le
th e
tru ste e s
w h ile
an
fa v o re d
H a yd e n o r
fa c u lty
lik e
m e m b e rs ,
Rhodes,
m ost o f
was
th e
th e
as
If
head o f
th e
Dunshee
because
lib e ra lis m
th e
th e
of
Of
among
P r e s i d e n t Amos
of
th e
s c h o o l,
he was
of
E c le c tic
H a y d e n 's
a m b itio u s
was
th e
fiv e
and
th e
n e c e ssa ry
th e
Dunshee.
y e a r on H i r a m
la rg e r
H.
A lth o u g h
a w a re
some o f
y o u n g man w h o se
w o rld
fa r
su rp a sse d
have
a tra in e d
s c h o la r
c o n s e rv a tiv e
D is c ip le s
p re fe rre d
u n ta in te d
and s o p h i s t i c a t i o n .
to
fa c u lty
3
H ill.
c o m p e te n c e ,
th e
and J .
p r o b a b l y w e re
fo rc e fu l
in
E c le c tic ,
s u p p o r t o f A lm ed a B o o t h
had o u t g r o w n
it
re te n tio n
E v e r e s t was p r o m o t i n g
and e x p e r i e n c e
own.
th e
h im s e lf
One g r o u p
of
Norm an D u n s h e e .
had t h e
su p p o rte rs
th e m d i s t r u s t e d
fo u n d
s tru g g le .
be p r e s i d e n t
an u n c o m f o r t a b l e
school
e d u c a tio n
to
he
r e p l a c e m e n t b y an o l d e r member o f
P ro fe s s o r
b u t H a rv e y
w as t h a t
power
e ith e r
h is
G a rfie ld
It
th e ir
in te rn a l
w a n te d h im
o th e rs
S u tto n
th a t
of
G a rfie ld
by c o n t a c t w i t h
E a s te rn
81
In
th e
th e
R e p u b lic a n
p o litic a l
an a c t i v e
was
fa irly
re sp o n d
se v e ra l
one
in
of
4
to
d e m o lis h e d
re p o rt
G a rfie ld
p o litic a l
s c a rc e ly
th e
to o
fu tu re
fe lt
to
th e
m y s e lf
th e
th a t
D e m o c ra ts,
"th e
frie n d s
had t h o r o u g h l y
much t o
say
C o n g re ssm a n ,
e n jo y e d
and a s
th a t
in
"In
"a n d
speak
th e
th a n
S m ith
th is
p o litic ia n
and
th e
to
g re a t
in
ta k
moment I
I
c o u ld
he had p a r t i c i p a t e d
in c lu d in g
in
G a rfie ld
p a p e rs
d id
a c ru c ia l
D e m o c ra t
S e n tin e l."
R e p u b lic a n
D e m o c ra tic
a tte n tio n
ju s tifie d
s tro n g e s t
P o rta g e
c a m p a ig n in g ,
to
th a t
"th e
h is
c a m p a ig n .
F u lle r,
F u lle r
a g a in s t
of
and h i s
d iv e rte d
ha d m o re c a l l s
w ith
e d ito r
I
he w r o t e
G a rre tts v ille
p le a s e d
day,
He i n f o r m e d
d e b a te s
c o u n ty --th e
of
I
G a rfie ld
p re s id e n tia l
th e
p a rt,"
a flo a t
to .
te rm
p a rty 's
is s u e
in g
in
fa ll
s a id
th e
was
he was
n o t deny i t . "
th is
new e x p e r i e n c e
has w r it t e n ,
a u tu m n 's
le a d e r
" It
is
c a m p a ig n in g
of
th e
W e ste rn
g
R e se rv e
s w in g
w as b o r n . "
th e
v o te
of
day he r e c o r d e d
C h ris tia n s
The
th e
w in te r
D e c e m b e r:
life
w ith
h is
n o rth e rn
p o litic a l
te rm ,
O h io
have
te n s io n s
be i s
a ll
th e
he had h e l p e d
F re m o n t,
c o n c e rn in g
at
th e
G a rfie ld
in flu e n c e
c o n te n te d
to
an e x t r e m e l y
c h a ra c te ris tic
to
th a t
th e
in v o lv e m e n t o f
sta y
E c le c tic
c o n tin u e d
in
to
to
in
w rite
h e re
h e re .
d o u b tfu l
e n th u s ia s m
I
to
and on e l e c t i o n
a ffa irs .
p ro m p tin g
am n o t
w ill
s a tis fie d
no m i s g i v i n g s
in te rn a l
"I
y o u know I
of
in
He was
F u lle r
c o u ld
a sk,
but
W h a t my c o u r s e
q u e s tio n ."
and e n e r g y ,
7
But
he p l u n g e d
82
in to
H is
h is
w o rk
c ro w d e d
c la s s e s
and made t h e
s c h e d u le
a day,
lite ra ry
se rm o n s
to
th o se
of
th e
on t h e
re v iv a l
in
th e
D e c e m b e r,
of
th e
c h u rc h
1852.
of
D is c ip le s
In
Isa a c
had t o
th a t
s ix
or
seven
w ith
p re a c h in g
th e
of
tw o
who q u e s t i o n e d
th e
be
re s u lte d
some w a y s
E rre tt
G a rfie ld
tw o -w e e k e f f o r t ,
and t h e
campus
1857.
th a t
te a c h in g
s itu a tio n .
each S u n d a y .
fa ith ,
E c le c tic
Ja n u a ry ,
a d iffic u lt
e v e n in g ,
G a rfie ld 's
g r e a t m e e tin g
in
th e
"so u n d n e ss"
th e
in
of
on gra m m ar and a c t i v i t i e s
some D i s c i p l e
Even
p re a c h in g
in c lu d e d
le c tu re s
s o c ie tie s
m ost
it
and he e a g e r l y
h is
c om pa red w i t h
had h e l d
w as d e l i g h t e d
fro m
on t h e
w ith
campus
th e
re p o rte d
to
re s u lts
F u lle r:
I h a v e n e v e r s e e n a m o re h a p p y m e e t i n g . . . T h e r e
w e re t h i r t y - e i g h t i m m e r s i o n s , and t h r e e r e c l a i m e d .
I
s p o k e m o re o r l e s s e v e r y d a y , and d e l i v e r e d s e v e r a l
f u l l d i s c o u r s e s , and t h i s , t o g e t h e r w i t h my l a b o r i n
t h e s c h o o l , h a s w o r n me down c o n s i d e r a b l y . . . T h e
f l o w e r o f o u r s c h o o l was t u r n e d t o t h e g o s p e l , and t h e
h a n d s and h e a r t s o f t h e c h u r c h w e re much s t r e n g t h e n e d . 8
Th e
fo re
in
end o f
is s u e
M ay,
th e
is try .
1857,
s p rin g
Th e re
a c c e le ra te d
"Som e o f
is
te rm
be,
th e ir
my good
h e ad t h e
when P r e s i d e n t
to
d e v o te
and t h e
lo b b y in g
o v e r m e ,"
a m b itio u s
to
was much g o s s i p
s u c c e s s o r w o u ld
g a th e rin g
o f who w as
frie n d s
and t h e y
(? )
th in k
h is
fu ll
tim e
and s p e c u l a t i o n
w ith
th e
of
it
G a rfie ld
to
th a t
ta k e
th e
th e
m in
and D u n s h e e
"A
L u c re tia
a fra id
b e st
to
at
th e
a b o u t who t h e
tru ste e s.
in fo rm e d
a re
came t o
H a yde n r e s i g n e d
frie n d s
G a rfie ld
school
s to rm
is
on May 1 8 .
th e
y o u n g man
down h i s
fe a th e r
83
a little ."
p ro b a b ly
The
c h a rg e
a c c u ra te ,
th a t
to
p re s id e n c y
E c le c tic .
of
h is
th e
th e
c ritic s
le tte r
to
to o
was p a r t i c u l a r l y
He had n o t w a n te d
of
he was
w o u ld
m a n ife s t
c ost
L u c re tia
a m b itio u s ,
d is tre s s in g
to
any o u tw a rd d e s i r e
Now he
h im
th e
fe a re d
th a t
p ro m o tio n ,
by w r i t i n g
w h i c h was
G a rfie ld .
fo r
th e
th e
c h a rg e s
and he c l o s e d
b itte rly :
A l l t h e s e t h i n g s p u t t h e T r u s t e e s i n a q u a n d a r y and
t h e y w i l l p r o b a b l y f e e l a b o u t N . and me a s a c h u r c h
c o m m i t t e e o nc e d i d .
One o f t h e tw o c a n d i d a t e s f o r t h e
m i n i s t r y , t h e y d e c i d e d , had a g e n u i n e c a l l b u t was n o t
q u a lifie d .
T h e o t h e r w as q u a l i f i e d b u t had n o t a g e n
u in e c a l l . . .
I am s o m e t i m e s s o d i s g u s t e d w i t h t h e
w h o l e t h i n g a s t o be a l m o s t r e s o l v e d t o t h r o w i t a l l
away and go t o t h e m ore ' l i b e r a l d e e d s o f t h e L a w . ' 9
T h is
to
anyone
le g a l
o th e r
in
p la n
to
h is
d o u b t,
to
c a ll
tim e
h im s e lf
Tw o y e a r s
he
as
a s te p p in g
hopes
fo r
th o u g h t
L u c re tia .
th e
it
Th re e
on a l a w y e r
th a t
h is
s to n e
fo r
he
had m e n t i o n e d
a c a re e r
he w o u l d
p re s id e n c y
y e a rs
fo r
on u s i n g
a p p ro p ria te
frie n d ,
G a rfie ld
d e s ire
la te r
he had be e n p l a n n i n g
p o s itio n
Now t h a t
fir s t
th a n
p ro fe s s io n .
some y e a r s
le g a l
w as t h e
a d m it
to
e a rlie r,
th a t
th e
fo r
an e d u c a t i o n a l o r
a p o litic a l
of
in
th e
re v e a l
c a re e r.
E c le c tic
h is
w e re
a lte rn a te
when he had s t o p p e d
had w r i t t e n
in
h is
J o u rn a l:
W e re i t n o t f o r t h e r e l i g i o n o f C h r i s t I s h o u l d l o n g
l o n g ago h a v e p l a c e d my m a rk i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n , and
t h o u g h I do n o t r e g a r d t h e L e g a l P r o f e s s i o n a s in c o m
p a t i b l e w i t h C h r i s t i a n i t y , s t i l l , I t h i n k i t w o u ld be
much m ore d i f f i c u l t t o c u l t i v a t e and p r e s e r v e t h a t p u r
i t y o f h e a r t , and d e v o t e d n e s s t o t h e c a u s e o f C h r i s t ,
when one p a r t a k e s o f t h o s e a m b i t i o u s a s p i r a t i o n s t h a t
accompany t h e G e n tle m e n o f t h e B a r . 10
But
now G a r f i e l d
had s h a k e n
o ff
th e
re lig io u s
s c ru p le s
th a t
84
had c o n t r o l l e d
th e
m o re
h im
" lib e ra l
When t h e
to
d e te rm in e
u n a n im o u s
a rriv e d
th a t
But
th e
fie ld
it
c h o ic e .
w ith
it
im p o rta n t
made h i m
It
th e
w as
tru th
had n o t
th e
w as
de
fo llo w in g
th e
th e
B o a rd
of
th e y
c o u ld
not
go a f t e r
Tru ste e s
a g re e
a rra n g e m e n t th e y
th e ir
s e rv in g
le ft
p lig h t.
th a n
ste p
in
It
G a rfie ld
o ffic e .
c le a r
th e
on
a
was d e c id e d
of
on by t h e
th e
fa c u lty .
th a t
m a n d a te .
G a r
S till,
he w a n te d
to
go,
s c h o o l.
th a t
h is
frie n d s
He w a n t e d
it
c le a r
When he w r o t e
to
F u lle r,
th e
m et
fin a lly
e v id e n c e
d ire c tio n
he ad o f
p ro m o tio n .
account o f
"c h a irm a n "
a re s o u n d in g
th e
th e
to
as
v a c a n t,
le s s
im p o rta n t
soug ht
to
s c h o o l w o u l d be c a r r i e d
fa c to
about h is
of
re a d y
La w ."
c o m p r o m is e
th e
G a rfie ld
ha d s o m e t h i n g
th e
su c c e sso r,
in d ic a tiv e
of
and he w as
m em bers o f
The
p re s id e n c y
w as an
and
tw e lv e
a ffa irs
te a c h e rs
deeds o f
H a y d e n 's
a t w as
th e
e a rlie r,
know
th a t
he
he gave
s tru g g le :
. . . when my e n e m ie s f e a r e d I m i g h t be p l a c e d i n
t h e c h a i r , t h e y commenced t h e m o s t u n h o l y w a r f a r e t h a t
one can w e l l i m a g i n e , a g a i n s t me.
A l l th e l i e s o f an
c i e n t and m o d e rn d a t e w e re a r r a y e d and m a r s h a l e d a g a i n s t
me, and y e t I had n e v e r b y w o r d o r a c t i o n m a n i f e s t e d
th e l e a s t d e s i r e t o g a in th e P r e s id e n c y o f th e E c l e c t i c .
H o w e v e r , t h e T r u s t e e s w e re u r g i n g me t o t a k e c h a r g e o f
t h e s c h o o l , and a f t e r a l o n g t i m e I d e t e r m i n e d t o do s o ,
p a r t l y t o h o l d i t up and p a r t l y t o s t o p t h e m o u t h s o f
t h e b a r k i n g h o u n d s a r o u n d m e . 11
Thus,
in to
a p o s itio n
to ria n
te r
at
has
b lo w
to
th e
of
n o te d ,
th e
age o f
tw e n ty - fiv e ,
le a d e rs h ip
"Su c h
at
a c h o ic e
d is a p p o in te d
th e
G a rfie ld
E c le c tic .
c o u ld
D u n s h e e ."
not
12
fa il
was
th ru st
A s one h i s
to
G a rfie ld
be a b i t was
aw a re
85
of
some who w e re
fo r
to
me t o
fa il," 3
1
but
be an e f f e c t i v e
tra c to rs
s k in
D e s p ite
th re w
h im s e lf
im m e d ia te ly
se v e ra l
fo r
in to
to
ta k e
th e
o p in io n
th e
fro n t
changed.
m o re
in
Its
s e c u la r
la te r
th e
e n d o rse
B u rk e
1857,
to
g e n iu s
H in s d a le
or
h u m a n ."5
1
y e a rs,
H in s d a le
life
I
of
th e
h is
v ig o r.
school
w o u ld
e n a b le
school
th e o lo g ic a l
in
th e
and u r g e d
th e
a c o l l e g e . 14
th e
He
money
a b o lis h e d
t h a t when G a r f i e l d
of
th in
G a rfie ld
he r a i s e d
g ro u n d s,
of
h u rtfu l
c ritic is m ,
th a t
de
and d e p r e s s i o n .
a new c a t a l o g u e ,
c h a ra c te r
le s s
p ie rc e
th in g s ,
s ta tu s
h is
to
th e
a p o lic y
was
th e
c o lle g e
fu ll
th e
anger
to
w o rk w i t h
p u b lis h e d
on th e
of
of
Among o t h e r
d e p a rtm e n t,
N e v e rth e le s s ,
a tta c k s
th e ir
and l o n g i n g
made h i m m ore d e t e r m i n e d
le t
s e n s itiv ity
h is
eyes
in d is c re tio n
s p e lls
a ro u n d
to
o n ly
v u ltu re
s lig h te s t
gave new e n e r g y
tru ste e s
le c tic
in to
h is
a new f e n c e
th e
h is
d ire c tio n s .
p rim a ry
th a t
and he
and c a s t h i m
on w i t h
a d m in is tra to r.
s u b je c te d
in te rp re ta tio n ,
in
"lo o k in g
It
Ec
was
"came t o
so m e w h a t
o r b ib lic a l,
n a speech d e liv e r e d
and
a t H ira m
re m a rk e d :
T h e y e a r 1 8 5 7 m a rk e d an e r a i n H i r a m h i s t o r y .
M o re
a t t e n t i o n was now g i v e n t o e d u c a t i o n a s e d u c a t i o n , and
l e s s a t t e n t i o n t o m a k in g p r e a c h e r s . . . T h e c o l o r e d
g l a s s t h r o u g h w h i c h men o f a c e r t a i n m e n t a l h a b i t a r e
f o n d o f l o o k i n g a t t h e w o r l d was g e n t l y l a i d a s i d e . 16
A c c o rd in g
e n v i r o n m e n t was
to
H in s d a le ,
in tro d u c e d
a b r o a d e r and
by G a r f i e l d
"b u t
fre e r
re lig io u s
m o ra ls ,
re li-
86
"G a rfie ld
b e lo n g e d
and t e n d e d
s tro n g ly
be e x p e c t e d
p re a c h e rs,
saw t h e
th a t
to
B ib le
th e
in c lu d e d
re a d in g ,
lo g u e s ,
th e
th e re
H is to ry .
Th e
a c hang e
in
th is
h e a rin g
tio n ,
cal
g e o g ra p h y ,
to p ic s
and
life
it
m o rn in g
bo o ks,
g e o lo g y ,
m e th o d s
G a rfie ld 's
to
p ro m in e n t
to
i m m e d ia t e
The se
h is
s tre sse d
of
th a t
le c tu re
c o re
on S a c r e d
on t h e
B ib le .
c o n s titu e n c y
had o f
le c tu re s
m o rn in g
p ro m is e d
se v e ra l
n a tu ra l
One s t u d e n t
le c tu re s
th a t
stu d y
th e
c a ta
th e
of
of
le c
s in g in g ,
annual
fir s t
th e
c hange
"m o rn in g
c o n s is tin g
In
fo llo w
he d e s i r e d
G a rfie ld 's
h is to ry ,
q u e s tio n s ."
was
s o rro w fu lly
w h ic h
in v a ria b ly
lite ra tu re ,
g iv e
m ost
H ira m
C h ris tia n ity .
G a rfie ld
in
m o rn in g
w e re
a s e rie s
H is to ry ,
on h i s t o r y ,
te a c h in g ,
w as t h e
in
S a c re d
of
a re a s
s e rv ic e
p o lic y
of
it
some p o i n t s
and a l e c t u r e .
w as
C h u rc h ,
in c lu d in g
a s s e m b ly .
th e
s u b je c t
e v id e n c e s
chapel
at
The
in d ic a tio n
a n n o u n c in g
th e
some d i s t r u s t ,
o th e r
p a st.
le c tu re s
of
th e
th e
c u rric u lu m
fir s t
b re th re n ,
H a yd e n had a l w a y s
In s te a d
le c tu re s
w e re
p ra y e r,
H a y d e n 's
of
1O
h a n d s . " xo
h is
a d e v o tio n a l
P re s id e n t
school
h is
w as c o n t e n t
d a ily
w in g
m u s c u la r C h r i s t i a n i t y , "
in to
make a b r e a k w i t h
in
p ro g re s s iv e
u p o n h im w i t h
G a rfie ld
p re d e c e sso r,
tu re s "
of
to
sc h o o l p a ss
o c c u rre d
th e
"so m e o f
lo o k in g
W h ile
h is
to
c a ta lo g u e .
on t h e
c o u rse s
s c ie n c e s ,
la te r
and
re c a lle d
y e a r on
and r e a d i n g ,
B ib le ,
of
m o ra ls ,
"e d u c a
p h y s i
c u rre n t
19
c o n trib u tio n
to
th e
acad e m ic
p ro g ra m o f
87
th e
E c le c tic
tim e
th a t
c e rta in ly
he was
le c tu re s ,"
c o u rse s
was
in tro d u c in g
he was w i d e n i n g
as E n g l i s h
s c ie n c e s .
In
h is
re p o rt
G a rfie ld
B ib le
E c le c tic 's
of
th e
E c le c tic ,"
p ro v id in g
" It
"b u t
a re
is
th e
and i t
th e
sa c re d
re g a rd e d
m eant t o
as
w e re
"th e
When t h e
he p o u r e d
th e
th e
p ro g ra m .
no s e c t a r i a n
le g itim a te
scheme o f
be an i n d o c t r i n a t i o n
a d m in is tra tio n
c ro a k e rs
w e re
c h a n g e s he
out
because o f
d o u b tfu l
h is
as
th e
of
h is
in tro d u c e d
fru s tra tio n
th e
fo r
th a t
th e
c o n tin u e d
in
th e
h is
of
its
as
a te x t-b o o k ."
h is
of
th e
In
in
20
was n o t
p rin c ip le s ,
s tric te r
fro g s
B ib le
in s tru c tio n ."
B u rk e
Jo u rn a l
c h a rte r
he e x p l a i n e d ,
D is c ip le
to
th e
p e c u lia ritie s
E c le c tic
to
Com
in
o rth o d o x y .
as
such
n a tu ra l
ro le
B ib le
he c o n f i d e d
th ic k
th e
acad e m ic
th in g s
th is
"m o rn in g
and m o r a l s
fo r
same
in c lu d e
a ttitu d e ,"
c e n te r
th e
and t h e
a c la u s e
h is to ry ,
the m e
th e
to
"One o f
of
At
C o m m is s io n e r o f
d e fin e d
in tro d u c tio n
G a rfie ld 's
h is
S ta te
c a re fu lly
lite ra tu re ,
a little
g e o lo g y ,
" is
in
in to
c u rric u lu m
he r e p o r t e d ,
m o n th o f
th a t
fo r
in tro d u c e d
In
re n
th e
to
p ro g re ss.
a c hange
lite ra tu re ,
mon S c h o o l s ,
in
one o f
th e
b re th
second
H in s d a le
E g y p t."
21
d ra w c o m p l a i n t s ,
and w r o t e :
P e r h a p s I am t o o s e n s i t i v e and t o o d e s i r o u s o f t h e
a p p ro b a tio n o f o t h e r s .
B u t i t seem s t o me s o m e t i m e s
t h a t I am h e r e a t H i r a m n o t s o much f o r any l o v e t h e y
h a v e f o r me a s f o r a k i n d o f n e c e s s i t y t h e y a r e u n d e r
o f m a k in g u s e o f my m u s c le and b r a i n s t o do t h e w o r k
o f t h e s c h o o l , and t h e n w r i t e a c r o s s e v e r y a c t o f m in e
' F o r A m b i t i o n ' s P u r p o s e s , ' ' S i n i s t e r m o t i v e s , ' 'P o w e r
m o re i n m a n n e r t h a n i n m a t t e r , '
' G e n e r a l m a n n e rs b a d , '
'M o r a ls d o u b t f u l . '2 2
88
If
s h ip
at
G a rfie ld
to
use
h is
of
le a d e r
as
th e
s to n e
to
a p o litic a l
c a re e r,
he knew t h a t
it
w o u ld be e s s e n t i a l
to
b ro a d e n
b a se
th e
c o n s titu e n c y .
fir s t
th e
te rm
he d e t e r m i n e d
n o n - D is c ip le s
in tro d u c e
th e
e s p e c ia lly
th in k
of
th e
frie n d s ."
th is
The
of
s o le m n
I'd
h a v e be e n b e t t e r
as
I
A lth o u g h
th e
to n g u e s
of
th e
th e
in
e ffe c t.
c o u n ty
e n try .
to
h is
know n t o
be e n
in
to
g e n e ra l,
J o u rn a l.
We h a v e
and t h e y
h is
"I
re a c h e d
a re
c lo s e s t
now o u r
frie n d
on
and e x p l a i n e d :
fo rm
of
b ro u g h t
c o in c id e d w i t h
fo rth
a n o th e r
h is
lo n g
"M any h a v e a c c u s e d me o f
o a th
p le a s e d
to
th a t
"b u t
I
aver
to
s u c h was n o t
go away and s t u d y
am
my J o u r
th e
case.
Law th a n
23
second
g o s s ip
te rm
he a d m i t t e d ,
am n o w . "
th e
second
and t h i s
p la c e ,"
my m o s t
be h e r e
of
Jo u rn a l
nal
to
th a t
H a rm o n A u s t i n ,
b irth d a y ,
th e
c o m m u n it y
v e ry
h a v e made a m a rk on a new c l a s s o f p e o p l e .
e f f o r t s w e re m a i n l y d i r e c t e d t o w a r d g e t
h e re .
I t see m s t o me t h a t D i s c i p l e s w i l l
way.
O u r s p e c i a l e f f o r t s s h o u l d be d i r e c
c o m m u n it y i n g e n e r a l , s o t h a t we s h a l l
i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s o f t h e com
b e g in n in g
in tro s p e c tiv e
fo r
to
th e
th e
h is
"My a im h a s
re c o rd e d
day he w r o t e
Tru ste e s,
tw e n ty - s ix th
b itio n
he
to
in
school b e tte r
C o u n ty .
fu lly
c o u n ty ,"
next
I t h i n k we
B r o . H a y d e n 's
tin g D is c ip le s
come h e r e a n y
te d to w a rd th e
ta k e th e le a d
m u n ity . 2 4
The
P o rta g e
been done
T h e re fo re ,
make t h e
s t r o n g e s t men i n
23
B o a rd
in
to
s c h o o l m ore
much h a s
some o f
th e
s c h o o l's
s te p p in g
p o s itio n
E c le c tic
of
th e
w as g o i n g
te rm
was v e r y
and c r i t i c i s m
w e re
s u c c e s s fu l
q u ie t,
and
G a rfie ld
89
w as
in c re a s in g ly
life ."
In
re s tle s s
a Ja n u a ry ,
about
1858,
"a p e rm a n e n t o c c u p a tio n
le tte r
to
F u lle r
he
in
re m a rk e d :
Y o u and I know t h a t t e a c h i n g i s n o t t h e w o r k i n
w h i c h a man can l i v e and g r o w .
I am s u c c e e d i n g i n
t h e s c h o o l h e r e b e t t e r t h a n I had a n y r e a s o n t o h o p e ,
b u t y e t my h e a r t w i l l n e v e r be s a t i s f i e d t o s p e n d my
life
i n te a c h in g . . .
I t h i n k th e re a re o t h e r f i e l d s
i n w h i c h one can do m o r e .
I h a v e be e n f o r some t i m e - i n d e e d , f o r y e a r s — t h i n k i n g o f t h e l a w , t h o u g h my
e a r l y p r e j u d i c e s w e r e v e r y s t r o n g a g a i n s t i t . 26
In
A p ril,
1858,
G a rfie ld
D is c ip le
p r e a c h e r who w as
g o in g
to
th e
fie ld
e x p re sse d
in
h is
la w
fo r
J o u rn a l,
"C a n
"a b a n d o n in g
want o f
sadness
I
over
th is
m in is try
e n c o m p a s s me o n e i t h e r
c o u ld
I
try
a llo w
life
th e
over
th e
have
be e n
at
frie n d s h ip s .
th e
In
be e n G a r f i e l d ' s
tle
c o n ta c t w it h
te a c h
at
th e
an i n t i m a t e
fa c u lty
h is
an e x c e l l e n t
s ig n ific a n t
p o s itio n
p a st
a g a in ."
N o tw ith s ta n d in g
to
The
th e
one
frie n d s h ip
P o litic s
y e a rs
1857-1858
by c u l t i v a t i n g
1851-1856,
th e
w ith
named Jam es H a r r i s o n
and
to
G a r
da y he
and t h e
.
.
.
a ls o .
be e x p u n g e d ,
27
frie n d ,
in
la w
G a rfie ld
te a c h e r- a d m in is tra to r,
a n o th e r.
E c le c tic
"Th e
own s e l f - d o u b t ,
y e a rs
c lo s e s t
hand.
seven
scho ol ye a r o f
E c le c tic
a
b u t w ro te
fo llo w in g
own d ile m m a when he w r o t e :
g la d ly
w ith
m in is try
d e v e lo p m e n t,
b la m e h i m ? "
h is
w o u ld
th e
ta lk
s y m p a th y and s u p p o r t . "
re v e a le d
I
had a l o n g
but
he
of
a fe llo w
Rhodes.
and d u r i n g
s o lid ifie d
se v e ra l
th e re a fte r
1856,
th e y
had
had l i t
re tu rn e d
to
he e s t a b l i s h e d
member o f
28
h is
e n d u rin g
C o ryd o n F u l l e r
fa ll
a p p e a rs
th e
E c le c tic
90
"H a rry "
b e fo re
1856
G a rfie ld
th a t
frie n d s .
Rhodes
o ld
to
W illia m s ,
th e y
be ga n
to
ro o m t o g e t h e r
"Fo r
tw o y e a r s
la te r
tw o y e a r s
re c a lle d ,
in
of
sh a re d
"th e
29
w h ic h
to
g iv e
fu lle s t
of
G a rfie ld
she
d id
of
de e pe ned
in
fe e lin g
o th e r
to
h e s ita te
th e
y e a rs
a b le
e v e n in g s
e nga ge d
m ore
th a n
th e
in
a ll
G a rfie ld ,
and s h e
G a rfie ld 's
th e
or
to
H ira m .
to
to
la tte r's
c o n fid e n tia l
p e rs o n a b le ,
G a rfie ld .
he
frie n d ,
h im
frie n d
p re s id e n t
on t h e
She
s u p p lie d
w ro te
re a d y
in to
to
a ny
of
th e
T h e ir
c h e ss m a tc h e s.
A lm e d a B o o t h
h i m on t o
c lo s e
as
w ith
th a t
E c le c tic ,
in
tita n ic
E c le c tic
th o u g h t
and t h e y
re la tio n s h ip
re
a s p ira tio n ." ^
1856-1858,
as
He
and w as
w ith
spe ak h e r m in d .
sp u rre d
me b y t h a t
n a tu re ,"
v e n tu re
The
t e m p l e made by
G a rfie ld
A lm ed a B o o t h .
be t h e
at
fe e lin g ,
"To
in tim a te
o th e rs ,
An a s s o c i a t i o n
was
p la n s .
a t W illia m s ,"
and v e r y
e n d e a r e d h im
in tim a te ,
c o u rse ,
d e se rv e d
not
and became c l o s e
h a llo w e d
lite ra ry
E c le c tic
was n o t u n t i l
any o t h e r
s y m p a t h y and t o
th o u g h t,
w as,
it
th e
g ra d u a tio n
m ore
th a n
s e n s itiv e
"a n
G a rfie ld 's
fa c u lty
is
be a n e e d o f
S m ith ,
fie ld
O rc h a rd "
a m b itio u s
Th e o d o re
th e
h is
at
"we roo m ed t o g e t h e r
im m e d ia te ly
h is
seemed t o
but
R h o d e s w as w e l l - r e a d
G a rfie ld 's
s p o n s iv e
a fte r
c o m p a n io n s h ip
human h a n d s . "
q u a litie s
had been a s t u d e n t
went
o ffic e
what
Rhodes
and
frie n d s h ip
s p e n t many e n j o y 11
P e rh a p s
saw t h e
p o te n tia lity
g re a te r
a c h ie v e m e n t.
th a t w ith
an E c l e c t i c
H a rry
Rhodes,
stu d e n t
named
91
B u rk e
H in s d a le .
S m ith
s a id
of
th is
re la tio n s h ip :
H i n s d a l e w as n o s y m p a t h e t i c r e s p o n s i v e s o u l l i k e
R h o d e s , b u t a man o f d o w n r i g h t m e n t a l s t r e n g t h ; n o t
f l e x i b l e n o r b r o a d , b u t e m i n e n t l y d i r e c t and r a t i o n a l .
I n h i m G a r f i e l d f o u n d a f r i e n d u n s h a k a b l y f a i t h f u l and
d e v o te d , b u t w i t h o u t a tra c e o f e i t h e r s e n t i m e n t a l i t y
o r e m o t i o n a l i t y ; a man w h o se i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t y was
a l w a y s a t a f r i e n d ' s com m and.33
H in s d a le
w as
soon
became a t r u s t e d
w as w r i t t e n
th e
on
th e
T h is
page:
c o n fid a n t.
fe ll
w as
p ic tu re
fro m
w e re
common k n o w le d g e
"H ira m
th is
re fe r
th e
to
as
c lu b m et
One o f
th e
b a s is
s m a ll
"o u r
and t h e
p ic tu re
of
to
C o n g re ss
th a t
to
h is
la s t
th e
w rite
th a t
at
th e
34
It
in
h im
in
W ash
b o tto m
w o rd
of
to
w o u ld
p o litic a l
frie n d s
to
w o rd b e f o r e
my l a s t
G a rfie ld 's
in tim a te
le tte r
C a p ita l
C a p ita l? "
of
stu d e n t
days
B o o th ,
little
of
th e
e v e n in g
c lu b
you
ap
a m b itio n s
th e
In
th e
p o litic a l
to
th e se
w e re
little
th e
G a rfie ld
y e a rs
lik e d
1856-58
to
th e
p a p e r was d o u b t l e s s
R e p u b lic a n
G a rfie ld
d u rin g
and had i n t r o d u c e d
e v e n in g
c o re
d is c u s s io n s .
s u b s c rib e
c o n v e rs a tio n .
C o lle g e
In
35
th a t
lib e ra l
S p rin g fie ld
a t W illia m s
re tu rn .
w as
and t h i s
many an e v e n i n g ' s
th e
c lu b
c irc le ."
fo r
R e p u b lic a n ,
upon h i s
and H i n s d a l e ,
in te lle c tu a l
fre q u e n tly
become a r e a d e r o f
H ira m
firs t
p ro p h e tic
Rhodes,
p u rp o se s
S p rin g fie ld
th e
G a rfie ld 's
and he
c irc le ."
m em bers o f
th e
it
re fe re n c e
G a rfie ld ,
to
c o n fid e n c e ,
G a rfie ld
of
pear
G a rfie ld 's
p a p e r,
on t h e
p ro m p te d
"B u rk e ,
en d e d o n t h e
in to
"C o n g re ss"
p o s ts c rip t
in g to n .
ta k e n
d is c u s s io n s
had
h is
it
to
w ith
92
h is
c lo s e s t
g re a te r
frie n d s ,
G a rfie ld
In
th e
tra d itio n
A m e r ic a
th a t
th e
w h e tte d
of
p o litic a l
of
G a rfie ld 's
o ffic e
was
h is
a p p e tite
fo r
a
is s u e s .
day i t
supposed
to
was an a c c e p te d
seek
th e
man,
and
Or
to
th is
tra d itio n
h im s e lf
le c tic
th e
th a t
th e
w ith o u t
fir s t
G a rfie ld
tru ste e s
was
fo r
p o litic a l
tiv e
such
re m a in
p o litic s ,
d is c re e tly
had come f o r
E c le c tic
a H ira m
in
in
th e
1856,
in
d ire c to r
and p r e s i d e n t
fo u n d
was
and p r e s i d e n t
of
th e
of
A u s tin
c o u n ty
of
F la g s to n e
th e
D is c ip le s
v e ry
in flu e n tia l
backer
of
th e
E c le c tic .
of
th e
R e p u b lic a n
G a rfie ld
R e p u b lic a n
to o k
was
who w a s
a k in d ly
D is tric t
fo u rte e n
in
moment
to
th e
a frie n d
in
T ru m b u ll.
fu tu re ,
He was
N a tio n a l
of
Bank
A u s tin
C h ris t
P e rh a p s
was
and a
of
he was t h e
even
c h a irm a n
C o m m itte e .
im m e d ia te ly
in te re s t
to
b u s in e s s m a n
Company.
in
G a rfie ld 's
such
T ru m b u ll
le a d e r
to
G a rfie ld
rig h t
R e p u b lic a n
a p ro m in e n t
im p o rta n c e
th e
c o m p e ti
37
a ls o
g re a te r
c a r e e r w o u ld
e n a b le
p re c is e ly
th e
Ec
and he knew t h a t
a le a d in g
n e ig h b o rin g
th e
a game a s
w o u ld
named H a rm o n A u s t i n .
th e
In
He p r i d e d
head o f
p o litic a l
b a c k g ro u n d u n t i l
G a rfie ld
H a rm o n A u s t i n
th e
a frie n d s h ip
th e
p a rt,
a d v is e r.
an o p e n d e c l a r a t i o n .
tru ste e
o f W a rre n ,
on h i s
a s u c c e s s fu l
be an i n f l u e n t i a l
as
fa ith fu l.
had made h im
an a p p l i c a t i o n
re q u is ite
a lw a y s
a ttra c te d
y e a rs
th e
h is
young
to
s e n io r,
th is
p ro m in e n t
and A u s t i n
t e a c h e r who p r o v e d
to
93
be s u c h
th e
an e f f e c t i v e
1856
c a m p a ig n .
common s e n s e
A u s tin
of
G a rfie ld 's
Tru ste e s .
g a in
th e
fo rc e
p re s id e n c y
who t i p p e d
One o f
th e
th e
so rt
of
th e
th e
G a rfie ld 's
R e p u b lic a n
38
cause
th e
in v o lv in g
th e
le tte rs ,
he had i n
G a rfie ld 's
A u s tin
was
yo ung m a n 's
w ritte n
in
A u s tin 's
th e
d e v e lo p e d
and a d v i s e r on t h e
of
in
u tm o st
and he r a p i d l y
E c le c tic ,
in
w ith
m a tte rs
p ro c e ss
s c a le s
c o n fid e n c e
a ll
frie n d
w h o le
of
th e
"g ifte d
in
a ffa irs ,"
stro n g e s t
In
fo r
was
and s h r e w d n e s s
m anagem ent o f men o r
in to
d e b a te r
B o a rd
b id
th e
to
m a jo r
fa v o r.
1858,
a d v ic e .
re v e a ls
He w r o t e :
My d e a r B r o t h e r . . . J u s t a t t h i s moment I d e s i r e
n o t h i n g m o re t h a n t o h a v e a v i s i t w i t h y o u r s e l f .
I
f e e l a g r e a t ne ed o f t u r n i n g away f r o m t h e c h i l l i n g
b r e a t h o f u n f r i e n d l y c e n s u r e and t h e h o t s i c k l y b r e a t h
o f f l a t t e r y t o a c l e a r and q u i e t a t m o s p h e r e o f f a i t h
f u l and f r i e n d l y t r u t h .
A s I b e lie v e you in c a p a b le
o f f l a t t e r i n g o r b e in g f l a t t e r e d I v a lu e y o u r f r i e n d
s h i p and c o u n s e l s a s I v a l u e t h a t o f v e r y f e w o f my
f r i e n d s .3 9
So a l t h o u g h
tim e
H is
to
G a rfie ld
tim e ,
th e
in
lo w in g
h is
demand a s
g iv in g
" It
w as
E c le c tic
kept
w o u l d make an i d e a l
G a rfie ld
re c o rd
moods o f
he had good r e a s o n
w o rk w i t h
day A u s t i n
e x p e rie n c e d
had l e f t
p u b lic
to
a p la tfo rm
p o litic a l
th ro u g h
H ira m
re m a in in g
c lo s e
p o litic a l
as John
p re a c h in g - - a t
p o s t.
and one
an e n v i a b l e
th e
y e a rs
g ro w i n
lo o k e d
T a y lo r
a tim e
h is
A u s tin ,
w ith
to
He a l w a y s
at
fro m
m a n a g e r.
and i n
but
to
C o lle g e
and d e b a t e ,
sp e a k e r.
spe ec he s,
h is
h im
W illia m s
sp e a k in g
re tu rn
fo r
re s tle s s n e s s
p o w e r and
fo rw a rd
has
fo l
to
w ritte n :
when r e l i g i o n
w as
94
s im u lta n e o u s ly
of
e v a n g e lic a l,
e n te rta in m e n t— th a t
c lo s e
c o m p a n io n ,
B u rk e
e d u c a tio n a l,
G a rfie ld
and a c h i e f
became w e l l - k n o w n . "
H in s d a le ,
la te r
40
fo rm
H is
w ro te :
F o r f i v e f u l l y e a r s , he p r e a c h e d so m e w h e re n e a r l y
e v e ry Sunday . . .
A t th e g re a t 'y e a r ly m e e tin g s ,1
w h e re th o u s a n d s g a th e re d u n d e r th e o ld 'B e d f o r d t e n t '
o r u n d e r t h e s h a d e , he w as a f a v o r i t e p r e a c h e r .
H is
s e r m o n s . . . w e re s t r o n g i n t h e e t h i c a l r a t h e r t h a n
i n th e d i s t i n c t l y e v a n g e lic a l e le m e n t.
He had s m a l l
i n t e r e s t in p u re ly th e o lo g ic a l o r e c c le s ia s t ic a l to p
i c s . . . H i s s t r i c t e r b r e t h r e n f o u n d much f a u l t w i t h
h i m b e c a u s e he w as n o t m ore d e n o m i n a t i o n a l . . . b u t
t h e p e o p l e , w h e r e v e r he w e n t , w o u ld t u r n o u t t o h e a r
G a r f i e l d p r e a c h . 41
G a rfie ld 's
m ost o fte n
S o lo n ,
in
at
H ira m ,
A u ro ra ,
M a n tu a ,
In
fu n c tio n
o fte n
B e d fo rd ,
m a rria g e
c e re m o n ie s ,
fo llo w in g
a d d itio n
in c lu d e d
C h a g rin
He a l s o
A k r o n , N e w to n F a l l s ,
and W e l l i n g t o n .
th e
N e w b u rg h ,
and W a r r e n .
G a rre tts v ille ,
M a s s illo n ,
s e r m o n m emoranda i n d i c a t e
to
d e s c rip tio n
C le v e la n d ,
P a in e s v ille ,
A llia n c e ,
W a d sw o rth , M e n to r,
p re a c h in g , h i s
fu n e ra ls .
of
F a lls ,
he p r e a c h e d
p re a c h e d o c c a s i o n a l l y
p a rtic ip a tio n
and
th a t
in
m in is te ria l
b a p tis m a l
A lm ed a B o o t h
a b a p tis m a l
S a le m ,
s e rv ic e s ,
p ro v id e d
s e rv ic e :
I w i s h yo u c o u ld have been h e re y e s t e r d a y . . .
T h r e e came f o r w a r d f o r b a p t i s m and j u s t a s t h e s h a d e s
o f a m o s t b e a u t i f u l e v e n i n g w e re c l o s i n g a r o u n d we
w a l k e d down t o t h e w a t e r . . .
A l a r g e a s s e m b l y w e re
g a th e re d a ro u n d t h a t l i t t l e
s h e e t o f w a t e r and y e t
a l l w e re s o h u s h e d , s o s t i l l and m o t i o n l e s s t h a t t h e
s l i g h t m u rm u r among t h e l e a v e s a s t h e y w e re s t i r r e d
by t h e g e n t l e w i n d c o u l d be
d i s t i n c t l y h e a rd .
Then
J a m e s ' v o i c e r o s e i n t o n e s s o c l e a r and m e l o d i o u s ,
h i s t h o u g h t s s o p e r f e c t l y a d a p te d t o t h e o c c a s i o n
t h a t i t seemed a s i f we had been s u d d e n l y t r a n s p l a n t e d
away f r o m e a r t h t o some t r a n q u i l , b e a u t i f u l r e g i o n
o f h e a v e n . 42
95
The
P re a c h in g
of
Jam es A .
G a rfie ld
1856-1861
96
A Key T o
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
"Th e
P re a c h in g
NEWBURGH
CLEVELA ND
BEDFO RD
SOLON
ORANGE
CHAGRIN F A L L S
C H ESTER
MENTOR
P A IN E S V IL L E
CHARDON
NEWBURY
BU R TO N
N . B L O O M F IE L D
of
Jam es A .
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
G a rfie ld
1856-1861"
H IR A M
AURORA
MANTUA
RAVENNA
G A R R E TTS V IL LE
NEWTON F A L L S
WARREN
S A LE M
A LLIA N C E
M A S S IL L O N
AKRON
WADSWORTH
W E L L IN G T O N
One o f G a r f i e l d ' s m o s t s u c c e s s f u l p r o t r a c t e d m e e t i n g s was a t
N e w b u rg h .
T h e c o n g r e g a t i o n he p r e a c h e d f o r i n C l e v e l a n d was
th e F r a n k l i n C i r c l e c h u rc h .
F o r many y e a r s , t h e l e a d e r i n
t h e B e d f o r d c h u r c h was D r . J o h n P . R o b i s o n .
Th e S o lo n c h u rc h
was w e l l - k n o w n f o r i t s a n t i - s l a v e r y s t a n d .
C h a rle s B . Lo c k
wood w as an i n f l u e n t i a l l e a d e r i n t h i s c h u r c h .
O ra n g e w as
G a r fie ld 's b irth p la c e .
I t was d u r i n g a p r o t r a c t e d m e e t i n g
a t t h e O ra n g e m e e t i n g h o u s e t h a t G a r f i e l d was b a p t i z e d i n t o
C h ris t in 1850.
C h a g r i n F a l l s was t h e s i t e o f t h e G a r f i e l d D e n to n d e b a te i n 1 8 5 8 .
C h e s t e r was t h e home o f t h e Geauga
S e m i n a r y w h e r e G a r f i e l d was a s t u d e n t i n 1 8 4 9 - 1 8 5 0 .
G a rfie ld
and R o b i s o n s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e c h u r c h i n M e n t o r when t h e y each
b o u g h t fa rm s t h e r e i n th e 1 8 7 0 ' s .
A bram T e a c h o u t w as one o f
th e le a d e rs i n th e c h u rc h i n P a i n e s v i l l e .
C h a rle s E . H e n ry
w as G a r f i e l d ' s c l o s e f r i e n d i n C h a r d o n .
G a r f i e l d p re a c h e d
i n a p r o t r a c t e d m e e t i n g i n N e w b u ry i n t h e f a l l o f 1 8 5 7 .
The
c h u r c h i n B u r t o n w as t h e home c o n g r e g a t i o n f o r t h e f a m i l y o f
W a lla c e Jo h n F o r d .
Is a a c E r r e t t d e v e lo p e d a s t r o n g c h u rc h
i n N o r t h B l o o m f i e l d when he was l i v i n g t h e r e i n 1 8 4 9 - 1 8 5 1 .
H i r a m was one o f t h e l a r g e s t D i s c i p l e c h u r c h e s i n t h e W e s t
e rn R e se rv e .
A u r o r a , M a n t u a , and G a r r e t t s v i l l e w e re c l o s e
t o H i r a m , and G a r f i e l d p r e a c h e d f r e q u e n t l y f o r t h e s e t h r e e
c h u rc h e s.
F r e d e r i c k W i l l i a m s w as a p i l l a r i n t h e c h u r c h a t
Ravenna.
G a r f i e l d was one o f t h e f e a t u r e d s p e a k e r s a t t h e
N e w to n F a l l s y e a r l y m e e t i n g i n A u g u s t , 1 8 5 9 .
was t h e k e y f i g u r e i n t h e W a r r e n c h u r c h .
G a r f i e l d p re a c h e d
i n m e e t i n g s i n S a le m and A l l i a n c e i n A u g u s t , 1 8 6 0 .
He was
w i t h th e c h u rc h i n M a s s i l l o n m M a rc h , 1 8 5 8 .
G a r f i e l d was
c a lle d t o p re a c h i n A k ro n i n S e p te m b e r, 1 8 5 7 .
W a d s w o r t h was
t h e home c h u r c h o f t h e f a m i l y o f B u r k e H i n s d a l e .
I t was
w h i l e he was p r e a c h i n g i n W e l l i n g t o n i n N o v e m b e r, 1 8 6 0 , t h a t
G a r f i e l d p e n n e d " W h a t We S t a n d F o r . "
97
Tw o
p re se rv e d
a re
la rg e
in
For
now b e f o r e
as
.
th e
d is tin c tly
is tic .
e x a m p le ,
you,
.
but
G a rfie ld
in
h is
th e
d e s titu te
p e o p le
th a t
W e ste rn
th re e
in
m o n th s
H ira m ,
have
34
spo ken
th e
e x c itin g
he
weeks
re fe re n c e s
G a rfie ld
to
ke e p
to
th e
e x p la in e d
th e
of
th a n
e v a n g e l
th e
u n d y in g
th e
w o rld
43
a re
Je sus
a re
fa ls e
On one o c c a s i o n
so m e w h a t S p u r g e o n i c "
famed E n g l i s h
im m ense
a ll
c ro w d s
h is
th a t
in s tru c tin g ."
e ffo rts
B a p tis t
in
p re a c h
m o d e rn p r e a c h i n g
He w as p e r s u a d e d
m ore
is
o fte n
"th e
a c lim a x
in
44
re a c h e d
1858
when a g r e a t
re v iv a l
sw ept th ro u g h
"I
h a v e had t h e
m ost to
do i n
a d d itio n s ;
and m a n a g e r o f
d ie ."
a ttra c te d
" h a lf
m e e tin g s ,"
e v e ry
of
th e m
th o u g h ts
new d e v e l o p m e n t i n
e v a n g e lis tic
R e se rv e .
p ro tra c te d
it,
hopes
to
h a v e been
c le a rly
th e se
c hoose
"g e ttin g
th is
p o w e r."
of
to
a re
"A s
never
se rm o n s
he p u t
G a rfie ld 's
th e
s h a ll
he was
ro u s in g
th a t
o th e rs
The
re fe re n c e
need a r o u s i n g
fir s t
to n e ,
se rm o n s
A lth o u g h m o st o f
one c o n c l u d e s :
C h ris tia n
as
of
th e
in
he d e f e n d e d
because,
P a p e rs.
me a s k y o u
p re a c h in g - - a
But
G a rfie ld 's
and H e l p e r .
p r e a c h e r w hose
in g
le t
a d m itte d
London.
of
G a rfie ld
e th ic a l
y o u r F rie n d
.
v o lu m e s
one
Sunday,
in
and
s c h o o l."
fille d
he w r o t e
45
h is
N e w b u rg h ,
fu lfille d
In
th e
le tte rs
g r e a t m e e tin g s .
th a t
he had been
an e n g a g e m e n t w i t h
F u lle r
in
20
my d u t i e s
of
and h i s
"th e
as
"One
to
I
te a c h e r
th e se
Jo u rn a l
a le tte r
u n a b le
h e r because
M a rc h .
or
a d d itio n s .
c o u rse
In
tw o
to
w ith
L u c re tia ,
le a v e
m e e tin g
H ira m
h e re
98
w as
in
it.
m id - s w in g
T h is
and I
e v e n in g
I
spoke
S e v e n came f o r w a r d . "
c lo s e d
was
he w r o t e
th e
46
th e
n ig h t
th a t
a s p ira tio n s .
a d e fin ite
p re s tig e
p ro b a b ly
R e se rv e
th ro u g h
m ore
an e d u c a t o r .
th e
The
R e se rv e ,
a b le
to
la rity
Far
e s ta b lis h
of
fro m
a c tiv ity
h is
as
a d v a n ta g e s.
In
h is
th e
to
a w id e
of
d e riv e d
e ig h te e n
th e
p re a c h in g
one o f
le a v e
th e
s e rie s .
H ira m
m e e tin g
th is
e v e n in g
ro le
th a n
In
to
G a rfie ld
R o b e rt C a ld w e ll
to
h is
h is
th e
in
c a re e r
b u d d in g
th e re
w as
p re a c h e r,
th e
th ro u g h
le a d in g
commended h im
c re a te d
of
s ta n d in g
fo llo w in g .
fro m
fiftie s
C h r i s t w e re
th e ir
a lia b ility ,
a p re a c h e r
in
th e
d e trim e n ta l
enhanced h i s
se rm o n s
b e in g
b e fo re
do t o
"My d i s c o u r s e
not
D is c ip le s
and a s
not
d is c o u rs e
G a rfie ld
a tta c h e d
and G a r f i e l d
w o u ld
s e rie s .
a p r e a c h e r w as c e r t a i n l y
p o litic a l
it
2 7 th
J o u rn a l:
th e
re p u ta tio n
th a t
The
th e
3 2 n d one o f
Th e
as
in
fe lt
W e ste rn
h is
w o rk
flo u ris h in g
as
on
s p o k e s m e n he was
a d d itio n ,
th e
popu
many n o n - D i s c i p l e s .
w as
to
fin d
some d i s t i n c t i v e
th a t
h is
p o litic a l
has w r i t t e n :
A t f i r s t i n t h e same t e c h n i c a l s e n s e a s D w i g h t L .
M o od y, and l a t e r m o re l i k e G l a d s t o n e , R o o s e v e l t , o r
B r y a n , G a r f i e l d w as t o r e m a i n t h r o u g h o u t h i s l i f e a
p r e a c h e r o f r i g h t e o u s n e s s , and w as t o f i n d i n t h a t
c o n c e p tio n o f h i s m i s s i o n a p o t e n t s o u rc e o f p o l i t
i c a l s t r e n g t h . 48
A s m i g h t be e x p e c t e d ,
to o k
to
e x c e p tio n
h is
to
th e
own a d v a n t a g e .
a D is c ip le
e ld e r
way i n
H a ttie
th e re
w e re
w h ic h
G a rfie ld
J.
and a D e m o c r a t ,
some D i s c i p l e s
B e n e d ic t,
used
th e
w as n o t o n l y
th e
who
p u lp it
d a u g h te r o f
u n im p re s s e d
99
w ith
G a rfie ld
over
th e
but
y e a rs
c o n trib u te d
w h i c h w e re
h ig h ly
a rtic le ,
w ritte n
in
re c a lle d
th a t
1857-1858
in
se v e ra l
1877,
ne w sp ape r a r t i c l e s
c ritic a l
of
h im .
s h e was p a r t i c u l a r l y
G a rfie ld
In
one
b itte r.
She
w as:
. . . a y o u n g man o f t w e n t y - s i x , f r e s h f r o m c o l l e g e ,
w i t h b o u n d l e s s e n e r g y and a m b i t i o n l a r g e and g e n e r a l
. . . h i s b r o a d s h o u l d e r s w e re t h r o w n ba ck f o r a f u l l
d e e p - c h e s t e d l a u g h w i t h t h e m o s t o b s c e n e j o k e r , who
i n t h e f u t u r e m i g h t h a v e a v o t e t o c a s t f o r h im . . .
H i s m e e t i n g s w e re a l w a y s w e l l a t t e n d e d and w e re e v e n
m o re p o p u l a r w i t h t h e s i n n e r s o f t h e w o r l d t h a n w i t h
th e s a i n t s o f th e c h u rc h .
T h e r e w as a l a c k o f s p i r i
t u a l i t y a b o u t h i m t h a t g r i e v e d t h e l a t t e r , and i t w as
n o tic e a b le t h a t r e v i v a l s n e v e r p ro g re s s e d u n d e r th e
s p e l l o f h i s p re a c h in g , b u t th e s i n n e r s l ik e d to h e a r
h i s s h o r t , s p a r k l i n g , l o g i c a l d i s c o u r s e s , w h ic h d id
n o t u n p l e a s a n t l y t r o u b l e th e m w i t h t h o u g h t o f ' r i g h t
e o u s n e s s , te m p e r a n c e and ju d g m e n t t o com e' and i f he
d i d n o t make c o n v e r t s , he a t l e a s t made v o t e r s . 49
The se
re c t,
and t o
w e re
a c e rta in
p ro v id e
a p ic tu re
v a rio u s
re a so n s
of
w as
sh a re d
H a rv e y
th e y
E v e re s t.
c o n tin u e d
p o s itio n
1857
of
th e y
get
th e
ra n
a fo u l
in
h is
le a d e rs h ip
ha d o p e n l y
at
of
h im
J o u rn a l:
a g a in .
"I
w e re
th e
w ith
th e
over
E c le c tic .
In
fo r
v ie w
1857-1858
G a rfie ld 's
th e
s p rin g
he w as
" p lo ttin g
th e
s p rin g
of
1858,
s u rp ris e d
of
and
th a t
A p ril,
am e n t i r e l y
year o f
re se n tm e n t
and i n
In
th e
N orm an D u n s h e e
school
c o m p la in e d
p rin c ip a ls h ip ,"0
5
th e y
b e h a v io r w h ic h
have e n d o rs e d
a m b itio n "
se e th e
in c o r
by some D i s c i p l e s .
Th ro u g h o u t
to
p a rtia lly
and h i s
who w o u ld
"b o u n d le s s
b ia s e d ,
e x te n t u n fa ir .
G a rfie ld
Tw o D i s c i p l e s
G a rfie ld 's
o b v io u s ly
1858
G a rfie ld
of
to
th e y
re p o rte d
and a s t o n i s h e d
to
100
hear
in g
th a t
fo r
B ro .
Dunshee
and E v e r e s t
p o w e r and p o s i t i o n
The
s u rfa c e
in te rn a l
d u rin g
g a th e re d
th e
on t h e
c o m in g y e a r . "
d iffic u ltie s
"Th e
m e e tin g .
w h ic h
th e y
at
"to
make
te a c h e rs
e x p la in e d
have
E c le c tic
been w o r k
came t o
May when t h e
G a rfie ld
w ro te
th e
tru ste e s
some a r r a n g e m e n t
had a m e e t i n g
"D iffic u ltie s ,
(D u n s h e e
th e
week i n
among t h e m , "
b o a rd
He t h e n
campus
I
among t h e m . " 51
te n s io n s
fir s t
th in k
to
fo r
th e
a d ju s t
th e
on t h e
da y o f
I
have
s a id ,
but
and E v e r e s t )
have
file d
a g a i n s t m e ."
in
th e
o n ly
th e
th o se
J o u rn a l:
A f t e r h e a r i n g th e m a l l t h r o u g h , i t seemed t o me
a d e s p i c a b l e s m a l l game t h e y had be e n p l a y i n g .
1 s t,
G e n e r a l c h a r g e t h a t I had p l o t t e d t o g e t t h e l e a d e r
s h ip o f th e s c h o o l, s e v e ra l s p e c if ic a t io n s .
G e n e ra l
a n sw e r.
1 . I had no m o t i v e t o p l o t , f o r I d i d n o t
want i t .
2 . I had no ne ed t o p l o t f o r i t w as a l r e a d y
o f f e r e d t o me.
I t h e n a n s w e r e d eac h s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
"I
th in k
ie s
was b e h in d
am g r e a t l y
a n o th e r
at
y e a r."
c o n fid e n c e
p le a s e d
"c h a irm a n "
p re s id e n c y
p le te .
He
th e
set
and g r a t e f u l l y
c o n c lu d e d .
a ll
a je a lo u s y
to
" It
to
does
a ll
th e
seem t o
u n w a rra n ta b le
know w h a t t o
B o a rd
made h i s
th e
of
and c o m p l e t e
do a b o u t
q u e r
me t h a t
and a b s u r d .
s ta y in g
h e re
52
th a t
w ith
it
fu ll
he
a lo s s
H o w e v e r,
th e
w e re
and c o m p l a i n t s , "
th e re
I
my a n s w e r s
th e
of
of
d e c is io n
p ro g re ss
of
fa c u lty ,
th e
a s id e
Tru ste e s
th e
any
th o u g h ts
a c c e p te d h i s
e a s ie r.
school
and t h e y
E c le c tic .
gave h im
H is
of
a v o te
They
d u rin g
fo rm a lly
of
had been
h is
y e a r as
o ffe re d
h im
v in d ic a tio n
was com
le a v in g
E c le c tic
new t i t l e .
th e
101
As
th e
e n c o u ra g e d
was
an
O h io
h is
school
about
tim e
d e b ts
th e
p re s id e n t
th e
He c a l l e d
th e
annual
h is
of
re p o rte d
it
G a rfie ld .
W illia m s
Even
G a rfie ld 's
C o lle g e ,
th o u g h
c o u rse ,
it
th e re
a p o s itio n
w as
on t h e
w as
of
to
In d ia n a
dom f r o m
how t h e y w o u l d
O h io
he e a g e r l y
o n ly
spent
"a
54
c om pa re
to
th e
to
to
a
had d e c id e d
at
im m e d ia te ly .
c o m p le te
th e re
th e
w o u ld
be
tra v e lin g
p u rp o se
in
g o in g
a c ad e m ic p r o g r a m s
But
he w as a l s o
to
new
w as a l s o
1858
"to
re s u lts
was
e d u c a tio n
to
and
g le a n
E c le c tic .
It
re tu rn .
p rim a ry
th e
w e re
and t h e
it
w h e th e r
summer o f
w ith
H ira m
le a v e
th e
H is
in
h is
of
th e
th e
H ira m ,"
Rhodes
on h i s
m a n a g e m e n t ."
ga ve
fo r
But
h im
s c h o o ls ,
th e
good p e r f o r m a n c e
H a rry
as
a c q u a in te d
cancel
cam pus,
h im one y e a r
and I l l i n o i s .
of
sp e n t m ost o f
to
fo r
p a rt
May he
p e o p le ."
and c o m p le t e
ta k e
fa c u lty
D is c ip le
th e ir
s c h o o l."
some q u e s t i o n
become b e t t e r
se v e ra l
was
and he was p r e p a r i n g
w o u ld
G a rfie ld
th ro u g h
e x a m p le
7 ,0 0 0
on t h e
s e n tim e n ta l
fo r
In
new s t a t u s .
th e
fo llo w
he
"lo b b y in g
n e a rly
th a t
w as
c o n v e n tio n
w h e re
it
and a good m a rk made f o r
to
E c le c tic .
D is c ip le s
c ro w d e v e r a s s e m b l e d
o c c a s io n
G a rfie ld
commencement e x e r c i s e s
"a u d ie n c e
p ro u d ly
th e
S o c ie ty ,
be e n j o y i n g
10
b y an
to
a c lo s e ,
of
money among t h e
s c h o o l.
On J u n e
la rg e s t
p ro sp e c ts
M is s io n a ry
seemed t o
w itn e s s e d
came t o
d e le g a te "
ra is in g
of
and he
th e
th e
" o ffic ia l
C h ris tia n
year
le s s o n s
c u rio u s
Upon h i s
H in s d a le .
o f w is
to
re tu rn
"N o d o u b t
see
to
I
102
am p r e j u d i c e d , "
th a t
no w h e re
and t h a t
th e
have
b o ld
E c le c tic
in
days
w as
v is it
he
ra n
w ith
fa v o ra b ly
D o u g la s
in
he t a l k e d
a ls o
w ith
p ro v e d
to
h is
as
th a t
w ith
The
and
h i m . " 56
v is it
was
to
D o u g la s
w ith
to
th e
"h a d
in
th e
th e
"g re a t
con
had begu n
C h ic a g o
fa v o r
of
tw e n ty - s ix
year
"I
Rhodes,
se c re t
th e
and he
s ta te s m a n ."
to
tw o
an
a w a re n e ss,
was e x h i l a r a t i n g ,
so u th e rn
p a rt
e d u c a tio n .
saw
"a n d
h is to ry
of
w h ile
w h e re
p o stm a ste r
of
w ro te
lik e
a lo c a l
G a rfie ld
V a n d a lia ,
Illin o is
He a c c i d e n t a l l y
and m a i n t a i n
q u ic k ly
of
p o litic ia n
a m ovem ent w as u n d e r way t o
W a sh b u rn
S e n a te
in
th e
he b o a s t e d
th e
o c c u rre d
a ls o
e x c ite m e n t
57
b u ild
h o te l
say
c h a ra c te riz e s
a rriv e d
p o litic a l
how a s u c c e s s f u l
T h is
p o stm a ste r,
in te lle c t,
of
h is to ric
For
in c re a s in g
be a p o l i t i c a l
Maddox H o u s e
h e a rd
fla s h
and S t e p h e n D o u g l a s
o n M o n d a y ,"
p a tro n a g e
W a sh b u rn ,
ju s tly
me an h o u r and gave me t h e
of
o rg a n iz a tio n .
can v e r y
t h o u g h t w h ic h
D o u g la s
B u c h a n a n ."
a g lim p s e
used
S.
of
Ste p h e n
G a rfie ld 's
th e
a n s w e rin g
Illin o is .
im p re s s e d
fe u d w i t h
got
to
h is
C h ic a g o
I
55
in to
w ith
. . .
some u n e x p e c t e d p o l i t i c a l
9.
G a rfie ld ,
h is
a ls o
on J u l y
la te r,
h o u r's
was
th e
b e t w e e n A b ra h a m L i n c o l n
C h ic a g o
o ld
seen
"b u t
in d e p e n d e n c e
G a rfie ld 's
te st
I
s tu d e n ts ."
Th e re
in
he w r o t e ,
was
th e
th e
p o litic a l
s ta y in g
a le tte r
at
p ro p rie to r,
to w n .
se c u re
D o u g la s
h is
to
H a v in g
re m o va l
D o u g la s .
103
He a s s u r e d
of
th e
s ta n d
th e
D e m o c ra tic
no
added i n
th e
in to
fo r
C ru z
ru m ,
G a rfie ld 's
H in s d a le
w as
b ig g e s t
re g io n ."
by t h i s
" If
it
A cop y o f
hand s,
of
th e
year o f
A ugust
10 w as
"u n u s u a lly
may s a y o f
w as
th e
E c le c tic
th e
success
as
"Th e
p o w e r,
G a rfie ld
now t h a t
of
h is
th e
E c le c tic
L u c re tia
fa ll
of
The
'p a rs
fu i'
(I
and
its
th e
H ira m
th a t
E c le c tic .
G a rfie ld
th a t
it
be ga n on
"th e
th e
w e re
la rg e s t
new p o w e r ,
and
59
lik in g
I
The
fo r
S o m a rk e d w as
la te r
became know n
60
d e e pe ned h i s
c o m m u n ity w i t h
fa th e r,
d is m a y e d
"Th e re
a g re a te r
it
end
fe ll
fin a n c ia lly
p re s id e n t.
th a t
our
of
flo u ris h e d
w as a p a r t ) . "
w as d e v e l o p i n g
tw o
58
E c le c tic
te rm
g a in e d
or
He
m a k in g c o p i e s
c o n c lu d e d
new p r e s i d e n t ,
school
1858,
Her
th e
" w ill
C o ."
a c c id e n ta lly
P a rty .
w in g
fa v o r,
c a rry in g
head a b ove w a t e r .
he w as
of
F a y e tte
re s is t
n a iv e ly
D e m o c ra tic
p re s id e n c y ,
and t h e
R u d o lp h .
but
th e
your
y o u n g R e p u b l i c a n w as
p ro sp e ro u s,"
its
The
G o ld e n A g e "
In
th e
had.
th is
th a t
ke e p
he w r o t e ,
in
to w a rd
le tte r
1858-1859.
re p o rte d
n u m b e r we e v e r
fro m
D o u g la s
s e n d me a c a s k
le a d e rs h ip
school
th e
w in g ,"
and he c o u l d n ' t
a weapon o f
s tu d e n ts ,"
th is
p a tro n a g e ,
s c h o o l managed t o
be
go f a r
The
to
go h e a v i l y
y o u can
w ill
th e
fa c t
o th e r
guns w i l l
and R h o d e s .
ab use
s o le ly
302
a d h e re n c e
"Th e
Under G a r fie ld 's
in
h is
p a rty .
a p o s ts c rip t:
good S a n t a
th is
of
c h a n c e — and E g y p t w i l l
and one o f
in
se n a to r
h is
Zeb R u d o lp h ,
tie s
to
m a rria g e
to
a d e v o te d
H ira m
104
D is c ip le
hand s,
The
who had h e l p e d
w as one o f
th e
November
te rm s .
11
It
and w as
to o k
The
to
th e
D is c ip le
re fo rm a tio n ,
of
th e
g ro o m ,
asked
C o lle g e
to
The
w h ic h
and
P re s id e n t
h is
m a rria g e
th e
is o la tin g
w as
tru ste e s.
R u d o lp h
th e
fa ll
home on
s tro n g ly
p e rfo rm e d
th e
frie n d s
s u rp ris in g ly ,
H e n ry H itc h c o c k
G a rfie ld 's
th a t
to
lik e
c o m m it t e d
by r e q u e s t
c e re m o n y.
o f W e ste rn
of
and f e a r s
and h a t e f u l
he w o u l d
e ffe c ts
G a r
R e se rv e
engagement
a b o u t m a rria g e
fin a litie s ." 1
6
n o t be b o u n d o r
"I
have
o f m a rria g e
s h o rtly
it
and t r o u b l e d
d o u b ts
L u c re tia .
Rhodes
s o m e th in g
but
w e d d in g e nd e d a l o n g
n e c e s s ito u s
to
th e
own
o ffic ia te .
w as d e t e r m i n e d
fid e d
in
fa m ily
h is
b e tw e e n
b y a fe w c l o s e
a P re s b y te ria n
s u rv iv e d
" its
R u d o lp h
w ith
in flu e n tia l
s c h e d u le d
p la c e
a tte n d e d
E c le c tic
m ost
a ffa ir
H a rm o n A u s t i n .
fie ld
th e
s c h o o l's
w e d d in g w as a q u i e t
and w i n t e r
b u ild
a fte r
lim ite d
v e ry
k e e n ly
on my f r i e n d s , "
th e
u n a v o id a b le — b u t
fe lt
G a rfie ld
w e d d in g .
I
am v e r y
"Th e re
su re
it
by
over
he c o n
may be
w ill
r
not
be a m a n i f e s t a t i o n
H in s d a le
tw o w e e k s
e x c lu s iv e n e s s
o f my l i f e . "
la te r,
o f m a rria g e "
he w as
Y e t when he w r o t e
fe a rfu l
m ig h t a f f e c t
th a t
th e
"th e
n a rro w
in tim a c y
of
r o
h is
H ira m
c irc le
of
frie n d s .
" H is
m a rria g e
made no r e a l
liv e
in
a s s o c ia tio n
o th e rs ,
c lo s e
ta k in g
th e m a l l
in
B u t,
as
d iffe re n c e ,
w ith
Rhodes,
S m ith
fo r
M is s
a s m em bers o f
has w r i t t e n :
one
B o o th
and
fa m ily ."
to
th e
64
105
A lm o s t
g iv e n
to
im m e d ia te ly
w h a t he r e g a r d e d
d is p la y
h is
a b ility
a fte r
at
o nce
as
as
a d e b a te r.
th e
p u b lic
d e b a te w as a p o p u l a r
th e
w e st.
Many o f
th e
im m ense
c ro w d s
fa ll
to
th e
g io n
was o n ly
w e ll
m a tc h e d
fo llo w e d
fo r
th a t
a p u b lic
d e b a te s
N o v e m b e r,
w ith
th a t
and D o u g l a s .
But
on e x c i t i n g
who w a s a s e a s o n e d d e b a t e r .
be h e l d
C h a g rin
fro m
G a rfie ld 's
tu re s
p e o p le
th e re
F a lls ,
a tta c k in g
by h i s
th e
m ilita n t
m a t t e r had o r i g i n a t e d
p ro g re s s iv e
he was
of
re lig io u s
p le s ,
p u b lic
to
d e b a te .
C h ris tia n
Th e
th ro u g h
d e b a te
s e l d o m on t h e
They
v ie w p o in t,
in te n s ity
a p p e a le d
lo c a te d
th re e
m ile s
se v e ra l
th a t
to o
w ith
when
th e
G a rfie ld
to
of
le c
th e
and
and
God,
and
a n y c h a m p io n
much f o r
G a rfie ld
life
g e n e ra tio n
a s s is ta n c e
d e fe n s iv e
w h ic h
d e b a te w as t o
He b e l i e v e d
was
w e re
c ro w d s .^
up many o f
and he a c c e p te d
w ith
s u b je c ts
had g i v e n
th e
and
a w e ll- e d u c a te d
"sp o n ta n e o u s
to
re li
be ga n p r e p a r a t i o n
p ro p o s itio n
T h is
same
and s t i r r e d
w ith o u t
th is
o rth o d o x y .
who w e re
B ib le
in
c le v e r
la rg e
The
to w n
D e n to n
m a n n e r.
d e v e lo p m e n t"
eager
a s m a ll
b irth p la c e .
of
D e n to n ,
E n g lis h m a n
in
tw o
of
as w itn e s s
hour
G a rfie ld
W illia m
and t a k e
p o litic a l,
and g i v e n
w as
o p p o rtu n ity
e n te rta in m e n t
a tte n tio n
1858,
G a rfie ld
g iv e
hour a fte r
p o litic s ,
day by t h e
d e b a te
of
d e b a t e s w e re
a n ta g o n is ts ,
la te
The
fo rm
lis te n e d
to
m a rria g e ,
a re m a rk a b le
b e tw e e n L i n c o l n
second
day a f t e r
In
th e se
c o n te st
h is
it
th e
D is c i
came t o
u p h o ld
c h a lle n g e .
p re p a re d
a
th e
66
fo r
th is
106
d e b a te
of
in d ic a te s
D e n to n
or
th e
had been g iv e n
th a t
he d i d
im p o rta n c e
a d iffic u lt
d e b a t e r who ha d a r g u e d
"a
ra p id ,
to
s e iz e
not
of
u n d e re s tim a te
th e
ta sk .
th is
e v e n t.
th e
a b ility
He knew t h a t
he
D e n t o n w as an a c c o m p l is h e d
same s u b j e c t
e le g a n t,
fie ry
sp e a k e r,
a th o u g h t
. . .
a b o ld ,
q u ic k
fo rty
as
tim e s
b e fo re ,
a lig h tn in g
fla s h
r η
D e te rm in e d
fo r
w e e k s on t h e
e th n o lo g y ,
"Fo r
th e
have
spent
m id n ig h t
s u b je c ts
te n
e v e ry
vacant
c o p io u s
c o n trib u te d
w id e ly
and o f f e r i n g
th is
fre n z ie d
e n th u s ia s m
fo r
a stro n o m y ,
he t o l d
hour
on t h e
n o te s
to
th e
v a lu a b le
g e o lo g y ,
n u m e ro u s
use.
s a id
ft
s c ie n c e s .
e v e n in g
s u g g e s t i o n s . 70
p r o j e c t when he
p h y s io lo g y ,
o n D ecem ber 4 ,
te a m e f f o r t
G a rfie ld
m a n ."
crammed
c o n n e c te d w i t h
re a d in g
o v e ra ll
of
G a rfie ld
e v e ry
G a rfie ld 's
p re p a ra tio n ,
th e
Rhodes
s u b je c ts
fo r
k in d
and r e l a t e d
and u s e d
in d is p e n s a b le ,
Rhodes
of
of
c h a lle n g e ,
p h re n o lo g y ,
d a y s ,"
re a d in g
A lm e d a B o o t h was
and m a k in g
m eet th e
e ty m o lo g y ,
la s t
in
to
d a re - d e v il
8
"I
t i l l
i t . " ^
v o lu m e s
H in s d a le
and
by r e a d i n g
In
th e
m id s t
re v e a le d
h is
in n e r
to
Rhodes:
I f e e l , H a r r y , s o f a r a s my s t a n d i n g b e f o r e t h e
p e o p l e and my i n t e l l e c t u a l s t r e n g t h a r e c o n c e r n e d ,
t h a t t h i s d e b a t e w i l l be t h e g r e a t e s t o c c a s i o n o f
my l i f e t h u s f a r and I m u s t g i v e m y s e l f a l l t h e
b o o k a d v a n t a g e s I can . . .
I have n e v e r so f u l l y
r e s o l v e d t o t r y a n y t h i n g a s t h i s . 71
The
d e b a te ,
w h i c h w as w e l l
re g io n ,
began on M o n d a y ,
F rid a y ,
Decem ber
b o th
c o n te sta n ts
31.
a d v e rtis e d
D ecem ber 2 7 ,
Th e re
w e re
made a t o t a l
of
tw o
th ro u g h o u t
and c o n t i n u e d
s e s s io n s
tw e n ty
th ro u g h
eac h d a y ,
h a lf- h o u r
th e
and
speeches
107
d u rin g
h e ld
th e
a th o u sa n d
a lm o s t
e v e ry
w re s tle d
of
th e
fie rc e
B ib le
iro n
77
of
h is
Fro m
For
th e
hand
ris e
you
th e
c onsen sus
h is
la s t
th e
in
"On t h e
o c c a s io n
of
my l i f e .
and o n n o n e d i d
e le m e n t
in fo rm e d
in
I
th e
it
For
ever
in v a lid a te
th e
i m m e d ia t e
c o n tro l
and e v e n i n g s
to
in
h is
m o u th
C o llin s "
of
fo r
th a t
re a c h e d
D e n to n
th a t
G a rfie ld
was by
fa r
n o ne w as
H a m lin
I
says
y e a rs ."
C h a g rin
of
it
th e
w as a
"I
stre n g th
e n c o u n te r
I
fe lt
G a rfie ld ,
7S
F a lls
it
had been r o u t e d .
I
was
th e
fe lt
and
th e
s tro n g e st
triu m p h a n tly
th e
m o s t m o m e n to u s
ever b e tte r
The
a th e is tic
not
D is c ip le
seen
A week a f t e r
w ro te
to
p re p a re d
and one
he h a s
was
"In
w ro te
succeed b e t t e r . "
"B ro .
c la im s
Rhodes.
c o m m u n ity w as d i s c o n s o l a t e ,
G a rfie ld :
s o down i n
"B ro th e r
th e
"to
days
w h o le
fo r
my g r a s p .
th a t
o p p o n e n t he had e v e r m e t , "
c a p a c ity
G a rfie ld
a lm o s t e v e ry
a c c o u n ts
to
w h ic h
and n i g h t s
he r e p o r t e d
b e nd i n
o p in io n
s p e e c h he
Rhodes.
tw o
re n te d
days
God f r o m
la s t
w as
fille d
up when he came o u t
th a t
of
w as
fiv e
fig h t,"
stre n g th
a ll
A h a ll
man who s o u g h t
"Fo r
to
d e b a te .
and i t
and re m o v e
soul
may s a y
th e
p e o p le ,
th e
hand t o
my w h o le
of
s e s s io n .
w ith
u n iv e rs e ."
I
c o u rse
G a rfie ld
th e
to
th e m
d e b a te ,
say:
S i n c e t h e smoke o f t h e b a t t l e h a s p a r t i a l l y c l e a r e d
a w a y, we b e g i n t o se e m ore c l e a r l y t h e v i c t o r y we have
g a in e d .
I h a v e y e t t o s e e t h e f i r s t man who c l a i m s
t h a t D e n t o n s u s t a i n e d h i s p o s i t i o n s . 76
W illia m
w ith
th e
Hayden,
th e
p o w e rfu l
n o te d
d e fe n se
D is c ip le
th a t
p re a c h e r,
G a rfie ld
w as d e l i g h t e d
had made.
" If
we
108
a t C h a g rin
F a lls
e d u c a tio n ,"
p a id
he
by t h i s
The
la n d m a rk s
s a id
D e n to n
d e b a t e w as one o f
if
a ny
e ffe c t,"
fiv e
le a rn e d
h is
days
"we
each to w a rd s
s h o u ld
a d u lt
to
s in g le
w ro te
and i t
event
in
h is
a p ra c tic e d
R e fle c tin g
o p in io n
he
"to o k
ste p s
a t C h a g rin
As
th e
in fid e lity ,
m o n th s
th e m e
of
in
a th e is m
1859,
su c h p la c e s
fo u g h t
"a n d
th o se
arm ed w i t h
on t h e
as
"Th e
fie ld
who w o u l d be
th e
of
to
h is
and had
subse
was o f
th is
its
C h a g rin
th e
th e
weapons w h ic h
of
war
h o le ."
b a ttle
re lig io n
th e
end i n
th e
n a tu ra l
le a d e rs
th e
of
and
He f o l l o w e d
" G e o l o g y and
.
In
fo rty
F a lls ,
of
on
.
79
a g a in s t
new f r i e n d s
sp e a k e r.
th e
d e liv e re d
of
"It
had h e l d
S m ith
le c tu re s
"c a rry
G a rfie ld
and N e w to n F a l l s .
be
to
"H e
to w a rd
a ho st
a p u b lic
a s e rie s
d e te rm in e d
m is e ra b le
d e fe n d e r o f
as
to
78
had g a in e d
re p u ta tio n
success w ith
R e lig io n ,"
th a t
o u ts ta n d in g
G a rfie ld
enhanced h i s
up h i s
F a lls ."
p ro v e d
on G a r f i e l d ' s
d e b a te r,
fir s t
a ls o
a n ta g o n is t
a c o n g re s s io n a l
h is
s ig n ific a n t
c a r e e r had a m ore
S m ith .
as
h a ll
th a n
a s p ira tio n s .
q u e nt c a re e r
th e
be m ore
m ost
p o litic a l
Th e o d o re
a g a in s t
th e
life ,
h is
own p o w e r s . "
th a t
Jam es'
77
s tim u lu s
may be d o u b t e d
$100
a frie n d ,
G a rfie ld 's
be a p o w e r f u l
own f o r
to
d e b a te ."
in
im p o rta n t
C h u r c h had p a i d
.
and p u r s u e
th e
firs t
le c tu re s
A u b u rn ,
fiv e
on t h i s
N e w b u rg h ,
e v i d e n c e s m u s t now
s c ie n c e s ,"
th e ir
s c ie n c e s
he
s a id ,
t i m e m u s t be
a ffo rd ."
80
109
th e
The
p ra is e
th a t
D e n to n
d e b a te
was
c o n tin u in g
p a s s io n
"Th e
c ritic is m
fo r
chess
c o m m u n ity ,
b lo o d y m u rd e r
th e
D e n to n
a re
as
h e a rd
in
th y
w ith
th e se
h is
in
days
re lu c ta n t
h is
to
in te lle c tu a l
c a to rs
th a t
th a t
not
is
in
th e
and t h a t
" lib e ra lity "
th e
le a d e rs
of
la w y e rs
he w r o t e
your
th e m and
w ith
to
E c le c tic .
th e
one i n
th e
b e c o m in g
"When
I
h is
H ild re th ,
of
th e
is
m a k in g
c o m in g up i n
B e e c h e ris m ."
a p p re c ia te d
th a t
a g ro w in g
o rth o d o x y .
Op
a l a w y e r b u t was
a s k who a r e
he w r o t e
te a c h e rs ,
sym pa
he c o m p l a i n e d .
a lw a y s
of
G a rfie ld
fu ll
in a u g u ra te
fin d in g
th e
H a v in g
th o u g h t
o f men i s
w as n o t
o u r p e o p le ,"
to
lib e ra lity
s u s p ic io u s
a g a in o f
and a u t h o r s — H o p k i n s ,
w ith
b u l l s . " 81
at
and he was
but
a m o n th a f t e r
c h u rc h ,"
A new c r o p
w e re
o p p o s itio n .
re la tio n s h ip
s ic k e n
and y o u do w e l l
th o u g h t
as
a d d re s s in g
"I
H is
h a v e been r a i s i n g
go i n
h im ,
of
th e
E c le c tic .
Rhodes
h is
of
a n y m o re e n c o u r a g i n g .
he was
th is
b re th re n
th e
p ro v o k e
in fo rm e d
d is g u s te d
c o m m u n ity ,
le a v e
to
R y d e r,
fin d in g
th e re
G a rfie ld 's
D is c ip le
ite m
th e
in c o rrig ib le
and s h i v e r .
G a rfie ld
fin d
and
a re s u lt
at
"N o rm a n and H a r v e y
re a liz e
la tte r
th e
he
fru s tra tio n s .
shake
number o f
"I
it ,"
im b e c ility
H o w e v e r,
next
a ro u n d W illia m s t o w n
ho pe y o u
fo g ie s
th e
way a s
m o re w e lcom e b e c a u s e
he e x p e r i e n c e d
Rhodes w a s n 't
c o n fid e n c e
w re tc h e d
"I
about
some s e r m o n s
th e
th e
he a d e d b y F a t h e r
u n re a s o n a b le
D is c ip le s
a ll
was
d e b a te .
But
came G a r f i e l d ' s
to
Rhodes,
p re a c h e rs,
S illim a n ,
th e
edu
A g a s s iz ,
110
B e e c h e r,
Chapman,
K in g ,
G re e le y ,
H o lm e s ,
Em e rso n ,
e tc .
OO
Th e se
a re
o u r m e n ."
he e n t e r e d
h is
name a s
in
th e
a s tu d e n t- a t- la w
in
s p rin g
th e
of
la w
1859
o ffic e
Ο Λ
o f W illia m s o n
re a d in g
F u lle r
I
la w
a little
a g re a t
g iv e
h is
a c tio n
H in s d a le .
a c tiv e
was
in
to
th e
life
p o litic s ,
to
one o f
H ira m
to
he w o u ld
th e
th e
m in is try
" a v a ila b le "
th e
but
hope t h a t
th e
Th e re
G a rfie ld
H ira m
c irc le
n o t be a p r e a c h e r .
a n n o u n c e m e n t,"
he was
w ro te
ta k in g
on a c o u r s e
an
of
f.
tin
tic s ,
oc
p ra c tic e
la w ."
When G a r f i e l d ,
he w as
to
d e la y ."
and w a s c a r r y i n g
th a t
c o n c lu d e
out
th is
h a v e been
he had i n f o r m e d
p r e a c h i n g week by w e e k ,
S u rp ris in g ly ,
h is
I
h e ld
h a rm o n y w i t h
o
in
th a t
"I
tim e ,"
deal o f
p re a c h in g ,
announced
in
to
s h o u ld
who s t i l l
life
" W h ile
p a rt
re a d in g
d e v o te
tim e
b e g in w i t h o u t
he had a l r e a d y
" H is
fro m
C le v e la n d .
"a nd
w o u ld
of
a year e a rlie r,
c o u ld
w e re
and R i d d l e
tru ste e
fo r
D is c ip le s
who u r g e d
and C h r i s t i a n
e a rly
in
a debut
1859,
in
h im
to
e d u c a tio n
a p p ris e d
R e p u b lic a n
was
A us
p o li
re sp o n d e d :
I c a n n o t b u t f e e l t h a t i t i s a b u r n i n g shame f o r
one p o s s e s s i n g s u c h r a r e a b i l i t i e s t o b l e s s o u r r a c e ,
b o th f o r t h i s l i f e
and t h e n e x t , t h a t y o u s h o u l d f o r
one moment i n d u l g e t h e i d e a o f l e a v i n g a f i e l d o f
l a b o r f o r w h i c h y o u a r e s o a d m i r a b l y f i t t e d . 87
G a rfie ld
had ho p e d
c h a irm a n
of
o n ly
n a tu ra l
th e
fo r
an i m m e d ia t e
R e p u b lic a n
th a t A u s tin
D is tric t
w o u ld
th in k
e n d o rse m e n t
C o m m itte e ,
of
th e
fro m
but
it
E c le c tic
th e
w as
firs t.
Ill
Fro m h i s
p e rs p e c tiv e ,
p o litic a l
th e
c a n d id a te s
E c le c tic
la rg e ly
in to
p o litic a l
But
fo r
lo n g .
tu te s"
and R e l i g i o n "
se v e ra l
th e
w e re
g e n e ra lly
life
cal
of
M aso ns,
h is
to
"One
th o u g h t
has
in
my l i f e - - t h a t
He t h e n
th e
s p ite
"se c re t
th e
h is
speak
E c le c tic
in
th e
at
c irc le
and a f e w o t h e r s
" If
do n o t
ta k e
la w ,"
"Te a c h e r
a s p irin g
th e
fa c t
fo r
and
p o litic ia n
th a t
D is c ip le s
88
be ga n t o
p lo t
se v e ra l
h is
y e a rs ,"
th e
fix e d
in
our
b e c o m in g a p o l i t i
and w i t h
su p p o rte rs
he r e a s o n e d ,
on
In s ti
m i g h t be a s s o c i a t e d
a base
be an E d u c a t i o n a l
d is tric t.
re g io n ,
The
up o n me f o r
as
G a rfie ld
le c tu re s
th e
s o c ie tie s ."
a p la n
as
a p p ro v a l
su p p o rt,
in
G a rfie ld
y o u and I
s c h o o l,
demands o f
" a n d h a s become one o f
H ira m
se e m s t o
to w n s
of
had been
w as an i n t i m a t e
tw e n ty - fiv e
R e se rv e .
sk e tc h e d
th e
e v e n tu a l
Rhodes,
m id - A p ril,
at
n o t w ith h o ld
to
b u ild in g
s c h e d u le .
v is ib ility
g ro w n
of
add t h e
A u s tin
he ga ve
in
opposed t o
le a d e r w i t h
c o u rse
c ro w d e d
v a rio u s
W e ste rn
le tte rs
w o rk ."
I
p ro te g e
in v ita tio n s
h is
re p o rte d
w is h e s
th e
at
a v a ila b le
A u s tin
p ro m o tio n
w as u n d a u n t e d .
1 and May 16
jo in e d
he
an a l r e a d y
on i n c r e a s i n g
even
fu tu re .
h is
o f A u s tin 's
a ro u n d
In
see
C o n fid e n t
a c c e p te d
c o lle g e .
G a rfie ld 's
and he w o u l d
Be tw e e n A p r i l
he
fo r
of
one man c a p a b le
frie n d ,
c o n c e n tra te d
"G e o lo g y
to
G a rfie ld
and t r u s t e d
b u t o n ly
eager to
o ffic e
w as a p l e t h o r a
a fu ll- fle d g e d
re s p o n s ib le
and he w a s n o t
th e re
h is
b e lo v e d
and a s s o c i a t e s .
"th e
next b est
and P o l i t i c a l
o n e --th e
112
la tte r
( P o lit.)
He e x p l a i n e d
to
be r e a c h e d
th ro u g h
th e
fo rm e r
(E d u c .)."
fu rth e r:
S h o u l d t h i s be t h e c h o s e n p l a n I know o f no p l a c e
w h e r e , e v e r y t h i n g c o u n t e d , we c o u l d do b e t t e r t h a n
h e re .
We h a v e a r e p u t a t i o n and i n f l u e n c e o f no i n c o n
s i d e r a b l e p o w e r a s a c a p i t a l t o s t a r t on and I t h i n k
t h a t j u d i c i o u s m anagem ent w o u ld go v e r y f a r t o w a r d
g i v i n g u s t h e l e a d o f t h e c h i e f m o v e m e n ts i n o u r
im m e d ia t e t e r r i t o r y and u l t i m a t e l y o f a l a r g e r a r e a . 89
When he w r o t e
to
e n c o u ra g e
g ra d u a tio n
Rhodes
fro m
dependent o f
th e
e n e rg ie s
of
ju s t
at
& th e
of
frie n d s
of
s h o u ld
o n e ."
$ 1 ,5 0 0
of
can d i r e c t
a g a in s t
a fte r
of
h is
B o a rd s
th e
c h a n n e ls
G a rfie ld
te a c h
c o n tin u e d
s c h o o l we s h a l l
w h a te v e r
to
G a rfie ld
E c le c tic
and c o n t r o l
p e r y e a r,
th e se
th e
th is
"a n d
in to
la te r,
th a t
I
th a t
fin d
I
Edu
and
he had
U n iv e rs ity
"w h e n
fe w h u n d r e d s
p o s itio n s ,
of
we may c h o o s e . "
a t C le v e la n d
th e
in
p u rs u its
re v e a le d
o b s e rv in g
be
of
lo v e
I
d o lla rs
fre e d o m
b e s t."® ®
o n ly
d id
d iffic u lty
n o t have
le t
th e
do t h i s , "
d is p e n s e
91
to
"In
s in c e rity ,
some c o n c e r n
s h o u ld
w o u ld
h is
re s tra in ts
E c le c tic
he
school
my f r e e d o m h e r e
The
te r
h im ,
down an o f f e r
a s a la ry
b a la n c e
and
th e
tu rn e d
re tu rn
in te rfe re n c e
he r e m i n d e d
illu s tra te
to
a week
W illia m s .
c a tio n ,"
To
a g a in
to
in
a p la c e
Rhodes,
tru ste e s
N.
fo r
but
Rhodes.
w as t h a t
T h is
G a rfie ld
h im ,
"I
s o o n and y o u r
He w as r e f e r r i n g ,
p la n
of
c o u rse ,
th in k
in s is te d
s a la ry
to
th e
th e
w as a m a t
know he w as a v a i l a b l e .
he r e a s s u r e d
w ith
G a rfie ld 's
th a t
" If
you
tru ste e s
w o u ld
be a f a i r
N orm an D u n s h e e .
113
Rhodes
in g
h is
a jo b
to
u n w illin g n e s s
to
he d i d
not
s a la rie s .
th e
th a t
th e
"N o rm a n
to
h im s e lf.
G a rfie ld
i f
d a t e d May 2 ,
be a p a r t y
p u ttin g
by e x p r e s s
anyone o u t
He i n d i c a t e d
and t h e
how he c o u l d
H o w e v e r,
ra n k
a le tte r
fo r
w ith
see
in
to
make a p l a c e
be a s s o c i a t e d
but
of
re p lie d ,
H ira m
h is
d e s ire
fa c u lty
a g a in ,
be added w i t h o u t
tru ste e s
f ills , "
c o u ld
o ffe r
he a d m i t t e d
of
re d u c in g
h im
th a t
a p la c e
he w o u ld
Q O
" q u ite
to
lik e ly
a c c e p t."
le s s
th a n
th e
b o a rd ,
o n ly
th e
th e
le tte r
or
The
o u tc ry
s p lit
fro m
a g a in
th e
fie ld
of
"Th e
counsel
of
it
D unshee' s
in to
a s k in g
A c c o rd in g
tw e lv e
a lo n g
fiv e
h is
to
one,
jo b
G a rfie ld
he
but
of
to
th e y
J.
he p r o f e s s e d
expect
a c tio n
and t h e
fa c tio n s .
p lo ttin g
in fo rm e d
d id
frie n d s ,
w a rrin g
fo r
Rhodes.
b e h in d
Dunshee' s
Rhodes,
"I
at
w ith
th e
w ith o u t
n o t o n ly
d id
i t . "9
4
H ira m
back,
of
R h o d e s .3
9
Tru ste e s
p ro d u c e d
B o a rd
fire d
p riv a te ly
an i m m e d ia t e
c o m m u n ity was
c h a rg e d G a r f i e l d
and a p e t i t i o n
re in s ta te m e n t.
th e
p re se n t.
s u rp ris e
Dunshee
h is
was
m in u te s
a b ru p tly
had h u d d l e d
not
th e
H a rris o n
a ssu re d
th e
to
th e re
mem bers w e re
move w as made by t h e
ru th le s s n e s s
h a p p ily
th e
b u t n o n e th e le s s
b o a rd w i t h
c irc u la te d
s ix
c o n n iv a n c e ,"
not d ire c tly
m e t on May 1 1 ,
a tte n d a n c e .
b o a rd m e e tin g
a c tio n .
p lo ttin g
in
Tru ste e s
and o f f e r e d
b o a rd 's
of
by a v o t e
N orm a n D u n s h e e
B e fo re
B o a rd
a q u o ru m
and
pa ssed
When t h e
of
G a rfie ld
B u t,
Tru ste e s
as
G a r
w e re
114
unmoved b y t h e
in
D u n s h e e 's
fo r
th e
o u tc ry
and r e m a in e d
had i n t r o d u c e d
d is m is s a l,
a c tio n .
th e
and he
On May 28
"w o n d e rfu lly
re s o lu tio n
assum ed
he w r o t e
th a t
fu ll
to
firm ."5
9
re s u lte d
G a rfie ld :
T h i n g s h a v e come t o a s t r a n g e p a s s i f t h e t r u s t e e s
o f a p u b l i c s c h o o l have n o t th e r i g h t t o s e l e c t su c h
te a c h e rs as i n t h e i r o p in io n th e i n t e r e s t s o f th e
s c h o o l demand.
And I can a s s u r e h i m t h a t t h e s e c o n
s i d e r a t i o n s and n o t 'J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d ' moved me t o
th e a c t io n I to o k i n th e m a t t e r . . . H o ld a s te a d y
h a n d and s t a n d f i r m l y t o y o u r p o s t . . .
& you w i l l
come
o u t o f t h e m u s s w i t h m o re and b e t t e r f r i e n d s
th a n
y o u e v e r ha d b e f o r e . . .
Wew i l l f r e e y o u f r o m
a l l im p u t a t io n s .9 6
In
th e
school
a s tro n g
in
s p ite
to
p re ssu re
d id
a ll
th e
s to rm
of
th e
p a trio tic
s c h o o l,"
he
and a b u s e b r o u g h t
b e fo re
and t h e
was
G a rfie ld
of
fin a lly
and B o o t h
on t h e
it
o u t.
lo v e
H a rry
H ira m
a p a rt- tim e
b a s e w as b e g i n n i n g
to
ta k e
if
he c h o s e
p la n s
th e
w e re
e ffe c t
to
in fo rm e d
th e
th e
in to
June
G a rfie ld
p la c e ,
s c h o o l.
"Th e re
among t h e
lo v e
us
it
o u ts id e
97
a u th o rity
R h o d e s w o u ld
at
th e
soon
The
th a n I
W ith
and t h e r e
c a p a c ity .
s tu d e n ts
b e tte r
m o re ."
is
th e
Ec
re jo in
w as t a l k
p o litic a l
shape.
seek p o l i t i c a l
fa llin g
on
a fte r
in c id e n t,
Rhodes. "Th e
fa c u lty ,
in
days
I
Dunshee
G a rfie ld .
in fo rm e d
a d d in g H i n s d a l e
Th re e
fo r
G a rfie ld 's
se c u re .
th e
e n th u s ia s m
stu d e n ts
r e m o v a l o f N orm an D u n s h e e ,
le c tic
over
y e a r e nd e d t r i u m p h a n t l y
fe e lin g
re g a rd
ever
of
9 commencement e x e r c i s e s ,
th a t
o ffic e .
but
He p u t
he w o u ld
98
The
G a rfie ld
th e
su p p o rt
c a re fu lly
h im
la id
w o n d e re d a b o u t
q u e s tio n
to
Rhodes:
115
S h a ll I ru n f o r S ta te s e n a to r o r re p re s e n ta tiv e ,
e ith e r o r n e ith e r t h i s f a l l ?
I f e l e c t e d i t w o u ld
t a k e me f r o m t h e s c h o o l t h e l a s t h a l f o f t h e w i n t e r
te rm .
I am i n a q u a n d a r y .
I c o u l d p r o b a b l y go i f
I try .
I know t h e r e w o u ld be a t h e o l o g i c a l s t o r m
b u t I d o n ' t c a re f o r t h a t .
The sc h o o l i s what
g i v e s me p a u s e . 99
G a rfie ld
a " th e o lo g ic a l
He knew t h a t
a C h ris tia n
e a rly
as
G a rfie ld
of
th e
C h ris t
you a re
th e
w o u ld
be
s tro n g ly
th e
week
u rg in g
o n ly
mer s t a t e
a re n a o f
in
h is
b e in g
it
ones
h e a d s ,"
o u t,
opposed
se n a to r
to
P.
He
in fo rm e d
G a rfie ld
th e
P re n tis s
in
th e
th a t
fa ll
n o m in a tio n
la w o r
of
to
of
As
a p o s s ib le
d i s m a y b y some
h ig h e r
w ro te
c a llin g
W a lla c e
of
b e st
John
Tru ste e s,
frie n d s
G a rfie ld ,
in
"w h e n
p o litic s . "
D is c ip le s
c a n d id a c y .
w e re
not
Fro m
fo r
a p ro m in e n t R e p u b lic a n
a m o re p r a c t i c a l
th e
th e ir
e le c tio n
opposed
p o litic s .
B o a rd
he w a r n e d
m ost o f
c o m m itte d
th e
th a t
p o litic s .
p re a c h e rs
"Y o u r
B ro w n ,
came an o b j e c t i o n
s e n a to rs h ip
on t h e
a G a rfie ld
O liv e r
w ith
p o litic s .
Ravenna,
had a l r e a d y
ru m o rs
D is c ip le
c o n c e rn .
of
lic a n s
of
c o n n e c tio n w i t h
tu rn e d
th e
s a c rific e
frie n d s
h is
th e ir
to
w o rld
c lo s e s t
"w o rld ly "
re c e iv e d
S e v e ra l
th e
e x p re ss
shake
J u ly ,
h im n o t
fo r
named i n
As
p re d ic tio n
to
a ll
h is
he e n t e r e d
m in is try
w ro te
in
if
D is c ip le s .
one o f
be r i g h t
a ris e
c a n d id a c y w e re
to
a ls o
to
w o u ld
fir s t
F o rd ,
sto rm "
e n te rin g
th e
G a rfie ld
p ro v e d
to
le a d in g
su p p o rt
C y ru s
seemed a s s u r e d ,
fo r
n a tu re .
lo c a l
th e
P re n tis s .
he a d v i s e d
Repub
s ta te
S in c e
G a rfie ld
116
to
keep h i s
of
th a t
a m b itio n s
tim e ,
s tro n g e r
B ro w n
p o s itio n
In
G a rfie ld
la te
ru n n in g
w ith
jo u rn e y e d
fo r
e v e n t h e lp e d
th e
w ith
back
p a rty
and
le a d in g
D is c ip le
to
o ffic e ,
fro m
v e ry
C o lle g e
to
Rhodes
8 s t ill
fo u n d
m in d .
S q u ire ,
had u n e x p e c t e d l y
d u rin g
c o n v e n tio n
th e
s e n a to ria l
n o m in a tio n
w as now w i d e
to
se c u re
G a rfie ld 's
in
n o m i n a t i o n . - 103
"a
g ro u p
of
w a n te d
to
make s u r e
He s o l e m n l y
b e h a lf;
h is
w ith
h is
p le d g e d
ra th e r,
c a s e .105
th e
A c c o rd in g
w as
te a c h e rs
J o u rn a l,
in
"a n d
to
h is
th a t
came t o
an u n f o r e s e e n
h im
th e
h is
tra in
and
C y ru s
W ith
aw ay,
F u rth e rm o re ,
c itiz e n s
a llo w
th a t
tw o w e e k s
open.
W asson,
in
frie n d s
of
Ravenna"
name t o
S q u ire
w as
th e
n o m in a tio n ,
u n d e rsto o d
h is
be p u t
sent
by
re ly
H ira m
it
upon h i s
frie n d s
and d u r i n g
th e
th e
tru s te e s ,"
c o m p a tib le
w ith
but
he
p o s itio n .
he w o u ld make no e f f o r t
and some o f
fo u n d
to
10?
about
p a s t week.
o n ly
an
R a v e n n a . "-104
in te re s te d
he w o u l d
"I
le a d in g
p e rm is s io n
D is c ip le s
G a rfie ld
"th e
th a t
th e
n o m in a tin g
by
g ra d u a te .
p ro m in e n t R e p u b lic a n
R e p u b lic a n
had b e e n s e n t
a fa r
re c e iv e
He w as m e t a t
th e
S q u ire
end
u n c e rta in ,
u n c e rta in
who i n f o r m e d
d ie d
th e
w o u ld be i n
s t ill
w a tc h
he
M a n tu a ,
At
o r g a n iz a t io n . 101
fu tu re
home o n A u g u s t
A nd re w J .
tw o y e a r s .
W illia m s
h i m make up h i s
by D r .
fo r
G a rfie ld
h is
to
d e g re e
p o litic a l
s ta tio n
P re n tis s
check
re a so n e d ,
J u ly ,
h o n o ra ry M a s te r's
in
to
on h i s
own
p re se n t
week c o n v e r s e d
he r e p o r t e d
my d u t i e s
to
in
be
117
a b se nt
th e
re q u ire d
tim e ."
On A u g u s t
Ravenna
"a nd a f t e r
e x a m in in g
a llo w e d
my name t o
be
On t h e
e ve o f
w as
s t ill
in
d o u b t.
yet
th e re
w e re
But
th a t
c a n d id ly
in
th e
c o n v e n tio n ,
o th e r
sta te
of
th e
went
to
a ffa irs ,
s e n a to ria l
w as c o n c e d e d t o
a c tiv e
he w as c a u t i o u s l y
h is
th e
G a rfie ld
" 1 06
G a rfie ld
th re e
n ig h t
used.
in to
13
c a n d id a te s
have
in
o p tim is tic ,
is s u e
th e
th e
edge,
fie ld .
and he w r o t e
J o u rn a l:
I w i l l now s a y t o y o u , my much n e g l e c t e d j o u r n a l ,
t h a t I h a v e f o r some y e a r s had i t i n c o n t e m p l a t i o n
to e n te r th e f i e l d o f s ta te s m a n s h ip , e i t h e r a t th e
l e g a l o r e d u c a t i o n a l p o r t a l , and i f t h i s p l a n s u c
c e e d s I s h a l l h a v e g a in e d a s t e p i n t h e d i r e c t i o n
o f my p u r p o s e . . . B u t J a m e s , ke e p y o u r b a l a n c e . 1 0 7
The
fo llo w in g
b a llo t
"I
b u t was
am a w a re
w ro te ,
day he g a i n e d
th a t
"a n d
men f o l l o w
s e d u c tiv e
and o f
ic a l
I
life
b e lie v e
p o litic s
w e re
in
n o m in a tio n
a fte rm a th
out
up o n
u n d e rta k e
w h ic h
la te r,
in
th e
la u n c h
a w rite r
and d a n g e r o u s
m e e tin g
d e c is io n .
I
in
am a b o u t t o
A week
y e a rly
s o le m n
th e
w h ic h
a w o rk
has
"I
b e lie v e
my i n t e g r i t y ,
th a t
is
of
p r e a c h e rs . " 109
a g re e m e n t w i t h
c o n s id e ra b le
v a s tly
su p p o rt
th a t
fo r
h is
th a t
fo u rth
triu m p h .
c u rre n t,"
as
s a id
fa c e d h i s
and r e t a i n
th a n
a fic k le
he
p re c a rio u s
'i t
is
to
I
m anhood ,
th e
as
m ost
fo llo w .'" 1 08
b re th re n
and w as p e r s u a d e d
He r e s p o n d e d :
th e re
h is
a y o u n g man can
G a rfie ld
S o lo n
of
on th e
at
e x p la in
can e n t e r
th e
h is
p o lit
and r e l i g i o n .
m o re ne ed o f m a n ly men i n
Not
a ll
a sse ssm e n t,
of
but
n o m i n a t i o n . 110
th e
D is c ip le s
G a rfie ld
fo u n d
118
c u m sta n c e s
of
h is
s u g g e s tio n
th a t
w ro te
to
n o m in a tio n ,
he ha d
sought
F u lle r
to
d e s c rib e
he was a n x i o u s
th e
o ffic e .
to
th e
c ir
a v o id
any
He e x p l a i n e d :
L o n g a g o , y o u k n o w , I had t h o u g h t s o f a p u b l i c
c a re e r, b u t I f u l l y re s o lv e d to fo re g o i t a l l , un
l e s s i t c o u l d be o b t a i n e d w i t h o u t w a d in g t h r o u g h
th e m ir e i n t o w h ic h p o l i t i c i a n s u s u a l l y p lu n g e .
T h e n o m i n a t i o n w a s t e n d e r e d me, and t h a t b y a c c l a
m a t i o n , t h o u g h t h e r e w e re f i v e c a n d i d a t e s .
I never
s o l i c i t e d t h e p l a c e , n o r d i d I make a n y b a r g a i n t o
s e c u re i t . 111
But
he ha d m o re d i f f i c u l t y
E rre tt.
a s id e
When t h e y m e t i n
and b e s e e c h e d h i m
d e c is io n .
re m in d in g
sto o d ,
"Is
and th e
th a t
Lo rd ,
C le v e la n d ,
to
p o litic a l
G a rfie ld
e x p la in in g
c o n s id e r
h o n o r th e
"th e
io r
c la im s
upon h im ,
w h ic h
h im
to
h is
m in d w as made u p .
c o m p ro m ise ." 1 1 2
so
h ig h e s t
w h ic h
no e a r t h l y
A lla n
Is a a c
h is
h o n o r? "
he
frie n d
w rite s
of
lo v e d ,
h is
he a s k e d ,
so w e l l
te m p ta tio n
lis te n e d
P e s k in
to o k
to
consequences
d e v o te d ly
G a rfie ld
m o tiv e s
E rre tt
th e
tru th ,
whom he
h is
u n d e r
had s u p e r
m ust
le a d
re s p e c tiv e ly ,
of
th is
but
d e c is io n :
He seemed s c a r c e l y t o r e a l i z e t h a t h i s l i f e had
re a c h e d a t u r n i n g p o i n t .
E v e r s in c e h i s c o n v e rs io n ,
l e s s t h a n t e n y e a r s b e f o r e , h i s s o u l had m a i n t a i n e d
an u n e a s y b a la n c e b e tw e e n p e r s o n a l a m b i t i o n and
C h r i s t i a n h u m i l i t y , b u t . . . th e a l l u r e o f w o r ld ly
s u c c e s s c o u l d n o l o n g e r be c o n t a i n e d . 1 1 3
Once t h e
asked
fo r
"d e liv e re d
d ie
was c a s t ,
a m o re v i g o r o u s
some t h i r t y
tw o
h o u rs
each.
th e
R e p u b lic a n s
"
w in
In
th e
th e
R e p u b lic a n s
c a m p a ig n e r .
p o litic a l
th e
By h i s
sp e ec he s,
O c to b e r
g o v e rn o rs h ip
c o u ld
own c o u n t
a v e ra g in g
11 e l e c t i o n ,
and b o t h
not
he
about
w h ic h
ho use s
have
of
saw
th e
119
le g is la tu re ,
h is
G a rfie ld
D e m o c ra tic
ste p
in
th e
e x e c u te d ,
d ire c tio n
and i t
sh a re d
h is
was no d o u b t
to
c a la m ito u s
e v e r,
th e
in
J a n u a ry ,
th e
th is
.
of
p ra c tic e
.
"a nd
The
w ith
tw e n ty - e ig h t
member i n
th e
fo r
"H e
to o k
sta te
is
e v e ry
her
p re a c h e r,
get
wept
some
115
How
c lo s e s t
Jo u rn a l
ris e ;
son
G a rfie ld
in to
o v e r."
h is
bound t o
a fte r
he w i l l
be
le g is la tu re
in
116
th e
to k e n s
of
q u irk ,
in
th e
w o rd s
's e e
"S e n a te
te a se d
th a t
se c re t
and t h e
th e
in d e e d
re a d y
C h a m b e r"
h im
about
w o rd s
w e re
s a tis fa c tio n
C th ru s ts
me go i t . ' "
and p r e a c h e r ,
was
fo r
G a rfie ld 's
in
had n o t i c e d
te a c h e r
but not
c ry in g ,"
w o u ld
A lm e d a B o o t h
s a y in g
s e n a te ,
I
w in te r
sea t
w ro te
little
fo rw a rd ,
o ld
is
h is
she
her
The
s u c c e s s fu lly
a m b itio n
m ost o f
y e a rs ."
such e v id e n t
year
th e
le tte rs .
a v a in
le ft
o p tim is tic a lly
fiv e
and s a i d
head a d m i r i n g l y
w h o se
"I
3 ,7 4 6 .
had been
v ic to ry ,
h is
and d e f e a t e d
to
w ith
th in k in g
spoke
he p r o u d l y
S has
5 ,1 7 6
one.
b e fo re
G a rfie ld
h is
p a rty
be a b i g
m o th e r,
e le c tio n :
1860,
to p
"w ritte n
.
w ife ,
when he w r o t e
A fte r
of
p u rp o se
C o lu m b u s .
b e fo re
h is
b e c o m in g an o u t s t a n d i n g
c o n d itio n
C o n g re ss
at
of
fo r
v ic to rio u s
to
H is
C o ry d o n F u l l e r
frie n d s
h is
w as e l a t e d
th a t
h is
of
p ro v e d
jo y .
when he p a r t e d
re p o rte d
ahead o f
o p p o n e n t by a v o t e
G a rfie ld
one
ra n
th e
to
117
its
The
youngest
"g o
it."
120
C H A P T E R FO UR
"I
S TA N D B E T W E E N
TWO F I R E S "
I s t a n d b e tw e e n tw o f i r e s and am n e a r l y a s u n w i l l
i n g t o be warm ed o r b u r n t by one a s t h e o t h e r . One
p a r t y o f my f r i e n d s b la m e me a s b e i n g t o o c o o l on
th e s l a v e r y q u e s t io n ; a n o th e r f o r b e in g to o h o t .
- - G a r f i e l d t o A u s t i n , M a rc h 3 0 , 1 8 5 9
P rio r
of
b la c k
s o c ia l
ses
th e
th e
vent
th e
S c o tt
D e c is io n ,
The
way he
c o n tro v e rsy .
By
c e n te rs
1850
W e ste rn
in itia l
re sp o n se
to
h e a rin g
a se rm o n
on t h e
he
is s u e
th is
R e se rv e
th e
in
Ja m e s A .
to
to
th e
in to
to
th e
K a n sa s-N e b ra sk a
H a rp e r's
in c re a s in g ly
fe r
c o n tro v e rsy
G a rfie ld
th e
c ri
in c lu d e d
is s u e
was
on
c o n s id
la rg e ly
D is c ip le s
th e
m id d le
of
d e te r
of
. . .
a b o litio n is m
C h ris t
th e
w as
of
O h io .
th a t
of
s la v e ry
8 e ssa ys
But
s la v e ry
In d ia n a
G a rfie ld 's
a m o d e ra te .
in
on t h e
in
was e m e r g i n g
ra d ic a lis m — c e n tra l
s u b je c t
"came home and r e a d
th e
of
c a n d id a te .
n o rth e rn
is s u e
s e rie s
th a t
m o u n tin g
b e llig e re n t
D is c ip le s
and t h e
1850,
h im
and v e x a t i o u s
th e
1850's
C a b in ,
a p o litic a l
c o n v e rs io n
of
th e
re sp o n d e d
had t h r u s t
?
of
in s titu tio n
and J o h n B r o w n ' s
s la v e ry
im p a c t o f
as
e ls e w h e re ,
T o m 1s
a s p ira tio n s
success
1850
th e
e n tre n c h e d
m ost p ro fo u n d
decade o f
D re d
and t h e
tw o
as
U n c le
G a rfie ld 's
fro m
O h io ,
1850,
p o litic a l
M a rc h o f
In
s tirre d
th e
" A m e r ic a 's
h e c tic
h e ig h ts .
m in e d h i s
W a r,
of
ra id ,
e ra b le ,
C iv il
w as
p ro b le m ."1
C o m p ro m is e
F e rry
th e
s la v e ry
d u rin g
A c t,
to
A fte r
S e p te m b e r o f
same s u b j e c t
as
121
c o n n e c te d w i t h
e ig h t
e ssa ys
th a t
is s u e .
4
and c o n c l u s i v e
te r
to
and s l a v e
d e b a te
D is c ip le s
tio n is t
at
th a t
th e
W e ste rn
w h ile
m o d e ra te
b u t he a d m i t t e d
v e s tig a tio n ,
"n o t
th e
But
fir s t
but
fu rth e r.9
Jo u rn a l
th a t
C a b in ,"
and
in
he had
la te r
The
in
1845,
on th e
"a b ly w r i t t e n ,
re la tio n
o f m as
n e x t d a y he a g r e e d
"I
R.
to w a rd
s e c tio n s
of
th e
a b o li
O h io
"w e re
u n p o p u la r
th e
knew
c ritic is m ,
a g ita tio n
G id d in g s ,
th e
G
6 a rfie ld
some h a r s h
lo v e
F u g itiv e
he c o n f i d e d
on t h e
and i n
tru th
a g a in s t
W e ste rn
Re
to
S la v e
h is
th e
th e
little
summer o f
n e a rly
s p rin g
Jo u rn a l
E c le c tic ,
s p e a k e r s who
In
Law ,
G a rfie ld
th a t
he
q u e s tio n .8
at
show e d
"re a d
m ost p a r t"
gave a s p e e c h a t Geauga S e m i n a r y
a d o p te d
te rm
th e
"le a n e d
in v ite
he
th e
"fo r
d e fe n d in g
a b o litio n is t
e lo q u e n c e ,
is s u e
th e m
s e n tim e n ts ."
J o u rn a l:
s e ttle d "
s ig n ific a n t
th e ir
th e ir
When J o s h u a
h is
p o s itio n
s im p le
o th e r
h is
re c e n tly
fu lly
D u rin g
tw o
in
in
w o u ld
w as n o t p e r s u a d e d .
was
th a t
a b o litio n is t,
th e
th e
R e se rv e
th o se
and g l o r y
fie ry
d e n o u n c in g
th a t
v ie w s
in
p o p u la r e r r o r . " 7
s e rv e 's
c o n s id e re d
Shaw e s t i m a t e s
in
m o d e r a te
in
th e
p ro p o s itio n .
a n ti- s la v e ry
h is
th e
lik e ly
had w r i t t e n
NOT U N C H R I S T I A N . " 5
v e ry
v ie w ,"
le a s t
d e fin e
a rg u m e n ts,
th a t
H e n ry
to
G a rfie ld
is
w e re m o s t
when he a t t e m p t e d
s la v e ry
The se
100
of
im p re sse d
in te re s t
1852
he
in
h e a rd
h im w i t h
p u rs u in g
he n o t e d
pages o f
1853
G a rfie ld
U n c le
in d ic a te d
in h is
Tom ' s
in
tw o
122
e n trie s
th a t
n o v e l . · 10
he w as o n c e a g a i n
But
no e v i d e n c e
re a d in g
th e
c o n tro v e rs ia l
he made no comment a b o u t
th e
b o o k and gave
th a t
he e v e r
m ent
fo r
in
th e
th e
c is e s ,
a tte n d e d
summ er o f
fir s t
fin is h e d
1853,
it.
th e
B e th a n y
he m a n i f e s t e d
tim e
in
h is
life .
A fte r
he r e p o r t e d
in
h is
J o u rn a l:
C o lle g e
commence
a s e c tio n a l
w itn e s s in g
b ia s
th e
e x e r
T h e r e was a v e i n o f f l a t t e r y r u n n i n g t h r o u g h a l m o s t
e v e r y s p e e c h , i . e . , f l a t t e r i n g t h e l a d i e s , and a k i n d
o f n o i s y p a t r i o t i s m w h ic h i l l c o m p o rts w i t h th e f e e l
i n g s o f o u r O h io p e o p l e . . .
I can n o t e n d u r e t h a t
s o u t h e r n d a n d y is m s o i n t e r w o v e n w i t h t h e m a n n e rs o f
many o f t h e s t u d e n t s t h e r e . . . 11
"Th e re
o ff
a re
lik e
th e
fu rn is h e d
h im
to
w h ile
th re e
in
p a rlo rs
a v e ry
c o n c lu d e
th e
s o c ie ty
N o rth
of
our
th a t
"th e
f i l l
th e
was
c o n v in c e d
N o rth e rn
boy
.
.
he w r o t e
h o te ls
e le g a n t
G a rfie ld
.
ro o m s,"
as
to
and i m p o s i n g
S o u th
do t h e
c a sket w ith
th a t
"a
and
F u lle r,
m a n n e r."
a d o rn in g
th o ro u g h ,
le a d
"d o n e
m a g n ific e n c e ,
and
T h is
le d
p h y s ic a lly ,
in te lle c tu a l
good,
can go t h e r e
to
je w e ls ."
d e te rm in e d
th e m t h r o u g h
th e
c o u r s e . " 12
When i t
fo r
to
th e
c o m p le tio n
fo re g o
a g a in s t
b e lie v e d
th e re
th a t
B e th a n y .
of
"I
fo r
h is
it
was
im p o s s ib le
at
not
th e
G a rfie ld
c o lle g e
had a l w a y s
B e th a n y C o lle g e ,"
u n le s s
it
came t i m e
fo r
F u lle r
c o u rse ,
d e c id e
had a s t r o n g
w ro te
of
h is
he w r o t e
on a s c h o o l
F u lle r
y e a rs
h im
p re ju d ic e
"a s
man t o
m a n lin e s s ."
fu rth e r,
u rg e d
la te r,
an e a r n e s t N o r t h e r n
s a c rific e
p o s s ib le ,"
to
"fo r
"I
I
go
fe lt
Ja m e s A .
123
G a rfie ld
of
fre e
to
spend
a year a t
speech a t
h o ld e rs ."
th e
W illia m s
because
B e t h a n y w as
A lth o u g h
ta lk e d
about
1 8 5 0 's ,
fa ll
te rm
of
th e
w h o le
as
I
th e
an i n c i d e n t
d o n 't
in
of
of
th a t
in
s la v e ry
s u b je c ts
in
c a u g h t up
y e a r.
fa v o r
it
w as p a r t i a l l y
its
A fte r
is s u e
h e a rin g
1855,
of
a t
v ie w s .
was one o f
th e
s la v e -
in
th e
M a ssa c h u se tts
in
N o v e m b e r,
sons
rig h t
m ost
in
th e
u n til
th e
tw o
fie ry
G a rfie ld
w ro te :
th is
in to
th e
"I
th e
fe e l
w o rk o f
re lig io n
of
lik e
th ro w in g
o p p o s in g
C h ris t
at
th a t
G a rfie ld
B e th a n y
D is c ip le
C o lle g e
penned th e s e
w h i c h had
th is
demands
c la s s m a te s ,
P h ilip
Way,
a num ber o f
a b o litio n is ts
B.
rio t
at
th e
c o lle g e
on t h e
s in fu ln e s s
of
h e a te d
a ffa ir
th e
was
w o rd s,
s e rio u s
L e d by t h r e e
H ira m
a near
c h u rc h
he d e c l a r e d ,
1s
th e
fo rm e r
and A .
of
in s o le n t
d e c id e d
P ro - S la v e ry
know b u t
o c c u rre d
p re c ip ita te d
th e
a d m itte d
o f my l i f e
same m o n th
re p e rc u s s io n s
G a rfie ld 's
in
th is ,"
a c tio n ."
In
re s u lt
S e n io r
c u rre n t
some s u c h
he
and s u r r e n d e r
a s t h o u g h a g r e a t , a u n i t e d e f f o r t s h o u l d be
t h a t e f f o r t s h o u l d h a v e b u t one a im and t h a t
th e s u p p r e s s i o n o f S l a v e r y i n e v e ry n e w ly ac
rrito ry .
"N o m o re S l a v e E x t e n s i o n " s h o u l d be
bound t o e v e ry fr e e m a n 's b r e a s t .
h o u rs
E v e re s t,
was n o t
th e
fin a lly
s u b je c t
speeches
e v il.
B e th a n y
th e
h is
I fe e l
m ade, and
s h o u l d be
q u ire d t e
th e m o tto
such
"to o
and d e b a t e d
a b o litio n is t
g ia n t
C o lle g e ,
G a rfie ld
"A t
command o f
3
When
1
G a rfie ld
te n d in g
B e th a n y ,
B u rn s,
H a r v e y W.
stu d e n ts
by p r e a c h in g
s la v e ry .
e x p u ls io n
The
of
of
in
th e
u ltim a te
fiv e
of
124
th e
stu d e n ts
stu d e n ts
w e re
a n tis la v e ry
"im m o rta l
of
th e
and t h e
im m e d ia te ly
in
th e
te n ."
N o rth
1n
e x p e lle d
C h ris tia n
re s ig n a tio n
s tu d e n ts
U n iv e rs ity
in
D is c ip le
im m o ra l
and u n c h r i s t i a n
th e
s c h o o ls
p re ss
fro m
ga ve w i d e
th ro u g h o u t
G a rfie ld
h a ile d
In d ia n a p o lis ,
s c h o o l w o u ld
c o v e ra g e
th e
conduct h e re ."
to
le a rn e d
c o v e rt
and o p e n o p p o s i t i o n
a s p ire d
th a t
w ill
re p o rt
and d o u g h fa c e
its
to
th o u g h ts ."0
2
to w a rd
in
th a t
some
in c e n s e d
th a t
" d is m is s e d
The
fo r
fa c u ltie s
and t h e
of
D is c ip le
s e c tio n a l
re a c tio n s
a
D u n s h e e made r e f e r e n c e
to
th e
B e th a n y C o lle g e
have
They
he,
of
have
h im
to
of
but
th e ir
he was
th e re
in a c tio n
B e th a n y o f
d e ta ils
re p ly
"e v e ry th in g
tra n s p ire d
fro m
w as b e c o m in g
of
and
th e
"g iv e
unhappy
us
we do n o t
a ll
your
know,
in c re a s in g ly
hos
s la v e ry .
and E v e r e s t w e re
1856,
ju s t
w rite
in
to
N o rth ,"
s trip p e d
th e
w ro te
to o ,
th e
b re th re n
d e s c rib e d
in s titu tio n
A ugust
dubbed t h e
in
"e v e n ts
and u r g e d
fa c u lty
of
a t N o rth -W e ste rn
"B e th a n y
th a t
What G a r f ie l d
th e
cause
rio t"
of
th e
in
He t h e n
b u t we do know t h a t
tile
o m in o u s
of
o u r N o rth e rn
G a rfie ld
1R
n o te s,
be a c o l l e g e
s e rv ility .
d is g u is e ."
a ffa ir
D unshee.
to
s ta rtle
th e
th e
le a rn e d
he w as
th o se
These
b ro th e rh o o d .9
1
fir s t
N orm an
now e a g e r t o
e n ro ll
exchanged b i t t e r
to
d ra m a tic a lly
had be e n a c c e p te d
fro m
has
o th e rs.
as m a rty rs
and w e re
le tte r
th a t
fiv e
When A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e ll
a n o th e r
tw o
of
Dunshee
added t o
n a tu ra lly
th e
E c le c tic
assum ed t h a t
125
he w as b e i n g
s l a v e r y . 2 1v e rte d
to
was
of
"b le e d in g
he e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y
In
th e
le v e l
th e
h o tb e d
of
D is c ip le
M a g a z in e ,
p u b lis h e d
w ith in
E v e r e s t w e re
a ro u n d
a re s u lt,
is s u e ,
In
S p e a k in g
of
th e
its
tu tio n a l
R e p u b lic a n
th e
h e ld
In
th a t
p ro te c tin g
Roger
c o u ld
th e y
rig h ts .
of
th e
The
U n ite d
c o m m u n ity
le a d in g
s p irit.
p o s itio n
and E v e r e s t .
on
23
S u p re m e C o u r t
of
Ta ne y,
bar
c o n c u rre d
to
th e
and
D re d
th e
S c o tt.
m a jo rity
C o m p ro m is e w as u n c o n s t i
not
d e m a n d in g t h e
in
case
B.
a new
p e rio d ic a l
a b o litio n is t
th e
s p irit
and D u n s h e e
S ta te s
M is s o u ri
was c o n t r a r y
be a c i t i z e n
in
G a rfie ld
a num ber o f
Dunshee
e le c
N o r th - W e ste rn
a m o d e ra te
U n ite d
J u s tic e
e ffe c t,
p ro p e rty
ris in g
d e c is io n
C o n g re ss
th e
jo u rn a l
knew t h a t
con
had r e a c h e d
a b o litio n is t
th is
of
F re m o n t's
a b o litio n is t
of
to
re tu rn
R e se rv e ,
b ro th e rh o o d ,
c h a g rin
th e
th e
o rig in
a d o p te d
th e
fo r
s p irit
m a jo r
by t h e
1857,
p la tfo rm ,
te rrito rie s ,
c o u ld
th e
C h ie f
and t h a t
te rrito rie s .
fir s t
G a rfie ld
fa m o u s
th ro u g h
c o u rt
th e
he d i s c r e e t l y
of
T h is
s u p p o rtin g
a la rm e d
M a rc h o f
ha n d e d down
w ith
R e p u b lic a n ,
W e ste rn
g ro w th
D is c ip le
But
much t o
th e
h o s tility
and up o n h i s
c a m p a ig n e d
was
th e
th e
a v id ly
w e re
K a n s a s ,"
c h u rc h e s.
th e
H i r a m . 22
D is c ip le s
th e
th a t
o rg a n iz a tio n
C h ris tia n
h is
had become an a r d e n t
a keen o b s e r v e r o f
w ith in
As
b y tw o men who s h a r e d
G a rfie ld
by t a l e s
H ira m
tio n .
jo in e d
s la v e ry
in
th e
e x c lu s io n
th e
fro m
v ie w
of
ru le d
S ta te s;
th a t
s la v e ry
fu n d a m e n ta l
c o u rt
th e
th a t
th e
fro m
g u a ra n te e s
no N e g ro
th e re fo re ,
D re d
126
S c o tt
c o u ld
o th e r
e x p re s s io n s ,
rig h ts
th a t
s la v e ry
ru lin g
The
as
to
in
g re a tly
a ro u se d
d is c re tio n
of
ope n
and t h e y
by
of
th a t
th e
w ith in
a g ita tio n
w o rrie d
tru s te e s ,
fa c u lty
of
th a t
school
D unshee
w as
th e
in
th e
th e
lo g ic a l
p la c e d
h im s e lf
in
th e
Th e re
to
a m o re
c o m m u n ity
w e re
in
com
May,
1857,
re s u lt
w e re
of
fa v o ra b le
th e
d is fa v o r,
d e b a te .
Hayden,
h is
a num ber
who r e g a r d e d
w ith
w e re
p ro m o tio n
a d m in is tra tio n
p u b lic
of
and s t u d e n t s
q u e s tio n
d iv is iv e
sp re a d
fa c u lty
Tru ste e s
a n ti-
c o u rt's
G a rfie ld 's
is s u e .
succ essor
th e
H ira m
fa c u lty ,
a D u n s h e e - le d
The
th e
re s ig n a tio n
s la v e ry
"h a d no
d is c u s s io n .
th e
th e
is s u e .
of
fo r
to
B o a rd
N e g ro
Among
re s p e c t."
v io le n t
shocked
s la v e ry
th e
c o u n try
w ith
d e c is io n
c o u rts .
stu n n e d ,
e n tire
ro a re d
on t h e
th e
m ig h t
A lth o u g h
G a rfie ld
had
p o s itio n
w ith
tru s te e s .
In
th e
a fte rm a th
th e
a b o litio n is t
th e
W e ste rn
S o lo n ,
th e
w e re
e m b ro il
th e
fe d e ra l
s a id
tro u b le s
th e
on t h e
s k illfu lly
th e
w hen t h e
c o n s e rv a tiv e s
in c e s s a n t
th e
P r e s i d e n t H a y d e n 's
a tim e
"c h a irm a n "
c o u rt
N o rth
S c o tt
a head.
in
man w as b o u n d t o
th e
in te rn a l
came a t
to
th e
heavens
D re d
th e
s u it
w h ite
seemed t o
The
in g
th e
fo rc e s
s la v e ry .
ju s t
n o t b rin g
w h e re
s p irit
R e se rv e
by
th e
d is p u te d
in
many o f
th e
D re d
is s u in g
S c o tt
D is c ip le
became m o re p r o n o u n c e d .
G a rfie ld
c o n tro v e rsy
of
p re a c h e d ,
a s ig n ific a n t
The
d e c is io n ,
c h u rc h e s
c h u rc h
re sp o n d e d
re s o lu tio n .
on
in
to
T h is
127
re s o lu tio n
m e n t"
of
e d ito r
w as
th e
John
C h ris tia n
Boggs
on t h e
a n tis la v e ry
te d
w as
as
th e
c o n g re g a tio n ,
fo r
M a g a z in e .
c o m p r o m is e
it
is s u e d
" s in k in g
s ta tio n ."
The
fro m
th e
and i t
in
D is c ip le s
is s u e
sent
h is
in
w ith
g re a tly
th e re fo re
fe e lin g
to
S o lo n
th e
b e lo w
and s e n t i
a b o litio n is t
N o r th - W e ste rn
was k e e p i n g
u n itin g
c h u rc h
They
was
p u b lic a tio n
s la v e ry
p e o p le
"u n a n im o u s
b e lie v e d
th a t
"th o u sa n d s"
c h u rc h
its
of
and t h a t
h ig h
and e x a l
re s o lv e d :
1.
T h a t t h e t i m e h a s come when e v e r y C h r i s t i a n
s h o u ld use h i s in flu e n c e to r i d i t
( s la v e r y ) fro m th e
c h u r c h , t h a t s h e may be h o l y and w i t h o u t s i n a t t h e
c o m in g o f C h r i s t .
2.
T h a t we l a m e n t t h e c o n d i t i o n o f many o f o u r
b r e t h r e n a t t h e S o u t h , and p r a y t h a t t h e y may s e e t h e
s i n f u l n e s s i n h o ld in g as p r o p e r t y , s o u ls t h a t C h r i s t
d i e d t o re d e e m .
3.
T h a t we c a n n o t , w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g we h a v e
o f t h e g o s p e l o f J e s u s C h r i s t a s t a u g h t by t h e a p o s
t l e s , r e g a r d a n y p e r s o n s a s C h r i s t i a n s who do n o t a t
a l l s u i t a b l e t i m e s and p l a c e s , r a i s e t h e i r v o i c e s and
u s e t h e i r i n f l u e n c e a g a i n s t t h e g r e a t s i n o f A m e r ic a n
S l a v e r y i n a l l i t s f o r m s . 25
It
to
is t
th is
be i n t e r e s t i n g
re s o lu tio n .
camp,
1857,
was
w o u ld
A lth o u g h
he w a s c e r t a i n l y
he c o n f r o n t e d
tw e n ty -tw o
" c o u ld
not
e n s la v e
but
such
fu g itiv e
as
s la v e
e le c tio n s
v ic to rie s ,
of
o ld ,
th e
s h e ."
7
h a ilin g
in
th e
e n o rm ity
Th re e
ra d ic a l
man.
an i n t e l l i g e n t
he r e m a r k e d
G a rfie ld
th e m
know G a r f i e l d ' s
an a n t i s l a v e r y
who w as on h i s
1857,
not
a fu g itiv e ,
y e a rs
fe e l
to
of
re jo ic e d
as b lo w s
fo r
la te r
C a na d a .
over
th e
a b o litio n
When i n
N e g re ss
L u c re tia
a sy ste m
m o n th s
way t o
to
re a c tio n
w h ic h
he
27
th e
cause
th a t
J u ly ,
who
he
s h o u ld
s h e lte re d
In
th e
a
fa ll
R e p u b lic a n
of
lib e rty .
128
"S la v e ry ,"
is
fa s t
h a v in g
In
of
he v e n t u r e d ,
th e
d e n ts.
w in te r
a ro o m i n
w e re
th e
of
"h o a x "
Tw o b o y s w i t h
a p p a re n tly
fle e in g
T iffa n y
p re p a rin g
p e rp e tra te d
fa c e s
fro m
H a ll
to
th e m .
he q u i c k l y
"th e
c e n te r
th a t
no
p u rs u in g
and g i v e n
le a v e
a s s e m b le d
s la v e
H ill."
It
was
w o rk
th e
had t o
th e
s h a ll
v e ry
of
m a rc h h i s
fo r
1857,
le tte rs
a g ro u p
1858,
re p ly
to
at
any r a t e
by some
m a ste rs,
fo o d
w ith
c h a rc o a l,
w e re
"tw o
a g rim
to
s tu d e n t p ra n k s te rs ,
and t h e
G a rfie ld
F u lle r,
h ill
G a rfie ld
of
and
G a rfie ld ,
and s t a r t e d
fo r
d e te rm in a tio n
th e
A rk a n sa s
h is
to
They
sce ne
fro m
w h o le
abashed
e m p ty -h a n d e d .
s la v e ry
re fle c te d
and
o ffic e rs
s la v e ry
th a t
moved t o
s tu
b ro u g h t
re a c h e d
s o o n became e v i d e n t
down t h e
v ic tim
fu n - lo v in g
o f v ig ila n te s
by t h e
th e
and p r o t e c t i o n .
c a p tu re
e v e r be r e t u r n e d
tro o p s
w as
a p p e a re d on t h e
th e
d is tu rb a n c e
he w as a p p a l l e d
ba ck t o
or
G a rfie ld
Canada when
p o sse "
When C o r y d o n F u l l e r
of
day,
b la c k e n e d w i t h
When w o r d o f
of
its
1857-1858,
g o v e rn m e n t and t h e i r
a rre ste d
had
OO
it.
an e l a b o r a t e
"h a s
in
th e
c o n d itio n s ,
h o rro r.
In
H ira m
th in g
G a rfie ld
29
s p rin g
and h i s
a M a rc h ,
w ro te :
I am p l e a s e d w i t h t h e v i e w s o f s l a v e r y y o u g i v e i n
your le tte rs .
I m ean, I am p l e a s e d w i t h t h e way y o u
h a n d le t h e s u b j e c t .
Many o f o u r w h i t e - h e a r t e d N o r t h e r n
e r s go S o u t h , and s e e a l i t t l e
o f S o u th e rn h o s p i t a l i t y ,
and t h e n s u p p o s e t h a t s l a v e r y i s a l l r i g h t , b e c a u s e a l l
th e m a s te rs a re n o t c u t - t h r o a t s .
I re c o g n iz e i n you th e
N o r t h e r n b a c k b o n e w h i c h y o u c a r r i e d when y o u w e re h e r e .
Who c an r e a d t h e d o i n g s o f t h e p r e s e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
and C o n g r e s s , and n o t f e e l h i s w h o le s o u l a r o u s e d a t t h e
e n o r m i t i e s and t h e c u r s e d n e s s o f s l a v e r y ? 3 0
129
In
1858
th e
a b o litio n is t
b ro th e rh o o d
re a c h e d
in
th a t
A p ril
of
A m e r ic a n
w o rk
th e
in
Kansas.
s e c re ta ry ,
c o n ta in e d
s iv e .
s e p a ra tio n
(th e
th e
C h ris t.
Is a a c
E rre tt,
o n ly
su p p o rt
fo llo w e d
to
re p ly
B u tle r
p ro v is io n
th a t
It
to
was
th e
n a tio n a l
in
h is
ende d i n
a b o litio n is ts
The
D is c ip le
K a n s a s ."
fin a n c ia l
w h ic h
of
a q u a lify in g
E rre tt
fo r
of
th e
B u t l e r 2 -'- a p p e a le d
S o c ie ty
c o n tro v e rs y
D is c ip le s
"b le e d in g
P a rd e e
M is s io n a ry
The
in s titu tio n a l
s p o n d in g
th a t
over
among D i s c i p l e s )
m a in b o d y o f
but
year
C h ris tia n
o rg a n iz a tio n
a c lim a x
m ovem ent w i t h i n
fro m
fro m
th e
th e
c o rre
was o p t i m i s t i c
p ro v e d
to
be e x p l o
w ro te :
I t m u s t , t h e r e f o r e be d i s t i n c t l y u n d e r s t o o d , t h a t
i f we e m b a rk i n a m i s s i o n a r y e n t e r p r i s e i n K a n s a s , t h i s
q u e s t i o n o f s l a v e r y and a n t i - s l a v e r y m u s t be i g n o r e d ;
and o u r m i s s i o n a r i e s m u s t n o t be e n s n a r e d i n t o s u c h
u t t e r a n c e s a s t h e ' N o r t h w e s t e r n C h r i s t i a n M a g a z i n e ' can
p u b l i s h t o t h e w o r l d , t o add f u e l t o t h e f l a m e a l r e a d y
b u r n i n g i n o u r c h u r c h e s on t h i s q u e s t i o n . 32
B u tle r
w as a
"B ib le
try in g
John
s ta n d
to
Boggs
q u e s tio n "
fru s tra te
fe lt
a n y th in g
we c o n f e s s
f r i e n d . " 34
to o l
re sp o n d e d
of
it
by a r g u i n g
E rre tt
"fre e d o m
E rre tt
of
us
c h a rg e d
s la v e - h o ld in g
to
had b e t r a y e d
th a t
E rre tt
a ris to c ra c y "
p la in
away h i s
fo rm e r p o s it i o n
ever
c o n s id e re d
s la v e - h o ld in g
th e
cause.
in
th e
"We can
"b u t
ho use
a
of
"th e
and w as now " r e a d y
s u ffic ie n t
o3
a n g rily ,
had become
and c r i n g i n g l y
of
s la v e ry
and s p e e c h . "
he w r o t e
be s t a b b e d
th a t
was d i c t a t o r i a l l y
th o u g h t
avowed e n e m i e s , "
g rie v e s
Boggs
and t h a t
h is
th a t
fro m
im m e d ia te ly
p lia n t
to
deny t h a t
im p o rta n c e
ex
he
to
130
d is tu rb
c h u rc h
f e l l o w s h i p . "3
5
c h u rc h ,
E rre tt
"h a d
w as d e n o u n c e d
re le n tle s s
war
The
"to
ta k e
fro m
fa lle n
th e
c o u ld
d o m in a te ."7
3
w h ile
th e
a b o litio n is ts
fire s ,"
u n w illin g
p a rty
e ry
D u rin g
w as h e a t i n g
G a rfie ld
to
D u n s h e e 's
H ira m ,
frie n d s
to
th e
th e
in
th e
. . .
He
waged b i t t e r ,
th e
fo r
w a n te d
e a rly
in
H ira m .
"I
b u rn t
m o n th s
in
b e in g
sta n d
"a n d
b e in g
cool
to o
h o ld
th e
h o t . " 38
d ire c tio n
th e
b e tw e e n
o th e r.
in
tw o
as
One
th e
s la v -
When t w o
an a b o l i t i o n i s t
The
1859,
am n e a r l y
th e
to o
of
w h ic h
s o c ie ty ,
b y one a s
re fu s e d p e rm is s io n . 3 9
e m b a ttle d
s tru c tu re
ra p id ly
to
a b o litio n is ts
and m i s s i o n a r y
b la m e me a s
a n o th e r
G a rfie ld
he w r o t e
up
be warmed o r
q u e s tio n ;
g ra c e
p re ss
fo rc e d
w e re m o v in g
in fo rm e d
o f my f r i e n d s
and t h e
an o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
an i n d e p e n d e n t c o n v e n t i o n
c o n tro v e rsy
a b o litio n is ts
a n ti- s la v e ry
e p iso d e
c re a te
th e y
of
th e
h im ."3
6
B u tle r- E rre tt
to
fro m
p u lp it,
a g a in s t
ste p s
To
of
ra lly
fo llo w in g
at
m o n th
E rre tt:
T h e r e h a s be e n an a t t e m p t t o t h r o w t h e a b o l i t i o n
s t e n c h a r o u n d u s , and I h a v e r e s i s t e d s u c c e s s f u l l y ,
t h o u g h n o t w i t h o u t b r i n g i n g down u p o n me t h e s m a l l
t h u n d e r o f a fe w r a m p a n t o n e s .
W h ile I s ta y h e re ,
t h e s c h o o l s h a l l n e v e r be g i v e n up t o an o v e r h e a t e d
and b r a i n l e s s f a c t i o n .
I know y o u can s y m p a t h i z e
w i t h m e . 40
z a tio n
What
in fla m e d
th a t
H ira m
war a g a in s t
g lo ry ."
w as n o t
s la v e ry
O b e rlin ,
Dunshee
d o in g
and t h a t
s ix ty
and h i s
m ile s
its
O b e rlin
to
th e
frie n d s
ju s t
was
w as t h e
sh a re
in
th e
" s te a lin g
w e st o f
re a li
H ira m ,
a ll
h o ly
th e
w as a
131
n o to rio u s
re n d e zv o u s
an i n c e n s e d
re sc u e d
in
th e
U n ite d
of
of
th e
s la v e
th e
S ta te s
e on B u s h n e l l ,
W e llin g to n
men b e i n g
ja ile d
Josep h
s id e d
lik e
w ith
to
fre e
to
th e
th e
tw o o f
o n ly
h is
th e m o v e r
s ta te
at
th e
La n g sto n
and t h e
th e
Judge
la rg e ,
th e
C o u rt
b a s is
fiv e - m a n
c o lle a g u e s
ru lin g
to
caused
R e p u b lic a n
S ta te
a d o p te d
a p la tfo rm
c a llin g
fo r
th e
of
Sw an.
th e se
sake
re fu se d
to
th e
in
th a t
th e
J u s tic e
c o u rt,
s u s ta in
and he became t h e
re p e a l
O h io
B u t C h ie f
on t h e
S w a n 's
of
The
c o n v e n tio n
of
s ta te .
w ra th .
and t h e
c u sto d y
c o n s c ie n c e 's
R e p u b lic a n
Law ,
and S i m
and S im e o n w e re
of
S la v e
1859,
"O b e rlin -
s p e c ta c le
fo r
S u p re m e
R e p u b lic a n
15,
tw o h u n d r e d
had
m a rs h a ls
La n g sto n
and S im e o n o n t h e
D e m o c ra tic
o u tc ry
fe d e ra l
C h a rle s
th e
1858,
and W e l l i n g t o n
L a w w as u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l .
Swan,
th e
of
c itiz e n s ,
La n g sto n
v e rd ic t.
je c t
a rre ste d
th ro u g h o u t
in
On A p r i l
c a s e was t a k e n
S la v e
R.
Law .
S la v e
common c r i m i n a l s
a b o litio n is ts
F u g itiv e
of
C uya hog a C o u n t y .
and r e s p e c t e d
an a t t e m p t
hands
th e
and t u r n e d
p ro m in e n t
Th e
fro m
rin g le a d e rs
of
S e p te m b e r,
O b e rlin
F u g itiv e
re s c u e rs ,"
In
mob f r o m
m a rsh a l
th e
s h e riff
a ro u se d
a b o litio n is ts .
a b o litio n is t
a fu g itiv e
d e fia n c e
fo r
th e
a p u b lic
s p e c ia l
ob
C o n v e n tio n
F u g itiv e
re n o m in a te
Judge
41
It
H ira m
fe s s o r
w as
tru ste e s
in
th e
m id s t
of
m e t on May 1 1 ,
N orm a n D u n s h e e .
The
th is
1859,
p u b lic
a g ita tio n
and a b r u p t l y
c o n s e rv a tiv e s
on t h e
th a t
fire d
th e
P ro
b o a r d w e re
132
not
re a d y
le g e ,
to
see
and t h e y
th e
sensed
now i r r e p a r a b l e .
Dunshee
G a rfie ld
th a t
The
fo rc e s.
manner o f
E c le c tic
to
G a rfie ld - D u n s h e e
a c tio n
of
th e
accused G a r f i e l d
u n d e rh a n d e d
re p o rte d
th e
h a rsh
The y
become a n o t h e r O b e r l i n
d e a lin g s .
In
b o a rd
and t h e
th e
sto rm
C o l
s c h is m
w as
shocked
b o a rd
th a t
th e
of
a ll
fo llo w e d ,
H a rm o n A u s t i n :
As soon as the Trustees were gone he made no scruple
of te llin g h is friends that i t was a ll a plot of mine.
He h a s now t a k e n a new p o s i t i o n w h i c h i s l i k e l y t o a f
f o r d h i m m o re c o m f o r t t h a n a n y v i e w h i t h e r t o t a k e n and
he i s f i n d i n g q u i t e a n u m b e r o f s y m p a t h i z e r s . . .
It
i s t h a t he i s a m a r t y r t o t h e c a u s e o f A n t i - S l a v e r y ! I !
. . . T h e h o t e le m e n t i n to w n c a tc h a t t h i s t h e o r y
e a g e r l y and c o n s i d e r me t h e p r i n c e o f s l a v e h o l d e r s and
p l o t t e r s .4 2
For
le s s
th e
tim e
p o s itio n .
he c o m p l a i n e d
b e in g ,
"Th e
to
G a rfie ld
ru m o rs
A u s tin ,
w rith e d
and s l a n d e r s
"a n d m a i n l y
in
a re
h is
d e fe n se
in n u m e ra b le ,"
d ire c te d
a g a i n s t me.
There have been more falsehoods told than several good men
c o u ld
c a rry
to
h e a v e n ."
43
But
he w e a t h e r e d
th e
d is tu rb a n c e
and afterwards informed Hinsdale that "Madame Rumor and her
w h o le
th e
fa m ily
te rm
have been e x c e e d in g ly
c lo s e d ."
When t h e
in to
a c tiv e
v e rsy
over
G a rfie ld
ta in e d
th e
on t h e
h ill
s in c e
44
m a g n e tism o f
c a m p a ig n in g
s la v e ry
w as a f i r m
was
in
th e
p o litic s
th e
a n tis la v e ry
m o v e m e n t.
fin a lly
summer o f
p a ra m o u n t
an i n d e p e n d e n t p o s i t i o n
a b o litio n is t
q u ie t
man,
a p a rt
A w a re
1859,
is s u e
but
th e
c o n tro
be d e a l t w i t h .
he d i s c r e e t l y
fro m
th a t
to
d re w G a r f i e l d
h is
th e
m a in
fa n a tic is m
home c o u n t y
of
of
133
P o rta g e
th e
w as n o r m a l l y
m id d le
g ro u n d
D e m o c ra tic ,
"b e tw e e n
w e re many u r g e n t
p ro b le m s
rid d e n
O h io ,
s la v e ry
to
e x c lu s io n
th e
c a m p a ig n
th e
th e
G a rfie ld
th e ir
w as
th a t
it
e x tre m e
a c c u s a tio n ,
A b o litio n
b e ll." 47
h im
a re
They
to
a re
th a t
C o u rt
as
lic a n ? "
in
sought
The
how r e p u g n a n t
la w "
If
te st
by J u d g e Swan
q u e s tio n
As A lla n
it
i f
n e g ro
a c tio n
case.
.
.
.
a rtfu lly
has
Judge
re p u d ia te d
s la v e ry
it ,
th e
p a rty
of
fo r
In
ru m o rs
had
in
o p p o s itio n
and s t a t e
B ib le ."4
6
echoed t h i s
our
ra d ic a l
a man w h o se
a s A l e x a n d e r Camp
o rth o d o x y
of
Judge
by p r e s s
Swan
sent
d e c is io n
in
th e
a q u e s tio n
of
th e
S u p re m e
R e p u b lic a n
or
a n ti- R e p u b -
c o n triv e d
to
p la c e
e x p la in e d :
S w a n 's
it,
s ta rte d
to
th irty
q u e s tio n .
th e
He w as
th e
c a m p a ig n
a ny t h e y
" a ll
v o te
th e
"W a s
he s u p p o r t e d
of
G a rfie ld 's
P e s k in
m ig h t be ,
G a rfie ld
fa n a tic ;
was
th a t
R e p u b lic a n
to
d e p re s s io n -
fa ll
D e m o c ra ts
th a t
th e re
G a rfie ld 's
a c c o rd in g
on t h e
know:
of
fa v o r
fa c t
re sc u e rs"
demanded t o
h e ld
in
c o m p e ll e d
to
th e
of
s la v e ry
frie n d s
th e
th e
c o m m it h i m s e l f
a d ile m m a .
le g a l.
to
th e
th e
a s much a g a i n s t
" O b e rlin - W e llin g to n
n a ire
by
of
A ll
to
in s titu tio n
w in g
c itiz e n s
D e m o c ra t t h a n
come o u t
o b je c tin g
frie n d s
p re ju d ic e s
d e v o te d
a d o p te d
A lth o u g h
d o m in a t e d
c a m p a ig n ,
have
th e
to p ic s .
a s tro n g e r
a d iv in e
Th e
is s u e
He was t o l d
"y o u
is
th e
"w a s
p a rty ."
s a y in g
in g
of
fire s .
fa c in g
o th e r
s p e e c h e s w e re
b e g in n in g
th a t
of
tw o
he d e l i b e r a t e l y
"N o m a t t e r
d e c is io n
he w o u ld
h im
was c l e a r l y
seem a " h i g h e r
a lu k e - w a rm
R e p u b lic a n ."
48
134
G a rfie ld
p le d g e d
to
th e
. . .
to
S e n a te ,
L e g is la tio n
met t h i s
te st
by d e c l a r i n g
a n y men o r m e a s u r e s "
h o ld
m y s e lf
fre e
to
w h i c h my own j u d g m e n t ,
a id e d
may d i c t a t e . "
He t h e n
at
Judge
to
Fe d e ra l
c id e d
th e
" If
and S t a t e
The
a m b ig u ity
P o rta g e
a tta c k s
h a rd ,
"re tu rn e d
p la tfo rm
v e rs,
day
"b e
b o th
P o rta g e
w ith
s u rp ris in g
to
of
was
1859,
fire
th a n
up t h e i r
th a t
m o re
w ith
a ffe c t
be p o l i t i c a l l y
th e
Boggs
sound.
a b o litio n is t
to
m o b iliz e .
and O v i d
B u tle r
of
my
th e
w ith
th e
fie ry
on G a r f i e l d .
G a rfie ld
b itte r,
see m s
m a lig
c a m p a ig n in g
e x c e p tio n a l
p o litic a l
o b se r
th a t
he m i g h t one
The
. . .
a b o litio n is t
o u tc o m e .
G a rfie ld
p o s itio n
of
q u e s tio n
c o n flic t
H is
51
fin a l
S ta te
have de
a n g e re d
sea so ne d
S e n a to r."
not
G a rfie ld ,
s p e c u la te
e le c te d
of
th e
not
49
"M r.
But
fro m
if
a d v ic e
a tta c k s
in te re s t."
on t h e
H is
in
e s p e c ia l,
and S u m m it c o u n t i e s ,
ease.
w as
fu rth e r
e l s e . " 50
a S ta te
c o n tin u in g
John
fo r
d re w p r a i s e
M e a n w h ile ,
C h ris t
out
"w a s
p re c e d e n ts
c o u ld
R ig h ts ."
re p ly
ste p p e d
anyone
had l i t t l e
had p r o v e d
th is
by t h e
th e
"h e
d e c is io n
one n e w s p a p e r t o
g re a te r
a tta c k s
s a id ,
S ta te s
"s h a ll,
d e a lt w ith
fo llo w
D e m o c ra t n o t e d
th e
a b ility
le a d in g
of
of
s in g le d
th a n
he
h is
and t h e y
C o u n ty
have been
nant
But
d o c trin e
a b o litio n is ts ,
to
c o u rts ,"
d iffe re n tly .
R e p u b lic a n
The
Swan w as
he
a d o p t a ny c o u r s e
c o n s titu e n ts ,
hand.
but
th a t
b e tw e e n
C a rry in g
won t h e
th e
e le c tio n
"tw o
fire s "
52
w in g
of
th e
D is c ip le s
D u rin g
th e
e a rly
had m a i l e d
out
of
summer
c irc u la rs
135
c a llin g
fo r
c ity
In d ia n a p o lis .
of
re sp o n d e d
is s u e
of
th e
w e re
c h a rg e d
in te n t
w o u ld
shocked
it
ra id .
21
c o m p a n io n s
at
H a rp e r's
p ro p o s a l,
L u m in a ry
th e
th e
tu rn
c h u rc h
b e fo re
th e
of
and m u r d e r
in
le a d e rs
had
S e p te m b e r
stu n n e d
of
th a t
The
Isa a c
th e
m o d e r
E rre tt
a b o litio n is ts
of
w e re
o p in io n "
"s h a m e fu l"
m eans a t
c o n v e n tio n
m et
e n d . 54
a n tis la v e ry
by t h e
O c to b e r
16,
ne w s o f
1859,
a U n ite d
But
b o ld
tw o d a y s
in
John
Bro w n
S ta te s
He ho pe d by t h i s
and
a rse n a l
act
la te r
to
th e
o v e r p o w e r e d b y a company o f m a r i n e s
Lee.
on t h e
John B ro w n 's
31st
and a d v i s i n g
th e
th e
e v e ry
in s u rre c tio n .
27;
th e
th e
a " d iffe re n c e
and c a p t u r e d
th e m s e lv e s
and c o n s p i r i n g
th a t
th a t
V irg in ia .
to
and i n
e v e n ts.
use
w as
n ig h t
a tta c k e d
s la v e s
th e
c o u n try
On t h e
c h u rc h
in
was a n n o u n c e d
over
to
a c c o m p lis h
F e rry ,
w e re
it
c o n v e n tio n
on N o v e m b e r 1 , 1 8 5 9 . 5 3
by t h i s
to
be g a n o n O c t o b e r
b e ls ,
800 N o r t h e r n
th e
commanded b y R o b e r t E .
son,
O ver
was now e v i d e n t
Tw o w e e k s
ra id e rs
an a n t i s l a v e r y
t h e y w e re w i l l i n g
d is p o s a l
in c ite
of
be h e l d
on d i v i d i n g
B r o w n 's
to
C h ris tia n
th a t
and t h a t
th e ir
m e e tin g
fa v o ra b ly
c o n v e n tio n
a te s
th e
fir s t
s e n s a tio n a l
he was c o n v i c t e d
w ith
d e g re e "
s la v e s
and w as
of
tria l
"tre a
and o t h e r
se n te n c e d
re
to
be h a n g e d .
On t h e
fo llo w in g
g e n e ra te d
by th e
tio n
its
h e ld
John
o p e n in g
day,
B ro w n
a m id t h e
a ffa ir,
s e s s io n .
The
w id e s p re a d
th e
e x c ite m e n t
a n tis la v e ry
m ilita n t
conven
a b o litio n is ts
136
quickly chartered a new missionary organization to be known
as the Christian Missionary Society.
The new society was
organized on a strong antislavery platform,
fir s t
and one of i t s
actions was to support the preaching of an "ungagged"
Pardee B u tle r in Kansas.
With the creation of th is
the American Christian Missionary Society,
riv a l to
the a b o litio n ist
wing of the Disciples of C hrist had become too sizable to be
ignored.
A b o litio n ist Disciples were rapidly uniting around
separate in s titu tio n a l
lo y a ltie s,
and many of them were now
prepared to make the slavery issue a "te s t of fellowship. " J
On t h e
hanged
th e
day o f
a t C h a rle s to w n ,
cause
s in g in g :
but
second
h is
of
soul
V irg in ia .
a n tis la v e ry ;
"Jo h n
D e c e m b e r,
B r o w n 's
goes m a rc h in g
o n ."
and e x e c u t i o n
B ro w n
had b e e n one o f
G a rfie ld 's
o th e r
c itiz e n s
2 6 th
ill- fa te d
tio n
"a
e x p re ss
do n o t
h im ,
ra id .
d a rk
fe e lin g s
in
th e
of
th e
fo r
our
a le n g th y
c o n flic t
h is
th in k
h e a rt."
G a rfie ld ,
of
c o n s titu e n ts ,
th e
in
da y o f
"I
my h e a r t , "
h o n e sty
But
of
I
g ra v e ,
th e
and s e v e r a l
B ro w n 's
have
be
d is tre s s in g .
and he ga ve v e n t
B y no m e a n s.
man m u s t ,
th e
had p a r t i c i p a t e d
e n try .
e m o tio n
a c ts.
had been v e r y
c o u n try ,"
Jo u rn a l
e v e ry
For
Ja m es A .
to
w o u ld
in
D is tric t
c a lle d
N o rth e rn e rs
a - m o u ld e rin g
Jo h n B ro w n
G a rfie ld
day
ju s tify
and I
c e rity
of
of
lo n g ,
lie s
tria l
J o h n B r o w n was
He had become a m a r t y r
b e fo re
body
1859,
no
in
th e
execu
to
h is
la n g u a g e
he w r o t e .
do a c c o r d
p u rp o se
and
to
"I
to
s in
137
R e fle c tin g
and
"h is
lo v e
of
f o u n d much t o
a p p ro ve d
of
on B r o w n ' s
fre e d o m
a d m ire
"th e
in
"d e v o te d
d ra w n
th e
fro m
"b o ld
humane p u r p o s e
of
and he was moved by t h e
w illin g
d ie
G a rfie ld
H e ro ,
"b e c a u se
c lo s e d
h is
F a re w e ll.
d a y ."
Th a t
d ia ry :
"Jo h n
( S la v e ry
Y o u r d e a th
he w r o t e
B ro w n 's
E x e c u tio n .
th e
w a n in g
at
O h io
h o u rs
C o lu m b u s
s e n a te
of
h is
to
one who was
o p p re ss e d ."
man,
dawn o f
in
He
g o in g
"B ra v e
be t h e
1859,
on t h e
O ld
a b e tte r
little
e sto
fro m
M o n ro e
had m a r r i e d
th e
d a u g h te rs
th e y
of
pocket
damnatum
re p re se n t
a s tro n g
of
th e
le g is la tu re .
Th e
se n a te
se n a to r
d e m o n stra te
C o n s e rv a tiv e
fro m
h is
O h io
th e
of
2,
tw o
in
th e
a new c a r e e r .
1860,
fe llo w
Ja m e s M o n ro e
he had a l
R e p u b lic a n
and J a c o b
O b e rlin
C o lle g e ,
and b o t h
P re s id e n t
C h a rle s
F in n e y .
To g e th e r
"a
ra d ic a l
a n tis la v e ry
s e s s io n
w ith
a rriv e d
w ith
fo r m e d
to
sta te
th re s h o ld
R e se rv e ,
and Cox had t i e s
G a rfie ld ,
G a rfie ld
c o n v e n e d on J a n u a r y
W e ste rn
to
in
th e
S e rv itiu m
s e n a to rs
fre s h m a n
fo r
a n g rily
good r e l a t i o n s
w ith
ra id e r.
e x a m p le o f
beat
s h a ll
re a d y e s t a b l i s h e d
Cox.
h e a rt
m e m o ir by d e c l a r i n g :
same d a y ,
c a p ita l
When t h e
h e a rt
h is
G a rfie ld
be d a m n e d ) . " 56
In
sta te
h is
c h a ra c te r"
G o d 's W o r d , "
and d a r i n g "
V irg in ia ,"
to
C h ris tia n
triu m v ira te "
b lo c
in
th e
th a t
upper
came
c ha m b e r
57
w as
2 6 th
a n tis la v e ry
R e p u b lic a n s ,
s c a rc e ly
a week o l d
D is tric t
fo u n d
fib e r
th e
to
e m b a rra sse d
b e fo re
th e
v o te rs
by t h e
b a c k home.
John
Bro w n
138
a ffa ir,
g in ia
fro m
a u th o re d
a b ill
by p r o m is in g
O h io .
a ffro n t
O h io .
th a t
G a rfie ld
to
B ro w n 's
H is
fie ry
d e s ig n e d
no
to
fu rth e r
im m e d ia te ly
q u ie t
ra id s
fo rc e d
th e
b ill
fe a rs
w o u ld
a tta c k e d
memory and an i n s u l t
speech
th e
th e
of
V ir
be l a u n c h e d
b ill
as
an
p e o p le
of
to
th e
to
be s e n t b a c k t o
c o m m itte e .
The
to o
weak o n t h e
p le a s e d
out
of
a b o litio n is ts
w ith
s la v e ry
h is
v is it
to
R a ilro a d ,
tu n ity
d e m o n stra te
n e ig h b o rs .
th e
fiv e
th e
le g is la to rs
th o u sa n d
S e n a te
d o lla rs
flo o r.
fie ld
su d d e n ly
fa v o r
of
th e
th e
th e
In
ro se
th a t
but
v is ito rs .
to
g o o d w ill
a u th o riz in g
to
th e y
v is it
le g is la tu re s
p la n n e d
to
and
her
th e
to
in v ite
and a p p r o p r i a t i n g
w as
th a t
in tro d u c e d
fo llo w e d ,
an i m p a s s i o n e d
appeal
he w r o t e
S o u th e rn
G o v e rn o r
C o lu m b u s
p o w e rfu l
n ig h t
m o n th was
to w a rd s
he w as made c h a i r m a n
Th a t
and
saw an o p p o r
h e a t e d d e b a te
H is
b e in g
O h io a n s
cover e xpenses,
th e
fo r
n e w ly - o p e n e d L o u i s v i l l e
and d e l i v e r e d
p ro p o s a l.
re s o lu tio n ,
e sc o rt
O h io 's
th e
When t h e
some e n t e r p r i s i n g
A re s o lu tio n ,
S o u th e rn
b u t b e fo re
announced
th e
G a rfie ld
have been s u r p r i s e d
th e m a g a i n .
p ro m o te
N a s h v ille
m ust
e ffo rt,
and T e n n e s s e e
C in c in n a ti
to
is s u e
in itia l
he had d i s a p p o i n t e d
K e n tu c k y
who had a t t a c k e d
of
to
on
G a r
speech
in
not
o n ly
c a rrie d
th e
c o m m itte e
Rhodes:
I h a v e t a k e n a p o s i t i o n w h i c h w i l l do me e i t h e r a
good d e a l o f good o r a good d e a l o f h a rm . . . T h e
m e e t i n g o f t h r e e l e g i s l a t u r e s w i l l be an e v e n t w h i c h
n e v e r b e fo re happened.
How t h e c o u n t r y w i l l r e g a r d
i t , I c a nno t t e l l . . .5 9
to
139
The
L o u is v ille
fo llo w in g
day t h e
to
a p e rso n a l
le g is la tu re s
G a rfie ld
B la c k
of
w ro te
Tenne sse e
home t o
R e p u b lic a n s
g o in g ."
th e
e x te n d
o ffic ia l
b e fo re
in
so
c ritic a l
"Th e
fire - e a te rs
w o rd
I
h is
say w i l l
re m a rk s
to
of
C o lu m b u s ,
th e
in
he
p u b lic
at
a b rie f
in
a g ra n d
ft
th e
w id e s p re a d
u n ity .
But
a s s e m b le d
a s to n is h e d
th a t
O h io .
ta s k
th e
S o u th e rn
p u b lic ity
he was
But
soon
th e y
p re s e n tin g
"I
was n e v e r
to
Rhodes.
and y e t
to
U n io n .
c o lle a g u e s
fo r
to
h is
d is c o v e r
m a in ta in
p o litic a l
fe llo w s h ip
w ith
S o u th ,
he w as
to
lo s e
re lig io u s
fe llo w s h ip
of
c ip le s
in
N o rth .
A llia n c e ,
re c e n t
fo r
O h io ,
to
b e h a v io r.
he w r o t e
in
e x p re ss
The
th e
her
le tte r
upper
E liz a
C a rm a n ,
c o rn e r
of
over
a ffe c te d
th e
fir s t
in
th a t
th e
some D i s
w ro te
d is illu s io n m e n t
e v id e n tly
to
ro le
to
One s u c h ,
e v e ry
c o n fin e
e ffo rt
th e
a re
of
h is
th e
fo r
a rriv a l,
He d e c id e d
speech e x t o l l i n g
out
Upon t h e i r
be t h e r e ,
0
set
th e
O h i o . " ou
h is
to
b a n q u e t.
w ill
e sc o rte d
re c e iv e d
a re
th e m t o
a p o s itio n ,"
be r e a d
sh o w o f
"Th e y
a s s ig n e d
Tenne sse e
in v ita tio n
in v ite
had been
in v ita tio n
c o m m itte e
Rhodes:
s h o u ld
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
fro m
h is
G a rfie ld ,
page,
"R e a d
& p re s e rv e ."
Carm an s a i d
w o rd s
of
e lo q u e n c e
tu re ,"
tru th
she
had o nce h e a r d
and b e a u t y — w o r d s
on t h e
b u t w h ile
d ig n ity ,
h is
v o ic e
of
d e s tin y ,
s t ill
G a rfie ld
speak
"g re a t
th rillin g ,
e le c trify in g
and p o w e r o f
human n a
e choed
she
had r e a d
of
h is
140
p a rtic ip a tio n
tu re s .
s e e in g
"I
in
w as
of
u n c ro w n
in to
th e
p u b lic
tu rn
away f r o m
cause
of
p o lis h e d
have
th ro w n
of
It
w h ic h
le g is la to rs
in g
of
th irty
fo r
"sa d
d iv in e
po sse ss,
s a d ly ,
of
th e
th a t
as
p u rp o se ,"
th e
"in
hopes
a "D a v id
"w o u ld
w h ic h
of
The
in to
v o ic e
"th e
never
fa lle n ,
and
w h ic h m ig h t
s tro n g
"s ic k ly
c o m in g
was p l e a d i n g
m i g h t y w e re
m u tte re d
d is tu rb e d
S o u th e rn
fo rtre s s
s e n tim e n t"
"n o is y
Carman t h a t
p o litic ia n s
F e e 61 w as d r i v e n
fro m
G a rfie ld
d u rin g
th e
K e n tu c k y .
about
w o rn
and u n i o n
e x ile s
fro m
m o re
h o m e s"
week
th e
w ith in
s p e e c h e s ,"
th e ir
had
v e ry
W h ile
an e x t r a v a g a n t b a n q u e t ,
b ra v a d o ,
a nd c a r e
h e a r
th a n
p ra y e d
a s s is ta n c e .
by e x p r e s s i n g
" fa ilu re ."
w ith h e ld
"a nd
th o se
she w r o te ,
one t h a t
Now t h e
had r a t h e r
Carm an c l o s e d
G a rfie ld 's
fre e m e n ,"
become s o i l e d . "
had e n j o y e d
th e ir
le g is la
u n io n .'"
to
John
S o u th e rn
and b l a s t
upon G a r f i e l d
h ig h e s t
p a rtic u la rly
p la y e d h o s t
tw o
frie n d s ."
" g r e a t bomb s h e l l s "
'fe d e ra l
th e
d is a p p o in te d ,"
e n s la v e d .
a rro w
o p p re s s io n ,"
"th e
in
life 's
th e
"th e
lo o k e d
a rm y o f
of
y o u rs e lf
y o u r p e rso n a l
Carm an h a d
th e
re c e p tio n
s o rro w fu lly
you t h u s
h u n d re d s
th e
who
th a t
fro m
your
fa w n on
G a rfie ld 's
"I
th e
h e r p ro fo u n d
so rro w
to
see
cause
of
human f r e e d o m , "
e lo q u e n t v o ic e
ty ra n ts ,
fu tu re
re g re t
c o u rse
is
ta le n ts
h e a rd
and do t h e i r
w o u ld
be
such
such as
in
w ill."
as
fo r
to
you
she w ro te
th e
re v e ls
She
hoped
re m o v e
th e
141
d is g ra c e
w h ic h
"th e
fa ith fu l
be e n c o m p e ll e d
to
c a n d id
G a rfie ld
p le s
le tte r,
who w e re
a s s o c ia te d
w ith
M ille r
fo r
th e re
of
S a le m ,
A u g u st,
in g .
He i n f o r m e d
men t o
h o ld
M o re o v e r,
it
to
in
s la v e ry ." 6
3
G a rfie ld
he
s t ill
w e re w e l l
know n
o n ly
fo r
E c le c tic
at
th e
a le tte r
c o n tin u e d
in
and h i s
th e
fo r
o fte n
do t h e
p re a c h
th e
to
to
s tro n g
le g is la tiv e
tim e ,
m e a n t much t o
but
th e y
have A b le
p o s itio n s ."
who c o u l d
s o lid ly
th is
D is c ip le s
a n tis la v e ry
h is
h im ,
's tr ip e '"
w e e k ly p re a c h in g
th e
m e e tin g
m e e t i n g . In
m a in ta in
o c c u p i e d much o f
m e e tin g s
rig h t
Th e o b o ld
a te n t
want
fa v o ra b ly
stro n g
to
"I
c o m m u n ity w as
re sp o n d e d
th e ir
th e
and c a p i t a l
th e
th e
to
in
"A n ti-
fo rth rig h t
a d d itio n ,
S o lo n
who
s t a n d . 65
tie s
w ith
th e
was r e l i n q u i s h e d
s e s s i o n . 66
and h i s
th e
who
c o n fid e n c e
fro m
c o m p e n s a te
s a id ,
le a d in g
fe w weeks o f
s t ill
D is c ip le
fo r
1860,
in
to
M ille r
fre q u e n tly
some D i s c i
D is c ip le s
T h is
was p l a n n i n g
be a b l e
fo r
u n u s u a lly
a n y o n e who w as
a n tis la v e ry
G a rfie ld .
th a t
"men o f
S a le m ,
p re a c h e d
in
in
and he p r e a c h e d
G a rfie ld
D is c ip le s
o th e r
because
was o n l y
w e re
fro m
G a rfie ld
on o u r
th is
had
fa s h io n .
M ille r
not
o f men"
In
th e re
G a rfie ld
be e f f e c t i v e
in v ita tio n ,
th a t
G a rfie ld
expenses.
fo rth
n a m e .62
s e p a ra te
any
w e re
frie n d s
and he w a n t e d
w o u ld
w o u ld pay h i s
in
O h io .
1860,
w as new t h e y
to
c o n fid e n c e
e x p re sse d
h is
le a rn e d
s la v e ry
had s t r o n g
w as o p e n l y
w ith
now p r e p a r e d
H o w e v e r,
s t ill
c o u p le
and t r u e
The
a tte n d a n c e
school
in
te rm s
142
of
c o n trib u tio n s
weeks
to
th e
and a p p l i c a t i o n s .
b e st
p o s s ib le
John
Fo rd .
te rm
is
w ith
d re w
th o u sa n d s
tw o
"S tu d e n ts
upon m
fe a tu re d
of
G a rfie ld
y e a rly
m e e tin g
On t h e
fo llo w in g
6
I7 n A u g u s t ,
In
at
Sunday
to
in
fe a tu re d
W a lla c e
a b ig
w as r e u n i t e d
in
In
Summer
A llia n c e
th e
th a t
w e re
th e
fo llo w in g
p re a c h e rs
at
th e
in B e d fo rd . 6 8
in
N o v e m b e r,
speak a t
th e
He was
a c le a r
d e fin itio n
to
to
and G a r f i e l d
o c c a s io n .
b u ild in g .
re sp o n se
m e e tin g
th e
w o rk o f
G a rfie ld
C a m p b e ll
th e
use
he w r o t e
and t h e
1860,
a y e a rly
on t h i s
D is c ip le s
O h io ,
c h u rc h
fo r.
c o m in g
D is c ip le s .
fir s t
woman who w a n t e d
s to o d
a d v a n ta g e ,"
w a s one o f
of
W e llin g to n ,
D is c ip le
.
p re a c h e rs
m o n th ,
in
e
a re
"We m u s t
her
1860,
G a rfie ld
d e d ic a tio n
soug ht o u t
th a t
o f w hat th e
re q u e st,
of
G a rfie ld
was
a new
day by a
D is c ip le s
penned
th e
sta te m e n t:
1.
We c a l l o u r s e l v e s C h r i s t i a n s , o r D i s c i p l e s o f
C h ris t.
2 . We b e l i e v e
i n God t h e F a t h e r .
3 . We b e l i e v e t h a t J e s u s i s t h e C h r i s t , t h e S o n
of
t h e l i v i n g God, and o u r S a v i o u r .
We r e g a r d t h e d i v i n
i t y o f C h r i s t a s th e fu n d a m e n ta l t r u t h o f th e C h r i s t i a n
sy ste m .
4.
We b e l i e v e
i n th e H o ly S p i r i t , b o th as t o h i s
a g e n c y i n c o n v e r s i o n and a s i n d w e l l i n g i n t h e h e a r t
of
th e C h r i s t i a n .
5.
We a c c e p t b o t h t h e O ld and t h e New T e s t a m e n t
S c r i p t u r e s a s t h e i n s p i r e d W o rd o f God.
6.
We b e l i e v e i n t h e f u t u r e p u n i s h m e n t o f t h e
w i c k e d and t h e f u t u r e r e w a r d o f t h e r i g h t e o u s .
7.
We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e D e i t y i s a p r a y e r h e a r i n g
and a p r a y e r a n s w e r i n g God.
8.
We o b s e r v e t h e i n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e L o r d ' s S u p p e r
on th e L o r d ' s Day.
T o t h i s t a b l e we n e i t h e r i n v i t e
n o r d e b a r ; we s a y i t i s t h e L o r d ' s S u p p e r f o r a l l t h e
143
Lord1s children.
9.
We p l e a d f o r t h e u n i o n o f G o d 's p e o p l e on
th e
B i b l e and t h e B i b l e a l o n e .
10.
Th e C h r i s t i s o u r o n ly c re e d .
11.
We m a i n t a i n t h a t a l l t h e o r d i n a n c e s s h o u l d be
o b s e rv e d as t h e y w e re i n t h e da ys o f t h e A p o s t l e s .
T h is
c la s s ic
or
s ta te m e n t,
"O u r P o s i t i o n , "
m e n t.
w as r e p r i n t e d
In
th e
of
c h u rc h e s
fa ll
one o f
in
th e
C in c in n a ti.
D a v id
w as w e l l
It
le a d e rs
in
little
S.
B u rn e t
of
succeed
in
th e
p u lp it
s a id
th e
in flu e n c e
w as a l r e a d y
s in c e
G a rfie ld 's
g a th e rin g
th e
th e
ta lk
"o u tb u rs ts
S ta te
of
of
of
h is
s ta r
w e re
g o in g
S ta te
71
th e
c e le b ra te d
c h u rc h .
im m e d ia te ly
s t ill
p a ra m o u n t.
fa s te r
on t o
th a n
fin a lly
70
e x p e c te d ,
C o n g re ss.
C o n v e n tio n
s tu m p
"e n c h a in e d
It
not
had be e n r i s i n g .
a ro a rin g
e lo q u e n c e "
d id
D is c ip le
C in c in n a ti
in c re a s in g
J o u rn a l,
"with Republican thunder."
th e
a m b itio n s
R e p u b lic a n
p o litic a l
to
and G a r f i e l d
was
he had d e l i v e r e d
O h io
in flu e n tia l
h im
in v ite d
69
a p p ro a c h e d by t h e
They
p o litic a l
1860,
o c c a s io n s .
was
and m o s t
D i s c i p l e m ove-
and W a l n u t
but h is
Ever
th e
E ig h th
d e c lin e ,
and t h e r e
G a rfie ld
We S t a n d F o r "
c o u n try — th e
p ro p o sa l
p o litic a l
re c e iv e d i n
la rg e s t
w as a f l a t t e r i n g
H is
"W ha t
on a n u m b e r o f
1860,
th e
c a lle d
in
June,
At
th a t
speech w h ic h ,
th e
b ro u g h t
a u d ie n c e "
th e
ho use
u n til
down
The Cincinnati Commercial re
ported in an e d ito ria l:
Th e young S e n a to r fro m P o rta g e . . . ste p p e d a t
fro m c o m p a ra tiv e o b s c u r i t y i n t o g e n u in e p o p u l a r i t y
p o l i t i c a l s p e a k e r , on t h a t o c c a s i o n , and f r o m t h i s
t o t h e end o f t h e c a m p a ig n h i s p a r t y w i l l demand h
s e r v i c e s on t h e s t u m p . 72
once
as a
tim e
is
144
"Your praise i s
p ro m in e n t R e p u b lic a n
in
fla t te r y ,"
s h o rt
on every one's mouth," remarked one
a fte r
th e
c o n v e n tio n .
he assured Garfield,
and u n p r e m e d i t a t e d
as
it
"I
w as,
has
a p p e a re d t o
I
me a s
have heard
y e a rs."73
One m o n t h e a r l i e r ,
had n o m i n a t e d
d e n tia l
to
deal
"but really that speech,
one of the happiest and best delivered e ffo rts
fo r
d o n 't
a tic k e t
c a m p a ig n ,
speak.
N o rth e rn
The
O h io
of
it.
a n o te
F u lle r
At
in
th e
w h ic h
1860
h e ig h t
re v e a le d
fo r
C o n v e n tio n
th e
p re s i
w as b e s i e g e d w i t h
was
y e a rs,
N a tio n a l
and H a m l i n
and now G a r f i e l d
had s e e n
in
R e p u b lic a n
L in c o ln
c a m p a ig n o f
e n g ro sse d
to
th e
th e
m ost e x c it in g
and G a r f i e l d
of
th e
h is
c a lls
was c o m p l e t e l y
c a m p a ig n ,
in te n s e
th a t
jo y .
he
sent o ff
He w r o t e :
Y o u can h a r d l y i m a g i n e i n w h a t a w h i r l p o o l o f e x c i t e
m e n t and w o r k my l i f e
i s p a s s in g .
I had t h e g o o d— o r
b a d - - f o r t u n e t o make a s p e e c h i n t h e S t a t e C o n v e n t i o n
i n C o lu m b u s . . . w h i c h was s o m e w h a t a p p la u d e d t h r o u g h
o u t t h e S t a t e , s o much s o , a t l e a s t , a s t o o v e r w h e l m me
w it h c a l l s f o r spe ec he s.
I h a v e made m o re t h a n f o r t y
w i t h i n t h e l a s t tw o m o n t h s , and h a v e r e f u s e d m ore t h a n
t h a t n u m b e r o f c a l l s . 74
The Republican papers were lib e ra l
G a rfield 's a b ility
on the stump.
"Mr.
in th e ir praise of
Garfield needs only
the experience of Carl Schurz," boasted the Portage County
D e m o c ra t,
"to
be
in
O h io w h a t t h a t
—the leading orator of freedom. "
7 S
c h a m p io n
is
in
W is c o n s in
Both the Ohio State
Journal and the Western Reserve Chronicle concluded that
Garfield was "A ris in g man."7®
s ta rt,"
"You have made a f i r s t
wrote one knowledgeable Republican.
rate
"No man in my
145
re c o lle c tio n
has
as y o u r s e l f . " 7
w e re
to u tin g
The
was
th e
th e
so
B e fo re
th e
G a rfie ld
h ig h lig h t
tre m e n d o u s
By m id - a fte rn o o n
tw e n ty
sp ru n g
th o u sa n d
of
th e
h e ld
at
to
in
fifty
fin a l
in
speeches
th re e
v a in ,
m o n th s
fo r
hear
e v e n in g ;
of
e v e n in g ,
a t m id n ig h t
R e p u b lic a n
c o m fo rta b le
C a s s iu s
m a rg in
b e lie v e d
of
e le c tio n
be e n m e t
ened
th a t
e la tio n
a n o th e r
to
d e b a te
and
c o m p ro m ise ."
d is a p p e a re d
v ic to ry
on t h e
th e
when S o u t h
th e
w e re
not
On e l e c t i o n
Went to Ravenna
w e re
e le c te d .
p le a s e d
D is tric t
R e p u b lic a n
God t h a t
th a t
2 6 th
Garfield
th a t
by t h e
3 ,9 9 8 .
of
L in c o ln 's
to rc h lig h t
e ffo rts
and H .
C la y ,
F o llo w in g
d u rin g
o nce m o r e .
had s w e p t t h e
he t h a n k e d
s q u a re ly
in to
c o m m u n itie s
L.
and
M a rc e llu s
Altogether,
H is
11.
fifte e n
w as p a r t i c u l a r l y
a m a jo rity
He had w e lc om e d t h e
th e
knew t h a t
6 ,6 7 2
D is tric t
a s p e c ta c u la r
c a m p a i g n . 88
G a rfie ld
tic k e t
A lo n g w i t h
tru ly
2 6 th
"Voted fo r Lincoln and Hamlin.
God be p r a i s e d ! " 81
th e
some f o r t y
th e
R e p u b lic a n s
and G a r f i e l d .
O h io w e n t R e p u b l i c a n
day he wrote:
in
in
th e
a t b e tw e e n
parade surged through the s tre e ts .79
gave
an o r a t o r
R a v e n n a on S e p t e m b e r
a b o litio n is t,
th e
as
C o n g r e s s m a n . 78
c a m p a ig n
had g a t h e r e d
in
fa v o r
c a m p a ig n was o v e r ,
a c ro w d e s t i m a t e d
a d d re ss
in to
as a p o t e n t ia l
ra lly
famed K e n t u c k y
G a rfie ld 's
s u d d e n ly
w o u ld
s la v e ry
"th e
But
save
is s u e ,
q u e s tio n
c o u n try
82
le a d e rs ,
had n o t
w ith in
C a ro lin a
th e
U n io n .
and a f t e r
had a t
been
a week,
c a lle d
G a rfie ld
la s t
frig h th is
a c o n v e n tio n
146
fo r
th e
p u rp o se
c o n v e n tio n
20.
p a sse d
D u rin g
th e
le a d
th e
of
next
fro m
"O rd in a n c e
C a ro lin a ,
tim e
th e
of
tw o m o n t h s ,
G a rfie ld
U n io n .
te n
8,
o th e r
re tu rn e d
to
b e g in n in g
of
h is
L e g is la tu re ,
th e
U n io n
in
tu rm o il.
s e n tim e n t
fe w d a y s ,
S ta te
Cox and I
H ouse
"My h e a r t
te rrib le
h e re ,"
le a rn in g
of
H in s d a le .
"I
God,
can a v o i d
w h ic h
h o rro rs ."
o c:
do n o t
It
w as
a lm o s t
fo r
re lig io u s
he v ie w e d
e ra d ic a te
w ill
it
our
s la v e ry .
use
a re
of
fu ll
w a r,
to
th e
G a rfie ld
th e
"Th e re
is
a s tro n g
C re te .
"I
Ea st
lig h t
w a r,
in fa n try
e v e ry
w ith
tu rn
of
to
O h io
in
of
a ll
a
th e
m u s k e t."
moment w i t h
a m ira c le
its
ο Λ
th e
he r e p o r t e d
s id e
to
of
a tte n d a n t
e v e n ts.
w as p r e p a r e d
c ru sa d e
expect
p o rtic o
c o n d itio n ,"
he w e lc o m e d t h e
a m o ra l
of
in
OO
a lm o s t
a frig h te n in g
S ta te s
s e s s io n
a n y way t h i s
c iv il
fo llo w e d
C o lu m b u s on J a n u a r y
second
on t h e
c o u n try 's
now se e
fe rv o r
as
be s e e n
th e
and t h o u g h t s
re a lity
he w r o t e
s ta te s
1861.
th e
w a rlik e
s p e c ia l
on Decem ber
C o n fe d e ra te
fo r
was
T h is
S e c e s s io n "
and t h e
fo rm e d on F e b r u a r y
By th e
1861,
s e c e d in g
an
S o u th
A m e r ic a w e re
7,
of
to
fig h t.
p o s s ib ility
save
th e
W ith
o f w a r,
U n io n
and
He now d e c l a r e d :
P e a c e a b le d i s s o l u t i o n i s u t t e r l y i m p o s s i b l e .
In d e e d ,
I c a n n o t s a y a s I w o u ld w i s h i t p o s s i b l e .
T o make t h e
c o n c e s s i o n s demanded b y t h e S o u t h w o u l d be h y p o c r i t i c a l
and s i n f u l .
T h e y w o u ld n e i t h e r be o b e ye d n o r r e s p e c t e d .
I am i n c l i n e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s i n o f s l a v e r y i s one
o f w h i c h i t may be s a i d t h a t ' w i t h o u t t h e s h e d d i n g o f
b l o o d t h e r e i s no r e m i s s i o n ' . . .
I b e l i e v e t h e doom
o f s l a v e r y i s d r a w i n g n e a r - - l e t w a r come— and t h e s l a v e s
w i l l g e t a v a g u e n o t i o n t h a t i t i s waged f o r th e m and a
147
m a g a z in e w i l l be l i g h t e d w h o se e x p l o s i o n
t h e w h o le f a b r i c o f s l a v e r y . 86
T h is
m a in ta in
s ta rtlin g
a m o d e ra te
ha d a l w a y s
ta lk ,
w as
but
p o s itio n
d is m is s e d
th e
re e v a lu a tin g
a c tio n
th e
fo r
w a r.
ra is e
and e q u i p
D e m o c ra ts
am r e s o l v e d
p ro m is e d
fig h t
"I
s u re s
w ill
be l o s t
tim id
m
n
G a rfie ld
.
"8
7
In
s ta te
th e se
fe a r
in
th e
th e
a rg u e d w i t h
24,
some o f
House
tim id
e m p ty
th e
a b ill
d o w n.
b itte r
e n d ,"
b o ld
n e rv o u sn e ss
d e b a te
arm t h e
it
o u r d e c is iv e ,
by th e
to
c o a litio n
v o te d
th e
in to
appease
in tro d u c e d
but
to
as
to
L e g is la tu re
R e p u b lic a n s "
fe llo w s
s e c e s s io n
opposed
on th e
to
G a rfie ld
had s h o c k e d h im
G a rfie ld
c o n tin u in g
h is
th e
m ilitia ,
fire s ."
of
R e s o lu te ly
he now u r g e d
6 ,0 0 0
Rhodes.
e
C a ro lin a
S o u th
shake
one who had t r i e d
tw o
of
"e m a s c u la te d
to
"b e tw e e n
th re a ts
On J a n u a r y
and
fo r
S o u th e rn
s itu a tio n .
m e n t and c o m p r o m i s e ,
sta te
la n g u a g e
m ust
to
of
"I
he
mea
of
our
m ilitia
b ill,
c o lle a g u e s :
I t i s s a id t h a t i t w i l l i r r i t a t e o u r S o u th e rn b r e th
r e n and p r e c i p i t a t e r e v o l u t i o n and d i s u n i o n .
I f th e
S e n a t o r w i l l l o o k a t t h e p o l i c y o f o t h e r s t a t e s , he
w i l l f i n d t h a t m i l i t a r y p r e p a r a t io n i s n o t so u n h e a rd
o f a t h i n g a s t o be a s o u r c e o f i r r i t a t i o n .
O th e r
s t a t e s may be a r m i n g t o t h e t e e t h , b u t i f O h io c l e a n s
h e r r u s t y m u sk e ts i t w i l l o ffe n d o u r b r e th r e n o f th e
S o u th . . .
I am w e a r y o f t h i s n e r v o u s w e a k n e s s . 88
As
th e
s e c e s s io n
w o n d e re d how t h e
tu re .
"T h is
H in s d a le ,
A lth o u g h
fo u n d
" if
is
n a tio n a l
re a lly
any o f
a b so rb e d
tim e
to
c ris is
in
u p h e a v a l w o u ld
a g re a t
us
a p p ro a c h e d
tim e
can o n l y
th e
a d va nc e h i s
n a tio n 's
to
c a tc h
a ffe c t
liv e ,"
th e
c ris is ,
own c a r e e r .
c lim a x ,
In
G a rfie ld
h is
own
fu
he a s s u r e d
cue o f
it."
89
G a rfie ld
s t ill
J a n u a ry ,
a fte r
a
148
"th o ro u g h
and s e a r c h i n g
m itte d
th e
to
b
se v e ra l
c a re e r
o ffe re d
th e
a
C o lu m b u s
a v e ry
fin e
men and t h e
to
o p tio n s ,
b rig h te s t
w eakness
s tro n g
th e
of
h o u r.
upon th e
of
th e
th e
p u lle d
to g e th e r
u n c le a r
lo n g
b itte rly
A mood o f
as
to
But
to u r
w h ic h
to
th e
h a il
G a rfie ld ,
h e ro ic
and u n c e r t a i n t y
he p o n d e r e d h i s
U n io n
w ro te
B u c h a n a n 's
w ill
th e
o ff
h a v in g
c o n c ilia to ry
d is a p p o in te d
be e q u a l
is
G a rfie ld
of
p e o p le
th e
sto p p e d
hopes o f
p e rio d
th e
d e p re s s io n
as
th e
d re a ry
91
w o u ld n o t
" H is
'E m a s c u la te s ,'"
im b e c ility ,
a d d re ss
th e
la s t
fe w y e a r s
p ro fe s s io n s - - th e
b u t had y e t
th e
to
c a re e r
suppose
fin d
to
w ife .
At
re a l
tru e
a g a in ,
G a rfie ld
a
to n e
of
and he
demands
descended
own f u t u r e
"th e n
s tro n g
I
had t r a i n e d
te a c h in g ,
v o c a tio n .
p o litic s ,
c o u rse
is
men h a v e
in
and l a w - eac h
by i n d e c i s i o n .
a m a rk o f
am i n d e e d
h im s e lf
He c o n s i d e r e d
b u t was p la g u e d
make a d e c i s i o n
he c o n f e s s e d ,
th a t
p u lp it,
h is
o p tio n s
h e s ita tio n
m in d ,"
h is
s tre n g th e n in g
le a d e r."
L in c o ln
he was a d
new p r e s i d e n t - e l e c t
W a s h in g to n .
ba ck-b o nes o f
"A fte r
s t ill
la w ,
a c t i o n . 92
fo u r
" If
in
young S e n a to r
In
of
th e
e ffe c t
and v i g o r o u s
th a t
th e
16,
way t o
in a u g u ra l
th e
fu tu re .
and c o w a r d l y
fe a re d
b u t he w as
on h i s
H in s d a le .
in
r . 0
He
9
had now c a r e f u l l y
On F e b r u a r y
in
e x a m in a tio n "
an i n f e r i o r
in fe rio r."
such w a v e rin g s ? "
"D o y o u
he a s k e d
93
th e
b e g in n in g
o f A p ril
th e
L in c o ln
A d m in is tra tio n
149
w as
s t ill
re s ig n in g
m a rk in g
h is
tim e ,
o ffic e .
and G a r f i e l d
"Th e
news
fro m
g lo o m y and h u m i l i a t i n g , "
he w r o t e
A d m in is tra tio n
some c o u r s e
g iv e
th e
w ill
p e o p le
a chance o f
G a rfie ld
he
s h o u ld
g ro w in g
fu tu re
in g
th e
about
w as
re tu rn
th e
s t ill
in
th e
p u lp it.
open.
th a t
b o th
a new c a r e e r
s h o u ld
in v ita tio n
P e rh a p s,
th e
in
he
fo r
th a t
had i t s
d r a w b a c k s . 95
Th e re
o p tio n s
c o u rs e ,"
v a lid
not
th a t
he
w as
so m e th in g
G a rfie ld
fin a lly
o b je c tio n s
C o n g re ss
to
it,
on A p r i l
e ve o f
th e
C iv il
re g re ts .
W a r.
on mak
c h u rc h
had come t o
p u lp it.
He c o u l d
p o litic s .
can
"w h ic h
th e
He w o n d e re d
tim e
"I
and n o n e w h i c h ,
c a u s e me deep and p o i g n a n t
d ile m m a o n t h e
7,
in
C in c in n a ti
in
was a
but
a b o u t each o f
w as c o n s i d e r i n g .
w ro te
P e rh a p s
Th e re
had some a p p e a l ,
d is ta s te fu l
w ill
o nce m o r e . " ^
in te re s t
th e
re m a in
v e ry
th a t
c o n c e n tra te
th e
of
hope t h e
a g a in .
and t h e
la w o r
ru n n in g
lo n g
c o lle g e .
th o u g h t,
p ro sp e c t o f
c a re e r
of
E c le c tic
th e
p lu c k
is
"I
p e rm a n e n tly .
a fu ll- fle d g e d
The
b e fo re
he had l o s t
Maybe he
in to
W a s h in g to n
a lte rn a tiv e s
E c le c tic
s e rio u s ly
d e je c te d ly .
a d m irin g
h is
H ira m
s c h o o l.
away f r o m
la u n c h
to
E c le c tic
th e
b re a k
re v ie w e d
fe e lin g
of
ta k e
th o u g h t
The
even
th e
s e e no one
does n o t
when t a k e n ,
T h is
w as
h ave
w ill
h is
150
CHAPTER FIVE
"A LL
We a r e
y e a rs—
c le a rly
d in a te
TH IN G S
TO P O L I T I C A L ADVANCEM ENT"
t o be r u l e d b y m i l i t a r y men f o r t h e n e x t t w e n t y
and p e r h a p s a l w a y s . . . T h e way i s b e f o r e y o u
.
T h e o b j e c t and a im o f y o u r l i f e
i s to su b o r
a l l t h i n g s t o p o l i t i c a l a d v a n c e m e n t.
— R h o d e s t o G a r f i e l d , N ovem be r 2 6 , 1 8 6 1
As the national c r is is
of
1861,
Ja m e s A .
G a rfie ld
When C o r y d o n F u l l e r
th a t
th e
ta b le
in
ripened in the early months
was
v is ite d
e a g e rly
C o lu m b u s
G a rfie ld 's
on M a rc h
ro o m was
s c ie n c e "
and t h a t
G a rfie ld
h is
tim e
s tu d y in g
th e
"in
in fo rm e d
h is
w ife
• .
m ilita ry
c a m p a ig n s
On t h e
c o n fro n te d
tia n s
do i f
c iv il
s tru g g le
re a so n
to
D is c ip le s
C.
H.
of
eve o f
th e
re p re se n te d
th a t
a rt
th e
le a d e rs
of
C iv il
th e
W a r,
in
b o th
c h u rc h ?
s la v e
be c o n c e r n e d .
at
th is
tim e
and
seen
in
2
books
a ll
of
G a rfie ld
a stu d y
what
be t h e
S in c e
in
fo u n d
of
th e
3
tw o m o m e n to u s q u e s t i o n s
th e
th e
of
s h o u ld
im p a c t o f
D is c ip le s
sta te s,
One e s t i m a t e
is
he
s p e n d in g
o f w a r."
D is c ip le s :
fre e
w a r.'''
28,
and W e l l i n g t o n .
w a r came and w h a t w o u l d
on t h e
was
he was e n g r o s s e d
N a p o le o n
fo r
"c o v e re d w i t h
on m i l i t a r y
le is u re
p re p a rin g
th e y
th e
a g re a t
w e re w e l l
had good
stre n g th
fo llo w in g
C h ris
of
th e
a c c o u n t by
H a m lin :
I n 1 8 6 0 t h e D i s c i p l e s had 2 , 0 6 8 c h u r c h e s d i s t r i b
u t e d a s f o l l o w s : A la bam a 2 2 , A r k a n s a s 3 3 , C o n n e c t i c u t
4 , G e o r g i a 1 5 , I l l i n o i s 1 4 8 , I n d i a n a 3 4 7 , Io w a 5 1 ,
K a n s a s 6 , K e n t u c k y 3 0 4 , L o u i s i a n a 3 , M a in e 2 6 , M a r y
la n d 2 , M a s s a c h u s e t t s 2 8 , M ic h ig a n 1 3 , M in n e s o ta 3 ,
M i s s i s s i p p i 2 4 , M i s s o u r i 1 5 0 , N e b r a s k a 2 , New Hamp
s h i r e 3 3 , New J e r s e y 1 0 , New Y o r k 1 4 2 , N o r t h C a r o l i n a
151
3 2 , O h io 3 6 5 , O re g o n 6 , T e n n e s s e e 1 0 6 , T e x a s 5 3 , V e r
m ont 1 1 , V i r g i n i a 7 3 , W is c o n s in 8.
Of th e se 2 ,0 6 8 c h u r
c h e s , 8 2 7 w e r e i n s l a v e s t a t e s and 1 , 2 4 1 w e re i n f r e e
s ta te s.
T h e t o t a l m e m b e r s h ip w as a b o u t 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 . 4
A firm
m a jo rity
u rg e d
a p o s itio n
th e re
w e re
of
o th e rs
s id e s .
W illia m
lo c a te d
p u lp it
th e
c h u rc h 's
n e u tra lity
lik e
T.
in
of
in
G a rfie ld
M o o re
to o k
F ra n k fo rt,
th e
le a d e rs
p e n d in g
who w e re
a d v a n ta g e
K e n tu c k y ,
and e d i t o r s
c ris is 5,
re a d y
of
to
h is
to
but
ta k e
up
s tra te g ic a lly
p e rsu a d e w a v e rin g
g
D is c ip le
C a ske y,
h is
of
a le a d in g
sta te
th e
we a r e
th e
le g is la to rs
U n io n ."
is
p re a c h e r
I
G a rfie ld
S u m te r"
c an
in
,
and Th o m a s W.
M is s is s ip p i,
"to
ta lk
th e
I
g re a t
b u t w a r"
our
The
to u re d
p e o p le
out
to
to
am g l a d
" It
w ill
ro u se
th e
war t i l l
as
c o n te st.
Rhodes,
sto p
d e c is io n
p o stp o n e d
God and t h e
"I
never
a g o n iz in g
n a tio n a l
he w r o t e
d u ty
end t o
ho pe we w i l l
c a r e e r w as t e m p o r a r i l y
th e
was r e a d y .
he t h u n d e r e d .
s e e no p o s s i b l e
s u b ju g a tio n ."
th a t
U n io n
7
s u b ju g a te d .
in
th e
A tto rn e y - G e n e ra l
at
ro le
say
th e
d e fe a te d
now l e f t
to
D is c ip le
w a r came,
c o m p le te
fu tu re
su p p o rt
When t h e
p e o p le .
S o u th
h is
w ith
to
sh o rt
th e
of
about h is
he e n v i s i o n e d
"Th e re
"a nd
I
c o u n try
is
n o th in g
do n o t
h e s ita te
re q u ire s
us
to
g
accept th e
is s u e ."
G o v e rn o r
m ilita ry
h e ro e s
y e a rs
a fte r
ra lly
h is
th e
D e n n is o n
w o u ld
w a r.
9
c o n s titu e n ts
had a l r e a d y
ru le
th e
Now t h e
to
th e
n a tio n
young
a ssu re d
fo r
at
se n a to r
war e f f o r t .
G a rfie ld
le a s t
tw e n ty
ru sh e d
H is
th a t
fie ry
home t o
o ra to ry
152
was h e a r d
in
p a trio tic
R e se rv e .
"G a rfie ld
D e m o c ra t,
" lik e
rig h te o u s n e s s ,
o b e d ie n c e
to
se c re t
h is
of
he r e f u s e d
w rite s
goes
an a p o s t l e
s tro n g
he e x p e c t e d
th e
p e rh a p s
a h a n d fu l,
th e
an a c t i v e
re g im e n ts ,
E ra s tu s
jo ic e d
in
C iv il
but
h is
to
a m ilita ry
le s s
he
of
fo r
th a n
lo s t
th is
Ravenna.
fa ilu re ,
He made no
of
th e
command i n
G a rfie ld 's
m a g n itu d e
except
by e v e n t s . " 11
on t h e
By e a r l y
of
but
on G a r f i e l d , "
in d iv id u a ls ,
be o b s c u r e d
and t h e
demands e q u a l
a c o lo n e lc y .
a c o n flic t
c o lo n e lc y
C o u n ty
c o m m is s io n ,
lo s t
b e tw e e n h e r o i s m
th e
W e ste rn
P o rta g e
t y r a n t s . " 10
assum e,
w o u ld
th e
a p re a c h e r o f
was n o t
"In
War t o
th e
a d v a n c e m e n t w as o b v i o u s .
c a n d id a te
T y le r
ra n k
re la tio n s h ip
and p o l i t i c a l
fo r
W illia m s .
w ro te
G o sp e l w h ic h
a n y th in g
of
th ro u g h o u t
L ib e rty ,
th e
d e s ire
c o n s id e r
F re d e ric k
G a rfie ld
of
p ro c la im in g
im p o rta n c e
fo r
fo rth ,"
God and r e s i s t a n c e
to
"Th e
g a th e rin g s
one o f
To
b a ttle fie ld
May he was
th e
O h io
a b itte r
c o n te st
to
p o litic a l
e n e m ie s
re
P o rta g e
S e n tin e l
re p o rte d :
When a man, w i t h o u t m i l i t a r y e d u c a t i o n , e x p e r i e n c e
o r t r a i n i n g r e f u s e s t o j o i n th e r a n k s , b u t e n d e a v o rs
t o le a p fro m th e w a lk s o f a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n t o th e
p o s itio n o f a m ilit a r y c h ie fta in , i t i s tra n s p a re n t
t h a t s e l f , and n o t c o u n t r y , p r o m p t s h i s a c t i o n s .
In
o u r o p i n i o n , H o n . Ja m e s A . G a r f i e l d i s o f t h i s c l a s s .
E v e r s i n c e t h e commencement o f t h e p r e s e n t t r o u b l e s ,
he h a s be e n h o v e r i n g a r o u n d m i l i t a r y e n c a m p m e n ts , ( a l
w a y s c a u t i o u s , h o w e v e r , t o ke e p c l e a r o f t h e r a n k s )
l i t e r a l l y b e g g in g f o r a c o m m i s s i o n , b u t f a i l i n g t o g e t
i t , h i s p a t r i o t i s m h a s o o z e d o u t and f o r t h e l a s t tw o
w e e k s , he a p p e a r s t o h a v e s u b s i d e d . 12
M e a n w h ile ,
b in g e r,
in
th e
June
num ber o f
is s u e d
th e
M ille n n ia l
an i m p a s s i o n e d
appeal
H a r
fo r
153
th e
N o rth
and S o u t h
u n d o u b te d ly
re a d
he
fo r
re v e rte d
p ilg rim a g e
to
to
th is
th e
s u b m it
e m o tio n a l
moment t o
B e th a n y
in
June
D is c ip le
le a d e r.
On t h i s
stu d e n ts
had gone
to
v e ry
little
U n io n
and G a r f i e l d ' s
to
A u s tin ,
to
appeal
to
fo r
s e n tim e n t
fo r
o ld - tim e
v is it
fig h t
" a rb itra tio n ."
th e
in
n e u tra lity ,
h a b its
fo u n d
th e
th a t
D is c ip le
d i s a p p o i n t m e n t was r e f l e c t e d
aged
many o f
C o n fe d e ra c y .
th is
and
and made a
c o n s u lt w ith
he
G a rfie ld
th e
Th e re
w as
s tro n g h o ld ,
in
a le tte r
when he w r o t e :
P r o f e s s o r P e n d l e t o n h a s had a s e v e r e t r i a l .
H is
f r i e n d s and f a m i l y a r e i n t h e h e a r t o f o l d V i r g i n i a
and a r e s t r o n g s e c e s s i o n i s t s .
He v o t e d f o r s e c e s s i o n ,
b u t I b e l i e v e h i s h e a r t i s i n c l i n e d t o be r i g h t .
We
had a l o n g c o n v e r s a t i o n w h i c h I b e l i e v e w i l l r e s u l t
i n good.
I l o v e h i m v e r y m uch.
B r o t h e r C a m p b e ll i s
f o r t h e U n i o n , b u t h i s s o n , w i f e , and d a u g h t e r sym pa
t h i z e w ith th e S o u th .
I t i s sad t o see a f a m i l y so
d iv id e d .
B r o t h e r C a m p b e ll i s g e t t i n g v e r y much b r o
ken.
He c a n n o t l a s t l o n g , I f e a r . 13
th e
w a r had
in
no way a b a t e d ,
over
h is
fa ilu re
t i l l
th e
tria l
to
g iv e
"I
fo u n d
I
h a rd ly
Isa a c
14
in to
so
it
th e
a rm y "
fo r
a m id - J u ly
fa ile d
re tu rn
G o v e rn o r D e n n is o n
to
to
h is
and he r e m a i n e d
"I
m y s e lf
jo u rn e y
p la c a te
H ira m ,
o ffe rin g
th e
w o u ld
to
c o s t me
H in s d a le .
th e
war t h a t
of
th e
M ic h ig a n
to
meet
15
G a rfie ld
h im
knew m y s e l f
be a p a r t
to
h im .
in
fo r
despondent
it
he a d m i t t e d
me now t o
hunger
h a rd ly
a s tru g g le
in te re s te d
p o s s ib le
E rre tt
B e th a n y
a c o lo n e lc y .
fu lly
Even
Upon h i s
fro m
w in
fro m
came how much o f
had
fe lt
m o v e m e n t."
w ith
to
up g o i n g
I
re tu rn e d
fo u n d
p ost o f
a le tte r
lie u te n a n t
154
c o lo n e l
of
one o f
th e
d is a p p o in tm e n t w i t h
b a ck h i s
h im
to
c o lo n e l
th e
ra n k
The
re a liz a tio n
p la in e d
how t h e
one h i s
o ld
fo u n d
a s id e
life .
to
to
" It
to
th a t
is
p la c e
"th a t
I
lo o k
of
of
down t h e
to
re g re t.
"I
th e
g o v e rn o r
o ff
w ith
th e
to
to
in
as
In
p r o m o te d
of
w a r had a
R h o d e s he e x
was b e i n g
modes o f
d e m o lis h e d
w a r.
th o u g h t
p re s e n t d u ty
One by
and w e re
o f m ilita ry
a re g re t
a lm o s t
te a rfu l
upon
ru in s ."
But
th e
frie n d ,
am b u s y
its
th e re
o f my p r o p o s e d
fo r
th e
at
tim e s ,"
th re e
weeks
w as no m ore
and c h e e r f u l
ru b b is h
and
and f e e l i n g ,
new s t r u c t u r e
fa b ric
"a n d re m o v in g
sw o rn
O h io V o l u n t e e r
a le tte r
life
a n o th e r
o ld
he w as
new c o n d i t i o n s
n o t w ith o u t
e x p re s s io n
announced,
In
h is
to
h is
im m e d ia te ly w ire d
he was g o i n g
in c o n s is te n t
when he w r o t e
te a rin g
of
D e s p ite
16
and a i m s ,
g iv e
la te r
m o n t h was o u t
m eet th e
be
he
F o rty -se c o n d
c o lo n e l.
fa b ric
p la n s
he r e m a r k e d ,
la te r,
of
ra n k ,
days
im p a c t on G a r f i e l d .
re c o n stru c te d
set
th e
th e
re g im e n ts .
le s s e r
Th re e
of
and b e f o r e
p ro fo u n d
w e re
th e
a c c e p ta n c e .
lie u te n a n t
fa n try ,
new O h io
in
th e
life ,"
w o rk
he
e re c tio n
of
a new s t r u c t u r e .
A s w as t h e
h is
e n tire
th e re fo re ,
to
th o se
c u sto m
re g im e n t
th a t
in
fro m
h is
of
th e
se a rc h
he knew b e s t - - h i s
re c ru itin g
c a m p a ig n w as
th e
tim e ,
g ro u n d
fo r
up.
It
s o ld ie rs
D is c ip le
la u n c h e d
G a rfie ld
in
ra is e
was n a t u r a l ,
he w o u ld
s tu d e n ts
th e
had t o
at
fa m ilia r
tu rn
H ira m .
p u lp it
H is
of
155
th e
D is c ip le
e a rn e st
e lo q u e n c e
was G a r f i e l d ' s
appeal
" c o m in g
fo rw a rd "
e a rlie r
in
s ig n in g
th e
is s u e d
th a n
th a t
to
one o f
s ix ty
H ira m ,
s tirre d
th a t
h is
fifty
appeal
fro m
names w e re
s ig n e d
th e
H ira m
to
th e
an
So p e r s u a s i v e
in s te a d
case
m e e tin g s ,
Tw o w e e k s
th e
"sp o k e w i t h
h e a rt."
a s was
18
he
y o u n g m en,
p ro tra c te d
ro ll.
w h e re
e v e ry
be b a p t i z e d
e n lis tm e n t
a n o th e r
in
of
th re e
y e a rs
now r e s p o n d e d
la te r,
p u lp it,
G a rfie ld
and
e n lis tm e n t
by
"n o t
ro ll
le s s
w ith in
,
,,19
an h o u r .
The
on t h e
as
young
o u ts k irts
Company A .
p o s itio n
One o f
th e
e x p la in e d
in
b ra v e
not
re a c h
th e
end o f
g o d ly
to
and m o t h e r s
of
20
in to
re q u ire d
of
th e
e x p e rie n c e
of
in
sent
to
t h e y w e re m u s t e r e d
th e
of
tra d itio n a lly
th e
re g im e n ta l
C h a rle s
E.
w a n te d
th e ir
H ira m — th e y
o p p o s itio n ,
boys
te n
la te r
to
in itia l
and h i s
hon
was b e c a u s e
knew h i m
G a rfie ld 's
num ber o f
It
in
lin e .
H e n ry ,
re c ru itin g .
But
Camp C h a s e ,
e n lis t
to
be
success
re g im e n t
c o m p a n ie s u n t i l
N o v e m b e r.
T y p ic a l
s ty le
s id e
success
soon ra n
its
w h e re
Company A ,
and h o n e s t . "
re c ru itin g
w e re
th e m o f
rig h t
young p r o f e s s o r
d id
"a
in
G a rfie ld 's
th e
w as h i s
a s s u re d
on t h e
fa th e rs
D is c ip le s
C o lu m b u s ,
s o ld ie rs
"C h ris tia n
m a n ly ,
of
T h is
o ra b le
under
H ira m
o p p o s itio n
in
A s h la n d
o v e r- p io u s
be h u m a n . "
th a t
G a rfie ld
C o u n ty .
men and c h u r c h e s
"Th e y
a ll
re fu se d
Th e re
.
.
e n c o u n te re d
he c o n f r o n t e d
.
who a r e
me t h e i r
to o
c h u rc h e s
156
fo r
J.
la s t
N.
th is
e v e n in g "
C a rm a n ,
out
who a r e
but
d id
th e
th re w
by h i s
to
The
la in
of
of
and a l l
S a b b a th D a y . ' "
p e o p le
21
T h is
o th e rs
th e se
c o n fro n ta tio n s
made s i g n i f i c a n t
c h u rc h e s
th e
of
ro le
e n th u s ia s m ,
by
to
z e a l."
p re a c h
G a rfie ld
th e
th e
22
th e
c lo s e ,
re c ru itin g
s o ld ie rs
w ith
Bundy
to
w ith
in
a ffirm s :
r e g i m e n t w as
w h o se
was
Is a a c
to
p re a c h e r,
on S u n d a y s .
Jones
to
By
accept th e
23
even
le d
fo r
E rre tt
B e d fo rd ,
up;
re s p o n s ib le
D is c ip le
b e tw e e n G a r f i e l d
le a v in g
was
w as c o n s e -
a ls o
new r e c r u i t s
O h io .
" It
fille d
p a trio tis m
a p o p u la r
and i t
P rio r
R o b is o n
He
had p e r s u a d e d
frie n d s h ip
in ro a d s
R e se rv e .
Jones,
to
p a c ifis tic
re c ru itin g
G a rfie ld
F o rty -se c o n d
c lu b .
P.
of
w ith
W e ste rn
and a s
th a t
H a rris o n
to
th e
'D is c ip le s ,'
J o n e s m e t one e v e n i n g
John
G a rfie ld
and s e v e n
w as u n u s u a l l y
and M r s .
good on t h e
To w n H a l l ,
of
a M e th o d is t p re a c h e r
bond o f
a s p e c ia l
A s h la n d
D is c ip le s
o f A s h la n d ,
of
J.
N o v e m b e r,
c h a p la in c y
of
e ffo rts
Camp C h a se
la te
C h ris tia n ity
h e re tic
D is c ip le s
by r e l i g i o u s
b rin g in g
th e
th e
p a c ifis tic
in to
a good d e g r e e ,
fo r
by th e
at
move t h e
D is c ip le
c ra te d
"e x c e p t
speech
'd o
G a rfie ld
h im s e lf
m a in ly
w ife ,
and e n l i s t .
s p ite
D is c ip le s ,
in to
to
le a d
come f o r w a r d
In
to
h is
be e n o s t r a c i z e d
a fie ry
"th e
a fra id
fa ile d
it
In
at
appeal
in fo rm e d
who h a s
p la c e ."
la s h e d
he
to
th e
w a r,
at
O h io .
and h i s
th e
chap
fo rm a tio n
G a rfie ld
home o f
E rre tt
and
D r.
d e s c rib e d
157
th e
mood o f
th e
e v e n in g
lik e
th is :
I t w as a l i t t l e
g a t h e r i n g o f c h o i c e f r i e n d s , and t h e
o c c a s i o n w as m a rk e d b y s o l e m n i t y and s a d n e s s , a t t h e
t h o u g h t o f t h e s p e e d y d e p a r t u r e o f tw o o f o u r n u m b e r
on a s e r v i c e f u l l o f p e r i l , t o f i e l d s o f b lo o d y c o n
f l i c t fro m w h ic h th e y m ig h t n e v e r r e t u r n .
To le n d
w h a t c h e e r t h e y c o u l d t o t h e p a r t i n g h o u r , t h o s e who
w e re p r e s e n t fo rm e d a s o c i e t y , p le d g in g t h e m s e lv e s
t o go a t c a l l t o eac h o t h e r ' s a i d i n d i s t r e s s , and
to p e rfo rm a l l th e d u t ie s s p e c ifie d in t h i s covenant
o f f r i e n d s h i p .2 4
The
fiv e
D is c ip le s
th e
"Q u in tin k le
m e m b e r s h ip
d e a re st
fo u r
p la y e d
A m e r ic a n
s o c ie ty
was
p re ssu re
war
c h u rc h
p ro m p te d
th e
little
c lu b
life tim e .
m a le m em bers o f
th e
Q u in tin k le
o n ly
M is s io n a ry
s e m b la n c e
n e u tra l
in
annual
1861,
sta g e
n a tio n a l
it
w as u n d e r
n e u tra lis t
set
fo r
in
In
c o u rse
1861
c o n flic t.
When
C in c in n a ti
on
a showdown b e tw e e n
c h u rc h
s y m p a th iz e rs .2
5
D e s p ite
th e
n o tic e a b le
le a d e rs
Deep S o u t h ,
la rg e s t
h u n d re d
in
th e
in to
th e
th e
h is to ry
p ro m in e n t D i s c i p l e s
c ro w d e d
S tre e t
m e e tin g
fro m
fo r
th e
th e
th e
th e
of
o rg a n iz a tio n
in
fro m
e le m e n t
n a tio n a l
o p e n ed
C l u b had
w a rtim e
S o c ie ty .
th e
was
th e
of
c o n v e n tio n
th e
in
its
G a rfie ld 's
h is
ro le
s o c ie ty
e xp a nd e d
th ro u g h o u t
re m a in
b o rd e r-s ta te s
and W a l n u t
th e ir
r e m a i n e d one o f
and
th e
O ver e ig h t
it
C h ris t,
p o w e rfu l
U n io n
of
22,
w a r,
of
th irte e n th
O c to b e r
c a ll
A lth o u g h
C h ris tia n
th e
to
to
a s ig n ific a n t
among D i s c i p l e s
th e
th e
a s s o c ia tio n s
a lre a d y
th e
C lu b ."
a fte r
The
th e
d e c id e d
and t h e
1861
of
th e
of
o p e n in g
p ro -
a b sence
c o n v e n tio n
th e
s o c ie ty .
N o rth
th e
and
E ig h th
s e s s io n .
158
A lth o u g h
e x tre m e ly
and e x h a u s t i v e
tra in in g
th e
of
im p o rta n c e
th a t
he
and J o n e s
m e e tin g .
th e
at
s h o u ld
c o n v e n tio n
jo in
w ith
c o n s p ic u o u s ly
ta ilo re d
u n ifo rm s .
v e n tio n
a rriv e d
E rre tt
h is
when R o b i s o n
G a rfie ld
annual
th e ir
at
G a rfie ld
re c e n tly
moment i n
th e
th e
p re s id e n t,
a d d re ss,
c ritic a l
o ffe re d
and d e t e r m i n e d
s o c ie ty
in
fo ra y s
u n d e rsto o d
and R o b i s o n
th e
p re se n t
The
re c ru itm e n t
c o n v e n tio n
C a m p b e ll ,
and J o n e s w e r e
U n io n
h is
Camp C h a s e ,
C in c in n a ti
When A l e x a n d e r
opened t h e
busy w ith
th e
fo llo w in g
con
lo y a lty
re s o lu tio n :
R e s o l v e d , T h a t we d e e p l y s y m p a t h i z e w i t h t h e l o y a l
and p a t r i o t i c i n o u r c o u n t r y , i n t h e p r e s e n t e f f o r t s
t o s u s t a i n t h e G o v e rn m e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .
And
we f e e l i t o u r d u t y a s C h r i s t i a n s , t o a s k o u r b r e t h r e n
e v e r y w h e r e t o do a l l i n t h e i r p o w e r t o s u s t a i n t h e
p r o p e r and c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s o f t h e U n i o n .
The
of
re s o lu tio n
K e n tu c k y .
tio n
D a v id
o f w h e th e r
S.
such
seconded by L e w i s
B u rn e t
im m e d ia te ly
a re s o lu tio n
fo r
aged A l e x a n d e r
C a m p b e ll ,
d e c la re d
H o w e v e r,
an a p p e a l
by R i c h a r d
p u rp o se s
not
of
P in k e rto n
re c e ss
re s o lu tio n
th e
th ro u g h .
a fte r
s o c ie ty .
E v id e n tly
th e n
re q u e ste d
a "m a ss m e e tin g "
in tro d u c in g
Is a a c
was ge rm a ne
of
o rd e r.
s o c ie ty .
R o b is o n 's
E rre tt,
was v o t e d
But
a c tin g
th e
P in k e rto n
to
war
th a t
M.
re s o lu tio n .
fo r
In
ques
th e
sta te d
it
was
re c e ss.
th e
th e
in
B is h o p ,
to
s y m p a th iz e rs
on a p r e a r r a n g e d
c a lle d
th e
who w as p r e s i d i n g
" n o t g e rm a n e "
a te n -m in u te
was
L.
ra is e d
p u rp o se
th e
th e
w as
th e
th e
w e re
stra te g y ,
D u rin g
p u rp o se
c o n fu s io n
of
th e
re
th a t
159
fo llo w e d ,
G a rfie ld
came t o
th e
speech
fa v o r
lo y a lty
to
in
re s o lu tio n
a n o te
was p a s s e d w i t h
In
essenc e ,
of
uneasy
s u ffic ie n t
v e n tio n
in g
th e
th e
s o c ie ty
ru m p
to
n o te s
ta c tic s
th a t
had
m o n th s
le d
th a t
to
fo llo w e d
had won a g r e a t v i c t o r y
S a tis fie d
h is
re tu rn e d
men f o r
w ith
to
w a r.
"b u t
a g a in s t
its
a t C in c in n a ti.
h is
own r o l e
in fo rm e d
to
in
c lo s e d
th e
was
on
con
re m a in e d
re s o lu tio n
n e u tra lity
s id e s
26
had m u s t e r e d
th e y
fa c tio n
irrita te d
b o th
1861
th e
th e
v o te .
out of
a n g e re d
in
d u r-
th a t
te c h n ic a lly
by t h e
"m ass m e e tin g "
Camp C h a se
He
re s o lu tio n
war
w e re
of
a sh o rt
tim e
n e u tra lis ts
H a rre ll,
The
th e
T h is
c o n v e n tio n
n o t v o te
m o d e ra te s
U n io n .
"Th e
had e s c a p e d w i t h
and d e l i v e r e d
one d i s s e n t i n g
keep t h e
s e s s io n ."2
7
and t h e
fie ld
o n ly
sto rm y
and d i d
in ta c t,
th e
c o m p r o m is e .
p ro c e e d in g s ,"
a u d ito riu m
th e
th e
s tre n g th
th e
in
of
fro n t
p re ssu re
v o te .
c la im e d
H o w e v e r,
th a t
th e y
28
th e
c o n tin u e
c o n v e n tio n ,
th e
tra in in g
G a r
of
Rhodes:
I w as a t C i n c i n n a t i a d a y and a h a l f d u r i n g t h e
c o n v e n t i o n o f t h e A m e r ic a n M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y .
I
made a l i t t l e
speech t h e r e u n d e r p e c u li a r c irc u m
s t a n c e s w h i c h c r e a t e d a s much s e n s a t i o n a s a n y t h i n g
I e ve r d id .
B r o t h e r J o n e s o r R o b i s o n can t e l l y o u
a b o u t i t i f y o u h a p p e n t o s e e th e m .
I have n o t th e
t i m e t o t e l l t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e a f f a i r . 29
If
G a rfie ld
D is c ip le s
was w i t h o u t
of
C h ris t
p rio r
was c e r t a i n l y
w e ll
ba c k
c h u rc h e s.
to
th e ir
a n a tio n a l
to
th e
kno w n b y t h e
The
re p u ta tio n
C in c in n a ti
tim e
th e
among t h e
c o n v e n tio n ,
d e le g a te s
re p e rc u s s io n s
of
h is
he
re p o rte d
" little
160
speech"
ju s t
w o u ld
p ro v e
to
v o ic e
in
th e
S o u th ,
he was h e a r t b r o k e n
pe nd p u b l i c a t i o n
th e
s tro n g
s a le
th e
re c e iv e d
w o rd o f
( s h o rtly
due t o
A m e r ic a n
of
cut
th e
p e o p le
th e
th e
w ith
e n c o u ra g in g
P rin c e
of
th ro a ts
Peace"
of
th e ir
how s u c h men c o u l d
C h ris tia n s
"fo r
th e
so u th e rn
m ost p o w e rfu l
In
b e fo re
w a r)
he
th e
th e
it
was
ever
p a rty
fo rc e d
to
e n lis t
S o u th e rn
a g a in
p o n d e re d
C h ris tia n s ,
th e
th e
b re th re n ."
a re
w ith
sus
re a d e rs
"p a sse d
th e
w h o le
c hoose
U n io n
to
of
had
to
be
c h a rg e d
p ro fe s s e d
a s s o c ia te
th e y
of
F a n n in g
of
in
h is
S o c ie ty
who do n o t
"th o u sa n d s
a c tio n
N ovem be r i s s u e
in fo rm e d
N o rth ."
D is c ip le
C in c in n a ti
was
M is s io n a ry
S o u th
w h o se b l o o d
As F a n n in g
of
"s e n s a tio n "
a p p ro v in g m o st h e a r t i l y
g o v e rn e d by a s e c t i o n a l
s o c ie ty
th e
C h ris tia n
re s o lu tio n s ,
m u rd e r o f
F a n n in g ,
and a n g e r e d .
G o sp e l A d vo c a te
th a t
and t h e
b e g in n in g .
When T o l b e r t
h is
be e n d u r i n g ,
th e
s e rv a n ts
a rm ie s
"to
He w o n d e re d
th e
s o u th e rn
now t h i r s t i n g . "
fu tu re
fro m
th e
v ie w p o in t
he a s k e d :
S h o u l d we e v e r m e e t th e m i n t h e f l e s h , can we f r a t
e r n i z e w i t h th e m a s b r e t h r e n ?
How can t h e s e r v a n t s
o f th e L o r d o f t h i s s e c t io n e v e r s t r i k e hands w i t h th e
men who now s e e k t h e i r l i f e ' s b l o o d ?
We do n o t know
how t h i s m a t t e r a p p e a r s t o o t h e r s , b u t w i t h o u t t h o r o u g h
r e p e n t a n c e , and a b u n d a n t w o r k s d e m o n s t r a t i n g i t , we
c a n n o t s e e how we c an e v e r r e g a r d p r e a c h e r s who e n f o r c e
p o l i t i c a l o p i n i o n s w i t h t h e s w o r d , i n a ny o t h e r l i g h t
th a n m o n s te rs i n i n t e n t i o n , i f n o t i n v e ry deed.
How
can C h r i s t i a n men o f t h e S o u t h do o t h e r w i s e ? 3 0
C o m ing
th e
fro m
S o u th ,
th e
th is
m ost
w as
in flu e n tia l
s tro n g
and r e s p e c t e d
and o m i n o u s
p re a c h e r
la n g u a g e .
in
N o r was
161
F a n n in g
a lo n e
in tro d u c e d
th e
to
at
h is
th e
c o n s id e r
"th e
o th e r
of
u rg e n t
P io n e e r
n e c e s s ity
is s u e s
and r e m i n d e d
th e
b re th re n
of
c o n v e n tio n .
o rg a n iz a tio n s ,
G o s p e l,"
u n ity
d e n u n c ia tio n
C h ris tia n
p o litic a l
C h ris tia n
th e
th e
of
b itte r
m is s io n a ry
M is s o u ri- b a s e d
in tro d u c tio n
of
in
in to
th e
g o tte n
up
re s o lu tio n
e d ito rs
th e ir
g u a rd in g
th e m t h a t
is
The
u rg e d
of
th e
re a d e rs
a g a in s t
c h u rc h
fo r
"in
p a ra m o u n t t o
of
or
th e
b o th
our
sp re a d
.
e v e ry
th e
.
.
e a rth ly
c o n s id e ra tio n . "
G a rfie ld ,
of
c o u rse ,
e d ito ria l
p o s itio n s .
p o litic a l
and m i l i t a r y
eager
to
G a rfie ld
h im o f
th e
in
p ro v e
m ilita ry
s e c u rin g
la n d
on
tro o p s
im p o rta n c e
of
a p o s itio n
"fo r
a d v a n c in g
th e
le ft
c a m p a ig n .
H e ra ld ,
little
m o v e m e n ts
h im s e lf
and h i s
th e
H is
had
of
s y m p a th y w i t h
c a re e r
th e
tim e s ,
b a ttle fie ld .
fo r
th e
was
w a r,
tie d
S h o rtly
Rhodes
on t h e
my s a k e
and
asked G a r f i e l d
e d ito ria l
fo r
your
s ta ff
s a k e ."
to
th e
and he w as
good n e w s p a p e r p u b l i c i t y
He t h e n
th e se
to
of
b e fo re
re m in d e d
d u rin g
h e lp
th e
h im
C le v e
He f u r t h e r
a d m o n is h e d G a r f i e l d :
We a r e t o be r u l e d b y m i l i t a r y men f o r t h e n e x t
t w e n t y y e a r s - - and p e r h a p s a l w a y s . . . T h e way i s
b e fo r e you c l e a r l y .
T h e o b j e c t and a im o f y o u r l i f e
i s t o s u b o r d i n a t e a l l t h i n g s t o p o l i t i c a l a d v a n c e m e n t.
But
Rhodes
ta k in g
c a u tio n e d
c hances.
n e e d le s s ly
to
h is
frie n d
about
He begged G a r f i e l d
d a n g e r.
th e
not
to
fo o lis h n e s s
expose
of
h im s e lf
32
On Decem ber 1 4 t h ,
a fte r
fo u r
m o n th s
of
tra in in g
and
162
d rill
at
p ro c e e d
v ille ,
Camp C h a s e ,
at
o nce
K e n tu c k y .
camp and he ad ed
th a t
c o ld
one o f
th e
th e
fie ld
ta sk
th e
th a t
to
C o lu m b u s ,
m a n fu lly
th e
of
men t o
be c a r r i e d
th a t
a m b itio u s
W h ile
C o n fe d e ra te
th a t
c o lu m n "
he w o u ld
th a t
w o u ld
b rig a d e
fla g s .
th e se
When
c o lo rs
w ith
th e
many a s a n g u i n e
have
en r o u t e
w h e re
engage
th e
d iffic u lt
out o f
had
e a ste rn
to
th e
D is c ip le s
e a s te rn
in v a d e d
much p r e f e r
in to
" a much g r e a t e r
w as e a g e r
to
th e
Sandy V a l l e y .
w as m a r c h i n g
com m anding t h e
G a rfie ld
a re g io n
a s s ig n e d
a d v a n c i n g down t h e
G a rfie ld
in
by G o v e rn o r
34
H u m p h re y 's
G a rfie ld
now
le t
"th ro u g h
H u m p h re y M a r s h a l l
"g ra n d
re g im e n t,
g a lla n tly
G e n e ra l
and w as
th e
b a ttle
never
re sp o n d e d
m u s ic ,"
fo r
w as r e v i e w e d
d riv in g
to ld
th ro u g h
G a rfie ld
w o u ld
b a ttle
a sta n d
th e
b ro k e
h e a r t was b u o y a n t
men w e re
d is tin c tio n "
The
th e y
to
L o u is
jo y fu lly
o f m a rtia l
"e v e ry
to
s tro n g ,
w ith
ste p
and h i s
V irg in ia
but
d u st,
la te r,
th ro u g h
th e y
at
to
"When we m a rc h e d o u t on
th e
re s o lv e d
and n i n e t y
a p p e a le d
to
h e a d q u a rte rs
m o rn in g
a c tio n .
w ro te
fu lly
v ic to ry ."
K e n tu c k y .
th e
th e
O h io was o r d e r e d
G a rfie ld
of
B u e ll
fo r
B u e ll's
fo llo w in g
and p r e s e n t e d
in
p ro m is e
The
P a s s in g
G o v e rn o r
tra il
in
and
h u n d re d
D e n n is o n
G e n e ra l
s o ld ie rs
F la g .
n in e
Fo rty -se c o n d
Decem ber m o r n i n g
and h o p e f u l
o ld
to
th e
to
fro m
G e n e ra l
have h im
Te nne sse e ,
chance
fo r
K e n tu c k y m is s i o n .
s e iz e
enem y,
on t h a t
chance.
G a rfie ld
w e re w e l l
35
pa sse d
re p re se n te d .
163
"I
saw s e v e r a l
L u c re tia ,
a ls o
"a n d
re c e iv e d
m e n tio n e d
M t.
S te rlin g
was
a c u te ly
c h u rc h e s,
m a n tly
a fte r
th a t
w h e re
a w a re
opposed
one o f
h is
B ro th e r
of
to
G a rfie ld
te n s io n
re g io n .
v a lu a b le
th e
In
h is
a le tte r
th a t
th e
c o lu m n s
d iv id e d
e x is te d
c o u rse
had
liv e s ."
fe e lin g s
many o f
men r o d e
to
P a ris ,
he i n f o r m e d
a s s is ta n c e
in v o lv e m e n t
and h i s
at
M u n n e ll
and he knew t h a t
M u n n e ll w r o te
th e
p ro m in e n t D i s c i p l e s
h is
in
fro m
"p a sse d
36
But
in
th ro u g h
w a r.
th e
He
th ro u g h
G a rfie ld
th e se
b ro th e rs
th e
th e m ."
K e n tu c k y
w e re
ada
Tw o w e e k s
a re a ,
Th o m a s
a C a n a d ia n p r e a c h e r d e s c r i b i n g
in
of
th e
th e
D is c ip le
le tte r
he
c h u rc h e s
of
th a t
s a id :
I n th e b o rd e r s t a t e s . . .
we a r e n o t u n a n im o u s i n
e i t h e r v ie w o f o u r n a t i o n a l t r o u b l e s .
We a l l m e e t ,
h o w e v e r , i n t h e same h o u s e o f w o r s h i p , s i n g t h e same
s o n g s , and e a t and d r i n k o f t h e same b r e a d and w i n e .
We a l l s a y "A m en" t o t h e same p r a y e r s , l o v e t h e same
L o r d , and t r y t o l o v e one a n o t h e r . . . W e re we t o
become l o u d , o u t s p o k e n p a r t i s a n s , and d e n o u n c e e i t h e r
p a r t y i n o u r p u l p i t s , we w o u ld d e s t r o y h a l f t h e c h u r c h e s
i n K e n tu c k y i n a m o n th .
F o r t h e s a k e o f t h e K in g d o m
o f God we t h e r e f o r e t a k e no m ore p a r t i n t h e s e d i s
c u s s i o n s w h i l e i n t h e p u l p i t , t h a n i f we w e re t o t a l l y
i g n o r a n t o f a l l g o v e r n m e n t a l m a t t e r s . 37
G a rfie ld 's
not
go t o
fo rm e r
war w it h
c o u rse
o f m u tu a l
u n ite d
p e o p le "
s e rio u s ly
G a rfie ld
th e ir
te a c h e r
b ro th e r,"
when t h e
and h i s
th e
k n o w le d g e
b ro th e rs
engaged t h e
th a t
D is c ip le s
w a r w as o v e r .
company o f
C o n fe d e ra te
p le a d e d
"b ro th e r
and he hoped t h a t
fo rb e a ra n c e "
dampened b y t h e
G a rfie ld
a ls o
H ira m
in
But
th a t,
enemy i n
c o u ld
h is
"su c h
a
"sta n d
a
h o p e s w e re
even a s
D is c ip le s
e a s te rn
by
s h o u ld
w e re
he w r o t e ,
s ta lk in g
K e n tu c k y .
b a ttle
on J a n u a r y
10,
164
1862,
a t M id d le
C re e k ,"
m and,
s id e
th e
sent
in
o u tc o m e o f
a s m a sh in g
n e w sp a p e rs
th e
th e
th e
H a rry
th e
He a l s o
H ira m
can n e v e r
my h e a r t
is
to w a rd
say
o th e r
th e y
triu m p h
p u b lic
fo r
in
b ra v e st
w e re
O h io ,
e n title d
you has
c a n n o t b e g in
to
of
m is s io n ,
K e n tu c k y
a s p e c ia l
b o y s ,"
fa in t
of
fro m
h is
h is
ro c k
and
b ra v e
as
fo r
th o se
firs t
re
lo v e
to
and p r i d e
L u c re tia .
Many o f
th e m
th e
lo s s
of
frie n d s
w e re
s a y in g
"Th e
fe e lin g
d e e pe ned r e m a r k a b l y , "
Rhodes
te ll
you a re
y o u how s t r o n g l y
38
do n o t h e s i t a t e
b ra v e .
p ro m o tio n .
th e
fo r
He i s
he w r o t e
sta te s
among t h e
of
me on t h e
who w e re
it
l a u d e d by
p re ss.
a ffe c tio n
y o u how f u l l
and o t h e r
to
was
had warm p r a i s e
b a ttle .
on
h a ile d
O h io
G a rfie ld 's
h im
N o rth
space
th e
V ir
no b e a r i n g
a c c o u n ts
b e s id e
n e ith e r
and back t o
or
th e
com
and M a r s h a l l ' s
le a d e rs h ip
in
to
H o w e v e r,
and d e t a i l e d
sto o d
H ira m
re g im e n ts
w e re
its
D is c ip le s
te ll
our
e v e n when t h e y
Back
"I
"w ho
w h ic h
s u p e rio rity .
G a rfie ld
e x p re sse d
"I
h is
N o rth ,
Jones,
in
v ic to ry - s ta rv e d
g e n e ro u s
c ru its .
"Men o f
s k irm is h
G a rfie ld 's
b a ttle ,
Company A— t h e
shot
th e
a s my a id e - d e - c a m p d u r i n g
a lio n ."
to
out
o f M id d le
w as d e s t i n e d
c a m p a ig n had l i t t l e
w a r,
g iv e n
" B a ttle
G a rfie ld
a ny c o n v i n c i n g
a c ro ss
A fte r
The
a d a y - lo n g
triu m p h .
c a m p a ig n w e r e
a c te d
w h ic h
s tre a m in g
A lth o u g h
c h a p la in ,
K e n tu c k y .
command a c c o m p l is h e d
w e re
g in ia .
in
one
d e m o n stra te d
fo rc e s
as
o n ly
was e s s e n t i a l l y
G a rfie ld 's
th e
C re e k ,
b lo o d ."
39
th a t
of
th e
re p o rte d .
fix e d
in
165
th e ir
a ffe c tio n s
e x p e c ta tio n s
to
p ro m o te
o ld
your
D r.
se n a te .
The
p ro m o te d
to
I
to
John
R o b is o n ,
p ro v e d
soon
The
was
le d
b y an
who w as now i n
th e
s ta te
10.
The
re st
in
p u b lic
b o th
G e n e ra l G a r f i e l d .
event
shaped h i s
d id
h is
h is
life
success
G a rfie ld 's
in
H ira m ,
news o f
B u rk e
c o n g ra tu la tio n s .
e s tim a te
Bro w n
fo r
of
G a rfie ld 's
H in s d a le
85 c o n f e d e r a t e
" a l w a y s made a l i t t l e
knocked y o u r
'h a lb re d '
n o t g lo ry in g
in
te rrib le
con
For
th e
c irc le s ,
fu tu re
he
no o t h e r
a s much a s
c o n c lu d e d o n e o f
th e
yet
and i t
s ig h t
a t M id d le
re sp o n d e d w i t h
to
a le tte r
G a rfie ld 's
dead and r e m i n d e d h i m
n o tc h
He t h e n
85
c o n fe d e ra te
th e
asked
b la d e
h is
In
fir s t
shock
he t o l d
to
h is
th e
C re e k
of
e a rly
th a t
of
h is
G a rfie ld :
But
dead.
had b e e n a g r e a t
n e x t m o rn in g ,"
in
tim e s ? "2
4
C r e e k he had e x p e r i e n c e d
s o ld ie rs ,
N o rth .
v ic to ry
He made r e f e r e n c e
eac h man he k i l l e d . "
M id d le
a ttra c te d
"P ro b a b ly
Sandy V a l l e y , "
new
G e n e ra l G a r f ie ld
th e
p o litic a l
th e
was
b i o g r a p h e r s . 41
When t h e
rea che d
th e
w ith
and p r i v a t e
was b e s t know n a s
in
19,
and a l m o s t o v e r n i g h t
in
a fo o t
and G a r f i e l d
p ro m o tio n
c itiz e n s
life ,
e ffo rt
s u c c e s s fu l,
name t o
h is
m ost e x tra v a g a n t
A m ovem ent w as
became a f a m i l i a r
of
th e
g e n e r a l o n M a rc h
Ja n u a ry
a tte n tio n ,
40
g e n e ra l.
P.
lo b b y in g
fro m
have h e a rd
fu tu re ."
b rig a d ie r
d a tin g
s id e ra b le
of
G a rfie ld
frie n d ,
ra n k
. . .
John
sw o rd
"H a v e y o u
G a rfie ld
w as
a fte rm a th
s ig h t
of
h im .
m o th e r,
of
dead
"It
"to
was a
w a lk
166
over
th e
b a ttle
dead r e b e l s
tio n s ."
43
fie ld
stre tc h e d
Y e a rs
in
th is
"A t
scene.
w h ic h
th e
H o w e lls
th e
h is
sense
of
of
th e
d e s tro y in g
it ."
it,
th a t
He i s
H is
fa ith fu l
h im
th e
of
th e
of
" If
To
to
th e
and p o s i -
d e s c rib e d
th e
h o rro r
a
of
dead men whom o t h e r men
h im ,
n e v e r came b a c k a g a i n :
and t h e
th e
im p o s s ib ility
of
th e
g rim
re a litie s
ho pe t h a t
th u s
God h a s w i l l e d
p e rso n a l
th a t
I
p ra y e d
d a rk n e ss
w ill
th a t
In
.
re lig io u s
h a b its
e a rn e d
and h i s
to
G a rfie ld
God f o r
he w r o t e :
"I
th e
w ro te
th e
le tte rs
o u t H is
When d e s c r i b i n g
.
."
re
"D iv in e
in te n s ity
home:
"In
re in fo rc e m e n t
try
to
G o d 's
is s u e
w ill
th a t
a le tte r
R h o d e s he d e c l a r e d :
th e m m e e t t h e
In
to
and m o b i l i z e
enem y,
th e
see
and b e l i e v e
d is c ip lin e
"th e re
a rm ie s
C o lo n e l,"
C re e k ,
o f w a r,
our
God w as w o r k i n g
cause.
c o n se q u e n c e s."
he r e m a r k e d
of
"s o m e th in g w e n t o u t o f
some o f
"p ra y in g
g lo ry ."
and l e t
g ra n d
th e se
life ,
M a rk H o p k in s
th is
H is
Dean H o w e l l s
th a t
th e
a t M id d le
a n x ie ty
M c C le lla n
a rm ie s ,
th e
to
th e
U n io n
fig h tin g
hand t h r o u g h
shapes
c o m m a n d e r- in - c h ie f o f
a tte n tio n
a p p e a r."
re d o u n d
th e
th e
my a g o n y o f
to
"d ra w
c o n v ic tio n
in
a ll
had r e l i v e d
re c a lle d ,
of
in
fa c e s
44
be g a n t o
p u rp o se "
of
life tim e ,
G a rfie ld
h is
s ig h t
h o rrib le
h ill
G a rfie ld
e x p e rie n c in g
title
th e
W illia m
s a c re d n e ss
A fte r
fle c te d
on t h e
la te r,
had k i l l e d , "
h a b it
and s e e
o u r p e o p le
God w i l l
ta k e
c o rre sp o n d e n c e w i t h
in to
c a re
h is
of
w ife
h a v e b e e n a g r e a t many i n s t a n c e s
in
167
th is
c a m p a ig n w h i c h
w o n d e rfu l
m e r."
life
as
Rhodes:
a p a rt
and my w o r k . "
In
th e
th e
se v e re
w in te r
flo o d in g
G a rfie ld 's
of
th e
in
la s t
O h io ,
fo u r
p ro v id e n c e
or
to
th e
have
come t o
p la n
in
b e lie v e
re q u ite
th e
v e ry
such
fo r
in te r
m anagement o f
my
45
fo llo w in g
th e
G a rfie ld
n e a rly
th e
w e e k s ."
th e
s ix ty
fa m ily
Then
w ith
over
to
.
.
th e
400
s ic k
h is
w ife ,
m o re .
.
th a n
I
p ro ve d
th e
r e m e m b e r in g
to
be
E x te n
men u n d e r
d re a d e d d i s e a s e
in
th e
"a n d
h o s p ita l
I
am t h i s
hope y o u w i l l
fifty
C re e k "
c o m b a t.
and many o f
a fflic te d
re v e a le d
o f M id d le
K e n tu c k y
re g im e n t
re g io n ,
a re
"B a ttle
e a s te rn
G a rfie ld 's
"Th e re
o u ts id e
s p e c ia l
am i n c l i n e d
G o d 's
p la g u e d
s e n d in g
th is
"I
command w e r e
a t A s h la n d ,"
tio n
I
w e a th e r o f
to
"camp f e v e r . "
m o rn in g
of
m o n th s
m o re d i s a s t r o u s
s iv e
e ith e r
c o in c id e n c e s .
He t o l d
fe re n c e s
a re
n o t men
have d ie d w i t h i n
th e
p a re n ts
ba ck
he c o n f i d e d :
I d e c l a r e t o y o u t h e r e a r e f a t h e r s and m o t h e r s i n
O h io t h a t I h a r d l y kn o w how I can e v e r e n d u r e t o m e e t .
A n o b l e y o u n g man f r o m M e d in a C o u n t y d i e d a fe w d a y s
ago.
I e n l i s t e d h i m , b u t n o t t i l l I had s p e n t tw o
h o u r s i n a n s w e r i n g t h e o b j e c t i o n o f h i s f a t h e r , who
u r g e d t h a t he w as t o o y o u n g t o s t a n d t h e e x p o s u r e .
He w as t h e o n l y c h i l d .
I c a n n o t f e e l m y s e l f t o b la m e
i n t h e m a t t e r , b u t I a s s u r e y o u I w o u ld r a t h e r f i g h t
a b a t t l e th a n t o m eet h i s f a t h e r . "4 6
One n i g h t
tw o yo ung H ir a m
E la m
Chapman,
send
th e m home t o
to ld
th e
boys
came t o
I
G a rfie ld
re c o v e r
fro m
D is c ip le s ,
in
te a rs
th e ir
had been w r e s t l i n g
Mead and
and begged h i m
s e rio u s
w ith
C y ru s
illn e s s .
s ic k n e s s
m y s e lf
to
"I
as
1
6
8
w ith
a g ia n t
e n e m y ,"
sam e.
I
on t h e
h o rrib le
s a d ly
weeks
My God,
la te r,
th e m t i l l
s u ffe rin g
"T h is
th e m t o
re tu rn
C o w le s ,
d ie d
th e y
"a n d
fe lt
t h e y m u s t do t h e
b ra v e ."
at
G a rfie ld
home.
h is
young r e c r u i t s ,
is
th e
g re a t p ric e
s a c rific e !"
th a t
had s t e a d f a s t l y
When a t h i r d
th e
R e fle c tin g
of
what a c o s tly
same t i m e ,
"w h e n a man g e t s
c o n v ic tio n
home,
s ic k
th e re
he
is
g o in g
a re s u lt
of
h is
to
see m s
d ie ,
G a rfie ld
s a v in g
th a n
to
D is c ip le ,
w as
to
le d
to
th e
th re e
tw e n ty -fo u r
re fu se d
H ira m
G a rfie ld
of
Less
Mead and Chapman d i e d w i t h i n
eac h o t h e r .
th a t
to
a c k n o w le d g e d :
U n io n .
of
ta lk e d
he w r o t e
h o u rs
a llo w
Fra n k
c o n c lu d e
come o v e r h i m
and t h a t
h a ste n s
a
h is
d e a th .
As
G a rfie ld
O h io .
w as
H is
soon
se p a ra te d
b e lo v e d
new a s s i g n m e n t p l a c e d
h im
at
to w a rd s
P itts b u rg
G e n e ra l G r a n t 's
to
th e
p ris e
re a c h
A rm y o f
C o n fe d e ra te
a tta c k
th e
a rriv e d
tre a tin g
n e a r C o lu m b ia ,
over
b a ttle fie ld .
to
fro n t,
C o rin th ,
th e
M is s is s ip p i.
head o f
c a u g h t up
ju s t
When ne w s o f
h is
h o u rs
tim e
p rio r
th e
s o ld ie rs
in
th e
re b e ls
The
a b ri
re n d e zv o u s w it h
G a rfie ld
he d r o v e
d e fe a te d
F o rty -se c o n d
Tenne sse e ,
tw e n ty - fo u r
g e n e ra l,
t h a t w as m a r c h i n g
to
on S h i l o h .
B u t by t h e
th e
O h io
Te nne sse e .
re a c h e d G a r f i e l d ,
th e
th e
Tenne sse e ,
th e
a tta c k
pace f o r
at
A rm y o f
L a n d in g ,
new b r i g a d e
e x h a u s tin g
b rig a d ie r
h is
G e n e ra l B u e l l ' s
h is
to
fro m
gade i n
w ith
p ro m o tio n
su r
at
an
an e f f o r t
to
w e a ry b rig a d e
w e re
g re a te st
a lre a d y
b a ttle
re
th a t
169
had e v e r be e n
and G a r f i e l d
f o u g h t on t h e
had m i s s e d
G a rfie ld
"Su c h
se n ts
a ll
w ife .
" If
s o m e th in g
yet
I
of
its
" F ie ld
of
a scene
a tte m p t
liv e
s p a re d ."
o u t on t h e
w as a p p a l l e d
b a ttle fie ld .
b e g g a rs
A m e r ic a n
to
fig h t.
by w h a t he
as
th is
saw o f
30
meet you a g a in ,
Tw o w e e k s
48
sq u a re
a t d e s c rip tio n ,"
h o rro rs.
S h ilo h ,"
c o n t i n e n t was o v e r ,
God h a s
la te r,
I
th e
S h ilo h
m ile s
p re
he
w ill
in fo rm e d
a tte m p t
be e n good t o
w h ile
s t ill
h is
to
te ll
me and
s ta tio n e d
I
at
am
th e
he w r o t e :
T h e h o r r i b l e s i g h t s I have w i t n e s s e d on t h i s f i e l d
I can n e v e r d e s c r i b e .
No b l a z e o f g l o r y t h a t f l a s h e s
a ro u n d th e m a g n if ic e n t
t r i u m p h s o f w a r can e v e r a t o n e
f o r t h e u n w r i t t e n and u n u t t e r a b l e h o r r o r s o f t h e s c e n e
o f c a r n a g e . 49
D u rin g
h is
th e
next
b rig a d e
and e a s t w a r d
he
s u ffe re d
in
f o u r m o n th s
th e
a d va n c e t h r o u g h
a c ro ss
te rrib ly
became i n c r e a s i n g l y
s u p e rio r
o ffic e rs
G a rfie ld
p e rso n a l
y o u and t h e y
in
th e
q u ie t
to
da y i n
good m a n . "
I
d ia rrh e a
fo rc e
ro d e
th e
w ith
at
C o rin th ,
A la b a m a .
fru s tra te d
to
th e
M is s is s ip p i,
in to
to
th e se
a ll
and a good r e l i g i o u s
Ha rm on A u s t i n
he w r o t e :
"I
and he
h is
50
m o n th s
our
of
dear frie n d s
Sunday.
s o much a s
tim e
of
b a ttle .
a s w e e t and p e a c e f u l
lo n g e d
th is
in a b ility
L u c r e t i a one
have n e v e r
head o f
and h e m o r r h o i d s ,
re b e ls
my l o v e
th e
Much o f
h o m e sic k d u r i n g
"G iv e
e n jo y in g
c h u rc h
To
w ith
he w r o t e
a re
c h u rc h .
n o rth e rn
was o f t e n
d e p re s s io n .
and b r e t h r e n , "
G a rfie ld
" I hope
L o rd 's
day
now f o r
se rm o n
a ssu re
fro m
you,
a
some
th e
170
b le s s in g s
of
tia n
w o rs h ip
th e y
do now
peace,
never
Lake,
h is
In
frie n d s ,
But
h is
G a rfie ld
new b r i g a d e
and e v e n a f e w H i r a m
one o f
h is
fo rm e r
a id e -d e -c a m p .
Th e re
p e rio d .
o u ts id e
"Th e re
and t h e y
n e x t.
a c h u rc h
have
I f
th e m ."
If
I
sent
am n o t
th e re
have
im p ro v e d ,
w ith
p rid e
W h ile
is
fo r
th a t
in
a la rg e
in
to
th e
by
"th e
d u ll
p u b lic
M id d le
C re e k ."
v is it
me a s
se v e ra l
D is
B e n ja m in
E c le c tic ,
to
to o
I
u n w e ll
any t r u t h
th e
be
"I
D is c ip le s
he w r o t e
to
speak t o
tra d itio n ,
of
th e
L u c re tia .
n e a r by
th e m on S u n d a y
to
h is
speak
once p re a c h e d
in
th e ir
th a t
as
d ro n e d
ju s t
a rm y he m i g h t d r i f t
th e
to
c o u n try
on,
m ust
speak
c h u rc h .
52
G a rfie ld
a n o th e r b r ig a d ie r
in to
o b s c u rity .
o r m y s e lf
Rhodes.
to
h e a lth
M o o re s v ille
in a c tiv ity
th is
camped
in
fe a rfu l
soon
w e re
D is c ip le s
he c o m p l a i n e d
m ig h t
tro o p s
have a n o t io n
in
d u rin g
o f M o o re s v ille
me t o
to d a y
in v ita tio n
m e ,"
up w a n t i n g
m o n o to n y o f
fic k le
th e
"S e v e ra l
v illa g e
c a n n o t a c c o m p l i s h much f o r
now s i t u a t e d , "
at
to
D is c ip le
He s e l e c t e d
G a rfie ld 's
A la b a m a .
weeks o f
g e n e ra l
one p r e a c h i n g
G a rfie ld
th e
was n o t w i t h o u t
c la s s m a te s
h a v e be e n h e r e
is
and i n e s t i m a b l e
a lu m n i.
o c c u rre d w h ile
M o o re s v ille ,
v ic in ity
and C h r i s
51
w as a l s o
T h is
C h ris tia n ity
seemed s o d e a r
. . . "
c o m p a n io n s .
c ip le s
home,
as
I
"I
am
He w as e x a s p e r a t e d
camp l i f e "
and w o r r i e d
th a t
fo rg e t
h e ro
" B a ttle
of
s in c e
came
h a v e be e n s o
th e
of
th e
dead m i l i t a r i l y
th e
I
171
to
th e
Te n n e s se e ,"
s e e how I
a m a tte r
life
to
to
th e
h im
The
much c o m m e n t."
a d v a n ta g e ,"
q u ie t
G a rfie ld 's
one h o p e
an e l e c t i o n
th e
th e
n e w ly
fo r
to
if
c re a te d
he w a n t e d
appear as
g re ss
p a rt
p le
h is
in
th e
s h o u ld
p la c e ,
of
i f
th e ir
I
p e rs o n a lly ,
th e
h is
th e
s itu a tio n
when R h o d e s w r o t e
in c u m b e n t,
a d d itio n
to
G a rfie ld
o ffic e .
th e
own m o t i o n
I
"I
of
had
tw o new c o u n t i e s
D is tric t.4
5
have
th e
frie n d
to
n o m in a
consent
w as c o n c e r n e d n o t
d a re
s h o u ld
next
see
c a u tio n .
"w o u ld
not
th in k
be p l e a s e d
fe w y e a r s .
f it
be g r e a t l y
c o m m is sio n
n o m in a tio n
n o m in a
m o v e m e n t.
"th o u g h
h is
in fo rm
John H u t c h in s ,
c o u ld
h is
of
re d is ric tin g .
C o n g re s s io n a l
G a rfie ld
re p ly ,
s h o u ld
was
He had be e n t h i n k i n g
and he u r g e d
of
it
c a m p ."5
3
due t o
of
o f my
c o n fin e
was p a r t l y
by G a r f i e l d ' s
he r e s i g n e d
to
T h is
le g is la tio n
c o u rse
not put o ff
th a t
g u a rd e d
c an d i s p o s e
th a t
it ,
make my r e t u r n
"th a n
e s c a p in g
N in e te e n th
he w r o t e ,
of
fo r
h a rd ly
R e p u b lic a n
a man s e e k i n g
n o w ,"
a b rig a d e
I
I
th e
a G a rfie ld - fo r- C o n g re s s
In
b e lie v e
w e a ke ne d b y t h e
R h o d e s w as c o n v i n c e d
tio n
"I
C o n g re ss.
stre n g th
s e rio u s ly
of
"th a t
re m e m b e re d t o
some t i m e
open.
p o litic a l
been
fo r
ra c e
w as w i d e
to
L u c re tia ,
he d e c l a r e d ,
in g lo rio u s
p o s s ib ility
tio n
to
of
th a t
to
can be s u f f i c i e n t l y
m o re
th ro u g h
th a t
he w r o t e
to
c a ll
p le a s e d ."
He a s s u r e d
and r e t u r n e d
If
of
to
Con
ta k e
th e
me t o
to
peo
th a t
R h o d e s was
h is
to
frie n d
c a m p a ig n
a l m o s t be a s p o n t a n e i t y . "
172
To
o ffe r
A u s tin
fu rth e r
had b e e n
T h is
fe e l
tim e
it."
But
a G a rfie ld
I
re sp o n d e d
th e
am f r e e
to
in
o p e n ly .
id e a
of
n o m in a tio n .
"I
re m e m b e r t o
to
use
th e
as
a s te p p in g
to
hear
fro m
to
y o u ,"
he
he w r o t e ,
same t i m e
a g a in ."
w ith
G a rfie ld
p ro m o tin g
w as
h is
th e
fo r
"I
had
le t
it
b u t he w as
c a n d id a c y
n o m in a tio n
to
to
c o u n try .
m eet th e
" W h ile
is s u e
to
in
a b a ttle
th e
w as
" If
to
about
h im s e lf
A lm ed a
p o litic a l
a d v ic e .
lo n g
Yet
"I
want
day seem
a c c u s to m e d
hear your
to
th o u g h ts
he w as w i l l i n g
so
to
of
h is
fo r
frie n d s .
e ffe c tiv e ly
in
h is
s e n a te .^
G a rfie ld
soug ht
to
ra tio n a liz e
o f w h a t w as b e s t
im m in e n t,
w as p a r a m o u n t t o
Rhodes.
fo r
d is c re tio n
te rm s
fo r
m o v e m e n ts o f t h e
he had u s e d
C h a ra c te ris tic a lly ,
me m ore
w o rk in g
be kno w n t h a t
sta te
lik e
make no e f f o r t . "
need t o
th e
C o n g re s s ,"
I w o u ld
to
sto n e
A u s tin
le a v in g
th e
a m b itio n s
I
cannot b u t
have p ro m is e d
have been so
you t h a t
same s t r a t e g y
p e rso n a l
s h a ll
t o know how t h e
im p lo re d .
and a v a i l a b l e ,
I
he a p p e a le d t o
you
c om pa re v i e w s
"a n d
"I
th a t
w rite
th e
m ilita ry
55
re fe re n c e to
P le a s e
Ha rm on
and had u n c o v e r e d
c o n fe s s
th e
th a t
n o m in a tio n .
get
th e
h is
to
n e x t one.
he w as o p p o s e d
at
b id
fo r
i n w h a t you sa y
"a n d
p re fe rm e n t,"
It
Rho de s m e n tio n e d
about q u ie tly "
G a rfie ld
an i n t e r e s t
be a member o f
not
" fe e lin g
su p p o rt
he a d m i t t e d ,
to
a ssu ra n c e ,
e v e ry
now t h e
I
fe lt
o th e r
war
in
fo r
th e
my d u t y
to
c o n s id e ra tio n ,"
th e
w e st
is
173
s u b s ta n tia lly
b e tte r
se rv e
w as w o r r i e d
in to
fo r
.
.
th e n
c o u n try
in
th a t
le a v in g
th e
at
p o litic a l
"p a trio tic
.
th e
a p u rp o se
he w i n c e d
of
ende d
to
th e
p ro sp e c t
p e rs e c u tio n
m o tiv e s "
a g a in ."
h im
ta k in g
p u rp o se s.
th e
But
m y s e lf,"
over
th e
he
"I
he t o l d
a sh a d o w o f
p o litic a l
and
c o a ls
in s is te d
a rm y .
any c o u r s e , "
fo r
can much
th a t
cannot
Rhodes,
s u s p ic io n
and d e m a g o g ic a l
„ 57
In
spoke
as b e in g
fo r
G a rfie ld
th ro w
I
"b e m i s c o n s t r u e d
"h a u le d
in to
th a t
c a p a c ity ."
c a p ita l
b e in g
" w h i c h may e v e n b y i n f e r e n c e
m o tiv e s
fe e l
a rm y m i g h t
of
had l e d
of
s h a ll
some o t h e r
make p o l i t i c a l
a moment t h i n k
upon t h o s e
I
h is
n e x t c o rre sp o n d e n c e w i t h
c a n d id ly
of
h is
a m b itio n s
and
A u s tin ,
fe a rs .
G a rfie ld
He w r o t e :
I e n t e r e d t h e s e r v i c e i n good f a i t h , a t some c o n
s i d e r a b l e s a c r i f i c e o f my own p l a n s and p u r p o s e s , and
I am w h o l l y u n w i l l i n g t o do a n y t h i n g w h i c h w i l l t h r o w
a d o u b t u p o n t h e m o t i v e s w h i c h h a v e g o v e r n e d me and
make me a p p e a r t o h a v e done t h i s o n l y t o s e r v e m y s e l f
t o s o m e th in g e ls e . . .
S h o u ld t h e p e o p le o f t h e i r
own m o t i o n , w i t h o u t a n y s u g g e s t i o n f r o m me, c h o o s e t o
n o m i n a t e me f o r C o n g r e s s , I s h o u l d e s t e e m i t a m a rk o f
h ig h fa v o r .
B u t I s h o u l d be u n w i l l i n g t h a t my name
s h o u l d go b e f o r e a c o n v e n t i o n and be r e j e c t e d .
I m ust
t h e r e f o r e c o m m it t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h i s m a t t e r w h o l l y
t o my f r i e n d s and I p a r t i c u l a r l y d e s i r e y o u t o h e l p
me i n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r I s h a l l a l l o w my name t o be
p re se n te d o r n o t.
G a rfie ld
b e lie v e d
new q u e s t i o n s
th e se
of
w ill
th e
A u s tin ,
"th a t
w o u ld
come f r o m
and new d a n g e r s , "
be o f
w a r."
th e re
e v e n m o re v i t a l
I
do n o t
I
b e lie v e
h e s ita te
I
c o u ld
and t h a t
th e
th e
im p o rta n c e
to
te ll
war
sc o re
of
"s e ttle m e n t
of
th a n
you, "
he
do some s e r v i c e
"a
th e
e n d in g
in fo rm e d
in
C o n g re ss
174
in
t h a t w o rk ,
,,
th e
a rm y .
and I
s h o u ld
p re fe r
w as a l l
assum ed t h e
th a t A u s tin
re s p o n s ib ility ,
G a rfie ld - fo r- C o n g re s s
e ffe c tiv e
in
m o b iliz in g
e d ito ria ls
in
of
th e re
w e re
G a rfie ld 's
p o litic a l
o p p o n e n ts,
ta k e
a d v a n ta g e
of
th a t
"G a rfie ld
has
K in g d o m o f
th e
in
J u ly ,
h is
a re
m a tte r,"
" it
P.
"a n d
o r m o re
s h a ll
if O .
P.
of
One
to
by p r o c l a i m i n g
.
.
.
a ll
I
but
in
th e
R h o d e s was
can s e e "
y o u r n o m in a tio n
trie d
am n o t
lo s e
and
p a p e rs.
a tte m p te d
G a rfie ld
I
th e
p ro m in e n c e .
me now t h a t
a ssu re d
w e re
s u s p ic io u s
B ro w n ,
"F ro m
a
le tte rs
lo c a l
such o p p o s itio n ,
a dead c e r t a i n t y . "
"B e
in
s u s p ic io n
v ic to ry .
of
th ro u g h o u t
s t ill
e v e ry w h e re
He g l a d l y
Rhodes,
w e re
p o litic a l
O liv e r
see m s t o
he r e p l i e d ,
le s s
in
D e s p ite
a n tic ip a tio n .
one d i a r r h e a
is
in
D is c ip le s
th e re
who w e re
an i n t e r e s t
of
tw o
a p p e a rin g
p re v a ilin g
c o n fid e n t
and e l e c t i o n
s tra in
th is
H e a v e n ."5
9
in c re a s in g ly
he w r o t e
in te re s t
of
G a rfie ld
lo n g
G a rfie ld
" w o rld ly "
fo r
h e a r.
h e lp
The se
su p p o rt
and b e f o r e
p ra is e
th e
c a m p a ig n .
D is tric t,
h is
c o n tin u in g
ne ed ed t o
w ith
N in e te e n th
of
to
„5 8
T h is
But
th a t
no
B ro w n o r
to
a n x io u s
s le e p
re
in
n o r have
any o t h e r man
c h o s e n ."0
6
By th e
a te d
to
th e
a fu rlo u g h .
he had
lo s t
end o f
J u ly ,
p o i n t w h e re
D u rin g
over
he
fo u r
fo rty
G a rfie ld 's
fe lt
m o n th s
p o und s,
h e a lth
ju s tifie d
of
in
had d e t e r i o r
a p p ly in g
in te rm itte n t
and h i s
s k in
fo r
d y se n te ry
had y e l l o w e d
175
fro m
of
ja u n d ic e .
th e
" B a ttle
G a rfie ld
had
th e
of
ra n k
U n ite d
th e
D is c ip le
to
p a ig n
th e rs
fro m
th e
p re se n t
b e s id e
s is te rs
at
p e rso n
have
h a lf,"
v e n tio n
h is
it
of
not
w ill
on S e p t e m b e r
announced
" If
th e
th e ir
to
a d d re ss
It
c a re
p e o p le
th e
arm y.
The
of
th e
to
to
a
cam
sta n d ,
h is
b ro
eat
th is
61
fa rm h o u se ,
c o n v e n tio n
young
g e n e r a l w as
c a n d i d a t e s who w as n o t
h is
re p re s e n te d
p o litic a l
fe ig n e d
n o r made a move i n
"I
con
a lm o s t
to
a s e c lu d e d
2.
th e
re c ru itin g
n o m in a tin g
d o n 't
b u t v e ry
b u s in e s s
was
and t o l d
G a rfie ld
a frie n d .
I
a member o f
"h u n g e re d "
at
arm y b e y o n d
t o o weak
A lth o u g h
day,
th e
6.
S u n d a y ba ck a t
b u t he w as w e l l
a fin g e r,
and
in
R e p u b lic a n
act
is
he had
c o n v a le s c e d
fiv e
to
fir s t
s e rv ic e .
year
c o n v e n tio n ,
he b o a s t e d
it
h is
D is tric t
lifte d
in
b e c o m in g
A lth o u g h
h e ro
a c h ie v e m e n t a lo n e
c om m union t a b l e
d e c id e d on t h a t
m o th e r:
th a t
p u lp it.
G a rfie ld
th e
th a t
he w as a s k e d
th e
home on A u g u s t
year
On h i s
how o f t e n
th e
jo u rn e y ,
he had l a u n c h e d h i s
th e m d u r i n g
one o f
h is
but
c om m union
th e
G a rre tts v ille
w as b e i n g
"I
th e
a rriv e d
chances o f
C o n g re ss.
H ira m
N in e te e n th
o n ly
show f o r
g e n e ra l,
day s i n c e
sa t
and
met a t
th e
to
and p a i n f u l
C re e k "
W h ile
th e
little
d u rin g
fe a s t w ith
th e
M id d le
S ta te s
th e
G a rfie ld
of
enhanced h i s
th e
g re g a tio n
a s lo w
b rig a d ie r
had g r e a t l y
year
A fte r
D is tric t
te ll
fu tu re
d is in te re s t.
my own b e
know how t h e
little ."
me s o ,
in
con
He w r o t e
w a n t me,
I
to
ta k e
and n o t m in e
to
176
c o a x th e m t o
re a ssu re d
by h i s
As
th e
have m e ."
it
frie n d s
tu rn e d
n o m in a tio n
6
2
o u t,
th a n
But
a ll
th e
w h ile ,
G a rfie ld
th a t
th e
n o m in a tio n
was h i s .
th e re
G a rfie ld 's
on t h e
e ig h th
in c u m b e n t C o n g re ssm a n J o h n
" It
was
th e
v ic to rio u s
sp o n ta n e o u s
c a n d id a te ,
d e v o te d
A u s tin
b e h a lf.
The
th e
n e w sp a p e rs,
O h io
P o rta g e
p riv a te
The
to
c a n d id a te
of
th e
s o lid
c a m p a ig n .
th e
1863,
one o f
th e
to
e x c la im e d
a ll
71.
th e
of
th e
in
h is
in
C o n g r e s s m a n was
a ro u n d
"o f
over
good c o v e r a g e
th e
G a rfie ld 's
in
78
s e d u lo u s ly
re c e iv e d
a man
p re s e n tin g
e le c tio n
W ith
h is
w as e a g e r
G a rfie ld
advance h i s
he r e c e i v e d
as
of
la b o re d
fro m
one o f
p e o p le
p e o p le ,"
p ro s p e c tiv e
R e p u b lic a n is m
T h irty - e ig h th
th e r
and t h e
triu m p h e d
by a v o t e
th e
fo r
lo y a l
p u re
th e
s ta te .
The
b o o ste rs,
and s p o t l e s s
a d o rn m e n ts
m ost a t t r a c t i v e
of
sa m p le s
a
of
g e n tle m a n ."6
3
made G a r f i e l d ' s
to
n o m in a tio n
c o n g ra tu la tio n s
m o ra lity ,
a C h ris tia n
th e
ra c e
had a n t i c i p a t e d .
G a rfie ld
H u tc h in s
and R h o d e s who had
re p u ta tio n ,
h ig h - to n e d
b a llo t,
act o f
C o u n ty D e m o c ra t,
commended h i m
s u p p o rte rs
o v e rlo o k in g
G a rfie ld
sh o w e re d w i t h
w as a much c l o s e r
w as
fo r
th e
N in e te e n th
D is tric t
a c e rta in ty ,
and he d i d
not
h e a lth
w o u ld
not
had f i f t e e n
m ilita ry
a te le g ra m
now r e s t o r e d ,
a new command i n
C o n g re ss
s t ill
of
c a re e r.6 4
fro m
th e
th e
s u c c e s s fu l
th e
a rm y .
convene
u n til
m o n th s
in
b o th e r
w h ic h
S in c e
Decem ber
to
H e w as d e l i g h t e d
W ar D e p a r t m e n t c a l l i n g
fu rwhen
h im
177
to
W a s h in g to n
c irc u la tin g
th e
fo r
among W a s h i n g t o n
a m b itio u s
The
s ta rt.
an a s s i g n m e n t
G a rfie ld
s o jo u rn
G a rfie ld
in
S e c re ta ry
of
th e
Tre a su ry ,
S a lm o n
w ith
w ith
C h a se
W a r,
P re s id e n t
th a t
a c o n v e rs a tio n
day i n
S ta n to n ,
C ha se .
th e
p ro sp e c t o f
was d a z z l i n g ,
got o ff
fir s t
But
to
and
an a u s p i c i o u s
to w n
it
was
d ia ry
w ith
G a rfie ld
th e
y o u n g e r man was n o t w a s t i n g
w ith
S e c re ta ry
was e v e n
th e
m o st re w a rd in g .
h is
c lo s e te d
and t h e
Th e re
L in c o ln .
p ro v e d
The
i m m e d i a t e l y . 65
E d w in
P.
d u ty .
o ffic ia ld o m
W a s h in g to n
spent h is
th e
v is it
le ft
to
tim e
of
fo r
a
a s s o c ia tio n
C h a se n o t e d
w h ic h
su g g e sts
in
th a t
much t i m e :
R e t u r n i n g f r o m G en. H o o k e r ' s , a s w e l l a s g o i n g ,
G en. G a r f i e l d ga ve me some i n t e r e s t i n g p o r t i o n s o f
h i s own e x p e r i e n c e .
T h i s f i n e o f f i c e r w as a l a b o r e r
on a c a n a l i n h i s y o u n g e r d a y s .
I n s p i r e d by a n o b l e
a m b i t i o n , he had a v a i l e d h i m s e l f o f a l l means t o
a c q u i r e k n o w le d g e ; became a p r e a c h e r . . . was made
th e p r e s id e n t o f a f l o u r i s h i n g l i t e r a r y i n s t i t u t i o n
on t h e R e s e r v e ; w a s e l e c t e d t o t h e O h io S e n a t e , and
to o k a c o n s p ic u o u s p a r t as a R e p u b lic a n le a d e r .
On
t h e b r e a k i n g o u t o f w a r he became a c o l o n e l . . .
and g a i n e d p r o m o t i o n r a p i d l y . 66
The
th a t
he
in to
th e
S e c re ta ry
in s is te d
liv e
fig u re s
"Th e y
in
h o u s e h o ld ,
b ru s h in g
le a v e
C h a se home.
g ra titu d e .
"a nd
he
w as
s p le n d id
G a rfie ld
e lb o w s
of
have
th e
w ith
day.
so
ta k e n w i t h
h is
lo n e ly
th e
young g e n e ra l
h o te l
ro o m and move
G a rfie ld
a c c e p te d
a fin e
re s id e n c e ,"
s ty le ."
fo u n d
to
As
h is
th e
in v ita tio n
he w r o t e
a member o f
lik in g
th a t
th e
le a d in g
p o litic a l
H is
le tte rs
w e re
th e
w ith
home,
C ha se
he was d a i l y
and m i l i t a r y
fille d
w ith
d e ta ils
178
of
h is
fra te rn iz in g
c o n fin e d
to
th e
to
e n jo y e d
fe llo w s h ip
"a
New Y o r k ,
number o f
W h ile
n a tio n a l
th e
c o n tin u e d
he
a lw a y s
th e
of
be
firm
s e lv e s
b e st
about
to
to
th e
h is
th e
th a t
success
p e rfe c t
th e
a p p o in tm e n t o f
E v e re s t's
th e re
as
as
th a t
hope
Rhodes,
le t
it
fo r
"a nd
I
of
th e m
see
fa v o re d
ne ed n o t
say
de pe nd u p o n
and A l m e d a , "
hope y o u may ke ep up t h e
G a rfie ld
"I
was
w ro te
re c o m m e n d in g
s p rin g ,"
"I
w ill
a llo w
he
th e
in
e v e ry
s t ill
to
to
m ost
th in g .
lo b b y in g
H ira m
M a ste rs
to
A lm ed a
d o n 't
y o u rs e lf
and good f e e l i n g
H in s d a le .
th e y
and
E v e re st
w ith
"a n d n o t
of
re tu rn
tru ste e s
school w i l l
c o o p e ra tio n
th e
c a ta lo g ,
be know n t h a t
th e
of
m a in ta in
H a rv e y
th e
E v e re s t.
67
He a p p r o v e d
E c le c tic
any c o n c e s s i o n s
la te r,
re s ig n a tio n
soon
to
and p o w e r o f
O v e r a m o n th
to
o ve r d iffe re n c e s
"I
he had
v o rte x
fa c u lty
re p la c e m e n t
th is
le a rn e d
in to
Rhodes,
New Y o r k . "
c a re fu l
th e
a
H e n r y W a rd B e e c h e r ,
ope n a b o u t a p o s s i b l e
he w r o t e
h a rm o n y and h e a r t y
he a d m o n is h e d
of
th a t
When he
G a rfie ld
as
F o llo w in g
E c le c tic .
name i n
p le a s u re .
be b u l l i e d
H in s d a le
th e
h is
th e
N o r was he
Rhodes
G re e le y ,
lig h ts
at
o p tio n s
it,"
m a k e ."
th e
of
fro m
he v o i c e d
W a s h in g to n .
w as c a u g h t up i n
in flu e n c e
use
m ig h ty .
in fo rm e d
H o ra c e
le a d in g
some d a y .
had r e s i g n e d
of
he w as n e v e r t h e l e s s
kept h is
scho ol
B o o th ,
w ith
th e
c ris is ,
p o s itio n
n a tio n 's
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
h is
th e
s o c ia l w h ir l
jo u rn e y
and
w ith
soon
to
fo r
a fte r
g e t you
H in s d a le ,
"a n d
179
y e ste rd a y
a n x io u s
re a lly
th e
I
I
w ro te
th a t
you
th in k in g
scho ol
s h o u ld
th e y
w ill
I
a id
Much t o
stre tc h e d
fu tu re .
s h a ll
of
s o c ia l
fo u r
in
th e
H is
a new command.
lo o k in g
fo r
th e y
fo r
th re e
a ll
a n x ie ty
th e
fa te
w as
commands.
d iffe re n t
fe ll
of
h is
"n o t
At
th ro u g h .
in
fo r
to
itc h in g
of
h is
th e
a c ru c ia l
in
69
G a rfie ld
g e t ba ck
in to
D is c ip le
m e e tin g
at
G a r
b ro u g h t
W a s h in g to n
in
so rro w
th is
was
th e
w a rtim e
G a rfie ld 's
be s e e n
la m e n te d
th a t
w a r."
s ittin g
c h u rc h e s
h im
re a so n s
by,
fig h t,
in
Beech G ro v e ,
to
g e n e ra ls
v a rio u s
Rhodes
th e
try in g
G a rfie ld ,
ashamed t o
N a p o le o n o f
th a t
th a t
e n jo y m e n t o f
s lip p e d
h is
I
1863.
sta y
he a d m i t t e d .
" If
frie n d s
tru ste e s
fo r
weeks
to
go back a g a i n
War D e p a rtm e n t c o n s id e re d
am t h o r o u g h l y
se v e ra l
H in s d a le .
and l i v i n g . "
fo r
but
w as
re tu rn
u n e m p lo y e d b r i g a d i e r
be t h e
to
not
fru s tra tio n
and e x p r e s s e d
same t i m e
and e v a n g e l i s t s
g a th e re d
As
u n ifo rm ,"
d e s tin e d
W a s h in g to n ,
"I
frie n d ,
th e
The
I
in itia l
a s s ig n m e n ts ,
in c re a s e d .
s tre e ts
w ith
if
of
U n fo rtu n a te ly
flo o d e d
s h o u ld
and t h e
s p rin g
se c u re
G a rfie ld
in te lle c tu a l
d is m a y ,
m o n th s.
fo r
g ro w th
s c e n e w as dampened b y h i s
w as
I
he e x h o r t e d
s o c ia l
W a s h in g to n
" If
s u c c e s s fu l,
H ira m
am e x c e e d i n g l y
s c h o o l."
and
in
I
th e
ne ed y o u ,
G a rfie ld 's
in to
le n g th .
ne ed y o u , "
w as
back t o
at
be w i t h
each o t h e r
p ro d d in g
H in s d a le
th e
a c irc le
c an m u t u a l l y
fie ld 's
s h o u ld
of
re tu rn
m u st have
a g a i n m o re
on
th e
G a rfie ld
70
id le
th e
in
e ld e rs
Te nne sse e
Tenne sse e .
180
On N ovem b e r
th e se
c h u rc h
P re s id e n t
le d
by T o l b e r t
le a d e rs
of
mem bers o f
They
13,
th e
th e ir
a p p e a le d
as
d ra fte d
a le tte r
C o n fe d e ra te
c h u rc h e s
F a n n in g
S ta te s,
be e x e m p t
and D a v i d
to
L ip s c o m b ,
J e ffe rs o n
re q u e s tin g
fro m
D a v is ,
th a t
m ilita ry
th e
s e rv ic e .
fo llo w s :
A l a r g e n u m b e r o f t h e m em bers o f t h e C h u r c h e s o f
J e s u s C h r i s t t h r o u g h o u t t h i s and a d j o i n i n g c o u n t i e s
o f th e S t a t e o f Te n n e s se e . . . a re f i r m i n th e con
v i c t i o n o f t h e t r u t h , t h a t no man, who r e g a r d s t h e
a u t h o r i t y o f God . . . can i n any m a n n e r engage i n ,
a i d , fo m e n t, o r c o u n te n a n c e t h e s t r i f e s , a n i m o s i t i e s ,
and b l o o d y c o n f l i c t s i n w h i c h c i v i l g o v e r n m e n t s a r e
f r e q u e n t l y engaged . . .
W i t h t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f w h a t o u r d u t y t o God
r e q u i r e s a t o u r h a n d s, t h e e n fo rc e m e n t o f th e "C on
s c r i p t A c t " f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f r a i s i n g and m a i n t a i n
i n g t h e a r m y , f o r t h e c a r r y i n g on o f t h i s u n h a p p y
w a r, i n w h ic h o u r c o u n t r y i s in v o lv e d , c a n n o t f a i l
t o w o r k i n d e s c r i b a b l e d i s t r e s s t o t h o s e m em bers o f
o u r c h u rc h e s h o ld in g th e s e c o n v ic t io n s .
T h is
le tte r
was c o u r t e o u s l y
re c e iv e d
and s e v e r a l
D is c ip le s
)
who had be e n d r a f t e d
when T e n n e s s e e
w as
a p p ro ve d
a lw a y s
little
d u rin g
e d ifie d
h is
by t h e
s e rv ic e .
c o n tro l,
h is
a s s o c ia tio n
fru s tra tin g
b re th re n
m e e tin g ,"
s m a ll
bo dy o f
he w r o t e
th e m h e r e
s o c i a l m e e tin g s
to
w ith
"To d a y
of
th e
lo a f
d e la y
went to
th e
th e re .
B ro th e r
D is c ip le s
Sunday.
at
D is c ip le s
and he was n o t
I
who ke e p up t h e i r
and b r e a k
th e
m o n th s
one
appeal
71
A v e n u e w h e re
Rhodes
L a te r,
a s im ila r
in fre q u e n tly ,
fe llo w s h ip .
on M a s s a c h u s e t t s
th e ir
h o ld
had
met w i t h
C a m p b e ll's
fro m
b y G o v e r n o r A n d re w J o h n s o n .
W a s h in g to n
He o n l y
re le a s e d
came u n d e r F e d e r a l
G a rfie ld
in
w e re
"Th e re
o rg a n iz a tio n
p riv a te
h o ld
is
a
and
h o u se s."
181
G a rfie ld 's
re p u ta tio n
and he w as
asked
fo rm e d
to
Rhodes,
'th e ir
to
d is tin g u is h e d
th e
so rry
see h im
spoke
fo r
b ro th e r,'
w ro te
m in is try ,
a sh o rt
to
say
G a rfie ld
life ."
h is
th a t
he was
G a rfie ld
own l i f e ,
c o n sta n t
e tc ."
re p lie d
as
p re c e d e d
tim e ,"
e tc .,
"become a p r e a c h e r "
c h i e f w o rk o f
p o s s ib ility
"I
" b u t w as a n n o y e d b y t h e i r
e n te rin g
even
a p r e a c h e r had a g a i n
speak.
When H i n s d a l e
to
as
th a t
h is
he
h im ,
in
re fe re n c e
72
th in k in g
he w o u ld
be
"e x c lu s iv e
had c o n s i d e r e d
b u t he now w r o t e
of
th e
or
same
c a n d id ly :
S u c h i s t h e s t a t e o f D i s c i p l e o r g a n i z a t i o n and d o c
t r i n e t h a t I c a n n o t be a p r e a c h e r and t h a t o n l y .
It
i s t o o n a r r o w a f i e l d f o r t h e g r o w t h and d e v e lo p m e n t
t h a t one f e e l s he m u s t h a v e .
No d o u b t t h i s o p i n i o n
w i l l a p p e a r c o n c e i t e d and e g o t i s t i c a l i n t h e man who
h o l d s i t , b u t I c a n n o t h e l p i t and d o n ' t t h i n k y o u
s h o u ld .
T h e r e a r e many who f e e l a s t h o u g h t h e y c o u l d
l i v e t h e b e s t and m o s t w o r t h y l i v e s by d e v o t i n g t h e i r
w h o le t im e t o t h e m i n i s t r y .
S u c h o u g h t t o do i t and
t h e y w i l l do g r e a t g o o d .
B u t eac h human s o u l m u s t
l i v e a l i f e o f i t s own and be r e s p o n s i b l e t o God and
man f o r i t .
But
G a rfie ld
on t h e
w a s n 't
p o s s ib ility
w o rk
fo r
tio n
of
m y s e lf,"
th e
of
ba ck
s o c ia l
In
G a rfie ld
As h i s
of
th e
th e
such
he r e m i n d e d
life
I
fo r
H in s d a le ,
th o u g h
may do i t
in
th is
he c o n c e iv e d
"I
and p o s s i b l y
m o n th o f
became a b s o r b e d
in c re a s e d ,
c o m p le te ly
a d e c la ra tio n ,
fin a l
a d m ira tio n
to
m in is try .
w a r p o stp o n e d
n e c e s s ity
in to
p re p a re d
of
h is
y e t."
w e a ry
a stu d y
of
a rc h e ty p e
e d itin g
of
w a iv e
h is
c o n te m p la te d
"b u t
th e
e n tire ly
s h o u ld
o p tio n
such
a
in te rv e n
re m o v e d t h e
I
a g a in
get
73
s ta y
in
W a s h in g to n ,
F re d e ric k
P ru s s ia n
a v o lu m e
of
th e
G re a t.
m ilita ris m
th e
w o rk s
of
182
F re d e ric k
th e
fo r
p a c ifis m
a fa ls e
"th e
of
s e c u rity .
R e p u b lic
is
p a y in g
o rg a n iz a tio n
s p irit
F re d e ric k
among i t s
w o u ld
our
a rm y ,"
It
w as
a lm o s t re a d y
to
re p o rt
A rm y o f
fie ld
in
th e
but
fo r
R o se c ra n s
fie ld
a J e s u it
n o te d
in te re s t
w e re
To
in
soon
a llo w
tim e
d u ty
to
th e
G a rfie ld
th e o lo g ic a l
id e a s .
S.
a fte r
fo r
n e g le c t
p re se rv e
th e
ho pe d h i s
25,
of
m ili
stu d y
th is
c o m p le te d .
o rd e rs
commander o f
1863,
of
s p irit
when he r e c e i v e d
R o se c ra n s,
G e n e ra l
th e
th e
e a g e r G a r
R o s e c ra n s 1 h e a d q u a rte rs
74
to o k
h ig h e s t
to
s ty le
fo r
G a rfie ld
e x p re sse d
fu lly
a number o f w e e k s.
in
w ith
in
re lig io n .
It
d is c u s s io n s
th e
s e s s io n s
re g a rd
of
G a r
tw o men
s e s s io n s ,
h im .
e n jo y e d
"I
once.
an e q u a l
and t h e
d is c u s s io n
move i n
at
Roman p i e t y , "
such m id n ig h t
v ig o ro u s
d is s ip a tio n
of
b a c k g ro u n d ,
had p a r t i c i p a t e d
and he
each o t h e r
R o se c ra n s
D is c ip le
These
to
its
in to
he a r g u e d ,
p r o j e c t w as n e v e r
on a s t i m u l a t i n g
p ro ta g o n is t,
fo r
a w a k e n in g o f
p rin te r
a d m ira tio n .
th a t
fe a rfu l
"th e
On J a n u a r y
m o re o p p o r t u n i t y
fir s t
m ost
th e
p ric e
th a t
A m e r ic a n s
p re se n t w a r,"
G a rfie ld
a m b itio u s
fo r
G a rfie ld 's
in s is te d
th e
to
and G a r f i e l d
la u n c h e d
n ig h t
w as now c o n v in c e d
fa ilu re
p e o p le ."
Tenne sse e .
of
w ith
c ra n s
C a th o lic
and i t s
C u m b e r la n d .
re p o rte d
is
th e
our
a fe a rfu l
G e n e ra l W i ll ia m
M u rfre e s b o ro ,
"H e
"In
c o n trib u te
in
to
G a rfie ld
he had o n c e e s p o u s e d had l u l l e d
sense
m ilita ry
ta ry
p u b lic a tio n .
Ro se
was
th e
w ith
exchange
c o n tin u e d
s le e p ,"
of
n ig h t
h a v e been enga ged
to
a
in
G a rfie ld
183
c o n fid e d
to
Rhodes.
bed o nce b e f o r e
t i l l
fo u r
and s o m e t i m e s
h o rro r,
way t o w a r d
fe w men i n
seemed s o
g io n
"H e
is
to
one o f
th e
fe w men i n
in
"w ho e n t e r s
th e
"H e
not
th e
m a rv e le d .
"I
o f m u s c u la r
re li
re lig io u s
upon a l l
h is
lo o k s
com m ented:
men I
of
God a s
e v e r knew,
re lig io n ."
G a rfie ld
d u tie s
to
h a v e known
b e in g
G a rfie ld
w a r,"
in te n s e s t
" w h o s e w h o le
s p irit
th is
C a th o lic is m
is
arm y a m a t t e r
fe e lin g - - a n d
to
R o s e c ra n s w e n t a lo n g
A u s tin ,
a c ts
d e c la re d
w ith
a d e e p ly
th e
d is p o s e r
v ic t o r y . " 7^
Some o f
of
a fe w w e e k s w i t h
h is
news
D is c ip le
p ro s e ly te
re c e iv e d
th a t
c o lle a g u e .
w o rd
re p o rts
of
h is
q u ic k ly
sought
m e ,"
th a t
"I
he m i g h t
d o n 't
h is
th e ir
be u n d u l y
know b u t
a d m itte d
to
m o t h e r was q u i t e
in
re a ssu re
th e
her
G a rfie ld
m a ss w i t h
e x p re sse d
G a rfie ld
d a llia n c e
to
R o se c ra n s,
a tte n d in g
frie n d s
and w o r r i e d
C a th o lic
c o u ld
a le tte r
gone
fre q u e n tly
re g a rd
C ha se,
th e
h is
p ra c tic e
h is
to
a ll
A fte r
th is
up t o
G a rfie ld
he w r o t e
have n o t
fiv e ."7
5
p re ju d ic e .
m o st d e v o te d ly
H in s d a le ,
th e
h is
I
m o rn in g ,
e n c o u n te r w it h
th e
devout r e lig io u s
of
th e
t i l l
p e rva d e d w i t h
In
one o f
in
not
sa w ,"
my l i f e , "
fu lly
and m akes
to
ever
as h i s . "
is
"H e
but h is
I
n ig h ts
had be e n b r o u g h t
d is a rm in g
re lig io n is t
te n
tw o o ' c l o c k
G a rfie ld
w ith
"Fo r
C a th o lic
h is
began
com m ander.
c o n c e rn
over
in flu e n c e d
by
he t h o u g h t he
Rhodes.
d is tu rb e d
re lig io n ,
by w r i t i n g :
th e
When he
about
th e
G a rfie ld
184
We know n o d i f f e r e n c e i n o u r w o r k f r o m one day t o
a n o th e r.
G e n e ra l R o s e c ra n s , h o w e v e r, has C a t h o lic
s e r v i c e i n h i s ro o m o r m in e e v e r y fe w d a y s .
I som e
t i m e s a t t e n d and a s I can u n d e r s t a n d t h e L a t i n s e r v i c e
i t i s n o t a l t o g e t h e r u n m e a n in g t o me.
I hope y o u a r e
n o t a l a r m e d a b o u t my b e c o m in g a C a t h o l i c .
You o u g h t
t o be g l a d t h a t I t a k e t i m e t o t h i n k and t a l k a b o u t
re lig io n a t a ll .
I h a v e no d o u b t t h e C a t h o l i c s h a v e
b e e n g r e a t l y s l a n d e r e d . 77
F o llo w in g
R o se c ra n s
fin a lly
a d iv is io n
d e c is io n
h is
fo r
fie ld 's
of
E u ro p e ."
ta n t
frie n d s
of
"W e re
o p tio n s
in
b a ttle ,
w as
h im
he m i g h t
b e h in d
Rhodes,
p o s itio n
next
w as
s o re ly
fu tu re
to
sta r.
and R o s e c r a n s
w ith
"O ld
Ro sy"
h e re
of
was
in
it
le tte rs
on
some q u e s
a s ta ff
fo rfe it
p o s t.
a ll
But
G a r
th e
what
it
c h ie f
is
m ost
in
im p o r
Commanding G e n e r a l
in d e c is io n .
te m p t e d
th e
c o u ld
th in k
be t h e
re la tio n s
not
a c ru c ia l
re sp e c t
about h itc h in g
The
w e re
to
th e
by
to
a desk.
w o u ld
to
to rn
he had some m i s g i v i n g s
R o se c ra n s'
h im
"th a t
he w as
G a rfie ld
le d
was
le a d in g
had been s e t
be had
o rg a n iz a tio n
s ta ff
tim e
and t h e r e
th a t
by h i d i n g
b e tw e e n
It
h e a rt
to
a s s o c ia tio n ,
a s e rie s
th e
Once a g a i n
an a s s o c i a t i o n
in
G a rfie ld 's
o ffe r,
D e p a rtm e n t
re q u e ste d
had
and d e s i r a b l e
A lth o u g h
of
F re d e ric k
he r e m i n d e d
h im s e lf."
s ta ff.
w a rn e d
d is tin c tio n
stu d y
s ta ff.
c h ie f
w h e t h e r much g l o r y
h is
c lo s e
a c h o ic e
th e
g lo ry
such
G a rfie ld
and he
a d v is o rs .
m a rtia l
to
Some o f
chance
G a rfie ld ,
c lo s e s t
as
as
a c h ie v in g
tio n
o ffe re d
and s e r v i n g
fo r
th ro u g h .
to
s e v e r a l weeks o f
78
by t h e
h is
b e tw e e n
b e s t,
s ta ff
m ilita ry
th e
and t o o
be a l i a b i l i t y .
War
c lo s e
"B y
185
ta k in g
th a t
p o s itio n ,"
make a l a r g e
be w i s e
to
in v e s tm e n t
ris k
c h ie f
tio n
as
of
I
in
m o re
in flu e n c e
my v i e w s
and p o l i c y
G a rfie ld
put
in
fo u g h t,
th e se
u n ifo rm
id e a s
o n ly
see
R o se c ra n s'
th e
enem y.
u rg e d
h is
to
in to
stra te g y
in
th e
arm y and m ore
id e a s
"y e t
fu lly
a b o u t how t h e
new p o s i t i o n
S in c e
b u t he
as
I
can
im p re s s
he p l a n n e d
convened,
in
b o ld
of
in s is te d ,
a le tte r
to
s h o u ld
to
to
re m a in
he was e a g e r t o
s trik e s
to ta l
1 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
can be u n i o n
war
on R o s e c r a n s .
w h e th e r
in
But
it
a d m in is tra tio n ."9
7
c o n c e p ts
th e re
th e
s h o u ld
and w i l l
he r e a s o n e d ,
w as an a d v o c a t e
he c o n c e d e d ,
be do ne b e f o r e
R o se c ra n s,
"I
may n o t make a s much r e p u t a
p la c e ,"
C o n g re ss
q u e s tio n
Rhodes,
t h a t m a rk e t? "
a rm y p a r t i c i p a t i n g
s tra te g ic
summed up h i s
I
p ra c tic e .
u n til
G a rfie ld
p h ilo s o p h ic a l
subdued, "
saw h i s
to
and a c c e p te d
ha d d e f i n i t e
and he
in
on t h e
on i t s
w ro te
G e n e ra l
"Th o u g h
a n o th e r
e x e rc is e
be
d o u b ts
s ta ff.
c o u ld
in
s o much s t o c k
end he o v e rc a m e h i s
fo r
G a rfie ld
w a r,
" It
of
"th is
a g a in s t
and he
may be a
p e o p le
is
and p e a c e . "
th e
can be
th in g
G a rfie ld
F u lle r:
One t h i n g i s s e t t l e d i n my m i n d : d i r e c t b l o w s a t
t h e r e b e l a rm y — b l o o d y f i g h t i n g — i s a l l t h a t can end
th e r e b e l l io n .
I n E u ro p e a n w a r s , i f you c a p tu r e t h e
c h i e f c i t y o f a n a t i o n , y o u h a v e s u b s t a n t i a l l y cap
tu r e d th e n a t io n .
T h e arm y t h a t h o l d s L o n d o n , P a r i s ,
V ie n n a , o r B e r l i n , h o ld s E n g la n d , F ra n c e , A u s t r i a ,
o r P ru s s ia .
N o t so i n t h i s w a r.
T h e r e b e l s h a v e no
c i t y , th e c a p tu re o f w h ic h w i l l o v e r t h r o w t h e i r p o w e r.
I f we t a k e R ic h m o n d , t h e r e b e l g o v e r n m e n t can be p u t
o n w h e e l s and t r u n d l e d away i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r , w i t h
a l l i t s a r c h i v e s , i n tw o d a y s .
Hence o u r r e a l o b j e c
t i v e p o i n t i s n o t any p la c e o r d i s t r i c t , b u t t h e r e b e l
186
arm y w h e r e v e r we f i n d i t .
We m u s t c r u s h and p u l v e r i z e
t h e m , and t h e n a l l p l a c e s and t e r r i t o r i e s f a l l i n t o
o u r hands as a consequence.
It
w as G a r f i e l d ' s
in
a d e a th - g ra p p le
h a rd
b lo w s
th a t
can d e s t r o y
th e re fo re ,
we do b r e a k
It
of
D is c ip le s
n in g
to r
th e
le s s
th a n
b o ro ,
b re a k
fo r
G a rfie ld
and J o h n s t o n . "
th e ir
a rm ie s
he w r o t e
s trik in g ,
th a t
h e a rt
th e se
and p u l v e r i z e
to
jo in
"N o th in g
C ha se.
and s t r i k i n g
"I
but
th e m
am,
a g a in
w ro te
t i l l
th e
fro m
and t h e
v illa g e
c e n te r
w h e re
p le a
fo r
c o n s c ie n tio u s
D is c ip le s ,
was
in
a w a y.
to
w e re w r i t t e n
Tenne sse e ,
Beech G ro v e ,
penned t h e i r
m ile s
le tte rs
o f M id d le
Tenne sse e
tw e n ty
many d a y s we s h a l l
80
p a c ifis m .
and L ip s c o m b
s ta tu s
B ra g g
s trik in g ,
iro n ic
M u rfre e s b o ro ,
"b e fo re
C o n fe d e ra c y ,"
th e m ."
is
th a t
w ith
w ill
th e
fo r
hope
h is
D u rin g
th is
th e
next
s ta y
in
Fan
o b je c
c o u n ty
M u rfre e s
m o th e r:
T h e p r i n c i p a l c h u r c h i n t h i s p l a c e i s owned by t h e
D is c ip le s .
I t i s a v e r y l a r g e , f i n e b u i l d i n g , and
t h e r e w as b e f o r e t h e w a r a f l o u r i s h i n g c o n g r e g a t i o n ;
b u t t h e m i n i s t e r w as a r e b e l and i s now a c h a p l a i n i n
t h e r e b e l a rm y and t h e c h u r c h i s s c a t t e r e d .
. . .Th e re
w e r e a g r e a t many D i s c i p l e s i n t h i s c o u n t r y b u t y o u
w o u l d h a r d l y know t h a t t h e r e was a n y s u c h t h i n g a s
r e l i g i o n on S u n d a y . 81
A lth o u g h
a s o lid
c o re
G a rfie ld
F a n n in g
s h o u ld
G a rfie ld
of
D is c ip le
dre am ed o f
and L ip s c o m b
sta y
a lo o f
W ith
such
p a c ifis ts
c ru s h in g
w e re
fro m
not
a w a re o f
a ll
a ro u n d
and p u l v e r i z i n g
n e a rb y p re a c h in g
th e
a g g re s s iv e
it,
h im .
th e
th a t
w o rld ly
s tru g g le .
v ie w s
o n how t h e
th e re
war
was
Even
re b e l
as
a rm y ,
C h ris tia n s
s h o u ld
be
187
fo u g h t,
th e
G a rfie ld
a rm y 's
w o u ld
c o u ld
p ro lo n g e d
not
id le n e s s
n o t move a g a i n s t
th e
and he b e s i e g e d
th e
s o ld ie rs ,
m e d ic in e ,
fo o d ,
C o p p e rh e a d
sta te
of
ta ry
th e
The
a rre st
c o m m is sio n
commuted t h e
G a rfie ld
a c ro ss
th e
H ira m ,
was
in
re v o lv e rs ,
w ith
th e
of
O h io
L in c o ln
h im
to
came t o
h im
to
p e rs o n a lly
at
M u rfre e s b o ro .
peace
s e n tim e n t
G a rfie ld
th e
in
th e
H is
ris e
of
h is
own
fo re
w a r.
in
th e
A m ili
but
L in c o ln
C o n fe d e ra c y .
e s c o rtin g
le a rn e d
m ore
C le m e n t V a l l a n -
and t h e
in
w hen G a r f i e l d
w ith
im p ris o n m e n t,
and b a n i s h e d
fo r
d e la y .
p a rtic u la rly
C o n g re ssm a n ,
fo rm e r
lin e s
he r e s p o n d e d
lo n g
of
c ritic
in c re a s in g
re q u e sts
c o in c id e d
N o rth ,
R o se c ra n s
and h o r s e s .
th e
over
re in fo rc e m e n ts ,
in
p le a s u re
U n io n
M u rfre e s b o ro .
ru m b lin g s
se n te n c e
to o k
be d i s a p p o i n t e d
enemy w i t h o u t
s itu a tio n
se n te n c e d
Th e re fo re ,
th e re
th e
a c o n sta n t
at
fru s tra te d
s e n tim e n t
O h io .
May w i t h
d ig h a m ,
over
but
War D e p a rtm e n t w i t h
e x a s p e ra tio n
h e lp
V a lla n d ig h a m
82
fro m
H in s d a le
among t h e
th a t
stu d e n ts
at
b itte rly :
T e l l a l l t h o s e C o p p e rh e a d s t u d e n t s f o r me t h a t w e re
I t h e r e i n c h a r g e o f t h e s c h o o l I w o u ld n o t o n l y d i s
h o n o r a b l y d i s m i s s th e m f r o m t h e s c h o o l , b u t i f t h e y
re m a in e d
i n t h e p l a c e and p e r s i s t e d i n
t h e i r c o w a rd ly
t r e a s o n , I w o u ld a p p ly t o
G e n e ra l B e rn s id e to e n fo rc e
G e n e r a l O r d e r N o . 38 i n t h e i r c a s e s . . . .
I t is a
g r i e v o u s and s h a m e f u l w r o n g t o t h e memory o f a l l o u r
b r a v e b o y s who a r e d y i n g . . .
t o have t h e s e m is g u id e d
o n e s a t home p e r m i t t e d t o spew o u t t h e i r s i l l y t r e a s o n
a t H ira m . . .
G a rfie ld 's
la te r
a n g ry
he w r o t e
to
le tte r
had
Rhodes:
its
"I
d e s ire d
am g l a d
e ffe c t.
you have
Two w e e k s
s tru c k
th e
:
188
C o p p e rh e a d
stu d e n ts
D u rin g
an im m e d ia t e
th e
h is
g e n e ra ls
a ll
e x p re sse d
of
th e
on t h e
be a c o m p l e t e
J u ly
th e
4 th a t
so
re p o rt
th a t
June,
and t h e
to
saw t h e
C o n fe d e ra te
th e
to
w ritte n
th e
G e n e ra l
re tre a t
to
ro le
in
th e
was
"I
s e e k in g
and p r i d e
home.
"I
b e lie v e
of
th e
am g l a d
to
h e lp
c o u ld
not
- - B ra g g 's
fo llo w
my a rm y
am d o i n g
a tith e
upon th e
s a tis fie d
as
save
T u lla h o m a
th e
a rm y --h a d
up h i s
th e
success
w ith
a b o ld
out
to
C o n fe d e ra te
On t h e
same
and
was a b l e
of
th e
e x e c u te d
been as
w ill.
fre e
to
e n tire
I
But
it
He u r g e d
never
p a ss.
G a rfie ld
a p a rtia l
of
s e lf-
he w r o t e
s h a ll
Let
cam
fro m
life ,"
m a in o b j e c t
been c r u s h e d .
fa v o r
b e h in d - th e - s c e n e s
w h ic h
o n ly
in
84
o f my w h o le
fo r
th e y
G e tty sb u rg
c o n tro l
h is
re p u b lic ." 5
8
u n til
B ra g g 's
R o se c ra n s
of
G a rfie ld 's
o p te d
arm y a t
has
o th e rs
c a m p a ig n a s
be c o n t e n t
H o w e v e r,
C h a tta n o o g a .
w ith
life
a w o rk h e re
th a t
an o f f e n s i v e ,
and b r i l l i a n t l y
any p a r t
c re d it
fo u rte e n
a rm y was now i n
w e ll- c o n c e iv e d
p a ig n .
of
c a m p a ig n t u r n e d
region north of the Tennessee River.
G a rfie ld
o p in io n
R o se c ra n s
G ra n t,
fo r
T u lla h o m a .
such
L e e 's
p la n s
at
B ra x to n
to
d ra fte d
b a se
p la n .
th a t
d e fe a t o f
U n io n
of
T u lla h o m a
o f V ic k s b u rg
83
G a rfie ld
a d v is a b ility
success.
th e
ro lls ."
c o n v in c in g
fo rc e d
s u rre n d e r
fo r
o p p o s itio n
w e re
w e re
m o n th o f
asked
advance,
tro o p s
th e
a d va n c e on t h e
When R o s e c r a n s
a rg u m e n ts
fro m
get
I
lo o k e d
v ic to ry .
h is
He
s tra te g y
R o se c ra n s
to
a d va nce on C h a t t a n o o g a .
Camp
C h a se
189
Ja m e s A .
G a rfie ld 's
C iv il
W ar A c t i v i t i e s
18 62-1863
190
A fte r
a d e la y
o ffe n s iv e .
B ra g g
p u lle d
of
S e p te m b e r
in
s ix
w eeks,
On S e p t e m b e r
as
c re e k
of
ba ck
19,
th e
G e o rg ia
The
to
tw o
fo r
and he w as c o n f i d e n t
ces
c o n c e n tra tin g
a fin a l
fo r
tw o
w h ic h
of
g a in e d
any d e c i s i v e
th e
C o n fe d e ra te s
and c e n t e r .
fie ld
w e re
s o ld ie rs ,
G e o rg e
th e
s t ill
th e
fa c e
to
fa c e
The
was
l o n g e d was
"Th a n k
a re
" It
The
a c ro ss
a
w ill,
fir s t
a c o n te st
th a t
of
On t h e
b e lie v e ,
w h ic h
and r o u t e d
b a ttle fie ld
in
ra g e d
n e ith e r
th e
a to rre n t
s id e
h o w e v e r,
U n io n
R o se c ra n s
fo r
a lth o u g h
second d a y ,
fo llo w e d ,
fo r
be t h e
C h ic a m a u g a "
fig h tin g ,
in
th e
c o n c e n tra te d
I
d a y 's
im m in e n t,
God t h a t
b e in g
" B a ttle
th ro u g h
th e
th e
and G a r f i e l d
sound s
p o s itio n
was n o t y e t
Thom as
R id g e
rid e
of
on th e
lo s t,
and a s c e r t a i n
c o n s e n t,
M is s io n a ry
y e a rs
hear
Thom as'
g a ve h i s
s id e s
chaos
sw ept o f f
R o se c ra n s
b a ttle
go t o
w e re
a d v a n ta g e .
b ro k e
th e
By d a y b re a k
rig h t
and G a r
of
h o rse s,
and w a g o n s .
As
c o u ld
In
re in fo rc e m e n ts .
v ic to ry .
da ys.
and r e l e n t l e s s ,
h is
C h a tta n o o g a ,
G a rfie ld
he w r o t e .
fie rc e
re n e w e d
C h ic a m a u g a .8
6
g re a t b lo w ."7
8
te rrib le
fin a lly
arm y o c c u p i e d
a rm ie s
on b o t h
s tru g g le ,"
fin is h in g
10 h i s
a w a it
c a lle d
b a ttle
R o se c ra n s
re a c h
b a ttle
le ft
th e
th e
w as e m b e l l i s h e d
tru e
n o rth w a rd ,
c o m in g
w in g .
G a rfie ld
and G a r f i e l d
to
re tre a te d
G e n e ra l
C o n v in c e d
th a t
begged p e r m i s s i o n
s itu a tio n .
made a d a s h i n g
b e le a g u e re d
in to
fro m
th e y
R o se c ra n s
rid e
Thom as.
a h e ro ic
to
ta le
a c ro ss
In
la te r
b y some
191
im a g in a tiv e
b io g ra p h e rs .
B u t,
as A lla n
P e s k in
w rite s :
W h a t e v e r d i d hap pe n on t h a t fa m o u s r i d e , i t s p r a c
t i c a l r e s u l t s w e re n e g l i g i b l e .
Th o m a s was p e r f e c t l y
c a p a b le o f h o l d i n g f i r m w i t h o u t G a r f i e l d ' s a s s i s t a n c e .
G a r f i e l d had r e a l l y u n d e r t a k e n t h e r i d e f o r h i s own
p riv a te s a t is fa c t io n .
B y l e a v i n g R o s e c r a n s , he had
d i s a s s o c i a t e d h i m s e l f f r o m t h e t a i n t o f d e f e a t . 88
In
A rm y o f
th e
th e
G a rfie ld ,
fo r
fo llo w in g
C u m b e r la n d w e re
it
w as
p u lv e riz in g
th e
c o m fo rta b le
It
c le a r
th a t
re b e l
in
re u n ite d
h is
c lo s e
R o se c ra n s
be r e l i e v e d
g ra c io u s ly
ta k e
fro m
h is
h is
in
tim e .
fa ile d ,
of
be t h e
H is
w ith
th e
For
p la n s
and he was
a s s o c ia tio n
no
R o se c ra n s.
scapegoat
fo r
th e
and Garfield had no stomach fo r
Now desirous of returning to
seat
in
C o n g re ss,
d u tie s
as
c h ie f
c o m p lie d w i t h
re m n a n ts
C h a tta n o o g a .
p a in fu l
w o u ld
sharing the blame with him.
to
v a rio u s
a rm y had
tragic rout at Chicamauga,
W a s h in g to n
th e
an e x c e e d i n g l y
lo n g e r
w as
days,
th e se
of
w is h e s
G a rfie ld
s ta ff.
and s e n t
asked
to
R o se c ra n s
G a rfie ld
o ff
with a glowing commendation.
Four days afte r Garfield l e f t
fo r
re lie v e d
W a s h in g to n ,
R o s e c r a n s was
G a rfie ld 's
th e
end o f
th e
ra n k
"g a lla n t
h is
m ilita ry
c a re e r.
and m e r i t o r i o u s
w as
g e n e ra lly
to
h is
h e ro ic
He w a s
d e p a rtu re
o f m a jo r g e n e ra l
It
1863,
h a sty
G a rfie ld
a s s ig n e d
to o k
a c ro ss
h is
a p la c e
He w as
v o lu n te e rs
s e rv ic e s "
b e lie v e d
rid e
of
fro m
th a t
in
th is
on t h e
th e
command.
soon
in
re w a rd
R id g e .
p ro m o te d
re c o g n itio n
at
to
of
C h ic a m a u g a .
was due
la rg e ly
On D ecem ber
T h irty - e ig h th
M ilita ry
89
C h a t t a n o o g a m a rk e d
re n d e re d
M is s io n a ry
sea t
of
A ffa irs
7,
C o n g re ss.
C o m m itte e ,
192
th e n
th e
m ost
im p o rta n t
in
C o n g re ss.
he w r o t e
to
M a rk H o p k i n s :
a C o n g re ssm a n ,
In
h is
firs t
week a s
I h a v e r e s i g n e d my p l a c e i n t h e arm y and h a v e t a k e n
my s e a t i n C o n g r e s s .
I d id t h i s w it h r e g r e t , f o r I
had ho p e d n o t t o l e a v e t h e f i e l d t i l l e v e r y i n s u r g e n t
s t a t e had r e t u r n e d t o i t s a l l e g i a n c e .
B u t th e P r e s i
d e n t t o l d me he d a r e d n o t r i s k a s i n g l e v o t e i n t h e
H o u s e and he n e e d e d men i n C o n g r e s s who w e re p r a c t i
c a l l y a c q u a in te d w i t h t h e w a n ts o f t h e a rm y .
I d id
n o t f e e l i t r i g h t t o c o n s u l t my own p r e f e r e n c e i n
s u c h a c a s e . 90
T h e w a r had t r e a t e d
it
as
"th is
re g a rd e d
a ll
it
as
th e
fre q u e n tly
e n te rin g
h o rro rs
tim e s
"B u t
peace.
em erge
th e re
is
of
A m e r ic a n
a d v e n tu re
th e
of
h o rro rs
" b u t we h a v e
a lo n g
not
peace.
"Th e
of
y o u n g men o f
th e
of
G a rfie ld
" a ll
th in g s
to
enhanced h is
he r a n
fo r
g re a t
had do ne
o fte n
th o u g h t
of
g re a te r
e v ils
n a tio n 's
P re s id e n t
to
h is
in
w a r had
war th a t
1880,
rid e
at
h is
its
is
a c tio n s ."
jo b
of
tra g e d y .
e v id e n t,"
saw
H is
91
s u b o rd in a tin g
m ilita ry
as Peskin noted,
su p p o rte rs
C hica m a uga
s e rv ic e ."
becomes
They never had such
a d v a n c e m e n t."
and,
life
th e
som e
p r e s e n t day n e v e r
an e f f e c t i v e
p o litic a l
"We h a v e
so
and n o b l e
p o litic a l career,
m o re a t t e n t i o n
s p e c ta c u la r
d o in g
life .
and he
a fte r
th a t
th is
h is to ry ,"
to
he s a i d
or read of a time as grand as th is .
o p p o rtu n itie s
h is
He r e f e r r e d
o f w a r,"
The
He a c k n o w le d g e d
one a d v a n t a g e
in s is te d .
of
w e ll.
Bad a s w a r may b e ,
fro m
. . . "
c h a p te r
g re a t
h e a rd
C o n g re ss,
of
sta g n a n t
he
w o n d e rfu l
G a rfie ld
92
th a n
w o u ld
to
re c o rd
"when
d e v o te
h is
le s s
193
C HA PTER S I X
"TH E
F A ILU R E
OF T H E
STANDARD"
Th e f a i l u r e o f th e S ta n d a rd t o meet th e e x p e c t a t io n s
o f i t s f o u n d e r s and f r i e n d s i s m o s t h u m i l i a t i n g .
It
see m s t o be u t t e r l y l a c k i n g i n c o u r a g e , i n f r e s h n e s s
and f o r c e .
— G a r f i e l d t o P i n k e r t o n , Decem ber 2 8 , 1 8 6 8
One o f
h is to ry
m e n t.
of
is
to
b e s t ways
stu d y
A fa m ilia r
W illia m
D is c ip le s
At
th e
th e
T.
of
tu rn
th e
C h ris t
of
th e
h is to ria n
e x p la in e d :
th e
of
of
th e
In
th e
and p e r i o d i c a l s
of
th e
D is c ip le s
or
th e
fir s t
of
has
th e y
W in fre d
any g e n e r a l
was
th e
common m i n d . "
th e
D is c ip le s
tim e
been:
have
"Th e
e d ito rs ."
its
E rn e st
o rg a n iz a tio n
c h ie f
M o re
as
G a rris o n ,
.
.
.
means o f
d e v e l
re c e n tly ,
A lfre d
".
.
.a
e d ito rs
p e o p le
th a n
by
its
s c h o la rs ." ^
g e n e ra tio n
to
h is
th e
move
M o o re w r o t e :
p e rio d ic a ls
its
fro m
and h i s t o r i a n ,
be e n g u i d e d m o re by
C a m p b e ll was q u i c k
see
d is s e m in a tio n
of
p ro d u c e d
one h u n d r e d
over
D is c ip le s
m o v e m e n t,
D e G ro o t c h a r a c t e r iz e d
e c c le s ia s tic s
of
be no d o u b t a b o u t t h e f a c t t h a t ,
o f t h e m ovem ent t o t h e p r e s e n t
t h o r it y in re g a rd to a l l im p o rta n t
th e D is c ip le s p r e s s .
ab sence
and d i r e c t i n g
who had a l w a y s
th e
do n o t h a v e b i s h o p s ,
c e n tu ry ,
th e
p u b lic a tio n
o p in g
T.
"In
c o u rse
among t h e
p re a c h e r
. . . t h e r e can
fro m th e b e g in n in g
tim e , th e c h ie f a u
q u e s t i o n s h a s be e n
A n o th e r
tra c e
e d ito rs
s a y in g
M o o re ,
to
th e
v ie w s .
of
th e
v a lu e
of
A lth o u g h
p e rio d ic a ls
m o v e m e n t,
th e
p re ss
in d iv id u a l
b e tw e e n
A le x a n d e r
fo r
th e
D is c ip le s
1823
and 1 8 6 0 ,
194
it
was Campbell's M illennial Harbinger that dominated the
c h u rc h .
2
The
p e rs o n a lity
H a rb in g e r
and t h e
became,
ra n g e
of
by t h e
its
th e
in
v e rs io n
it
G a rfie ld
h e lp e d
G a rfie ld
e rs ,
to
H a rb in g e r
th e
H a rb in g e r
th e
d e a th o f
in
th e
th e
(1 8 5 6 -1 8 8 7 ).
a p o s itio n
of
in
c h a lle n g e d
(1 854 -185 8);
(1 843 -186 6),
its
had
1866,
its
o rig in
s ig n ific a n t
The editor of the f i r s t
ardent a b o litio n is t,
is
w e re :
1850,
con
p a p e r,
and
re fo rm a tio n .
re lig io u s
w ritin g s
re fo rm
in
th e
th e
m a in ta in e d
th a t
u n til
tru e
th a t
some new p e r i o d i c a l s
Among t h e
D is c ip le s
N o rth - W e ste rn
C h ris tia n
L u m in a ry
and t h e
in flu e n c e
th e
1 8 4 0 's
u n til
two periodicals,
and his
h is
n e v e rth e le s s
jo u rn a l,
in
in
and d o m in a n c e
a u th o rity .
C h ris tia n
A fifth
of
g e n e ra lly
1850's
(1 8 5 5 -1 8 6 1 );
n o rm a tiv e
.
3
d is c u s s io n s .
it
th e
1 8 50's
th e
th is
D is c ip le s
p rin c e
le a d e rs h ip
its
to
on C a m p b e l l ' s
have
th e
Soon a f t e r
on t h e
th e
. .
re lig io u s
dec ad e o f
in
p rim e .
re lie d
h is to ria n s
G o s p e l A d v o c a te
R e v ie w
as
C a m p b e ll's
w as c o n v e r t e d
a s u b s c rip tio n
C a m p b e ll
C a m p b e ll
th e
its
th in k in g
re ta in e d
la u n c h e d
M a g a z in e
h is
b u ttre ss
A lth o u g h
p a p e rs
fo r
fre q u e n tly
to
b e g in n in g
p a id
shape
re v e re d
and he
s t ill
of
c irc u la tio n ,
p a p e r among D i s c i p l e s .
H a r b in g e r was
fo rc e
(1 85 8 -1 8 6 3 );
A m e r ic a n
C h ris tia n
C h ris tia n
R e c o rd
b ut d id n 't
th e
la te
re a c h
1850's .
John Boggs, was an
journals became the only major
a b o litio n is t papers published among Disciples.
Tolbert Fan
ning was the strong personality behind the Nashville-based
195
G o sp e l A d v o c a te ,
in g
v o ic e
E lija h
fo r
and h i s
so u th e rn
G o o d w in w e r e
and t h e
th e
paper as
a m o n th ly ,
new w e e k l y
th e
to
th e
in
of
was kno w n t o
o u tsp o k e n
O h io ,
of
th e
and
R e v ie w
to
4
w a r,
A lth o u g h
a ny a r t i c l e s
p a rtis a n .
T h is
w ith in
c h u rc h ,
th e
in
p o lic y
but
to
w e e k ly
F ra n k lin
th e
h is to ry
an e n t h u s i a s t i c
e ve o f
th e
C iv il
W a r,
in
te m p e r a m e n t
C in c in n a ti
in
w e e k ly
th e
re a d e rs
h is
a d m itte d
o ld
th e
th a t
w e re
N o rth e rn
v ig o ro u s ly
R iv e r
F ra n k lin
h is
peace.
p re ssu re
frie n d s
th e
he s t e a d f a s t l y
th a t
a p p e a le d
a p p re c ia te d
a b o litio n is t
many o f
c h u rc h .
O h io
R e v ie w
e n ra g e d
in
T h is
firm
5
c h u rc h .
th e
and h i s
o n e ,"
th e
fir s t
in
Illin o is
fro m
th e
is s u e
who r e s i d e d
F ra n k lin
w as a " d i f f i c u l t
th e
1858,
p e rio d ic a l
tre m e n d o u s
F ra n k lin
R e v ie w
5,
met w i t h
p o w e rfu l
and h i s
th e
th is
on t h e
th o ro u g h ly
In d ia n a ,
th e
it
of
p u b lis h e d
out
in flu e n tia l
h is
is s u e
F ra n k lin
fir s t
y e a rs,
be a p a c i f i s t ,
up a g a i n s t
a s s o c ia te s .
and
D is c ip le s
n e u tra lity
P rio r
q u e s tio n
was
of
firs t
sent
w as t h e
th re e
s ty le ,
m a jo rity
p u b lis h
F ra n k lin
re s p e c tiv e ly
b u t on J a n u a r y
m ost
F ra n k lin
h e a rtla n d
b u ilt
became a l e a d
B e n ja m in
tw o y e a r s
m o v e m e n t,
W ith in
and r u s t i c
th e
R e v i e w w as
had become t h e
A lth o u g h
For
jo u rn a l
D is c ip le s
re c e p tio n .
it
e d ito rs
1856,
p re ss.
n e w s p a p e r- s iz e
of
th e
1,
came o f f
th e
D is c ip le s .
q u ic k ly
R e c o rd .
On J a n u a r y
of
p e rio d ic a l
and
w h o le w ar
re fu se d
to
even r e m o t e ly
war
a d v o c a te s
m a in ta in e d
th is
196
c e n s o rs h ip
th ro u g h o u t
th e
th e
of
and s e c e s s i o n
is s u e s
and,
as
such,
The
in
1861
v id
T.
s la v e ry
had no p l a c e
n e u tra lis t
when t w o
W rig h t,
H a rb in g e r
and R e v i e w
1861,
th e
o u t,
have,
in
in
u rg in g
th a t
"a lm o s t
was w i t h
th e m
"a s
names o f
tw e n ty - th re e
a u n it
th e
even
th e
to
of
re m a in
In
th e
th e
n e u tra l
S e p te m b e r,
paper p u b lis h e d
and
and S o u t h ,
come
s tro n g e r
w a r."
D is c ip le s
have
te rm s
H o w a rd
q u e s tio n ."
o u ts ta n d in g
p a p e r.
stre n g th e n e d
le a d
p r e a c h e r we h a v e o f
on t h i s
o p in io n ,
H o w a rd and Da
day.
N o rth
to
th a t
a new p a p e r c a l l e d
"e v e ry
in
R.
fo llo w e d
b o th
g o in g
e v e ry
John
of
a c h u rc h
c h u r c h w e re
of
of
th a t
b re th re n ,
b e lie v e d
pages o f
D is c ip le s
q u e s tio n
C h ris tia n s
w e re m a t t e r s
th e
jo u rn a l
now c o m in g o u t ,
a g a in s t
He was c o n v in c e d
p re a c h e rs,
re p o rte d
by o u r
and a r e
T h is
p o litic a l
P io n e e r
re c o g n iz e d
th e
be g a n p u b l i c a t i o n
P io n e e r.
g re a t
in
fo rc e s
M is s o u ri
C h ris tia n
on t h e
war y e a rs .
t h a n we
and W r i g h t
a ny n o t e "
They
lis te d
p re a c h e rs
th e
whom
£
th e y
th o u g h t
Th e
P io n e e r,
tia n
th e
to
be
s tu b b o rn
in c re a s e d
R e c o rd .
h o tb e d
firm
By
n e u tra ls .
n e u tra lity
th e
th e
of
in flu e n c e
fa ll
of
th e
of
1861
E lija h
th e
of
D is c ip le s
a b o litio n is m
had g i v e n
ta c it
th e
D is c ip le s
g a th e re d
th e
th irte e n th
M is s io n a ry
annual
S o c ie ty ,
in
C in c in n a ti
sp e c te r
of
of
th e
and
C h ris
p u b lis h e d
and p r o w a r
to
R e v ie w ,
G o o d w in 's
R e c o rd ,
a p p ro v a l
c o n v e n tio n
th e
H a rb in g e r,
in
s e n tim e n t,
w a r.
7
When
in
O c to b e r,
1861,
th e
A m e r ic a n
C h ris tia n
p e rio d ic a l
fo r
a ffilia tio n
197
was
a p p a re n t.
c ip le s
The
p re a c h e r
been r e p r i n t e d
"o f
c o n v e n tio n .
th e
w ar a d v o c a te s.
it
w as
P io n e e r,
p re s s ,"
The
"su c h
w h ic h
th a t
n o te "
by t h e
th e
th a t
sta te m e n t
in
was
p u b lic ity
d a ily
had
th a t
a n e u tra l
p re ss
e v e ry
as
th e
D is c ip le s
"b e in g
had p r o m p t e d
a lo y a lty
re s o lu tio n
and
la te r
th e
one
a s s a ile d
to
had
e ve o f
G a rfie ld
c o lle a g u e s
sta te m e n ts"
D is
p o s itio n
on t h e
in fu ria te d
G a rfie ld 's
u n w a rra n te d
to
P io n e e r
ta k in g
C in c in n a ti
One o f
le d
th e
w ro te
in
in
th e
th e
be i n t r o -
g
du c e d a t
th e
1861
c o n v e n tio n .
As d e s c rib e d
c o n v e n tio n
and
th a t
fu rth e r
tio n
th e
"One o f
E rre tt
or
an a n t i w a r
th e
S ila s
th a t
th e
had
1862
E lija h
a w e e k ly .
T h is
F ra n k lin 's
R e v ie w ,
an e q u a l v o i c e .
w ith
m ilita n t
and was
was
The
a re
Soon
a fte r
fro m
to
th e
a p p a re n tly
"o f
h im s e lf
conven
one o f
w a r.
n o te "
th e
It
by
th e
th e
m e a su re
th e
w ritte n
a tta c k e d
p re a c h e r
p o s itiv e ly
G o o d w in 's
in te n d e d
and t o
The
a le tte r
w rite r
speech a t
was
Is a a c
P io n e e r' s
had t a k e n
and G a r f i e l d
as
He went on to claim that "several of
whom y o u m e n t i o n
By
th e
opposed
and he c i t e d
specific exceptions.
th o se
as
D is c ip le s
p o s itio n ,
of
re c e iv e d
S h e p h e rd .
e v e ry
w as G a r f i e l d ' s
D is c ip le s .
lis te d
M en"
it
pa ssag e
P io n e e r
whom i t
s ig n e d
s ta te m e n t
in s u re d
p o la riz e d
c lo s e d ,
p re a c h e rs
e a rlie r,
to
g iv e
new W e e k ly
a rtic le s
fro m
war
m is re p re s e n te d ."
C h ris tia n
c o u n te ra c t
th e
R e c o rd
th e
U n io n is ts
C h ris tia n
in
9
had become
in flu e n c e
th e
c h u rc h
R e c o rd b r i s t l e d
s y m p a th iz e rs .
of
G a rfie ld 's
198
c h a p la in ,
J.
H a rris o n
Jones,
became t h e
R e c o rd ' s
"A rm y C o r r e s p o n d e n t , "
and he c o n t r i b u t e d
on t h e
of
war a c t i v i t i e s
R e gi ment .
T0
1h e
o u tsp o k e n
R e c o rd
n e u tra lity .
G a rfie ld
In
one
fre q u e n t
and t h e
s o o n began t o
is s u e ,
re g u la r
re p o rts
Fo rty -se c o n d
O h io
wage w a r on F r a n k l i n ' s
G o o d w in w r o t e :
Now, who can be n e u t r a l on t h i s a w f u l s u b j e c t ,
w h i le t h i s tre m e n d o u s s t r u g g l e i s i n p r o g r e s s ? . . .
T h e man who w i l l n o t d e f i n e h i s p o s i t i o n and l e t h i s
c o n t e m p o r a r i e s know w h e r e he s t a n d s , i s j u s t l y s u s p e c
t e d by e v e r y t r u e p a t r i o t , and s h o u l d be w a t c h e d ; f o r
he t h a t i s n o t f o r u s i s a g a i n s t u s .
I t i s im p o s s ib le
f o r a n y man, i n t h e s e t r y i n g t i m e s , t o be n e u t r a l i n
fa c t.
He may t a l k n e u t r a l i t y , b u t i n h i s h e a r t , he
sy m p a th iz e s w i t h th e r e b e l l i o n . i l
D e s p ite
in
th e
c h u rc h
M is s io n a ry
O c to b e r,
such
re m a in e d
S o c ie ty
1862,
s e n s itiv e
F ra n k lin
a s s a u lts ,
in
c o n tro l
th ro u g h
managed t o
1862.
a v o id
and c o n t r o v e r s i a l
w as e l a t e d
w ith
th e
stro n g
n e u tra lis t
of
A m e r ic a n C h r i s t i a n
The
annual
p u b lic
q u e s tio n
th is
th e
of
c o n v e n tio n
h o s tilitie s
lo y a lty
a c h ie v e m e n t,
e le m e n t
in
on t h e
re s o lu tio n s .
and he w r o t e :
I t i s a g ra n d tr iu m p h f o r C h r i s t i a n i t y a t such a
t i m e a s t h i s , f o r t h e p e o p l e o f God t o m e e t . . .
and a t t e n d t o t h e t h i n g s o f t h e k in g d o m o f God . . .
i n s u c h k i n d n e s s , l o v e , and h a r m o n y , and a t t h e same
t i m e k e e p i n g t h e t e r r i b l e i s s u e s o f t h e w o r l d o u t . 12
But
su p p o rt
A c c o rd in g
e x e rc is in g
re p o rt
fo r
to
E lija h
C h ris tia n
re v e a le d
fe lt
th a t
sake
of
th e
such
peace
th a t
lo y a lty
G o o d w in ,
th e
p a tie n c e .
many o f
re s o lu tio n s
th e
re s o lu tio n s
th e
ought
war
had n o t d i m i n i s h e d .
G o o d w in 's
p re a c h e rs
to
ju s t
p o s t- c o n v e n tio n
at
be p a s s e d ,
m a t t e r w as n o t p r e s s e d . "
w e re
13
th e
but
m e e tin g
"fo r
th e
199
H o w e v e r,
in c re a s in g ly
th e ir
th e
p a tie n c e .
T u lla h o m a
lo y a lty
in
m e e tin g
th e
w o u ld
have
th e
w ith
th e
n a tio n a l
c rie s
s e s s io n ,
re fu se d
v o te d
The
in
of
to
on by
a fte r
th e
R e v ie w ;
th e
th e ir
engaged
in
1863,
a s e rie s
T h is
of
o rg a n iz in g
h is
o f A le x a n d e r
14
By
frie n d s
s tro n g ly - w o rd e d
of
th e
s ig n ific a n t
th e
w e re
O h io
a c tio n
was
C a m p b e ll
and
tim e
th e
annual
S o c ie ty
ope ned
M is s io n a ry
re s o lu tio n s
and
Isa a c
th a t
th e m .
th e
of
th e
d e te rm in e d
th e y
fe e l
some
th e
in flu e n tia l
K e n tu c k y
h is
c ritic is m
as
fo rm e r
th a t
fu ll
hope
o c c a s io n s ."
of
th e
w e re
in
w e re
at
o rd e r
and
fin a lly
pa ssed.
15
w a r a d v o c a t e s w e re
s o c ie ty .
in fo rm e d
was
re sp o n d e d
re s o u n d in g ly
and t h e
of
in tro d u c e d
who was p r e s i d i n g
re s o lu tio n s
w e re
p re a c h e r,
a c tio n
n e u tra lis ts
m is s io n a ry
F ra n k lin
q u ic k ly
re s o lu tio n s
When t h e
th e
w e re
E rre tt,
had b e e n r o u t e d ,
th e
lo s in g
way.
we h a v e do ne o n
of
a d v o c a t e s w e re
summer o f
m e e tin g .
c o n v e n tio n ,
"We do n o t
became
a n n u a l c o n v e n tio n
c o n v e n tio n ,
c o n v e n tio n ,
it
was
C h ris tia n
lo y a lty
c o n tro l
p ro g re sse d
p ro w a r D i s c i p l e s
in s is te d
n e u tra lis ts
c o m p le te
th e
p ro te s t.
th e
th e
p re se n c e
th e
d is m is s
war
S o c ie ty .
at
1863,
th e
th ro u g h
A m e r ic a n
S trin g e n t
at
in
at
th e
F ra n k lin
O c to b e r,
th e y
of
1863
G a rfie ld
p u s h in g
M is s io n a ry
of
th a t
c a m p a ig n
s p ite
B e n ja m in
year o f
W h ile
re s o lu tio n s
C h ris tia n
ta k e n
th e
a p p a re n t
ba ck home w e r e
in
as
Im m e d ia te ly
th e
re a d e rs
fo r
th e
16
fa r
J.
W.
of
S o c ie ty
as
M c G a rv e y ,
m o re c a u s t i c
c o n v e n tio n .
th e
in
He w r o t e :
200
"I
have judged the American Christian Missionary Society,
and h a v e d e c id e d
e x is t."
17
cation of h is
th e
b ro a d
C h ris tia n
c lo s e
In
th e
la u n c h
th e
R e v ie w .
to
Is a a c
and W i l l i a m
"th e
Tru th ."
For
In
to
D e c e m b e r,
th e
R e c o rd
R e v ie w ' s
A m e r ic a n
had
s im p ly
c o n s titu e n c y .
a g ro w in g
d e te rm in a tio n
to
c h a lle n g e
th e
Pat
se v e ra l
a w e e k ly
1863,
sheet
B a x te r
th e
fo r
w ro te
to
n e u tra lity
U n io n is t
H e n d e rso n ,
had be e n e x p l o r i n g
of
had y e t
c om p e te w i t h
appeal o f
th e
th e y
was
tw o y e a r s
D.
but
e ffe c tiv e ly
in to
w e e k ly
E rre tt,
p u b lic a tio n
18
now c e a s e
war
s o c ie ty ,
W e e k ly C h r i s t i a n
th e re
over
B a x te r,
c o u ld
in ro a d s
camp
N o rth e rn
and p o w e r f u l
The
make
th e
m is s io n a ry
th a t
a new p r e s t i g e
R e v ie w .
s h o u ld
returning home from his heroics
1863
th e
a paper
U n io n is t
in c lu d in g
of
of
of
c irc u la tio n
be e n u n a b l e
it
speech two years e a rlie r.
th e
e s ta b lis h
th a t
the news from Cincinnati was a sweet vin d i
had won c o n t r o l
to
m y s e lf,
But to Garfield,
at Chicamauga,
By
fo r
S ila s
of
p re a c h e rs,
S h e p h e rd ,
p o s s ib ilitie s
th e
to
advocacy o f
E rre tt:
I s i t n o t , my d e a r B r o t h e r , a m o s t m o u r n f u l r e f l e c
tio n ,
t h a t we h a v e n o t a p a p e r w h i c h r e f l e c t s e i t h e r ,
t h e m i n d , o r t h e h e a r t o f o u r p e o p l e , and t h a t w e re
a n y one 20 y e a r s h e n c e , t o e x a m in e f i l e s o f o u r p u b l i
c a t i o n s , he w o u ld n o t be a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e f r o m th e m
t h a t a w a r w as i n p r o g r e s s , a w a r t o o , a f f e c t i n g n e a r
l y e v e ry f a m ily i n th e la n d .
L o o k , a t L a r d ' s R e v ie w
f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s w o u ld i n d i c a t e a
tim e o f p r o fo u n d e s t q u i e t .
He e x c l u d e s a l l " p o l i t i c a l
a r t i c l e s " b u t p o l i t i c a l n o w , i n c l u d e s a l l t h a t was
f o r m e r l y m e a n t , by l o y a l , s y m p a t h e t i c , hum ane. B r o t h e r
S h e p a r d , L o o s , G ra ham , and many o t h e r s f e e l d e e p l y ,
t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a p a p e r s u i t e d t o t h e t i m e s . 19
201
In
G.
W.
N.
John F .
1864
Y o s t,
Yost
D is c ip le s ,
such
tu re ,
to
of
th e
to
th e
id e a
May o f
c o n v e n tio n
s e le c te d
1865
Isa a c
p ro je c t.
p ris e .
21
th e
th is
th e
w e a lth y
fo u r
as
th e
h e lp
E rre tt
p re a c h e rs ,
c h a p la in ) ,
w e e k ly
id e a l
fin a n c e
to
w as n o t
th e
c o n n e c tio n
P h illip s
b ro th e rs ,
o il,"
q u a lity
p e rio d ic a l
among
man t o
th e
ven
e n c o u ra g e h im
re a d y
to
c o m m it
e nsued w h ic h
w ro te
th e
m et i n
in
fin a n c ia l
d e v o te d
H in s d a le :
"I
D u rin g
to
of
such
of
1865,
b a c k in g
fo r
v a lu a b le
New C a s t l e ,
D is c ip le s ,
22
to
C h ris
th e
c o n fe re n c e
to g e th e r
fa ll
re c e p tiv e
D is c ip le s .
O h io
on a c o m m i t t e e
he made t h e
a ll
a new p a p e r
th e
a p riv a te
fe a s ib ility
of
of
A s h la n d .
b ro u g h t
summ er and
and t h e y w e r e
to
e s ta b lis h in g
c o n v e n tio n
b ro th e rs
fo r
of
was p l a c e d
s e e k in g
"stru c k
G a rfie ld
to
to
in v o lv e d
in v e s tig a te
in
id e a
who w e re
G a rfie ld
le a d
in
( G a rfie ld 's
a c o rre sp o n d e n c e
w h ic h
w as
Th ro u g h o u t
and
Tw o D i s c i p l e
E rre tt
E rre tt
annual
S o c ie ty
G a rfie ld
to
a new p r e s t i g e
a g re e d
but
th e
th e
in d iv id u a ls
a p p o in te d
C o rry ,
a liv e .^
M is s io n a ry
The se
Jones
fo r
Yost
p ro je c t,
g a i n e d momentum a t
to o k
ne ed
e d ito rs h ip .
th e
in
p ic tu re .
H a rris o n
a jo u rn a l.
In
th e
th e
and Rowe and J o n e s w r o t e
h im s e lf
tia n
D is c ip le
and s u g g e s t e d
accept th e
kept
e n te re d
Rowe and J .
p e rsu a d e d
e d it
a w e a lth y
of
d is c u s s
t h a t was
an e n t e r G a rfie ld
th e
p ro je c t,
a c q u a in ta n c e
of
P e n n s y lv a n ia .
had r e c e n t l y
fin a n c in g
On Decem ber
a new
11,
have made a r r a n g e m e n t s
1865,
to
202
have
a m e e tin g
of
th e
P h illip s
a b o u t Xmas a t
C le v e la n d
and e s t a b l i s h
th e
Just
p rio r
men a s s e m b l e d
New C a s t l e ,
p u b lis h in g
"a n
1 8 6 5 .4
2
to
th e
p a la tia l
v e n tu re .
T h is
im p o rta n c e
h is to ria n
as
P h illip s
c h a irm a n
th e n
if
G a rfie ld 's
to
home o f
.
.
.
Shaw,
th e
o ffe re d
th e
J.
m e e tin g ,
Th o m a s W.
P h illip s
g ro u n d w o rk
w h i c h was
fo u rte e n
fo r
la te r
th e
w h o le
b ro th e rh o o d "
to o k
p la c e
on Decem ber
Fo rd
by e l e c t i n g
as
fo llo w in g
D r.
se c re ta ry .
in
new
c a lle d
th e
w as o r g a n i z e d
and W.
a company
of."3
2
C le v e la n d
la y
and some o t h e r s
we can o r g a n i z e
m e e tin g ,
to
H e n ry
Th e m e e tin g
R o b is o n
see
p a p e r we t a l k e d
event o f
D is c ip le s
at
to
and E r r e t t
by
22,
John
P.
Th o m a s W.
re s o lu tio n s :
R e s o lv e d , F i r s t , t h a t th e p re s e n t a sp e c t o f a f f a i r s ,
i n c o n n e c tio n w i t h th e r e l i g i o u s i n t e r e s t s o f th e " c u r
r e n t R e f o r m a t i o n , " r e q u i r e s t h e a i d o f a new r e l i g i o u s
w e e k ly n e w sp a p e r.
R e s o l v e d , S e c o n d , t h a t i n o r d e r t h e m o re s e c u r e l y
and s u c c e s s f u l l y t o e f f e c t t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t and s u p
p o r t o f s u c h a w e e k l y , a j o i n t s t o c k company s h o u l d be
f o r m e d t o r a i s e t h e means n e c e s s a r y , and t o d i r e c t t h e
c o n d u c t o f t h e s a m e . 25
The
re s o lu tio n s
by a u n a n i m o u s
of
th e
v o te .
w e re
B u t when t h e
p a p e r came u p ,
th e re
C in c in n a ti,
and C l e v e l a n d
su p p o rte d .
G a rfie ld
own ba ck y a r d ,
la n d .
was
th e
When t h e
c h o ic e
d is c u s s e d
a ll
th e
of
th e
fin a lly
m a jo rity .
of
su g g e ste d
th e
th e
New Y o r k ,
ba sed
a v o te ,
G a rfie ld
lo c a tio n
and v i g o r o u s l y
s u g g e s tio n
came t o
and p a s s e d
o p in io n .
p u b lic a tio n
and he e n c o u r a g e d
m a tte r
q u e s tio n
w as d i v i d e d
w e re
w a n te d
s e p a ra te ly
w as
of
in
h is
C le v e
C le v e la n d
a p p o in te d
to
203
a c o m m itte e
th e
to
o b ta in
o rg a n iz a tio n
jo u rn e d
to
m eet
of
in
th e
tim e
name o f
c a p ita l
H.
"Th e
s to c k
fo u r
days
la te r.
C h ris tia n
company was
P u b lis h in g
in
m o tio n
by J .
H a rris o n
e le c te d
e d ito r.
h u n d re d
d o lla rs
Ja n u a ry
2,
o th e rs
The
1866,
fir s t
1866,
th e
C h ris tia n
c o rd w i t h
its
of
to
tw o
m e e tin g
tim e
of
it
of
H in s d a le
of
E lija h
th e
p o litic a l
and e c o n o m ic
th e
re v ie w
b o o ks.
of
28
a
w as u n a n i m o u s l y
in v e s te d
d ire c to rs
s ix
and on
G a rfie ld
and
to
w as o n F e b r u a r y
name t h e
w as made t o
G o o d w in 's W e e k ly
G a rfie ld
to
27
th e
th e
and
s u b s c rip tio n s ,
w ith
s u b s c rib e rs ,
a s s is ta n t
G a rfie ld
new com pany,
was d e c id e d
th o u sa n d
o u t.
as
th e
An o f f e r
c o m p e te w i t h
s o ld
E rre tt
The
d o lla rs ,
re sp o n se
e n th u s ia s tic a lly
s to c k
S ta n d a rd .
lis t
In
a c h a r t e r was g r a n t e d
a t w h ic h
s u b s c rip tio n
w illin g ly
th e
Isa a c
named a s d i r e c t o r s .
14,
try in g
G a rfie ld
in
s o lic ito r.
Jo nes,
and g i v e n
th o u sa n d
on s t o c k
was e le c t e d
C le v e la n d ,
A s s o c ia tio n ."
R h o d e s w e r e made a c o m m i t t e e
Fo rd
fo r
fo r
26
fo rm e d
a t one h u n d r e d
s e ll
p a p e rs
m e e t i n g w as a d -
m e e t i n g w as h e l d
s to c k
was p la c e d
and t h e
d o lla rs .
J.
B u rk e
com pany,
th e
was t o
and n e c e s s a r y
te n
and W.
s ix
26
a jo in t
and e a c h s h a r e
J.
th e
C le v e la n d
On D ecem ber
and t h i s
a c h a rte r
A m e r ic a n
se c u re d
e d ito r,
c o n te n t
p u rc h a se
th e
C h ris tia n
Re
and G o o d w in ,
C h ris tia n
th e
w ith
of
paper
th e
tire d
R e v ie w ,
a p p o in tm e n t o f
S ta n d a rd
fo r
and f o r
204
One o f
to ry
has
o rig in
th e
of
o fte n
been t h e
of
th e
p a p e r,
th e
th e
d e b a te d
one c e n t e r e d
C h ris tia n
W.
J.
Fo rd ,
R e fo rm a tio n "
re v e a le d
fe lt
th is
one h i s t o r i a n
e s ta b lis h
of
le v e l
th e
re lig io u s
d e s ire
to
of
th e
e s ta b lis h
s tre n g th
m ig h t n o t
th e
and
have
th e
in flu e n c e "
of
p re a c h e r
a c o n te m p o ra ry o f
war y e a rs
th e
o ra c le s
no r e a s o n
a fte r
g a rd e d
it
fo r
to
as
th e
th e
w as t h e
th e
paper
th e
29
s o c ia l
30
But
o n ly
in te n s e
s h o u ld
C o n firm in g
w a n te d
ba ck t o
th e
D is c ip le s
th is
w o rth y
and i n t e l
fa c to r,
fa c to r.
of
c o n d itio n s
lite ra ry
th e
th e
le a d e rs
G a rfie ld
" s trik e
fu n d a m e n ta l
and i t
U n q u e s tio n a b ly
in
d e s ire
th e
to
fo u n d in g
"c o u n te ra c t
F ra n k lin .^
th a t
F ra n k lin
d u rin g
c o n firm s
e d ito r
m o v e m e n t."
d e a th :
not
c h u rc h "
F ra n k lin
in
h is
fo u n d e rs
and ke e p t h e
g re a t
m a jo r
d e c la re s
e x a g g e ra te
F ra n k lin 's
of
th a t
to
fo r
jo u rn a l
ta s te ."
th o u g h t."
w as v e r y
B e n ja m in
in
try
p la c e
a jo u rn a l
a s was t h e
One h i s t o r i a n
th e
s e c u la r
e v e n be e n t h e
S ta n d a rd ,
p o p u la r
ta k in g
th e
"so m e o f
has w r it t e n
C a m p b e ll s
D is c ip le s
m o tiv e
a re lig io u s
w as c e r t a i n l y
s e c t io n a l m o tiv e
One o f
good l i t e r a r y
th e
changes
and m
le c tu a l
of
in
tru e
th a t
a p a p e r w h i c h w o u ld
in te lle c tu a l
a b re a st
w ith
"th a t
.
to
.
on t h e
S ta n d a rd .
be p u b l i s h e d
m o tiv e ,
.
q u e s tio n s
th e
"Th e
33
of
th e se
th a t
th e
R e v ie w ,
"th e
y e a rs,
R e v i e w who
of
in
e d ito r
m ost
32
im m e d ia te ly
A fe llo w
in flu e n c e
was
and
a fte r
"sp o k e
who had
th e
R e v ie w ,
w ro te
th o se
da ys,
w as r e
among u s , by m o s t b r e t h r e n , and no d o u b t
205
its
patronage fa r exceeded a ll
conservatism,
by t h o s e
the r e s t . "
34
A bastion of
the Review was christened "The Old Reliable"
who a g r e e d w i t h
its
e d ito ria l
sta n d .
But
to
th e
opponents of the paper, Franklin was the "E d ito ria l Pope"
who s h a c k l e d
th e
D is c ip le s
w ith
an
"e a rth -b o rn
s p irit"
and
set himself against everything that was progressive.
"The
g re a t
w ro te
th e
tru th
fo r
b io g ra p h e r
b e tte r
w hose d e fe n s e
of
Is a a c
a d v o c a c y — an
s p irit
as w e ll
b irth
of
C h ris tia n
L a te
th e
S ta n d a rd
ga ve
was
th e
was
a d d itio n a l
sta rte d
of
in
th e
to
E rre tt,
D is c ip le s
as
th e
s e t,"
e x h ib it
le tte r ."
35
sw e e te r,
th e
apos-
Thus,
th e
S ta n d a rd .
c e n tu ry ,
a to p ic
e v id e n c e
su p p o rt
s h o u ld
a p o s to lic
n in e te e n th
a g a in
a re
"demanded a w i s e r ,
advocacy t h a t
to lic
th e
th e
to
of
he had w i t h
in te re s t,
su p p o rt
s e c tio n a l
E rre tt
when t h e
th e
D a v id
v ie w
in te re s ts .
s h o rtly
o rig in
a fte r
th a t
of
L ip s c o m b
th e
paper
He r e p o r t e d
th e
a
fo u n d in g
S ta n d a rd :
He t o l d me t h a t t h e S t a n d a r d was s t a r t e d b e c a u s e
F r a n k l i n re fu s e d to l e t th e lo y a l b re th re n e x p re ss
t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e R e v i e w on t h e d u t y o f C h r i s t i a n s t o
s u p p o r t t h e g o v e rn m e n t i n i t s w a r upon t h e r e b e l l i o n ,
i t s d u t y t o p u n i s h t r a i t o r s , and t o e x p r e s s t h e m s e l v e s
on t h e i n f a m y o f s l a v e r y .
F r a n k l i n had o p p o s e d t h e
a c t i o n o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n , r e f u s e d t o l e t th e m d i s c u s s
w h a t t h e y b e l i e v e d r i g h t on t h e s e s u b j e c t s , and t h e y
w e re d e t e r m i n e d t o h a v e a p a p e r i n w h i c h t h e y c o u l d
e x p re s s th e m s e lv e s f r e e l y i n fa v o r o f s u s t a in i n g th e
g o v e r n m e n t , o n t h e i n f a m y o f s l a v e r y . 36
Although Lipscomb was not an admirer of E r r e t t ,
re a so n
to
doubt
th e
a c c u ra c y o f
h is
re p o rt.
there i s
no
206
E a rly
p u b lis h e d
in
its
F e b ru a ry ,
v a le d ic to ry
c o m in g C h r i s t i a n
la s t
is s u e
Because
it
G a rfie ld ,
th e
S ta n d a rd
is
and i t s
much o f
re p e a te d
th e
and w a r m ly
"p ro sp e c tu s"
re fle c ts
it
1866,
W e e k ly C h r i s t i a n
commended t h e
ta le n te d
fo r
th e
th e
th in k in g
h e re
in
e d ito r.
S ta n d a rd
R e c o rd
fo rth
In
th is
w as p u b l i s h e d .
and i n f l u e n c e
of
fu ll:
The S ta n d a rd p ro p o se s —
1 . A b o l d and v i g o r o u s a d v o c a c y o f C h r i s t i a n i t y , a s
r e v e a l e d i n t h e New T e s t a m e n t , w i t h o u t r e s p e c t t o
p a r t y , c r e e d o r an e s t a b l i s h e d t h e o l o g i c a l s y s t e m .
2 . A p l e a f o r t h e u n i o n o f a l l who a c k n o w le d g e t h e
s u p re m e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e L o r d J e s u s , o n t h e a p o s t o l i c
b a s i s o f " o n e L o r d , one f a i t h , one b a p t i s m . "
3. P a r t ic u la r re g a rd to p r a c tic a l r e l ig io n in a l l
t h e b r o a d i n t e r e s t s o f p i e t y and h u m a n i t y .
M is s io n a ry
and e d u c a t i o n a l e n t e r p r i s e s , and e v e r y w o r t h y f o r m o f
a c t i v e b e n e v o le n c e , w i l l r e c e iv e a t t e n t i o n .
W h ile th e
S t a n d a r d i s d e s i g n e d t o be p r e - e m i n e n t l y a r e l i g i o u s
p a p e r , i t w i l l f r e e l y d i s c u s s t h e m o r a l and r e l i g i o u s
a sp e c ts o f th e le a d in g q u e s tio n s o f th e day, i n
l i t e r a t u r e , e d u c a t i o n , m o r a l and p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e ,
commerce— i n s h o r t , a l l t h a t b e a r s s e r i o u s l y on d u t y
and d e s t i n y .
4 . A C h r i s t i a n l i t e r a t u r e , in v o lv in g a re v ie w o f
b o o k s and s u c h d i s c u s s i o n s o f l i t e r a t u r e , s c i e n c e and
a r t a s may s e r v e t o e x c i t e i n q u i r y and p r o m o t e t h e
i n t e l l i g e n c e and t a s t e o f i t s r e a d e r s .
5 . A f a i t h f u l r e c o r d o f i m p o r t a n t r e l i g i o u s move
m e n t s i n t h e o l d w o r l d and t h e n e w .
W h ile i t i s i n
t e n d e d t o make t h e S t a n d a r d an o r g a n o f t h e i n t e r e s t s
and m o v e m e n ts o f t h e b r o t h e r h o o d o f D i s c i p l e s , i t
w i l l n o t f a i l t o p r e s e n t suc h a v ie w o f th e te a c h in g s
and p r o c e e d i n g s o f a l l d e n o m i n a t i o n s and b e n e v o l e n t
s o c i e t i e s a s w i l l ke e p i t s r e a d e r s p o s t e d i n a l l t h e
im p o rta n t a f f a i r s o f th e r e l i g i o u s w o rld .
6 . S u c h a sum m ary o f p o l i t i c a l , c o m m e r c i a l , and g e n
e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e as i s s u i t a b l e f o r a f a m ily p a p e r.
S c r i p t u r a l i n a i m , c a t h o l i c i n s p i r i t , b o l d and u n
c o m p ro m is in g , b u t c o u rte o u s i n t o n e , th e S ta n d a rd w i l l
se e k t o r a l l y th e h o s t s o f s p i r i t u a l I s r a e l a ro u n d
th e B i b l e f o r th e d e fe n se o f t r u l y C h r i s t i a n i n t e r e s t s
a g a in s t th e a s s u m p tio n o f p o p e ry , th e m i s c h i e f s o f
s e c t a r i a n i s m , t h e s o p h i s t r i e s o f i n f i d e l i t y , and t h e
p r i d e and c o r r u p t i o n s o f t h e w o r l d . 37
207
In
J a n u a ry ,
be e n
is s u e d
tio n
as
as
a w e e k ly
under
and y o u n g
tim e
d e n o u n c in g
in
th e
N o rth :
re s o lu tio n s
to
38
i t . 11
th e
to
L ip s c o m b .
w a rtim e
G ospel
d id
th e
re s u m e d
of
The
th e
of
who b e l i e v e
can do s o ;
n o t deny
th e
D is c ip le s
who d e s i r e
we c a n n o t do
s e c tio n a l
and he w r o t e
no
p o litic a l
and t h o s e
can do s o ;
T o lb e rt
w a ste d
th e
th a t
had
p u b lic a
a g in g
e d ito rs
a c tiv itie s
an o b j e c t
w e e k ly ,
w a r,
e d ito rs h ip
b re th re n
such
L ip s c o m b
new N a s h v i l l e
th e
G o sp e l A d v o c a te , w h ic h
b e fo re
th e
D a v id
"Th o se
a re
c o n trib u te
th e
a m o n th ly
F a n n in g
in
1866,
appeal o f
th e
c a n d id ly :
T h e f a c t t h a t we had n o t a s i n g l e p a p e r know n t o
u s t h a t S o u t h e r n p e o p le c o u ld re a d w i t h o u t h a v in g
t h e i r f e e l i n g s wounded by p o l i t i c a l i n s i n u a t i o n s and
s l u r s , had m o re t o do w i t h c a l l i n g t h e A d v o c a t e i n t o
e x i s t e n c e t h a n a l l o t h e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s c o m b i n e d . 39
The
Tenne sse e
p le s
had
e d ito rs
who had b e e n
"h a rd ly
c o u ld
use
" fu ll
th o u g h t
it
to
of
C h ris tia n
an o m i n o u s
th e
w id e
S o u th .
of
new j o u r n a l w o u l d
fo r
war
in
to
th e
th e
w o u ld
tic ip a tin g
p o litic a l
p u b lis h
re a so n s
of
th e
fa v o ra b le
a ffa irs .
save
th e
th e
fo r
th e
w a r"
as
D is c i
and
th e y
40
w o u ld
In
n o rth e rn
of
y e a rs,
fe e lin g ."
S ta n d a rd .
be t o o
th o se
pages o f
be a s u p p o r t e r
it
fo r
S ta n d a rd
had tw o
and s e c o n d l y ,
in
th e
w ith
b itte rn e s s
re lig io n
w hat th e
L ip s c o m b
c irc u la tio n
th e
re fu se d
S ta n d a rd
s ig n
is s u e
of
p ro m o te
When L i p s c o m b
th e
to o k
"p ro sp e c tu s"
A d v o c a te ,
be up a g a i n s t
not
th e
e n c o u ra g in g
firs t
p la c e ,
m is s io n a ry
to
G a rfie ld
it
of
was
in
a
th e
s o c ie ty ,
C h ris tia n s
p a r
was a w a re o f
th e
208
se c tio n a l
w as
of
o ve rto n e s
a stro n g
the
d e fe nd e r
Sta n d a rd .
he w r o t e
to
in
the
of
D isc ip le s
the
S h o rtly
b ro therho od ,
intend ed
be fo re
the
d ire c tio n
fir s t
and he
and p u r p o s e
issu e
appeared,
H in sd a le :
I am g r e a t l y r e j o i c e d t h a t B r o . E r r e t t h a s s e e n
t h e e s s e n t i a l w i c k e d n e s s o f r e b e l l i o n as m a n i f e s t e d
i n Kentucky.
We m u s t h a v e no s o f t s i d e f o r i t i n
the S ta n d a rd .
B r o . E . h a s a s k e d me t o w r i t e an e d i
t o r i a l f o r t h e f i r s t n u m b e r and I s h a l l , i f I can
p o s s i b l y g e t t h e t i m e , w r i t e one on t h e m o r a l and
r e l i g i o u s a s p e c t o f o u r g r e a t n a t i o n a l c o n t e s t . 41
When t h e
o ff
the
p re ss
fir s t
on A p r i l
a Sta n d a rd — P u b lis h
a sketc h
of
"c o u n c ils ,"
death
sc a le s
the
ia l
of
"The
the
c ha p te r
of
Sage o f
D is c ip le s .
new g e n e r a t i o n
D is c ip le s
from
the
the
of
the
wa s
Isaa c
o rig in
fir s t
bore
of
e d ito rs
B ib le
outw eighed
p re v io u s
m onth,
The
of
fa c to r
of
the
b rotherhood
E rre tt."
c om pe t ed
In
of
fo r
" it
le a d e rsh ip
a memor
the
h isto ry
had
lo y a lty
the
was
body
death,
of
o p in io n
ap parent
fa lle n
Shaw w r o t e :
c lo se d
n a tio n a l
c o m m e n t i n g on t h e
Sta n d a rd ,
to
by C a m p b e l l ' s
Shaw was o f
Stand ard
fro n t
Campbell
the
Up
"c re e d s,"
and t h e
D is c ip le s
in
"Se t
C a m p b e ll's
devoted
death
came
m a s t h e a d had
A le xa n d e r
vacuu m c r e a t e d
Henry
m otto
and t h e
"ism s."
u n ify in g
the
Stand ard
N o t,"
g e n e ra tio n
the
the
it
C h ris tia n
a p p ro p ria te ly
In
of
the
Be th a n y."
la st
b e g in n in g
of
and
the
m antle
e d ito r,
in
Stand ard
and r e m o v e d t h e
the
1866,
w hich
"fa th e rs,"
on t h e
7,
of
and C o n c e a l
in
had o c c u r r e d
page o f
issu e
the
th a t
th a t
on a n o t h e r
sig n ific a n c e
"The
year
1866
a
209
w itn e sse d
p ie s
the
a c tua l
m ov em en t t o
O h io ."
G a rfie ld 's
req uested
issu e
However,
lim ite d
tio n ,
to
the
was
lite ra lis tic
by t h e
H in sd a le
use
of
the
not
firs t
c e n te r
issu e ,
th a t
nuances
th a t
the
D isc ip le s
he e x p r e s s e d
p e rm it
of
th is
him
but
sa tisfa c tio n
concerned
and he w as w o r r i e d
aud ience
to
the
fo r
d id
and e x p r e s s e d
G a rfie ld
of
the
D is c i-
42
schedule
e d ito ria l
c a re fu lly
tra n sfe r
the
of
to
he r e a d
w ith
its
p e rio d ic a l
the
e d ito rs
m ig h t
c o n te n t.
not
be
tra d i
lim it
In
the
th is
D isc ip le s
p h ra se o lo g y.
concern
w rite
th e ir
a le tte r
c a n d id ly :
Y o u r s o f t h e 7 t h i s r e c e i v e d — a l s o t h e f i r s t num
b e r o f t h e S t a n d a r d w h i c h i s g o t t e n up i n v e r y good
shape.
I h a v e r e a d y o u r b o o k n o t i c e s c a r e f u l l y and
t h e y do y o u c r e d i t and add m a t e r i a l l y t o t h e v a l u e o f
th e paper.
Y o u r r e v i e w o f R e n a n i s s t r o n g and m a n l y .
. . . I hope yo u w i l l n o t ad o p t t h e h a b i t o f c a l l
in g everybody b r o t h e r i n th e S ta n d a rd .
I t d o e s no
good and i s r a t h e r r e p u l s i v e t o t h e g e n e r a l r e a d e r . 43
H in sd a le
back t o
do
I
shared
G a rfie ld :
in te n d
c u sto m ."
o n ly
to .
the
d eserve
"N e ith e r
E rre tt
have
th in k s
custom o f
th in g
war m n o t i c e s
G a rfie ld
concern w i t h
E rre tt
I
and t h e n
re p o rte d
1B r o t h e r e d 1 a n y b o d y ,
as
y o u and I
do a b o u t
nor
the
44
But
the
th is
th a t
to
q u ite
he s aw t h e
so
"D id
a ll
of
the
H in sd a le :
everyone
G a rfie ld .
D is c ip le
good n o t i c e s
sketc h
mayed and a s k e d
concerned
o th e r
c om plained:
c a llin g
"b ro th e r"
p e rio d ic a ls
those
as
sc a le s
sm a ll
y o u g ave
on t h e
"D o e sn 't
the
was
in
h is
m asthead,
woodcut
at
gave
colum n,
and s i c k l y
them ?"
not
papers
And when
he w as d i s
the
head
210
of
the
paper
have
a more
e le g a n t
D e sp ite
the se
fir s t
issu e
H in sd a le :
in
am g l a d
th is
and m o d e r a t e
ita l
fo u n d .
and t h e
see
it
I
is
se c u la r
p e rio d
the
e n te rp rise
e n th u sia sm
to
The
C h ris tia n
P u b lish in g
is s u in g
the
C h ris tia n
Sta n d a rd ,
the
tra c ts,
D isc ip le s
so o p t i m i s t i c
th a t
an d a v a r i e t y
about
th e ir
"when t h i r t y - f i v e
su b sc rib e d ,
the
s to c k h o ld e rs ."
The
e d ito r
had
of
the
se le c te d
Stand ard
w ould
of
lib e ra l
w ith
s h a ll
the
cap
p u b lish in g
to
o n ly
p u b lis h
sto c k h o ld e rs
fo r
were
a re s o lu tio n
h a v e b ee n
among t h e
were
p a id -u p
c o n fid e n t
be p e r f e c t l y
jo u rn a l.
E rre tt
the
b e g in n in g ,
and t h e
a s s is ta n t
e d ito rs h ip
fo r
the
p ro m isin g .
47
a p ro g re ssiv e
in
both
m a te ria ls
passed
d o lla rs
b a l a n c e may be d i v i d e d
fo und e rs
th e y
p rin te d
the y
to
n o t more
was n o t
prepa red
o rig in a l
tho usa nd
the
and who had t h e
A sso c ia tio n
ve n tu re ,
is
45
46
a p ro g re ss iv e
o th e r
The
it
d is s a tis fie d
b u t was
of
th a t
c o a litio n
Review
sup p o rt
a fte r
im p ro vin g
looked v e ry
a unique
C h ris tia n
th in k
e n th u sia s tic a lly
jo u rn a ls."
who w e r e d e e p l y
Am erican
sh o u ld
weeks
c o n sta n tly
the
house.
books,
s ix
am s u r p r i z e d
to g e th e r
I
B u t why h a v e a n y ? "
w rote
in
D isc ip le s
the
lo o k?
d isa p p o in tm e n ts,
to
had b r o u g h t
of
c o u l d be
and p o w e r .
and n o t i c e d
G a rfie ld
an a p o t h e c a r y
had a p p e a r e d G a r f i e l d
"I
At
p o lic y
d e sig n
in itia l
appearance
quoted
ra th e r
G a rfie ld
was
fitte d
c e rta in ly
th a t
to
the
lead
pleased
w ith
fa c t
th a t
he had s e c u r e d
H in sd a le
m or e
than
doubled
h is
211
c onfide nc e
d a le
to
in
G a rfie ld
the
a c h ie f,
48
years
of
b ra in
the
a broader
of
at
its
c h ie f
Bank
su b je c ts
columns
on c h u r c h
columns
devoted
1866,
C irc le
"by
going
in
o rd e r
to
C levela nd
to
the
Stand ard
and become
in
it,
it
be b e s t
a d vice ,
work
at
w ould
and
the
fo r
the
u p sta irs
the
Stand ard
D isc ip le s
trie d
to
next
to
two
o ffic e
of
news
d is c u ssio n s,
and B i b l i c a l
sc ie n tific ,
of
c re d it
the
to
a d d itio n
lite ra ry ,
H in sd a le 's
the
years
to
a wide
re g u la r
th e re
e d u c a tio n a l,
b io g ra p h e r
fir s t
c u ltiv a te
by e x h i b i t i n g
In
to
the
th is
if
When H i n s
and d e p a r t m e n t s .
stre n g th
and t h e n g i v e s
A p ril,
F ra n k lin
power
among t h e
a rtic le s.
in te lle c tu a l
in
th a t
in
Sta n d a rd .
S tre e t.
b e g in n in g ,
c u ltu re
p o litic a l
the
and t i m e
fo llo w e d
99
the
C leveland
immersed h i m s e l f
From
range
more
H in sd a le
Stand ard
of
e n c o u ra g in g ly
perhaps
he
to
p a sto ra te
w rote
y o u can g i v e
the
le a d e rsh ip
p ro p o se d m oving
accept
g o ."
the
e m p hasizes
of
a s s is ta n t
the
were
and
the
Stand a rd ,
e d ito r:
The H in s d a le a r t i c l e s c le a r l y su rp a sse d th o se o f
any o t h e r c o n t r i b u t o r ( i n c l u d i n g t h e e d i t o r ' s )
fo r
d o w n rig h t i n t e l l e c t u a l fo rc e .
T h e y w e re compact,
t e r s e , f a c t u a l , and d i s c r i m i n a t i n g i n t h e m a s s i n g
and i n t e r p r e t i n g o f f a c t s .
H i s s t y l e was r o u g h i n
p l a c e s and h i s w r i t i n g had an a b r u p t q u a l i t y , c a r r i e d
o v e r perhaps fro m h i s speech.
B u t i t was v i g o r o u s
and m u s c u l a r p r o s e .
In fa c t, H in s d a le 's c o n trib u
t i o n s a r e t h e o n l y p a r t o f t h e pages o f t h e e a r l y
S t a n d a r d t h a t o ne can r e a d t o d a y w i t h i n t e r e s t l i t t l e
l e s s t h a n t h a t o f a c e n t u r y a g o . 49
For
In
a d d itio n
the
to
D is c ip le s
mov ement
the
of
death
1866
C am pbell,
was
the
a p iv o ta l
fo u n d in g
of
ye ar.
the
212
C h ris tia n
it
w as
the
a lso
the
Am erican
p o rt
to
Sta n d a rd ,
the
the
year
m issio n a ry
D isc ip le s
in
placed
Sta nd a rd
years
ju s t
"o ld
o n ly
fo g yism "
renew
it
the
the
of
to
In
a s in fu l
the
th a t
G eo rgia
in q u ire d
w ar,
he c o u l d
no
long e r
sup
T h is
d e a lt
a sta g g e rin g
blow
a b itte r
of
of
of
of
the
T h is
the
fo u n d e rs
g a u n tle t
two y e a r s
a fte r
fo u r
50
the
the
issu e
the
of
the
Stand ard
responded
of
the
the
developm ent
p o s itio n
s o c ie ty
the
in
of
the
Stand ard
the
Review
ex
and
D isc ip le s
the
n a tio n
Stand ard
and t h e
51
S t a n d a r d - Advocate
the
sla v e s
P ila te .
in to
an
and wage w a r on t h e
same m o n t h
Stand ard
P o n tiu s
of
re st
of
as
them.
though
m illio n
In
the
as
among t h e
so c ie ty
and l o n e l y
d isa p p o in t
a w h ile
E rre tt
debate
was w e l c om e d
su p p o rtin g
The
in a u g u ra l
syste m .
to
in
th a t
denouncing
up t h e
not
fo r
its
so c ie ty
e nga ge
in
unique
paper
fir s t
War
a c tio n
the
Gospel A d vocate,
announced
"a n ti-p ro g re ss io n ism "
the
C iv il
the
F ra n k lin
F ra n k lin
w ar.
take
and
e m a n c ip a tio n
pared
the
lo o k e d
fig h tin g .
For
of
Gospel Advocate.
in
and he d i d
D u rin g
debate
the
w eekly
a fte r
E rre tt
A dvocate,
s o c ie ty .
o rg a n iz a tio n ,
camp b y
the
B e nja m in
Review
N o rth .
o p p o sitio n
be ing
renewal
and p r e c i p i t a t e d
the
u n sc rip tu ra l
th e
th a t
C h ris tia n
so c ie ty
pected
and t h e
had c e a s e d
re jo ic e d
and t h e
the
m ig h t
o ve rth ro w
Advocate
su p p o rte rs
of
When a D i s c i p l e
how a C h r i s t i a n
in
com
the
from
man c o u l d
a n g rily :
O u r b r e t h r e n i n t h e N o r t h who s t o o d by t h e G o v e r n
m e n t i n t h e d a r k and b l o o d y y e a r s o f r e b e l l i o n a r e b u t
213
little
inde bte d to o u r jo u r n a ls f o r v i n d ic a t io n .
Our
s o l d i e r s w e r e e ngaged i n a w a r o f n e c e s s i t y .
The na
t i o n w as a s s a i l e d and t h e r e d h an d o f r e b e l l i o n u p
lifte d .
. . . W a r i s among t h e o r d i n a t i o n s o f J e h o v a h .
I t h a s n o t o n l y b ee n p e r m i t t e d , b u t commanded b y h i m . 52
In
W o rld
the
an e d i t o r i a l
Po w e rs,"
C h ris tia n
and d i s t i n c t
the
s o c ie ty
Lip sc om b
and t h e
not
th e re
is
avoid
of
and r i t e ,
n a ls
h is
N o rth
w hich
w ritte n :
se c ta ria n
the
i t
in
a d d itio n
The
stud y
but
in
from
the
th a t
he
the
Th e re fo re ,
the
too
th a t
iss u e s .
"To
the
in
Sta n d a rd ,
a ffa irs
sa nc tua ry
it
as
of
be-
issu e
C h ris tia n s
o u r m ind ,
re lig io u s
"th a n
every-day
a th in g
when
has
sla v e ry
p re v a ilin g
of
sep arate
in siste d
such
ide a
e d ito r
in s titu tio n s ,
governm ent,
a d m itte d
q u e stio n ,"
re lig io n
an e q u a l l y
the
no a l l i a n c e s .
and
of
th is
life ,
d o c trin e ,
and s e n t i m e n t . " 5
4
In
in
n e c e ssa rily
in v o lv e m e n t
and i m p r i s o n i n g
debate.
were
E rre tt
d e c la re d
is o la tin g
was
w o rld ly ,
fo rm
two
C h ris t
the
no m o r e p e r n i c i o u s
s o c ie ty ,"
Church o f
th a t
had b a c k e d p o l i t i c a l
"a p o l i t i c a l
could
"The
argued
and c o u l d
come p o l i t i c a l . 5
3
was
e n title d
the
v ig o ro u s
re a l
was
stood
of
to
the
c la sh
to
be
and o f t e n
of
re p re se nte d
the
id e a s
found
in
b itte r
in
the
opposed on a w id e
S ta n d a rd - Review
"S o c io lo g ic a lly ,
s p irit
S t a n d a r d - Advocate
the
the
debate,
D isc ip le s
pages
of
v a rie ty
debate,
of
em erging d e n o m in a tio n a l
two
issu e s.
W e nd e ll
D is c ip le s
mov emen t
these
Review re p re s e n te d
among N o r t h e r n
th e re
and t h e
o u tlo o k ."
In
W illis
the
jo u r
has
o ld e r,
Stand ard
55
In
a
214
surve y
of
th is
Humble
says
p e rio d
of
the
of
D isc ip le s
h isto ry ,
h isto ria n
B ill
debate:
T h e f i r s t s e r i o u s c l a s h was o v e r t h e m i s s i o n a r y
s o c i e t y , and l a t e r t h e i s s u e was i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c .
B u t t h e s e were o n l y sy m p to m a tic o f p ro b le m s t h a t l a y
deeper.
T h e R e v i e w was c o n s e r v a t i v e i n s p i r i t , mor e
B i b l i c a l i n i t s a p p r o a c h , and c o m m i t t e d t o p r e s e r v i n g
the f a i t h o f th e p a s t.
T h e S t a n d a r d was m o r e l i b e r a l
i n t o n e , a d m i t t e d many new p r a c t i c e s a s e x p e d i e n t s ,
and was l e s s h o s t i l e t o d e p a r t u r e s f r o m t r a d i t i o n a l
w a y s.56
W ith
th e ir
was
c o n se rv a tiv e
re sp e c tiv e
launched
and l i b e r a l
w e e k lie s,
on a p e r i o d
of
o rg a n iz a tio n
of
m issio n a ry
m ental
in
C h ris tia n
the
m usic
Review
and t h e
keep t h e s e
not
o n ly
in stru m e n ta l
threw
its
By
the
p re ss
m usic
the
in
to
fir s t
year
of
the
aware
1866,
"The
second
volume
H in sd a le
th a t
of
c hurch.
the
use
of
a fte r
the
in s tru
preced ent,
campaign t o
The
so c ie ty ,
of
Stand ard
b u t w hen t h e
1866,
the
fo u n d e rs
but
the
Stand ard
Stand ard
came o f f
boasted
d u rin g
lis t
fa ile d
prepa red
the
the
issu e
its
the
rem inded
the
of
S in c e
tre n d .
e d ito rs
k e e n ly
of
firs t
o p e ra tio n
were
and t h e
around
movement
had no B i b l i c a l
e sc a la te d
su b sc rib e rs,
d isa p p o in te d
y e a r,"
w o rsh ip
D isc ip le s
in fig h tin g .
s o c ie tie s
a c tio n s
the
A p ril,
thousand
d iv is iv e
out
issu e
tim e
th re e
the
the
sup p o rt
p o st-w a r
ra lly in g
A d v o c a t e waged an e n e r g e t i c
"in n o v a tio n s"
defended
the
fo rc e s
fo r
p a p e r was
Stand ard
G a rfie ld .
re m ainde r
to
in c re a se .
the
to
the
As
the y
tro u b le .
firs t
am s o r r y
than
of
second y e a r ,
fin a n c ia l
b e g ins
"I
m or e
the
the
in
of
of
say
the
th a t
215
the
p ro sp e c ts--f in a n c ia l--a re
lis t
is
not
in c re a sin g
what
is
more
it
fru s tra tio n ,
is
fo r
not
H in sd a le
not
the
going
e n c o u ra g in g .
new y e a r
to ."
e xp la ine d
.
.
.
The
a s we had h o p e d ;
Then,
why t h e
g iv in g
vent
S ta nd a rd
to
could
h is
not
succeed:
T h e p a p e r i s t o o good f o r t h e f r a t e r n i t y .
T h e y do
n o t , and c a n n o t , a p p r e c i a t e i t .
L e t t e r s come i n com
p l a i n i n g o f th e v e ry t h i n g s t h a t are i t s e x c e lle n c e .
T h e D i s c i p l e s , m o s t o f t h e m , a r e f a r down i n i n t e l l i
g e n ce and a p p r e c i a t i o n .
The consequence i s t h a t t h e r e
i s no p u b l i c f o r t h e S t a n d a r d l a r g e e n o u g h t o s u p p o r t
i t ; and i t w i l l n e v e r be on a f i r m s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g
b a s i s u n t i l i t h a s i n a l a r g e m e a s u r e c r e a t e d i t s own
p u b lic .
T h i s i s , o f c o u r s e , upon t h e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t
i t c o n t i n u e t o be a s c r e d i t a b l e a s i t i s n o w . 57
H in sd a le 's
m ig h t
le s s
la st
choose
to
c ip le s .
to
the
reader
the
of
d o n 't
pa pe r.
in
the
Stand ard
H in sd a le 's
was
in
i t
it
is
p o s s ib ility
in
ano the r
th a t
le v e l
of
the
o ne m o r e
m a jo rity
agreement w i t h
and he r e p l i e d :
and am r e a d y
to
because
are
the y
E rre tt
d i r e c t i o n — one
e s tim a tio n --b u t
re lu c ta n t
s itu a tio n ,
Sta nd a rd ,
want
o pe n t h e
in te lle c tu a l
G a rfie ld
of
"I
say
of
D is
H in sd a le 's
am a c a r e f u l
th a t
if
unw o rthy
our
of
peo
a good
,,58
A lth o u g h
the
s to c k h o ld e rs
second y e a r .
c irc u la tio n
to
take
the
a p p ra isa l
the
le ft
"c re d ita b le "
fa v o ra b le
p le
lin e
pay
A ug ust,
its
voted
The
1867,
i t
to
jo u rn a l
d u rin g
b ills .
Stand ard
the
to
money i n
c o n tin u e
the
e xp e rie nc e d
second y e a r ,
When W.
w as
lo s t
say
J.
Fo rd
th a t
its
fir s t
p u b lic a tio n
some m i l d
but
it
was
re p o rte d
u n le ss
both
to
ye ar,
fo r
grow th
s t ill
a
in
una b le
G a rfie ld
in
sto c k h o ld e rs
216
and s u b s c r i b e r s
and b u r i e d . "
in
59
C levela nd
the
agreed
and i t
Severa l
tw o weeks
e xtre m e ,"
Bro s,
incre a sed
is
go ing
be d on e
in
the
H iram
to
confide nc e
vested
the
in
e q u a lly
the
in
th a t
E rre tt
jo in
w ith
the
d a le
th is
of
"to
Stand ard
and H i n s d a l e
C h ris tia n ity "
in
to
as
see
if
of
the
H iram
fo r,
ra ise
sub
move t h e
the
He w r o t e :
a n y th in g
can
fo r
61
made t h e
Stand ard
and
a lib e ra l
an i n f l u e n t i a l
C o lle g e ,
paper
and h i s
movement was
c o lle g e .
H is
to
D is c ip le s
seemed a l t o g e t h e r
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
D isc ip le s
and t h e
le a d in g
c a lle d
fin a n c ia lly ."
make a f i g h t
was
in
P h illip s
to
C h ris tia n
G a rfie ld
of
"The
fu n d -ra is in g .
the
Tru ste e s
gloomy
b rie fe d
an y s u p p o r t
th a t
is
e ffo rt
develop m ents,
tim e
pro g re ss
the
in
met t o g e t h e r
stoc k
H in sd a le
m ee ting
the se
u n ite
c o lle g e
dashed t h o s e
Ky.
H in sd a le
Board
th e ir
la te r,
g e ttin g
to
By
tio n
lib e ra l
the
sh o u ld
G a rfie ld .
of
be embalmed
prosp ect
make a v i g o r o u s
way o f
response
C o lle g e
member o f
to
w ill
sto c k h o ld e rs
"The
new d i r e c t i o n
"E rre tt
recomm endation
re st
A few days
on a d i s t u r b i n g
In
to
the
in fo rm e d
pay t h e
was d e c id e d
s c r i b e r s . " 60
of
Stand ard
la te r.
H in sd a le
to
"th e
sugges
H iram
tow ard
lo g ic a l.
But
and
"a
H in s
h o p e s when he r e p l i e d :
Y o u s p e a k o f t h e S t a n d a r d and H i r a m j o i n i n g f o r u s
t o make a f i g h t f o r a l i b e r a l C h r i s t i a n i t y .
E rre tt
h a s no v e r y war m s i d e f o r H i r a m . . . .
In a d d itio n to
t h i s , he i s a s f e a r f u l o f t h e l i b e r a l t e n d e n c i e s o f
t h e t i m e a s he i s o f t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e .
He h a s , t o o ,
an a f f e c t i o n f o r t h i n g s t h a t s o u n d .
Bethany, L e x in g
t o n , . . . a r e m o r e s o u n d i n g names t h a n a n y we h a v e .
T h i s may be u n j u s t , b u t I f e a r i t i s n o t . 62
217
H in sd a le 's
to
be p r o p h e t i c .
c lo se r
of
to
the
E rre tt's
ske tc h
It
is
s itu a tio n
a Sta n d a rd -H ira m
fro m
the
ment
sin c e
to
s t ill
w as
was
and t h e
to
u n io n
to
could
a x is
But
of
fo r
out
an o p t i m i s t i c
fa r
mor e a w a r e
G a rfie ld
was
o p tim istic
lead
D isc ip le s
the
had d o m i n a t e d
knew t h a t
in
the
in
"lib e ra l
the
hope
fo r
H in sd a le
the
m ainstre am .
candid o p i n io n
w ould n o t
G a rfie ld
Sta nd a rd .
re p o rte d
to
and
and
in
the
be w i l l
a S ta n d a rd - H ira m m erger m u st
But
move
Bethany
te n d e n c ie s"
E rre tt
away
c hurch,
th is
by H i n s d a l e ' s
th a t
proved
was
power
d isa p p o in tm e n t.
h o ld
who was much
E rre tt
the
re a liz a tio n
H in sd a le ,
Stand ard
stunned
fe a rfu l
and i t
th a t
of
keep t h e
be a c a t a l y s t
c o n tin u e d
th a t
was d e f t ,
G a rfie ld ,
c e n te rs
no d o u b t
be e n an e x t r e m e
1867,
tha n
in c e p tio n .
were
E rre tt
churc h,
in g
its
d e te rm ined
G a rfie ld
th a t
c le a r
B e th a n y -Le x in g to n
Le x in g to n
E rre tt
em erging m o d e ra tio n .
th a t
he was
of
h av e
and H i n s d a l e
In
December,
G a rfie ld :
T h e S t a n d a r d men m e t on S a t u r d a y t o d e l i b e r a t e on
the i n t e r e s t s o f t h a t jo u r n a l.
The f e e l i n g o f the
m e e t i n g was g o o d .
The Sta n d a rd i s to l i v e a n o th e r
y e a r , and t h e p l a c e o f p u b l i c a t i o n i s t o r e m a i n u n
changed.
T h e r e i s r e a s o n t o hope t h a t by t h a t t i m e
a s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g p o i n t w i l l be r e a c h e d . 63
But
a d v iso r
in
th a t
th is
same l e t t e r ,
"a fte r
a p o in te d
my r e s i g n a t i o n . "
the
D isc ip le s
p o s itio n
H in sd a le
church
on t h e
in
was
H in sd a le
e v i d e n t when he c o n c l u d e d :
H is
h is
sermon y e s t e r d a y
fe a rfu l
C leveland
Sta n d a rd .
to ld
m ig h t
a n x ie ty
"Th is
is
not
th a t
h is
I
tru ste d
h an de d
in
fa ilu re
at
even e n d a n g e r h i s
over
the
the
fu tu re
place
fo r
was
me t o
218
preach,
pra y,
m ind
not
the
where
to
in
k in d
the
p o s itio n
G a rfie ld ,
"If
w ith
w ith
the
y o u come t o
me t o
rub a g a in s t.
Bro therho od
la te r
is th a t
he was
Sta n d a rd ,
C le ve la nd ,
And,
k in d
s t ill
of
w o rrie d
and he p l e a d e d w i t h
ta lk
o v e r my s t a t u s
E rre tt."6
4
w as
to
o ffe r
la rg e r
place
in g ly .
" If
drud g e ry
paper
w rote
fo r
you
yo u on t h e
were
on t h e
i t
p reacher
and C o r r e s p o n d i n g
its
if
i t
have
the
he w r o t e
re st
R.
S lo a n ,
Se c re ta ry
but
meant k e e p in g
G a rfie ld
encourag
do some o f f i c e
o f your
of
the
tim e
to
the
f i e l d — and
of
O hio
the
was w i l l i n g
H in sd a le 's
a
a p ro m in e n t D is c ip le
had b e e n an e m p l o y e e
b e g in n in g ,
Eve,
th o u g h t o f
m i g h t make y o u a p l e a s a n t
S l o a n . 5
R
6.
S o c ie ty ,
"I
on New Y e a r ' s
Sta n d a rd ,"
and g i v e
w ith
sin c e
H in sd a le
a good penman and c o u l d
books
e d ito ria lly
M issio n a ry
to
a new s u g g e s t i o n .
d isp e n se
him
fo r
Two weeks
it
m ind
D isc ip le
be f o u n d ? "
about h i s
of
p o s itio n
to
C h ris tia n
Stand ard
sa c rific e
on t h e
Stand ard
se c ure .
G a rfie ld 's
If
h is
it
w o uld
life
w ork
it
on t h e
have
was
paper
s a tisfie d
h is
never
p re se nte d
1868,
due t o
to
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n w as p l e a s i n g
c h ie f
to
the
d isc o n tin u e
could
in te re st.
c o n tin u in g
p u b lic a tio n
In
fo r
But
at
th a t
p o in t
G a rfie ld 's
a sudden d e c i s i o n
d e fic it,
of
H in sd a le .
h a v e b ee n a f u l l - t i m e
him w e l l ,
E rre tt.
to
the
the
jo b ,
in
p l a n was
in
Ja nuary,
sto c k h o ld e rs
C h ris tia n
h is
Sta n d a rd .
voted
They
219
w illin g ly
to
Isa a c
h is
own.
d a le
to
gave t h e
E rre tt.
In
w ro te :
make t h e
it?
fu tu re .
the
h is
next
fie ld ,"
the
accepted
in
the
of
the
and m o n e y , "
and t h e r e
wa s
D isc ip le s
in
the
su rp riz e d
to
kn o w o f
E rre tt
and t h e
to
area
the
was
c o n sid e ra b le
could
the
Stand ard
B.
in
h is
to
life
to
by a p r o j e c t
on t h e
a
E rre tt
fa c u lty
w o u l d mean a c o n t i n u e d
c o n fid e d
it
g o ,"
fa c u lty .
the
doubt
two
A llia n c e ,"
to
"men o f
H in sd a le
e n te rp rise ,
and H i n s d a l e
6V
w hole
scheme r i g h t
th irty
m ile s
fro m
about w hether
the
c o lle g e s.
was
new mov ement w h i c h
to
h is
was o r g a n i z i n g
a place
a scant
suppo rt
of
of
A f o r m e r member
Way,
"m aking
jo in
H in s
adapted
g ive
1868.
composed o f
A llia n c e
to
d e c isio n
was
w as d i s a p p o i n t e d
b e g in n in g .
"no t w e ll
E rre tt
who w e r e
on
p ro p o sitio n
c a n d id ly
and i t
Sta n d a rd .
in v ita tio n
the
and he had p e r s u a d e d
There
b o a r d was
of
spoke
Ja nuary,
it,
G a rfie ld ,
g o ."^
th is
A.
paper
make i t
he was
in
the
W h a t do y o u t h i n k
H in sd a le
O h io ,
he w a n t e d
A llia n c e
the
he w i l l
Tru ste e s,
p re sid e n c y .
w ith
presum e,
th a t
in
A llia n c e ,
i f
w ith
and he had d e c i d e d
shape
Board
G a rfie ld
H ira m ,
th a t
in flu e n c e d
take
the
H in sd a le
in flu e n c e
fro m
is
to
same l e t t e r ,
He was
a sso c ia tio n
th a t
over
and l i a b i l i t i e s ,
c o n tin u e
E rre tt.
H iram
accept
to
correspondence
He h a d c o n c l u d e d
new c o l l e g e
fo r
de c id ed
a sse ts
Sta nd a rd
b eg a n t o
the
its
I
p a sto ra l
th a t
w ith
"Y o u have h e a rd ,
th is
te a c h in g .
to
E rre tt
My own o p i n i o n
In
of
paper,
takes
G a rfie ld
"I
y o u and
ad m itte d
to
220
H in sd a le ,
say
I
"and
reg ard
G a rfie ld 's
e d ito rs
I
it
moved t o
and was
he be g an t o
show s i g n s
p re d ic te d .
In
see
By
to
see
D a vid
c lo se ,
m ents
Lip sc om b
to
E rre tt
in
But
the
S h a c k le fo rd
be c a l l e d
even
the
fa ll
of
the
January,
1869,
the
purposes
was
among t h e
ranc or
o p e n ly
of
D r.
to
D isc ip le s .
70
le s s
was
to
69
c o n c ilia te
he was
u sin g
1868
th a t
came t o
shun
a
e n ta n g le
the
the
the
Stand ard
D isc ip le s
a lie n a tin g
many
paper.
Le w is
fo r
L.
P in k e rto n
and J o h n
a new p e r i o d i c a l
It
was
sche duled
to
its
p ro sp e c tu s,
a p ro te st
dogm atism "
G a rfie ld
to
As
had
"We h a v e no
was
and i n t o l e r a n t
H in sd a le
to
p ro sp ec tus
launch
over
sto c k h o ld e rs,
p re ac he rs
the
d e sp ite
and b i t t e r n e s s . "
c le a r
not
and i t s
and s t i l l
th a t
E rre tt
d id
c o n tro l
to
m od eratio n w i t h i n
process,
But
th a t
p o litic s ."
It
I
1868.
try in g
charges
Ind ep end ent M o n t h ly .
in
se c ta ria n ism
o ld
a d v isin g
1868,
68
had w r i t t e n :
re-opened,
d isp e l
of
summer o f
m od eratio n
he was
su p p o rte rs
issu e d
the
iss u e s
if
Stand ard
answ era ble
E rre tt
a ffa irs .
vo ic e
in
o rig in a l
In
of
the
the
the
a ro u n d ."
had i n d e p e n d e n t
lo n g e r
of
fra n k
C h ris tia n
the
"p a rtisa n
p o litic a l
movement.
the
and t o
was
no
w ith
1868,
in
E rre tt
1867
o ld
preach
w as b e c o m i n g
g in
the
summer o f
Stand ard
of
la te
them d i s c u s s e d
the
the
A llia n c e
Isaa c
be e n t i r e l y
move a l l
p ro te sta tio n s,
Sta n d a rd ,
d e sire
not
an u n w i s e
Now t h a t
the
sh o u ld
"a g a in s t
to
to
be
one
a fie rc e
w h i c h had d e v e l o p e d
was w e l l
ac q u a in te d w i t h
221
P in k e rto n .
the
They
fir s t
Am erican C h r i s t i a n
whe n t h e y
had w o r k e d
re s o lu tio n .
G a rfie ld .
among t h e
But
In
to g e th e r
the se
to
la te
pro sp e c tu s
at
the
in
was w e l l
p u sh in g
kno wn
same q u a l i t i e s
in
h is
e sta b lis h
November,
and t h e
1868,
c o n v e n tio n
in
O ctober,
throug h
fo r
h is
w hich
of
1861,
a lo y a lty
a v id
U n io n ism
endeared
him t o
had c a u s e d h i m t r o u b l e
home s t a t e
the
storm y
S o c ie ty
lib e ra lis m - - q u a litie s
D isc ip le s
prompted him
met
M issio n a ry
P in k e rto n
and t h e o l o g i c a l
the
had
of
K entucky,
and had
G a rfie ld
fo llo w in g
note
re c e iv e d
from
a copy o f
P in k e rto n :
I send you a p r o s p e c tu s w hic h w i l l e x p l a i n i t s e l f .
We h a v e h e s i t a t e d f o r t w o y e a r s , and now w e i g h a n c h o r
and g i v e o u r s a i l s t o t h e b r e e z e .
Can y o u w r i t e u s a
s h o r t a r t i c l e f o r N o . 1? . . . Y o u c o u l d , i f y o u c h o s e ,
p u t i t i n t h e f o r m o f a l e t t e r t o t h e " E d i t o r s , " and
i n a f r e e and e a s y way g i v e y o u r v i e w s on a n y s u b j e c t
w i t h i n t h e s c o p e and i n t e n t o f o u r p r o s p e c t u s .
You
s e e , d e a r G e n e r a l , how u n b o u n d e d my c o n f i d e n c e i n y o u
i s b y t h e p r e s u m p t i o n s way i n w h i c h I w r i t e t o y o u .
We s h a l l h a v e h a r d w o r k t o g e t o u t i n t o t h e o pe n
s e a - - t h e he a d la n d s j u t i n v e r y c lo s e t o g e t h e r - - m o r a l
c o w a r d i c e on t h e r i g h t , and p a r t i s a n b i g o t r y on t h e
l e f t , l e a v i n g f o r u s a v e r y n a r r o w s t r a i t . 71
G a rfie ld
came t o
the
th o ro u g h ly
him a t
a tim e
sa tisfie d
years
e a rlie r.
P in k e rto n
In
and t h e
the
encouragement
le tte r
th a t
the
the
k in d
of
fo rth c o m in g
jo u rn a l
he r e v e a l e d
h is
hope
th a t
he had e n v i s i o n e d
renewed o p t im is m
sent
a ro u sin g
P in k e rto n .
tru e
a ll
It
G a rfie ld
em b attled
p ro sp e c tus.
lo s t
He now l o o k e d w i t h
n e x t m onth,
to
w ith
when he had n e a r l y
S t a n d a r d w o u l d be t h e
th re e
to
w as
fe e lin g s
It
was
about
le tte r
in
the
of
th is
jo u rn a l
222
he had l a b o r e d
"The
its
fa ilu re
of
fo u n d e rs
be u t t e r l y
P in k e rto n
so h a rd
the
and
in
in
M o n th ly w ould
"h a d
the
never
of
G a rfie ld
E rre tt
the
in
was
soon
e nd o f
lo s t
E rre tt
w ith
d id ,
he a rt
The
him .
G a rfie ld 's
o ffe re d
H in sd a le
E rre tt
and t h e
lic a tio n ,
in
was
C in c in n a ti
tim e
take
of
31,
fir s t
1869,
came o f f
a change announced
in
Hiram
of
the
p re ss.
the
Board
fo r
of
a church
th e ir
C in
when
a d vice .
Tru ste e s
E n g lish
at
at
L ite r
once.
As
new home i n
H iram .
a break
Stand ard
W ith in
p o s itio n
leave
fo r
of
and he a c c e p t e d
to
c o lle g e .
A llia n c e
H isto ry ,
le a v in g
th a t
w o u l d move t o
G a rfie ld
w ith o u t
the
p a sto ra te
to
re tu rn in g
issu e
he w o u l d
looked
of
73
the
lea ve
were
w as
and r e a s o n a b l e
concerning
course,
the
ahead
becoming e v i d e n t
the
72
P in k e rto n ,
p a tro n s."
th a t
to
Ind ep end ent
d e c la re d
to
he
fo rc e ."
The
decided
Scie nc e ,
Stand ard
H in sd a le
the
to
a P ro fe s s o rs h ip
and P o l i t i c a l
On J u l y
year
in flu e n c e ,
a tu re ,
was
of
see ms
months
w arrante d
and a n n o u n c e d
Sta nd a rd ,
and t h i s
it
It
and
the
Sta n d a rd .
p e ssim ism
H in sd a le
Through
C in c in n a ti,
h is
school
C in c in n a ti.
c in n a ti
in
and i n
and f i r s t
A llia n c e
e xp e c ta tio n s
fre sh n e ss
met t h e
fo und e rs
in
in
the
c o n fid e d :
h u m ilia tin g .
been s t a r t e d ,
Stand ard
rig h t
the
have
its
M e a nw hile ,
m ost
of
He s a d l y
meet t h e
agreem ent,
c ritic
C h ris tia n
e xp e c ta tio n s
is
to
courage,
to ta l
he became a s e v e r e
e sta b lis h .
Stand ard
frie n d s
la c k in g
was
to
of
in
to
the
day o f
pub
th re e
weeks
a s s is ta n t
th e re
e d ito r.
223
H in sd a le 's
new r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
re sig n a tio n
G eorgia
w as
to
a n e c e ssity ,
re p la c e
E rre tt's
o ffic ia lly
marked t h e
in v o lv e m e n t w i t h
Lik e
the
H in sd a le ,
paper
w ith
In
a s s is ta n t
p ra ise d
w hich
the
chose
Lam ar,
jo b .
Th is
the
c lo se
end o f
fo rtu n e s
G a rfie ld
S.
C o lle g e
made h i s
a preacher
a Bethany
s ig n ific a n t
the
C h ris tia n
re ta in e d
h is
frie n d sh ip
was
a frie n d sh ip
but
it
g ra d ua te ,
c ha ng e
G a rfie ld -H in sd a le
of
e d ito r,
from
Sta n d a rd .
w ith
both
c o lo re d
and d i s a p p o i n t m e n t .
h is
ve ry
e d ito r
the
the
the
and t h e
re g re t
James
fo r
H iram
and E r r e t t
him .
choice
at
fir s t
(a nd
fu tu re
"e m in e n tly
p e rio d ic a l
a rtic le
sound,
in
the
b io g ra p h e r
m oderate
had b e e n d e a l i n g
churc h.
L a m a r made i t
E rre tt's
m oderate
c le a r
c ourse
Sta nd a rd ,
th a t
of
Isaa c
he was
in
new
E rre tt)
and w i s e "
w ith
the
way i n
iss u e s
in
the
agreement w i t h
when he w r o t e :
The Sta n d a rd i s s e t f o r th e d e fense o f th e g o sp e l.
h a s e v e r been so u n d i n t h e f a i t h - - a n e a r n e s t p l e a d
f o r a p o s t o l i c d o c t r i n e , o r d i n a n c e s and o r d e r . . .
I n my o p i n i o n , t h e c h u r c h h a s n e v e r n e e d ed i t s w i s e
c o u n s e l s , i t s c a l m and d i s c r i m i n a t i v e j u d g m e n t , and
i t s c l e a r and m a s t e r l y s t a t e m e n t s o f d o c t r i n e and o f
d i f f e r e n c e s m o r e t h a n n o w . 74
It
er
W ith
a so u th e rn e r
d ire c tio n
G a rfie ld
spoken
of
the
in
the
a s s is ta n t
Stand ard
had a l r e a d y
was
D r.
Le w is
fo r
the
L.
P in k e rto n
lib e ra ls
in
a ssure d .
tra n sfe rre d
Independent M o n th ly .
the
to
e d ito r's
h is
But
c hurch.
75
the
the
new
a d isenc ha nted
a lle g ia n c e
He now l o o k e d
p ro v id e
c h a ir,
to
to
the
ne ce ssa ry
the
o u t
m ilita n t
le a d e rsh ip
224
CHAPTER SEVEN
"TH IS
NEW AND B E T T E R
MOVEMENT"
I t o l d t h e D o c t o r ( P i n k e r t o n ) t h a t t h e w h o l e N o r t h and
N o r t h W e s t w e r e r e a d y t o r e c e i v e h i m and be l e d by h i m
i n t h i s new and b e t t e r m o v e m e n t , and i t seemed t o me an
u n u t t e r a b l e shame f o r h i m t o s t a y i n K e n t u c k y w i t h t h e
n a r r o w minded C a m p b e ll is m a r o u n d h i m .
- - G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e , De ce mbe r 1 9 , 1 8 7 1
When t h i r t y - t w o
to
W ashingto n
W ith in
the
c o lle g e
the
in
space
tw e n tie th
G a rfie ld
h is
u n til
was
of
h is
he w as
and a f f a i r s
m ov emen t
1863,
he was
years
of
to
than
autumn o f
the
the
him
as
thro ug ho ut
of
no ted :
books,
a c lo se
h is
c o ntinue d
By a l l
life tim e .
the
accounts,
admired
in
fo r
A m erican
b e st-re a d
man
t h a n m o s t men o f
an e a g e r
of
a g re a te r
a sso c ia tio n
e le c te d
and m o s t e f f e c t i v e
typ e s
fe llo w
in
Sta te s
when he was
"More
w ith
possessed
m ost o f
h is
c areer
a
ge ne ra l
U n ite d
a rtic le
"p ro b a b ly
many d i f f e r e n t
G a rfie ld
m a in ta in
m a jo r
Sta te s.
A recent
move.
su c c e ssiv e ly
and one who was w i d e l y
a lo v e r
d id
the
1880
U n ite d
A b io g ra p h e r
fo r
to
re tu rn e d
a man on t h e
O h io ,
h a rd e s t w o rk in g
day,
G a rfie ld
he had b e e n
se n a to r
stre n g th .
sympathy
A lth o u g h
c a re fu l
of
c h a ra c te rize d
C o n g re ss."1
and wi de
James A .
new c o n g r e s s i o n a l
the
o ne o f
in te lle c tu a l
day,
sta te
P re sid e n t
le g is la to rs
H e rita g e
fiv e
G a rfie ld 's
u n in te rru p te d
in
of
o ld
and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e - e l e c t
C ongress.
h is
December,
p re sid e n t,
army,
year
c u rio sity
id e a s."2
grasp
o f men
D is c ip le s ,
he was
w ith
the
" H a d James A.
D isc ip le s
G a rfie ld
225
chosen
Henry
as
a re lig io u s
Shaw,
or
in
to
c ourse
h is
the
the
ye a rs.
the
w hich
The
th ru st
in
economic
to
As
of
in
of
O hio
than
fo rc e s
H is
d e s ire
to
the
w ith
fo r
of
the
the
a
alw ays
shape
to
the
served
its
c irc u la tio n
e n la rg e
the
in te lle c tu a l
le s s
tha n
grow th
the
and made t h e m
C h ris tia n ity .
of
tim e
issu e s
the
of
w eekly o f
the
c ur
o u tlo o k
h ig h
C h ris tia n
and money i n
among D i s c i p l e s .
h o rizo n s
on t h e
in
e xp a n sio n
Th e ir
broaden
e sta b lish m e n t
a p o s itio n
po st-w a r
re s p e c ta b ility .
day,
h is
C iv il
c o n ta c t w ith
a p re stig e
of
the
the
from
la rg e r
in c re a se
accepted
in
by 1 8 8 0 . 4
sought
to
G a rfie ld
h e lp
nu m e ric a l
and m or e p r o g r e s s i v e
an e f f o r t
p le ,
He was
a c o n tin u in g
them i n t o
and he g ave g e n e r o u s l y
to
e xe rc ise d
G a rfie ld
in c re a se d
Sta n d a rd ,
an a t t e m p t
th a t
45 ,00 0
threw
w re stle d
le d
Campbell
p o litic a l
b e fo re
u rb a n ize d
enjoyed
he c o n s t a n t l y
q u a lity
church
years
a place
c itie s
a fre e r
b re th re n .
lite ra ry
seventeen
more
the
s t ill
to
to
h is
D isc ip le s .
and s k i l l
ra p id ly
D isc ip le s
G a rfie ld
tho ug ht,
h is
were
and i n t e l l e c t u a l
re c e p tiv e
re n t
in
d e sp ite
G a rfie ld
a ru ra l
D isc ip le s
to
next
w rote
e x p a n d in g movement.
them i n t o
1863
num bers
the
the
number o f
25,00 0
in
D isc ip le s
C ongress,
it,
c a re e r,"
ranked
But
among t h e
e x c lu s iv e ly
D u rin g
3
in te llig e n c e
ra p id ly
A lm o st
W ar,
m ovem ent."
le a d e rsh ip
use
of
the
a p o litic a l
p ro b a b ly
maybe b e c a u s e o f
s ig n ific a n t
eager
than
"h e w o u ld have
a le a d e r
caree r,
ra th e r
Board
of
of
h is
In
peo
Tru ste e s
226
of
both
ity ,
of
H iram
C o lle g e
he w o r k e d
the se
d ilig e n tly
G a rfie ld 's
h is
In
is
not
u n fa ir
years
na ture
to
and t h e y
h is
h is
fo rty
tu rn
In
th is
a ca d e m i c
capac
sta nd a rd s
the
the
tim e
fe llo w
m illio n
chances w ould
th e re
Reserve
in
tie d
was
th a t
the
D is c ip le s .
an o b v i o u s
re c ip ro c a l
In
th is
m u tu a lly
by h i s
D isc ip le
w as
aided
the
b u ild in g
c o n se c u tive
the
fo r
movement,
p e rc e ive d
to
k in sh ip .
in
be g i v e n
D is c ip le s
he c l e a r l y
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
D is c ip le s
As
Thomas
th a t
the
in te g ra lly
war
shared
to
could
p re stig e
of
a stro n g
e le c tio n s
and
th e re ),
in flu e n c e
of
career.
W.
he c o u l d
S ta te s.
daunted
was
th a t
(he won e l e v e n
c lim b .
C hicago,
U n ite d
suggest
W e ste rn
base
in
p o litic a l
b e lie v e
the
e x p la n a tio n s
G a rfie ld -D is c ip le s
expanding
many o f
im prove
commitment
re la tio n sh ip ,
From
of
a fte r
on t h e
p o litic a l
to
fu tu re
the
sa tisfy in g
frie n d s
a number o f
c o n tin u in g
p o litic a l
the
to
C o lle g e .
in s titu tio n s .
A lth o u g h
it
and B e t h a n y
e a rly
in
was
U n ite d
a g a in st
c ountered
be r e c k o n e d w i t h
m illio n s .
re p lie d :
Surrounded
G a rfie ld
by s u c h
of
"The re
But
"You are
than
o p tim istic
to
the
are
Th e re fo re
a n y one m a n . "
le s s
h is
coming o u t
P re sid e n t
S ta te s.
are
C ongress,
a n tic ip a tin g
p e rsua d ing
by i n s i s t i n g :
There
in
on a t r a i n
G a rfie ld
the
fo o t
e a g e rly
o ne day be e l e c t e d
P h illip s
5
set
1865,
P h illip s
be g r e a t l y
p o s s ib ilitie s ."
were
as
A s k e p tic a l
people
fir s t
the
the
not
un
to
a hundred
su p p o rte rs
227
as A u s t i n ,
G a rfie ld
in
the
R o b iso n ,
had no i n t e n t i o n
D isc ip le s
However,
e v e ry th in g
over
the
in
b lu e p rin t,
sh ip
of
the
p ro g re ssiv e
re lig io u s
the
e le m e n t
churc h.
s a ith
o u tlo o k
re lig io n
fo r
in
the
e rra tic ,
and p r e a c h e r s
p re a c h e rs,
o p p o rtu n ity
p re se nte d
fo r
b e fo re
fa ith
He was
fo r
the
fo r
h is
in q u iry
to
as
m a tte rs
o rie n te d
the
work
to
and b o l d
an
and
and w o r
openness
advocated
He l o n g e d
a
of
S c rip tu re s,
g ro w in g
tim e s,
D is c ip le s .
o n ly
of
Lo rd "
the
d istre sse d
o nce d e l i v e r e d
T h e y were
w ith
a p p re c ia te d
c h u r c h who w e r e
s aw t h e
the
G a rfie ld
m in is try
th a t
base
fo r
to
a m or e
a flu id
e x p e rim e n ta tio n
life .
some t i m e ,
advanced
p o litic a l
G a rfie ld
in stru c tio n s
of
fre e
g
e d uc a tion
the
the
G a rfie ld ,
m in is te ria l
of
"fo r
the
in te rp re ta tio n
mov emen t o f
For
and P h i l l i p s ,
h is
movement.
in
d e ta ile d
a "th u s
C h ris tia n
n o t mean t h a t
and d i s c i p l i n e . "
new s c i e n t i f i c
Fo rd
d is so lv in g
D isc ip le s
on a l i t e r a l
re q u ire d
of
c o n se rv a tiv e s
p ro v id in g
the y
in
the
d id
c onte nd ing
p ra c tic e
e m p hasis
the
th is
The
H in sd a le ,
C h ris t.
c o n se rv a tiv e
sa in ts."
"fa ith ,
of
about
in te re ste d
the
Rhodes,
fe lt
D isc ip le s
of
were
th in k e rs
lik e
had
of
C h ris t
a ne ed
The
stim u la te d
the
tim e .
in fo rm a l
to
G a rfie ld
and l a w y e r s ,
ought
p ro fe ssio n a l
p re p a ra tio n .
H is
H iram
Board
of
Tru ste e s
fo r
and
keep a b r e a s t
d o c to rs
the
b e tte r
p re p a ra tio n
was o f t e n
not
fo r
at
in siste d
to
have
vie w s
an
were
a m ee tin g
228
on J u n e
to
the
the
20,
1865.
in s titu tio n
L ite ra ry ,
d ire c t
in
G a rfie ld ,
The
w hich
at
the
the
S.
a com m ittee
to
work
out
ye ar,
the
of
le c tu re s
and s t u d e n t s
of
the
the
4,
m in is try
1866,
H iram
B u rn e t,
of
campus.
Isaa c
and R o b e r t
and B u r k e
A.
the
d e ta ils
The
to
fo r
E rre tt
of
Henry
T.
"fre e
w ould
fifte e n
had a g r e e d
M illig a n ,
th a t
p e rfe c t
course
a p e rio d
H in sd a le ,
the
of
announced
d e s irin g
fo r
e n te r
be p r o v i d e d
W o rd ."
and c o n t i n u e
to
and
7
to
B ib le
the
fro m
c o n sistin g
com m ittee
a course
add
d is tin c t
who d e s i g n e d
the
new d e p a r t m e n t ,
D a vid
tho se
to
w o u l d be f o r m e d
e nd o f
p re a c he rs
weeks
c la sse s
a p p o inte d
proposed
D e pa rtm ent,
new d e p a r t m e n t .
to
on J u n e
board
the
had o r g a n i z e d
be gin
the
of
it
in
to
and R o b i s o n ,
th e m se lve s
re g u la r
g ive n
board
A u stin
By th e
a re s u lt,
"a T h e o l o g i c a l
in stru c tio n
m in is try ."
the
As
to
h ead
A nde rso n,
had b ee n c h o s e n
as
g
h is
a sso c ia te s.
the
expenses
The
of
The
c ourse
of
the
of
g ive n
S c rip tu re s,
the
c ritic a l
had o f f e r e d
re c e iv e d
summer c o u r s e
fifty - fiv e
e n th u sia s tic
were
Testa m e nt,
tam ent,
b ro th e rs
to
bear
c ourse.
and t h e
c la ss
were
Le c tu re s
the
P h illip s
a n n o u n c e m e n t w as w e l l
b ro th e rh o o d ,
way.
The
in
on t h e
of
of
and
and c r i t i c a l
and e x e g e t i c a l
D isc ip le s
in
e very
who e n r o l l e d
p ra is e
in s p ira tio n
the
a success
pre ac he rs
th e ir
h is to ric a l
p rin c ip le s
was
in
a n a ly sis
as
the
in
the
in stru c tio n .
stud y
of
of
the
a p p lie d
the
Old
New T e s
to
the
229
Greek
New T e s t a m e n t ,
d e liv e ry
of
H in sd a le
le c tu re s
th a t
the
serm ons,
G a rfie ld
best
quered
your
was
h isto ry
w rite :
of
p re p a ra tio n
hear
at
and
C h ris tia n ity .
brought
"I
le c tu re s
of
The
s o much p r a i s e ,
fro m
H ira m .
th e o lo g ic a l
comment t h a t
on A u g u s t
h isto ry
the
a ll
q u a rte rs
You have
con-
Th e o lo g u e s."9
summer c o u r s e
Tru ste e s
G a rfie ld
of
among t h e
much f a v o r a b l e
of
and t h e
was moved t o
a place
rh e to ric ,
on c h u r c h
accounts
The
sacred
14,
at
le c tu re s
a m ee ting
1866,
the
of
the
fo llo w in g
c re ate d
H iram
so
Board
re s o lu tio n
by
adopted:
R e s o lv e d , T h a t th e e x p e rim e n t o f a Course o f B i b
l i c a l L e c t u r e s , i n a u g u r a t e d by t h e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s ,
and now i n p r o g r e s s , h a s p r o v e d e m i n e n t l y s u c c e s s f u l ,
and s h o u l d be m a i n t a i n e d a s a p e r m a n e n t means o f f i t
t i n g y o u n g men f o r t h e M i n i s t r y o f t h e G o s p e l . 10
It
was
ag ain
in
agreed
the
m o tio n
The
P in k e rto n
o n ce a g a i n
from
fo r
H iram
to
th e re
of
its
the
summer,
and p l a n s
was
be o f f e r e d
were
im m e d ia te ly
next
ye ar.
set
added D r .
Le w is
L.
fa c u lty
the
course
1867,
and
be t h e
of
fo r
re c e iv e d
on
the
fin a l
summer o f
The
in
v ig o ro u sly
Depa rtm ent"
of
in g ra in e d
w e r e many who w e r e
summer
W e ste rn
m in iste rs.
deeply
a "Th e o lo g ic a l
the
sh o u ld
departm ent
p re a c he rs
to
course
th e o lo g ic a l
program
tra in in g
s e m in a rie s
th e o lo g ic a l
an e x p a n d e d p r o g r a m
D isc ip le
the
the
fo llo w in g
was d e s t i n e d
in
th a t
in
Reserve.
H ira m 's
d is tru s t
of
D isc ip le s
opposed
Hiram .
re c e p tio n
But
th is
"e xp e rim e n t"
th e o lo g ic a l
tra d itio n ,
to
Over
the
and
concept
th irty
years
230
la te r,
the
h is to ria n
of
Hiram
C o lle g e
e x p la in e d :
Many w e r e i n f a v o r o f t h e new d e p a r t m e n t , b u t m or e
were a g a i n s t i t .
D a i l y B i b l e i n s t r u c t i o n h a s b ee n k e p t
up d u r i n g f i f t y y e a r s o f t h e l i f e o f t h e I n s t i t u t i o n ,
b u t n o t h i n g l i k e t h e modern T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y , o r
T h e o l o g i c a l D e p a rtm e n t, has e v e r gained a f o o t h o l d i n
H i r a m . 11
At
1867,
W.
W e ste rn
of
a m ee ting
J.
Fo rd
Reserve
a c o lle g e
u n a n im o u sly
fu l
at
than
the
of
the
o ffe re d
In s titu te
and be kn o wn
G a rfie ld .
p u b lic
as
th e re
H iram
was
He was
c ere m o nie s
p e rso na l
id e a l
the
issu e
w ith
n a tio n 's
c u rric u lu m
the
th a t
was
m e ta p h y sic a l
th a t
the
purpose
and women f o r
m a rize d
c om m ercial,
h is
id e a l
to
e d uc a tio n
c itiz e n sh ip
g ive
the
in
in d u s tria l
20,
e ffe c t
the
take
on
th a t
the
sta tu s
When t h i s
e x c ite d
the
was
and h o p e
fe a tu re d
speech
of
the
new
state m e nt
of
h is
own
In
p o lic ie s
th is
then
a "p u re ly
a ca de mi c
he
p re v a le n t
in
d is c ip lin a ry "
G a rfie ld
be t h e
a chang ing
address
e x c u rsio n s
tho ug ht.
sh o u ld
on F e b r u a r y
opening
e d uc a tio n.
of
to
He d e p l o r e d
lim ite d
the
C o lle g e .
a b old
e d u c a tio n a l
c o lle g e s.
a ry,
tific ,
a c o lle g e
to
sh o u ld
announcing
and he r e s p o n d e d w i t h
took
Tru ste e s
no one m or e
asked
c o lle g e ,
of
of
a re s o lu tio n
E c le c tic
adopted,
Board
in
in siste d
tra in in g
of
and e x p a n d i n g
and p o l i t i c a l
lite r
w o rld .
men
sc ie n
He s um
by d e c l a r i n g :
In b r i e f , th e s tu d e n t sh o u ld stu d y h i m s e l f , h i s
r e l a t i o n s t o s o c i e t y , t o n a t u r e , and t o a r t - - a n d a b ov e
a l l , i n a l l and t h r o u g h a l l t h e s e , he s h o u l d s t u d y t h e
r e l a t i o n o f h i m s e l f , s o c i e t y , n a t u r e and a r t , t o God,
t h e A u t h o r o f t h e m a l l . 12
In
th is
same a d d r e s s ,
G a rfie ld
took
advantage
of
the
231
o p p o rtu n ity
to
p re se nt
In
to
th e ir
a d d itio n
su b je c ts,
G a rfie ld
the
c u rre n t
but
a te a c her
c ism . "
kn o w b u t
tho usa nd
p u zzle d
th e rs
th e
in v ite d
C o lle g e ,
to
h e a rt,"
its
to
of
year
H in sd a le
be in g
th a t
of
our
fa ilu re ,
become t h e
fir s t
year,
to
lea d
G a rfie ld
the
turned
1869-70,
to
h is
"perm anent
so
"th a t
15
the
and he was
the
"The
the
new H i r a m
d id
not
to
in s titu tio n
Burke
fa c u lty
p rim a rily
p re sid e n t"
p ro s
e ffo rts
of
is
a r o u n d my
th o u g h t
to
to
P in k e rto n
en tw in e d
H ira m
make,
13
of
When P i n k e r t o n
a tte n tio n
jo in
of
L.
renewed h i s
h isto ry
me k e e n p a i n . "
p a st."
c o lle g e
sc h o o l.
P in k e rto n ,
H in sd a le
named
When t h e
and i t s
to
p re sid e n t
w ill
fa
who a t t e m p t s
Le w is
14
P u rita n
a "m in is te r
D r.
"about
th e o lo g y w hich
in flu e n c e ,
G a rfie ld
school
h e a rts
today
c a utione d ,
p olem ic
c riti
a re lig io n
men and women o f
G a rfie ld 's
my l i f e
fo r
of
the
fir s t
He a r r a n g e d
the
dangers
of
a le a rn e r,
and i t s
dead dogmas o f
down g i v e s
h e sita te d ,
o n ly
lite ra tu re ,
of
a m ise ra b le
keep a b r e a s t
not
G a rfie ld
the
p re p a ra tio n .
and t h e o l o g i c a l
to
"be,
"The
le s s,"
on t h e
he c o n f i d e d
b re a k in g
about
He p r o m i s e d
make ,
P in k e rto n
re la te d
its
and w e a r i e d
h e a rts
to
B ib lic a l
day and
q u e stio n s
b u t he d e c l i n e d .
d u rin g
persuade
so
and c a r e
heads
Through
per
the
by d i s p u t a t i o n .
and m o t h e r s . "
feed h u n g ry
in
sc ie n c e ,
a b stra c t
and d e s e r v e s
was
of
its
little ,
on m i n i s t e r i a l
encouraged m i n i s t e r s
He w a r n e d p r e a c h e r s
c h a ra c te rize d
the
vie w s
tra in in g
th in k in g
of
h is
its
s t ill
H in sd a le .
fo r
the
re sp o n sib le
fo r
H iram C o lle g e
232
on J u l y
1,
G a rfie ld
1870.
As
w as d r a w n
D u rin g
an a c t i v e
h is
a re s u lt
even
of
c lo se r
to
c o n g re ssio n a l
re la tio n sh ip
w ith
to n.
When h e h a d b e e n r e u n i t e d
1863,
t h e y were m e e tin g
was
th e re
B la c k ,
th a t
the
he w as
fo rm e r
G a rfie ld
w as
in c lu d e d
fo u r
B e n ja m in
of
a lso
of
a n a tio n a l
In
the
d o lla rs
1867,
c ity
he
in s tille d
h is
in
churches
as
the
in to
p re a c he r.
Andrew Jo h n s o n
"by w hich
he c o u l d
g o s p e l."
to
pay h i s
G a rfie ld
the
to
C ity
Jerem ia h
the
in
B.
C.
the se
fo r
the
preacher
Lo u is,
church
the
17
now
J.
F.
and
fiv e
Con
c o n stru c tio n
g ave
named D .
Pat
as
an a g e n t
o rg a n ize r
and L o u i s v i l l e ;
W a shing to n.
to
hum oro usly
he p r e a c h e d
of
T.
persuaded
a government
w h ile
and
U po n
employ H e n r y
and B l a c k
A nderson
own s a l a r y
spoke
S ta te .
G a rfie ld
m onths
in
church
G a rfie ld
g ive
of
R itte r,
He had b ee n a g r e a t
the
S u lliv a n
18
se vera l
S t.
It
They w ere:
W ashing to n.
D isc ip le
fo r
in
1866,
fund s
W ashing
H a ll.
and S e c r e t a r y
R a n d a ll,
e ffo rt.
C hicago,
P re sid e n t
good o l d
H.
in
Congressmen.
churc h
he e n c o u r a g e d
th e ir
in
th a t
ra ise
Sta nd a rd ♦
new l i f e
d e p a rtu re ,
Anderson
to
to
W a shing to n
in
fin d
board,
m a inta ine d
church
th is
On May 1 5 ,
a p ro m in e n t
C h ris tia n
of
to
and W.
a p la n
D isc ip le
H e n d e r s o n w as
G eneral
Kentucky.
G a rfie ld
D isc ip le
w ith
by t h e
c o lle g e .^
in tro d u c e d
D isc ip le
M iss o u ri,
e ndorsed
o ne h u n d r e d
fo r
p le ased
o th e r
S a m u e l McKee o f
gressm en
A tto rn e y
the
w o rsh ip
fir s t
a c tio n
ye a rs,
the
fo r
th is
th is
job
the
ta c tic
233
as
"a
C ity
p le
c o n sp ira c y
of
to
get
W a sh in g to n ,
kn o wn a s
a rriv e d
However,
on
th e
re lig io u s
h is
fru s tra tio n
m
to
in
soon
p rin c ip le s
found
tire d
the
of
in
the
the
peo
government
jo b ,
of
A n d e rso n 's
c o nsta nt
and t h e
"D isc ip le s
p le a "
One S u n d a y
a le tte r
preached
Ί 9
p rin c ip le s"
w o rld .
Gospel
the
Johnson
1868.
G a rfie ld
" firs t
a n c ie n t
a c c o rd in g
D is c ip le s ."
and A n d e r s o n
em p hasis
the
to
a fte rno o n
to
he p o u r e d o u t
H in sd a le :
W e a r ie d w i t h t h e p e r p e t u a l i t e r a t i o n o f t h e doc
t r i n a l p o i n t s o f B r o . A . — and t h e i n t o l e r a b l e denom
i n a t i o n a l b i g o t r y , a r r o g a n c e and e g o t i s m , w i t h w h i c h
he p u t s f o r t h t h e f o r m a l p a r t s o f " o u r p l e a , " I w e n t
t h i s m o r n i n g t o h e a r a S w e d e n b o r g i a n & am g l a d I d i d
so.
T h e c h e e r f u l , s p i r i t u a l v i e w o f l i f e and l o v e
an d d u t y t o w h i c h h e u r g e d h i s h e a r e r s was i n h a r m o n y
w i t h th e b e a u t i f u l fr e s h n e s s o f t h i s s p r in g m o rning —
a nd my h e a r t i s made g l a d & h a p py m o r e t h a n a n y s t u d y
o f " t h e r u l e o f t h r e e " c o u l d h a v e made i t . 20
Three
m onths
g io u s
a ffilia tio n ,
in
la te r,
"d o c trin a l
in
re p ly
G a rfie ld
p o in ts"
to
a q u e stio n
re v e a le d
h is
about h i s
le sse n in g
re li
in te re st
when he w r o t e :
I n a n s w e r t o y o u r i n q u i r y I have t o sa y t h a t I
am a member o f t h e D i s c i p l e C h u r c h , s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d
" C a m p b e l l i t e s , " t h o u g h we a c k n o w l e d g e no o t h e r name
than C h r i s t i a n s o r D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t . . . .
I try
n o t t o be a r e l i g i o u s p a r t i s a n and I c a l l a l l men my
b r e t h r e n who a c k n o w l e d g e and f o l l o w C h r i s t a s t h e
S o n o f God and t h e s a v i o r o f m e n . 21
The
W ashing to n
an d i n
th a t
campaign
had n e t t e d
year
the
M e th o d ists
the
re st
of
to
the
the
on
" M"
ra ise
fund s
tw e n ty -fiv e
D is c ip le s
S tre e t.
fo r
a n a tio n a l
thousand
d o lla rs
church
by 1 8 6 9 ,
boug ht a m ee ting house
G a rfie ld
c o n g r e g a t i o n when I s a a c
was
as
E rre tt
in
fro m
e x c ite d
preached
as
the
234
d e d ic a to ry
se rm o n on Ju n e
to
purchased
move t h e i r
From
th a t
on t h e
V e rm o n t Avenue
no tes
th a t
b e r,
A nderson
"th e
in
in
to
th a t
came t o
a gra dua te
A h isto ry
th riv e d "
G a rfie ld
was
not
1873,
G a rfie ld
recorded
the
and p r o c e e d e d
m or e d e s i r a b l e
In d ia n a p o lis,
but
la te r,
lo c a tio n .
be kn o wn a s
the
22
Church.
1869.
churc h
T wo y e a r s
on V e r m o n t A v e n u e
Ba rtho lom ew ,
U n iv e rs ity
T.
ye a rs,
A.
1869.
C h ris tia n
O th n ie l
Henry
lo ts
m e e ting ho use
tim e
C h ris tia n
29,
d u rin g
c o m p lete ly
in
h is
of
was
of
N o rth
c a lle d
the
h is
W e ste rn
to
succeed
m in is try
sa tisfie d .
of
In
fo u r
Novem
Jo u rn a l:
A t t e n d e d c h u r c h i n t h e f o r e n o o n and e v e n i n g .
The
C h u r c h w as i n f o r m e d o f t h e r e s i g n a t i o n o f B a r t h o l o m e w
t h e P a s t o r , t o t a k e e f f e c t a t t h e end o f t h e m o n t h .
T h i s i s w e l l f o r th e C hurch.
He was a b u s i n e s s man,
a good man t o l o o k a f t e r t h e m e m b e r s , b u t a m o s t
i n e f f i c i e n t p r e a c h e r . 23
G a rfie ld
w as
a c tu a lly
h a p p ie r
the
c h u r c h w as w i t h o u t
in g
pre a c he rs
tho se
years
and B u r k e
It
who
w e re :
H in sd a le .
was
a re g u la r
fille d
C.
L.
the
fo r
noted
in
"It
Jo u rn a l.
and o v e r w o r k
is
to d a y ."
ra re ly
of
th a t
C o n c e rn in g
F.
M.
G a rfie ld
a t Verm ont Avenue,
heat
m in iste r.
G reen,
two y e a r s
when
Among t h e
v is it
p u lp it
W.
K.
d u rin g
Pe n d le to n ,
24
unusual
h is
fo llo w in g
V e rm o n t Avenue
Loos,
se rv ic e s
i t
the
I
week,"
sta y
h is
at
be a b s e n t
and when he d i d
"F in d
the
to
m y se lf
q u ite
he w r o t e
home f r o m
m o tiv a tio n
fo r
fro m
have
to
u n w e ll
on A u g u s t
church,
such
but
Sunday
m iss
he
fro m
the
3,
I
fa ith fu l
1873.
d id
so
church
235
a ttenda nce,
to
fo r
my own s a k e ,
ta in
the
sake
of
h a b it
speak t o
S c h o o l.
ton
fo r
th e
at
D isc ip le s
at
in
were
h e ld
1869
c o n ve n tio n
the
Isaa c
p re sid e
ta ug ht
fo r
v a rio u s
of
who w e r e
e x p lo rin g
c o n s is tin g
and W.
T.
to
Moore,
and make a p p r o p r i a t e
c o n sid e r
May.
the
o ve rtu re
recom m endations.
26
D r.
s o c ia l
at
the
p re se nt
year
the
O hio B a p t i s t
D isc ip le s .
a p p o inte d
John
from
w hich
address
That
the
the
At
a lso
rapprochem ent w i t h
G a rfie ld ,
com m ittee
addressed
S o c ie ty
c o n ve n tio n ,
25
he n e v e r
a m ajo r
from
of
se le c t
W ashing-
and a t
in
Dayton.
the
the
a p o p u la r
attendance
of
of
fu n c tio n s .
he o f t e n
p re sid e n t
the
Sunday
and o t h e r
He was
by a d e l e g a t i o n
the
A lth o u g h
he d e l i v e r e d
in
fo r
o c c a sio n a lly
rem ained
week
m ain
life
in
M issio n a ry
Home M i s s i o n s . "
were v i s i t e d
c la ss
in
fo u rth
p re fe r
c ommun io n s e r
c o n ve n tio n s
he was
w h i c h met
the
the
church
G a rfie ld
the
A llia n c e ,
in
Congressmen
C h ris tia n
d u rin g
in
the
a B ib le
Sunday Sc h o o l
c o n v e n tio n
E rre tt,
at
m e e tin g s,
a n n u a lly
1871
C o n ve n tio n
or
ye a rs,
O hio
and p a r t l y
He w o u l d
p ro tra c te d
Im portance
D isc ip le s
v a rie d .
I
a man s h o u l d
in v o lv e m e n t
g a th e rin g s.
th e
go b e c a u s e
th in k
D isc ip le
th e ir
of
I
own s a k e
Whenever p o s s i b l e ,
c o n v e n tio n s
at
h is
speak a t
v a rio u s
m e e tin g s.
"The
to
p o st-w a r
preached
on
he
He e v e n a r r a n g e d
In
ag ain
fo r
G a rfie ld 's
a tim e
alw ays
because
d ig n ita rie s
speaker
but
do n o t
c h u r c h was q u i t e
the
and
"I
p a rtly
o th e rs."
W a shing to n
v ic e ,
he w r o t e :
the
P.
a
Ro b iso n
B a p tists
236
G a rfie ld 's
vent
him
W h ile
from
a tte n d in g
he s u p p o r t e d
H ira m ,
h is
the
fre q u e n t
hear
some o f
trip
to
the
fa ith fu ln e s s
the
Europe
p re a c h in g
Ta b e rn a c le .
of
He s a i d
of
1867,
Spurgeon
at
d id
on s p e c i a l
him
p re a c he rs
summer o f
C h a rle s
D isc ip le s
churches
a ffo rd e d
fa mous
the
the
churches
D is c ip le
tra v e ls
most
in
o th e r
to
in
not
p re
o c c a sio n s.
W a shing to n
and
of
the
day.
G a rfie ld
Lo n d o n 's
to
On h i s
th rille d
to
M e tro p o lita n
Spurgeon:
He e v i d e n t l y p r o c e e d s u p o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e
B i b l e , a l l t h e B i b l e , i n i t s v e r y w o r d s , p h r a s e s and
s e n t e n c e s i s t h e w o r d o f God, and t h a t a m i c r o s c o p i c
e x a m in a tio n o f i t w i l l r e v e a l e v e r o pening b e a u tie s
and b l e s s i n g s .
A l l t h e w h i l e he i m p r e s s e s y o u w i t h
t h a t , and a l s o w i t h t h e l i v i n g f u l n e s s and a b u n d a nc e
o f h i s f a i t h i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f God, and t h e p e r s o n a l
a c c o u n t a b i l i t y o f a l l men t o H i m .
An u n u s u a l f u l n e s s
o f b e l i e f i n t h e s e r e s p e c t s see ms t o me t o l i e a t t h e
f o u n d a t io n o f h i s power.
G a rfie ld
ity
to
a lso
h o ld
expressed
on w i t h
p e rsiste n c y
an a d m i r a t i o n
gre at
any l i n e
of
te n a c ity
th o u g h t
H e n r y Ward B e e c h e r ,
Plym o u th
C o n g re g a tio n a l
G a rfie ld 's
in
fa v o rite
November,
1866,
Church
pre a c he rs.
G a rfie ld
se a rc h in g
and p o w e r f u l l y
sec re t
B e e c h e r's
ly
of
d is c ip lin e d
sy m p a th e tic
v ic tio n ."
the
g re a t
he a rt
and a l l
On a r e t u r n
S p u rg e o n 's
and p u r s u e
he c h o o s e s . "
c e le b ra te d
in
heard
pow e r,"
B ro o k ly n ,
to
u n ite d
New Y o r k
gre at
in
of
long
th is
on
he c o n c l u d e d ,
in te lle c t
to
was
d isc o u rse "
"a b il
27
Beecher d e l iv e r
moved by e a r n e s t
v is it
w ith
m in is te r
On a v i s i t
a n a ly tic
m e ta p h y sic a l
fo r
to
the
o ne o f
church
"a
ve ry
lo v e .
"is
"The
a fin e
a la rg e
and h o n e s t
December,
and
con
1871,
237
G a rfie ld
e x h ib it
heard
ag ain.
s o much l a r g e n e s s
he r e p o r t e d
Uses
Beecher
of
to
H in sd a le ,
of
"I
th in k
soul
"as
in
I
n e ve r heard
and s w e e t n e s s
h is
of
him
s p irit,"
sermon y e s t e r d a y
on
'Th e
S u ffe rin g .'"2
8
On A u g u s t
24,
1874,
Plym outh
C o n g re g a tio n a l
c ha rg ing
him w i t h
re fu se d
to
Theodore
Church,
a d u lte ry
b e lie v e
the
T ilto n ,
a member o f
sued B e e c h e r
w ith
M rs.
fo r
T ilto n .
the
$100,000,
But
G a rfie ld
charges:
I have r e a d t h e mass o f h o r r i b l e s t u f f i n r e f e r e n c e
t o t h e B e e c h e r - T i l t o n S c a n d a l, w h ic h i s so a g i t a t i n g
the c o u n try .
I c an u n d e r s t a n d how t e r r i b l y B e e c h e r i s
s u f f e r i n g u n d e r t h e savage a s s a u l t o f p r i v a t e m a lic e
and p u b l i c o p i n i o n .
Though th e a tta c k o f T i l t o n i s
f o r m i d a b l e , and a d r o i t l y p u t , y e t i t h a s n o t s h a k e n my
confid e nc e i n Beecher.
The
se n sa tio n a l
the
n a tio n ,
the
c o urt
th a t
was
and e v e n
c le a r
to
p re ssio n
th in k in g ,
to
fo r
in g
the
the
he was
At
the
in
New Y o r k
He was
of
c lo se
in
1872
but
Lake
and
pleased
the
to
to
of
see
fin d
s itu a tio n .
h is
"It
audience w i t h
a ve ry
fa v o ra b le
im
of
the
tria l
ju ry
to
G a rfie ld 's
1875,
Brigham
he a t t e n d e d
S a lt
to
a tte n tio n
"ha ndsom ely v i n d i c a t e d . "
f amed Mormon p r o p h e t ,
Mormon T a b e r n a c l e
the
c a rry in g
on a v e r d i c t ,
B e e c h e r had b e e n
second v i s i t
drawn
" a n d was m a k i n g
On t w o o c c a s i o n s ,
w ith
was
p e rfe c t m a ste r"
c o u rt."
agree
a ttra c te d
h im se lf.
th a t
no ted ,
on t h e
una b le
"th e
my m i n d
G a rfie ld
tria l
G a rfie ld
pro ce e dings
B e e c h e r was
h im ,"
w as
six -m o n th
the
way o f
29
G a rfie ld
Young,
in
v is ite d
U ta h.
the
Sunday
se rv ic e s
C ity ,
w here,
in
the
at
D ur
the
presence
238
of
8,000
w ith
Mormons,
he h e a r d
my r e q u e s t , "
on t h e
Young p r e a c h .
he w r o t e ,
H is to ric a l
B a sis
a c le a r
and p o w e r f u l
le c tu a l
le a d e r
of
"a
im p re sse d w i t h
Morm onism ,
was
ty p ic a l
openness
of
the
a gospel
to
in
fin d
ye ar,
L.
s in g e r,
p o st-w a r
in g s
m a n ife s tly
h is
the
an i n t e l
G a rfie ld
w illin g n e s s
tow a rd s
He i s
to
was
examine
re lig io u s
it
c u rre n ts
day.
D w ig h t
the
h is
is
preached
Pro p he t.
p e o p l e . A lth o u g h
not
of
and
accordance
s e r m o n was
Morm onism by t h e
rea so ne r
among h i s
le n g th y
"In
a la y
became t h e
p e rio d .
th e m se lve s
was
p a rt
P h ila d e lp h ia .
of
re tu rn e d
in
and
Ira
D.
Sankey,
known e v a n g e l i s t i c
two y e a r s
th e y
famous
pre a c he r,
best
A fte r
G re at B r i t a i n ,
G a rfie ld
th em i n
M oo dy ,
of
team o f
e v a n g e listic
home i n
A ug ust,
1875,
A m erica.
In
De cember o f
an a u d i e n c e
of
10 ,00 0
He w r o t e
of
the
m eet
th a t
who h e a r d
e ve nt:
I w a s v e r y g r e a t l y i m p r e s s e d by t h e m e e t i n g .
The
s i n g i n g o f Sankey i s v e ry e f f e c t i v e .
Moody see ms t o
me t o be v e r y f a r f r o m a g r e a t t h i n k e r o r g r e a t s p e a k
e r , b u t t h e r e i s a w o n d e r f u l d i r e c t n e s s and e a r n e s t n e s s
i n a l l he s a y s .
He d r i v e s s t r a i g h t t o w a r d s h i s o b j e c t
w i t h o u t d e l a y and r e a c h e s t h e h e a r t s and w i l l s o f p e o
p le to a w o n d e rfu l degree.
T h i s phenomenon i s r e m a r k
a b l e i n many w a y s , b u t i n n o n e mor e t h a n t h i s : I t s h o w s
by c o n t r a s t t h e p o w e r l e s s n e s s o f modern t h e o l o g i c a l
t r a i n i n g , a s c om pa re d w i t h a d i r e c t a d d r e s s t o h e a r t s
and c o n s c i e n c e s o f m e n . 31
T wo m o n t h s
p re a c h in g
la te r,
of
G a rfie ld
J a me s
of
B o sto n .
"I
have
in
a lo n g
tim e ,"
had e v e n g r e a t e r
Freeman C l a r k e ,
not
b ee n
he d e c l a r e d .
the
p ra is e
U n ita ria n
s o much i n s t r u c t e d
"It
was
so
fre e
fo r
the
clergym an
by a s e r m o n
from
cant
and
239
h y p e rc ritic ism ,
and was
preached
c h a lle n g in g
the
on t h e
s p irit
maketh
a liv e ."
N o tw ith sta n d in g
d e no m ina tiona l
life
can r e a s o n a b l y
"and
fo r
by t h e
w as
th is
o ld
N.
Ep isc o pac y
approve
rea so n
m em ories
expressed
named J .
th a t
again
A u stin
in
1874,
D isc ip le
p u lp its .
se c ts"
u tte rly
th a t
w e a rie d
has
good. "
one
lo n g
d isg ra c e d
D isc ip le
fo r
by h i s
in
o th e rs
k ille th ,
but
I
when,
G a rfie ld
"He
people
is
c h u rc h ."
was
tre a te d
a
long
as
he
to
a tta c k
and i s
1873,
stand
lo y a lty
a D isc ip le
b itte n
But
o fte n
to
warm
to
summer o f
responded
e v e rla stin g
as
h e a rin g
th a t
gre at
due
G a rfie ld 's
our
being
is
am g l a d
a fte r
lea ve
the
re ta in e d
" It
past
he c omme nt ed:
our
many o f
the
D is c ip le s ."
A fte r
fo r
to n,
he was
but
and
vehement
Jo urna l
p re a c he rs
ap prova l
church
had
w ith
he had
m a n ife s
a "sc re e d
a n g rily :
on o t h e r
"I
am
c hurc he s
p ro d u c tiv e
of
no
33
G a rfie ld 's
the
th is
le tte r
p eople.
e x c lu siv ism
Sunday,
of
h is
as
p ro b a b ly
the
C la rke
G a rfie ld
he w r o t e
the
ted
day,
he s t a n d
of
w ith
on t h e
fo r
as w e l l
p a tie n c e
in
the
it,"
little
"The
a d m ira tio n
preach,
and w i l l
in s tru c tio n ."
te x t:
of
fe e lin g s
and s o u l
of
32
h is
p re a c he rs
and a f f e c t i o n a t e
m an's
fu ll
the
sh a rp ly
to
re v iv a lis t,"
re p le te
he h e a r d .
p re a c h in g
lis te n e d
is
of
a sermon
n o ta tio n s
He n e a r l y
H in sd a le ,
c ritic a l
he w r o t e
w ith
of
alw ays
E rre tt,
many o t h e r s .
from M r.
on one
C u tle r
such
about
expressed
and P i n k e r
"W ent
of V a .,
o c c a sio n ,
to
a
"who
240
th in k s
to
a nother
d riv e
people
in to
S u n d a y he e n d u r e d
m ost v e rb a l
and
p e rfo rm a nc e ,
church
"a d r y
le g a lis tic
G a rfie ld
the
and
o rd e r."
by s h a r p
sa p le ss
lo g ic ."
On
serm on on t h e
F o llo w in g
one
la c k lu s te r
moaned:
Went to c h u rc h , w here, B u rk e h a v in g s u rre n d e re d th e
p u l p i t t o a n o t h e r f o r t h e d a y , I was t o r t u r e d by t h e
fe e b le s t l i t t l e
p r e a c h e r i t h a s b ee n my m i s f o r t u n e t o
h e a r f o r many m o n t h s . . . . T h e s e r m o n was n o t a l a n d
s c a p e , n o t even so d i v e r s i f i e d as a p r a i r i e .
I t was
a f l a t f o g g y b o g , i n w h i c h t h e p r e a c h e r was t o o f e e b l e
even t o f l o u n d e r .
However,
b e tte r
mon"
of
G a rfie ld
soon
advantage.
To
one m o r n i n g ,
H o ra c e ."
he s p e n t
he
O n ce ,
the
tim e
the
1875,
P in k e rto n
debates
is
outspoken
between
a c a rd in a l
ke rto n
avoid
"in v e n tin g
th a t
D r.
was
the
L.
the
fig u re
"It
p re v a le n t
n o tio n
reproduce
an a u t h o r i z e d
and w o r s h i p . "
36
th a t
A lo ng
p ro b a b ly
the
the
fir s t
p a tte rn
of
of
a w a k e n in g ,"
respe c t
h is
the
death
"If
L.
never
of
d o c trin e ,
D avid
in
candor
L.
P in -
re tic e n t
and p r a c t i c e
concluded
to
fo r
th e o lo g ic a l
"D r.
was
D isc ip le
P in k e rto n ,
se r
c ip h e r."4
3
th o u g h t
ta sk
to
Book F i r s t
D is c ip le s .
tru e ,"
im p o rta n t
w ith
in
stu p id
ve ry
U n til
P in k e rto n
he wa s
"no t
one h i s t o r i a n ,
accepted p a t t e r n s
"th a t
Ode,
had e n o r m o u s
about q u e s tio n in g
h is to ria n ,
"a v e r y
F ifth
P in k e rto n .
sa in th o o d ."3
5
is
such o c c a s io n s
a com bination
and m o d e r a t e
n o tes
to
s e r m o n was
c e n tra l
lib e ra l
use
lis te n in g
G a rfie ld
L.
v irtu e ,"
achieved
how t o
"tra n sla te d
when t h e
One D i s c i p l e
was
le a rn e d
a no the r
c h a lle n g e
the
church
the
is
o rg a n iza tio n ,
Edw in
H a rre ll
to
241
in c lu d e s
G a rfie ld
B ib lic a l
lib e ra ls "
In
1869
b e g in n in g .
M o n th ly ,
and H i n s d a l e
two
s ig n ific a n t
both
A p o sto lic
T i m e s , w h i c h was
its
a tte m p t
triu m p h
to n 's
to
"to
W.
lo s t
g ive
tre a so n ."
a tta c k ,
M cG a r v e y
jo u rn a ls
38
in
and w r o t e
the
to
the
Ind ep end ent
o th e rs
sup p o rt
a tta c k in g
p o litic a l
G a rfie ld
lib e ra l,
founded
the
th e m oderate
the
Tim e s
fo r
and e c c l e s i a s t i c a l
was d e l i g h t e d
fie ry
" firs t
had t h e i r
and t h e o l o g i c a l l y
intend ed
s o c ia l,
of
and t h r e e
no t i m e
on t h e
37
D isc ip le
a n tire b e l
La rd ,
P in k e rto n
sketc h
be ga n p u b l i c a t i o n
and M o s e s
c ourse.
J.
h is
P in k e rto n
w h i c h w as
in
w ith
P in k e r
e d ito r:
I am r e a d i n g y o u r s l a s h i n g a r t i c l e s on t h e A p o s
t o l i c T i m e s , and y o u r K y . p e o p l e g e n e r a l l y , w i t h t h e
keenest r e l i s h .
L a r d and M c G a r v e y . . . i g n o r e y o u
do t h e y ? . . . S h o o t a wa y.
Y o u r q u i v e r i s f u l l . 39
P in k e rto n
"open"
the
fo llo w e d
m em bership
w ith
in
a se rie s
D is c ip le
Independent M o n th ly
tle d
ye a rs,
d ue t o
la c k
The
A p o sto lic
the
of
jo u rn a l
su p p o rt.
Tim e s
was
s h o rt-liv e d .
w as
fo rc e d
a peak
the
Am erican C h r i s t i a n
to
the
freedmen
been a p p r e c i a t e d
1871
the
the
A fte r
suspend
by t h e
in
1871.
advocated
a tta c k
tw o
of
embat
p u b lic a tio n
41
e d ito rs
e d ito rs
Through
b ee n g i v e n
M issio n a ry
Kentucky.
s itu a tio n
to
and t h e
in
had e a r l i e r
by
in
but
th a t
40
reached
P in k e rto n
a rtic le s
c hurc he s,
fe u d between P i n k e r t o n
in flu e n c e ,
of
of
T h is
of
Kentucky
the
G a rfie ld 's
an a p p o i n t m e n t
S o c ie ty
as
a m is s io n a ry
a p p o i n t m e n t h ad n e v e r
the
was
of
Tim e s ,
te n se .
and by
In
sp rin g
March o f
242
th a t
ye a r,
P in k e rto n
re p o rte d
to
G a rfie ld :
I am " a p o s t l e " t o t h e p o o r n e g r o e s - - l e c t u r i n g t h e m
o n l i f e , and d u t y , and d e s t i n y ; a i d i n g t h e m i n e s t a b
l i s h i n g sc h o o ls, e tc .
I n c i d e n t a l l y , I am k n o c k i n g a t
t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f o u r K u - k l u x C h r i s t i a n i t y , and, u n
l e s s I m i s t a k e , I am d o i n g m or e f o r t h e w h i t e p e o p l e
th a n f o r th e fre ed m e n.42
In
the
Main
the
Stre e t
Stre e t
next
m onth
P in k e rto n
C h ris tia n
of
Church
D is c ip le s .
the
c h a ir,
the
"se c e d in g
a sso c ia te s
the
sta tu s
th is
in
in
Le x in g to n
re fu sa l
22,
1871,
w h i c h meant
the
s ix
to
to
p e rsp e c tiv e
form
a new
to
Moses
P in k e rto n
as
in
Main
th is
Lard
in
fro m
and h i s
exc ommunicated
b ro th e rh o o d ."
when he w r o t e
the
fe llo w s h ip
be r e g a r d e d
C h ris tia n
le ft
re c o g n ize
w ith
th a t
o th e rs
m onths,
Church w ith d r e w
"h e n c e fo rth
and w i t h o u t
a c tio n
S tre e t
p a rtie s ,"
were
its
On O c t o b e r
Main
in
But w ith in
C h u r c h made o f f i c i a l
new c o n g r e g a t i o n .
and t h i r t e e n
the
La rd
put
Tim e s:
I t i s f e a r e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t some o f t h e m had become
l o o s e i n t h e i r r e l i g i o u s c o n v i c t i o n s , and b e l o n g e d t o
t h a t c l a s s o f b r e t h r e n who can no l o n g e r be r e g a r d e d
a s p e r f e c t l y t r u e t o t h e p r i m i t i v e g o s p e l . 43
R e e lin g
to n
to
to
get
w ill
c o n fe r w ith
I
e nable
him
to
w ith
us.
s h a ll
h e lp
him
P in k e rto n
in s u lt,
G a rfie ld .
under
fig h t
H in sd a le .
lo t
in g
th is
some p o s i t i o n
info rm e d
h is
fro m
"I
But
a ll
preach
R e b e ls
s t ill
I
at
"D r.
the
w ish
c a n ."
the
P in k e rto n
P in k e rto n
Government
44
in
is
to
to
T wo w e e k s
V e rm o n t Avenue
a n x io u s
Kentucky,
come N o r t h
he w i s h e s
W ashing
he re
and C a m p b e l l i t e s , "
he w o u l d
as
went
sta y
la te r,
th a t
G a rfie ld
and c a s t
in
Kentucky,
a fte r
Church,
in
hear
G a rfie ld
243
corresponded w i t h
H in sd a le
a g a in ,
sa y in g :
I t o l d t h e D o c t o r t h a t t h e w h o l e N o r t h and N o r t h
W e s t w e r e r e a d y t o r e c e i v e h i m and be l e d b y h i m i n
t h i s new and b e t t e r m o v e m e n t , and i t seemed t o me an
u n u t t e r a b l e shame f o r h i m t o s t a y i n K e n t u c k y w i t h
t h e n a r r o w m i n d e d C a m p b e l l i s m a r o u n d h i m . 45
N e v e rth e le ss,
in
Kentucky,
m a il
agent
In
1873,
th a t
a se rie s
P in k e rto n
in
magnanimous
sta te .
of
in
to
a rtic le s
lead
a p p o intm e nt
to
in
the
a g ita te
c hurc he s.
P in k e rto n
P in k e rto n 's
G a rfie ld 's
he m u s t h a v e
h is
to
as
the
fig h t
a sp e c ia l
46
c o n tin u e d
g iv in g
was d e t e r m i n e d
secured
D isc ip le
o p p o sitio n
re b u tta ls.
h is
P in k e rto n
G a rfie ld
m
mem bership
the
as
the
a forum ,
vie w
in
Isaa c
of
a se rie s
of
E rre tt
w rote
was
led
vig o ro u s
P in k e rto n ,
d o c to r
of
"open"
he p e r s o n a l l y
were w i t h
whe n t h e
Stand ard
q u e stio n
A lth o u g h
sym p a th ie s
been d e l i g h t e d
C h ris tia n
in
and
one o f
a rtic le s:
T h e New T e s t a m e n t i s n o t a code o f c a s t - i r o n l a w s
f o r tre m b lin g s la v e s ; b ut a r u le o f l i f e
fo r lo v in g
c h i l d r e n — n o t a h o le th ro u g h a g r a n it e ro c k , th ro u g h
w h i c h f o o l s and P h a r i s e e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o c r a w l on
a l l - f o u r s , b u t t h e " K i n g ' s h i g h w a y , " on w h i c h r a t i o n a l
b e i n g s w i t h f r e e s p i r i t s , and w i t h t h e i r h e a d s t u r n e d
t o w a r d t h e s t a r s , a r e c a l l e d t o w a l k . 47
church
the
W ith
P in k e rto n 's
lo s t
th e ir
lo s s
had b ee n
p ie s
w ith
announced
k e e n ly ,
death
1875,
m ost
a rtic u la te
and he
lam ented
in flic te d
on P i n k e r t o n
whom he came i n
h is
in
in te n tio n
to
the
lib e ra ls
spokesman.
the
many
by t h e
c o n ta c t."
p u b lish
48
the
in
the
G a rfie ld
fe lt
"in d ig n itie s "
"na rro w
minded
When J o h n
m em oirs
of
th a t
D isc i-
S h a c k le fo rd
P in k e rto n ,
244
G a rfie ld
of
se ize d
P in k e rto n 's
abused
frie n d ,
on t h e
ro le
o p p o rtu n ity
in
the
G a rfie ld
to
church.
d ra ft
In
a v in d ic a tio n
de fe nse
of
h is
much
w ro te :
He c o u l d n o t t o l e r a t e t h a t n a r r o w n e s s o f s p i r i t
w h i c h c o n t e n t s i t s e l f w i t h t e x t s and f o r m s ; w h i c h
b u i l d s up l i t t l e w a l l s o f s e p a r a t i o n , b a s e d on c r i t i
cal n ic e tie s o f l i t e r a l in te rp re ta tio n .
I n h i s denun
c i a t i o n o f t h a t c l a s s o f r e l i g i o n i s t s , he was s e v e r e
and u n s p a r i n g ; d o u b t l e s s , s o m e t i m e s , u n j u s t .
Few men
h a v e i m p r e s s e d me s o d e e p l y a s he d i d , w h e n , i n h i s
s e r m o n s , he d w e l t u p o n t h e g r a n d t h e m e s o f r e l i g i o n
a s d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e e n d l e s s and b a r r e n d i s p u t e s
o f t h e o l o g y . 49
G a rfie ld 's
1870's
Ja me s
was
most
c le a rly
H a rriso n
Burke
Rhodes
the
la te r
fo r
H in sd a le 's
the
p ra c tic e
The
t w o men t h o u g h t
iss u e s,
s o lid
of
a lik e
the
man t o
G a rfie ld
not
to
an h o n o r a r y
W illia m s
H iram
C o lle g e
G a rfie ld
h is
p o s itio n
as
the
va lu e
the
C o lle g e ,
M.A.
but
encouraged
and he a d o p t e d
him
fo r
ju d gm en t.
c ritic is m s
shrew d
caused
some r e s p e c t s ,
H in sd a le 's
as
b io g ra p h e r.
of
H in sd a le
as
he p e r s u a d e d M a r k H o p k i n s
on H i n s d a l e
at
the
1871
51
H in sd a le
of
in
and
respe c t
yo unge r m an's
se le c tio n
degree
Commencement.
p re sid e n t
to
the se
younger,
the
the
became i n
had g r e a t
q u a litie s ,
speech
d e c la re d
decade o f
H in sd a le
on m o s t p o l i t i c a l
engineered
of
the
What Corydon F u l l e r
"E v e n tu a lly
m e n to r,"
o n ly
in
G a rfie ld
e very
came t o
regard
p re sid e n t
c o n fe r
ye a rs.
su b m ittin g
c ritic is m s .
in te lle c tu a l
H in sd a le .
in te lle c tu a l
and f r a n k
an
frie n d
had b ee n e a r l i e r ,
c o n g re ssio n a l
and G a r f i e l d
o ld e r
tru ste d
to
a D isc ip le
use
the
c o lle g e
in flu e n c e
to
oppose
of
245
the
B ib lic a l
movement.
c ize d
in
When,
the
m e n ta lity
to
wares
in
pages
of
endorsem ent
got
le g a lism
of
p a rtis a n
D isc ip le
dogma o f
the
C h ris tia n
W ith
th re e
the
p re t,
The
as
in
the
H in sd a le 's
as
'Th u s
volum es
of
the
Ba u r,
were
h is
Church
turned
but
away
to
of
never
fro m
U po n h i s
the
it.
We h a v e
these
sm a ll
G a rfie ld
a c ritiq u e
on
the
"th e
rea de rs
was h i s
the
w orks
Stra u ss,
G a rfie ld ,
him
the
com pleted.
th e o lo g ic a l
of
of
place
the se
A fte r
to
and
in te r
B ib lic a l
and W e s t c o t t .
had a warm r e c e p
he lp ed
of
to
e sta b lis h
the
c o lle g e ,
The
Je w ish
T ra d itio n
volum es
a m b itio u s
in
such
D is c ip le s .
w ritin g .
H iram
a tte m p t
it
authored
G enuineness
Renan,
and
It
among t h e
Bo th
H in sd a le
The
and E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
to
a vig o ro u s
w ith
fo r
c riti
le g a lis tic
th e re a fte r,
1870's .
a "much m or e
re tu rn
th ro u g h
G a rfie ld ,
(1872)
and t h r o u g h
(1878)
the
b ro ught
L o rd ,'"
bro therho od .
le a d e r
H in sd a le
52
in
two b o o k s.
be m e r e u n i t s
p ro je c te d
the
D isc ip le s
you w r o t e
S h o rtly
Tis c h e n d o rf,
p la c e ,
o th e r
we g e t
D isc ip le s ,
D isc ip le s
it
am g l a d
sa ith
the
Stand ard
and s u b m i t t e d
G o sp e ls
fo r
an i n t e l l e c t u a l
C h ris tia n
to
lead
b o o k was d e d i c a t e d
tio n
D is c ip le s ,
"I
in
1871-72,
C h ris tia n
Sta nd a rd .
e sp e c ia lly
sc h o la rs
the
of
encouragement o f
re lig io u s
A u th e n tic ity
the
th e o lo g y ."
H in sd a le 's
em erging
w in te r
such b e fo re
fo llo w e d
of
was
G a rfie ld :
have more
of
the
some o f
fro m
th a t
book"
G a rfie ld 's
(1879)
w e re meant
w hich
was
death,
he
53
1869,
H in sd a le
had
agreed
246
to
preach
fo r
arrangem ent,
m ent.
"The
the
but
Hiram
church.
G a rfie ld
he was d i s a p p o i n t e d
church
ought
to
in
he t o l d
H in sd a le .
"T e ll
th a t
in
re a so n a b le
amount as
fund
and p e r h a p s
s t ill
the
m o re ."
p re a c he r,
ra ise d .
G a rfie ld
"I
d ire c tio n
church
in
the
m onths
c o n g re g a tio n .
alw ays
appearance o f
member s o f
the
churc h
to
G a rfie ld
to
e ach y e a r
fa c t
in
the
th a t
and mor e
som ething
g iv e r
m ee ting house
spoke
to
was
a ffa irs
he was
k e p t him c lo s e
was d e l i g h t e d .
be
in
55
He o c c a s i o n a l l y
a generous
h is
fo llo w
be h a p p i e r
"by d o in g
be a c t i v e
The
fo r
in c re a sin g
m ig h t
1 8 7 0 's .
the
c h u rc h were
a pay r a i s e
of
to
p u t down,
sa la ry
su g g e ste d ."
c on tin u e d
to
the
e ld e rs ,
have
hundred
th a t
the
I
the
in itia tiv e
he e x h o r t e d
the
1875,
o rd e r
ought
about
church w i l l
se ve ra l
of
in
fiv e
agree
am a s u b s c r i b e r
of
the
fo r
the
the
la te r
I
th is
fin a n c ia l
than
I
b e lie v e
G a rfie ld
and he wa s
took
the
them
le a d e rs
two y e a r s
He c h a l l e n g e d
example.
H iram
When t h e
c o n trib u tio n
p ro sp e ro u s,"
the
54
p ro c ra stin a tin g
own y e a r l y
h is
such
the
pay y o u m or e
d o lla rs ,"
approved o f
to
b e fo re
its
the
the
tre a su ry .
im proved
He w r o t e
in
o ne
in
of
the
H iram
life
of
churc h,
When
the
fa ll
Sunday:
A t h a l f - p a s t t e n A . M . w e n t t o B u r k e ' s , who s e n t
f o r me t o a i d h i m i n r a i s i n g money t o pay t h e b a l a n c e
du e f o r r e p a i r s on t h e c h u r c h . . . .
A t 11 A . M . w e n t
t o t h e r e p a i r e d c h u r c h , w h i c h i s now one o f t h e n e a t
e s t and m o s t e l e g a n t c o u n t r y c h u r c h e s I know o f . . . .
B u r k e preached a f i n e sermon o f d e d i c a t i o n .
At i t s
c l o s e I h e l p e d h i m r a i s e t h e sum o f $ 6 0 0 , e n o u g h t o
pay a l l t h e d e b t on t h e h o u s e and o r g a n .
I su b sc rib e d
4 5 D o l l a r s . 56
247
When Amos
in
the
W e ste rn
in te re s t
in
engrossed
Reserve
D isc ip le
in
c o n c lu sio n
the
of
a re s o lu tio n
the
n a rra tiv e ,
th is
the
re s o lu tio n
e a g e rly
adopted.5
7
re q ue ste d
serm on,
but
w hole
body"
g e n e ra lly
preached
"A ttend e d
churc h
fie ld
w ro te
in
of
it
"very
stre n g th ."
In
and
as
a good
When,
at
mayed b y
the
of
a M e th o d ist
the
p e o p le ,"
That
stud y
e ffo rts
he a d m i t t e d
he h ad
"read
o f m enta l
th o u g h ts
serene
fa ith
on t h e
of
s e n s ib ilitie s
th a t
is
p o in te d
the
on
the
best
from
pre ac he rs
H in sd a le
G ar
g ro w in g
in
churc h
fro m B u r k e . "
G a rfie ld
in flu e n c e d
a rtic le
c o n tra st
serm ons.
"A ttend ed
fo r
re -
gave
B u rk e ,"
pre ac he rs
scienc e
59
H ira m ."
58
vie w ,
sermon
th e ir
o th e r."
in
p o w e rfu l"
1876,
o ne h an d and t h i s
"o ffe re d
o n ly
ste a d ily
H in sd a le 's
and m o r a l
not
the
e n try :
he was
the
and d e l i v e r
p u b lish e d .
of
so lid
of
At
some a p p r o p r i a t e
"very
in
a new
who w e r e
churc h
From h i s
a no the r
camp-meeting
saw how " h i s
the
to
"fra n tic
a fte rn o o n
the
usual
the
"one
"He
D isc ip le s
G a rfie ld
a good s e r m o n
e n try .
cre ate d
pre pa re
la te r
and
in te lle c tu a l
lis te n e d
of
c hurch.
and h e a r d
an 1 8 7 3
to
w ith
w as
good"
it
H in sd a le
H in sd a le
the
the
wanted more.
serm ons,
Pa sto r
of
many o t h e r s
G a rfie ld
and g r o w t h
c a lle d
1875,
Lik e
wa s
the
H isto ry
in
H in sd a le 's
o rig in
G a rfie ld
in
appeared
re q u e stin g
When h e e n f o r c e d
i t
H a y d e n 1s
h isto ry .
one o f
a serm on on t h e
m arks,
Su tto n
to
w as d i s
e x c ite
by H i n s d a l e .
on t h e
n eed
p re a c h e rs,"
and
b e t w e e n c a l m and
a rtific ia l
e x c ita tio n
248
A no the r
w as
th a t w ith
la n d
in
o th e r
The
the
1872,
the
d e fin e d
w as d e c i d e d
c lu d ed .
i t
Jones
to
was
G a rfie ld
as
agreed
c lu b
met
up t h e
C re te
Stre a to r,
a nother
S.
of
in
the
w ith
home a g a i n ,
Stre a to r
w ive s
to
fo r
p le a sa n t
the
sh o u ld
home i n
sig n e d
1875,
c lu b ,
be i n
Septem ber,
an e l e g a n t
S o c ie ty
A ugust,
the
and J o n e s .
D o c to r's
"A fte r
the
C leve
w h e r e we u n w i n d . ' "
Ro b iso n
and we a l l
m e e ting
to
re u n ite d
Ro b iso n
the
Jo u rn a l:
re c o rd s
G a rfie ld
' Q u in tin k le ' --a
of
the
to
R o b iso n 's
place
a ll
at
the
p e r we b r o u g h t
the
W o rthy
th a t
in
was
came t o
'th e
ad m it D r .
w rote
and M r s .
of
at
dear
On a v i s i t
c lu b — E r r e t t ,
"H a rry
by J o n e s
When t h e
F o llo w in g
C lu b ."
y e a r when t h e y m e t
rec o rd ed :
la te r
rem ained
G a rfie ld
and we had a m e e t i n g
re u n io n
1873,
th a t
"Q u in tin k le
summer o f
fo llo w in g
d in n e r
and
the
m a l e member s o f
G a rfie ld
It
a s s o c ia tio n
sup
and i n i t i a t e d
the
C o n stitu tio n ."
G a rfie ld
w ro te :
We had a l o n g s e s s i o n o f t h e " Q u i n t i n k l e " i n t h e
e v e n i n g , and r e v i e w e d many o f t h e e v e n t s i n o u r e a r l y
frie n d sh ip .
I t i s p r o b a b l y i m p o s s i b l e f o r any o f us
e v e r t o h a v e a n o t h e r s e t o f f r i e n d s who s h a l l know
s o much o f e ac h o t h e r , and s h a l l r e a c h back i n t h e i r
f r i e n d s h i p t o t h e e a r l y d a y s o f y o u t h and o b s c u r i t y .
We s a t up t i l l t w o h o u r s a f t e r m i d n i g h t , and p a r t e d
f o r th e n i g h t w i t h re n e w a ls o f o ld bonds.
Over
of
W e ste rn
It
was w e l l
the
c e n te r
G a rfie ld
p e tty
but
the
years
Reserve
kn own
of
D isc ip le s
th a t
th is
u su a lly
G a rfie ld
v ib ra n t
turne d
im p o rta n t
the
to
d e ta ils
to
a ttra c te d
h is
p o litic a l
Har mon A u s t i n
fe llo w s h ip ,
A u stin
of
a devoted
fo r
h e lp
p o litic s
o rg a n iza tio n .
home i n
and t h e
in
in
the
company
W a r r e n was
frie n d s
h a n d lin g
of
the
N in e te e n th
249
D i s t r i c t . 61
ra p id
W ith o u t
the
tra n s p o rta tio n ,
b a c k home t o
take
issu e s.
u ltim a te
The
e v id e n t
in
ris e
p o litic a l
to
the
p o te n tia l
of
the
su p p o rte rs.
to
but
of
D isc ip le
C le v e la n d ,
were
In
school
F re d e ric k
D r.
v in ,
H ira m
c lo se
W o rthy
as
in
1872,
wa s
a sso c ia tio n
S.
C h a rle s
George A.
Ba ker,
and A b r a m T e a c h o u t .
John
W illia m
O ther
base,
such
sta u n c h e st
fro m
Most
v a lu a b le
in
of
the
the
new
men o f
the
62
lo n g -te rm
Ro b iso n ,
G a rfie ld
was
W.
board
J.
Fo rd ,
now t h r o w n
businessm e n
as
Andrew J .
Mar
Lockwood,
B o w le r,
tw e lv e
pleased w i t h
C leveland
B.
and t h e
conta cts
w ith
P.
Zeb R u d o l p h ,
w ith
D isc ip le s
and p r o f e s s i o n a l
board.
to
rec o g nize d
inc re a se d
expanded.
on t h e
D r.
th a t
b ee n among h i s
u n d e rsta n d a b ly
re la tio n sh ip
Stre a to r,
no way l i m i t e d
a p o litic a l
b u sin e ss
h is
and
power.
G a rfie ld 's
lik e w is e
H is
b e c a u s e he
had e a r l y
b o a r d was
Harmon A u s t i n ,
W illia m s ,
re -e le c tio n .
p o ssib le
in
G a rfie ld
m a te ria ls"
to
was
frie n d s
p o w e r b a s e was
can be no q u e s t i o n
p ro m in e n t
a d d itio n
o n ly
and
and n a t i o n a l
lo c a l
w in n in g
had a l w a y s
member s
on h i s
on l o c a l
th is
fo r
C o lle g e
and G a r f i e l d
lik e
of
com m unications
re ly
home b a s e o f
ro le .
H iram
" n e w and v i g o r o u s
in to
th e re
com munity were
a d d itio n s
member s
rec o rd
When t h e
tw e n ty -fo u r
p u lse
success
mass
had t o
o rg a n iza tio n
a s ig n ific a n t
tru ste e s
p u b lic
of
p r o m i n e n c e was
G a rfie ld
D is c ip le s ,
played
the
and e x p a n d e d h i s
The
the
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld 's
m a in ta in e d
b e n e fit
O liv e r
p o litic a l
G ranger
K e nt,
c o nta cts
on
the
250
Hiram
board
in c lu d e d
Aaron
D a v is,
Henry
p re a c he rs
D isc ip le
in
the
p re a c h in g
a ss is te d
G a rfie ld
Edmund W a k e f i e l d ,
D r.
C h a rle s
F.
H.
Amos
I.
M.
A.
Moore,
Su tto n
G a rfie ld
Hayden,
p o litic a l
of
fie ld
in
Henry
a p o s itio n
c a n ."
C.
in
66
of
tu rn
Henry
o p in io n
and b y
throug h
the
L illie ,
A.
C.
Fo ote
g re a tly
as
in
Frank
B.
was
stu d e n ts
h is
prom ised
fu lfille d
to
S ila s
W.
m a il
H a ll.
A.
B e ld in g ,
64
in
h is
p rom ise
of
He
and he was
Regim ent.
jo b .
the
H e n r y . 65
on t h e
p a tron
a
Bo th
of
to
G ar
G a rfie ld
found
O h io -Pe nn-
and G r e a t W e s t e r n
serve
F.
Shepherd,
ro le
E.
H ira m ,
agent
Jones,
Ro b e rt M o ffe tt,
C h a rle s
O hio
out
John
f a v o r w hen h e w r o t e
th is
c om m unities
G reen,
a p ro m ine nt
at
over
p r e a c h e r s who
M.
G reen,
men
g e ttin g
H a rriso n
S lo a n ,
a governm ent
A tla n tic
in
many
The
J.
Hayden,
and J a b e z
who p l a y e d
a ra ilw a y
the
R.
Fo rty-se c o nd
speaking
sm a ll
R.
o rg a n iza tio n
re q u e stin g
ro u te
and H e n r y
I
were
1869
Luce
w ith
in flu e n c e
Reserve
H in sd a le ,
D a rsie ,
A tw a te r,
G a rfie ld 's
fa c ts
A.
Hank,
63
in v a lu a b le
W e ste rn
M.
Reserve.
s ig n ific a n t
W arren
G a rfie ld 's
the se
sy lv a n ia
A.
D isc ip le
had b e e n o ne o f
ve te ra n
W.
J o h n M.
A nothe r
Burke
Thaye r,
Ric h a rd
frie n d sh ip s
W estern
were
Among t h e
George H.
Hemry,
had
and t h e y
were
c lo se
on t h e
fra te rn ity
vo te .
S q u ire ,
and Amos C o a t e s .
m a inta ined
c o n g re g a tio n s,
D isc ip le
Rowe,
H a m ilto n
a lso
the
the
Andrew J .
G a rfie ld
of
th e ir
D r.
R a ilro a d ,
"in
a n y way
by g a u g in g p u b l i c
b e h a lf
n o rth e a ste rn
a s he t r a v e l e d
O h io .
251
Ty p ic a l
w ork
in
q u e llin g
new h o u s e
a rtic le
th a t
of
in
H e n ry 's
the
rum ors
"O hio
had
"We h o p e
the
preaches
a sermon
The
next
s u b je c t."
le tte r
c o n ta in e d
to
th w a rt
the
he e x p l a i n e d ,
b e st.
g lad
G a rfie ld
se rv ic e
of
67
s o many p e o p l e ,
fa c ts."
a lso
ta c t
th a t
The
h is
two
in
d is tric t
s e n s itiv ity
th e ir
on p u b l i c
d is tric t
and i t s
a p u b lic
re la tio n s
sin c e
to
comes home and
to
e n lig h te n
sent
Henry
a
in fo rm a tio n
be p u b l i s h e d , "
th o u g h t
1873,
fo r
th in k
y o u w o u l d be
recom m endations
of
patronage
the
a rb itra te
H e n ry 's
q u a lifie d
G a rfie ld .
Henry
the
tha n
e m o tio n a l
were
in
knowledge
him
p o sta l
n ee de d men
c o n stitu e n ts
wide
th a t
ra ilw a y
Congressmen
a p p o in tm e n ts
u n iq u e ly
man f o r
Septem ber,
c h a lle n g e :
a s my f r i e n d s
were
th e ir
lo c a l
issu e s.
people
re p o rte d
he w i l l
not
areas
p o stm a ste rsh ip s.
and
I
de pe n de d on H e n r y
in
a b lu n t
fin a n c ia l
is
an
68
patronage.
in te re ste d
In
ne ce ssa ry
in
c o n stru c tio n
im m e d ia te ly
may be u s e d
the
D e a le r,
the
G a rfie ld
was h i s
G a rfie ld 's
R ic h ,"
G a rfie ld
the
o ve r patronage,
p o s itio n s
d e liv e re d
Reverend
o ld
in
fa c ts
and l o c a l
b a ttle s
the
G e ttin g
$20,000
about
P la in
"b ut
c o n tro lle d
unusual
more
of
C leveland
le tte r
k no w t h e
m a tte rs
c irc u la te d
"Th is
G a rfie ld
in
a tro u b le sh o o te r
rum o rs.
You meet
to
The
n e a rly
h is
them on t h i s
th a t
a rtic le
tim e
to
as
Congressman
spent
new h o u s e .
w hich
ro le
W a shing to n.
e n title d
G a rfie ld
the
of
to
o fte n
th e ir
of
serve
the
as
69
w rote
to
G a rfie ld
a sk in g
252
about
a p ro m o tio n .
p o s itio n
To
of
a ssu re
a ll
the
He was
sp e c ia l
agent
G a rfie ld
th a t
way a r o u n d ,
in te re ste d
fo r
the
the
in
Post
the
b e tte r
O ffic e
p ro m o tio n w ould
paying
D e pa rtm ent.
be a d v a n t a g e o u s
Henry w ro te :
I can e x t e n d my l a b o r s i n b e h a l f o f t h e o l d 4 2 n d
h a v i n g t h e P . O . a d d r e s s o f n e a r l y a l l , I can g a t h e r
m a t e r i a l f o r o u r coming h i s t o r y .
. . .
I can r e p o r t t o y o u m or e f u l l y o f y o u r f r i e n d s and
e n e m i e s w h a t a r e t h e i r p l a n s and w h a t t h e y a r e d o i n g .
T h i s h a s a l w a y s b e e n and w i l l a l w a y s be a c h e e r f u l
d u ty .
I w i l l be a b l e t o l o o k a f t e r t h e i n t e r e s t o f H i r a m
C o l l e g e , a s u b j e c t I am a l w a y s i n t e r e s t e d i n , t o
s o l i c i t p a t r o n a g e and s u b s t a n t i a l s u p p o r t .
I gave
$ 5 0 . 0 0 and am t o g i v e f i f t y m o r e t h i s f a l l - - a t h i n g I
c o u l d n o t h a v e d on e w i t h o u t i n j u s t i c e t o my f a m i l y
h ad i t n o t b e e n f o r y o u .
W i t h more inco m e , o f c o u r s e ,
I s h a l l g i v e t o H i r a m a c c o r d i n g t o my m e a n s . . . . 7 0
G a rfie ld
approached t h e
a req uest
h is
fo r
p ro m o tion
Fra nk
a member o f
th a t
the
to
not
the
Mason,
a fo rm e r
Company A ,
was
s u b m it
fa il
of
h a ste n
a le n g th y
to
g ive
h e ll
of
in
th a t
to
fo re v e r
W arren.
to
v a lu e
We w i l l
He r e m i n d e d
fire
s ile n c e
H iram
to .
a w o rk,
w ith
tho se
have
G a rfie ld
the
sta y
it
ready
th a t
the
at
in
w ith
r e c e i v e d word o f
71
re g im e n ta l
and H e n r y
Henry
sketc h
Thom a s,"
person
and t h e y w e r e
p u b lic a tio n .
account o f
in
s t u d e n t who had been
G a rfie ld
b io g ra p h ic a l
a fu ll
o ve r.
c o m p ilin g
such
its
G eneral
and H e n r y
m o n t h was
H e n r y made r e f e r e n c e
could
M a ste r
a p p o in tm e n t,
b e fo re
H.
p o litic a l
the y
the
Post
fo r
y o u rse lf
he
at
im p lo re d ,
home p o w d e r
tim e
p o litic a l
fo r
use
re a lize d
doing
urged
the
h isto ry
G a rfie ld
book.
"Do
C hi ca ma u ga
"as
I
sm e lle rs
them n e x t
of
a ll
the
w ish
of
y e a r."
h isto ry
253
was
s t ill
a m a tte r
and m y s e l f . "
and d i d
not
72
As
C re d it
th a t
was
in
1873
M o b ilie r
the
campaign
ag ain
it
turned
o u t,
the
fa ll
of
fo r
h is
d o in g ."
73
accepted
to
re -e le c tio n
A lth o u g h
74
te ll
Four
are
life
was
c o n n e c tio n w i t h
the
he c o n s i s t e n t l y
the
C re d it
in
summer o f
the
p u lle d
h is
"stu rd y
la te r
and e f f e c t i v e
he w r o t e
scandal
1874.
But
As
a ssu rin g
w ork
in
once
e a rly
H in sd a le
the
fig h t
and c o n c l u d i n g :
am f o r
to
Com
when he began h i s
thank-yous,
I
The
him t h r o u g h .
m a k i n g u p on m e , "
denied
M o b ilie r
re so lv e d .
G a rfie ld
y o u how g r a t e f u l
days
p o litic a l
e n g u lf
o rg a n iza tio n
ra s c a ls
in
c o m p le te ly
6 he was w r i t i n g
to
1876.
G a rfie ld 's
stoc k
w as n e v e r
superb
the
n e ed
of
Burke
v o l u m e was d e l a y e d
when he was named i n
he h a d s e e n h i s
w hich
the
lu s te r
th re a te n in g
as A u g u s t
th a t
between y o u r s e l f ,
sc a n d a l.
issu e
s t ill
not
the
he h ad e v e r
pany,
"c o n fid e n c e
appear u n t i l
Some o f
ta rn ish e d
of
the
"I
w ork you
do
are
H ar mo n A u s t i n :
I h a v e n o t t i m e now t o e x p r e s s t h e v e r y deep and
a l m o s t p a i n f u l s e n s e o f g r a t i t u d e I owe t o y o u f o r
t h e p o w e r o f y o u r f r i e n d s h i p and t h e g r e a t w i s d o m and
a b i l i t y w i t h w h i c h y o u h a v e managed t h e c o n t e s t .
For
m o r e t h a n a y e a r y o u h a v e c a r r i e d me i n y o u r h e a r t
and t h o u g h t a l m o s t h o u r l y , a s f e w men h a v e c a r r i e d
a f r i e n d . 75
When t h e
in a u g u ra te d
it
crea ted
were
as
governor
the
of
O hio ,
new A m e r i c a n
a new g u b e r n a t o r i a l
ra lly in g
named R i c h a r d
around
P re sid e n t
race
a p ro m in e n t
Moore B i s h o p .
R u th e rfo rd
in
was
Hayes,
March o f
O hio .
D isc ip le
B ish o p
in
B.
from
one o f
The
was
1877,
Democrats
C in c in n a ti
the
e ld e rs
254
of
the
E ig h th
seventeen
years
C in c in n a ti
of
the
Am erican
1860
was
to
sta rte d
p ro sp ec t
soon
of
H in sd a le
a c c e p tin g
a lso
fo r
M issio n a ry
G a rfie ld
of
the
f o r m e r mayor
known among t h e
years
as
S o c ie ty .
D is c ip le s ,
C h ris tia n
p u lp it
and
n a tio n a lly
a number o f
O hio
O hio
the
b usinessm an
p re sid e n t
B ish o p
and he had
M iss io n a ry
Dem ocrats
was
served
S o c ie ty
in
had n o m i n a t e d B i s h o p
c a n d i d a c y wa s
the
sta te .
h a vin g
Severa l
oppose B i s h o p
h im se lf,
to
no m ina tion
secure
G a rfie ld
dampened.
a movement,
the
and h i s
D isc ip le s
G a rfie ld
served
who had a p p r o a c h e d
fro m
1 8 6 9 . 76
Now t h e
the
wa s
C h ris tia n
of
throug h
c a n d id a te ,
about
p o p u la r w it h
p re sid e n t
church
A w e a lth y
B ish o p
h a v in g
e sp e c ia lly
as
e a rlie r
churc h.
C in c in n a ti,
D isc ip le s
of
and W a l n u t
the
ru n n in g
A u stin
and t h e
re p o rte d
to
G a rfie ld
in
O hio
fo r
m
be t h e i r
i m p a c t on
R e p u b lic a n s
h is
urged
a movement
G a rfie ld .
a fe llo w
g ive
n o m in a tio n went
to
a marked
and o v e r n i g h t
a g a in st
re fu se d
to
But
D is c ip le
ba cking
a no the r
to
the
was
such
d ire c tio n .
77
A ug ust:
P r e s ' t B u r g e s s o f I n d . , whom I m et a t t h e T r u m b u l l
Co. m e e t i n g , f e a r s t h a t B i s h o p w i l l g e t a l a r g e v o t e
f r o m R e p u b l i c a n C a m p b e l l i t e s and s a y s t h i s w i l l e l e c t
B is h o p , i f a n y th in g .
He seemed t o h a v e some f a c t s . 78
When t h e
e le c tio n
m a jo rity
of
was
22,00 0
h e ld
vo te s
in
over
November,
the
cannot
be d e t e r m i n e d
how t h e
vo te d ,
but
R e p u b lic a n
it
could
if
have
11,00 0
swung
the
B ish o p
R e p u b lic a n
40 ,00 0
D isc ip le s
D isc ip le s
e le c tio n .
79
was
g ive n
c a n d id a te .
in
the
sw itc h e d
to
a
It
sta te
B ish o p
255
Throug hout
fo r
books
p u b lic
h is
re a lly
I
d e riv e d
have
w ro te
I
fo und
in
fro m
of
i t
vie w
F.
of
a book w h i c h
of
tru th s
the
w ith
of
is
of
c ourse,
th is
of
Ten
exchange o f
G reat
our
as
i f
n o t,
the
have
read
narrow
a
"The
o ld
G a rfie ld
th a t
I
to o
la s t
R e lig io n s
frie n d
taken
widen
you
it;
"What
m u s t be a s
and h i s
m uch,"
he n o t e d .
C la rk e 's
in c lin e d
w rote
seen
h is
t h a t we h a v e
re lig io n ,
as
I
me v e r y
a ssure d
love
few congressm en
a c o nsta nt
e n title d
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld 's
C o ngress,
" Y o u may h a v e
It
b e lie v e
a b so lu te
the
h o rizo n
race,
and
lib e ra l.
re a d in g
Renan r e j e c t s
"It
is
Ern e st
the
b le
th o u g h ts."
h is
re a c tio n
81
p le a sa n t
to
H is
John
to
read
He i s
The
Ba sc om 's
G a rfie ld
admired
w ith
B a sc om a t t e m p t e d
sc ie nc e .
82
the
sure
openness
R e lig io n .
and e v o l u t i o n a r y
Re n a n 's
L ife
su p e rn a tu ra ln e ss
whom y o u d i s a g r e e .
w hich
the
"S in c e
in te re sts
re lig io n ,"
more
rem arked:
re v e a ls
of
A fte r
w hich
L ib ra ry
su b je c t
and s u c h b o o k s
make u s
it.
one o f
b o o k w o u l d be w o r t h w h i l e .
me t o
the
of
get
1 8 7 0 's ,
in te lle c tu a lly
books.
le tte r.
C la rk e ."
lea d s
the
H in sd a le
the
most
He was
c u rre n t
a ty p ic a l
by Ja me s
the
home i n
w ith
h o pe y o u w i l l
re a d in g
tim e .
at
correspondence
id e a s
decade o f
made h i m one o f
men o f
who was
the
to
to
of
vie w s
to
Jesus,
Jesus,
of
in
G a rfie ld
a stro n g
man
g ive
you
some v a l u a -
new i d e a s
was
e v id e n t
v o l u m e on T h e
the
of
"b o ld
and
harm onize
He was
a lso
P h ilo so p h y
fe a rle ss
B ib lic a l
in
of
s p irit"
the o lo g y
in te re ste d
in
John
256
W illia m
D ra p e r's
A H isto ry
and S c i e n c e ,
w hich
But
suspected
be
G a rfie ld
"to o
broad
to
e v id e n t
se rie s
la te r
of
of
as
fie ld
o bserved:
E ith e r
c a se ."
c h ild re n
the
developm ent o f
vie w
as
c h ild re n
la rg e n e ss
about
"h a lf
of
"th e
a g n o stic ism
an i n t e r v i e w
"H is
doubt
the se
if
the
of
vie w s
of
e v o lu tio n
1 8 7 1 when he g ave
a tte m p t
to
ap ply
the
stud y
of
84
the
th e o lo g y
the
w ritin g
U po n h e a r i n g
the
p re sid e n t
the
d o c trin e
le c tu re r
m in d n o r
w ould
1878,
an h o u r
on t h e
life ."
He w a n t e d
of
ta lk e d
w ith
e a rth ,
and
g ive
t h e m some
by R o b e r t
1876,
h is
s u sta in
many
and a s w e l l
he t a u g h t
had l i t t l e
w ill
Gar
"such
G a rfie ld
fu lly
a
them
c re a tio n ."
in
the
of
g ive
of
shares
vie w s
to
of
The
s p irit.
sta te m e nt
G a rfie ld
o rig in
Tha t w in te r
In g e rso ll
man i n
a sc ie n tific
h is
He
of
e v o lu tio n ,
a b rig h t
re p u d ia te
autumn o f
th e o rie s
is
of
a
d o c trin e
in
on t h e
championed
w ife
83
H in sd a le 's
th a t
w ith
Jo u rn a l:
to
m ig h t
C o lle g e .
th o u g h t."
c u rre n t
g e n e ra liz a tio n s
sa fe ."
can u n d e r s t a n d ,
One c a u s e
the
e ssa y."
H iram
Ty n d a ll
h is
w ritte n
at
le c tu re
In
p o w e rfu lly
sp rin g
a s c ie n tific
85
R e lig io n
D ra p e r's
the
C hurch.
or
between
scienc e
"W h ile
not
H u x le y
as
C o n flic t
on s o c i a l
the
c o lle g e
he h a s
th e ir
to
C h ris tia n
D isc ip le
ways
e a rly
le c tu re s
e v o lu tio n
th a t
"a
re c e p tiv e n e ss
approved o f
Je w ish
he c a l l e d
the
be a l t o g e t h e r
G a rfie ld 's
was
of
them
a
fu rth e r
86
sympathy w i t h
In g e rs o ll.
was
F o llo w in g
G a rfie ld
w rote
in
a th e istic
vie w s
. . .
t h e m when t h e
shadows
the
I
of
257
life
fa ll
Three
h e a v ily ,
years
fa m ous
la te r,
In g e rso ll
many i m p o r t a n t
is
the
tia n
v ic tim
the
of
I n g e r s o l l 1s
pressed
in
the
to
1879,
a d d re ss,
the
at
of
re lig io u s
c le a r
fo rm a l
p a rt
of
C h ris tia n ity
m ind s
and C h r i s t i a n i t y
as
d isc o u rse
e v e r."
on t h e
c om plained:
c u ssio n
as
" It
could
he
is
was
sa id
at
d e a th ."
one o f
b rillia n t
ad m itte d ,
"but
I
a g a in st
e n tire ly
pre se nt
b ro th e r's
"I
and had
the
on t h e
a th e istic a l
he
C h ris
unaware
o f."
o cc a sio n
Of
was
the
th in k
fu n e ra l.
sim p ly :
to
of
of
in te re st
my m i n d
has
m en,"
th a t
in
C h ris t
th is
de eply
im
p h ilo so p h y
of
a b o u t as
w e ll
be h a d . "
the
b io g ra p h e r
of
re fle c te d
the
changes
h is
in
to
"a
and
its
"B u t
the
p re c io u s
and
ve ry
Sunday
te c h n ic a l
in
1876,
and v a l u e l e s s
L.
th in k in g
P in k e rto n ,
he
a d is
correspondence w i t h
Le w is
the
lo s t
1873.
me a s
one
u se le ss
In
th e o lo g ic a l
in
endure
b a p tism "
s ee ms
the
throug h
g r e a t measure
are
When he had t o
a c tio n
broadened
he w r o t e
S h a c k le fo rd ,
on
ve ry
of
death.
is
p e rfe c t
attendance
breakdown o f
"It
life
da rkness
p re ju d ic e
h is
ye a rs.
the
he
th a t
G a rfie ld
u tte r
G a rfie ld 's
power o v e r
was
G a rfie ld
address
presence
"It
it,"
a degree
the
in
in te lle c tu a l
s ummer o f
w ith
in
in to
was
le c tu re s.
of
In
G a rfie ld
tru th s
re lig io n ,
rem arka ble
and d e e pe n
John
G a rfie ld
and w r o t e :
I r e c o g n i z e t h e f a c t t h a t my g e n e r a l v i e w s o f r e l i
g i o n h a v e b r o a d e n e d , b u t I h o pe t h e y h a v e n o t w eake ne d
my f a i t h i n t h e c e n t r a l d o c t r i n e s o f C h r i s t i a n i t y .
I
c a r e l e s s f o r d e n o m i n a t i o n a l d o c t r i n e s , b u t m or e f o r
t h e s p i r i t o f C h r i s t . 88
253
In
m itm e n t
the
to
c lo sin g
the
years
D isc ip le s
Po w e r,
a young p r o f e s s o r
to
p u lp it
the
1875,
G a rfie ld
seem t o
the
of
the
Jo u rn a l,
G a rfie ld
"and
was
rem ained
from
I
h is
le c tu rin g
to
He t h e n
the
of
the
O hio
C le ve la nd
day,
d u rin g
guided
the
sta te
May,
w hich
tim e
in
of
the
fa ll
M aine,
in
M issio n a ry
In
the
January,
B ib le
the
w rote
h is
1878,
c la ss
at
91
assem bled
se ssio n s
in
one
address
and
c onference .
on a s t u m p i n g
in
in
c o n v e n tio n
an e l o q u e n t
w h ile
here
Sta n d a rd .
w hich
over
of
D isc o v e rie s."
annual
S o c ie ty
fa ll
he n o t e d
a Sunday S c h o o l
1878,
G a rfie ld
Po w e r,"
D.
c a lle d
church
C h ris tia n
at
of
"The
90
was
the
and R e c e n t
He p r e s i d e d
throug h
89
in
women's
the
attendance
1877.
c o nvention
One S u n d a y
the
C h ris tia n
in
le c tu re
in
the
com
When F r e d e r i c k
church
a re ."
Ephesus
G a rfie ld 's
C o lle g e ,
P ro f.
the y
"A n c ie n t
wa s
firm .
a p p ro v a l.
am g l a d
V e r m o n t Avenue on
G a rfie ld
decade,
Bethany
pleased w i t h
found
p u b lish e d
the
V e rm o n t Avenue
expressed
be g r e a t l y
of
to u r
92
in
Jo u rn a l:
A t t h r e e p . m . w e n t t o 62 G r a y s t r e e t , a p r i v a t e
r e s i d e n c e , w h e r e 30 D i s c i p l e s w e r e m e t , t o b r e a k t h e
lo a f.
I t seemed l i k e t h e d a y s o f my v e r y e a r l y l i f e .
T h e y had no p r e a c h e r , b u t each b o r e a p a r t i n m u t u a l
encouragem ent.
I spoke two o r t h r e e m i n u t e s , enough
t o e x c u s e t h e i n t r u s i o n o f a s t r a n g e r . 93
The
in te re s t
plagued
the
w e lfa re
in
the
H in sd a le
fa v o r
of
of
Hiram
C o lle g e
G a rfie ld 's
life .
school
a tim e ,
fo r
program .
someone w i t h
c o n tin u e d
D e c lin in g
but
mor e
ta lk e d
"e n th u sia sm
be a m a j o r
e n ro llm e n t
G a rfie ld
to
s t ill
of
fig u re s
supported
re sig n in g
and n o i s e
in
and s h i n y
259
ta le n t,"
th a t
i t
o rd e r
our
is
to
best
94
in
no p l a c e
b le
of
to
encouraged H i n s d a l e
uphe ld
of
the
the
him .
D isc ip le s
in
the
church
in c lu d e
sm a ll
of
fu tu re
the
of
the
road"
its
th a t
re lig io u s
he
saw e m e r g i n g
P in k e rto n
and H i n s d a l e .
96
s t ill
p o s itio n ,
consensus
c le a rly
D isc ip le s
sc h o o l.
was
b e tte r
was
out
of
tie d
the
of
"O ur
I
by
was
am c a p a
but
he
95
a c tiv e
in
the
a c h a m p i o n who
one h i s t o r i a n
dom inated
but
it
rep resente d
the
d id
in
w ith
G a rfie ld 's
the
the
Church
agreed,
sym p a th e tic
to
s p irit
th re e -fo u rth s
le a d e rs,
tho ug ht.
was
as
w hich
in c lu d e d
n a tio n a l
churc h
movement"
the
in
H in sd a le
G a rfie ld :
re lu c ta n tly
H ira m
e sta b lish e d
S t ill,
he was h a r d l y
p ro b a b ly
He i s
lib e ra l
of
the
1 8 7 0 's
G a rfie ld .
but
to
b e lie v e
one o f
can a c c o m p l i s h w h a t
w ith
moderate
and m o s t
segment o f
stre a m s
the
The
the
1876.
G a rfie ld
D is c ip le s ,
of
of
sk im -m ilk
re q u ire m e n ts
in
I
sta y
d a w n ed ,
"m id d le
d e sc rib e d
the
G a rfie ld
to
the
stoc k
to
r e w a r d e d when H i r a m was
where
a c c o m p lish in g ."
a ffa irs
to
He c o m p l a i n e d
o ffe r
"u n w illin g
in te lle c tu a l
A sso c ia tio n
When 1 8 8 0
he was
acceptable
w h i c h met
H ira m .
has
th a t
the
T h e y were
C o lle g e
re s tle s s
w a te r
more
c o lle g e s
O hio
re p lie d
to
make i t
tim e s."
fifte e n
the
G a rfie ld
h o pe
of
not
the
the
fo r
" n e w and b e t t e r
m in is trie s
of
men l i k e
260
CHAPTER E IG H T
"A R E L I G I O U S
MAN F O R P R E S I D E N T "
I h a v e b ee n a s t o n i s h e d . . .
a t th e h o ld t h a t yo u r
c a n d id a c y t o o k o f t h e r e l i g i o u s m ind o f t h e c o u n t r y .
I t h a s s t i r r e d t h e D i s c i p l e s w i t h g r e a t power . . .
"Now we a r e g o i n g t o h a v e a r e l i g i o u s man f o r P r e s i
d e n t" i s a th o u g h t t h a t has s w e lle d i n th e h e a r t s o f
t h o u s a n d s o f r e l i g i o u s men.
— H i n s d a l e t o G a r f i e l d , N ov em be r 9 , 1 8 8 0
When J a me s A .
c lo se
of
he w a s ,
May,
as
C a ptain
Even b e fo re
the
p a rty
the
deadlocked
S.
a lre a d y
h is
Henry
G ra n t,
a c tiv e ly
fir s t
b re th re n .
S tre e t,
m id st
o n ce m o r e
W.
of
a t w ork
in
the
A lle n .
the
The
h e c tic
sought o ut
sto rm y
fro m nearby
Lake
h is
c o rne r
over
May 3 0 ,
the
of
b re th re n
In d ia n a
break
m ile s
to
the
S id e
A
sought
C h ris
Avenue
and
serm on"
by t h e
June
came i n
6,
but
bread.
ra in
th re e
Sherman.
G a rfie ld
South
Sunday,
and a c o l d
can
n o m in a tio n .
c o n v e n tio n ,
to
m ajo r
th a t
and a n u m b e r o f men
"a m oderate
w eek-long
M ichig a n.
and d r o v e
w ith
fo llo w in g
m o rn in g ,
th re e
G a rfie ld 's
tow n,
ho rse .
evidence
and J o h n
the
c o n v e n tio n ,
dark
was
its
B la in e
to
best
th e re
over
fo r
Chicago n e a r
n a tio n a l
"th e
fo re se e a b le ,
and he l i s t e n e d
e xc e e d ing ly
c a rria g e
J a me s G.
He w o r s h i p e d
25th
the
d ivid e d
at
in
R e p u b lic a n
opened,
Sunday
C h u rc h w h i c h met
J.
a rriv e d
in siste d ,
c o nve ntio n
tia n
p a sto r,
the
c o n v e n t i o n was
On h i s
out
fo r
w as h o p e l e s s l y
d id a te s — U.
were
1880,
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
It
was
was b l o w i n g
G a rfie ld
in
h a ile d
m ee ting house
an
of
a
261
the
F irs t
C h ris tia n
p re a c h in g
of
h is
D u rin g
spontaneous
set
o ff
the
o ld
the
frie n d ,
c ourse
speech t h a t
o v a tio n ,
ne ar,
C hurch.
G a rfie ld
asked:
tim e
O tis
A.
the
thought
was
to
p rid e
3
"c a p tured
to
know how many o f
in
h is
achievem ent.
were
a g ro w in g
fo r
h o rse
fro m
O hio .
F in a lly ,
w hich
none o f
the
mov em en t
s in
wa s
on t h e
in
the
the
fo r
fir s t
sta te
a stampede.
of
A fte r
H iram
to
W h ile
f u lf ill
C o lle g e .
fla g s
met h i s
began
The
tra in
the
G a rfie ld
could
its
sat
th is
him
are
in
firs t
th e re
m arathon
d e m o n stra tio n s
vo te s
G a rfie ld
c a lls
in
a m a jo rity ,
W isc on
G a rfie ld ,
and
was made u n a n i m o u s
in
h is
ever
h is
c h a ir,
name i n
an
riv a le d .
im m e d ia te ly
spe aking
re tu rn e d
engagement a t
a wagon d e c o r a t e d w i t h
G a rre tts v ille ,
the
to
chanted
has
ro ll
momentum.
m o tio n le ss
triu m p h a n tly
over
were
the
m uste r
n o m in a tio n
H i r a m band i n
p ro c e ssio n
h is
c irc le
g a the r
a lo n g -sta n d in g
at
th e re
triu m p h ,
fru s tra tin g
to
s h ift
c o n v e n tio n ,
p eak o f
and
4
scene no c o n v e n t i o n
th e
H ira m
triu m p h a n t
b a llo t
p a rtis a n s
e m otion-packed
to
gave a
and p u l l i n g
number o f
c a n d id a te s
G a rfie ld
the
Throug hout
th irty -fo u r
m a jo r
th irty - s ix th
tho usa nds
to
a fte r
2
do y o u t h i n k
H ira m
the
c o n ve n tio n "
g ra d u a te ,
the
th e re
dark
At
to
G a rfie ld
w ho le
p e rso na l
p ro c e e d in g s,
the
the
a Hiram
a moment o f
liste n e d
Burg e ss.
d e m o n stra tio n .
sp o tte d
In
he
c o n v e n tio n ,
"H ow many H i r a m b o y s
g a lle ry ? "
fe e l
of
T h is
th re e
and he was
m ile s
led
ba c k t o
in
a
H ira m .
262
There
he was
re u n ite d
and he g r a c i o u s l y
and t h e
o th e rs.
sp e c ia l
c o lle g e
he s p o k e
at
The
p le a su re
In
the
were
the
n e ws
w ith
h is
w ife
accepted
the
p la u d its
The
fo llo w in g
re u n io n
annual
of
the
unanim ous
in
in
Rowe,
R e vie w ,
summed up t h e
H in sd a le ,
e very
n o m in a tio n
much o f
le a d in g
th e ir
John F .
of
embrace,
p re sid e d
fiv e
A u stin
at
the
ye a rs,
and
commencement e x e r c i s e s .
fo u r
Perhaps
a te a rfu l
day G a r f i e l d
was h e l d
G a rfie ld 's
and s u r p r i s e
N o rth ,
th a t
in
e d ito r
fe e lin g
re c e iv e d w ith
D isc ip le s
w eekly
approval
the
the
was
D isc ip le
bro therho od .
p e rio d ic a ls
of
the
c o n v e n tio n 's
of
the
A m erican
c hoice.
C h ris tia n
b e s t when h e e d i t o r i a l i z e d :
G e n e r a l James A . G a r f i e l d , r e c e n t l y n o m in a te d by t h e
Chicago R e p u b lic a n C o n v e n tio n f o r t h e P r e s i d e n c y o f th e
U n i t e d S t a t e s , i s a member o f t h e C h u r c h o f C h r i s t , and
h a s been f o r a b o u t t h i r t y y e a r s . . . . b e s i d e s b e i n g a
s t a t e s m a n o f acknowle dged a b i l i t y , h i s p r i v a t e l i f e h a s
b e e n p u r e , and . . . h i s C h r i s t i a n c h a r a c t e r i s w i t h o u t
a sta in . . . .
We h a v e kn own B r o . G a r f i e l d p e r s o n a l l y
f o r t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s , and d u r i n g a l l t h a t t i m e h a v e
kn o wn h i m a s an h u m b l e C h r i s t i a n . . . T h e l a s t t i m e we
w e r e i n W a s h i n g t o n c i t y we f o u n d h i m t e a c h i n g a B i b l e
c la s s i n the Sunday-school . . .
We h a v e s p o k e n t h e s e
fe w w o r d s i n p r a i s e o f B r o . G a r f i e l d as a C h r i s t i a n
c i t i z e n . . . b e c a u s e we t h i n k o u r b r e t h r e n a t l a r g e
f e e l p l e a s e d t h a t s o d i s t i n g u i s h e d an h o n o r h a s b ee n
c o n f e r r e d on o ne o f o u r b r e t h r e n . 5
The
o th e r
James
e d ito rs--Isa a c
H a rvey
Johnson
of
e n d o rsin g
G a rriso n
the
the
Sou th ,
the
G a rfie ld
th e re
who v i e w e d
of
the
C h ris tia n ;
E v a n g e list— a ll
However,
the
of
E rre tt
w rote
C h ris tia n
Sta n d a rd ;
and B a r t o n
e nc o ura g ing
W arren
e d ito ria ls
c a n d id a c y.^
were
the
some i n
G a rfie ld
the
churc h,
n o m in a tio n
n o ta b ly
w ith
fro m
m ounting
263
a la rm .
In
Preacher
Texas,
in
C.
D a lla s,
C h ris tia n
Messenger
c and ida cy
fo r
of
them c o u ld
and t h e y
fisc a te
W ar.
the
7
the
In
pages
in
were
fo rg iv e n
the
in
th a t
the
was n o t
c iv il
p o litic a l
w o rld .
v ic tio n s
on t h e
The
24
v o lle y :
argue
to
fo r
o ff
now,
good,
the
g u a r d by
re a lly
dear
th a t
d e s ire
of
Lip sc om b,
opposed
fo r
to
to
the
con
C iv il
of
G a rfie ld
th e o lo g ic a l
C h ristia n
p a rty ,
e d ito r
had b e e n t e a c h i n g
in
sh o u ld
the
the
fo r
re a so ns.
in
the
be t o t a l l y
G a rfie ld 's
re la tio n
Advocate
b re th re n
Are
h e a v ily
q u e stio n ,
to
to
the
what
you g o in g
to
9
are
vo te
If
the
South
stunned
con
governm ent.
who w i s h
ru le rs ,
were
h is
Lip sc o m b 's
South
D e m o c ra tic
n e ed e d i n
n o m in a tio n ,
c iv il
Dem ocrat?"
they
had a l w a y s
re a ffirm
c a rrie d
of
re lig io u s
South
c h a r a c t e r were
o p p o rtu n ity
u p an u n g o d l y
in
but
now w i t h
G a rfie ld ?
you ta k e
Advocate
the
p io u s,
do a b o u t B r o .
or w ill
of
"But
c lo se
the
C h ris tia n 's
of
the
Lip sc om b
But
saw an e x c e l l e n t
issu e
South
D a vid
N e ith e r
R e p u b lic a n
h is
at
the
G a rfie ld 's
rea so ns.
fo r
Lip sc om b
June
to
of
governm ent.^
who o p p o s e d
re lig io n
opposed
the
C h ris tia n
e d ito r
G a rfie ld
Lipscom b
th a t
the
B u rn e tt,
sup p o rt
re a so ns,
ye a rs,
of
and p e r s o n a l
Tennessee,
Advocate
Those
argued
of
p e rso nal
fifte e n
of
Bon ham,
p o litic a l
N a s h v ille ,
n o n in v o lv e d
the
R.
Gospel Advocate,
over
e d ito r
and T h om a s
p ro p e rty
or
W ilm e th ,
c o n sc ie n tio u sly
had n e v e r
p o litic a l
For
both
M.
firs t
to
you g o in g
fo r
him ,
rea de rs
were c a u g h t
a m onth
la te r
264
w hen L i p s c o m b w r o t e :
. . . we a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t we know o f no man who
h a s g on e i n t o p o l i t i c s , who h a s become s o t h o r o u g h l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e a f f a i r s o f g o v e r n m e n t , and y e t s o
w e l l r e t a i n e d h i s C h r i s t i a n c h a r a c t e r and r e l i g i o u s
i n t e r e s t as has G ene ra l G a r f i e l d . . . . E v e r y d i s c i p l e
o f C h r i s t i n t h e l a n d t h a t b e l i e v e s r e l i g i o n and r e l i
g i o u s c h a r a c t e r i s n ee de d i n t h e p o l i t i c a l w o r l d . . .
i s u n d e r s o l e m n o b l i g a t i o n t o v o t e f o r Gen. G a r f i e l d . 10
Lip sc om b
the
rea de rs
B u rn e tt
of
w ould
took
the
not
of
the
C h ris tia n
of
h is
p o litic s
it
because
and
if
a few
sta nd
d id
p o in t.
h is
h is
is
act
of
men i n
out
the
Having
fe e lin g s
h is
Lip sc om b
in
Bro .
re lig io n
is
pla c e s
do n o t
the
re a lly
h is
B u rn e tt's
But
pages
mor e
"O r
is
cost
him
frie n d s
c o n tro v e rsia l
he had made h i s
b e fo re
u s,"
p o litic s
th is
Lipscom b
n o m ina tio n
he t o l d
b re th re n
governm ent w ould
b e lie v e
R.
se c tio n ,
w ould
show t h o s e
p o in t,
G a rfie ld
it
and h i s
n ee de d i n
of
the
asked.
so uthe rn
purpose
i s , to
in
b e c a u s e he t h i n k s
a lo n e ,
sim p le
e sta b lish e d
about
it
p rin c ip le s,
issu e
why T h o m a s
e d ito ria lly
Lip sc o m b 's
"th a t
when he c h a l l e n g e d
the m se lve s
some s u b s c r i b e r s .
h ig h
re lig io n ,
"Is
u n p o p u la r
A ug ust,
th a t
ask
G a rfie ld
.. . ? " 1 1
him
fu rth e r
re lig io n ? "
"We h a v e had one
re lig io u s
tru e
to
cost
in siste d
cause
than
lea ve
in
to
M essenger.
to
rea de rs
have
sup p o rt
su b sc rib e rs
be gge d h i m
a tta ck
Advocate
G a rfie ld
he w e re
h is
who
and t h a t
promote
. . . "
the
12
re v e a le d
h is
by w r i t i n g :
I now s a y t h a t I f i r m l y b e l i e v e t h a t h i s e l e c t i o n
w o u l d be a s o u r c e o f g r e a t c o r r u p t i o n and i n j u r y t o
th e churc h o f J e s u s C h r i s t .
I w o u l d be g l a d n o t on
p o l i t i c a l b u t p u r e l y on r e l i g i o u s g r o u n d s , t o s e e h i m
265
and e v e r y o t h e r member o f a c h u r c h o f C h r i s t who
a s p ir e s t o o f f i c e , d e fe a te d - - s o badly d e fe a te d , to o ,
t h a t i t w i l l c r u s h o u t a l l h ope t h a t a n y one o f t h e m
can e v e r be e l e c t e d , and s o t o d r i v e o u t a l l t h o u g h t
and a s p i r a t i o n f o r p o l i t i c a l o f f i c e . 13
When J o h n F .
on t h e
the
Rowe c h a l l e n g e d
su b je c t,
autumn o f
e x c itin g
c u ssin g
1880,
the
q u e s tio n ,
a rtic le s
the
R e vie w ,
of
suppo rt
to rn
p e rso na l
h im se lf
"Bu t
to
to
pa ig n
the
c a n d i d a c y was
the
n e ws
of
D e m o c ra tic
p a rty .
you w i l l
try
your
le a d e r
go a s
perverse
the
of
a g g re ss iv e ly
humbly b e f o r e
e xte n t
of
the
o n e ."
a p a rty
ta il
14
D e m o c ra tic
the
c lo se ly
a g a in st
you a re
is
im p e ls
to
c o n te ste d
G a rfie ld . ^
d is
O ffic e ? "
Advocate
and
in te re st.
Je re m ia h
S u lliv a n
n o m in a tio n ,
and h i s
he c o u l d
"I
g ive
stro n g
not
b rin g
am s u r e
do j u s t i c e ,
to
th a t
love
G od,"
he w r o t e
G a rfie ld .
bound
to
fo r
lik e
it,
When B l a c k
tic k e t,
the
lo y a ltie s
Re p u b lic a n
w alk
and H o l d
G a rfie ld 's
the
best
an
c o n sc ie n tio u sly
fo r
vo te
the
heat
not
But
a c e rta in
fo r
both
G a rfie ld .
can o n l y
a very
Vote
c o n sid e ra b le
who c o u l d
Throug hout
and Rowe w e r e
w ith
and t o
c o untry
it
between o l d
frie n d sh ip
e le c te d
m ercy,
heard
in
debate
c a u g h t up i n
Lip scom b
c a rrie d
aroused
a w ritte n
was
" C an C h r i s t i a n s
G a rfie ld
When B l a c k
he was
if
the
to
acceptance.
n a tio n
cam paig n,
D isc ip le
to
a s w ift
the
e ac h w e r e
and t h e y
A no the r
B la c k .
w h ile
p re sid e n tia l
The
h is
he r e c e i v e d
Lip scom b
the
fa il,
h ea d o f
and y o u r
was
c a lle d
he w i l l i n g l y
race,
Bla c k
in
a snake—
ta il
w ill
upon t o
c om p lie d .
took
our
the
be
cam
In
stump
266
D e sp ite
and L i p s c o m b ,
fro m
w ith in
the
absence o f
G a rfie ld
the
Com m ittee
lik e
Henry,
A u stin ,
had n o o f f i c i a l
s ig n ific a n t
In
the
the
out
the
th a t
in
the
was e s s e n t i a l
A u stin
urged
p u lle d
the
h is
tim e
o il
company i n
to
p a ig n
Text
Book,
the
p ro je c t.
but
it
the
the
stump
the
devote
H iram
the
G a rfie ld .
the
C a ptain
fu ll- tim e
to
of
and
H e n r y was
of
iro n in g
ta sk
cam paign.
to
the
re le a se
When
campaign,
H in sd a le
T h o m a s W.
o th e rs
from
P h illip s
and gave a l l
of
canvass.
c onceived
of
e a g e rly
e d itin g
gave
a sound
a n a ly sis
of
p u b lic
in te re st
sin c e
fo r
fo r
o rg a n iza tio n --a
C o lle g e .
hands
are w e ll
In d ia n a
G a rfie ld
strin g s
th e ir
O h io ,
chances
men
and R o b i s o n
triu m p h
c o n v e n tio n ,
by t h e
G a rfie ld .
"W ith
a life
the
thousands
a R e p u b lic a n
fin a n c ia l
v o l u m e w as p r i m a r i l y
b o o k wa s d i s t r i b u t e d
took
to
P h illip s
Th is
in c lu d e d
had o c c u p i e d
at
of
R e p u b lic a n
ne c e ssa ry
and e n e r g y
sta te s
a su c c e ssfu l
R e p u b li
However,
G a rfie ld
e va lua te
sta te
H in sd a le
Burge ss
worked d i l i g e n t l y
to
the
campaign m a n a g e rs ,
campaign.
the
Chicago
to
re s p o n s ib ilitie s
le ft
h is
the
New Y o r k
s p lit
G a rfie ld
h is
to
the
to
the
Bla c k
devoted w o rk e rs
S in c e
P h illip s ,
b e llw e th e r
D isc ip le s
Soon a f t e r
d isp a tc h e d
in
in
D isc ip le s .
H in sd a le ,
c a p a c ity
f r o m men l i k e
la c k in g
ap p o inte d
documented.
New Y o r k ,
was n o t
community o f
c an N a t i o n a l
sup p o rt
backing
of
to
th a t
C iv il
e ve ry
book
to
G a rfie ld ,
main q u e s t i o n s
the
Cam
War.
which
The
s p e a k e r who
I
fe e l
lik e
a
267
preacher w i t h
G a rfie ld
h is
B ib le ,
campaign w o r k e r .
One e x a m p l e
G a rfie ld
O hio
ar med a t
is
seen
of
in
p r e a c h e r s who was
p o in t,"
enthused
a
16
how t h e
the
e very
D isc ip le s
fo llo w in g
re c ru ite d
were
o rg a n ize d
s t a t e m e n t b y one o f
fo r
the
In d ia n a
fo r
the
canvass:
When G a r f i e l d w as n o m i n a t e d f o r P r e s i d e n t , I n d i a n a
was a p i v o t a l p o l i t i c a l s t a t e .
I t was n e c e s s a r y t o
c a rry i t to e le c t the P re s id e n t.
T h o m a s W. P h i l l i p s ,
o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , u n d e r s t o o d t h i s and s e n t $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 t o
O. A . B u r g e s s , o f I n d i a n a p o l i s , t o u s e i n n e e d ed e x
pe n se i n a p o l i t i c a l e d u c a t i o n a l cam paign.
Burge ss
s e n t one h u n d r e d o f u s m i n i s t e r s i n t o t h e e d u c a t i o n a l
c am paign .
We t o o k w i t h u s t h e " C a m p a i g n L i f e o f G a r
f i e l d , " b y B . A . H i n s d a l e , and d i s t r i b u t e d c o p i e s by
the tho usa nd s.
T h e r e s u l t was s e e n i n t h e s t a t e and
n a t i o n a l e l e c t i o n s . 17
Burg e ss,
p re sid e n t
of
was
canvass.
c o n trib u tio n ,
"one
of
sta te
H is
the
of
im p o rta n t
In d ia n a "
F o llo w in g
Book,
In
H in sd a le
campaign
gess
fo r
a ll
D isc ip le s
good t i m e
to
in
buy
stump
A ug ust,
to
tu rn in g
in
O hio
n o m in a tio n
th e ir
the
the
tid e
in
in
C h ris tia n
the
a gre at
unique
p le a .
In d ia n a .
six te e n
M issio n a ry
E rre tt
G a rfie ld
by t h e
was
C amp ai gn T e x t
and l a t e r
as
in
In d ia n a
o ne a c c o u n t ,
H in sd a le ,
the
U n iv e rs ity
18
In d ia n a
1880,
in
R e p u b lic a n
In d ia n a
P o s itio n '
to
fa v o r.
endorse
a d v e rtise
'O u r
D is c ip le
the
When t h e
G a rfie ld
to
in
of
th ro u g h
19
C h ris tia n
a c c o rd in g
fa c to rs
the
on h a n d
s aw t h e
a c tiv e
G a rfie ld 's
to u r
convened
most
W e ste rn
c o m p le tio n
speeches.
were
E rre tt
in
took
o ne t w o - w e e k
S o c ie ty
th e
N o rth
and B u r -
candidacy.
20
o p p o rtu n ity
"Th is
h und re d ,"
is
a
he u r g e d
268
D is c ip le s ,
o ffic e
of
"and c i r c u l a t e
the
Sin c e
th a t
C h ris tia n
A m e ric ans
o ffic e -se e k in g
fo r
the
the
tra d itio n a l
fo re
the
fro n t
the
porch
d a ily
who w e r e
th e ir
of
h is
c ru sh
e c sta tic
b ro th e r.
c am paign ,
G a rfie ld
the
G a rfie ld
W h ite
sup p o rt
As
a la rg e
p a rty
was
te nse
a ss is te d
to
In
in
the
the
O hio .
th a t
re m in isc in g .
months
next
from
the
in
had b e f a l l e n
of
was
re u n io n
be
D isc ip le s
C lub"
It
out
In c lu d e d
m id st
"O u in tin k le
fe lt
c a rry in g
w e r e many p r o u d
fo rtu n e
21
a ca nd id a te
d e le g a tio n s
M e ntor,
good
the
c e ntury
of
the
fo r
h e c tic
d in n e r
agreed
w ould
months
of
the
G a rfie ld
in
a v a rie ty
m aneuvering
p a rty
chairm an
of
in
tic k e t
the
home d i s t r i c t ,
and S e n a t o r
arranged
the
the
G a rfie ld 's
at
d ig n ity
numerous
in
hu n d re d ."
n in e te e n th
campaign.
the
of
per
the
th a t
be h e l d
in
H o u se .^
s k illfu l
m ent.
hosted
can be had a t
$3.00
the
w e ll-w ish e rs
the
It
w as r e s i g n e d
porch"
won e l e c t i o n ,
Ha r m o n A u s t i n
to
beneath
farm house
over
at
la te
he g r e e t e d
e ve ning
Throug h
h is
the
On one o c c a s i o n ,
and a p l e a s a n t
if
of
in
G a rfie ld
"fro n t
e le c tio n ,
fre e ly .
Stand ard
w as
p re sid e n c y ,
it
Roscoe
p o litic a l
p u b lic
p e rsu a d in g
was
A u stin
ra lly
to
in
d e m o n stra tio n
a d e c id in g
fa c to r
in
the
c le a rly
Re p u b lic a n
C o n k lin g
cam paign,
W arren,
of
fin e s t
D is tric t
U.
fe a tu re d
"harm ony"
G a rfie ld 's
fa c tio n
ac hieve
S.
in
G ra nt
a ttra c tio n s
T h is
in
But
C o m m itte e
fo r
O hio .
shrewd
ways.
p ro -G rant
h is
arranged
be t h e
of
the
the
narrow
c a re fu lly
R e p u b lic a n
v ic to ry .
23
269
On N o v e m b e r
the
p o lls
of
the
no l a n d s l i d e .
the
7,368
to ta l
a sin g le
vo te
or
so u th e rn
but
R e p u b lic a n s
in
frie n d s
long
was
fro m
ho urs
Burke,
and w i t h
fittin g
of
of
h is
the
to
c o untry
cess
tha n
fo r
e xpre ss
me i n
in
the
W.
he
In d ia n a ."
was
of
c a rry
by n e a r l y
Th e ir
the
one
sta te s,
narrow
d iffe re n c e
se ve ra l
up w i t h
"H armon A u s t i n ,
of
o th e rs
moment o f
s o lid
to
fo r
S tre a to r,
"A u stin
years
ago and
be r e m i n d e d
summoned t h e s e
triu m p h .
G a rfie ld
And t o
sa id
the
h a v e d on e n o b l y
n eed t o
H in sd a le .
you
D r.
rem inded him .
d id n 't
c lo se
him d u r i n g
campaign e i g h t e e n
P h illip s ,
25
to
n in e te e n
in v ite d
s it
Henry
to ld
my g r a t i t u d e
fa ile d
ones.
and he g r a c i o u s l y
you h a v e , "
T.
to
G a rfie ld
h a v e made m o r e
and g e n e r o u s
never
sid e
v ic to ry
p lu ra lity
Texas
sp e lle d
tw e n tie th
one p e r c e n t o f
c a rrie d
G a rfie ld
P re sid e n tia l
h is
in
to
24
re w a rd ,"
in d e b te d n e ss,
frie n d s
lo s t
and a s c o r e
But
of
G a rfie ld
In d ia n a
n ig h t.
u p .'"
G a rfie ld 's
im p o rta n t
e le c tio n
no hope o f
'le t
th a t
be t h e
a p o p u la r
Each p a r t y
and
to
one t e n t h
and he
c irc le
Rhodes,
But
expected,
H ira m
commenced t h i s
never
tha n
won t h e
A m ericans w ent
G a rfie ld
by w i t h
and d e f e a t .
the
H a rry
vo te s.
New Y o r k
between v i c t o r y
It
As
sta te ,
thousand
m a jo ritie s
le s s
c a st.
m illio n
S ta te s.
He s q u e a k e d
vo te s,
te n
Ja me s A .
U n ite d
hundred
the
1880,
and e l e c t e d
P re sid e n t
o n ly
2,
dear
" F e w men i n
to
the
sim p ly :
our
suc
devoted
"I
can
w h a t y o u h a v e done
270
G a rfie ld
the
than
fir s t
the
was d e l u g e d w i t h
week a f t e r
h is
c o n g ra tu la to ry
e le c tio n ,
one p e n n e d b y H i n s d a l e .
but
Th is
le tte rs
n o ne mor e
good
in
s ig n ific a n t
frie n d
w ro te :
I have been a s t o n i s h e d . . .
a t the h o ld t h a t yo u r
c a n d id a c y t o o k o f t h e r e l i g i o u s mind o f t h e c o u n t r y .
I t has s t i r r e d th e D i s c i p l e s w i t h g r e a t power, b u t has
r e a c h e d o u t b e y o n d t h e m and e mbraced a l l t h e P r o t e s t a n t
b o d ie s.
' Now we a r e g o i n g t o h a v e a r e l i g i o u s man f o r
P r e s i d e n t 1 i s a th o u g h t t h a t has s w e lle d i n th e h e a r t s
o f t h o u s a n d s o f r e l i g i o u s m e n . 26
However,
G a rfie ld
D isc ip le s .
w as w a r y o f
" Some o f
the
w e r e made u p o n h i m b y
fa ith ,"
27
G a rfie ld
a pro sp ec t
In
a long
c a re fu lly
exuberant
absurd
ill-b a la n c e d
commented T h e o d o r e
e le c tio n ,
th e m ."
m ost
the
of
Sm ith ,
and a n n o y i n g
member s o f
" who
fe lt
le tte r
d e fin e d
to
h is
H in sd a le
demands
the
D isc ip le s
th a t,
unexampled p r o s p e r i t y
w ith
la y
w ith
h is
b e fo re
on N ov em be r
re la tio n sh ip
of
17,
1880,
D isc ip le s :
O u r p e o p l e m u s t n o t u s e me a s t h e p r o m o t e r o f t h e
vie w s o f o u r b re th re n .
W h ile I s h a l l c h e e r f u l l y m ain
t a i n my o l d r e l a t i o n t o t h e m , I w a n t i t u n d e r s t o o d
t h a t i t i s t h e b r o a d g e n e r a l v i e w s and n o t t h e s p e c i a l
p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f o u r f a i t h t h a t I d e s ir e to prom ote.
Second.
O u r p e o p l e m u s t n o t make t o o much f u s s a b o u t
it.
F o r example, th e y m u st n o t u n d e rta k e t o b u i l d a
showy h o u s e i n W a s h i n g t o n .
T h ird .
Our peo ple m ust
remember t h a t t h e y a r e n o t a v e r y l a r g e p e r c e n t o f t h e
w h o l e R e p u b l i c a n p a r t y and a s t i l l s m a l l e r p e r c e n t o f
t h e w h o l e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e , and i t w o u l d n o t be d i f f i
c u l t f o r me t o i n j u r e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n by g i v i n g u n
due p r o m i n e n c e t o t h e D i s c i p l e s i n m a t t e r s o f a p p o i n t
m ent.
L e t us n o t f l a u n t o u r s e l v e s i n th e fa ce o f th e
A m e r i c a n p e o p l e a s t h o u g h we had made a s p e c i a l c o n
q u e s t , b u t by m o d e s t y and m o d e r a t i o n b e a r o u r p a r t
w o r t h i l y and t a k e w h a t e v e r r e s u l t i n g a d v a n t a g e s may
c o m e . 28
H in sd a le ,
to u c h in g
of
the
c ourse,
agreed w i t h
re lig io u s
m a tte rs
th is
are
sta nc e .
e m in e n tly
"Your
sound,
vie w s
and
in
271
my p l a c e ,
th e m ,"
I
s h a ll
he r e s p o n d e d ,
th a t
These
re s p o n s ib le
the
D isc ip le s
Texas
fo r
had
ju s t
such
G a rfie ld
g iv in g
a flo a t
in to
w ith
the
Sin c e
of
from
recomm endation
from
of
best
but
th e ir
As
de te rm ined
being
" K e e p my b r e t h r e n
m e,"
he
a skin g
snapped,
fo r
w herever
shake
o ffic e
he w e n t
h is
frie n d s
E rre tt's
know ing
sie g e d
him ,
in flu e n c e ."
who
in
p u b lic ,
say,
G a rfie ld
in
the
b io g ra p h e r
h is
sought
re q u e stin g
annoys
in
31
season
th a t
D isc ip le s
you,
the
one
o n ly
c h u rc h were
of
w ith
and o u t o f
the
was
he be a p p o i n t e d
Pat
consul
come
ru sh
Some o f
d a ily .
w ith
But
up t o
30
h is
Isaa c
o ffic e -se e k e rs ,
P re sid e n t-e le c t,
season,
D.
of
G a rfie ld ? "
upon.
hungry
m or e p r o m i n e n t
jo b s
w ould
of
away f r o m
them t o
B ro th e r
set
fe a r
re la tio n s."
p e stere d
"A h o rd e
re la tio n s
Among t h e
governm ent
the
re lig io u s
"How a r e
sa id :
in tim a te
our
stampede
he w o u l d
fo r
and w o u n d s me f o r
because o f
h a n d and
N o r was
c lo se s t
" it
b re th re n
the
a re s u lt
th a t
to
b ia sn e ss.
as
g e ttin g
award no g o v e r n m e n t p o s i t i o n s
charged w i t h
p o s itio n s ,
away
e ffe c t.
h is
P re sid e n t
fa r
G a rfie ld ,"
re s o lu te ly
the
tho usa nd
c o n fid e n t
o p p o site
to
many e x t r a v a g a n t
W ashing to n
le tte rs
e ffe c t
29
one h u n d r e d
"B ro th e r
on W a s h i n g t o n
are
in
founded.
T h e y were
fro m
you
be r e a l i z e d . "
came r u s h i n g
jo b s
demands,
th e re
fillin g
churc he s.
governm ent
a id
were w e l l
and C a l i f o r n i a
D isc ip le
to
"b ut
cannot
fe a rs
w as
as
be g l a d
e n tre a tie s
be
fo r
D isc ip le
p re ac he rs
Henderson,
who w r o t e
to
Liv e rp o o l.
32
But
272
the
r e q u e s t was d e n i e d .
fro m
K entucky,
w as
ano the r
An e x a m p l e o f
fro m
D isc ip le
John
the
Bowman,
d isa p p o in te d
harassm ent
o ffic e -se e k e rs
d e n t w h i c h he r e l a t e d
B.
in
is
in
to
educator
33
o ffic e -se e k e r.
th a t
seen
a le tte r
D isc ip le
G a rfie ld
the
h is
endured
fo llo w in g
in c i
w ife :
Y e s t e r d a y we had t r i a l o f o u r p a t i e n c e .
A Kentucky
woman, a D i s c i p l e who h a d l i v e d l e s s t h a n t w o y e a r s i n
C i n c i n n a t i , came a t n o o n armed w i t h a c o u p l e o f D i s c i
p l e l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n and m o d e s t l y w a n t e d t o
be made P o s t M i s t r e s s o f C i n c i n n a t i .
She d i s m i s s e d h e r
d r i v e r b e f o r e s h e came i n t o t h e h o u s e and we a p p a r e n t l y
had h e r o n o u r h a n d s f o r f i v e h o u r s .
F o r t u n a t e ly , the
e x p r e s s w as an h o u r l a t e and we g o t h e r o f f a t 2 : 3 0 .
S h e w as g r e a t l y g r i e v e d n o t t o h a v e s e e n " S i s t e r G a r
f i e l d " and s t i l l m o r e g r i e v e d t h a t " B r o t h e r G a r f i e l d "
w ould n o t g iv e h e r th e P . O .34
There
w e re ,
ban o n t h e
C a p ta in
g ra n tin g
H e n r y was
C o lum bia,
H a rry
how ever,
tin k le
h is
C lu b ,"
of
p ro m p tly
Jones
fo rm e r
H in sd a le
re p lie d :
p o litic a l
m ost o f
are
p o sitio n
to
sta y
wa s
w ith
a p p o in tm e n t.
the
fille d ,"
sent
governm ent
H in sd a le
the
the
out
of
w rote
the
the
"Q u in
"I
am
you have?"
who r e c e i v e d
35
the
G a rfie ld
fin e st
wanted
he g ave h i m a c h o i c e
in
c a n d id ly
Europe
to
of
beloved
te le g ra m :
no r e a s o n why I
p o s itio n s
D is tric t
my s u n l i g h t . "
A lth o u g h
c o lle g e ,
see
D isc ip le s .
the
What w i l l
D is c ip le
"I
to
G a rfie ld 's
And t o
fo llo w in g
H in sd a le .
the
to
and a member o f
Sta te s.
"Sta nd
of
D o ug la ss.
c h a p la in
U n ite d
U n d e rsta n d a b ly ,
p o litic a l
named M a r s h a l
Fre d e ric k
the
e x c e p tio n s
governm ent p o s i t i o n s
G a rfie ld
now P r e s i d e n t
To w hich
of
re p la c in g
Jones,
some n o t a b l e
cannot
as w e l l
G a rfie ld .
as
of
f i l l
the y
"Such
an
273
a p p o in tm e n t w o uld
o ld
w o rld ,
the
b a rg a in ."
European
U.
th e
S.
a change o f
36
M in is te r
to
the
accepted
G a rfie ld
c ould
not
h is
tim e
have know n,
speech t o
not
e ffe c t
the
fa c u lty
a s u ita b le
(H a w a ii).
a month b e f o r e
was
the
some money i n t o
arrange
u n til
see
post
of
A lth o u g h
O ctobe r,
1881,
37
a no the r
it
to
H in s d a le the
Isla n d s
1881,
fo r
to
Sand w ic h
take
a c ha nc e
and p e r h a p s
he o f f e r e d
im m e d ia te ly .
Fe b rua ry,
to ok
scenery,
but
a p p o in tm e n t w o uld
In
me some l e i s u r e ,
G a r f i e l d was u n a b l e
a p p o in tm e n t,
H in sd a le
In
g ive
v is it
to
to
be h i s
h is
in a u g u ra tio n ,
H ira m .
la s t
and s t u d e n t s
A lth o u g h
jo u rn e y
to
he
Hiram .
he s a i d :
T o d a y i s a s o r t o f b u r i a l - d a y i n many w a y s .
I have
o f t e n b e e n i n H i r a m and h a v e o f t e n l e f t i t ; b u t , w i t h
t h e e x c e p t i o n o f when I wane t o w a r , I h a v e n e v e r f e l t
t h a t I was l e a v i n g i t i n q u i t e s o d e f i n i t e a way a s I
do t o d a y . . . .
I c a n n o t see w hat l i e s beyond.
I may
be g o i n g o n an A r c t i c v o y a g e ; b u t , be t h a t a s i t may,
I know t h a t
y e a r s ago I b u i l d e d u p o n t h i s p r o m o n t o r y a
c a i r n , f r o m w h i c h , w h e r e v e r my w a n d e r i n g s
may l e a d me,
I can d r a w some s u s t e n a n c e f o r l i f e and s t r e n g t h .
May
t h e t i m e n e v e r come when I c a n n o t f i n d some f o o d f o r
m i n d and h e a r t on H i r a m H i l l . 38
Three
days
la te r,
G a rfie ld
was
wh e n h e p e n n e d h i s
fa re w e ll
b id d in g
my o l d
go o db y e
to
whose
countenances
"and,
w o rst
in
of
a ll,
me and many w i l l
frie n d sh ip
by t i m e
nor
of
and c o u n s e l
I
a se n tim e n ta l
Harmon A u s t i n .
I
sh a ll
k no w many o f
be a l i e n a t e d .
w h irl
in
f r e e d o m and t o
s o many y e a r s
by t h e
to
s t ill
of
w ill
m is s ,"
not
e v e n ts."
I
am
fe e l
he c o n f i d e d ,
be d i s a p p o i n t e d
sure
be s h a t t e r e d
39
know I
many good f r i e n d s
them w i l l
But
"I
mood
th a t
or
our
dimmed
274
A fte r
launched
G a rfie ld 's
a n o t h e r movement
W a sh in g to n .
was
s o lic ito r
the
of
too
to
la rg e
o u r m ea ns,"
th a t
to
G a rfie ld
the
of
E c c le s ia stic a l
a fa r
e d ,"
concern.
g a in s
w id e r
s iz e
p re sid e n c y ,
of
any r e a l
in
gro w th
v o ic e s
the
"our
fo r
In
p u b lic ity
he c o n c e d e d .
or
of
led
in to
ren
about
th e ir
an
be i n f l i c t e d
c ite d
the
W a sh in g to n
m ov e me nt
as
But
a prim e
K in g
tendency
church
fo r
some o f
honest
a new p r e s t i g i o u s
example.
K in g
keen
years
K in g ,
e d ito r
about
w ill
of
the
but
accrue
D isc ip le s
re a so n a b le
he a rt w i l l
be
A m erican b r e t h
w o rld lin e s s"
by G a r f i e l d ' s
lik e
h a v e b ee n a t t a i n
is
warned h i s
to
w ith
the
th e re
now h e a r
and i t
to
keep w i t h
sk e p tic a l
o th e rw ise
of
some s c a t t e r e d
D a vid
o p e n ly
the
40
d u rin g
"No d o u b t
could
us
a n y th in g
s t ill
En g la n d ,
p rin c ip le s,
"in c re a se d
the
were
about
fo rw a rd
church
"Everyb od y m ust
ra n k s."
on
the
c hurch.
c o n se q u e n tly ,
avoid
g e ne ra l
undertake
"Le t
in
D isc ip le s
m in iste r
do n o t
lo o k in g
th e re
to
the
d e c o ra tio n ."
were
th e ir
th a t
Pow er,
"and a l s o
church
ap p o inte d
concerned
W ashing to n.
and s o m e w h a t o f
e xpect,
w as
O b s e r v e r , was
tha n
was
b re th re n
London,
the
D isc ip le
s ig n ific a n t
P h illip s
he c a u t i o n e d ,
in
of
Fre d e ric k
most D is c ip le s
a n tic ip a tio n
the
to
V e rm o n t Avenue c h u r c h
a n a tio n a l
G a rfie ld
a house"
e ith e r
W h ile
of
urge
the
com m ittee
new f u n d s .
o ste n ta tio n ,
fo r
and T h o m a s W.
an d h e w r o t e
c hurc h,
b u ild
in
A n a tio n a l
o rg a n ize d ,
p ro je c t,
e le c tio n ,
th a t
p re sid e n c y ,
church
w ould
and he
b u ild in g
concluded w i t h
in
a word
275
of
p re c a u tio n :
b rin g s,
" T h a t w hich
in d ire c tly ,
G a rfie ld 's
1881.
M ost o f
to
n a tio n 's
the
in c re a se d
the
D isc ip le s
c a p ita l
were
w ith
new P r e s i d e n t
In
the
grandeur o f
re m in isc e d
w as
in v ite d
the
about
lo g ic a l
b an d a t
H iram
a c e n tu ry
th e ir
the
set
the
the
fo r
H iram
House
m orning
m ansio n,
happy y e a r s
of
the
the
F rid a y ,
c irc le
the
to
of
"g re a t
and d r e a m ed o f
March
4,
Rhodes
and
b re a k fa st
in a u g u ra tio n .
th re e
to g e th e r
41
jo u rn e y e d
share
h is
the
n a tio n
c h u rc h ."
grand o c c a s io n .
W h ite
noble
the
la te r,
"o b sc u re "
Church
fo r
in c lu d e d
in
on t h e
h ad t a l k e d
on t h e
sp e c ia l
was
to
to
in
o ld
frie n d s
H ira m .
th in g s"
n e a rly
the
Th is
little
a q u a rte r
of
b e fo re I ^
C h ris tia n
Sunday
to
c u lm in a tio n
Two m o r n i n g s
focused
the
fo r
b le ssin g
danger
in a u g u ra tio n
H in sd a le
the
p ro m ise s
in
se ve ra l
a h e a d lin e
th a t
A sso c ia te d
Pre ss
a tte n tio n
m e e ting ho use
W a shing to n.
D isc ip le s ,
p r o g r a m w as
the
T h is
and t h e y
arranged,
w ith
n a tio n a lly -k n o w n
read,
"P re s id e n t
re p o rte d
the
of
of
the
was
was
V e rm o n t Avenue
most o f
G a rfie ld 's
G a rfie ld
n a tio n
an o p p o r t u n i s t i c
made t h e
D is c ip le
next
the
it.
a p p ro v a l,
m in is te rs .
At
C h u rc h ,"
A
th a t
Under
the
day:
I t seemed a s i f e v e r y b o d y t o o k a s u d d e n i n t e r e s t
y e ste rd a y in the d o c trin e s o f the D is c ip le s .
B e f o r e te n o ' c l o c k i n th e m o rn in g crowds o f people
w e r e c o n c e n t r a t i n g i n t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h on V e r m o n t
avenue, where P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d w o r s h i p s .
The c hurch,
w i t h i t s g a l l e r y and S u n d a y - s c h o o l r o o m s , w e r e s p e e d i l y
f i l l e d t o o v e r f l o w i n g , and d i s a p p o i n t e d t h o u s a n d s w e r e
u n a b l e t o o b t a i n a d m i s s i o n . 43
The
fo r
the
sermon
fe ll
on C h a p l a i n
George
C.
276
M u llin s
of
frie n d s .
of
Jude:
w id e ly
U n ite d
M u llin s
".
w h i c h was
e n title d
the
.
"The
F a ith
On t h a t
hosted
of
fir s t
the
the
at
the
P rio r
se rv in g
the
gre ete d
th e y
as
he c i r c u l a t e d
were
g ive n
day o f
to
pleased w i t h
m eal,
the
church
o p p o rtu n ity
D u rin g
the
in
the
c o n sta n t
alw ays
c ru sh
provoked
of
firs t
at
re fe rre d
but
fille d
h o u rs
c u rio sity
to
The
s e r m o n was
its
c o n t e n t was
the
fe s tiv itie s
a fte r
went
firs t
make s u c h
around
the
name.
It
teacher
frie n d s .
fro m
He knew
th a t
had b ee n
had b ee n a w o n d e r f u l
45
months
in
o ffic e ,
he r e m a i n e d
c hurch.
The
Verm ont m e e tin g h o u se
G a rfie ld 's
ahead o f
see ke rs
h is
and P h i l l i p s .
how s t e a d f a s t
the
G a rfie ld
many o f
V e rm o n t Avenue
to
fa ith
fo r
fo rm e r
fre n e tic
the
sh a n ty ,"
G a rfie ld
It
w ith
the
p u b lic ity
D is c ip le s .
d e lig h te d
s n e e rin g ly
were
m orning .
ve rse
fo r
Ro b iso n
de a re st
enormous
the
atte nda nc e
"C a m p b e llite
se a ts
in g
were
Sunday
re p o rte rs
fo r
G a rfie ld 's
D isc ip le s
h is
th a t
in
G a rfie ld
the
th ird
P re sid e n t,
by t h e i r
among h i s
the
good
44
House
H enry,
everyone
the
as
in c lu d e d
m u s t h a v e b e e n a p r o u d moment f o r
Hiram
and
c o u n try.
W h ite
Rhodes,
of
of
s a in ts ."
D is c ip le s ,"
Among t h o s e
H in sd a le ,
r o o m and w a r m l y
the
d in n e r
frie n d s .
the
unto
G a rfie ld 's
contend
Sunday e ve n in g
were A u s t i n ,
to
one o f
e a rn e stly
throug hout
a sp e c ia l
D isc ip le
sh o u ld
d e liv e re d
p u b lish e d
Arm y,
p r e a c h e d on a p o r t i o n
.y e
once
Sta te s
tim e .
around
the
c ritic is m s
as
e le c tio n
its
However,
the
church
in
h is
b u ild
Jo urna l
277
as:
"A ttend e d
g re a t
and a n n o y i n g
C hurch;
th is
Church w i t h
a no the r
c h a o tic
h isto ry ,"
d o u b le
its
lam ented,
new o f f i c e
the
at
the
was
fo u r-y e a r
the
not
W h ite
in c lin e d
dilem m as
th a t
re ig n
House
of
were
in
Am erican
lu c ta n t
to
be g in
liq u o r
departed
fro m ,
th e re
U po n h e a r i n g
in
h is
h ig h
House
In
of
aware
was
"S h o u ld
c o n fid e n c e ."
rum ors
46
w ith
fo rm a l
d in n e rs
G a rfie ld
th a t
the
the
the
of
on
of
the
p o w e rfu l
G a rfie ld
Hayes
was
frie n d s
most
c o n su lte d
h is
D u rin g
by m a k i n g a s h a r p
be a good d e a l
sc a tte re d
its
a symbol
a d d itio n ,
lo s s
as
b e c o m i n g one o f
a d m in istra tio n
w ill
Hayes,
human
o ne o f
q u e stio n .
w ith o u t w in e .
W h ite
of
to
in h e rite d
liq u o r
to
fille d
o ffic e ."
G a rfie ld
the
he c a u t i o n e d :
and a c o n s i d e r a b l e
w rote
th a t
to
of
went
d e plo re d
view
church
a c c id e n t
She ld o n— a
and I
G a rfie ld
a little
by t h e
p o litic s .
h is
C re te
me a s o r r y
he was w e l l
fa st
Hayes.
q u e stio n ,
see
the
but
mov e me nt w e r e
P re sid e n t
g ive s
served
and M r s .
in ."
"Lemonade L u c y "
m a in ta in
lo b b ie s
w ith
and
in v o lv in g
te m p e ra n c e movement,
of
"to
C rete
"M o the r,
been e l e c t e d
th a t
to
"It
attendance
h a v in g
One o f
and
crowd o u t s i d e
usual
fre q u e n te rs
c ro w d,"
s itu a tio n .
he
M o ther,
was r e
break
about
regim e
the
be
d isa p p o in tm e n t
47
th is
su b je c t,
Hayes
d ia ry :
I t i s s a i d Gen. G a r f i e l d w i l l r e s t o r e w i n e and l i q u o r
t o th e W h ite House.
I hope t h i s i s a m i s t a k e . . . .
If
Gen . G a r f i e l d r e j e c t s t h e p r a c t i c e I h a v e i n a u g u r a t e d ,
h e w i l l o f f e n d t h o u s a n d s , and d r i v e t h e m i n t o t h e h a n d s
o f t h e Tem perance demagogues.
He w i l l l o s e t h e c o n f i
d e n c e o f t h o u s a n d s o f good c i t i z e n s and g a i n no s t r e n g t h
278
i n any q u a r t e r .
H i s c o u r s e w i l l be t a k e n a s e v i d e n c e
t h a t he l a c k s t h e g r i t t o f a c e f a s h i o n a b l e r i d i c u l e .
N o t h i n g h u r t s a man m or e t h a n a g e n e r a l b e l i e f t h a t
he l a c k s " t h e c o u r a g e o f h i s c o n v i c t i o n s . " 4 8
It
was
a lm o st
hosted
h is
Jo urna l
to
D r.
p a rty
fir s t
H o p k in s
of
but
it
p o lic y
th a t
re c e iv e d
The
h a n d lin g
u n ite d
the
the
in d ig n a tio n
e v il."
The
in c re a se d
1874
perance
e very
the
of
year
C h ris tia n
colum n.
p ro h ib itio n
than
V e rm o n t Avenue C h r i s t i a n
of
the
N a tio n a l
New Y o r k ,
the
and i n
o rg a n iza tio n
Avenue
churc h
than
in
the
P o w e r was
to
a m ee tin g
t h a t w as
c lo se
fir s t
c h a p la in
of
the
w ould
to
fo r
A n ti-S a lo o n
P o w e r's
h e a rt,
league.
be c o m m i t t e d
L ik e
to
and
a re g u la r
in
the
m in iste r
tem
cause
of
the
a v ic e -p re sid e n t
1879,
in
House
he
of
in v ite d
the
Verm ont
L e a g u e was
a no the r
and he
served
as
most D i s c i p l e s ,
the
papers
1870's ,
and P u b l i c a t i o n
in
more
"liq u o r
D isc ip le
in v o lv e d
Pow er,
G a rfie ld 's
the
the
event
cause
h op e d G a r f i e l d
D.
in
fe a tu rin g
was m o r e
So c ie ty
The
of
c ru sa d e rs,
had s t i r r e d
a m u c h -p u b lic ize d
b u ild in g .
the
p le a sa n t
temperance
decade o f
was
W ashingto n
In
c o n tin u a tio n
in te re ste d
Church.
Temperance
Th is
a rtic le s
the
Fre d e ric k
House.
A ve ry
le a d e rs
temperance
Stand ard
49
G a rfie ld
"We gave a d i n n e r
No i s s u e
D isc ip le
No D i s c i p l e
. . .
th a t
o f most D i s c i p l e s .
v ita lly
th ro u g h
W h ite
the
q u e s tio n .
fro m
volume
p le a sed
were
o ffic e
he n o t e d :
v in o ."
endorsem ent
liq u o r
the
C o lle g e .
sin e
o n ly
D isc ip le s
of
in
e ve n in g ,
W illia m s
not
he e n t e r e d
d in n e r
and a good d i n n e r
Hayes
of
a fte r
fo rm a l
account o f
the
by
a month
temperance
the
Power
cause.
279
The
s u llie d
of
fir s t
w ith
Fe d e ra l
to
P re sid e n t
le t
51
of
But
he won a g r e a t
Rhodes
spoke
P re sid e n t
the
people
at
the
I
g re a t
the
a fte rn o o n
s aw a f e w
Ben- H u r .
The
p lo t
the
tone
the
book on A p r i l
say
th a n k fu lly :
The
b rie fly
in
the
in
the
the
the
to
p a rty
of
at
h is
h is
in
of
of
19,
the
to
but
G eneral
C iv il
In d ia n a
13,
in
"T e ll
and t h a t
s t ill
1881.
the
b u rn in g
G a rfie ld
novel
Jo u rn a l:
"In
is
sketched
p o w e rfu lly
to
the
and r e v e r e n t
life ."
Wa r when t h e y
tim e
the
w ith
and
com pleted
a utho r
to
b oo k y o u
53
had kno wn G a r f i e l d
had
had w o r k e d
and as
was
c a lle d
the
L ew W a l l a c e ,
canvass,
p lu c k
p u b lish e d
my d a i l y
W allac e
end
patronage.
s p e n t most o f
b e a u tifu l
of
the
and
52
im m e d ia te ly w ro te
burden
Hiram
Henry:
b ed r o o m w as
A p ril
the
a moment b e
over
C a ptain
the
ac ross
and m
b a ttle s
ba ck."
sto ry
th is
have
m a g n ific e n t
s u sta in e d ."
he
I
ta sk,
a re c e n tly
c a lle rs
H in sd a le ,
and peace o f
the
P re s id e n t's
c am paig n.
the
q u ie t
to
were
over m a tte rs
you a l i n e
when
17 he was w r i t i n g
"W ith
a u th o r,
S h ilo h
o ld
m orning
a d m ira b ly
d u rin g
G a rfie ld
are
e njo ym e nt
lig h te n e d
throw
th in k ,
stu c k
in
the
By A p r i l
have
dear
am p r o u d
Ben- H u r .
is
I
note
many wh e n he w r o t e
lamp i n
in
"I
A d m in istra tio n
and d i s c o r d
one b r i e f
w ro te :
v ic to ry
en m a s s e
2 o 'c lo c k
fin d in g
s trife
In
G a rfie ld
fo r
the
The
G a rfie ld 's
y o u k no w t h a t
tween b r e a t h s ,
M e n to r."
of
u n p ro d u c tiv e
pa trona ge.
beleaguered
storm
m onths
served
to g e th e r
tire le s s ly
a rew ard
fo r
fo r
the se
280
e ffo rts
to
the
he had r e q u e s t e d
re a d in g
award W a l l a c e
sid e re d
the
of
a European d ip lo m a tic
Ben- H u r ,
such
an a p p o i n t m e n t ,
re q u e st.
"I
he w r o t e
in s p ira tio n
the
G a rfie ld
s a ile d
fo llo w e d
fo r
Turkey
Throug hout
the
of
U n ite d
Sta te s
G a rfie ld 's
e a rly
but
in
to
shoot
the
a n g le .
at
the
the
m onth o f
w as
being
the
an o pe n w i n d o w .
up a s t r a t e g i c
to
sta lk e d
h a b its,
he o b s e r v e d
the
On t h e
o u tsid e
G a rfie ld
Sunday
the
the
The
J u ly
2,
P re sid e n t
1881,
C o lle g e .
as
He was
re u n io n
of
th ro u g h
the
h is
was
in
he p r e p a r e d
e a g e rly
c o lle g e
B a ltim o re
P re sid e n t,
m orning.
hig h
to
leave
g ra d u a tin g
and P ot o m a c
to
but
Knowing
12.
He
se rv ic e ,
proper
seated
near
a ssa ssin
took
of
shoot
the
V e r
throug h
G a rfie ld
was
55
s p irits
lo o k in g
was
of
among t h e
the
low windows
the
th a t
was
get
the
He was p r e p a r e d
to
P re sid e n t
w o rsh ip
mont Avenue m e e t i n g h o u s e .
open windo w c l o s e s t
w o rk ."
54
on J u n e
he c o u l d n ' t
fo llo w in g
p o s itio n
away f r o m W a s h i n g t o n
the
k ille r
the
to
he may d r a w
by an a s s a s s i n .
d u rin g
th a t
a utho r
and W a l l a c e
Ben-H ur.
1881,
to
he r e c o n
lite ra ry
P re sid e n t
its
"where
fu tu re
June,
crowded m e e t in g h o u s e
However,
send
in c lin a tio n ,
a sequel
P rio r
b ee n d i s p o s e d
a fte rw a rd s
to
fo r
on h i s
w rite
the
but
Jo u rn a l,
modern E a s t
c h u rc h -g o in g
a rriv a ls
planned
in
th ro u g h
to
had n o t
am i n c l i n e d
C o n sta n tin o p le ,"
from
G a rfie ld
p o st.
on t h e
on a t r i p
fo rw a rd
to
c la ss .
ra ilro a d
the
But
as
m orning
to
of
W illia m s
tw e n ty - fifth
he w a l k e d
depot a t
9:30
in
281
the
m o rn in g ,
sh o ts
was
at
the
a ssa ssin
p o in t-b la n k
im m e d ia te ly
death
throug h
tia l
shock
of
to
the
to
the
id e n tity
m e n ta lly
to
th re e
the
s u rp ris e
weeks,
v a lia n tly
fo r
the
g lo b e .
throug h
life .
g re a te st
arena o f
M a il
d e c la re d :
"Ly in g
a D isc ip le
the
w ho le
h is to ria n
the
As
of
the
the
life ,"
c iv iliz e d
of
to
and t h e
57
ba la nce .
fo r
e le ve n
he
fo u g h t
wasted
people
the
room as
Eve n in g
su ffe rin g
E ig h t
away,
around
sic k
New Y o r k
on a bed o f
w o rld ."
deeds.
summer,
he a rt
a
he c l a i m e d
the
and
g ra d u a lly
re fe rre d
p a tie n tly
in
in i
G u ite a u ,
a lth o u g h
hung
the
a tte n tio n
fra u d u le n t
life
G a rfie ld
Tim e s
h is
of
its
C h a rle s
he r a l l i e d ,
heat
captured
New Y o r k
"th e
conquered
everyone
courage
The
h isto ry
he l i n g e r e d
A fte r
turned
who,
two
wounded P r e s i d e n t
day.
He was
G a rfie ld 's
of
the
n a tio n
o ffic e -se e k e r,
and f i r e d
House where
of
a ssa ssin .
days,
h is
W h ite
the
him
m o rta lly
rem ainder
the
For
rem arka ble
the
had a l o n g
a g o n izin g
The
sh o o tin g ,
unba la nced
h is
to
the
of
be a l a w y e r ,
But
range.
rushed
near
stepped be h ind
years
he has
la te r,
re c a lle d :
T h e P r e s i d e n t ' s r e l i g i o n was t h e c h i e f t h i n g p r o m i
n e n t ly b ro u g h t to l i g h t d u rin g th e e n t i r e tim e o f h i s
i l l n e s s , and when i t became g e n e r a l l y kno wn t h a t he
was i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e r e l i g i o u s p e o p l e kn own a s " D i s
c i p l e s o f C h r i s t , " o r "C hurches o f C h r i s t , " t h i s f a c t
o f i t s e l f drew s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i r p r i n c i p l e s
and a i m s , and g a v e t h e i r r e l i g i o u s mov ement an i m p o r
t a n c e w h i c h i t had n e v e r a t t a i n e d b e f o r e . 58
As
frie n d sh ip
b e la te d ly
a consequence
of
between G a r f i e l d
re sto re d .
In
the
the
tra g ic
sh o o tin g ,
and J e r e m i a h
firs t
the
S u lliv a n
week a f t e r
sp e c ia l
B l a c k was
he was
sh o t,
282
G a rfie ld
h is
in q u ire d
e stra ng e d
one o f
the
at
the
W h ite
of
B la c k 's
tio n ,
fir s t
House.
th a t
the
by
He was
G a rfie ld
pays
in
Tim o th y
W a sh in g to n .
C o op ,
was
sent
"a s
H is
goodness
suggested
sp e c ia l
the se
in te re s t"
"a D i v i n e
to
a g ra te fu l
th a t
in
k in sh ip ,
in
fo r
The
sa vin g
Lu c re tia
out
c o m pa nio nship
Rhodes
o ld
of
h is
h is
and a s c o r e
sod"
on h i m ,
of
as
and p r a y e r
of
th e ir
to
rem ark:
H ira m
he
of
long
"The
our
the
th a t
life ."
the
Fa th e r
But
G a rfie ld
of
yearned
to
be back
on h i s
little
On o ne
"a
him
the
H in sd a le
"on
fo r
and
the
hard
w o rsh ip
such o c c a s io n ,
G a rfie ld
60
fo r
e sp e c ia lly
g a th e rin g
b e h a lf,
church
in
C h ris t."
He l o n g e d
b re th re n
by
w h i c h h a v e b ee n
o th e rs.
Sundays were
fo r
Coop a l s o
see
h is
money
were m o t i v a t e d
Gospel
fund
c o n trib u tio n ,
Heavenly
re la tio n s
to
D is c ip le
to
of
emo-
the
He w a n t e d
pra yers
dear
to
T h e y had r e c o g n i z e d
of
n ews
responded
frie n d s .
on V e r m o n t A ve n ue.
fe rv e n t
to
o rd e a l,
and M e n t o r .
tho ught
th is
G a rfie ld
D isc ip le s
G a rfie ld .
person
gre at
a n a tio n a l
of
hu sb a n d 's
B ritis h
in
moved b y t h e
c o n trib u tio n
o rg a n ize r
your
had s e n t
c a lle d
B ritia n
e re c tin g
o ffe rin g
g ro w in g
Bla c k
fro m
59
G reat
f o r m e d b y a common a c c e p t a n c e o f
Throug hout
v is ib ly
a generous
e xp la in e d
in
was
th is ."
D isc ip le s
se n d in g
th a t
and he commented w i t h
fo r
h a d b ee n e s t a b l i s h e d
church
inform ed
and had a l r e a d y
concern,
a lm o st
sh o o tin g
had b ee n an y c o m m u n i c a t i o n
te le g ra m s
lo v in g
"Tha t
th e re
frie n d .
Some o f
the
if
kno w ing
was h e a r d
on V e r m o n t A v e n u e !
They
283
have been c a r r y i n g
s h a ll
have
to g e th e r
th e ir
no c a u se
in
the
a rd ent
C h ris tia n
pra yers
me as
p ra ye rs.
M issio n a ry
of
the
punc tua te d w i t h
moment t h a t
G a rfie ld
was
Two d a y s
spare
a fte r
the
the
broken
h im ."
to
re c o ve ry .
re c o ve ry
of
re lig io u s
many c r o w d e d
enough,
he w o u l d
On t h e
of
the
but
the
jo in
the
w rote
if
the
of
m illio n s
the
th ro n e
and s p a r e
were
some s u b t l e
"M ost
G ladden.
p r a y e r were
th a t
the
urged
fo r
who a r e mak
p ra y e rs,"
of
God,
the
th a t
life
dangers
u n a d v ise d ly
of
th a t
fa ith
w ith
n a tio n
W ashingto n
fa ith
pre ac he rs
was made a t e s t
be h e a l e d . "
p e r m i t him
have
th ic k
th e re
Henry w ro te :
assura nce
"b e sie g in g
th e re
I
c o u n try,
and w e e p i n g a s s e m b l i e s ,
and
su re ly
.
on p r a y e r .
P re sid e n t
p e o p le ,"
us
on t h e
However,
re lia n c e
the
the
.
of
In d ia n a
d o wn ,
not
C a p ta in
h e a v e n and e a r t h
have c o m p a ssio n
c o n fid e n t
.
pray w i t h
H e n r y Ward B e e c h e r ,
P re sid e n t."
down
"Le t
God w o u l d
sh o o tin g ,
A cross
space between
he w i l l
th a t
stru c k
came
fre q u e n t
the
G a rfie ld 's
ve rsa ry
c o n v e n tio n
From
convinc e d
up t h e y
o b je c t
G a r f i e l d . " 61
pra yer
the
"B ro th e r
God w i l l
in
was
of
h a v e b ee n a l m o s t
th is
S o c i e t y was
get
Whenever D i s c i p l e s
G a rfie ld
annual
I
rec o ve ry
"I
the
When
the
d ie .
c rie d
i t . "
1881,
The
burden.
fo r
to
in g
re g re t
summer o f
w e r e many who w e r e
th e ir
to
a gre at
of
in
the
fa ith
b y many
"It
w as h e l d ,
if
prayer
th e re
of
were
fa ith ,
62
e ve ning
of
Septem ber
19,
B a ttle
of
Chicamauga,
the
e ig h te e n th
G a rfie ld
passed
a n n i
q u ie tly
284
a wa y.
of
The
shock
a n x ie ty ,
but
the
g re a te st
The
casket
la y
in
where
of
1 0 0,0 00
was h e l d
in
a d d re ss.
the
it
In
w as
a d d itio n
were
G ra nt
and H a y e s ,
assem bled
the
the
P re sid e n t's
g rie f
fo r
sin c e
tw o d a ys
w ith
to
the
here
the
death
the
m oving
23,
P re sid e n t
a fu n e ra l
C orps,
o rg a n iz a tio n s.
To
th is
from
d is tin g u is h e d
of
the
se rv ic e
the
G a rfie ld ,
E x -P re sid e n ts
Supreme C o u r t
Se n a to rs
L in c o ln .
Power g i v i n g
A rth u r,
the
of
p ro c e ssio n
P re sid e n t
of
weeks
trig g e re d
rotund a
fa m ily
re p re s e n ta tiv e s
s la in
death
D.
member s o f
D ip lo m a tic
long
Fre d e ric k
of
the
the
in
On S e p t e m b e r
and a m u l t i t u d e
of
somewhat by
v i e w e d by a s l o w l y
rotund a
th e re
C a b in e t,
sta te
of
pe o ple.
the
lessened
n e ws o f
o u tp o u rin g
C a p ito l
over
had b ee n
and t h e
and R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ,
c iv il
and m i l i t a r y
aud ie nc e,
Power
sa id
P re sid e n t:
T h e c h i e f g l o r y o f t h i s man was h i s d i s c i p l e s h i p i n
th e s c h o o l o f C h r i s t . . . . Speaking o f h i s atte nd a nc e
upon t h e l i t t l e
c h u r c h on V e r m o n t A v e n u e , he s a i d t o
me, " I am n o t t h e r e a s P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ;
I am t h e r e s i m p l y a s a d i s c i p l e o f C h r i s t . " . . . When
h e e n t e r e d p u b l i c l i f e i n t h i s c i t y , he m e t w e e k l y w i t h
h is b re th re n . . .
He w o u l d s i n g w i t h h e a r t i n e s s t h e
s o n g s o f p r a i s e , p a r t a k e d e v o u t l y o f t h e emblems o f t h e
b o d y and b l o o d o f C h r i s t , and g r a s p . . . t h e h a n d s o f
h i s b r e t h r e n a s he p a s s e d w i t h h i s aged m o t h e r on h i s
arm.
T h e c h u r c h was e v e r a r e s t f u l home f o r h i m . 63
F o llo w in g
fu n e ra l
the
tra in
fa m ily
as
in
e ve ry
to
C le v e la n d .
to
the
v illa g e
th is
se rv ic e ,
C le v e la n d ,
plac e
as
the
Thousands
fo r
the
O h io ,
c a s k e t w e n t by a s p e c i a l
w hich
b u ria l.
tra in
lin e d
The
passed
the
had b ee n c h o s e n by
church
s lo w ly
tra c ks
in
b e lls
to lle d
fro m W a sh in g to n
m ajo r
c itie s
285
lik e
B a ltim o re
ham let
where
as
as
the
alo ng
the y
and P i t t s b u r g h ,
tra in
the
sa id
passed
ro u te ,
good-bye
throug h
the
to
s ile n t
in
was
h e ld
at
sta te
th is
in
in
to
most
but
w hich
faced
the
engaging
a sso c ia tio n
sid e
H in sd a le
the
w ith
H ira m ,
of
bared
h is
G a rfie ld ,
25,
e very
Eve ry
th e ir
w h ile
a Hiram C o lle g e
n on e o f
statesm an
to w a rd s
fa rm la n d s.
crowds
Septem ber
G a rfie ld
" T o d a y we l e a v e
la w y e rs,
fie ld
c ity .
m e m o ria l,
e loquence w i t h
frie n d .
C le v e la n d ,
th a t
the
in
heads
G a rfie ld .
On S u n d a y a f t e r n o o n ,
la y
and h u n d r e d s m o r e
to
re c e iv e d
them q u i t e
pa id
to
equaled
and t o
life ."
to
th is
In
re c a llin g
H in sd a le
the
h is
sa id
w ill
sim p le
departed
the
he s a i d .
us
se rv ic e
e u lo g ie s
so ld ie rs ,
sta te sm e n,"
casket
m em orial
se vera l
trib u te
so ld ie r
the
la w ye r
"M r.
alw ays
h is
Gar
be t h e
life lo n g
te n d e rly :
O f my own o b l i g a t i o n s t o h i m , f i r s t a s a p u p i l , n e x t
a s a c o - t e a c h e r , t h e n as a f r i e n d , n a y , a s a b r o t h e r , I
cannot t r u s t m y s e l f to speak.
O n l y he who c h a n t e d t h e
e l e g y o v e r t h e s l a i n S a u l , and J o n a t h a n h i s s o n , can
v o i c e my g r i e f : "H ow a r e t h e m i g h t y f a l l e n i n t h e m i d s t
o f the b a t t l e . O , Jonatha n, th o u w a st s l a i n i n t h in e
h ig h p la c e s!
I am d i s t r e s s e d f o r t h e e , my b r o t h e r J o n
a t h a n ; v e r y p l e a s a n t h a s t t h o u b ee n t o me; t h y l o v e t o
me was w o n d e r f u l , p a s s i n g t h e l o v e o f w o m e n . " 6 4
The
Mo n day ,
p u b lic
Septem ber
A rth u r
c a lle d
la n d .
The
re u n io n
fo r
fo r
fu n e ra l
the
Lockwood w e re
fu n e ra l
was
26.
honor
In
a day o f
c irc le .
among t h e
of
fa stin g
cere m o nie s
H iram
h e ld
were
in
downtown
th is
o c c a sio n ,
and p r a y e r
in
the
Rhodes,
p a llb e a re rs,
C leveland
H enry,
w h ile
P re sid e n t
th ro u g h o u t
na ture
on
of
a gre at
S tre a to r
R o b iso n ,
the
and
E rre tt,
286
Jones
an d H i n s d a l e
G a rfie ld
she
se le c te d
asked
E rre tt
More
He r e v i e w e d
as
of
sp o t,"
the
w ith
h is
25 0,000
.
.
a d m ira tio n ,
rem arks,
ity .
"J am es
E rre tt
E rre tt
A.
C h ris tia n
fo r
the
the
the
in
to
the
the
G a rfie ld
th ro n g ,
th a t
one p o i n t
in te g rity ,
p u b lic
or
m oral
He c o n c l u d e d
fe ll
In
fo r
ad dress.
budding
a few m i l e s
the
from
the
h is
lip s ,
course
of
c la r
p u b lic
a sin g le
m em orial
g rea t
unusual
w hole
in te g rity ,
h is
park
and h i s
"where
h is
su rre n d e rin g
h is
and
home w i t h
went thro ug h
"w ith o u t
c e re m o n ie s,
are w i t h i n
and e n t h u s i a s m . "
drove
Lu c re tia
fo rty -m in u te
C h ris t
"You
hung upon w o rd s
s p iritu a l."
at
began h i s
in fo rm e d
program .
e u l o g y . 65
c o n v e rsio n
wonder
in siste d ,
h is
.
the
p re sid e
pre a c he r.
E rre tt
in
people were
w hen E r r e t t
a D isc ip le
to
d e liv e r
G a rfie ld 's
c aree r
in c lu d e d
Ro b iso n
to
than
nearby v i c i n i t y
were
or
moment
h is
to
life ,"
love
G a rfie ld
by d e c l a r i n g :
I h a v e d i s c h a r g e d now t h e s o l e m n c o v e n a n t and t r u s t
r e p o s e d i n me many y e a r s ago i n h a r m o n y w i t h a f r i e n d
s h i p w h i c h h a s n e v e r kn own a c l o u d , a c o n f i d e n c e t h a t
h a s n e v e r t r e m b l e d , and a l o v e t h a t h a s n e v e r c h a n g e d .
F a r e w e l l , my f r i e n d and b r o t h e r .
Thou h a s t fo u g h t th e
good f i g h t ; t h o u h a s t f i n i s h e d t h y c o u r s e ; t h o u h a s t
k e p t t h y f a i t h . 66
At
the
be ga n
c lo se
its
A stea dy
at
the
of
slo w
ra in
the se
th re e -m ile
wa s
cem etery.
ad dress,
c e re m o n ie s,
and B u r k e
fa llin g
There
the
p ro c e ssio n
by t h e
H a rry
H in sd a le
to
tim e
Jones
o ffe re d
h u ge
fu n e ra l
Lakeview
the
Cemetery.
m u ltitu d e
d e liv e re d
the
corteg e
a rriv e d
a g ra ve sid e
b e n e d ic tio n .
287
In
were
the
months
c o n tin u o u s
m em orial
c o u n try .
"Is ra e l's
"was
a sm a ll
o n ly
G a rfie ld .
of
reg a rd .
F a rw e ll
th in g
67
of
The
Ty p ic a l
H a ll
in
in
Burg e ss
to
the
d e liv e r
se rv ic e ,
Sa m u e l,"
D isc ip le s
th e ir
th is
not
were
fo u r
se rv ic e ,
m em orial
Burge ss
la rg e
g rie f
as
e sp e c ia lly
was
the
D isc ip le
and t h e y
address.
fo r
the
sta te
a c tiv e
se rv ic e
in
h e ld
churches
chose
In
the
one p r e a c h e r ,
A m e ric a 's
as
th e re
across
observed
e ffo rts
The
death,
and a d d r e s s e s
Canaan was
Chicago.
cooperated
a m em orial
fo r
P re s id e n t's
c ompared w i t h
of
Chicago
the
se rv ic e s
g rie f
la n d
New J e r s e y . "
th is
at
The
fo llo w in g
in
O tis
d e fe nd ing
A.
such
comment ed:
And c e r t a i n l y f o r u s , i n w h o s e communi on he s t o o d
f o r m o r e t h a n t h i r t y y e a r s , p a r t o f t h e t i m e a s one o f
o u r m o s t h o n o r e d p r e a c h e r s , and a l w a y s a s one o f o u r
m o s t a c t i v e and e a r n e s t m e m b e r s , i t i s f i t t i n g t o g i v e
w h a t e v e r e x p r e s s i o n t o o u r deep f e e l i n g s t h a t w o r d s
and t e a r s c an g i v e a s we s a y o u r s a d g oo db ye o v e r t h e
g r a v e o f o u r d i s t i n g u i s h e d , o u r b e l o v e d , b r o t h e r . 68
D u rin g
were
fille d
honored
h is
w ith
to
"And,
a lth o u g h
sh o rt
a tim e ,
has
o ne o f
e x a lte d ."
Stand ard
of
such
the
th a t
p e rio d
the
church
fie ld
men a s
th is
of
p e rm itte d
p u re st,
G a rfie ld
the
to
fro m
occupy
lo n g
her
m id st
had been
p rin c ip le s
th a t
"a
le a rn e d
G ar
Isaa c
d izz y
eminence
E rre tt.
so
be s e e n o f
a ll
ru le rs
n a tio n
rea de rs
fa ith fu l
from
James A .
w rote
and b e s t
the
papers
"God g r a c i o u s l y
enough t o
w ise st
rem inded
D is c ip le
G a rfie ld .
human g l o r y , "
th e re
E rre tt
re lig io u s
of
liftin g
a h e ig h t
the
m ourning,
memoirs
in
he was
of
of
the
the
C h ris tia n
re p re s e n ta tiv e
a C h ris tia n
m other,
and
ju s tifie d
w a rd s."6
9
columns
to
In
of
h im se lf
s im ila r
numerous
However,
fo cuse d
D isc ip le s
in
th e
G a rfie ld 's
him u p , "
purpose
h is
p ro vid e nc e
the
C h ris tia n
took
lauded
"If
argued
D avid
in
the
in
Lipscom b
the
d iv in e
a ll
the
down;
C.
responded
M.
to
o ne
hand o f
God
in
is
iss u e
the
the
re a rin g
" h e had a
a s much o f
W ilm e th ,
the
of
rebuked
Gospel A dvocate,
o t h e r . "7 0
Pre a c he r,
to
God had a p u r p o s e
h i m be s t r i c k e n
the
e xc e p tio n
who had s e e n
e le c tio n .
as
was
a fte r-
church p e r i o d i c a l s .
N o rth
le ttin g
in v e stig a tio n s
G a rfie ld
Lip sc om b
in
fa sh io n ,
a tte n tio n
in
by p r o f o u n d
e d ito r
of
by w r i t i n g :
T h e p r e s i d e n c y and s u d d e n d e a t h o f P r e s i d e n t G a r
f i e l d a re p r e g n a n t themes f o r t h e p r e s s b o th p o l i t i c a l
and r e l i g i o u s .
B u t we h a v e n o t b ee n s o a f f e c t e d t h a t
h i s name m u s t be c o n n e c t e d w i t h e v e r y s u b j e c t t r e a t e d
i n o u r c olum ns.
C h r i s t i s s t i l l o u r p o l a r s t a r ; and
t h e s o o n e r some o f o u r p r e a c h e r s and e d i t o r s , now p o i n t
i n g on e v e r y o c c a s i o n t o t h e i l l u s t r i o u s and l a m e n t e d
p r e s i d e n t , b e g in t o p o i n t ag ain u n e r r i n g l y t o C h r i s t ,
t h e b e t t e r i t w i l l be f o r t h e c a u s e o f t r u t h . 71
As
h is
fa r
as
own c o u r s e
when he
p re a c he rs
on t h e
to
could
a n y he
c om m ission,
honors
of
p e ris h in g
g iv e ."
the
the
c o n tin e n t,
th a t
away t h e
the y
G a rfie ld
W ilm e th ,
w o rld ."
fo r
concerned,
turned
ground
d e c la re d
correspond ent
a m ig h ty
W i l m e t h was
Th is
two o f f i c e - s e e k i n g
o nce had t h e
he t h r e w
a lso
p e o p l e d by m a s s e s
c re a tu re s,"
" condemned
had c o m m i s s i o n s
"but
was
G a rfie ld
he a s s e r t e d ,
the
it
vie w
O b serve r.
of
"who
su p e rio r
same s u p e r i o r
up f o r
of
the
a B ritis h
"The re
la y
s in -e n th ra lle d
could
o n ly
be
and
saved
289
by t h e
G o s p e l--th a t
w hich
he w as
could
o n ly
preacher
so w e l l
"d e p lo re
in to
the
A lth o u g h
G a rfie ld 's
lo y a lty .
Ya le
Even
and
it
was
h is
h e w as
in
u niq u e n e ss
of
fe a tu re
lo y a l
th is
of
a lle g ia n c e
and t h e
C h ris tia n
lo y a lty ,
converted
agree
on t h e
never
P re sid e n t
G a rfie ld
"In
h is
C o nse q ue ntly,
th a t
the y
lik e
D isc ip le .
tra in e d ,
th e ir
never
th a t
and
he
the
72
c hurch,
accepted
in flu e n tia l
"th a n
shared
o ra to r."
could
on t h e
had e m b r a c e d ,
p ro c la im ."
among o u t s i d e r s
P o rte r,
he
to
G a rfie ld
c ha ng ed p u r p o s e
D isc ip le s
in te re s tin g
w hich
the
p o litic a l
no more
in
fitte d
in flu e n c e
C o lle g e ,
lo y a l
Gospel w hich
doubted
fe rv e n t
com munion."
P re sid e n t
h is
had r e m a i n e d
my j u d g m e n t ,
the
of
Noah P o r t e r
c h a ra c te r,"
to
va lu e
th e re
remarked
bo d y o f
a
is
D r.
C h ris tia n s
sympathy w i t h
R e fle c tin g
Po rte r
of
which
on t h e
c ommen ted:
N o t many o f t h e f e w " w i s e and m i g h t y and n o b l e who
a re c a l l e d " show a s i m i l a r l o y a l t y t o t h e l e s s s t a t e l y
an d c u l t u r e d C h r i s t i a n c o m m u n i o n s i n w h i c h t h e y h a v e
been r e a r e d .
Too o f t e n i t i s t r u e t h a t , , a s th e y s te p
u p w a r d i n s o c i a l and p o l i t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , t h e y s t e p
u p w a r d f r o m o n e d e g r e e t o a n o t h e r i n some o f t h e many
typ e s o f fa s h io n a b le C h r i s t i a n i t y .
P re sid e n t G a rfie ld
adhered t o t h e c h u rc h o f h i s m o th e r, th e c h u rc h i n w h ic h
he was t r a i n e d , and w h i c h he had s e r v e d a s a p i l l a r and
an e v a n g e l i s t . . . 7 3
M ost
churc h.
sa id
of
O tis
th e ir
g lo ry
of
D isc ip le s
"The
le sso n
Burg e ss.
p re c io u s
so
h e ro ic
g lo rie d
of
"H is
h is
in
G a rfie ld 's
re lig io u s
Church w i l l
h e rita g e ,
a fa ith ,
life
lo y a lty
w ill
c h e rish
it
to
not
as
the
be l o s t , "
a p a rt
and u n b e l i e v e r s ,
touched
by t h e
w ill
in q u ire
wh en ce
be moved t o
290
the
fo u n ta in s
p re d ic te d ,
the
the
re lig io u s
respe c ted
of
such
in s p ira tio n s ."
G a rfie ld
p rin c ip le s
D isc ip le
74
saga c o n t i n u e d
of
h is to ria n
the
As
to
D is c ip le s .
Burge ss
rig h tly -
draw a t t e n t i o n
Years
la te r,
to
a
w ro te :
I t may seem a l m o s t s a c r i l e g i o u s t o some t o s u g g e s t
t h a t h i s d e a t h was much mor e p o w e r f u l f o r good t h a n h i s
l i f e c o u l d h a v e b e e n , e v e n i f i t had c o n t i n u e d f o r many
ye a rs.
N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s was t r u e
i n h i s case.
T o u s e h i s own l a n g u a g e , when a n o t h e r
m a r t y r e d P r e s i d e n t f e l l , t h e L o r d s t i l l r e i g n e d , and
t h e c o u n t r y was s a v e d , e v e n i f G a r f i e l d d i e d , and n o t
o n l y was t h i s s o , b u t t h e C h u r c h was s a v e d a l s o , and a
new f o r c e e n t e r e d i n t o i t f r o m G a r f i e l d ' s d e a t h c hambe r
whe n i t was t o l d e v e r y w h e r e t h a t he d i e d t h e d e a t h o f a
C h r i s t i a n , and t h a t h i s C h r i s t i a n i t y c o n s i s t e d i n a s i m
p l e f a i t h i n , and o b e d i e n c e t o , t h e L o r d J e s u s C h r i s t ,
w i t h o u t any a d d i t i o n s s u c h as b e l o n g t o t h e c r e e d s o f
C h riste n d o m .
A t any r a t e , i t i s c e r t a i n t h a t t h r o u g h
h i s d e a t h t h e p l e a o f t h e D i s c i p l e s was p r a c t i c a l l y
made kno wn t o t h e c i v i l i z e d w o r l d . 75
291
EPILO G UE
"It
is
H ira m
C o lle g e
w o rld
th a t
were
O tis
her
g rie f
in
From
th a t
tim e
die d
p e rso na l
courage
is
the
It
p la n s."
it
w as
"d ea th
on March
at
gone,
w o rd s
of
he a rt
burn
fo r
fo r
B u rg e ss,"
of
at
the
us
age o f
p a ssin g .
th a t
Rhodes
has
fle d ,
in
he t a l k e d
Hira m ,
at Fa rw e ll
e ffo rts.
a deep s e n s e
o n ly
much o f
d e sc rib e
o n ly
I
say:
fe e l
h is
lik e
u sin g
w ith
by t h e
H in sd a le
"but
own
"Now t h a t
'D id
Burke
had
G a rfie ld 's
E mm au s ,
us
2
fifty -tw o .
Rhodes m a rv e le d ,
could
the
p rofound
v ic tim ."
"He n o t
w ould
who came f r o m
w h ile
ba ck
its
one
a m other
h is
p u b lic
fo r
th a t
hopes,
address
la s t
th e re
noted
h is
suppressed
a
shock o f
lik e
a ll
m em orial
to
a ssa ssin
he w e p t
h im s e lf,"
w ords
v is io n
d isc ip le s
M e a n w h ile ,
of
the
ne ce ssa ry
the
a n o t h e r who e x p e r i e n c e d
D is c ip le s ,
w ith in
the
who a p p r o a c h e d h i m w i t h
and t h e
the
of
among h i s
G a rfie ld 's
Se a rc h in g
the
b u lle t
b la stin g
1882,
However,
from
Mr.
at
o u rse lv e s
recovered
trag ed y
the
crowd
making
had m a r k e d h i m
14,
R h o d e s was
on t h e
a d ju st
Burge ss
d e liv e r
but
on,
lo s s
the
seemed t h e
h is
the
G a r f i e l d ."1
he a rt
n e ws o f
everyone
s p irit."
he
to
and i n s p i r a t i o n
fille d
im pact
the
"to
to ld
who had d i f f i c u l t y
enough t o
H a rry
he
went
Chicago,
Burg e ss
liv in g
"The
a ll
long
H a ll
of
no
a ssa ssin a tio n .
"A t
of
se rv ic e ,
never
c h ild .
undoing
H in sd a le
Burge ss
h im down,
a ccount.
u s,"
m em orial
G a rfie ld 's
fo r
fo r
c o n ta in s
a d ju stm e n t.
cut
le ft
not
the
our
w a y ?'"
made o n l y
3
a
292
h a lfh e a rte d
H a w a ii.
p o st,
H in sd a le
p u b lic
d id
not
fo r
p u b lic a tio n .
two
volum es
the
the
speed w i t h
done
w rote
re le a se d
a companion
It
school
M e m o ria l
in
to
the
1886,
the
A few m onths
and i t
to
of
the
a lo n g tim e
la te r,
as
w orks
a care
H in sd a le
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld 's
p u b lish e d
had
G a rfie ld .
was
P re sid e n t
a stud y
was
of
" it
trib u te
of
H in sd a le
James A.
b io g ra p h e r,
the
G a rfie ld 's
1882,
of
to
fo r
a leave
prepa re
two vo lu m e s
p o ssib le
p rim a rily
H in sd a le
w rite
w as n o t
fo rm e r
b io g ra p h ie s
of
G a rfie ld .
fin a lly
T h is
rem a ins
G a rfie ld 's
stu d e n t
of
the
and
tie s
a H iram
to
C o lle g e
who f o u n d
In
F.
the
In
1882,
E c le c tic ,
c o n tra st
fo rm e r
And s h o r t l y
com pleted
one o f
ye ars.
D isc ip le
the
G reen,
p u b lish e d
the
many
Green
re la tio n sh ip
b e fo re
h is
volum e,
to
M.
P re sid e n t,
c la ss ic
g
at
L ife .
m a te ria l
C h ris t.
F u lle r
been r e p r i n t e d ,
o n ly
stud e nts
A Royal
c o n sid e ra b le
Corydon
the
a b oo k on G a r f i e l d .
e n title d
D isc ip le s
Ja me s A .
W orks
volume e n t i t l e d
Hira m ,
a v a ila b le
p re se nte d
to
was
to
By March,
The
4
someone e l s e
He r e q u e s t e d
o rd e r
w hich
and g u i d e . "
G a rfie ld 's
a b io g ra p h y
o th e r
of
a p p o in tm e n t
vo lum e .^
Burke
tim e
in
fin e s t
frie n d
Ed u c a tio n .
se le c te d
H in sd a le 's
jo b — the
p o litic a l
c om plain.
papers
e d ite d ,"
o ne o f
A rth u r
C o lle g e
in tim a te
the
the
H ira m
"D e sp ite
the
secure
fro m
com pleted
fu lly
to
When P r e s i d e n t
absence
were
a tte m p t
h is
death
Re m in isc e n se s
w hich
has
most v a lu a b le
in
of
re c e n tly
sources
on
293
For
Henry
se ve ra l
c o n tin u e d
m onths
to
serve
a fte r
as
the
C o lum bia.
Iro n ic a lly ,
most o f
around
the
se n sa tio n a l
p u b lic
D u rin g
the
d a ily
b le
of
fo r
o rd e r
Thus,
to
the
of
the
in
fo r
the
Power
te n
the
of
House
A ug ust,
h is
th is
of
w as
G a rfie ld
in
"by
to
th a t
chosen
the
the
of
to
the
in
the
the
C olum bia .
in
the
p u b lic
e nco ura g ing
an e a r l y
of
Fre d e ric k
D.
P re sid e n t
As
a
c h a p la in
of
In
c o n sc io u sn e ss
of
Je rem ia h
V e rm o n t Avenue
church
p ro sp e rity .
the
D isc ip le s
c o m p letio n
it
looked
fo r
One p r e a c h e r was
compensate
w h e t h e r we w i l l
charge
1881-1883.
fu n e ra l
memor y.
church m ig h t
When
com munity.
in to
the
next
w o rld .
lam ented
te rm
the
s it
7
fu n e ra l,
the
m eantim e,
re v o lve d
a ssa ssin .
to
placed
fo r
h is
w hich,
of
P o w e r was a p p o i n t e d
preach
of
m aintenance
fo rce d
W ashingto n
p erp etua te
to
the
h a ng ing .
w ith
death,
the
most
h is
d u tie s
D is tric t
H e n r y was
to
D is tric t
H e n r y was r e s p o n s i
H e n r y was
G a rfie ld 's
p u sh in g
W a sh in g to n ,
of
C a ptain
G a rfie ld 's
and
G a rfie ld 's
in
th ru st
a p e rio d
ways
o p in io n
of
of
tria l,
a sso c ia tio n
sta tu s
In
Fo llo w in g
the
h is
he was
B la c k .
e n jo y in g
ta n g ib le
w itn e sse s
new p r e s t i g e ,
a g a i n whe n he was
S u lliv a n
of
of
o ffic ia l
G u ite a u
g u ilty ,
R e p re se n ta tiv e s
1883,
h is
weeks,
a fte rm a th
in c re a se d
the
man he d e s p i s e d
G u ite a u
th a t
M arshal
the
C h a rle s
a g o n izin g
the
found
of
of
death,
tria l
supreme c o u r t
a d m issio n
re s u lt
the
the
found
In
had
sa fe ty
and p r o t e c t
ju ry
se ssio n s
G a rfie ld 's
or
fo r
the
no t,
the
lo s s
new c h u r c h
w ill
be a
of
of
294
g
m em orial
of
h im ."
A nother
D isc ip le
suggested :
Now t h a t we h a v e l o s t o u r much l o v e d P r e s i d e n t byd e a t h , we h o p e o u r b r e t h r e n w i l l n o t p e r m i t t h e e r e c t i o n
o f t h e c h a p e l i n W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , t o p r o v e a f a i l u r e ;
and w o u l d t h e i d e a be t o o s e c t a r i a n t o e r e c t i t as a
m on ument t o P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d ' s m emor y, t o be known a s
" G a r f i e l d M e m o ria l C ha p e l"?
I t see ms t o u s i t w o u l d be
v i s i t e d b y t h o u s a n d s a n n u a l l y who v i s i t W a s h i n g t o n , and
a w e l l p o s t e d a t t e n d a n t c o u l d , i f r e q u i r e d , p o s t many
r e g a r d i n g t h e b e l i e f o f t h e P r e s i d e n t and t h u s s ow t h e
good s e e d w h i c h c o u l d n o t be done i n o t h e r w a y s s o w e l l .
F o r d ' s t h e a t e r and t h e b u i l d i n g w h e r e P r e s i d e n t L i n c o l n
d i e d a r e v i s i t e d by a n u m e r o u s m u l t i t u d e e ach y e a r , and
e v e r w i l l b e , and c o u l d n o t t h e good c a u s e be s p r e a d
t h r o u g h a s t r u c t u r e f o r C h r i s t i a n w o r s h i p known a s t h e
G a r f i e l d M e m o ria l? 9
In
respo nse
the
such
new b u i l d i n g
choose
" it
it
to
to
not
c an n o t
the
o n ly
c h ie f
w o u ld
name i t
w ould
in
churc h
w as
t h a t way o r
ever
over
the
th a t
1882,
fir s t
the
c o rne rsto ne
i t
w as
fo r
w ould
la id
fo r
pe o ple,
th is
ceremony
and h e a r d
th is
o c c a sio n ,
th is
A part
the
th a t
" w h e t h e r we
fro m
G a rfie ld ,
E rre tt,
"and
th a t
is
fa c t
broad
to
"has
m em orial
and t h e
soon b e g in
a n n iv e rsa ry
thousand
w h i c h was
th is
S ta te s,
fiv e
"Tha t
in
G a rfie ld
reasoned
from
a ffirm e d
la nd
it
because
its
a C h r i s t i a n . " 10
U n ite d
announced
u n d e rta ke n ,"
e re c ted
E rre tt
to
n o t."
t o be a m e m o r i a l
C o n trib u tio n s
a ll
Isaa c
be a m e m o r i a l
have been
fa il
ru le r
su g g e s tio n s,
the
of
c o n stru c tio n .
sh o o tin g
P re sid e n t
addresses
be r e a r e d w i t h
came i n
from
of
new m e e t i n g h o u s e .
in c lu d in g
the
the
p ro je c t
On J u l y
G a rfie ld ,
M o re
A rth u r,
by H i n s d a l e
re jo ic in g ,"
become a M e m o r i a l . " 11
But
2,
the
than
attended
and P o w e r .
Power
th e re
sa id
were
on
295
many D i s c i p l e s
who w e r e
D a vid
r e s p o n d e d by w r i t i n g
Lip sc om b
d isa p p o in te d
in
of
th is
hero
w o rsh ip .
G a rfie ld :
H i s c o u r s e was one o f d i s h o n o r t o t h e c h u r c h ; w i t h
a b i l i t y and a s s u r e d s u c c e s s a s a s e r v a n t o f t h a t c h u r c h ,
he s u r r e n d e r e d i t f o r s e r v i c e i n t h e w o r l d l y k i n g d o m .
I f G a r f i e l d ' s c a r e e r was a c c e p t a b l e , why n o t a l l y o u n g
men o f p o p u l a r t a l e n t s t u r n f r o m t h e m i n i s t r y t o l a w ,
w a r and p o l i t i c s ?
D i d I b e l i e v e h i s c o u r s e was a c c e p
t a b l e t o God, I w o u l d y e t t u r n f r o m t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e
church to t h a t o f th e w o rld .
I t i s s t r a n g e when t h e
c h u r c h c o u n t s h i m who t u r n e d f r o m s e r v i c e i n h e r o f f i
c e s and w o r k s , t o t h e w o r k o f t h e w o r l d , w o r t h y o f s o
much m o r e h o n o r t h a n t h o s e who s e r v e f a i t h f u l l y i n h e r
s a n c t u a r ie s . . .12
On J a n u a r y
20,
1884,
V e rm o n t Avenue C h r i s t i a n
a sp e c ia l
se rv ic e
W.
K.
th re e -h o u r
were
d e d ic a to ry
A lth o u g h
to
"G a rfie ld
as
the
an e x c l u s i v e
as
the
summer o f
1886,
U n iv e rs ity
in
s ix ty - s ix
th e ir
the y
h a lls
was
C h u rc h ,"
M e m o ria l
g o th ic
and r e c i t a t i o n
The
in
ano the r
re fe rre d
to
as
be known
on
de d ic a te d ,
p ro je c t.
the
im p re ssiv e
in
the
13
s ty le ,
c o lle a g u e s
C ongress.
an h i s t o r i c a l
c o ntinue d
ro o m s."
th is
was n e v e r m e a n t
C h u r c h was
to
at
in
d e liv e re d
fre q u e n tly
bega n c o n s t r u c t i o n
Kansas.
read
it
Church.
a tte n tio n
fo rm e r
pre se nt
C o lle g e ,
B ish o p
m o d ifie d
G a rfie ld 's
M.
C h ris tia n
W ic h ita ,
b u ild in g ,
o ne o f
The
G a rfie ld
turne d
Bethany
new b u i l d i n g
M e m o ria l
V e rm o n t Avenue
D isc ip le s
m ain
the
name.
Once t h e
of
the
dedicated
and many member s o f
and R i c h a r d
a d dre ss.
new home o f
o ffic ia lly
Among t h o s e
A rth u r
p re sid e n t
serm on,
p re stig io u s
C h u r c h was
se rv ic e .
P re sid e n t
Pe n d le to n ,
the
Hira m ,
In
the
new G a r f i e l d
fiv e -sto ry
in c lu d e d
Harvey
the
W.
was
"m ore
than
Eve re st,
c a lle d
to
296
be c h a n c e l l o r .
of
tw e n ty
He q u i c k l y
te a c h e rs,
n e a rly
500
it
was
"th e
of
more
and t h e
stu d e n ts
Septem ber,
school
1,000
stu d e n ts.
than
year
in
of
U n iv e rs ity
o p e ra tio n ,
the
in s titu tio n .
and c l o s e d
its
d o o rs
summer o f
the
1890.
sc h o o l,
b u ild in g s
the
but
U n iv e rs ity .
the
G a rfie ld
her
h u sb a n d 's
c a p a c ity
p re sid e n t
of
sc h o o ls
the
in
on a l l
w as
in
the
its
to
year
an e n r o l l m e n t
stu d e n ts
in
its
problem s
school
o n ly
c la ss
a tte m p ts
fa ilu re .
to
In
p u r c h a s e d by t h e
fo ld e d
in
the
re v iv e
1898,
Quakers
the
fo r
The
in
at
the
c ente r
m a in ta in
its
own t i e
use
to day
o ld
were
U n iv e rs ity .
c a re fu l
the
H iram
to
1895.
1882
c o lle g e
C le ve la n d ,
in
H iram
in
1882
to
G a rfie ld
board,
in
to
G a rfie ld
of
C o lle g e
p u b lic a tio n s
of
asked
and s h e
to
served
f i l l
in
re sig n e d
accept a p o s i t i o n
to
the
fo u n d in g
be ga n b i l l i n g
Th is
the
to
to
as
become s u p e r i n t e n d e n t
re a c tio n
1889.
wa s
he a g r e e d
Pro b a b ly
S c h o o l"
o ffic ia l
re su lte d
fo llo w in g
fin a n c ia l
a number o f
Lu c re tia
on
U n iv e rs ity ,
G a rfie ld
1,720
doors
14
plac e
the
w ith
g ra d u a tin g
s t ill
h e rita g e .
fro m
sta te "
U ltim a te ly ,
were
is
The
severe
F rie n d s
C o lle g e
H ira m board.
G a rfie ld
"The
of
b u ild in g
H ira m
th a t
a ll
the
fa c u lty
o pe ne d i t s
1887.
e n ro lle d
were
and p r o p e r t y
U n iv e rs ity
of
the y
F rie n d s
a fte r
There
in
but
a fflic tin g
an e x c e l l e n t
u n iv e rs ity
la rg e st
G a rfie ld
th ird
re c ru ite d
c a p tio n
c o lle g e .
its e lf
on
of
as
soon appeared
15
297
In
the
A sso c ia tio n
to
secure
fa ll
w as
of
fo rm e d.
fu n d s
fo r
C em etery,
and H a r r y
c ia tio n .
For
the
e x c itin g
and l o c a t e d
d e d ic a tio n
over
O h io 's
H a rry
m a rty r
e njo yed
the
the
of
the
death
at
of
age o f
in
com pleted
1888,
frie n d s
and D r .
as
Jones
C lu b ."
he d i e d
in to
in
p rio r
1904
1906.
ta ll
tim e
fo r
H a rri
pay t r i b u t e
U n fo rtu n a te ly ,
sudde nly
to
1893.
h is
Henry
M e m o ria l
Church
L u c re tia
G a rfie ld
of
P.
a
in
o u tliv e d
Ro b iso n
H in sd a le
1900.
to
h is
at
The
c h a p te r
P h illip s
a lib e ra l
the
e d uc a tio n
fin a l
re tire d
and H i r a m
from
Burke
death
the
T h o m a s W.
He r e m a i n e d
passed
John
p ro fe sso r
c lo se d
C a pta in
C ongress.
G a rfie ld
1912.
in
on
fifty - th re e .^
c areer
H a rry
fe e t
in
He had d i e d
a d is tin g u is h e d
M ichiga n
asso
B e nja m in
o c c a sio n .
G a rfie ld 's
d ie d
the
180
who came t o
on t h a t
Lakeview
tire le s s ly
P re sid e n t
be p r e s e n t .
the
a ll
w as
d ig n ita rie s
a c am p ai gn
of
Monument,
away i n
where
in
Rhodes worked
1890.
Monument
a monument a t
passed
of
N a tio n a l
announced
Harmon A u s t i n
of
G a rfie ld
of
G a rfie ld
Day,
of
E rre tt
"Q u in tin k le
fa rm ,
The
not
e a rlie r
U n iv e rs ity
fu n e ra l
ye a rs,
P re sid e n t
c o u ld
Isaa c
1889.
e re c tio n
fo u r
lis t
G ra d u a lly ,
in
tru ste e s
on a commandi ng h i l l ,
Rhodes
scene.
G a rfie ld
R h o d e s was made s e c r e t a r y
on M e m o r i a l
few m onths
the
The
the
p ro je c t.
s o n headed t h e
to
1885,
on
O hio
fo llo w e d
b e ne fa c to r
C o lle g e
u n til
them a l l .
h is
She
was in her eighty-sixth year when she died at Lawnfield in
the
spring
of
1918.
17
298
Not
h ad l o n g
fa r
in to
been e v i d e n t
o ffic ia l.
T h is
sus
lis te d
of
Bureau
C h ris t
as
e s ta b lis h
th a t
the
two
G a rfie ld
were
p re c ise
1880.
D isc ip le s
the
the
fo rg o tte n .
in to
P ittsb u rg h
rem inded
fa ll
The
changed
as
and t h e
The
fo r
its
Cen
Churches
it
as
is
to
c le a r
G a rfie ld 's
the
fa c ility
C h u r c h was
to
the
in
19
H isto ry
memoir o f
at
the
fo r
Thomas
C ity
When t h e
c hurch
C irc le .
C h ris tia n
put
to
c o n stru c te d
G a rfie ld
20
C h u r c h was
51
of
G a rfie ld .
M e m o ria l
Lu th e ra n s.
D isc ip le s
and p u b l i s h e d
N a tio n a l
the
1909,
had b ee n a f a i t h f u l
new s a n c t u a r y
1951,
in
c e le b ra tio n
V e rm o n t Avenue
the
D e c la ra tio n
50 ,00 0
w eek-long
have
When t h e y
the
Com prehensive
the
D isc ip le s
C o nve n tio n
G a rfie ld
name t o
b u ild in g .
of
mor e t h a n
a nine-page
G a rfie ld
the
a liv e .
C e n te n n ia l
1830,
new e d u c a t i o n a l
so ld
c e n tu ry,
a n n iv e rsa ry
th a t
b e a u tifu l
an e d u c a t i o n a l
became
im p o ssib le
but
e a rly
w h i c h was p r e p a r e d
of
o ld
d iv is io n ,
h e rita g e
M o o re 's
in c lu d e d
th e ir
C hurch,
T.
C h ris t,
moved i n t o
churc h
G a rfie ld
not
the
is
th a t
Sta te s
and t h e
It
shape as
tw e n tie th
a m a ssive
W illia m
U n ite d
C h ris t
th is
h ad t a k e n
o ne h u n d r e d t h
w ith
of
of
sc h ism
18
th e ir
c e n te n n ia l,
In
date
the
D isc ip le s
when t h e
b o d ie s.
fre q u e n tly
D is c ip le .
the
re lig io u s
the
who c r o w d e d
1906
of
sep ara te
p a rtie s
was
in
ranks
of
keep
and A d d r e s s
the
c e ntury,
D isc ip le s
in
c e le b ra te d
in
occ urre d
Throug hout
to
tw e n tie th
the
the
n o m in a tio n
trie d
the
M e m o ria l
use
a
299
For
a tim e
it
appeared t h a t
fo rg e t
G a rfie ld .
However,
C h ris t
H is to ric a l
S o c ie ty
the
h e rita g e
tio n ,
of
a new g e n e r a t i o n
g e n e ro sity
fo r
the
of
th e ir
they
so c ie ty
W illis
R.
1958.
T h is
c oincid e d
Jones,
and
was
fo u r
of
tim e s.
G a rfie ld 's
s t ill
"g re a t
As
years
p o w e r,"
life
the
the
and d e a t h
th e ir
a fte r
23
h is
"The
the
on t h e
the
e le c tio n
were
cover
neared
had
s t ill
Preacher
the
a new home
serve s
C ity ,
of
22
M isso u ri,
O ctober,
m a te ria l
years
the
of
Through
s o c ie ty
in
D isc ip le s
to
life .
1961,
in
the
address
"Jam es A.
the
n a tio n
le a d e rs
fe a tu re d
on
a c q u a in t
near N a s h v ille 's
Kansas
the
p u b lic a
G a rfle ld ia n a .
G a rfie ld
In
own t i e
D isc ip le s
of
of
w ith
Am erican
in
began t o
C o n ve n tio n
fe a tu re d
a ssa ssin a tio n ,
p e rp e tu a tin g
One h u n d r e d
the
24
a new i n t e r e s t
fa m ily ,
of
in
DCHS p r e s i d e n t ,
D is c ip le ."
G a rfie ld
ite m s
ga thered
A D ye d -in -th e -W o o l
1977,
Today,
a d isp la y
of
g re a t
P h illip s
soon
D isc ip le s
s a g a came t o
a number o f
to
the
the
w ould
q u a rte rly
c o nstruc te d
In te rn a tio n a l
tre a te d
h a ll.
in
was
its
so c ie ty
w ith
T h o m a s W.
D isc ip le s
annual
were
e x h ib it
D r.
the
fo r
When t h e
Through
G a rfie ld
of
c re ate d
h is to ric a l
the
D is c ip le s
fo u n d in g
1941
D isc ip le s
U n iv e rs ity
a d e p o sito ry
fo r
of
h is to ric a l
V a n d e rb ilt
as
the
Once a g a i n ,
the
in
D isc ip le s .
D is c ip lia n a ,
p a st.
the
the
G a rfie ld ;
between
of
by
1961
D isc ip lia n a
the
c e n te n n ia l
C h ris t
were
G a rfie ld
h e rita g e .
s tirre d
them w i t h
fin d in g
P re sid e n t."
stre n g th
25
in
NOTES
FREQUENT A BBREV IA TIO N S
USED
IN
THESE
E liz a
—
E liz a
L u c re tia
-
L u c re tia
F u lle r
-
Corydon
Rhodes
-
J a me s H a r r i s o n
A u stin
-
H a rm on A u s t i n
H in sd a le
-
Burke
Henry
-
C h a rle s
NOTES
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
E.
Aaron
E.
F u lle r
Rhodes
H in sd a le
Henry
NOTES
TO T H E
PROLOGUE
301
T h i s s t a t e m e n t w as made by T h o m a s C a m p b e l l ( 1 7 6 3 - 1 8 5 4 )
on S e p te m b e r 7 , 1 8 0 9 , j u s t p r i o r t o t h e f i r s t p u b l i c
r e a d i n g o f h i s D e c l a r a t i o n and A d d r e s s .
T h i s document,
l o n g c o n s i d e r e d t h e Magna C h a r t a o f t h e D i s c i p l e s move
m e n t , w a s a 5 6 - p a g e p a m p h l e t when i t f i r s t came f r o m t h e
p re ss in 1809.
Now g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d a s one o f t h e
g r e a t c l a s s i c s o f C h r i s t i a n l i t e r a t u r e , i t h a s been d e
s c r i b e d by W i l l i a m W a r r e n S w e e t a s one o f t h e g r e a t e s t
r e l i g i o u s documents e v e r produced i n A m e ric a .
Thomas
C a m p b e ll was a f a i t h f u l m i n i s t e r i n t h e S e c e d e r P r e s b y
t e r i a n C h u rc h i n I r e l a n d b e f o r e h i s e m i g r a t i o n t o Amer
ic a in 1807.
B y 1 8 0 9 he had d e c i d e d t o w i t h d r a w f r o m
h i s a n c e s t r a l c h u r c h , and he p u b l i s h e d t o t h e w o r l d h i s
r e a s o n f o r t h i s a c t i o n i n t h e D e c l a r a t i o n and A d d r e s s .
By the time i t had l e f t the press, his son, Alexander,
had joined him in America and h is greater aggressive
ness and platform eloquence caused his father to surren
der to him the leadership of the reform movement which
the Declaration and Address had in itia te d .
The Declar
ation and Address was a comprehensive statement of the
restoration and unity principles which were to become
the central themes in the "plea" of the Disciples.
T h i s q u o t a t io n i s taken from th e t e x t o f th e L a s t W i l l
an d T e s t a m e n t o f t h e S p r i n g f i e l d P r e s b y t e r y .
T h i s docu
m e n t , o r i g i n a l l y i s s u e d on J u n e 2 8 , 1 8 0 4 , was one o f t h e
f i r s t s t a t e m e n t s o f r e l i g i o u s freedom e v e r p ro c la im e d
i n th e W e ste rn H em isphere.
I t s a u th o rsh ip i s u n c e rta in
s i n c e i t w as s i g n e d by s i x men, b u t i t h a s g e n e r a l l y
b e e n a c c e p t e d t h a t B a r t o n W a r r e n S t o n e ( 1 7 7 2 - 1 8 4 4 ) was
t h e man r e s p o n s i b l e f o r i t s p u b l i c a t i o n .
T h e document
d e n o u n c e d a l l human c r e e d s and a p p e a l e d t o t h e B i b l e a s
t h e o n l y r u l e o f f a i t h and p r a c t i c e .
I t a ls o d e c la re d
i n f a v o r o f t h e name " C h r i s t i a n " a s t h e o n l y p r o p e r name
f o r the f o ll o w e r s o f C h r i s t .
The re a d in g o f th e L a s t
W i l l and T e s t a m e n t on J u n e 2 8 , 1 8 0 4 , i n i t i a t e d a move
ment o f in d e p e n d e n t " C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h e s . "
A lo ng w i t h
t h e D e c l a r a t i o n and A d d r e s s , t h e L a s t W i l l and T e s t a m e n t
o f t h e S p r i n g f i e l d P r e s b y t e r y i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be o ne o f
t h e g r e a t r e l i g i o u s c h a r t e r s t h a t g a ve d i r e c t i o n t o t h e
" R e s t o r a t i o n M ovement."
Beginning in 1 8 2 5 Alexander Campbell ( 1 7 8 8 - 1 8 6 6 ) wrote a
series of 3 0 a rtic le s in the Christian Baptist entitled
"A Restoration of the Ancient Order of Things."
I t was
an attempt to evaluate the practices of Protestantism by
the lig h t of the New Testament pattern.
The s p i r i t of
these a rtic le s was strongly iconoclastic, and Campbell
mercilessly attacked the clergy, creeds, and authorita
tive councils of Protestantism.
302
4.
W a l t e r S c o t t ( 1 7 9 6 - 1 8 6 1 ) w as e d u c a t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y
o f Ed in b u rg h .
He e m i g r a t e d t o A m e r i c a i n 1 8 1 8 , and b e
came a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e C a m p b e l l movement i n t h e w i n t e r
o f 1821-1822.
A l o n g w i t h t h e C a m p b e l l s and S t o n e , S c o t t
i s g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o be one o f t h e f o u r " f o u n d i n g
f a t h e r s " o f t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t mov ement i n A m e r i c a .
S c o t t s u g g e s t e d t h e name C h r i s t i a n B a p t i s t t o C a m p b e l l ,
and w as a f r e q u e n t c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h a t p e r i o d i c a l .
He
s u b m i t t e d h i s a r t i c l e s u n d e r t h e pseudonym o f " P h i l i p , "
and s aw h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l a s b e i n g
t h e same P h i l i p M e l a n c h t h o n b o r e t o M a r t i n L u t h e r .
H is
g r e a t e s t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e D i s c i p l e s movement w e r e
h i s w o r k a s an e v a n g e l i s t o f t h e M a h o n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n
( 1 8 2 7 - 1 8 3 0 ) and h i s a u t h o r s h i p o f a b o o k e n t i t l e d T h e
Gospel R e sto re d (1 8 3 6 ).
The source f o r the sta te m e n t
on t h e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e b e i n g " t h e p r i n c i p a l t h e a t r e " o f
t h e D i s c i p l e s mov emen t i s A . S . H a y d e n , E a r l y H i s t o r y
o f th e D i s c i p l e s i n the W e ste rn Re se rve ( C in c in n a t i:
Chase & H a l l , P u b l i s h e r s , 1 8 7 5 ) , p. i i i .
5.
S e e W i l l i a m E . T u c k e r and L e s t e r G. M c A l l i s t e r , J o u r n e y
in F a it h : A H is to ry of
t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h (D i s c i p l e s
of C h r is t) (S t. L o u is:
The Bethany P r e s s , 1 9 7 5 ) ,
p. 26.
T u c k e r s a y s " a b o u t 1 2 , 0 0 0 D i s c i p l e s and 1 0 , 0 0 0 C h r i s t i a n s
u n ite d in the 1 8 3 0 s ."
B i l l Humble s a y s : " T h e u n i t e d
m o v em en t p r o b a b l y had b e t w e e n 2 0 , 0 0 0 and 2 5 , 0 0 0 member s
in 1 8 3 2 ."
See B i l l Hu m ble, T h e S t o r y o f t h e R e s t o r a t i o n
( A u s t i n : F i r m F o u n d a t io n P u b l i s h i n g House, 1 9 6 9 ) , p. 36.
6.
A good d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n C a m p b e l l
and S t o n e o n t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e p r o p e r name f o r t h e
f o l l o w e r s o f J e s u s c an be f o u n d i n W i l l i a m G a r r e t t W e s t ,
B a rto n W arren S to n e ( N a s h v i ll e : The D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t
H is t o r ic a l S o c ie ty , 1954),
pp. 1 5 3 - 1 5 7 .
7.
Tucker
8.
James D e f o r e s t M u r c h , C h r i s t i a n s O n l y : A H i s t o r y o f t h e
R e s t o r a t i o n M ove me nt ( C i n c i n n a t i : T h e S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h
i n g Company, 1 9 6 2 ) , p . 3 5 .
9.
G a rfie ld
10.
and M c A l l i s t e r ,
to
F u lle r,
June
op. c i t . ,
19,
1855.
p.
26.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
D a v id Lip sc o m b , "T h o s e S t a t i s t i c s , " Gospel A dvo c a te .
(F e b ru a ry 24, 1 8 8 1 ) , p. 11 4.
The a c tu a l t o t a l t h a t the
G e n e r a l M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y p u b l i s h e d was 5 6 3 , 9 2 8 .
But
i t w as w e l l kno wn t h a t a l a r g e n u m b e r o f c o n g r e g a t i o n s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e S o u t h , were n o t i n agreement w i t h
t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e S o c i e t y and r e f u s e d t o s e n d t h e i r
s t a t is t ic s in .
303
NOTES TO CHAPTER ONE
1.
E liz a
to
G a rfie ld ,
March 3 1 ,
1870.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
2.
E liz a
to
G a rfie ld ,
March 3 1 ,
1870.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
3.
Adamson B e n t l e y ( 1 7 8 5 - 1 8 6 4 ) , one o f t h e b e s t known
p r e a c h e r s on t h e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e , be ga n h i s
m in istry
a s a B a p t i s t an d w as one o f t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e Mahon
in g B a p t i s t A s s o c ia tio n .
A f t e r b e i n g i n f l u e n c e d by
A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l and W a l t e r S c o t t , he a c c e p t e d t h e
p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e D i s c i p l e mov ement and s u p p o r t e d t h e
d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e Mahoning B a p t i s t A s s o c i a t i o n i n
1830.
I n 1 8 3 1 he moved t o C h a g r i n F a l l s , O h i o , t h r e e
m ile s fro m th e G a r f ie l d lo g c a b in .
In a d d itio n to
b a p t i z i n g t h e p a r e n t s o f J a m e s G a r f i e l d , he p e r f o r m e d
t h e w e d d in g ceremony f o r t h e p a r e n t s o f L u c r e t i a R u
dolph G a r f i e l d .
He p r e a c h e d u n t i l e i g h t y y e a r s o f
age.
" F o r s i x t y y e a r s , " i t was s a i d , "he b le w t h e
t r u m p e t , and l e d I s r a e l i n t h e g l o r i o u s c o m b a t . "
He
was a man o f e c o n o m i c e n t e r p r i s e a l s o , an o w n e r o f
m i l l s o n t h e C h a g r i n R i v e r , a s t o r e , and a h o u s e
w h ic h appeared p a l a t i a l t o t h e pe o ple o f th e area
around C h a g rin F a l l s .
4.
A. S . H a yde n , E a r l y H i s t o r y o f t h e
W e s t e r n R e s e r v e ( C i n c i n n a t i : C ha s e
e r s , 1 8 7 5 ) , p. 19.
5.
E liz a
E liz a
E liz a
to Garfield, December 2 0 , 1 8 6 8 . Garfield Papers.
to Garfield, March 3 0 , 1 8 7 0 . Garfield Papers.
to Garfield, A p ril 1 , 1 8 7 0 . Garfield Papers.
6.
E liz a
E liz a
to Garfield, March 3 0 , 1 8 7 0 . Garfield Papers.
to Garfield, A p ril 1 , 1 8 7 0 . Garfield Papers.
7.
E liz a
to G arfield, March 3 0 ,
8.
J . M. Bundy, The L ife of General James A. Garfield.
(New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 1 3 .
9.
Ellen Larabie Hoppe, "Memories."
Th is four-page typed
manuscript i s now on f i l e at the Disciples of C hrist
H isto ric a l Society in Nashville, Tennessee.
I t is
located in the Garfield f i l e .
I obtained a xerox copy
during my research at the society.
10.
1870.
D is c ip le s
and H a l l ,
in the
P u b lis h
Garfield Papers.
Theodore Clarke Smith, The L ife and Le tte rs of James
Abram Garfield (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1 9 2 5 ) , p. 1 4 .
The schoolhouse on the Garfield property
"was plain and rough enough.
The scholars sat on s p lit
logs, hewed a l i t t l e on the top."
304
11.
H a z e l H. D a v i s , G ene ra l
P r e s s , 1 9 5 8 ), p. 26.
12.
F . M. G r e e n , A R o y a l L i f e : T h e E v e n t f u l H i s t o r y o f
Ja m es A . G a r f i e l d ( C h i c a g o : C e n t r a l B o o k C o n c e r n ,
1 8 8 2 ), p. 152.
13.
Bundy,
14.
I n a d d it io n to C a m p b e ll's m o n th ly M i l l e n n i a l H a r b in g e r ,
t h e b e s t s o u r c e s f o r i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e y e a r l y m e e t i n g s
h e l d on t h e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e a r e : W a l t e r S c o t t ' s m o n t h l y
p e r i o d i c a l , th e E v a n g e l i s t , p u b lis h e d fro m C i n c i n n a t i
between 1 8 3 2 - 1 8 4 4 ; A. S . H a y d e n 's E a r l y H i s t o r y o f th e
D i s c i p l e s i n the W e ste rn R e se rv e ; A la n so n W i l c o x ' s A
H i s t o r y o f t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t i n O h i o ; and H e n r y
S h a w 's Buckeye D i s c i p l e s .
op.
c it. ,
p.
Jim
(St.
Lo u is:
The
Bethany
5.
15.
H e n ry K . Shaw, Buckeye D i s c i p l e s : A H i s t o r y o f t h e D i s
c i p l e s o f C h r i s t i n O hio ( S t . L o u i s : C h r i s t i a n Bo a rd o f
P u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 5 2 ) , p. 12 6.
G a r f i e l d a tte n d e d numerous
y e a r l y m e e t i n g s u n d e r t h e t e n t i n v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s on
t h e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e , and l a t e r he p r e a c h e d o n s e v e r a l
o c c a sio n s under th e t e n t .
D u r i n g t h e C i v i l W ar t h i s
t e n t was c u t up a n d s e n t t o U n i o n h o s p i t a l s f o r u s e i n
th e b i n d in g o f wounds.
16.
M i ll e n n i a l H a rb in g e r,
(December, 1 8 4 8 ) , pp. 6 5 5 - 6 5 6 .
I t was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e l a r g e s t D i s c i p l e c h u r c h on
t h e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e was t h e one a t B e d f o r d w i t h 2 3 1
members.
D r . J o h n P . R o b i s o n , l a t e r one o f G a r f i e l d ' s
c l o s e s t f r i e n d s , w as o ne o f t h e l e a d e r s a t B e d f o r d .
17.
MS.
18.
T h i s s i x - w e e k s t i n t on t h e O h i o C a n a l became a much
r o m a n t i c iz e d phase o f G a r f i e l d ' s y o u th as th e r e s u l t
o f p r e s i d e n t i a l b io g r a p h ie s l i k e H o r a t i o A l g e r ' s From
Canal Boy t o P r e s i d e n t .
R e c e n t b i o g r a p h i e s have con
t i n u e d t o f o c u s on t h i s s i x - w e e k p e r i o d , and one s a y s :
" A s an a d o l e s c e n t he s p e n t much o f h i s t i m e i n t h e
company o f w a t e r f r o n t l o a f e r s . "
T h i s e m p h a s i s see ms
t o d e t r a c t fro m o t h e r p o w e rf u l i n f l u e n c e s i n h i s boy
h o o d , s u c h a s h i s m o t h e r and r e l i g i o n .
B io g ra p h ic a l
N o te s,
1877.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
19.
MS.
N o te s,
1877.
G a rfie ld
Papers
20.
MS .
N o te s,
1877.
G a rfie ld
Papers
21.
MS .
N o te s,
1877.
G a rfie ld
Papers
305
22.
F r e d e r i c k D. P o w e r , T h o u g h t s o f T h i r t y Y e a r s
U n ite d S o c ie ty o f C h r i s t i a n Endeavor, 1 9 0 5 ),
23.
MS. B i o g r a p h i c a l N o t e s , 1 8 7 7 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
Samuel
D . B a t e s t a u g h t i n t h e d i s t r i c t s c h o o l h o u s e t h a t was
l o c a t e d on t h e G a r f i e l d p r o p e r t y .
R e fe rrin g to B a te s,
L u c r e t ia G a r fie ld w ro te d u rin g the 1 8 8 0 's t h a t " t o h i s
e n c o u r a g e m e n t a t t h i s t i m e may be l a r g e l y a t t r i b u t e d
t h e d i r e c t i o n g iv e n t o th e h i t h e r t o crude developm ent
o f the G e n e ra l's l i f e . "
I n 1 8 8 0 B a t e s w as a m i n i s t e r
f o r th e D i s c i p l e c h u rc h i n M a rio n , O hio .
24.
J o u r n a l , O ctober 28 , 18 49 .
G a r f ie ld w ro te the f i r s t
e n t r y i n h i s J o u r n a l on J a n u a r y 1 , 1 8 4 8 .
I t i s an
im m ensely v a lu a b le so u rc e f o r th e s tu d y o f h i s e n t i r e
l i f e , b u t i t i s e s p e c ia lly c r u c ia l f o r u n d e rsta n d in g
the y e a rs 1 8 48 -1 85 4.
T h e r e a re v e r y few G a r f i e l d
l e t t e r s in tho se y e a rs, b ut a f t e r h is e n ro llm e n t in
W i l l i a m s C o l l e g e he became a f r e q u e n t l e t t e r - w r i t e r .
25.
(Boston:
p. 179.
J e f f e r s o n H a r r i s o n Jo n e s ( 1 8 1 3 - 1 9 0 4 ) , som etim es c a l le d
H a r r i s o n o r H a r r y i n t h e J o u r n a l , was a c o l o r f u l D i s
c i p l e p r e a c h e r who l a t e r became t h e c h a p l a i n o f G a r
f i e l d ' s 42nd O h io I n f a n t r y R e g i m e n t .
One o f
the o r i g
i n a l m embe rs o f t h e " Q u i n t i n k l e C l u b , " he became one
o f G a r f i e l d ' s most in tim a te f r ie n d s .
w as e l e c t e d t o t h e P r e s i d e n c y , he r e m e mb e r e d h i s o l d
f r i e n d and s e n t h i m t h e f o l l o w i n g t e l e g r a m : " I am now
P r e s id e n t o f the U n ite d S t a t e s .
What w i l l you h a v e ? "
J o n e s w i r e d t h e W h i t e H o u s e a t o n c e : " S t a n d o u t o f my
s u n lig h t."
J o n e s w as one o f t h e s p e a k e r s a t t h e G a r
f i e l d f u n e r a l i n C le v e la n d .
26.
J o u rn a l,
Fe b rua ry
17,
27.
J o u r n a l, Fe b rua ry 28, 1850.
Ro b e rt P o l lo k 's
The Course
o f T i m e ( 1 8 2 7 ) w as a l o n g poem o n t h e th e me o f r e d e m p
tio n .
28.
J o u r n a l , March
29.
W. W.
tio n
30.
H a r r y J a me s B r o w n
and F r e d e r i c k D . W i l l i a m s ,
( e d s . ) , The
D i a r y o f James A.
G a r f i e l d ( E a s t L a n s in g : M ichiga n S t a t e
U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 7 ) I , pp. x v i i i - x i x .
T h e 60-page
i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h i s v o l u m e i s an e x c e l l e n t su mmar y o f
th e m a jo r c o n to u rs o f G a r f i e l d ' s l i f e .
Th e re are f o u r
volum es i n t h i s s e r i e s .
3-4,
1850.
1850.
W a s s o n , J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d : H i s R e l i g i o n and E d u c a
( N a s h v i l l e : T e n n e s s e e B o o k Company, 1 9 5 2 ) , p . 1 4 .
306
31.
S m ith ,
op.
c it. ,
p.
32.
Jo u rn a l,
March
33.
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
March 3 0 , 1 8 5 0 .
June 10, 1850.
34.
Journal
O ctober
35.
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
Journal
March 2 5 , 1 8 5 0 .
March 2 6 , 1 8 5 0 .
May 1 , 1 8 5 0 .
36.
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
Jo u rna l
May 2 7 , 1 8 5 0 .
A ugust 26, 1850.
A ugust 30, 1850.
37.
Jo urna l
A p ril
38.
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
Journal
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
A p r i l 20, 1850.
A ugust 8, 1850.
January 26, 1851.
A ugust 31, 1851.
March 3 1 , 1 8 5 1 .
39.
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
January 1, 1851.
A p r il 17, 1851.
40.
Journal
Septem ber
41.
Jo urna l
Ja nuary
42.
Jo urna l
Journal
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
Journal
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
June 1 9 , 1851.
J u ly 27, 1851.
November 1 9 , 1 8 5 2 .
November 2 1 , 1 8 5 2 .
May 2 0 , 1 8 5 3 .
May 2 4 , 1 8 5 3 .
J u ly 1, 1853.
March 1 5 , 1 8 5 4 .
June 29 , 18 54 .
J u ly 2, 1854.
43.
Jo urna l
Journal
Jo urna l
March 1 7 , 1 8 5 0 .
March 2 4 , 1 8 5 0 .
May 3 1 , 1 8 5 0 .
44.
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
Jo urna l
J u ly 28, 1850.
A ugust 11, 1850.
A ugust 27, 1850.
10,
1,
11,
1,
34.
1850.
1850.
1850.
28,
1850
1851.
307
G a r f i e l d ' s r e f e r e n c e t o th e F re e W i l l B a p t i s t Church
as th e F r e e W i l l Im m e rse r Church i s i n t e r e s t i n g .
In
1 8 2 6 A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l i s s u e d f r o m h i s p r e s s a new
t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e New T e s t a m e n t t h a t g r a d u a l l y came
t o be c a l l e d t h e L i v i n g O r a c l e s .
The most p u b lic iz e d
f e a t u r e o f t h i s t r a n s l a t i o n was i t s r e n d e r i n g o f t h e
Greek w o rd " b a p t i d z o " as " im m e rs e " i n s t e a d o f " b a p t i z e . "
Th e B a p t i s t s were d e l i g h t e d w i t h t h a t r e n d e r i n g u n t i l
t h e y s aw M a t t h e w 3 : 1 , w h e r e J o h n t h e B a p t i s t had become
John th e Im m erse r.
T h e L i v i n g O r a c l e s became a w i d e l y
c i r c u l a t e d t r a n s l a t i o n among t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ,
and l e d many D i s c i p l e s t o r e f e r h u m o r o u s l y t o t h e B a p
t i s t C hurch as th e Im m e rse r C hurc h.
G a r f i e l d ' s use o f
t h i s p l o y s h o w s how w i d e s p r e a d t h e p r a c t i c e w a s .
45.
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
Jo u rn a l,
O ctober 11,
O cto ber 15,
O ctober 20,
1850.
1850.
1850.
46.
Journal,
J o u rn a l,
Journal,
Journal,
Journal,
May 1 9 , 1 8 5 0 .
A ugust 18, 1850.
September 2 2 , 1 8 5 0 .
October 1 3 , 1 8 5 0 .
A p ril 1 3 , 1 8 5 1 .
47.
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
J u ly 21, 1850.
January 12, 1851.
48.
Journal,
May 1 8 ,
49.
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
Jo u rn a l,
June 1, 1850.
June 9, 1850.
Septem ber 1 3 ,
1851.
1850.
50.
J o u r n a l, J u ly 7, 1850.
Journal, July 2 7 , 1 8 5 1 .
51.
Wasson,
52.
Announcement and Catalogue of the F i r s t Session of the
Western Reserve Eclectic In s titu te (Hiram, Portage
County, 1 8 5 0 ) , p. 1 1 .
F . M. G r e e n , H i r a m C o l l e g e and W e s t e r n R e s e r v e E c l e c t i c
I n s t i t u t e : F i f t y Y e a rs o f H i s t o r y 1850- 1900 (C le v e la n d :
T h e O. S . H u b b e l l P r i n t i n g Company, 1 9 0 1 ) , p p . 2 5 , 5 2 .
53.
Corydon F u lle r ( 1 8 3 0 - 1 8 8 6 ) was p r o b a b l y Garfield's
closest friend at the Eclectic in the student years of
1851-1854.
His Reminiscenses of Ja me s A. Garfield was
published in 1 8 8 7 .
op. c i t . ,
p.
20.
308
54 .
Corydon E . F u l l e r , R e m in isc e n c e s
( C in c in n a t i: Stand ard P u b lis h in g
55.
S m ith ,
56.
F u l l e r , op. c i t . , pp. 3 6 - 3 8 .
F u l l e r f o u n d a c op y o f
t h i s s p e e c h among h i s p a p e r s and r e p r i n t e d i t i n f u l l .
I t was d e l i v e r e d a t t h e end o f t h e f i r s t t e r m on Novem
b e r 1 4 , 1 8 5 1 , f i v e days b e fo r e h i s t w e n t i e t h b i r t h d a y .
57.
J o u rn a l,
O ctober
58 .
J o u rn a l,
March
59.
G reen,
60.
B u r k e A.
R e u n io n ,
C o lle g e ,
H in s d a le , D e lp h ic L i t e r a r y S o c i e t y ,
1 8 7 5 (an a d d r e s s ) ; q u o t e d i n G r e e n ,
o p. c i t . , pp. 6 0 - 6 1 .
61.
Jo u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
Jo u rn a l,
O ctober 12, 1851.
De ce mbe r 7 , 1 8 5 1 .
March 5 , 1 8 5 2 .
62.
Jo u rn a l,
March
63.
J o u r n a l , June 2 5 , 1 8 5 4 .
E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1842
W i l l B a p t i s t s , t h e Geauga S e m i n a r y c o n t i n u e d
o p e ra tio n u n t i l 1854.
64.
Jo u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
4,
4,
1851.
1851.
65.
J o u r n a l , May 2 0 ,
1852.
66.
F u lle r,
67.
J o u r n a l, J u ly 7-8, 1853.
Jonas H a r t z e l , A D is c ip le
p r e a c h e r f r o m H o p e d a l e , O h i o , an d J o s e p h B a r k e r o f
S a le m , O h io , were t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h i s d e b a te .
T h e d e b a t e was o v e r t h e n a t u r e o f t h e S c r i p t u r e s and
t h e i r v a lu e as o f f e r i n g a p e r f e c t r u l e o f l i f e .
The
d e b a t e began o n M o n d a y , J u l y 4 , and e nd e d on J u l y 8 .
A l t o g e t h e r t h e r e w e r e n i n e s e s s i o n s o f f r o m t w o and
a h a l f t o t h r e e h o u r s each.
An i n t e r e s t i n g s i d e l i g h t
t o t h i s week w as G a r f i e l d ' s o p p o r t u n i t y t o h e a r W a l t e r
S c o t t p r e a c h " a p o w e r f u l d i s c o u r s e " on t h e M e s s i a h s h i p
of C h ris t.
A s f a r a s i s k n o w n , i t was t h e o n l y t i m e he
e v e r heard S c o t t preach.
He n o t e d t h a t t h e g r e a t e v a n
g e l i s t was " e x c e e d i n g l y e l o q u e n t a t t i m e s . "
op.
c i t .,
H iram
4,
23,
46.
1851.
1852.
C o lle g e ,
J u ly
J u ly
op.
p.
12,
c it. ,
o f J ame s A . G a r f i e l d
Company, 1 8 8 7 ) , p . 5 7 .
op.
c i t .,
pp.
60-61.
The
Hiram
1854.
pp.
by F r e e
in
52-54.
309
68.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
Fe b rua ry
69.
J o u r n a l , June 13, 1852.
J o u r n a l , Fe b ru a ry 8, 1852.
J o u r n a l , June 26 , 1853.
J o u rn a l, August 10, 1853.
J o u r n a l, August 11, 1853.
70.
J o u rn a l, A p r il 11,
J o u r n a l, August 2,
J o u rn a l, August 3,
27,
1854.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs,
1853.
1853.
1853.
71.
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
Ja nuary 1, 1853.
May 2 2 , 1 8 5 3 .
A ugust 1, 1853.
72.
J o u r n a l , F e b ru a ry 8, 1852.
When D i s c i p l e s moved f r o m
one l o c a t i o n t o a n o t h e r , t h e y u s u a l l y b r o u g h t l e t t e r s
o f recom m endation fro m t h e i r p r e v i o u s c o n g re g a tio n .
On A u g u s t 2 2 , 1 8 5 2 , G a r f i e l d w r o t e i n h i s J o u r n a l , " I
t o o k a l e t t e r f r o m t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n h e r e (Orange) f o r
t h e p u r p o s e o f j o i n i n g i n H i r a m , w h e r e I e x p e c t t o be
m o s t o f t h e t im e f o r two y e a r s t o come."
73.
Journal, September 2 , 1 8 5 1 .
Journal, October 2 4 , 1 8 5 2 .
Journal, February 1 , 1 8 5 3 .
74.
Wasson, op.
75.
Journal, July 2 - 3 ,
76.
F u lle r,
77.
Journal, December 1 7 - 2 9 , 1 8 5 2 . Although
he was only
thirty -tw o years old at th is time,
Isaac E r r e tt ( 1 8 2 0 1 8 8 8 ) was already a prominent figure in the Disciples
of C h rist.
For many years he and Garfield were i n t i
mate friends in the "Quintinkle Club."
He delivered
the principal address at Garfield's public funeral.
78.
F u lle r,
79.
Journal, March 2 7 , 1 8 5 3 .
Journal, A p ril 3 , 1 8 5 3 .
Journal, July 2 4 , 1 8 5 3 .
op.
cit.,
cit. ,
op. c i t . ,
80.
Shaw, op.
81.
F u lle r,
pp.
1853.
p.
97.
pp.
c i t . , p.
op.
25-26.
97-98.
208.
c i t . , p.
176.
310
NOTES TO CHAPTER TWO
1.
J o u rn a l,
J u ly
2.
G a rfie ld
to
3.
J o u rn a l,
August
4.
W. E . G a r r i s o n , R e l i g i o n F o l l o w s t h e F r o n t i e r : A H i s
t o r y o f t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t (New Y o r k : H a r p e r and
B r o t h e r s , 1 9 3 1 ), p. 193.
5.
Almeda Ann B o o t h ( 1 8 2 3 - 1 8 7 5 ) l i v e d on t h e W e s t e r n R e
serve th ro u g h o u t he r l i f e .
From 1851 t o 1 8 6 6 , excep t
f o r o ne y e a r d u r i n g w h i c h s h e c o m p l e t e d w o r k f o r h e r
degree a t O b e r l i n , she t a u g h t a t th e E c l e c t i c .
I t was
t h e r e t h a t t h i s r e m a r k a b l e woman, s t r o n g i n m i n d , c h a r
a c t e r an d p e r s o n a l i t y , e x e r c i s e d a p r o f o u n d i n f l u e n c e
on G a r f i e l d , an i n f l u e n c e r a n k i n g i n i m p o r t a n c e w i t h
t h a t o f h i s m o t h e r and h i s w i f e .
G a r f i e l d and " M i s s
B o o t h " b o t h b o a r d e d a t P r e s i d e n t H a y d e n ' s home f o r a
t i m e , and i n 1 8 5 3 - 1 8 5 4 t h e y w o r k e d o n a t r a n s l a t i o n o f
t h e B o o k o f R o ma n s t o g e t h e r .
" I h a v e many t i m e s s a i d , "
G a r f i e l d w r o t e y e a r s l a t e r , " t h a t s h e was t h e o n l y p e r
s o n w i t h whom I e v e r s t u d i e d i n my c o l l e g e c o u r s e w h o s e
m i n d m e t m i n e a t e v e r y p o i n t w i t h a b s o l u t e f u l n e s s and
p o w e r and a c l e a r n e s s and g r a s p t h a t made me p r o u d t o
be r e c k o n e d a n y w h e r e n e a r h e r e q u a l . "
r e t u r n e d t o t h e E c l e c t i c i n 1 8 5 6 , he and M i s s B o o t h o f
te n played c h e ss t o g e t h e r .
I n 1876 G a r f i e l d d e l iv e r e d
a t H i r a m C o l l e g e a f i t t i n g t r i b u t e t o t h e memory o f h i s
b e l o v e d m e n t o r , a s s o c i a t e and f r i e n d .
6.
Edmond K i r k e , "My E x p e r i e n c e a s a L a w y e r , " N o r t h A m e r
ican R e vie w , (June, 1 8 7 7 ), p. 568.
( T h i s a r t i c l e con
t a i n s a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l n o t e s g i v e n by Ja me s A . G a r f i e l d
t o Edmond K i r k e . )
7.
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
8.
G a r f i e l d t o F u l l e r , May 1 3 , 1 8 5 4 .
Quoted i n C orydon E .
F u l l e r , R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f J ame s A. G a r f i e l d ( C i n c i n n a t i :
S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 7 ) , p p . 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 .
T h is
l e t t e r i s n o t i n the G a r fie ld P a p e rs.
F u l l e r p u b lish e d
s e v e r a l G a r f i e l d l e t t e r s i n h i s volume w h ic h a re n o t i n
the L i b r a r y o f C ongress c o l le c t io n .
9.
J o u rn a l,
10.
Jo u rn a l,
1,
1853.
F u lle r,
4,
Ju ly
19,
1853.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
1853.
January 1, 1854.
March 2 5 , 1 8 5 4 .
June
June
23,
23,
1854.
1854.
311
11.
J o u r n a l , June
24, 1854.
25, 1854.
12.
29, 1854.
13.
F u l l e r , op. c i t . , p. 117.
In h is Jo u rn a l, G a rfie ld
w r o t e : " I n th e fo re n o o n I a tte n d e d th e m ee ting o f th e
B r e t h r e n i n B u t l e r v i l l a g e ( S o u t h B u t l e r ) and s p o k e t o
them.
T h e y h a v e a f i n e c o n g r e g a t i o n t h e r e and seem t o
p o sse ss a c o n sid e ra b le in f lu e n c e . "
I n t h e a f t e r n o o n he
w ent t o h e a r th e "R e v e re n d " A n t o i n e t t e Brown preach i n
th e U n io n H o u se , b u t c ou ld n o t approve i t .
"A fte r a ll
t h a t may be s a i d , " he w r o t e i n t h e J o u r n a l , " t h e r e i s
s o m e t h i n g a b o u t a woman's s p e a k i n g i n p u b l i c t h a t u n
s e x e s h e r i n my m i n d , and how much s o e v e r I m i g h t a d
m ir e t h e t a l e n t , y e t I c o u ld n e v e r t h i n k o f th e fem a le
speaker as th e g e n tle s i s t e r , the te n d e r w i f e , o r the
lo v in g m o th e r."
14.
J o u r n a l , J u ly 9, 1854.
On t h e j o u r n e y t o New J e r s e y ,
G a r f i e l d had d e l i g h t e d i n t h e t r i p down t h e H u d s o n f r o m
A l b a n y , a s he o n c e mor e e x p e r i e n c e d a s c e n i c g r a n d e u r
so d i f f e r e n t fro m h i s n a t i v e O h io .
I n New Y o r k C i t y he
" w i t n e s s e d t h e e n a c t m e n t o f a T e m p e r a n c e Drama and l a i d
t h e f o u n d a t i o n i n my m i n d f o r t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e
q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r d r a m a t i c c o m p o s i t i o n and s c e n i c r e p r e
s e n t a t i o n s a r e i n accordance w i t h t h e s p i r i t o f e n l i g h t
ened C h r i s t i a n m o r a l i t y . "
15.
J o u r n a l, J u ly 11, 1854.
On J u l y 15 he w r o t e t o L u c r e
t ia : " T h is i s a q u ie t l i t t l e
v i l l a g e n e s t l i n g i n the
l a p o f t h e G r e e n M o u n t a i n s and o n a l l s i d e s l i k e huge
s e n t i n e l s s t a n d t h e t o w e r i n g peaks t h a t p r o p t h e bend
i n g h e a v e n s w i t h t h e i r w o od c r o w n e d h e a d s . "
S m ith sa y s:
" P r o b a b l y no one b u t a r o m a n t i c - s o u l e d y o u t h f r o m a
p e r f e c t l y f l a t r e g io n l i k e P o rta g e C o u n ty , O h io , w ould
h a v e s e e n i n t h e s m o o t h l y r o u n d e d and g e n t l y s w e l l i n g
B e r k s h i r e H i l l s , s p a r s e ly d o tte d w i t h fa rm c l e a r i n g s ,
a n y t h in g so g r a n d io s e o r so E u r o p e a n ."
16.
J o u rn a l,
17.
One e n t i r e y e a r i s m i s s i n g i n t h e J o u r n a l .
He d i d n o t
make a s i n g l e e n t r y i n t h e J o u r n a l b e t w e e n S e p t e m b e r 1 2 ,
1 8 5 4 , and S e p t e m b e r 1 0 , 1 8 5 5 .
W ith th e e x c e p tio n o f a
f e w b r i e f l i n e s , t h e r e a r e no r e f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n F e b r u
a r y 2 8 , 1 8 5 6 , and J u l y 2 8 , 1 8 5 7 , a p e r i o d o f 17 m o n t h s .
T h e C i v i l War y e a r s , 1 8 6 1 - 1 8 6 5 , a r e a l s o m i s s i n g i n
th e J o u r n a l b u t th e o t h e r y e a rs are com plete.
There
a re ab out a h a l f m i l l i o n w ords i n th e J o u r n a l .
J u ly
11,
1854.
312
18.
L u c r e t i a R u d o l p h ( 1 8 3 2 - 1 9 1 8 ) , t h e d a u g h t e r o f Ze b and
A r a b e l l a Ma s on R u d o l p h , w as a s t u d e n t a t Geauga S e m i
n a r y and t h e E c l e c t i c w i t h G a r f i e l d .
By t h e s p r i n g o f
1 8 5 4 , G a r f i e l d was p u r s u i n g a c a u t i o u s c o u r t s h i p o f
M i s s R u d o l p h , and by t h e t i m e he l e f t f o r W i l l i a m s he
and " C r e t e " had r e a c h e d an u n d e r s t a n d i n g t a n t a m o u n t t o
engagement.
19.
G a rfie ld
to
L u c re tia ,
20.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
21.
Theodore C la rk e
Abr am G a r f i e l d
1 9 2 5 ), p. 69.
J u ly
Ju ly
30,
30,
1854.
1854.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
S m i t h , T h e L i f e and L e t t e r s o f James
(New H a v e n : Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ,
22.
G a r f i e l d l a t e r came t o know s e v e r a l o f t h e y o u n g men
who w o u l d h a v e b e e n h i s c l a s s m a t e s i f he h ad gone t o
Be thany.
As e d i t o r o f t h e Am erican C h r i s t i a n R e v ie w ,
Rowe e d i t o r i a l l y s u p p o r t e d G a r f i e l d i n t h e e l e c t i o n
o f 1 8 8 0 , as d i d Jo h n so n i n h i s Chicago-based E va n
g e lis t.
L a m a r r e p l a c e d B u r k e H i n s d a l e a s an e d i t o r o f
t h e C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d , and p r e a c h e d on o c c a s i o n i n
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C.
S h a c k l e f o r d was L . L . P i n k e r t o n ' s
b i o g r a p h e r , a n d t h r o u g h P i n k e r t o n he came t o be good
frie n d s w ith G a rfie ld .
E v e re s t ta ug ht w ith G a rfie ld
a t t h e E c l e c t i c , and was l a t e r t h e p r e s i d e n t o f G a r
fie ld U n iv e rs ity .
B u r g e s s was p r e s i d e n t o f N o r t h W e ste rn C h r is t i a n U n iv e r s it y a f t e r a s u c c e s s fu l pas
t o r a t e i n C hicago.
He was a c t i v e i n G a r f i e l d ' s cam
p a ig n , sp e a king a l l ove r In d ia n a .
B a r n e s w as an A l a
bama e v a n g e l i s t who f o u g h t i n t h e
C o n fe d e r a te Army.
I f G a r f i e l d h a d a t t e n d e d B e t h a n y , he w o u l d h a v e known
s e v e r a l s t u d e n t s f r o m t h e S o u t h , an o p p o r t u n i t y he
d i d n o t have a t W i l l i a m s .
Among t h e f a c u l t y m e m b e r s ,
M i l l i g a n l a t e r le c t u r e d a t H ira m C o lle g e i n th e th e o
l o g i c a l d e p a r t m e n t t h a t G a r f i e l d h e l p e d s e t u p , and
P e n d l e t o n p r e a c h e d f r e q u e n t l y i n W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.
It
i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o s p e c u l a t e on t h e d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n
G a r f i e l d ' s l i f e m i g h t h av e gone i f he had a t t e n d e d t h e
D isc ip le i n s t i t u t io n .
23.
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
Ju ly
Ju ly
11,
17,
1854.
1854.
24.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
Septem ber
25.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
August
26.
S m ith ,
op.
c it.,
p.
76.
22,
14,1854.
1854.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
313
27.
G a r f i e l d t o Mary W a t s o n , S e p te m b e r 1 6 , 1 8 5 4 .
Mary P .
W a t s o n , o f B u t l e r , New Y o r k , was t h e f i a n c e e o f C o r y don F u l l e r , and a f o r m e r s t u d e n t a t t h e E c l e c t i c .
She
and F u l l e r w e r e m a r r i e d o n J a n u a r y 1 , 1 8 5 5 .
T h is le t
t e r i s fo u n d i n F u l l e r , op. c i t . , pp. 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 .
28.
G a rfie ld
29.
W. W. W a s s o n , James A. G a r f i e l d ; H i s R e l i g i o n and E d u c a
t i o n ( N a s h v i l l e : T e n n e s s e e B o o k Company, 1 9 5 2 ) , p . 3 6 .
30.
G a rfie ld
31.
S m ith ,
32.
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , September 13 , 1 8 5 4 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
I n th e J o u r n a l t h i s m ee ting i s d e s c rib e d i n
th e e n t r i e s between September 5 - 1 2 , 1 8 5 4 .
33.
G a r f i e l d t o Mary W a ts o n , Septem ber 1 6 , 1 8 5 4 .
T h is
t e r i s f o u n d i n F u l l e r , op. c i t . , pp. 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 .
34.
J . M. B u n d y , T h e L i f e o f G e n e r a l James A . G a r f i e l d (New
Y o r k : A . S . B a r n e s and Company, 1 8 8 0 ) , p . 3 7 .
I n the
s ummer o f 1 8 8 0 B u n d y o b t a i n e d t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m S .
P . H u b b e l l f o r u s e i n h i s c a mp a i g n b i o g r a p h y .
35.
F u l l e r , op. c i t . , p. 163.
F u l l e r made a b r i e f v i s i t
t o W i l l i a m s t o w n i n th e f a l l o f 1854 (O ctober 1 8 - 2 0 ) .
I n h i s n o t e s on O c t o b e r 1 9 , F u l l e r w r o t e : " T h i s a f t e r
n o o n I h a v e a t t e n d e d a r e c i t a t i o n i n G r e e k , by t h e J u n
i o r C la ss.
J a m e s d i d f i r s t r a t e , and I h a v e j u s t been
c o n v e r s i n g w i t h one o f t h e c l a s s , who s a y s t h a t he w i l l
t a k e o ne o f t h e f i r s t h o n o r s . "
36.
G a rfie ld
P a p e rs.
37.
S m ith ,
38.
J a me s A . G a r f i e l d , " C h i v a l r y : A n c i e n t and M o d e r n . "
G a rfie ld Pa p e rs.
T h i s s p e e c h was d e l i v e r e d on December
29, 1854.
T h e 3 3 - p a g e m a n u s c r i p t o f t h i s s p e e c h can be
f o u n d on R e e l 1 2 5 i n t h e m i c r o f i l m c o p y o f t h e p a p e r s .
39.
G a rfie ld
40.
G a rfie ld
t o M a r t h a F i s k e , De ce mbe r 3 1 , 1 8 5 4 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
G a r f i e l d ' s d i s i l l u s i o n m e n t w as s h o r t - l i v e d .
T h e r e w e r e no f u r t h e r r e m a r k s o f t h i s k i n d .
to
to
op.
op.
Lu c re tia ,
J u ly
L u c re tia ,
c it. ,
p.
August
p.
to F u l l e r ,
1854.
14,
G a rfie ld
1854.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
75.
to L u c re tia ,
c it. ,
30,
September
28,
1854.
le t
G a rfie ld
84.
N ov em be r
12,
1854.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
314
41.
Wasson,
op.
c it. ,
p.
37.
42.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
43.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
to
L u c re tia ,
Fe bruary
15,
February
1855.
22,
G a rfie ld
1855.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
Rebecca Ja n e S e l l e c k ( 1 8 3 1 - 1 9 0 9 ) i s s o m e tim e s r e f e r r e d
t o i n t h e J o u r n a l as " R a n c i e . "
G a rfie ld a lso v is it e d
her a t Le w isb o ro .
I n A u g u s t, 1 8 5 6 , she w ent t o th e
W i l l i a m s commencement t o s e e G a r f i e l d g r a d u a t e .
She
was a s m a l l , a t t r a c t i v e g i r l w i t h w i t and c h a r m , and
t h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t G a r f i e l d was much a t t r a c t e d t o
h e r and t h a t s h e wa s d e e p l y i n l o v e w i t h h i m .
Her l e t
t e r s t o h im , w h ic h a re v e ry r e v e a l i n g docum ents, a re
p re s e rv e d i n th e G a r f i e l d P a p e rs ; she e v i d e n t l y d e s tro y e d
h is l e t t e r s to h e r.
B y t h e s p r i n g o f 1 8 5 6 , due t o h i s
a t t r a c t i o n t o M i s s S e l l e c k , G a r f i e l d ' s engagement t o
L u c r e t i a w a s v e r y much up i n t h e a i r .
E v e n a f t e r he
r e t u r n e d t o H i r a m he c o u l d n o t g e t R e be c c a o u t o f h i s
m ind .
A f t e r G a r f i e l d m a r r i e d L u c r e t i a t h e r e was s t i l l
o c c a s i o n a l t e n s i o n o v e r Rebecca.
R e be c c a n e v e r m a r r i e d .
45.
G a rfie ld
to
46.
B u r k e A.
(Bo sto n:
H in sd a le , P re sid e n t G a rfie ld
J a m e s R . Osgood and Company,
47.
G a rfie ld
to
48.
Bundy, op. c i t . , p. 39.
Th is
s u b m i t t e d by S . P . H u b b e l l .
49.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
o
in
Wasson,
•
44.
F u lle r,
March
L u c re tia ,
13,
March
1855.
6,
G a rfie ld
1855.
is
and E d u c a t i o n
1 8 8 2 ), p. 141.
G a rfie ld
a lso
from
t o Phoebe B o y n t o n , J u l y 1 0 , 1 8 5 5 .
She was a c o u s i n t o G a r f i e l d .
op.
c it .,
p.
Pa pe rs.
Pa pe rs.
the
memoir
G a rfie ld :
39.
51.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
May 2 3 ,
1855.
52.
G a rfie ld
to
Lu c re tia ,
53.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
54.
G a rfie ld
to
Lu c re tia ,
55.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
56.
G a r fie ld to F u l l e r , August 20, 1855. G a r f i e l d P a p e rs .
He a l s o s p e n t t i m e w i t h L u c r e t i a and A l m e d a .
May 2 9 ,
June
19,
August
August
G a rfie ld
1855.
1855.
11,
20,
Pa pe rs.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
1855.
1855.
Papers.
Papers.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Papers
Pa pers.
315
57.
G a rfie ld to
F u lle r,
Septem ber
58.
G a rfie ld to
Pa p e rs.
59.
J o u r n a l , November 8 , 1 8 5 5 .
B u t G a r f ie ld d id n o t slo w
down i m m e d i a t e l y .
I n t h e f o l l o w i n g m o n t h he t r a v e l e d
t o New Y o r k C i t y , New H a v e n , and B o s t o n , i n s e a r c h o f
m a t e r i a l f o r h i s debates a t W i l l i a m s .
I t w a s n 't u n t i l
F e b r u a r y , 1 8 5 6 , t h a t he s l a c k e n e d h i s p a c e .
60.
In a d d itio n to P itts to w n
and P o e s t e n k i l l , G a r f i e l d p r e a c h e d f o r a l i t t l e
D isc i
p l e c h u r c h i n M i l l v i l l e , New Y o r k , on o c c a s i o n .
H is
c l o s e s t f r i e n d s i n t h a t c h u r c h w e r e "my d e a r B r o . &
S is te r A lle n ."
Th e re i s a l e t t e r from G a r f ie ld to the
A lle n s i n the a rc h iv e s o f the D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t H i s
t o r i c a l S o c ie ty in N a s h v ille , Tennessee.
61.
F r e d e r i c k R u d o l p h , M a r k H o p k i n s and t h e L o g (New H a v e n :
Y a le U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 5 6 ), p. 92.
The i n s p i r a t i o n
f o r t h e t i t l e o f t h i s v o l u m e comes f r o m G a r f i e l d .
At
a W i l l i a m s C o lle g e alum ni d in n e r h e ld i n D e lm o n ic o 's
r e s t a u r a n t i n New Y o r k C i t y on De cember 2 8 , 1 8 7 1 , G a r
f i e l d i s s u p p o s e d t o have s a i d : " T h e i d e a l c o l l e g e i s
M a r k H o p k i n s o n o n e e nd o f a l o g and a s t u d e n t on t h e
o th e r."
T h e r e h a v e been s e v e r a l v a r i a t i o n s t o t h i s
s t o r y , and w h i l e i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e e x a c t l y
w h a t G a r f i e l d s a i d , i t i s c l e a r t h a t he was b e s t o w i n g
p r a i s e upon h i s f o r m e r t e a c h e r .
L u c re tia ,
62.
J o u r n a l , November
8,
63.
10,
64.
65.
66.
7,
Septem ber
1855.
18,
G a rfie ld
1855.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
1855.
1855.
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , November 1 0 , 1 8 5 5 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
I n t h e f o l l o w i n g m o n t h G a r f i e l d w r o t e t o Amos
S u t t o n H a y d e n : "We hav e been w a l k i n g i n t h e s t r o n g
c le a r l i g h t o f D r . H o p k in s ' te a c h in g s w hich lead us
d e e p e r down i n t o t h e h e a r t o f t h i n g s t h a n a n y t h i n g we
h a v e had b e f o r e .
He i s a r e a l s k y - c l e a r e r , a c l o u d c o m p e llin g J u p i t e r . "
See A r t h u r H. M e r r i t t , "T w o u n
p u b l i s h e d L e t t e r s o f J a me s A . G a r f i e l d W r i t t e n w h i l e a
S t u d e n t a t W i l l i a m s C o l l e g e , " New Y o r k H i s t o r i c a l
S o c i e t y Q u a r t e r l y , ( 1 9 4 7 ) , pp. 1 3 7 - 1 3 8 .
G a rfie ld to
F u lle r,
Fe b ru a ry 11,
1856.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
J o u r n a l , No v e m be r 1 0 , 1 8 5 5 .
T h e v o l u m e he r e f e r r e d
was T h o m a s V i n c e n t ' s An E x p l i c a t o r y C a t e c h i s m .
to
316
67.
68.
Bundy, op. c i t . , p. 36.
f r o m H a z e n i n t h e summer
G a rfie ld to
G a rfie ld to
T h is in fo rm a tio n
o f 1880.
was
o b ta in e d
L u c re tia , Fe bruary 11, 1856. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
L u c r e t i a , March 2 3 , 1 8 5 6 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
69.
J o u r n a l , N ov e m be r
70.
Bund y, op. c i t . , p. 4 1 .
T h is in fo rm a tio n
f r o m M a n l e y i n t h e summer o f 1 8 8 0 .
71.
G a rfie ld
72.
S m ith ,
73.
G a rfie ld
74.
G a rfie ld to
L u c r e t i a , May 1 8 , 1 8 5 6 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
H i s r e f e r e n c e t o t h e " w a r r i n g f a c t i o n s " may c o n c e r n
t h e c o n t r o v e r s y t h a t was t h e n a r i s i n g o v e r t h e s l a v e r y
issu e .
I n November, 1 8 5 5 , th e s o - c a l l e d " B e th a n y r i o t "
r e s u lt e d in the d is m is s a l o f te n a n t i- s la v e r y s tu d e n ts
f r o m t h e campus.
T h e y were h a i l e d as m a r t y r s i n t h e
N o r t h , and d u b be d " t h e i m m o r t a l t e n . "
When t h e y w e r e
im m e d ia te ly accepted a t a D i s c i p l e c o lle g e i n I n d ia n a
p o l i s , C a m p b e l l and t h e B e t h a n y f a c u l t y w e r e e n r a g e d .
T h r o u g h o u t t h e f i r s t h a l f o f 1856 th e D i s c i p l e p a p e rs
g ave w i d e c o v e r a g e t o t h i s s e c t i o n a l c o n t r o v e r s y , and
i t may h a v e b e e n t h e r e a s o n G a r f i e l d was d i s c o u r a g e d .
T h i s i n c i d e n t w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n a l a t e r c h a p t e r .
75.
to
op.
F u lle r,
c it. ,
to
19,
p.
1855.
May 1 5 ,
H is
24th
1856.
b irth d a y .
was
G a rfie ld
o b ta ine d
Pa p e rs.
101.
L u c r e t i a , May 4 ,
1856.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , June 9 , 1 8 5 6 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
A f e w d a y s l a t e r he d e c l i n e d an o f f e r f r o m t h e D i s c i p l e
c h u r c h i n M i s h a w a k a , I n d i a n a , t o become i t s p a s t o r .
"I
t h i n k I s h a l l n o t become a p r e a c h e r n o w , i f I e v e r d o , "
he w r o t e t o L u c r e t i a on J u n e 1 3 .
F u l l e r was r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r g e t t i n g G a r f i e l d t h i s p r e a c h i n g o f f e r , b u t he was
n o t a w a r e o f G a r f i e l d ' s new d i s e n c h a n t m e n t w i t h t h e D i s
c ip le s.
G a r f i e l d chose n o t t o r e v e a l h i s t r u e f e e l i n g s
t o F u l l e r , and s a i d s i m p l y : " S u r e l y n o t h i n g c o u l d g i v e
me m o r e p l e a s u r e t h a n t o l i v e n e a r y o u and l a b o r , s h o u l
d e r t o s h o u l d e r , w i t h y o u i n s u c h a n o b l e e n t e r p r i s e as
t h a t o f c a r r y i n g f o r w a r d t h e g o s p e l o f o u r R e de e m e r and
G o d ." (June 17)
H o w e v e r , he w e n t on t o e x p l a i n t h a t he
w as g i v i n g t h o u g h t t o r e t u r n i n g t o t h e E c l e c t i c .
76.
G a rfie ld
to L u c re tia ,
March
3,
1856.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
77.
G a rfie ld
to L u c r e t i a , J u l y 6, 1856. G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
B u t e a r l i e r , on F e b r u a r y 1 1 , he had w r i t t e n t o F u l l e r :
317
" I do n o t know t h e o r i g i n o f t h a t r u m o r c o n c e r n i n g t h e
P r e s i d e n c y o f t h e E c l e c t i c . . . I do n o t e x p e c t a n y
s u c h t h i n g , and s h a l l make no moves t o b r i n g i t a b o u t ,
t h o u g h p e r h a p s I m i g h t echo t h e s e n t i m e n t o f Sam H o u s
t o n , ' I f t h e P r e s i d e n c y i s t h r u s t u p o n me, I s h a l l do
a s I p l e a s e a b o u t a c c e p t i n g . 1"
78.
E a r l y i n 1 8 5 6 A l m e d a B o o t h , who had now g r a d u a t e d f r o m
O b e r l i n and w a s back o n t h e f a c u l t y a t t h e E c l e c t i c ,
w r o t e t o G a r f i e l d : " B r o t h e r H a yd en t h i n k s y o u a r e m o r
a l l y b o u n d t o come b ack h e r e , b u t I t h i n k t h e m o r a l
o b l i g a t i o n r e s t i n g upon h im i s q u i t e as s t r o n g t o g i v e
up t h e m an ag eme nt t o y o u i f y o u s h o u l d come.
I know
y o u c an n e v e r e n d u r e t o w o r k u n d e r h i m , f o r i t i s t e n
t i m e s a s i r k s o m e t o me a s i t was b e f o r e I w e n t away.
J a m e s , w o u l d y o u r i s k t o come h e r e and s e e w h a t y o u can
do w i t h t h e s c h o o l ?
I t c e r t a i n l y i s a good l o c a t i o n ,
and I k n o w y o u w o u l d s u c c e e d , i f y o u w e r e n o t e m b a r
r a s s e d b y d i c t a t i o n o r manag eme nt .
79.
F o r a d e b a t e he p r e p a r e d t o a r g u e t h a t " C h r i s t i a n s h a v e
no r i g h t t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n human g o v e r n m e n t s ! "
D e sp ite
a r g u m e n t s t o t h e c o n t r a r y , he was i n c l i n e d t o b e l i e v e
i t w as " l i k e s e r v i n g t w o m a s t e r s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e
a f f a i r s o f a g o v e rn m e n t w h ic h i s p o i n t b la n k opposed t o
t h e C h r i s t i a n s ( a s a l l human o n e s m u s t n e c e s s a r i l y b e ) . "
A f t e r h e a r i n g t h e famed O h i o p o l i t i c i a n , J o s h u a R . G i d d i n g s , d e l i v e r a p o l i t i c a l speech, G a r f i e l d w r o te : " I
c o u l d n o t h e l p b u t c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e c a u s e f o r w h i c h he
w as l a b o r i n g w a s a c a r n a l o n e . "
When he v i s i t e d t h e
C a p i t o l i n C o lu m b u s , he "was n o t s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e ap
pearance" o f m ost o f th e l e g i s l a t o r s .
" T h e ir ru b ic u n d ,
b l o a t e d f a c e s spo ke p l a i n l y o f t h e m i d n i g h t b o w l , and,
i n my o p i n i o n , u n f i t t e d t h e m f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e f r e e
people o f a g r e a t s t a t e . "
80.
J o u rn a l, A ugust 17, 1852.
81.
S o o n he was i n t o p o l i t i c a l
b io g ra p h y .
On M a r c h 3 , 1 8 5 6 , he a s k e d L u c r e t i a : " H a v e
you seen I r v i n g ' s ' L i f e o f W a s h in g t o n '?
I t i s a most
t h r i l l i n g w o rk.
H a r d - h e a r t e d a s I am, I c r i e d m o r e t h a n
a d o z e n t i m e s w h i l e r e a d i n g t h e l a s t 50 p a g e s . . . "
82.
Bund y, op. c i t . , p. 3 6 .
A week l a t e r , on J u n e 2 5 , he
c o n f i d e d t o L u c r e t i a t h a t he had now become " i n t e n s e l y
i n t e r e s t e d " i n t h e p r e s i d e n t i a l campaign o f 1 8 5 6 .
83.
J o u rn a l,
August
22,
1859.
3 18
NOTES TO CHAPTER THREE
1.
H in sd a le
to
G a rfie ld ,
2.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
3.
F o r some y e a r s N or man D u n s h e e had been e x e r c i s i n g many
o f t h e d u t i e s o f t h e P r e s i d e n c y , due t o H a y d e n ' s l o o s e
s u p e r v is io n o f the sc h o o l.
I n r e c e n t m o n t h s he had been
t h e c h i e f i n s t i g a t o r o f t h e campaign t o u n s e a t P r e s i d e n t
Hayden.
F o r e vid e n c e t h a t Dunshee t r i e d t o u n d e r c u t th e
a u t h o r i t y o f H a y d e n , s e e D u n s h e e t o G a r f i e l d , N ov em be r
1 3 , 1 8 5 5 , and F e b r u a r y 1 2 , 1 8 5 6 , i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
D u n s h e e r e g a r d e d h i m s e l f a s t h e r e a l h ead o f t h e s c h o o l ,
and he p r o b a b l y t h o u g h t G a r f i e l d w o u l d s u p p o r t h i m i n
h i s b id f o r the P re sid e n c y .
When i t became e v i d e n t t h a t
G a r f i e l d d e s i r e d t h e P r e s i d e n c y f o r h i m s e l f , t h e r e was a
s e r i o u s break i n th e G a rfie ld -D u n s h e e r e l a t i o n s h i p .
4.
G a rfie ld
5.
G a r f i e l d ' s o p p o n e n t was A l p h o n s o H a r t ( 1 8 3 0 - 1 9 1 0 ) , who
l a t e r became a R e p u b l i c a n and s e r v e d i n t h e s t a t e l e g i s
l a t u r e a s l i e u t e n a n t g o v e r n o r , and f r o m 1 8 8 3 - 1 8 8 5 a s a
member o f t h e U . S . H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .
In t h is
d e b a t e G a r f i e l d w a s h e l p e d o u t by h i s own p r e s e n c e o f
m ind .
S m i t h s a y s : " H i s o p p o n e n t had s t a g g e r e d h i m by
r e a d in g fro m a speech o f F re m o n t i n C o n g re ss a passage
t h a t seemed t o p r o v e t h a t he t o o k t h e same g r o u n d t h a t
t h e D e m o c r a t i c p a r t y d i d on ' S q u a t t e r s o v e r e i g n t y . '
But
d u r i n g th e Ravenna e d i t o r ' s p e r o r a t i o n , G a r f i e l d p ic ke d
up t h e c o p y o f t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l G l o b e and when h i s t u r n
came he was a b l e t o p r o v e h i m g u i l t y o f an a t t e m p t t o
d e c e i v e t h e a u d i e n c e , b y s h o w i n g t h a t w h a t was q u o t e d
w as a d e s c r i p t i o n b y F r e m o n t o f t h e D e m o c r a t i c p o s i t i o n .
H a vin g exposed th e f r a u d , sa y s the ac c ount, ' G a r f i e l d
f o l l o w e d up t h e a d v a n t a g e ami d s t o r m s o f a p p l a u s e , w i n d
i n g up w i t h a p e r o r a t i o n s o i m p r e s s i v e a s t o a s t o n i s h
e v e ry b o d y , even h i m s e l f . ' "
See T h e o d o r e C l a r k e S m i t h ,
T h e L i f e a n d L e t t e r s o f James Abr am G a r f i e l d (New H a v e n :
Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 2 5 ) , pp. 1 2 2 - 1 2 3 .
6.
S m it h , op. c i t . , p. 123.
Y e a rs l a t e r G a r f ie l d c onfirm e d
t h a t t h i s was t h e f i r s t t i m e he v o t e d .
In h is Jo u rn a l
e n t r y f o r N ov e m b e r 7 , 1 8 7 6 , he w r o t e : " I c a s t my f i r s t
v o t e i n 1 8 5 6 f o r Salm on P . Chase f o r G o v e r n o r o f O h i o ,
and a m o n t h l a t e r , v o t e d f o r F r e m o n t . "
to
to
F u lle r,
F u lle r,
August
Septem ber
N ov em be r
De cember
30,
1857.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
8,
1856.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
9,
14,
1856.
1856.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
7.
G a rfie ld
Papers.
8.
G a rfie ld to F u l l e r , Fe b rua ry 3, 1857.
I n C o r y d o n E.
F u l l e r , R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f J ame s A . G a r f i e l d ( C i n c i n n a t i :
319
S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 3 8 7 ) ,
i s n o t i n the G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
9.
p.
244.
T h is
le tte r
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , May 1 8 , 1 8 5 7 .
L u c r e t i a was l i v i n g
f o r a tim e i n C le v e la n d .
One o f t h e t h i n g s t h a t b r o u g h t
t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f t h e E c l e c t i c t o a h e a d , was t h e
a c tio n o f the fa c u lt y .
A t t h e end o f t h e s p r i n g t e r m ,
the d is g r u n t le d f a c u lt y a l l re sig n e d in o rd e r to fo rc e
P r e s i d e n t H a y d e n 's rem o val.
S ee C h a r l e s W i l b e r t o G a r
f i e l d , A p r i l 11, 1857, in the G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
10.
J o u r n a l , June 29, 1854.
T h i s v i s i t o ccurred i n th e c i t y
o f C l e v e l a n d , w hen G a r f i e l d w as on h i s way t o e n r o l l i n
W illia m s C o lle g e .
11.
G a r fie ld to F u l l e r , August 30,
1857.
I n F u l l e r op.c i t . ,
p. 256. T h i s l e t t e r i s n o t i n the G a r f ie ld P a p e r s .
At
t h i s t i m e , F u l l e r wa s l i v i n g i n A r k a n s a s and was u n a w a r e
o f the c irc u m sta n c e s s u rro u n d in g G a r f i e l d ' s p ro m o tio n.
12.
R o b e r t G r a n v i l l e C a l d w e l l , Ja me s A . G a r f i e l d : P a r t y
C h i e f t a i n (New Y o r k : D o d d , Mead & Company, 1 9 3 1 ) , p .
to F u l l e r , August 30,
T h is le t t e r i s not in
13.
G a rfie ld
p. 256.
14.
T w o y e a r s l a t e r , when G a r f i e l d w as P r e s i d e n t , t h e b o a r d
e ndo rse d t h i s p o l i c y .
H o w e v e r , due t o t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n
o f t h e C i v i l W a r , t h e c hang e was n o t made u n t i l s e v e r a l
ye a rs l a t e r .
In 1867, the W e ste rn Reserve E c le c tic I n
s t i t u t e became H i r a m C o l l e g e .
15.
B . A . H i n s d a l e , P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d and E d u c a t i o n ( B o s t o n :
J a m e s R . O s g o o d and Company, 1 8 8 2 ) , p . 5 5 .
F r e d e r i c k A.
H e n r y s a i d t h a t by t h e t i m e h i s f a t h e r , C h a r l e s E . H e n r y ,
e n r o lle d a t th e E c le c t ic in the w in te r o f 1 8 57 -1 85 8, "th e
o d i u m t h e o l o g i c u m w as now p r e t t y w e l l s h a k e n o f f t h e i n
s t i t u t i o n " as a r e s u l t o f G a r f i e l d ' s l e a d e r s h i p .
S ee
F r e d e r i c k A . H e n r y , C a p t a i n H e n r y o f Geauga ( C l e v e l a n d :
Th e G ates P r e s s , 1 9 4 2 ) , p. 76.
T h e H e n r y f a m i l y were a l l
m embe rs o f t h e M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h .
16.
Henry, op. c i t . , p. 5 9 8 .
H i n s d a l e ' s s p e e c h was d e l i v e r e d
a t a H i r a m " J u b i l e e " on J u n e 2 2 , 1 9 0 0 .
I t was h i s l a s t
v i s i t t o t h e H i r a m C o l l e g e c a mp us .
17.
H in sd a le ,
18.
H e n ry , op. c i t . , p. 598.
G a r f i e l d was i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e
"m u sc u la r m o r a lity " in C h a rle s K in g s le y 's w r i t i n g s .
op.
c it. ,
p.
1857.
I n F u l l e r , op.
the G a r fie ld Pa p e rs.
42.
c it. ,
55.
321
30.
S m ith ,
op.
c it.,
p.
118.
31.
G a r f i e l d wa s f r e q u e n t l y c r i t i c i z e d f o r t h e s e l a t e - n i g h t
s e s s i o n s , p r o m p tin g him t o w r i t e : " T h e d a s t a r d race o f
r o t t e n - h e a r t e d , e v il- e y e d f o o l s t h a t l i v e about here
t h i n k t h a t a man c a n n o t p o s s i b l y e n t e r a l a d y ' s r o o m f o r
o th e r than lic e n t io u s p u rp o se s."
He d e f e n d e d h i s l o v e
f o r c h e s s b y w r i t i n g : " I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e game o f c h e s s
i s o ne o f t h e b e s t e x e r c i s e s t h a t c an be f o u n d , c o m b i n
i n g t h e amusement w i t h t h e e x e r c i s e o f t h e i n t e l l e c t ,
and c u l t i v a t i o n o f a m a n ' s d i p l o m a t i c p o w e r .
Some one
h a s s a i d , ' P u t t w o y o u n g men o u t i n t o t h e w o r l d w i t h
e q u a l p o w e r s and a c q u i r e m e n t e x c e p t t h a t one can p l a y
c h e s s and t h e o t h e r c a n n o t , and t h e c h e s s p l a y e r w i l l
checkmate t h e o t h e r i n a l l t h e u n d e r t a k i n g s o f l i f e . ' "
See J o u r n a l , O c t o b e r 2 - 3 , 1 8 5 7 .
32.
B u r k e A a r o n H i n s d a l e ( 1 8 3 7 - 1 9 0 0 ) e v e n t u a l l y became G a r
f i e l d ' s most in tim a te f r ie n d .
F u l l e r had o c c u p i e d t h a t
p o s i t i o n i n 1 8 5 1 - 1 8 5 6 , and R h o d e s was t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t
c o rre sp o n d e n t i n the y e a rs 1856-1 86 4.
B u t between 1 8 6 4 1 8 8 1 t h e G a r f i e l d - H i n s d a l e f r i e n d s h i p g r e w s t r o n g e r , and
i t w as e s p e c i a l l y c l o s e i n t h e y e a r s 1 8 7 0 - 1 8 8 1 when H i n s
d a l e w as p r e s i d e n t o f H i r a m C o l l e g e .
T h e re are a t o t a l
o f 1 ,1 4 1 l e t t e r s i n th e G a r f ie l d - H i n s d a l e correspondence
in the G a r fie ld P a p e rs.
33.
S m ith ,
34.
G a rfie ld
35.
I t w a s i n t h i s c l u b t h a t G a r f i e l d began t h e p r a c t i c e o f
s m o k i n g a p i p e , a p r a c t i c e f r o w n e d u p o n by D i s c i p l e s .
H i n s d a l e ' s b io g ra p h e r says o f t h i s s u b je c t: "About t h i s
t i m e , t o o , h e be ga n t h e p r a c t i c e o f s m o k i n g a p i p e .
H is
p a r e n t s had a l w a y s d i s a p p r o v e d o f s m o k in g as i m m o r a l ,
b u t s i n c e h i s c l a s s f r i e n d s , G a r f i e l d and R h o d e s , b o t h
e n jo y e d s m o k in g , H i n s d a l e soon f e l l i n t o th e h a b i t . "
See H a r o l d Eu ge n e D a v i s , H i n s d a l e o f H i r a m : T h e L i f e o f
B u rk e Aaron H in s d a le (W a sh in g to n : The U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s
o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , 1 9 7 1 ) , p . 4 1 .
36.
S m i t h t h o u g h t t h i s p r i n c i p l e became " a l m o s t a s u p e r s t i
t i o n " w i t h G a r f i e l d (op. c i t . , p . 1 1 3 ) .
C a l d w e l l was
o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t G a r f i e l d was o v e r - c o m m i t t e d t o t h i s
t r a d i t i o n , "e ve n so m e tim e s, t o th e e x t e n t o f a lm o s t de
c e iv in g h im s e lf"
(op. c i t . , p . 5 1 ) .
G a r f i e l d seemed t o
be a l w a y s f e a r f u l o f r e v e a l i n g h i s t r u e a m b i t i o n s , and
he u s e d t h i s p o l i t i c a l p l o y t o t r e m e n d o u s a d v a n t a g e i n
h is s u c c e ssfu l p o l it i c a l c a ree r.
op.
to
c it. ,
p.
119.
H in sd a le ,
January
15,
1857.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
322
37.
H a r m o n A u s t i n ( 1 8 1 7 - 1 8 9 3 ) h a s b ee n l i k e n e d t o M a r k Hanna
an d C o l o n e l E d w a r d H o u s e , who i n l a t e r y e a r s w e r e t h e
" k i n g - m a k e r s " t h a t l e d W i l l i a m M c K i n l e y and W o od r o w W i l
son i n t o th e W h ite House.
A u s t i n was w i t h o u t p e r s o n a l
p o l i t i c a l a m b i t i o n s , b u t he became G a r f i e l d ' s u n o f f i c i a l
campaign m anager.
T h r o u g h t h e y e a r s , G a r f i e l d was a f r e
q u e n t o v e r n i g h t g u e s t i n t h e A u s t i n home.
T h e r e a r e 873
l e t t e r s i n th e G a r f i e l d - A u s t i n correspondence i n th e G ar
fie ld Pa p e rs.
38.
S m ith ,
39.
G a rfie ld
40.
J o h n M. T a y l o r , G a r f i e l d o f O h i o : T h e A v a i l a b l e
Y o r k : W. W. N o r t o n and Company, 1 9 7 0 ) , p . 5 6 .
41.
H i n s d a l e , op. c i t . , p. 74.
S ee a l s o , R o b e r t M o f f e t t ,
" G a r f i e l d A s a P r e a c h e r , " T h e C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d , (Novem
b e r 26, 1 8 8 1 ) , p. 53.
42.
Almeda B o o t h t o L u c r e t i a , S e p te m b e r 2 8 , 1 8 5 7 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
L u c r e t i a was s t i l l l i v i n g i n C l e v e l a n d .
43.
A l l o f G a r f i e l d ' s s e r m o n s and s e r m o n n o t e s t h a t a r e p r e
s e r v e d i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e rs a re fro m th e y e a r s 1857
and 1 8 5 8 , and t h e y a r e a l l l o c a t e d on r e e l # 1 2 6 i n t h e
m i c r o f i l m copy o f t h e p a p e r s .
The lo n g e s t f u l l - l e n g t h
m a n u s c r i p t i n t h i s c o l l e c t i o n i s a 32-page sermon e n t i t
l e d " L i f e " t h a t w as
d e liv e re d a t th e D i s c ip le church i n
C h a g r i n F a l l s on F e b r u a r y
20, 1857.
In a d d itio n , th e re
a r e 94 p a g e s o f s e r m o n n o t e s c o v e r i n g t h e y e a r o f 1 8 5 7 .
G a r f i e l d had c l i p p e d t h e s e t o g e t h e r i n one m a n u s c r i p t .
44.
J o u rn a l,
O ctober
45.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
46.
G a rfie ld
to
Lu c re tia ,
47.
J o u rn a l,
Feb ruary
48.
C a ld w e ll,
49.
P i t t s b u r g h D a i l y P o s t , O ctober 16, 18 80 .
The 1877 a r t i
c l e was r e p r i n t e d i n t h e h e a t o f t h e 18 80 p r e s i d e n t i a l
campaign.
I t i s fo u n d i n th e 1880 scrapbook i n th e G arf i e l d Pa pers.
50.
S m ith ,
op.
c it. ,
to
op.
p.
A u stin ,
op.
O ctober
4,
p.
4,
1858.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
Man
(New
1857.
March 2 3 , 1 8 5 8 .
14,
c it.,
c it. ,
118.
p.
Fe b rua ry
13,
G a rfie ld
1858.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
1858.
40.
129.
323
51.
J o u rn a l,
A p ril
52.
J o u rn a l,
May 4 ,
53.
J o u r n a l , May 2 6 - 2 7 , 1 8 5 8 .
The D i s c ip le s o rg a n ize d the
O h i o C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y a t W o o s t e r , O h i o , on
May 1 2 , 1 8 5 2 .
A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l and I s a a c E r r e t t w e r e
p r e s e n t on t h a t o c c a s i o n , and t h e y w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t f a c
t o r s i n th e o rg a n iz a t io n o f the s o c ie ty .
D a vid S . B u r
n e t s e rv e d as p r e s i d e n t o f th e O .C .M .S . fro m 1 8 5 2 -1 8 5 5 .
D r . J o h n P . R o b i s o n , one o f G a r f i e l d ' s c l o s e f r i e n d s ,
wa s named p r e s i d e n t i n 1 8 5 6 and s e r v e d t h r o u g h 1 8 5 9 .
T h e a n n u a l c o n v e n t i o n t h a t G a r f i e l d a t t e n d e d i n 1858
was h e l d i n M a s s i l l o n .
54.
J o u rn a l,
55.
G a rfie ld to H in sd a le , J u ly 17, 1858. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
T h e t w o m a i n D i s c i p l e s c h o o l s t h a t G a r f i e l d v i s i t e d on
t h i s t r i p w e r e N o r t h W e s t e r n C h r i s t i a n U n i v e r s i t y (now
B u t l e r U n i v e r s i t y ) i n I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d i a n a , and E u r e k a
C o lle g e i n E u re k a , I l l i n o i s .
I n I n d i a n a p o l i s he had
d in n e r w i t h O vid B u t l e r , th e c h ie f fo u n d e r o f th e sc h o o l
and t h e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s .
A t Eureka
he v i s i t e d w i t h P r e s i d e n t C h a r l e s L o u i s L o o s .
L o o s was
l a t e r a p r o f e s s o r a t Be th a n y C o lle g e fro m 1858 t o 1 8 8 0 .
56.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
57.
G a rfie ld
to
Rhodes,
58.
G a r fie ld e xp la in e d to
the l e t t e r .
He w a s w
and " b y c h a n c e p i c k e d
lo w in g l e t t e r i n i t . "
name f o r t h e s o u t h e r n
59.
J o u rn a l, A ugust 10, 1858.
T h e man t h a t G a r f i e l d h i r e d
t o r e p l a c e R h o d e s was J o h n M. A t w a t e r ( 1 8 3 7 - 1 9 0 0 ) .
He
was a D i s c i p l e p r e a c h e r and a f o r m e r s t u d e n t a t t h e E c
le c tic .
T h e f a c t t h a t he was f a v o r a b l e t o G a r f i e l d ' s
l e a d e r s h i p a t t h e E c l e c t i c was p r o b a b l y t h e d e c i d i n g
fa c to r in h is h irin g .
G iven th e i n t e r n a l s i t u a t i o n a t
t h e s c h o o l , G a r f i e l d was n o t a b o u t t o h i r e a n y o n e who
w o uld f a v o r th e D u n s h e e - E v e re s t f a c t i o n .
As e vid e n c e
o f t h e c o n t i n u i n g t e n s i o n a t t h e s c h o o l , Amos S u t t o n
H a y d e n w r o t e t o G a r f i e l d t o s a y t h a t he had b e gu n t o
b e l i e v e " w h a t I have o f t e n h e a r d o t h e r s s a y , t h a t M r .
G__________ i s n o t a r e a l l y h o n e s t m a n . "
H a yd e n had been
t e m p o r a r i l y s wa ye d by D u n s h e e and E v e r e s t , b u t t h r e e
June
29,
1858.
1858.
10,
1858.
Ju ly
Ju ly
17,
19,
1858.
1858.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
H i n s d a l e how he h a p p e ne d t o f i n d
r i t i n g a l e t t e r a t W a sh b u rn 's ta b le
up a w a s t e p a p e r w h i c h had t h e f o l
T h e t e r m " E g y p t " was a p o p u l a r
p a rt o f the s ta te o f I l l i n o i s .
324
w e e k s l a t e r he r e t r a c t e d t h e i n s i n u a t i o n i n an e f f u s i v e
l e t t e r to "Be lo ve d B ro . G a r f i e l d . "
S ee A . S . H a yd en t o
G a r f i e l d , A u g u s t 26 and S e p t e m b e r 1 4 , 1 8 5 8 , i n t h e G a r
fie ld Pa p e rs.
60.
See Mary B o s w o r t h T r e u d l e y , P r e l u d e t o t h e F u t u r e : T h e
F i r s t H u n d r e d Y e a r s o f H i r a m C o l l e g e (New Y o r k : A s s o c i a
t i o n P r e s s , 1 9 5 0 ) , pp. 7 9 - 1 0 1 .
C h a p te r 4 i n t h i s volume
i s e n t i t l e d " T h e G o l d e n A g e , " and i t c h a r t s t h e c o u r s e
o f the G a r fie ld a d m in is tra tio n .
61.
J o u r n a l, A p r il 14, 1858.
When G a r f i e l d r e t u r n e d f r o m
W i l l i a m s C o l l e g e , he had m i s g i v i n g s a b o u t m a r r i a g e t o
L u c r e t i a , m i s g i v i n g s o f w h i c h s h e was w e l l a w a r e .
H is
a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h R ebe cca S e l l e c k had d e v e l o p e d i n t o a
s e r i o u s a t t a c h m e n t , and t h e y had c o n t i n u e d t o w r i t e t o
o ne a n o t h e r .
B u t L u c r e t i a was p a t i e n t , and i n A p r i l o f
1 8 5 8 s h e and G a r f i e l d r e s o l v e d t o " t r y l i f e i n u n i o n b e
f o r e many m o n t h s . "
T h a t e ve ning G a r f i e l d c o n fid e d to
h i s J o u r n a l : " I w i l l n o t a t t h i s t i m e go down i n t o t h e
d e p t h s o f a l l my t h o u g h t s on t h i s s o r r o w f u l t h e m e . "
As
i t t u r n e d o u t , t h e m a r r i a g e was n o t v e r y f u l f i l l i n g i n
i t s f i r s t ye a rs.
T h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a h a p p y and d u r a
b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p r e q u i r e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount o f t i m e .
62.
G a rfie ld
to
Rhodes,
63.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
64.
S m it h , op. c i t . , p. 159.
Almeda B o o t h f r e q u e n t l y s t a y e d
i n t h e G a r f i e l d home.
In a ty p ic a l l e t t e r to H in sd a le ,
G a r f i e l d c l o s e d by s a y i n g , " O u r two g i r l s send l o v e .
In
to k e n w h e r e o f t h e y a f f i x t h e i r name."
T h i s was f o l l o w e d
by a b r i e f n o t e f r o m b o t h A lm ed a and C r e t e .
65.
Th e seven g r e a t debates i n th e L in c o ln - D o u g la s c o n t e s t
w e r e h e l d b e t w e e n A u g u s t 21 and O c t o b e r 1 5 , 1 8 5 8 .
66.
T h e G a r f i e l d - D e n t o n debate o r i g i n a t e d i n F e b r u a r y , 1 8 5 8 ,
w hen D e n t o n w a s g i v i n g h i s l e c t u r e s i n C h a g r i n F a l l s .
W h i l e i n t e r e s t i n t h e c o m m u n i t y was h i g h , t h e D i s c i p l e s
a s k e d G a r f i e l d t o come and p r e a c h on t h e same s u b j e c t s
t h a t D e n t o n was e x p l o i t i n g .
G a r f i e l d accepted, p re a c h
i n g s e r m o n s on " D e v e l o p m e n t T h e o r y " and " G e o l o g y and
R e l i g i o n " a t th e D i s c i p l e m e e tin g h o u se .
G a r fie ld m ust
h a v e k no w n t h a t he w o u l d be c h a l l e n g e d by D e n t o n , and he
was p r e p a r e d t o a c c e p t t h e i s s u e .
Denton is s u e d th e c h a l
l e n g e , b u t a s G a r f i e l d n o t e d : "He i s j u s t g o i n g t o K a n
s a s and w i l l n o t r e t u r n t i l l n e x t F a l l .
I s h a l l debate
w i t h h i m t h e n i f he w i s h e s . "
See J o u r n a l , F e b r u a r y 2 2 ,
December
4,
1858.
D ecember 1 6 ,
G a rfie ld
1858.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
325
1858.
I t w as a r o u n d N ov em be r 1 8 , a week a f t e r h i s wed
d i n g , t h a t G a r f i e l d was i n f o r m e d t h a t D e n t o n w o u l d be
b ack i n O h i o i n D e c e m b e r .
A d a t e was a g r e e d u p o n , and
G a r f i e l d be g an i m m e d i a t e l y t o p r e p a r e f o r t h e e v e n t .
67.
68.
G a r f ie l d to Rhodes, January 8, 1859. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
D e n t o n w as 37 y e a r s o l d a t t h e t i m e o f t h e d e b a t e , and
G a r f i e l d had j u s t p a s s e d h i s 2 7 t h b i r t h d a y .
G a rfie ld
to
to
H in sd a le ,
Rhodes,
D ecember
D ecember
1858.
70.
F . M. G r e e n w r o t e :
11I n h i s p r e p a r a t i o n f o r d e b a t e w i t h
Mr. D e n to n , M r. G a r f i e l d l a i d under t r i b u t e h i s f r i e n d s
t o s e r v e h i m , e s p e c i a l l y M i s s Al med a A. B o o t h , t o w h o s e
a i d he p a y s t h i s g r a c e f u l t r i b u t e :
' When I was i n a h u r r y
o f p r e p a r i n g f o r a debate w i t h M r. D e n to n , i n 1 8 5 8 , she
r e a d n o t l e s s t h a n e i g h t o r t e n v o l u m e s , and made a d m i r
a b l e n o t e s f o r me o n t h o s e p o i n t s w h i c h r e l a t e d t o t h e
to p ic s o f d is c u s s io n .'"
S e e F . M. G r e e n , A R o y a l L i f e :
T h e E v e n t f u l H i s t o r y o f Ja me s A . G a r f i e l d ( C h i c a g o :
C e n t r a l Book C o n c e r n , 1 8 8 2 ) , pp. 1 8 7 - 1 8 8 .
F o r evidence
o f t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f H i n s d a l e and R h o d e s , s e e H i n s d a l e
t o G a r f i e l d , N o v e m b e r 2 9 , 1 8 5 8 ; R h o d e s t o G a r f i e l d , De
c em be r 1 5 , 1 8 5 8 ; and H i n s d a l e t o G a r f i e l d , De ce mbe r 2 3 ,
1858, in the G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
I t was H i n s d a l e who d i s
c o v e r e d t h a t D e n t o n was e v i d e n t l y n o t a w a r e o f Hugh M i l
l e r ' s book, The F o o t p r i n t s o f th e C r e a t o r .
T h a t volum e,
p u b l i s h e d i n 1 8 4 7 , was a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o b o t h C h r i s t i a n
a p o l o g e t i c s and t o p a l a e o n t o l o g y .
When G a r f i e l d l e a r n e d
t h a t D e n t o n wa s u n a w a r e o f t h e b o o k , he t o o k a d v a n t a g e
o f t h e s i t u a t i o n by f o l l o w i n g M i l l e r c l o s e l y .
71.
G a rfie ld
to Rhodes,
72.
G a rfie ld
to H in sd a le ,
73.
G a rfie ld
to Rhodes, January 8, 1859. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d was n o t d e c e i v e d by D e n t o n ' s p r e t e n s e t o s c i e n
t i f i c o b je c tiv ity .
A l l a n P e s k in has w r i t t e n : "As a mat
t e r o f f a c t , G a r f i e l d had t h e b e t t e r o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c
argum ents.
D e n t o n ' s e v o l u t i o n a r y v ie w s were n o t s u p p o r t
ed, as y e t , by any f i r m s c i e n t i f i c e v i d e n c e .
O rig in o f
S p e c i e s wa s s t i l l a y e a r i n t h e f u t u r e , and t h e e a r l i e r
r e s e a r c h w h i c h had p a v e d t h e way f o r D a r w i n ' s w o r k was
unknown on t h e R e s e r v e .
D e n t o n had b ee n l e d t o h i s c o n
c l u s i o n s t h r o u g h h i s a t h e i s m , much a s G a r f i e l d had r e a c h e d
h is throug h h is b e l i e f . "
See A l l a n J a y P e s k i n , "James
A. G a r f i e l d : 1 8 3 1 - 1 8 6 3 " ( u n p u b l i s h e d P h . D . d i s s e r t a t i o n ,
De cember
1858.
16,
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
4,
1858.
G a rfie ld
69.
December
4,
16,
G a rfie ld
1858.
Papers.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
326
W e ste rn R e se rve U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 6 5 ), p. 96.
D e n t o n o pe ne d
t h e d e b a t e " w i t h a g a l l a n t c h a r g e t h a t was f u l l o f c h i v a l r i c an d s e l f - c o n f i d e n t d a r i n g , " i n w h i c h he a t t e m p t e d
to e s t a b l i s h the N e b u la r h y p o t h e s is .
G a r f ie ld countered
h i s a r g u m e n t s a t e v e r y p o i n t , and a f t e r f i v e s e s s i o n s on
t h i s s u b j e c t , D e n t o n s w i t c h e d t o an a t t a c k on t h e M o s a i c
account o f c re a tio n .
T h i s a t t a c k o c c u p ie d a l m o s t two
f u l l days o f th e debate.
Th e f i n a l two days o f t h e con
t e s t were d e vo te d p r i m a r i l y t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e d e v e l
opment t h e o r y .
G a r f i e l d argued f o r th e m ir a c le o f c re a
t i o n as re c o rd e d i n G e n e s is , w hereas Denton a f f i r m e d th e
la w o f deve lop m e nt.
74.
G a rfie ld
to
Rhodes,
75.
S . W. C o l l i n s
Pa p e rs.
76.
G a r f ie l d to H in s d a le , January 10, 1859. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d a l s o quoted fro m t h i s l e t t e r i n h i s J o u r n a l en
t r y f o r D e ce m b e r 3 1 , 1 8 5 8 , b u t he n o t e d t h a t t h e l e t t e r
h a d a r r i v e d " a week a f t e r t h i s d a t e . "
When G a r f i e l d had
preached a t C h a g rin F a l l s i n F e b r u a r y , 1 8 5 8 , a t th e tim e
o f t h e D e n t o n c h a l l e n g e , he had s t a y e d o v e r n i g h t w i t h
"B ro . C o llin s ."
(see J o u r n a l , F e b r u a r y 2 0 , 1858)
Th is
D i s c i p l e l e a d e r w as l a r g e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e b a t e .
to
January
G a rfie ld ,
8,
1859.
Fe bruary
G a rfie ld
4,
1859.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
77.
G a r f ie l d to H in s d a le , January 10, 1859. G a r f ie ld P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d h e a r d a b o u t t h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n s e c o n d - h a n d , and
he w as e a g e r t o s h a r e i t w i t h H i n s d a l e .
78.
S m i t h , op. c i t . , p. 125.
A week a f t e r t h e d e b a t e , w h i l e
he wa s p o r i n g o v e r h i s J o u r n a l , G a r f i e l d n o t i c e d t h e e n
t r y f o r N o v e m b e r 1 9 , 1 8 5 5 , w h e r e he had w r i t t e n o f l o o k
i n g " f o r a p u r p o s e , an a i m i n l i f e . "
He now w r o t e b e l o w
t h i s e n t r y : "(Have I found i t ? Ja n. 7, 1 8 5 9 . ) "
Perhaps
he c o u l d s e e a p o l i t i c a l f u t u r e a l r e a d y d e v e l o p i n g .
79.
G a r f ie l d to H in s d a le , January 10, 1859.
H i n s d a l e had s u g g e s t e d t h e s e r i e s , and G a r f i e l d now r e
s p o n d e d : " W h a t y o u s u g g e s t o u g h t t o be done I am a b o u t
to u n d e rta k e ."
See a l s o , G a r f i e l d t o R h o d e s , F e b r u a r y
3, 1 8 5 9 , i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s , where G a r f i e l d d i s c u s
ses the s e r i e s o f le c tu r e s .
80.
G a r f ie ld to H in s d a le , January 10, 1859. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d ' s p r e p a r a t i o n f o r th e D enton debate broadened
h i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s , and i t c o n
v i n c e d h i m t h a t r e l i g i o n m u s t be h a r m o n i z e d w i t h t h e
e vide nce o f th e n a t u r a l s c ie n c e s .
" I h av e become v e r y
327
deeply i n t e r e s t e d i n th e s u b je c t o f N a t u r a l S c ie n c e ,"
he r e m a r k e d t o H i n s d a l e , " b y t h e s t u d i e s i n t o w h i c h t h e
p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h i s d e b a t e had l e d m e . "
See G a r f i e l d
t o H i n s d a l e , De ce mbe r 1 6 , 1 8 5 8 , i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
As a r e s u l t , G a r f i e l d in c r e a s e d t h e r o l e o f s c ie n c e i n
t h e E c l e c t i c c u r r i c u l u m , i n t r o d u c e d a g e o l o g y c l a s s , and
o rg a n ize d a N a tu ra l H i s t o r y S o c ie ty .
I t i s notew orthy
t h a t among t h e men he r e v e r e d m o s t i n l a t e r y e a r s w e r e
Joseph H e n ry , th e d is t in g u is h e d s e c r e ta ry o f th e S m ith
s o n i a n , and L o u i s A g a s s i z , H a r v a r d ' s g r e a t s c i e n t i s t and
G a r f i e l d ' s f e l l o w r e g e n t on t h e S m i t h s o n i a n b o a r d .
81.
G a r f ie ld to Rhodes, F e b ru a ry 3, 1859. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d w a s t r y i n g t o o r g a n i z e a c h e s s l e a g u e w i t h some
o f th e n e ig h b o rin g c o lle g e s , b u t th e a g it a t io n fro m th e
D u n s h e e - E v e r e s t - R y d e r f a c t i o n fo rc e d him t o cancel h i s
p la n s.
82.
Rhodes t o G a r f i e l d ,
March 3 , 1 8 5 9 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G a r f i e l d h a d o f f e n d e d some o f t h e m o r e c o n s e r v a t i v e D i s
c i p l e s wh e n he a d m i t t e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e D e n t o n d e
b a t e t h a t t h e w o r l d h ad e x i s t e d f o r m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s .
A c c o rd in g t o " B r o . C o l l i n s , " a " f e w C h r i s t i a n s w ere u n
s e t t l e d " by G a r f i e l d ' s a d m i s s i o n .
See G a r f i e l d t o H i n s
d a le , Ja nua ry 10, 1859, i n the G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
83.
G a r fie ld to Rhodes,
January 8, 1859. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f one o f t h e s e f i e l d s w i t h s t a t e s m a n
s h i p a p p e a r e d t o G a r f i e l d t o be " t h e l o f t i e r h i g h w a y . "
84.
H e n ry K. Shaw, Buckeye D i s c i p l e s : A H i s t o r y o f t h e D i s
c i p l e s o f C h r i s t i n O hio ( S t . L o u i s : C h r i s t i a n B o a rd o f
P u b lic a t io n , 1 8 5 2 ), p. 211.
85.
G a rfie ld to F u l l e r ,
c i t . , pp. 2 6 7 - 2 6 8 .
Pa p e rs.
Ja nuary 16,
T h is le tte r
1858.
is not
F u lle r , op.
the G a rfie ld
86.
H in s d a le , op. c i t . , p. 78.
b a r e xa m in a tio n i n 1861.
87.
A u stin
88.
T h e m o s t p e r s i s t e n t o b j e c t i o n t o M a s o n r y and o t h e r f r a
t e r n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s was t h a t s u c h i n s t i t u t i o n s , i f
C h r i s t i a n s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n them, d e s t r o y e d th e d o c t r i n e
o f the a l l - s u f f i c i e n c y o f the churc h.
However, m ost o f
t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e D i s c i p l e s , i n c l u d i n g A l e x a n d e r Camp
b e l l and B a r t o n W. S t o n e , w e r e m o d e r a t e on t h e q u e s t i o n .
T h e y a d v i s e d t h a t M a s o n s o u g h t n o t t o be " e x c l u d e d " f r o m
to
G a rfie ld ,
March
G a rfie ld
In
in
3,
1859.
la te r
G a rfie ld
passed
h is
Pa p e rs.
328
th e c hurch.
See D a v i d E d w i n H a r r e l l , J r . , Q u e s t F o r A
C h r i s t i a n A m e r i c a : T h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t and A m e r i c a n
S o c i e t y t o 1866 ( N a s h v i l l e : The D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t H i s
t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , 1 9 6 6 ) , pp. 2 1 1 - 2 1 4 , f o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f
th e r e a c tio n o f the D is c ip le s to " s e c r e t s o c i e t i e s . "
89.
G a rfie ld
90.
G a r fie ld to Rhodes, A p r i l 23, 1859. G a r fie ld Pa pe rs.
I n t h i s l e t t e r G a r f i e l d r e m a r k e d t h a t he t h o u g h t t h e r e
w e re i n d i c a t i o n s p o i n t i n g to w a rd s " t e a c h i n g as a s t e p
p i n g s t o n e t o p o l i t i c a l i n f l u e n c e , " c i t i n g two e d u c a to r s
who had r e c e n t l y become p o l i t i c i a n s .
91.
G a rfie ld
92.
Rhodes
93.
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o s e e who t h e s i x t r u s t e e s w e r e and
how t h e y v o t e d .
S y m o n d s R y d e r , a f r i e n d o f D u n s h e e and
E v e r e s t , wa s t h e o n l y o ne who o p p o s e d t h e m o t i o n .
The
f i v e t r u s t e e s who s u p p o r t e d t h e m o t i o n w e r e : H a rm o n A u s
t i n , Zeb R u d o l p h , W i l l i a m Hayden, F r e d e r i c k W i l l i a m s ,
and W a l l a c e J o h n F o r d .
A l l o f t h e s e men w e r e f r i e n d s o f
G a rfie ld .
See F . I . H e r r i o t t , "Norman D u n s h e e , " A n n a l s
o f Io w a , ( J a n u a r y , 1 9 3 6 ) , pp. 1 6 3 - 2 0 6 , f o r a t h o ro u g h
d is c u s sio n o f t h i s in c id e n t.
94.
G a rfie ld
to
Rhodes,
May 1 4 ,
1859.
G a rfie ld
Pa pe rs.
95.
G a rfie ld
to
Rhodes,
May 2 9 ,
1859.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
96.
A u stin
G a rfie ld ,
May 2 8 ,
1859.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
97.
G a rfie ld
98.
A u s t i n t o G a r f i e l d , June 1 2 , 1 8 5 9 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
I n t h i s l e t t e r A u s t i n asked G a r f i e l d t o c u l t i v a t e a b e t
t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h Harvey E v e r e s t .
A u stin f e l t th a t
i t w a s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e i mage o f t h e E c l e c t i c .
W ith
D u n s h e e o u t o f t h e p i c t u r e , G a r f i e l d and E v e r e s t d i d b e
come c l o s e r , b u t E v e r e s t was n e v e r a p a r t o f G a r f i e l d ' s
in tim a te c ir c le o f frie n d s .
However, a f t e r th e G a r f i e l d
a s s a s s i n a t i o n , E v e r e s t was p r e s i d e n t o f t h e s h o r t - l i v e d
G a rfie ld U n iv e rs ity .
99.
100.
to
to
G a rfie ld
to
to
Rhodes,
Rhodes,
G a rfie ld ,
to
to
Rhodes,
Rhodes,
A p ril
15,
A p ril
15,
May 2 ,
June
June
1859.
1859.
1859.
20,
20,
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
1859.
1859.
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
W. J . F o r d t o G a r f i e l d , J u l y 1 6 , 1 8 5 9 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
W allac e John F o rd ( 1 8 3 2 - 1 9 1 6 ) , a fo rm e r s tu d e n t a t th e
329
E c l e c t i c , w as now a f i n a n c i a l a g e n t f o r t h e s c h o o l i n
a d d i t i o n t o h i s m e m b e rsh ip on t h e b o a r d .
He was n e a r
G a r f i e l d ' s a g e , and t h e t w o h ad b e e n f r i e n d s f o r a num
ber o f ye a rs.
F o r d was n o t p e r s o n a l l y o p p o s e d t o G a r
f i e l d ' s p o l i t i c a l a m b i t i o n , b u t he w a n t e d t o i n f o r m h i m
o f how o t h e r s w e r e r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e r u m o r s .
F o r d ad
v i s e d G a r f i e l d i n t h i s l e t t e r t o w a i t two y e a r s b e f o r e
r u n n i n g f o r o f f i c e , b u t when G a r f i e l d f i n a l l y d e c i d e d
t o seek th e n o m in a tio n , F o rd
su p p o rte d him .
L a t e r , Fo rd
w as G a r f i e l d ' s s e c r e t a r y d u r i n g p a r t o f h i s f i r s t t e r m
in C ongress.
101.
W.
J.
Fo rd
to
G a rfie ld ,
Ju ly
16,
1859.
G a rfie ld
Pa pe rs.
102.
G a r f i e l d had r e c e i v e d a l e t t e r f r o m P r e s i d e n t H o p k i n s
i n f o r m i n g h i m t h a t t h e W i l l i a m s f a c u l t y had u n a n i m o u s l y
s e l e c t e d him t o d e l i v e r a M a s t e r ' s O r a t i o n .
He p r o u d l y
a c c e p t e d t h e h o n o r and d e p a r t e d f o r W i l l i a m s t o w n on J u l y
1 3 , a c c o m p a n i e d b y h i s w i f e and A lm ed a B o o t h .
One o f
t h e y o u n g men who g r a d u a t e d w i t h R h o d e s was W a s h i n g t o n
G l a d d e n ( 1 8 3 6 - 1 9 1 8 ) , who l a t e r g a i n e d fame a s " t h e f a
t h e r o f th e A m erican S o c i a l G o s p e l. "
Gla dden met G a r
f i e l d o n t h i s o c c a s i o n , and i n l a t e r y e a r s he r e c a l l e d
t h e moment b y w r i t i n g : " H e was a f i n e , s t r o n g y o u n g f e l
lo w , w i t h a ru d d y fa c e , a m a s s iv e head, a c o r d i a l m anner,
a n d an a i r o f m a s t e r s h i p .
The hour t h a t I sp e n t w i t h
h i m o n t h i s o c c a s i o n gave me a l a r g e s e n s e o f h i s p o w e r .
F e w who knew h i m i n t h o s e d a y s w e r e s u r p r i s e d a t h i s
s w i f t a s c e n t t o t h e p l a c e s o f c omma nd. "
See W a s h i n g t o n
G l a d d e n , R e c o l l e c t i o n s (New Y o r k : H o u g h t o n M i f f l i n Com
pany, 1 9 0 9 ) , p. 76.
103.
J o u r n a l, August 22, 1859.
Th e 2 6 t h O hio S e n a t o r i a l D i s
t r i c t c o n s i s t e d o f P o r t a g e and S u m m i t c o u n t i e s , and R a
v e n n a was t h e l a r g e s t t o w n i n P o r t a g e C o u n t y .
A p p a re n tly
by p r e - a r r a n g e m e n t , P o r t a g e C o u n t y was e n t i t l e d t o
p ic k t h a t y e a r ' s s e n a t o r i a l c a n d id a te .
104.
W. W. W a s s o n , J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d : H i s R e l i g i o n and E d u c a
t i o n ( N a s h v i l l e : T e n n e s s e e B o o k Company, 1 9 5 2 ) , p . 7 3 .
105.
S e e f o o t n o t e 36 i n t h i s c h a p t e r .
G a rfie ld 's frie n d s
i m m e d i a t e l y c a n v a s s e d t h e d i s t r i c t , l i n i n g up s u p p o r t .
S in c e d e le g a te s f o r the d i s t r i c t n o m in a tin g c o n v e n tio n
had t o be c h o s e n a t t h e p a r t y c a u c u s e s w h i c h c o n v e n e d
i n e a c h t o w n s h i p , G a r f i e l d ' s f r i e n d s made i t a p o i n t t o
a t t e n d t h e s e m e e t i n g s and p l e a d t h e c a u s e o f t h e i r c a n
d id a te .
T h e y h e l p e d t o e l e c t d e l e g a t e s who w e r e f a v o r
a b le to th e G a r f i e l d n o m in a tio n .
"As the darkey s a id ,
' t h i n g s i s w o r k i n g , ' " r e p o r t e d one a g e n t t o G a r f i e l d .
330
106.
J o u rn a l, August
22, 1859.
107.
22, 1859.
108.
J o u rn a l,
23, 1859.
August
109.
E d w i n P a l m e r H o y t , J a me s A .
and L e e , 1 9 6 4 ) , p . 2 7 .
J o u r n a l , Septem ber 2, 1859.
110.
Among t h e p r o m i n e n t D i s c i p l e s who w e r e a c t i v e l y s u p p o r t
i n g G a r f i e l d w e r e : H ar mo n A u s t i n , W a l l a c e J o h n F o r d , D r .
J o h n P . R o b i s o n , D r . A n d r e w J . S q u i r e , and t h e i n t i m a t e s
i n th e H iram c i r c l e .
T h e y e ac h i n f l u e n c e d l a r g e n u m b e r s
o f D i s c i p l e s t o l o o k f a v o r a b l y on t h e G a r f i e l d c a n d id a c y .
111.
G a r f i e l d t o F u l l e r , November 9 , 1 8 5 9 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G a r f i e l d ' s s t a t e m e n t o f "L o n g ago, you k n o w ," r a i s e s th e
q u e s t i o n o f how l o n g G a r f i e l d had e n t e r t a i n e d t h i s a m b i
tio n .
T h e l a s t t i m e he had s e e n F u l l e r was a t t h e g r a d u
a t i o n c e re m o nie s a t W i l l i a m s i n A u g u s t, 18 56 .
Sin c e the
G a r f i e l d - F u l l e r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e r e v e a l s no d i s c u s s i o n o f
t h i s a m b it io n , i t appears l i k e l y t h a t G a r f i e l d i s r e f e r
r in g to a p r iv a te c o n v e rsa tio n in A ug ust, 1856.
That
w o uld c o in c id e w i t h h i s f i r s t p o l i t i c a l in v o lv e m e n t i n
t h e F r e m o n t p r e s i d e n t i a l campaign.
112.
G a rfie ld
(Chicago:
R e illy
J . S . La m a r, M e m o irs o f Isa a c E r r e t t ( C i n c i n n a t i : The
S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 9 3 ) , I , p p . 2 0 7 - 2 0 8 .
J o u r n a l, A ugust 30, 1859.
113.
P e sk in ,
op.
114.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
115.
G a rfie ld
to
L u c re tia ,
116.
F u lle r,
117.
Almeda B o o t h t o G a r f i e l d , J a n u a r y 8 , 1 8 6 0 . G a r f i e l d P a
pe rs .
G a r f i e l d ' s a b s e n c e f r o m H i r a m made i t n e c e s s a r y
t o add a n o t h e r t e a c h e r t o t h e E c l e c t i c s t a f f , and he
r ecommended B u r k e H i n s d a l e t o t h e t r u s t e e s .
B e g in n in g
i n t h e s p r i n g t e r m o f 1 8 6 0 , H i n s d a l e was e m p l o y e d on a
p a rt-tim e b a sis .
T h e f a c u l t y now c o n s i s t e d o f G a r f i e l d ,
R h o d e s , B o o t h , and E v e r e s t , w i t h A t w a t e r and H i n s d a l e
p a rt-tim e .
To g e th e r w ith i n f l u e n t i a l t r u s t e e s lik e Aus
t i n , R o b i s o n and F o r d , i t made f o r a s t r o n g p o l i t i c a l
base.
G a r f i e l d had c h o s e n t h e r i g h t " p o r t a l " t h r o u g h
w hich t o e n t e r " t h e f i e l d o f s t a t e s m a n s h ip . "
op.
c it.,
c it.,
p.
p.
114.
N ov e m be r 9 ,
De cember
1859.G a rfie ld
31, 1859.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
Pa pers.
287.
NOTES
K e n n e t h M. S t a m p p ,
i n th e A n te - B e llu m
1956), p . v i i .
TO C H A P T E R F O U R
331
The P e c u li a r I n s t i t u t i o n : S la v e ry
S o u t h (New Y o r k : Random H o u s e , I n c . ,
F o r the f i n e s t g e ne ra l d is c u s s io n o f the s la v e ry is s u e
i n t h e D i s c i p l e movement, see R o b e r t O . F i f e , " A l e x a n d e r
C a m p b e l l an d t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h i n t h e S l a v e r y C o n t r o
v e r s y " (u n p u b lish e d P h .D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f
In d ia n a , 1 9 6 0 ).
I t h a s been e s t i m a t e d t h a t D i s c i p l e s
owned 1 0 1 , 0 0 0 s l a v e s by 1 8 5 1 .
See T h e A n n u a l R e p o r t o f
t h e A m e r i c a n an d F o r e i g n A n t i - S l a v e r y S o c i e t y (New Y o r k :
W i l l ia m Ha rne d , O f f i c e Agent, 1 8 5 1 ) , p. 56.
T h is re p o rt
n o t e s t h a t o n l y B a p t i s t s and M e t h o d i s t s h e l d m o r e s l a v e s
D i s c i p l e h i s t o r i a n s h a v e c o n c l u d e d : " D i s c i p l e s on a p e r
c a p ita b a s i s c o n s t i t u t e d th e le a d in g s la v e h o ld in g church
o f the n a t io n . "
S e e W i n f r e d E r n e s t G a r r i s o n and A l f r e d
T . D eG ro ot, The D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ( S t . L o u i s : Bethany
P r e s s , 1 9 5 8 ), p. 468.
W h i l e t h e s e s t a t i s t i c s m i g h t be
o p e n t o q u e s t i o n , t h e r e i s no d o u b t t h a t t h e D i s c i p l e s
were d e e p ly i n v o l v e d i n t h e s l a v e r y p ro b le m .
For a re
c e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f how t h e s l a v e r y d i l e m m a a f f e c t e d
t h e D i s c i p l e s , see D a v id E d w in H a r r e l l , J r . , Q u e s t F o r A
C h r i s t i a n A m e r i c a : T h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t and A m e r i c a n
S o c ie t y t o 1866 ( N a s h v i l l e : The D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t H i s
t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , 1 9 6 6 ) , pp. 9 1 - 1 3 8 .
B o t h o f t h e s e r e g i o n s p r o d u c e d new D i s c i p l e s c h o o l s i n
1850.
W e s t e r n R e s e r v e E c l e c t i c I n s t i t u t e i n H i r a m and
N o r t h - W e s t e r n C h r i s t i a n U n i v e r s i t y i n I n d i a n a p o l i s were
a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y m o t i v a t e d by t h e d e s i r e f o r " s o u n d "
i n s t i t u t i o n s on t h e s l a v e r y q u e s t i o n .
A lth o u g h n e it h e r
s c h o o l w as c o m p l e t e l y c o n t r o l l e d by a b o l i t i o n i s t s , b o t h
h ad s t r o n g a n t i s l a v e r y b a c k i n g .
F u l l e r c o n firm s: " I f
i t had n o t b e e n f o r s l a v e r y , i t i s v e r y d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r
t h e E c l e c t i c w o u l d e v e r h a v e b ee n f o u n d e d . "
S ee C o r y d o n
E . F u l l e r , R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f Ja me s A . G a r f i e l d ( C i n c i n
n a t i : S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 7 ) , p p . 2 9 - 3 0 .
In
I n d i a n a , t h e r a d i c a l a b o l i t i o n i s t s w e re l e d by O v id B u t
l e r and J o h n B o g g s , w h i l e i n O h i o t h e l e a d e r s w e r e C y r u s
M c N e e l e y and M a t t h e w S . C l a p p .
I n h i s f i f t h e s s a y , C a m p b e l l had s t a t e d h i s p o s i t i o n i n
th r e e p r o p o s i t i o n s : 1.
Roman s l a v e r y , c e r t a i n l y no b e t
t e r th a n Am erican s l a v e r y , pervaded a l l th e c o u n t r i e s i n
w hich th o s e c hurc he s e x i s t e d to w hich th e a p o s t o li c e p is
t i e s w e r e a d d r e s s e d , and i n w h i c h t h e r e l a t i o n o f m a s t e r
and s e r v a n t i s a t a l l a l l u d e d t o .
2.
In the p r i m i t i v e
c h u r c h t h e r e w e r e m a s t e r s and s l a v e s w h i l e t h e y w e r e
y e t u n d e r t h e p e r s o n a l i n s p e c t i o n and g u i d a n c e o f t h e
A p o s tle s th e m se lve s.
3.
F r o m a p a r t i c u l a r and f u l l
332
i n d u c t i o n o f e v e r y p a s s a g e i n t h e New T e s t a m e n t t h a t
a l l u d e s t o t h e r e l a t i o n o f m a s t e r and s l a v e , o r t o t h e i r
r e l a t i v e d u t i e s o f m a s t e r and s l a v e , t h e r e i s n o t a n y
i n d ic a t io n o f th e u n la w fu ln e s s o f th e r e l a t i o n ; b u t sim
p l y a r e c o g n i t i o n o f i t , w i t h v e r y c l e a r and s p e c i f i c
d i r e c t i o n s t o t h e p a r t i e s , how t h e y s h o u l d c o n d u c t t h e m
s e l v e s t o each o t h e r i n t h e d i s c h a r g e o f t h o s e d u t i e s .
See A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e ll, " O u r P o s i t i o n t o A m e r ic a n S l a v
e r y , " M i l l e n n i a l H a r b i n g e r (May, 1 8 4 5 ) , p . 2 3 2 .
5.
J o u rn a l,
Septem ber
29,
6.
Henry K.
Shaw, Buckeye D i s c i p l e s : A H i s t o r y o f
c i p l e s o f C h r i s t i n O hio ( S t . L o u i s : C h r i s t i a n
P u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 5 2 ) , p. 14 0.
7.
J o u rn a l,
8.
J o u r n a l , O cto ber 2, 1850.
T h e F u g i t i v e S l a v e L a w was
p a s s e d by C o n g r e s s o n S e p t e m b e r 1 2 , 1 8 5 0 , a s a p a r t o f
t h e Compromise o f 1 8 5 0 .
I t t r i g g e r e d a f i e r y exchange
i n t h e pages o f t h e M i l l e n n i a l H a r b i n g e r .
Cam pbell i n
s i s t e d t h a t t h e l a w w as " p e r f e c t l y c o n s t i t u t i o n a l " and
o u g h t t o be o b e y e d , b u t many o f h i s N o r t h e r n r e a d e r s d e
c la re d t h e i r a lle g ia n c e to th e " h ig h e r law " o f j u s t i c e .
9.
S a m u e l W a r d , a p r o m i n e n t N e g r o m i n i s t e r , and P r o f e s s o r
Je h u B r a i n a r d o f C l e v e l a n d , a r e p u t a b l e g e o l o g i s t , were
t h e two s p e a k e r s .
S e e J o u r n a l , S e p t e m b e r 18 and O c t o
ber 3, 1851.
Septem ber
6,
1850.
the D i s
Board o f
1850.
10.
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
J u ly 17, 1852.
March 4 - 5 , 1 8 5 3 .
11.
J o u rn a l,
ney i n t o
J u ly 4, 1853.
the S o u th .
12.
G a rfie ld
13.
F u lle r,
14.
J o u rn a l,
15.
Jo u rn a l,
November 2 , 1 8 5 5 .
T h e K a n s a s - N e b r a s k a A c t was
p a s s e d i n M ay , 1 8 5 4 .
I t r e p e a l e d t h e M i s s o u r i Co mp r o
m i s e and p r o v i d e d f r e e d o m o f c h o i c e f o r a l l t e r r i t o r i e s
and s t a t e s o n t h e s l a v e r y q u e s t i o n .
As a r e s u l t o f t h i s
a c t , K a n s a s became a b a t t l e g r o u n d ( i n t h e f i v e t u r b u l e n t
y e a r s f r o m 1 8 5 5 t o 1 8 6 0 " b l e e d i n g K a n s a s " w as a n a t i o n a l
byw ord).
T h e a c t was a l s o a l e a d i n g f a c t o r i n t h e b i r t h
to
op.
F u lle r,
c it. ,
June
23,
Ju ly
p.
T h is
was
19,
1853.
G a rfie ld 's
G a rfie ld
fir s t
jo u r
Pa p e rs.
115.
1854.
333
and g r o w t h o f t h e R e p u b l i c a n P a r t y .
The speeches t h a t
G a r f i e l d h e a r d i n November, 1 8 5 5 , w e re on t h e K a n s a s N e b r a s k a A c t and i t s a f t e r m a t h .
He w as p a r t i c u l a r l y
moved b y t h e s p e e c h o f J e b P a t t e r s o n , e d i t o r o f t h e
P a rk v ille
( M i s s o u r i ) L u m i n a r y , whose n e w sp a p e r o f f i c e
had b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o mob v i o l e n c e and h i s p r e s s t h r o w n
i n t o t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r as a r e s u l t o f h i s o p p o s i t i o n
t o i l l e g a l v o t i n g by M i s s o u r i a n s i n K a n s a s .
See pages
77-78 in t h i s d i s s e r t a t io n f o r a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n .
16.
A le x a n d e r C a m p b e ll, " D i s t u r b a n c e s i n B e th a n y C o l l e g e , "
M i l l e n n i a l H a r b i n g e r , (J a n u a ry , 1 8 5 6 ) , pp. 5 4 - 6 0 .
P h i l i p B u r n s , e t . a l . , "D is tu rb a n c e s a t Be tha ny, V i r
g i n i a , " N o r t h - W e s te rn C h r i s t i a n M a g a zine , (Ja n u a ry ,
1 8 5 6 ) , pp. 2 1 3 - 2 1 8 .
The s e c t io n a l t e n s io n s a t Bethany
had r e a c h e d a c l i m a x on S u n d a y e v e n i n g , N ov e m b e r 1 1 ,
1 8 5 5 , a f t e r an a n t i s l a v e r y s e r m o n b y B u r n s .
A b o u t 50
s t u d e n t s w alked o u t d u r i n g th e c o u rse o f th e serm on,
and t h e y b e ga n h a m m e r i n g on t h e f l o o r f r o m t h e b a s e m e n t
an d b r e a k i n g w i n d o w s , e t c .
A com m ittee o f N o r t h e r n s t u
d e n t s b a r e l y managed t o e s c o r t B u r n s t o s a f e t y .
Camp
b e l l w a s v e r y u p s e t w i t h B u r n s and h i s c o h o r t s , and he
f i r m l y b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e s e r m o n was " i l l - j u d g e d and u n
w a rra n te d under a l l the c irc u m sta n c e s."
17.
T . J . Newcomb, " D i s c u s s i o n a t New P h i l a d e l p h i a , " N o r t h W e s te rn C h r i s t i a n M a g a zine , (J a n u a ry , 1 8 5 8 ) , p. 221.
A c c o u n ts o f t h e i r "m a rty rd o m " were c i r c u l a t e d t h r o u g h
the N o rth i n le a d in g p e r io d ic a ls l i k e the In d ia n a p o lis
W e e k l y S t a t e J o u r n a l and t h e New Y o r k T r i b u n e .
18.
A le x a n d e r C a m p b e ll, "R e p o rte d T r o u b l e s i n B e th a n y C o l
le g e ," M i l l e n n i a l H a rb in g e r, (Fe b ru a ry , 1 8 5 6 ), p. 115.
19.
T h e B e t h a n y F a c u l t y , " C o l l e g e E t i q u e t t e an d t h e F a c u l t y
o f t h e N . W. C h r i s t i a n U n i v e r s i t y , " M i l l e n n i a l H a r b i n g e r ,
( A p r i l , 1856) , pp. 2 2 6 - 2 2 9 .
The b ro th e rh o o d fe u d t h a t
d e v e lo p e d o v e r t h e " B e t h a n y r i o t " was v e r y d e p r e s s i n g t o
G a rfie ld .
S e e f o o t n o t e 74 i n c h a p t e r t w o o f t h i s d i s s e r
ta tio n .
He d i d n o t w a n t t o e n t e r t h e m i n i s t r y w h i l e t h e
D i s c i p l e s w e r e " a l l t o r n up i n t o w a r r i n g f a c t i o n s . "
20.
D u n s h e e t o G a r f i e l d , N ov em be r 1 3 , 1 8 5 5 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
" D o u g h f a c e " was an e p i t h e t a p p l i e d by a b o l i t i o n i s t s t o
N o r t h e r n p o l i t i c i a n s who y i e l d e d t o t h e demands o f t h e
S o u th e rn le a d e rs i n the c o n tr o v e rs ie s o ve r s la v e r y .
21.
When D u n s h e e came t o H i r a m a s a p r o f e s s o r i n 1 8 5 1 , he
was q u i c k l y r e c o g n i z e d a s a f i n e c l a s s i c a l s c h o l a r .
He
s o o n became t h e c e n t e r o f an e n t h u s i a s t i c g r o u p o f t h e
334
a b le s t s tu d e n ts o f the sc h o o l, in c lu d in g G a r fie ld , A lmeda B o o t h , H a r v e y E v e r e s t , and H a r r y R h o d e s .
G a rfie ld
c a l l e d D u n s h e e a " v e r y f i n e s c h o l a r an d o ne o f t h e b e s t
men an d C h r i s t i a n s I know o f . "
S e e G a r f i e l d t o h i s mo
th e r, J u ly 29, 1853, G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
Dunshee assumed
t h a t he h a d t h e s u p p o r t o f h i s f o r m e r s t u d e n t s i n h i s
b i d t o u n s e a t P r e s i d e n t Hayden.
H i s d r e a m was t o t u r n
t h e E c l e c t i c i n t o an a b o l i t i o n i s t s t r o n g h o l d l i k e O b e r l i n C o l l e g e , and he had good r e a s o n t o t h i n k t h a t t h e
o t h e r f o u r f a c u l t y members s h a r e d h i s d r e a m .
B o o t h was
a g r a d u a t e o f O b e r l i n , and E v e r e s t wa s a member o f t h e
"im m o rta l t e n . "
G a r f i e l d and R h o d e s w e r e new c o n v e r t s
to th e R e p u b lic a n P a r t y .
22.
J o h n B o g g s h ad f o u n d e d t h e M a g a z i n e i n J u n e , 1 8 5 4 , one
m onth a f t e r t h e passage o f th e K a n s a s - N e b ra s k a A c t .
He
p u b lis h e d i t m o n th ly i n 18 54 -1 8 5 8 .
I t w as s u c c e e d e d by
th e s e m i- m o n th ly C h r i s t i a n L u m in a ry w h ic h ra n fro m 1858
to 1862.
A m o n t h l y L u m i n a r y was p u b l i s h e d i n 1 8 6 2 - 1 8 6 3 .
F o r more i n f o r m a t i o n , see R o b e r t E . B a r n e s , "An A n a l y t i
c a l S tu d y o f th e N o r t h w e s t e rn C h r i s t i a n M a g a z in e ," (un
p u b lish e d B .D . t h e s i s , B u t l e r U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 5 1 ).
S ee
a l s o , F i f e , op. c i t . , pp. 1 4 2 - 1 5 9 .
23.
F o r a g oo d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e i n t e r n a l t e n s i o n s i n t h e
E c l e c t i c F a c u l t y , see F . I . H e r r i o t t , "N orman D u n s h e e , "
A n n a ls o f Io w a , ( J a n u a ry , 1 9 3 6 ) , pp. 1 6 2 - 2 0 6 .
The sub
t l e c h a n g e i n G a r f i e l d ' s p o s i t i o n on t h e s l a v e r y p r o b l e m
c an p r o b a b l y b e s t be u n d e r s t o o d i n t h e l i g h t o f e x p e d i
ency.
F r o m t h e f a l l o f 1 8 5 5 when he h e a r d t h e a b o l i t i o n
i s t s p e e c h e s , t o t h e f a l l o f 1 8 5 6 when he c a m p a i g n e d f o r
F r e m o n t , G a r f i e l d ' s a n t i s l a v e r y v i e w s w e re becoming i n
c r e a s i n g l y more p ro n o u n c e d .
A lth o u g h n o t y e t i n th e rad
i c a l a b o l i t i o n i s t camp, he a p p e a r e d t o be m o v i n g i n t h a t
d ire c tio n .
B u t a f t e r t h e f a l l c a m p a i g n , he g r e w s i l e n t
on t h e d i v i s i v e i s s u e .
P e r h a p s he was p u t o f f by t h e
f a n a t i c i s m a t t a c h e d t o t h e a b o l i t i o n i s t m o v e m e n t , o r by
t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t many i n f l u e n t i a l s u p p o r t e r s o f t h e
E c l e c t i c w ere opposed t o i n v o l v i n g th e s c h o o l i n such a
p a ssio n a te c o n tro v e rs y .
F o r w hatever re a so n , G a r f ie ld
r e f u s e d t o e mb r a c e t h e r a d i c a l a b o l i t i o n i s t p o s i t i o n .
24.
D r e d S c o t t , a s l a v e r e s i d i n g i n M i s s o u r i , had b ee n t a k e n
b y h i s m a s t e r i n t o t h e f r e e s t a t e o f I l l i n o i s and l a t e r
i n t o t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e L o u i s i a n a P u r c h a s e , where
s l a v e r y had b e e n f o r b i d d e n b y t h e M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m i s e .
S c o t t s u e d f o r h i s f r e e d o m and t h e c a s e e v e n t u a l l y w e n t
t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Supreme C o u r t .
25.
N o rth -W e ste rn
C h ris tia n
M ag azine,
(June,
1857),
p.
23.
335
26.
G a rfie ld
27.
J o u r n a l , O ctober 6, 1857.
In c le a r v i o l a t i o n o f the
F u g i t i v e S l a v e L a w , G a r f i e l d f e d t h e f u g i t i v e and s e n t
h i m o n h i s way t o f r e e d o m .
He w r o t e : " I t o l d h i m i n
p a r t i n g t o t r u s t t o God and h i s m u s c l e .
H i s name i s
W i l l i a m s and he i s f r o m n e a r M i d w a y , K e n t u c k y . "
28.
Jo u rn a l,
29.
to
L u c re tia ,
O ctobe r
22,
J u ly
4,
1857. G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
1857.
F . M. G r e e n , H i r a m C o l l e g e and W e s t e r n R e s e r v e E c l e c t i c
I n s t i t u t e : F i f t y Y e a rs o f H i s t o r y 1 8 5 0 - 1900 (C le v e la n d :
The O . S . H u b b e ll P r i n t i n g
Company, 1 9 0 1 ) , p p . 1 5 5 - 1 5 6 .
T h e r e i s some b a s i s f o r q u e s t i o n i n g
t h e accuracy o f t h i s
sto ry .
T h e s o u r c e was p r o b a b l y G a r f i e l d , and he may n o t
have t o l d G re e n u n t i l s e v e r a l y e a r s a f t e r t h e C i v i l W a r.
W h e t h e r G a r f i e l d w o u l d ha v e r i s k e d t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f t h e
E c l e c t i c b y c l a s h i n g w i t h f e d e r a l o f f i c e r s o n t h e campus
i s q u e stio n a b le .
D u n s h e e w o u l d h a v e b ee n d e l i g h t e d w i t h
such a c o n f r o n t a t i o n , b u t i t d o e s n ' t appear l i k e l y t h a t
G a r f i e l d w o u l d have p e r m i t t e d i t .
B u t a f t e r the w ar,
wh e n men l i k e t h e " O b e r l i n - W e l l i n g t o n r e s c u e r s " h ad b e
come h e r o e s , G a r f i e l d may h a v e r e m em be re d h i s r o l e i n
th e H ira m in c i d e n t i n a d i f f e r e n t l i g h t .
30.
G a rfie ld
to
F u lle r,
March
23,
1858.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
31.
P a r d e e B u t l e r ( 1 8 1 6 - 1 8 8 8 ) had been o u t r a g e d by t h e e x t e n
s io n o f s la v e ry i n t o the t e r r i t o r i e s .
I n 1 8 5 5 he moved
fro m In d ia n a to Kansas to e v a n g e lize f o r the D i s c i p l e s
an d t o r o u t t h e p r o s l a v e r y f o r c e s .
S e t t l i n g on a 1 6 0 a c r e c l a i m t w e l v e m i l e s f r o m A t c h i s o n , B u t l e r s o o n was
i n s t r u m e n t a l i n th e o r g a n i z i n g o f seven c o n g re g a tio n s .
32.
J . S . L a m a r , M e m o i r s o f I s a a c E r r e t t (2 v o l u m e s ; C i n c i n
n a t i : T h e S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 9 3 ) , I , p . 2 1 5 .
T h r o u g h o u t t h e 1 8 5 0 ' s t h e A . C . M . S . had a t t e m p t e d t o m a i n
t a i n a n e u t r a l p o s i t i o n on t h e s l a v e r y i s s u e .
P r i o r to
B u t l e r ' s r e q u e s t f o r s u p p o r t i n K a n s a s , t h e s o c i e t y had
se le c te d th re e m is s io n a r ie s to serve o ve rse a s: a s la v e
h o l d e r , D r . James T . B a r c l a y ; a f o r m e r s l a v e , A l e x a n d e r
C r o s s ; an d an a b o l i t i o n i s t , J . O . B e a r d s l e e .
33.
R o se tta B. H a s tin g s , Pe rso n a l R e c o lle c tio n s
B u t l e r ( C i n c i n n a t i : The S ta n d a rd P u b l i s h i n g
18 8 9 ), p. 320.
o f Pardee
Company,
34.
John Bo gg s, "Th e G eneral M is s io n a r y S o c i e t y , " N o r t h W e s t e r n C h r i s t i a n M a g a zin e ( A p r i l , 1 8 5 8 ) , p. 3 1 4 .
The
c h a r g e t h a t E r r e t t had o nce b ee n a f r i e n d o f t h e c a u s e
336
w as o n l y p a r t i a l l y c o r r e c t .
I n 1 8 5 1 , w hen A l e x a n d e r
C a m p b e l l t o o k t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e F u g i t i v e S l a v e L aw
w as " p e r f e c t l y c o n s t i t u t i o n a l , " i t was E r r e t t who w r o t e
t h e a b l e s t and m o s t c h a l l e n g i n g a t t a c k on C a m p b e l l ' s
vie w s.
H o w e v e r , E r r e t t wa s n e v e r c o m p l e t e l y i d e n t i f i e d
w i t h th e cause o f th e r a d i c a l a b o l i t i o n i s t s .
35.
Lam ar,
36.
Ib id ,
37.
H a r r e l l , op. c i t . , pp. 1 1 8 - 1 1 9 .
D u rin g th e tim e o f th e
B u t l e r - E r r e t t a f f a i r , when t e n s i o n s b e t w e e n r a d i c a l s and
m o d e ra te s were i n c r e a s i n g , G a r f i e l d rem ained i n c o n ta c t
w it h the r a d ic a l le a d e rs .
C y r u s McNeeley asked G a r f i e l d
t o ta k e charge o f h i s i n t e r r a c i a l s c h o o l a t Hopedale.
See J o u r n a l , A p r i l 3 0 , 1 8 5 8 .
When G a r f i e l d p r e a c h e d i n
M e n t o r , he s p e n t t h e n i g h t w i t h M a t t h e w S . C l a p p .
S ee
J o u r n a l , June 14 , 1858.
W h ile t r a v e l i n g th ro u g h In d ia n a
t h a t s u m m e r , G a r f i e l d had d i n n e r a t O v i d B u t l e r ' s home
in In d ia n a p o lis .
See J o u r n a l , June 2 9 , 1 8 5 8 .
B u tle r
was t h e l e a d e r i n t h e d r i v e t o o r g a n i z e a new m i s s i o n a r y
s o c ie ty .
He w as a l s o t h e f i n a n c i a l b a ck b o n e and l a r g e s t
sto c k h o ld e r o f N o rth -W e ste rn C h r is t ia n U n iv e r s it y ( la te r
t h e s c h o o l wa s r e n a m e d B u t l e r U n i v e r s i t y ) .
The r a d ic a ls
w e r e h o p i n g t h a t G a r f i e l d w o u l d embrace t h e i r c a u s e , b u t
i n t h e e nd he c h o s e t o s u p p o r t E r r e t t .
38.
G a rfie ld
H.
op.
p.
c it. ,
I,
p.
217.
219.
to
Jones
A u stin ,
to
March
G a r f i e l d t o E r r e t t , May 3 , 1 8 5 9 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
There
w as a b o l i t i o n i s t p r e s s u r e o n G a r f i e l d t o t u r n t h e E c l e c
t i c i n t o a n o th e r O b e rlin C o lle g e o r N o rth - W e s te rn C h r i s
tia n U n iv e rs ity .
J o h n B o g g s had e n d o r s e d t h e l a t t e r a s
a " s a f e " p la c e f o r a b o l i t i o n i s t D i s c i p l e s t o send t h e i r
c h i l d r e n , b u t he had r e f u s e d t o a p p l y t h i s same r a t i n g
to the E c l e c t i c .
S e e J o h n B o g g s , " N . W. C h r i s t i a n U n i
v e r s i t y , " C h r i s t i a n L u m in a ry (September 1 , 1 8 5 8 ) , p. 74.
41.
H e rrio tt,
42.
G a rfie ld
43.
G a r f i e l d t o A u s t i n , May 2 1 , 1 8 5 9 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
When
t h e t r u s t e e s m e t a g a i n on J u n e 8 , t h e y had t o c o n f r o n t
a l l th e r u m o r s t h a t were c i r c u l a t i n g o v e r D u n s h e e ' s d i s
m issa l.
They passed th e f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n : R e so lv e d ,
T h a t w h e r e a s , a r e p o r t h a s been c i r c u l a t e d i n c e r t a i n
to
A u stin ,
1859.
Pa p e rs.
40.
pp.
20,
G a rfie ld
J.
c it.,
A p ril
1859.
39.
op.
G a rfie ld ,
30,
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
191-198.
May 2 1 ,
1859.
G a rfie ld
Papers.
337
l o c a l i t i e s t h a t th e a c tio n s o f th e t r u s t e e s o f the W e st
e r n R e s e r v e E c l e c t i c I n s t i t u t e h a v e b ee n i n f l u e n c e d , i n
c e r t a i n c a s e s , by t h e " q u e s t i o n o f s l a v e r y " : T h e r e f o r e ,
i t i s R e s o l v e d , t h a t we d e n y t h a t t h e " q u e s t i o n o f s l a v
e r y , " o r any o t h e r p o l i t i c a l q u e s t i o n , h as a t a l l i n f l u
enced t h e a c t i o n o f t h e t r u s t e e s i n any c a s e .
44.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
Ju ly
12,
1859.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
45.
A l t h o u g h t h e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e w as s o l i d l y R e p u b l i c a n , t h e
c o u n t y w i t h t h e m o s t D e m o c r a t i c s t r e n g t h was P o r t a g e .
46.
G. P . U d a l l
Pa p e rs.
47.
P o rta g e S e n t i n e l , Septem ber 1 4 , 1 8 5 9 .
T h i s sta te m e nt
was i n an a n o n y m o u s l e t t e r f r o m H i r a m .
T h e S e n t i n e l was
th e v o ic e o f th e D e m o c ra tic P a r t y ; w hereas th e P o rta g e
C o u n t y D e m o c r a t , d e s p i t e i t s name, w as s o l i d l y R e p u b l i
c a n i n p o l i c y and a f f i l i a t i o n .
T h e D e m o c r a t , e d i t e d by
H a l s e y and L y m a n H a l l , e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y s u p p o r t e d G a r
f i e l d th ro u g h o u t h is p o l i t i c a l c a re e r.
B o th o f the se
p a p e rs were p u b l i s h e d i n th e c o u n ty s e a t o f Ravenna.
48.
A l l a n J a y P e s k i n , "J am es A. G a r f i e l d : 1 8 3 1 - 1 8 6 3 " (unp ub
lis h e d P h .D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , W estern Reserve U n i v e r s i t y ,
1 9 6 5 ) , p. 110.
49.
Po rta g e
C ounty
Dem ocrat, O ctober
5,
1859.
50.
Porta g e
C ounty
De m o c ra t,
O ctober
5,
1859.
51.
Porta g e
C ounty
Dem ocrat,
September
52.
G a r f i e l d c a r r i e d h i s d i s t r i c t i n t h e O c t o b e r 11 e l e c t i o n
by a m a r g i n o f 5 , 1 7 6 t o 3 , 7 4 6 .
As e x p e c te d , h i s
p lu ra l
i t y was g r e a t e r i n S u m m i t C o u n t y .
53.
One o f t h e b e t t e r t h e s e s done i n t h e a r e a o f D i s c i p l e s
h i s t o r y d e a l s w i t h t h i s movement.
See E i l e e n Gordon
V a n d e r g r ift , "The C h r is t ia n M is s io n a ry S o c ie ty : A Stud y
i n t h e I n f l u e n c e o f S l a v e r y on t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t "
( u n p u b l is h e d M.A. t h e s i s , B u t l e r U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 4 5 ) .
54.
Is a a c E r r e t t , " T h e S e c r e t C i r c u l a r , " A m erican C h r i s t i a n
R e v ie w , (Septem ber 20 , 1 8 5 9 ) , pp. 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 .
H a r r e l l , op.
c i t . , p. 119.
E r r e t t w as u p s e t t h a t t h e c i r c u l a r s w e r e
o n l y m a i l e d t o a s e l e c t g r o u p o f N o r t h e r n D i s c i p l e s who
w e r e k n o w n t o be s y m p a t h i z e r s o f t h e a b o l i t i o n i s t mov e
m ent.
He a d v i s e d t h e b r e t h r e n t o i g n o r e t h e c o n v e n t i o n .
to
G a rfie ld ,
Septem ber
27,
28,
1859.
G a rfie ld
1859.
338
55.
T h e a b o l i t i o n i s t s now had t h e i r own p e r i o d i c a l , c o n v e n
t i o n , an d m i s s i o n a r y s o c i e t y .
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e y w ere
t h e d o m i n a n t i n f l u e n c e i n o ne s c h o o l and had t h e symp a
th y o f se v e ra l o th e rs.
T h e r e wa s r e n e w e d p r e s s u r e on
m o d e ra te s l i k e G a r f i e l d t o g iv e s u f f i c i e n t evidence o f
t h e i r a n t i s l a v e r y c o n v i c t i o n s o r be d e n i e d f e l l o w s h i p .
56.
Jo u rn a l,
Pocket D
G a rfie ld
d ia ry i s
De ce mbe r 2 , 1 8 5 9 .
i a r y , De cember 2 , 1 8 5 9 .
D u r i n g 1 8 5 9 and 1 8 6 0 ,
o c c a s io n a ll y used a s m a ll pocket d i a r y .
T h is
in c lu d e d in the G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
57.
J a me s M o n r o e ( 1 8 2 1 - 1 8 9 8 ) had been an O b e r l i n p r o f e s s o r
sin c e 1849.
J a c o b D o l s o n Cox ( 1 8 2 8 - 1 9 0 0 ) had g r a d u a t e d
fro m O b e r lin .
G a r f i e l d and Cox became e s p e c i a l l y c l o s e
frie n d s .
T h e y b o a r d e d t o g e t h e r a t t h e home o f W i l l i a m
Bascom, c h a i r m a n o f t h e s t a t e C e n t r a l R e p u b l i c a n Commit
te e .
T h e t w o y o u n g S e n a t o r s s h a r e d t h e same r o o m and
bed.
B o t h had r e a c h e d p o l i t i c a l o f f i c e t h r o u g h t h e edu
c a t i o n a l p o r t a l (Cox was s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s i n
W a rre n ).
B o t h men had much i n common, and a s G a r f i e l d
r e a d i l y a d m i t t e d , " b o t h he and m y s e l f a r e o c c a s i o n a l l y
v i s i t e d w i t h t h a t i m p u l s e w h i c h men c a l l a m b i t i o n . "
S ee
G a r fie ld to A u s t i n , Fe b ru a ry 5, 1860, G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
58.
Po rtag e
59.
G a rfie ld
to
Rhodes,
January 21,
1860.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
60.
G a rfie ld
to
Rhodes,
Ja nuary 24,
1860.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
61.
J o h n G. F e e , o ne o f t h e L a n e r e b e l s , was a D i s c i p l e a b o
l i t i o n i s t w ith a n a tio n a l re p u ta tio n .
He e s t a b l i s h e d an
i n t e r r a c i a l s c h o o l i n B e re a , K e n tu c k y , w h ic h e njo yed th e
s u p p o r t o f H e n r y W a r d B e e c h e r and t h e T a p p a n b r o t h e r s .
F e e had b e e n i n v i t e d by B e e c h e r t o s p e a k i n t h e P l y m o u t h
Church a t th e tim e o f John B r o w n 's r a i d .
I n the course
o f h i s a d d r e s s he s a i d : "We w a n t m or e J o h n B r o w n s ; n o t
i n manner o f a c t i o n , b u t i n s p i r i t o f c o n s e c r a t i o n ; n o t
t o go w i t h c a r n a l w e a p o n s , b u t w i t h s p i r i t u a l ; men w ho ,
w i t h B i b l e s i n t h e i r h a n d s , and t e a r s i n t h e i r e y e s ,
w i l l b e s e e c h men t o be r e c o n c i l e d t o God.
G ive u s such
men, and we may y e t s a v e t h e S o u t h . "
Upon r e t u r n i n g t o
K e n t u c k y , F e e f o u n d t h a t h i s r e m a r k , "We w a n t m o r e J o h n
B r o w n s " w a s t a k e n o u t o f c o n t e x t , w h i c h gave i t a d i f
f e r e n t m eaning fro m t h e o r i g i n a l .
He was c o n s e q u e n t l y
w a i t e d o n by a c o m m i t t e e o f s i x t y - f i v e o f t h e " m o s t r e
s p e c t a b l e " c i t i z e n s and g i v e n t e n d a y s t o l e a v e t h e
sta te .
T h i s u l t i m a t u m w a s g i v e n o n De ce mbe r 2 3 , 1 8 5 9 .
F e e a p p e a l e d t o t h e G o v e r n o r , who r e f u s e d t o i n t e r v e n e .
C ounty
D em ocra t,
January
11,
1860.
339
T h u s he an d o t h e r s , i n c l u d i n g J o h n R o g e r s , p r i n c i p a l o f
Berea , fle d to C in c in n a ti.
T h i s was o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g
t h e week G a r f i e l d w el co me d t h e S o u t h e r n l e g i s l a t o r s .
S e e J o h n G. F e e , A u t o b i o g r a p h y o f J o h n G. F e e ( C h i c a g o :
N a t io n a l C h r i s t i a n A s s o c i a t io n , 1 8 9 1 ) , p. 147.
62.
E liz a
Ca rman t o
63.
Th e o b o ld
Pa p e rs.
M ille r
G a rfie ld ,
to
March
G a rfie ld ,
17-19,
1860.
5,
June
1860.
16,
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
1860.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
64.
preached
4 tim e s.
65.
See J o u r n a l , A u g u s t 2 6 , S e p te m b e r 9 , S e p te m b e r 2 3 , O c t o
b e r 7, O ctober 21, 1860.
G a r f i e l d was p r e a c h i n g e v e r y 2
weeks f o r t h i s c h u rc h .
See p . 127 i n t h i s c h a p t e r f o r
evidence o f th e a n t i s l a v e r y s e n tim e n t i n t h i s c h u rc h .
66.
S in c e th e l e g i s l a t i v e s e s s i o n l a s t e d o n ly 3 m o n th s, Gar
f i e l d re ta in e d h is p o s itio n
a t the E c le c t ic .
He e v e n
preached o c c a s i o n a l l y w h i l e
he was i n C o l u m b u s .
On one
o c c a s i o n he p r e a c h e d t o t h e i n m a t e s o f t h e O h i o p e n i t e n
tia ry .
See P o r t a g e C o u n ty D e m o c r a t , March 7 , 1 8 6 0 .
67.
G a r f i e l d t o W. J . F o r d , A u g u s t 6 , 1 8 6 0 .
There i s not
a copy o f t h i s l e t t e r i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s , b u t t h e
o r i g i n a l i s i n th e John T a y l o r c o l l e c t i o n .
F o r d was a
t r u s t e e and a f i n a n c i a l a g e n t f o r t h e E c l e c t i c .
68.
J o u r n a l, A ugust 11-12, 1860.
J o u r n a l , Septem ber 1 - 2 , 1860.
69.
J o u r n a l , November 3 - 4 , 1 8 6 0 .
H. U. J o h n s o n , " G a r f i e l d as a D i s c i p l e , " C h r i s t i a n S t a n
d a rd , ( A p r i l 25, 1 8 9 1 ) , p. 354.
James D e F o r e s t M u r c h , C h r i s t i a n s O n l y : A H i s t o r y o f t h e
R e s t o r a t i o n M ove me nt ( C i n c i n n a t i : S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g
C ompany, 1 9 6 2 ) , p . 1 9 8 .
I t i s s a id t h a t the A rc hb isho p o f C a n te rb u ry p ra is e d
t h i s s i m p l e s t a t e m e n t o f f a i t h when he p r e a c h e d a t t h e
m em orial s e r v ic e f o r G a r f ie l d i n London.
70.
B u r k e A . H i n s d a l e , P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d and E d u c a t i o n
( B o s t o n : J a m e s R . Osgood and Company, 1 8 8 2 ) , p . 7 8 .
H in s d a le d id n o t g iv e th e date o f th e C i n c i n n a t i churc h
o f f e r , b u t i t can be d e t e r m i n e d by l o o k i n g a t e v e n t s i n
th e l i f e o f D avid S . B u r n e t .
A t th e t w e l f t h annual con
v e n t i o n o f th e Am erican C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y i n
O c t o b e r , 1 8 6 0 , B u r n e t was p e r s u a d e d t o r e p l a c e E r r e t t a s
th e c o rre sp o n d in g s e c r e ta ry .
B u r n e t accepted th e o f f e r
340
and r e s i g n e d h i s p a s t o r a l c a r e o f t h e E i g h t h and W a l n u t
c o n g re g a tio n .
G a r f i e l d was p r o b a b l y a p p r o a c h e d a b o u t
t h e p o s i t i o n i n November, 1 8 6 0 .
See N o e l L . K e i t h , T h e
S t o r y o f D. S . B u r n e t : U n d e se rv e d O b s c u r i t y ( S t . L o u i s :
The Be thany P r e s s , 1 9 5 4 ), p. 158.
See a l s o , W i l l i a m T .
M oore, e d . , The L i v i n g P u l p i t o f th e C h r i s t i a n C hurch
( C i n c i n n a t i : R . W. C a r r o l l and Company, 1 8 6 8 ) , p . 4 0 .
71.
I n T h e o d o r e C l a r k e S m i t h , T h e L i f e and L e t t e r s o f James
A b r a m G a r f i e l d (New H a v e n : Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 2 5 ) ,
72.
In
Po rta g e
73.
W.
T.
74.
G a rfie ld to F u l le r ,
c i t . , p. 2 9 4.
T h is
75.
Po rta g e
76.
In
77.
W. T . B a sc o m t o
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld ,
Septem ber
13,
1860.
G a rfie ld
78.
W. T . B a sc o m t o
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld ,
Septem ber
19,
1860.
G a rfie ld
79.
J o u r n a l , Septem ber 11, 1860.
P o rta g e C o u n ty D e m o c ra t, September
C ounty
B a sc o m t o
County
Porta g e
Dem ocrat,
G a rfie ld ,
June
20,
15,
1860.
1860.
O ctober 3 , 1 8 6 0 .
le t t e r i s not in
De m o c ra t,
September
C ounty D em ocra t,
10
June
-
5,
10
1860.
and 1 7 ,
12,
1860.
1860.
80.
81.
82.
E d w i n P . H o y t , James A . G a r f i e l d
L e e Company, 1 9 6 4 ) , p . 3 5 .
83.
T h e B u c h a n a n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n had l o s t c o n t r o l o f e v e n t s .
B u c h a n a n b e l i e v e d t h a t s e c e s s i o n w as i l l e g a l , b u t t h a t
c o e r c i o n w as a l s o .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , he f a v o r e d a c o n s t i t u
t i o n a l amendment g u a r a n t e e i n g p r o t e c t i o n f o r s l a v e r y i n
a l l s t a t e s an d t e r r i t o r i e s t o l u r e t h e s o u t h e r n s t a t e s
b a ck i n t o t h e U n i o n .
Numerous schemes f o r r e c o n c i l i a
t i o n were p ro p o se d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r o f 1 8 6 0 - 1 8 6 1 .
6,
N ov e mb er
Pa p e rs.
In F u lle r , op.
the G a rfie ld P a p e rs .
12,
O ctober
G a rfie ld
1860.
1860.
(Chicago:
R e illy
and
84.
G a rfie ld
to
Lu c re tia ,
January
13,
1861.
G a rfie ld
Pa pe rs.
85.
G arfield
to
Hinsdale,
January
15,
1861.
G arfield
Papers.
341
86.
G a r f ie l d to H in s d a le , Ja nuary 15, 1861. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
P e r h a p s t h i n k i n g o f h i s own f u t u r e , G a r f i e l d w r o t e f u r
t h e r : " I b e l i e v e t h e t i m e s w i l l be e v e n m or e f a v o r a b l e
t h a n c a l m o n e s f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s t r o n g and f o r c i b l e
c h a r a c t e r an d e v e r y one o u g h t t o i m p r o v e t h e o p p o r t u n i
tie s .
J u s t a t t h i s t i m e ( ha v e y o u o b s e r v e d t h e f a c t ? )
we h a v e n o man who h a s p o w e r t o r i d e u p o n t h e s t o r m and
d ire c t i t .
T h e h o u r h a s come b u t n o t t h e man.
The c r i
s i s w i l l make many s u c h . "
87.
G a rfie ld
88.
89.
Po rta g e
to
Rhodes,
January
C o unty De m o c ra t,
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
26,
1861.
Fe bruary
Fe bruary
G a rfie ld
6,
17,
1861.
Pa p e rs.
1861.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
90.
J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d , "My E x p e r i e n c e a s a L a w y e r , " i n N o r t h
A m erican R e v ie w , ( 1 8 8 7 ) , p. 5 6 5 .
P e s k i n , op. c i t . , pp.
140-141.
P o rta g e County D em ocra t, F e b r u a r y 6, 18 61 .
91.
G a rfie ld
92.
L i n c o l n had r e a s s u r e d t h e S o u t h i n t h e m o s t p o s i t i v e
t e r m s t h a t he w o u l d c o u n t e n a n c e no a c t a g a i n s t s l a v e r y
i n t h e s t a t e s where i t a lre a d y e x i s t e d .
A l t h o u g h many
i n th e N o r t h s u p p o rte d L i n c o l n ' s c o n c i l i a t o r y approach,
t h e a b o l i t i o n i s t s were o u tr a g e d .
T h e y had been c a l l i n g
f o r a h o ly war to fr e e the s la v e s .
The l i n e s e p a ra tin g
r a d i c a l s a n d m o d e r a t e s had b l u r r e d f o r G a r f i e l d , and he
was now i n t h e camp o f t h o s e who a n t i c i p a t e d a g l o r i o u s
a n t i s la v e r y c rusa d e .
Convinced o f th e r i g h t e o u s n e s s o f
h i s s t a n d , G a r f i e l d was p r e p a r e d f o r w a r .
But L in c o ln 's
U n i o n - s a v i n g s t r a t e g y dampened G a r f i e l d ' s h o p e s .
93.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
94.
G a rfie ld
95.
R e t u r n i n g t o t h e E c l e c t i c on a p e rm a n e n t b a s i s e n t a i l e d
"man y u n p l e a s a n t c o n s e q u e n c e s " f o r G a r f i e l d , and he f e l t
t h e m i n i s t r y w a s " t o o n a r r o w a f i e l d " f o r t h e g r o w t h and
d e v e l o p m e n t he d e s i r e d .
B u t t h e l a w seemed t o o f u l l o f
" w e a r y d e t a i l s " t o s u i t h i s t a s t e , and p o l i t i c s had l e f t
h i m " s a d an d u n h a p p y " a t C o l u m b u s .
" N e v e r , " he a d m i t t e d ,
" d i d I f e e l s o s a d l y , and a l m o s t d e s p a i r i n g l y o v e r my
f u t u r e l i f e a s I do a t t i m e s t h i s w i n t e r . "
S ee G a r f i e l d
to L u c r e t ia , A p r il 7, 1861. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
96.
G arfield
to H in sd a le , Fe bruary
t o L u c r e t i a , March
to L u c re tia , A p ril
to
to
L u c re tia ,
Lucretia,
March
A p ril
17,
1861.
G a rfie ld
Pa pe rs.
10, 1861. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
24,
7,
1861.
1861.
G a rfie ld
G arfield
Pa p e rs.
Papers.
NOTES
342
TO C H A P T E R F I V E
1.
E a r l y i n h i s l i f e , G a r f i e l d became a p a c i f i s t .
He r e a d
A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l ' s " A d d r e s s on W a r " and c o n s i d e r e d i t
"a p r o f o u n d w o r k " (J o u r n a l , 9 - 1 3 - 5 0 ) .
A t H i r a m he s p o k e
a t a p u b l i c lyceum t h a t debated t h e q u e s t i o n :
"Can w a r
e v e r be j u s t i f i a b l e u n d e r a n y c i r c u m s t a n c e s ? "
He s p o k e
f o r t h e n e g a t i v e and won t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e t h r e e j u d
ges (J o u r n a l , 9 - 1 9 - 5 1 ) .
He l a m e n t e d " m a n ' s s i n " t h a t
r e s u l t e d i n " . . . w a r s , o f b r o t h e r s l a i n by b r o t h e r ' s
h a n d " (J o u r n a l , 1 - 3 1 - 5 3 ) .
However, d u r i n g G a r f i e l d ' s
S e n io r y e a r a t W i ll ia m s C o lle g e , h i s p a c ifis m underw ent
a s i g n i f i c a n t change.
H is stu d y o f The L i f e , L e t t e r s
and P o e t r y o f T h e o d o r e K o r n e r , t h e P o e t W a r r i o r o f G e r
many a s p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a l e n g t h y a r t i c l e on " K o r n e r " t o
be p u b l i s h e d i n t h e W i l l i a m s Q u a r t e r l y , p r o m p t e d h i m t o
s t u d y more c r i t i c a l l y t h e s u b j e c t o f w a r .
In the a r t i
c l e he s a i d : " K o r n e r ' s w h o l e l i f e g i v e s a w i t h e r i n g r e
buke t o t h a t p u l i n g s e n t i m e n t a l i s m o f modern d a y s w h i c h ,
i n t h e s a f e c l o s e t , w i l l p r a y f o r f r e e d o m ; b u t h o l d s up
i t s h a n d s i n p i o u s h o r r o r when t h e s w o r d i s u n s h e a t h e d
t o p u r c h a s e t h a t p r e c i o u s b oo n ami d t h e c a r n a g e o f t h e
b a ttle fie ld ."
S e e T h e o d o r e C l a r k e S m i t h , T h e L i f e and
L e t t e r s o f J a m e s A br am G a r f i e l d (New H a v e n : Y a l e U n i v e r
s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 2 5 ) , p. 98.
2.
C o r y d o n E . F u l l e r , R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f J ame s A . G a r f i e l d
( C i n c i n n a t i : S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 7 ) , p . 3 0 3 .
3.
G a rfie ld
4.
C. H . H a m l i n , " T h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t and t h e W a r B e
t w e e n t h e S t a t e s , " T h e S c r o l l , (December, 1 9 4 3 ) , p . 1 0 1 .
A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l t h o u g h t t h a t 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 m i g h t be t o o
h ig h a f i g u r e , b u t Be nja m in F r a n k l i n i n s i s t e d i n 1860:
"We h a v e b e e n r a i s e d up b y t h e L o r d t o be a m i g h t y com
m u n i t y , some f o u r h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d s t r o n g . "
5.
Among t h e l e a d i n g D i s c i p l e s who u r g e d n e u t r a l i t y w e r e :
A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l , T o l b e r t F a n n i n g , J . W. M c G a r v e y ,
D a v i d S . B u r n e t , B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , and E l i j a h G o o d w i n .
W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f C a m p b e l l , n o n e o f t h e s e men had
a n y s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e on G a r f i e l d .
6.
J . H. G a r r i s o n ,
( e d . ) , The R e fo rm a tio n o f th e N in e te e n th
C e n t u r y ( S t . L o u i s : C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 0 1 ) ,
pp. 1 6 7 - 1 7 0 .
I n t h i s v o l u m e M o o r e w r o t e t h e s e c t i o n on
" T h e T u r b u l e n t P e r i o d " w h i c h i n c l u d e d t h e C i v i l W a r , and
he u s e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e l a t e h i s own r o l e .
On t h e
S u n d a y b e f o r e t h e l e g i s l a t u r e v o t e d on w h e t h e r t o s u p
p o r t t h e U n i o n o r r e m a i n n e u t r a l , Moore p re a c h e d a s e r
mon on t h e " D u t y o f C h r i s t i a n s i n t h e P r e s e n t C r i s i s . "
to
L u c re tia ,
A p ril
14,
1861.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
343
O f t h e r e a c t i o n t o t h i s s e r m o n , M o o r e w r o t e : "Some f o r t y
o r f i f t y member s o f t h e l e g i s l a t u r e h e a r d t h e s e r m o n ,
and among t h e m t h o s e who had b ee n r e c k o n e d a s d o u b t f u l
w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e v o t e w h i c h w o u l d be t a k e n t h e e a r l y
p a r t o f t h e week.
T h e v o t e was t a k e n , and ' a r m e d n e u
t r a l i t y ' w a s d e f e a t e d ; and t h i s d e f e a t was s e c u r e d , i n
t h e o p i n i o n o f some o f t h o s e who a r e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e
f a c t s , by t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e serm on w h i c h I p r e a c h e d . "
7.
B. F . M a n ire ,
(e d .),
Messenger P u b li s h in g
8.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
9.
S e e R h o d e s t o G a r f i e l d , N ov em be r 2 6 , 1 8 6 1 , G a r f i e l d
p e rs , i n w hich D e n n is o n 's s ta te m e n t i s m entioned.
Pa
10.
Po rta g e
1861.
11.
F r e d e r i c k D. W i l l i a m s ,
( e d .) , The W ild L i f e o f th e A rm y:
C i v i l W a r L e t t e r s o f James A . G a r f i e l d ( E a s t L a n s i n g :
M ich ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 4 ), p. xv.
12.
P o r t a g e S e n t i n e l , ( R a v e n n a , O h i o ) , May 2 9 , 1 8 6 1 .
I t was
around t h i s tim e t h a t G a r f i e l d ' s c lo s e f r i e n d , D r . John
P . R o b i s o n , who a f e w m o n t h s e a r l i e r had p en n e d an a n t i
w a r l e t t e r t o I s a a c E r r e t t , i n f o r m e d E r r e t t t h a t he was
" o u t o f t h e w o o d s and i n f o r t h e f i g h t . "
See R o b i s o n t o
E r r e t t , May 3 1 , 1 8 6 1 , B u t l e r M a n u s c r i p t C o l l e c t i o n .
13.
G a r f i e l d t o A u s t i n , June 2 8 , 18 6 1 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
On
t h i s j o u r n e y , G a r f i e l d was a c c o m p a n i e d b y D r . J o h n P .
R o b iso n .
W. K . P e n d l e t o n , a s o n - i n - l a w o f A l e x a n d e r
C a m p b e l l , w as v i c e - p r e s i d e n t o f B e t h a n y C o l l e g e and c o
e d i t o r o f the M i ll e n n i a l H a rb in g e r.
A t t h e i r annual
m e e t i n g o n e week l a t e r , t h e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s o f B e t h a n y
C o l l e g e c o n f e r r e d an h o n o r a r y M . A . d e g r e e on G a r f i e l d .
See M i l l e n n i a l H a r b i n g e r , A u g u s t , 1 8 6 1 , p. 4 7 3 .
14.
G a r fie ld to H in s d a le , J u ly 12, 1861. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
B u t G a r f i e l d c o n tin u e d to preach d u r in g t h i s p e r io d o f
p e rso na l f r u s t r a t io n .
S m ith w r i t e s : " In s te a d o f preach
i n g s e r m o n s o n t h e U n i o n and l e c t u r i n g t o t h e s c h o o l o n
a r t i l l e r y , a s he had done i n May, he u t i l i z e d t h e w e l l w o r n s u b j e c t s o f " C h u rc h G o v e r n m e n t , " " S i m o n Magus" o r
"The D is c ip le R e fo rm a tio n ."
See S m i t h , op. c i t . , p . 1 6 6 .
T h e s e r m o n o n " T h e D i s c i p l e R e f o r m a t i o n " was an a t t e m p t
to d e fin e the D is c ip le p le a .
A c c o rd ing to G a r f i e l d , th e
" D i s c i p l e r e f o r m a t i o n " was p r i m a r i l y a r e f o r m a t i o n o f
to
to
C a s k e y ' s L a s t Book ( N a s h v i l l e :
Company, 1 8 9 6 ) , p p . 2 9 - 3 0 .
The
L u c re tia , A p r il 14, 1861. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
Rhodes, A p r i l , 14, 1861. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
County
Dem ocrat,
(Ravenna,
O h io ),
A p ril
24,
344
t h e o l o g i c a l t e r m s , w h i c h h e f e l t w as t h e b e s t i n d e x o f
re lig io u s e rro r.
The g re a t a b e r r a tio n o f th e C h r i s t i a n
w o r l d w as t h a t i t had n o t c a l l e d B i b l e t h i n g s by B i b l e
names.
S u c h i d e a s and w o r d s a s " t o t a l d e p r a v i t y , " " f a l l
i n g f r o m g r a c e , " " f i n a l p e r s e v e r a n c e , " and " t r i n i t y " had
become s o u r c e s f o r d i s c o r d and d i v i s i o n i n t h e C h r i s t i a n
w o rld .
T h e v a g u e and w r o n g m e a n i n g s g i v e n t o t e r m s l i k e
" g r a c e , " " c o n v e r s i o n , " " r e g e n e r a t i o n , " and " e l e c t i o n "
had t h r o w n a c l o u d o f m y s t e r y o v e r r e l i g i o n .
G a rfie ld
p o i n t e d o u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n " f a i t h " and " o p i n i o n "
and u r g e d t h a t a l l c r e e d s be d i s c a r d e d , " b e c a u s e t h e y
c o n s is t c h ie fly o f o p in io n s."
T h e B i b l e a l o n e was t h e
fin a l a u th o rity in re lig io n .
He d e n o u n c e d t h e c u r r e n t
m eaning o f c o n v e r s i o n as t h e m y s t i c a l o p e r a t i o n o f t h e
H o l y S p i r i t u p o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l , and c a l l e d i t m i s l e a d
i n g and e v i l .
S u c h a c o n c e p t i o n o f c o n v e r s i o n t o o k away
e f f o r t and t h e s e n s e o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l ;
i t " d i s a r r a n g e d t h e o r d e r o f t h e G o s p e l " and made c o n v e r
s io n i r r a t i o n a l .
G a r f i e l d c o n c lu d e d t h e se rm o n by r e
m in d in g h i s h e a re rs o f th e p ro p e r " o rd e r o f th e G o s p e l."
T h i s he d e f i n e d a s : ( 1) F a i t h ;
( 2 ) R e p e n t a n c e ; ( 3) B a p
tism ;
( 4 ) T h e F o r g i v e n e s s o f S i n s ; and ( 5 ) T h e G i f t o f
th e H o ly S p i r i t .
T h i s was i d e n t i c a l w i t h W a l t e r S c o t t ' s
" G o s p e l P l a n o f S a l v a t i o n , " w h i c h a l l D i s c i p l e s k ne w by
h e a rt.
T h i s s i g n i f i c a n t s e r m o n by G a r f i e l d was g i v e n i n
t w o s e c t i o n s , m o r n i n g and a f t e r n o o n , o n S u n d a y , J u n e 3 0 ,
1 8 6 1 , i n th e H ira m m e e tin g h o u se .
S e e " S e r m o n Memoranda
and N o t e s " i n t h e m i c r o f i l m e d G a r f i e l d P a p e r s , R e e l 1 2 6 .
15.
A l o n g w i t h H a r m o n A u s t i n , J . H . J o n e s , and J o h n P . R o b i
s o n , G a r f i e l d c a l l e d on I s a a c E r r e t t a t h i s r e s i d e n c e i n
M u ir , M ic h ig a n .
T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s m i s s i o n was t o g e t
E r r e t t t o agree t o e s t a b l i s h a t h e o l o g i c a l d e p a rtm e n t a t
Hira m .
E r r e t t ' s b io g ra p h e r no ted : "A lth o u g h th e y f a i l e d
i n a c c o m p l is h i n g t h e o b j e c t o f t h e i r m i s s i o n , t h e y were
a b u n d a n t l y s u c c e s s f u l i n h a v i n g a good t i m e .
Bo th the y
and t h e i r h o s t l a i d d u l l c a r e a s i d e , and f i s h e d , and
h u n t e d , and j o k e d , w i t h h i l a r i o u s and b o y i s h j o l l i t y .
T h e e v e n i n g s b r o u g h t a f e a s t o f r e a s o n and a f l o w o f
s o u l , and g r i m - v i s a g e d w a r f r o w n e d o n l y a f a r o f f .
They
w e r e o l d f r i e n d s , and c o n g e n i a l s p i r i t s ; and t o a l l i t
w as a f r e e and j o y o u s h o l i d a y . "
See J . S . L a m a r , M e m o irs
o f Isaa c E r r e t t ( C in c in n a t i:
S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Com
pany, 1 8 9 3 ) , I , p. 246.
A few m onths l a t e r , G a r f i e l d ,
J o n e s , R o b i s o n , and E r r e t t w e r e c h a r t e r member s o f t h e
"Q u in tin k le C lu b ."
16.
F r e d e r i c k W i l l i a m s w r i t e s : " H i s acceptance, f o llo w e d
by p r o m o t i o n t o c o l o n e l o n l y weeks l a t e r , s u g g e s t t h a t
D e n n i s o n c o u p l e d h i s o f f e r w i t h an a s s u r a n c e o f p r o m p t
345
adva ncem ent."
See W i l l i a m s , op. c i t . , p. x v i .
However,
G a r f i e l d may h a v e a l s o b e e n h e l p e d b y a p e t i t i o n t h a t
w as s e n t t o t h e G o v e r n o r u r g i n g G a r f i e l d ' s p r o m o t i o n t o
c o lo n e l.
See L u c r e t i a t o G a r f i e l d , A u g u s t 2 5 , 1 8 6 1 , i n
the G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
17.
G a r f ie ld to Rhodes, A ugust 10, 1861. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d t o L u t h e r Day, A u g u s t 30, 1 8 6 1 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
18.
F r a n k H. M aso n, T h e F o r t y - Second O h io I n f a n t r y ( C l e v e
l a n d : Co bb , A n d r e w s and Company, 1 8 7 6 ) , p . 2 6 1 .
F r e d e r i c k A . H e n r y , C a p t a i n H e n r y o f Geauga: A F a m i l y
C h ro n ic le
( C le v e la n d : The Gates P r e s s , 1 9 4 2 ) , p. 10 0.
19.
Mason, op. c i t . , pp. 4 2 - 4 3 .
J a me s A . G a r f i e l d , "My Campai gn i n E a s t K e n t u c k y , " i n
N o r t h A m e r ic a R e v i e w , (December, 1 8 8 6 ) , p . 5 2 6 .
One a c c o u n t s a y s : " H i r a m g ave t o t h e U n i o n a r m y d u r i n g
t h e w a r more t h a n two h u n d r e d s t u d e n t s . "
See C h a r l e s
E . H e n ry , " H ira m i n th e W a r ," H ira m C o lle g e Advance,
( A p r i l , 1 8 9 3 ), p. 207.
G a r f i e l d ' s r e c r u i t i n g d ra in e d th e sc ho o l o f s tu d e n ts .
I n R h o d e s ' h i s t o r y c l a s s , f o r example, o n l y g i r l s
(and
one l o n e male D e m o c ra t) r e m a i n e d .
See A ndrew S q u i r e ,
A Few R e c o l l e c t i o n s o f H i r a m , 1 8 6 1 - 1932 ( C l e v e l a n d :
P u b l i s h e d by t h e A u t h o r , 1 9 3 2 ) , p. 1 5 .
20.
F re d e ric k
A.
21.
G a rfie ld
to
22.
J . M. B u n d y , T h e L i f e o f G e n e r a l James A . G a r f i e l d
(New Y o r k : A . S . B a r n e s and Company, 1 8 8 0 ) , p . 5 4 .
G a r f i e l d made f r e q u e n t u s e o f D i s c i p l e m e e t i n g h o u s e s
i n h i s r e c r u i t i n g cam paig n.
F o r example, see H e n ry K.
Shaw, Saga o f a V i l l a g e C h u rc h (M e d in a : Medina C o u n ty
G a z e t t e , 1 9 3 7 ) , pp. 3 5 - 3 6 .
23.
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , O ctober 8, 1 8 6 1 . G a r f i e l d P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , De cember 1 , 1 8 6 1 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
F o r i n f o r m a t i o n o n J o n e s , s e e n o t e 25 i n c h a p t e r o ne o f
th is d is s e rta tio n .
Wasson c a l l e d Jo n e s "a p r o m i s i n g
young D i s c i p l e m i n i s t e r " a t t h e tim e o f h i s a s s o c i a t i o n
w i t h G a r f i e l d ' s r e g i m e n t , b u t J o n e s was a c t u a l l y f o r t y e i g h t y e a r s o l d when he became c h a p l a i n .
S e e Wo od ro w
W a s s o n , J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d : H i s R e l i g i o n and E d u c a t i o n
( N a s h v i l l e : T e n n e s s e e B o o k Company, 1 9 5 2 ) , p . 8 0 .
24.
Lam ar,
op.
H enry,
op.
L u c re tia ,
c it.,
p.
c it.,
p.
November
247.
101.
4,
1861.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
346
25.
Some o f t h e p r e - c o n v e n t i o n e m o t i o n was g e n e r a t e d b y an
announcement fro m th e a b o l i t i o n i s t C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y
S o c i e t y based i n I n d i a n a p o l i s .
T h is r i v a l o rg a n iz a tio n
p ro m is e d t o d is b a n d i f th e Am erican C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y
S o c ie t y passed a s u it a b l e r e s o l u t i o n o f l o y a l t y to th e
U n io n .
26.
See R e p o r t o f P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e T h i r t e e n t h A n n i v e r s a r y
M e e tin g o f t h e A m erican C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y ,
H e ld i n C i n c i n n a t i , O ctober 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 1861 ( C in c in
n a t i : E . M o r g a n and S o n , P r i n t e r s , 1 8 6 1 ) , p p . 1 9 - 2 0 .
F o r a d d i t i o n a l c omme nt , s e e D a v i d E d w i n H a r r e l l , J r . ,
Q u e st F o r A C h r i s t i a n A m e ric a : The D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t
and A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y t o 1 8 6 6 ( N a s h v i l l e : T h e D i s c i p l e s
o f C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , 1 9 6 6 ) , pp. 1 5 6 - 1 6 1 .
A lso ,
N o e l L . K e i t h , T h e S t o r y o f D. S . B u r n e t : U n d e se rv e d
O b s c u r i t y ( S t . L o u i s : The B e th a n y P r e s s , 1 9 5 4 ) , p. 1 6 2 .
T h e s i g n i f i c a n t G a r f i e l d - P i n k e r t o n f r i e n d s h i p had i t s
b e g in n in g a t t h i s c o n v e n tio n .
G a rfie ld w rote l a t e r :
" W i t h t h a t m e e t i n g began a f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n u s w h i c h
kn e w no d i m i n u t i o n . "
See J o h n S h a c k l e f o r d , J r . , L i f e ,
L e t t e r s and A d d r e s s e s o f D r . L . L . P i n k e r t o n ( C i n c i n
n a t i : Chase & H a l l , P u b l i s h e r s , 1 8 7 6 ) , p. 1 4 9 .
Soon
a f t e r th e c lo se o f the C in c in n a ti c o n v e n tio n , P in k e rto n
became a s u r g e o n i n t h e U n i o n a r m y .
27.
H a rre ll,
28.
F o r a good d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e r i v a l c l a i m s , see H a r r e l l ,
o p . c i t . , pp. 1 5 9 - 1 6 1 .
Some o f t h e r e p e r c u s s i o n s o f t h e
1861 c o n v e n tio n are tre a te d i n the n e x t c ha p te r o f t h i s
d is s e rta tio n .
A lth o u g h b o th s i d e s claim ed v i c t o r y , th e y
had a d i f f i c u l t t i m e c o n v i n c i n g some o f t h e i r m o r e a v i d
a s s o c ia te s .
The a b o l i t i o n i s t C h r i s t i a n M is s io n a ry So
c i e t y w as s o d e e p l y d i s a p p o i n t e d t h a t i t r e f u s e d t o d i s
band.
And i n t h e S o u t h , many o f t h e l e a d i n g D i s c i p l e s
w e re s o o u t r a g e d by t h e a c t i o n o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n t h a t
th e y n e ve r ag ain su p p o rte d th e m is s io n a r y s o c ie t y .
29.
G a rfie ld
30.
T o l b e r t F a n n i n g , " M i n i s t e r s o f P e a c e i n t h e W o r l d ' s Con
f l i c t s , " G o s p e l A d v o c a t e , (November, 1 8 6 1 ) , pp. 3 4 7 - 3 4 8 .
31.
J o h n R . H o w a r d and D a v i d T . W r i g h t , " A R e p l y t o ' V i n d i
c a t i o n o f O u r s e l v e s and t h e P i o n e e r , ' " C h r i s t i a n P i o n e e r
(December, 1 8 6 1 ) , p . 32 7.
32.
Rhodes
Rhodes
op.
to
to
to
c it. ,
p.
Rhodes,
G a rfie ld ,
G a rfie ld ,
159.
O ctober
26,
N ov em be r
N ov em be r
19,
26,
1861.
1861.
1861.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
347
33.
O tto F . Bond, ( e d .) , Under th e F la g o f th e N a t io n : D ia
r i e s and L e t t e r s o f a Y a n k e e i n t h e
C i v i l Wa r ( C o l u m b u s :
O hio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 1 ) ,
p. 12.
T h i s rem ark
i s f r o m t h e d i a r y o f Owen J o h n s t o n H o p k i n s , a p r i v a t e i n
Company K .
34.
Ib id . ,
pp.
35.
G a rfie ld
12-13.
to
a lso ,
Mason,
De ce mbe r 1 7 ,
Pa p e rs.
38.
" I n m o s t r e s p e c t s i t i s t h e c o m p l e t e s t t h i n g we h a v e
a c c o m p lish e d ," G a r f ie l d w ro te a f t e r th e b a t t l e , " b u t i t
l a c k s b l o o d t o g i v e i t much p l a c e among t h e m o v e m e n t s
o f the tim e ."
See G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , March 1 9 , 1 8 6 2 ,
in the G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
M a r s h a l l l o s t e l e v e n k i l l e d and
f o u r t e e n w o u n d e d , and G a r f i e l d r e p o r t e d l o s s e s o f t h r e e
dead and e i g h t e e n w o u n d e d .
S ee W ar o f t h e R e b e l l i o n : A
C o m p i l i a t i o n o f t h e O f f i c i a l R e c o r d s o f t h e U n i o n and
C o n fe d e ra t e A rm ie s (128 v o l s . ; W a s h i n g t o n , 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 0 1 ) ,
S e r i e s I , V I I , p . 31 and p . 4 8 .
to
G a rfie ld ,
January
Fe bruary
6,
13,
1861.
46.
T h o m a s M u n n e l l , " D i s c i p l e s h i p A mi d t h e W a r , " B a n n e r o f
t h e F a i t h , ( F e b r u a r y , 1 8 6 2 ) , pp. 4 2 - 4 3 .
Th e Canadian
D i s c i p l e who e d i t e d t h i s p e r i o d i c a l was D a v i d O l i p h a n t ,
a gra d ua te o f Bethany C o lle g e .
G a r f ie ld 's c o nta cts w ith
h i s b r e t h r e n i n K e n tu c k y were n o t a lw a y s e n c o u ra g in g .
W h i l e i n P i k e t o n , he i n f o r m e d L u c r e t i a t h a t he was s t a y
in g " w i t h a D i s c i p l e f a m ily , th e f i n e s t i n th e pla c e ;
b u t th e y are a l l s e c e s s io n is t s . "
I t i s "one o f t h e p a i n
f u l f a c t s o f t h e r e b e l l i o n , " he w r o t e , " t h a t n e a r l y a l l
t h e m o s t c u l t i v a t e d and e n l i g h t e n e d p e o p l e i n t h i s c o u n
t r y , a t l e a s t , a r e on t h e s i d e o f t h e r e b e l l i o n .
Th is
p ro b a b ly grows o u t o f th e f a c t t h a t th e le a d e rs o f th e
r e b e l l i o n w e r e t h e a r i s t o c r a t s o f t h e S o u t h , and t h e y
have l e d o f f t h a t e le m e n t w i t h t h e m . "
See G a r f i e l d t o
L u c r e t ia , Fe b ru a ry 23, 1862, in the G a r fie ld Pa p e rs.
Lu c re tia ,
20,
G a rfie ld
p.
37.
to
De ce mbe r
1861.
c i t .,
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Lu c re tia ,
op.
36.
39.
to
Rhodes,
See
1862.
1862.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
40.
Rhodes
Pa p e rs.
41.
W i l l i a m s , op. c i t . , p. 4.
Years l a t e r , a f t e r a c onver
s a t io n w it h D r. R o b iso n , G a r fie ld w ro te i n h i s d ia r y :
" T h e D o c t o r gave me a f u l l h i s t o r y o f h i s s t r u g g l e w i t h
G ov . T o d i n M a r c h 1 8 6 2 , i n r e f e r e n c e t o my p r o m o t i o n t o
a B rig a d ie r G e n e ra lsh ip ."
S e e H a r r y James B r o w n and
F r e d e r i c k D. W i l l i a m s ,
( e d s . ) , T h e D i a r y o f James A.
G a r f i e l d ( E a s t L a n s in g : M ichiga n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ,
348
1 9 7 3 ) , I I I , p. 126.
When G a r f i e l d g o t w i n d o f t h e move
m e n t o n h i s b e h a l f , he w r o t e t o W a l l a c e J o h n F o r d : " I
h a v e n e v e r s a i d a w o r d i n r e f e r e n c e t o i t i n way o f e x
p re ssin g a d e sire fo r i t .
I f a n y s u c h t h i n g comes up I
w a n t i t t o be b e c a u s e t h e g r e a t c a u s e o f t h e U n i o n w i l l
be a d v a n c e d b y i t . "
S ee G a r f i e l d t o W a l l a c e J o h n F o r d ,
F e b r u a r y 1 4 , 1 8 6 2 , i n t h e A n d r e DeCoppet C o l l e c t i o n a t
P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y , and q u o t e d i n W i l l i a m s , o p . c i t . ,
p. 6 7 .
On t h e same s u b j e c t , G a r f i e l d w r o t e t o R h o d e s :
" I am r e a s s u r e d b y t h i s t h o u g h t , t h a t I h a v e n e v e r by
w o r d o r w r i t t e n s e n t e n c e made a n y a p p r o a c h t o f o r w a r d i n g
t h e m ov emen t o r i n v i t i n g i t .
Had I done s o , I s h o u l d
f e e l I w as m o v i n g t h e p l a n s o f God, and s h o u l d n o t s u c
c eed ."
See G a r f i e l d t o R h o d e s , March 3 , 1 8 6 2 , i n t h e
T h u s , a f t e r l e a d i n g o n l y one command
i n b a t t l e ( i n w h i c h he f i r e d o n l y o ne s h o t ) , G a r f i e l d
became t h e y o u n g e s t b r i g a d i e r g e n e r a l i n t h e U n i o n a r m y .
42.
H in s d a le to G a r f ie l d , January 21, 1862. G a r f ie ld P a p e rs .
I n h i s f i r s t l e t t e r home a f t e r t h e b a t t l e , G a r f i e l d had
s a i d o f M a r s h a l l : " H e l e f t 85 o f h i s dead on t h e f i e l d .
H i s w ou n de d c a n n o t be l e s s t h a n 1 5 0 . "
L u c r e t ia , Ja nuary 13, 1862, in G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
These
i n i t i a l f i g u r e s t u r n e d o u t t o be a g r e a t e x a g g e r a t i o n .
43.
G a rfie ld
to
44.
W i l l i a m Dean H o w e l l s , Y e a r s o f My Y o u t h
H a r p e r & B r o t h e r s , 1 9 1 6 ) , pp. 2 0 5 - 2 0 6 .
45.
G a rfie ld
to Rhodes, Fe b ru a ry 12, 1862. G a r fie ld P a p e rs.
W i l b u r F . H in m a n , T h e S t o r y o f t h e Sherman B r i g a d e ( c i t y
and p u b l i s h e r n o t g i v e n , 1 8 9 7 ) , p . 1 5 2 .
G a r f ie ld to L u c r e t i a , January 13, 1862. G a r f ie ld P a p e rs.
G a r f i e l d t o Mark H o p k in s , June 9, 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G a r fie ld to Rhodes, Fe b ru a ry 12, 1862. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
G a rfie ld to L u c r e t ia , Fe bruary 15, 1862. G a rfie ld P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d t o R h o d e s , March 3 ,1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
46.
G a rfie ld
47.
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , March
10, 1862. G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , March
30, 1862. G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
C a p ta in F r e d e r ic k A ug ustus W ill ia m s , a n o th e r D i s c ip le
f r o m Company A , c o n t r a c t e d t y p h o i d f e v e r a t t h i s same
tim e .
G a r f i e l d a l l o w e d h i m t o r e t u r n t o h i s home i n
R a v e n n a , O h i o , w h e r e he d i e d on J u l y 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 .
He had
b e e n o ne o f t h e m o s t p o p u l a r men i n t h e r e g i m e n t , and
G a r f i e l d had c a l l e d h i m " t h e t w i n b r o t h e r o f my s o u l . "
See F r e d e r i c k A. H e n r y , o p. c i t . , p . 1 2 5 .
to
E liz a ,
January
Lu c re tia ,
March
26,
1862.
10, 1862.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
(New Y o r k :
G a rfie ld
Pa pe rs.
349
48.
I n t h i s 2 - d a y b a t t l e , A p r i l 6 and 7 , b o t h t h e U n i o n and
C o n fe d e ra te a rm ie s s u f f e r e d heavy c a s u a l t i e s .
N e a rly
2 4 , 0 0 0 w e re k i l l e d , wounded, o r r e p o r t e d m i s s i n g .
Each
s i d e l o s t a b o u t a q u a r t e r o f t h e t o t a l t r o o p s engaged.
49.
G a rfie ld to L u c re tia , A p r il 9, 1862. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
G a rfie ld to L u c re tia , A p r il 21, 1862. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
50.
G a r f i e l d w a s s h o c k e d by t h e s e e m i n g i n d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e
West P o i n t - t r a in e d o f f i c e r s to the e v i l s o f s la v e ry .
He
f o u n d t h a t many o f t h e m h a t e d r e b e l s , N e g r o e s , and a b o
l i t i o n i s t s w i t h e q u a l p a s s i o n , and t h e y d i d n o t w a n t t o
w i n t h e w a r i f v i c t o r y m e a n t t h e end o f s l a v e r y .
Th e ir
v i e w s e v e n had o f f i c i a l s a n c t i o n .
A t t h i s stage i n the
w a r , t h e o f f i c i a l g o a l o f t h e N o r t h was t h e r e s t o r a t i o n
o f t h e U n i o n , and n o t t h e e r a d i c a t i o n o f s l a v e r y .
"I
h a v e come t o b e l i e v e t h e r e i s s o m e t h i n g a m o u n t i n g a l m o s t
t o a c o n s p i r a c y among l e a d i n g o f f i c e r s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e
o f t h e r e g u l a r a rm y ," G a r f i e l d com plained t o R h o d e s, " t o
t a b o o t h e w h o l e q u e s t i o n o f a n t i - s l a v e r y and t h r o w a s
much d i s c r e d i t o n i t a s u p o n t r e a s o n . . . . B e f o r e God
I h e r e s e c o n d my c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h e s p i r i t o f s l a v e r y
i s t h e s o u l o f t h i s r e b e l l i o n , and t h e i n c a r n a t e d e v i l
w h i c h m u s t be c a s t o u t b e f o r e we can t r u s t i n a n y peace
a s l a s t i n g an d s e c u r e .
I t may be a p a r t o f G o d ' s p l a n
t o l e n g t h e n o u t t h i s w a r t i l l o u r w h o l e a r m y h a s b ee n
s u f f i c i e n t l y o u t r a g e d by t h e h a u g h t y t y r a n n y o f p r o s l a v
e r y o f f i c e r s and t h e s p i r i t o f s l a v e r y and s l a v e h o l d e r s
w i t h whom t h e y came i n c o n t a c t . " S ee G a r f i e l d t o R h o d e s ,
May 1 , 1 8 6 2 , i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
51.
G a rfie ld to L u c re tia
G a rfie ld to A u s tin ,
S m i t h , o p . c i t . , p.
G a rfie ld to L u c re tia
52.
G a r fie ld to L u c r e t ia , J u ly 5, 1862. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
W asson, op. c i t . , p. 86.
Wasson s e r v e d as a s t u d e n t
m i n i s t e r f o r th e church i n M o o r e s v i l l e d u r in g th e
school year o f 1936-37.
53.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
54.
A s h t a b u l a , T r u m b u l l , and M a h o n i n g c o u n t i e s had l o n g b e e n
t o g e t h e r , b u t now Geauga and P o r t a g e w e r e added t o t h e
new g r o u p i n g .
H u t c h i n s was s t r o n g i n h i s home c o u n t y o f
T r u m b u l l , b u t t h a t w as l a r g e l y n e u t r a l i z e d by h i s u n p o p
u l a r i t y w i t h t h e a b o l i t i o n i s t s o f A s h t a b u l a who had n o t
f o r g i v e n him f o r u n s e a t in g t h e i r i d o l , Jo sh u a G id d in g s ,
to
to
, May 4 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
May 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
207.
, A p r il 21, 1862. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
Rhodes, J u l y 9, 1862. G a r f ie l d P a p e rs .
L u c r e t ia , J u ly 5, 1862. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
350
fo u r ye a rs e a r li e r .
G a r f i e l d had some s t r e n g t h
new c o u n t i e s , and he had t h e added a d v a n t a g e o f
A u s t i n ' s c o n sid e ra b le in flu e n c e i n T ru m b u ll.
i n the
H ar mo n
55.
R h o d e s t o G a r f i e l d , May 9 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G a rfie ld to
R h o d e s , May 1 9 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
May 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
56.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
See n o t e
to
to
36
A u s t i n , May 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
R h o d e s , May 2 8 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
i n c h a p te r th re e o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n .
57.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
to
to
Rhod es, June 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
L u c re tia , J u ly 5, 1862. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
58.
G a r f i e l d t o A u s t i n , June 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
S m i t h c o mme n ts on t h i s l e t t e r : " I t i s n o t t o o much t o
say t h a t i n t h i s l e t t e r G a r f ie ld to ok a d e c is iv e s te p
i n h i s l i f e , n o t m e r e l y as t o h i s e x p r e s s e d w i l l i n g n e s s
t o r u n f o r C o n g r e s s , coup led w i t h s t r i c t s c r u p l e s as t o
t h e p a r t h e was w i l l i n g t o p l a y i n p a v i n g t h e w a y , b u t
c h i e f l y i n p la c in g h i s p o l i t i c a l f a t e i n th e hands o f
H a r m o n A u s t i n , who f r o m t h i s moment was t o be h i s g u i d e ,
a d v i s e r and p o l i t i c a l m an a g e r a l l h i s d a y s . "
S ee S m i t h ,
op. c i t . , p . 224.
59.
L u c re tia to G a rfie ld , A p r il 17, 1862. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
B r o w n had k no w n o f G a r f i e l d ' s a m b i t i o n s f o r some t i m e ,
and he had f i r s t made h i s a c c u s a t i o n a y e a r e a r l i e r .
60.
G a r fie ld to Rhodes,
no d a t e ,
but
J u ly
1862.
24,
p ro b a b ly
J u ly ,
G a rfie ld
1862.
Pa p e rs.
61.
J e s s i e Brown P o u n d s, " E x e r c i s e s i n Honor o f th e E i g h t
i e t h A n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e B i r t h o f Ja me s A . G a r f i e l d , "
B u l l e t i n o f H i r a m C o l l e g e , G a r f i e l d Number, 1 9 1 2 .
62.
G a r f i e l d t o C a p ta in R a lp h Plum b, Septem ber 2 , 1 8 6 2 , i n
S m i t h , op. c i t . , p. 23 4.
G a r f i e l d t o E l i z a , September 2, 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
63.
G a r f i e l d t o F u l l e r , Septem ber 5 , 1 8 6 2 ,
c i t . , p. 330.
P o rta g e C ounty D em ocrat, Septem ber 1 7 ,
64.
in
F u lle r,
op.
1862.
I n t h e e l e c t i o n on O c t o b e r 4 , 1 8 6 2 , G a r f i e l d d e f e a t e d
h i s D e m o c r a t i c o p p o n e n t by t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g v o t e m a r g i n
o f 1 3 ,28 8 to 6 ,7 6 3 .
Under th e system then p r e v a il in g ,
a "la m e d u c k " C o n g r e s s w o u ld meet i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 8 6 3 .
351
65.
G a r f i e l d a r r i v e d i n W a s h i n g t o n on S e p t e m b e r 1 9 .
Iro n i
c a l l y , i t w as n i n e t e e n y e a r s l a t e r t o t h e v e r y day t h a t
he d i e d o f an a s s a s s i n ' s b u l l e t o n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 , 1 8 8 1 .
66.
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , Septem ber 2 0 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
G a r f i e l d t o Rhod e s, September 2 2 , 1 8 6 2 .
G a r f i e l d t o A u s t i n , Septem ber 2 5 , 1 8 6 2 .
R o b e r t B . W a r d e n , T h e P r i v a t e L i f e and P u b l i c S e r v i c e s
o f S a lm o n P o r t l a n d Chase ( C i n c i n n a t i : W i l l s t a c h , B a l d w i n
and Company, 1 8 7 4 ) , p . 4 8 9 .
67.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
to
to
Rhode s, Septem ber 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
L u c r e t i a , Septem ber 2 7 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d
to
to
Rhodes, O ctober5, 18 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e rs .
Rhodes, O ctober 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
68.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
to
to
L u c r e t i a , O ctober 31, 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
R h o d e s , N ov em be r 2 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
69.
G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e , De cember 1 0 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
H a r o l d Eugene D a v i s , H i n s d a l e o f H i r a m : The L i f e o f
B u rk e Aaron H in s d a le (W a sh in g to n : The U n i v e r s i t y
Pre ss
o f W a s h in g t o n , D. C . , 1 9 7 1 ) , p. 5 9 .
W h i l e G a r f i e l d was
s e r v in g i n th e s t a t e sena te i n th e s p r in g o f 1860, H i n s
d a l e h a d b e e n e m p l o y e d w i t h t h e s c h o o l on a t e m p o r a r y
b a s i s (see n o te 117 i n c h a p te r 3 o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n ) .
B u t a d e c l i n i n g e n r o l l m e n t had f o r c e d h i s d i s m i s s a l .
70.
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , O ctober 24 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G a rfie ld to
Rho d e s, O ctober 26 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
N ov e m be r 9 ,
1862. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
G a r f i e l d t o R h o d e s , N ov em be r 1 6 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
71.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " C h u r c h o f C h r i s t and W o r l d - P o w e r s , No.
1 1 , " G o s p e l A d v o c a te , ( J u l y 3 , 1 8 6 6 ) , pp. 4 1 7 - 4 1 8 .
D a v id Ed w in H a r r e l l , J r . , " D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t P a c i f i s m
i n N in e te e n th C e ntury Te n n e sse e ," Tennessee H i s t o r i c a l
Q u a r t e r l y , (S e p te m b e r, 1 9 6 2 ) , pp. 2 6 8 - 2 6 9 .
72.
G a r f i e l d t o R h o d e s , De ce mbe r 7 , 1 8 6 2 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G a r f i e l d ' s l e t t e r s d u rin g th e s o jo u r n i n W ashingto n r e
v e a l a few c o n ta c ts w i t h D i s c i p l e s .
L u c r e t i a , O ctober 14 , 1862; G a r f i e l d to L u c r e t i a , O cto
b e r 3 1 , 1 8 6 2 ; G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , N ov e m be r 7 , 1 8 6 2 ;
G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , N ov em be r 3 0 , 1 8 6 2 ; and G a r f i e l d
t o L u c r e t i a , December 2 6 , 1 8 6 2 , i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
73.
G arfield
to
Hinsdale,
January
6,
1863.
G arfield
Papers.
352
74.
G a r f i e l d was t r a n s l a t i n g t h e S e c r e t . . . I n s t r u c t i o n s
o f F re d e ric k I I , f o r H is In s p e c to rs G e n e ra l.
T h e manu
s c r i p t o f t h i s u n p u b lis h e d work e x i s t s i n th e G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
T h e s t a t e m e n t s by G a r f i e l d a r e f r o m h i s p r e f a c e
t o t h i s p r o j e c t e d volum e.
F o r G a r f i e l d ' s comme nt s on
t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h i s m a n u s c r i p t , see G a r f i e l d t o R h o d e s,
De ce mbe r 2 4 , 1 8 6 2 ; G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , J a n u a r y 6 , 1 8 6 3 ,
and G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a , J a n u a r y 9 , 1 8 6 3 , i n G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
When G a r f i e l d a r r i v e d i n T e n n e s s e e , R o s e c r a n s
wa s a t t h e p e a k o f h i s f a m e .
He h a d j u s t p r e v a i l e d o v e r
Bragg i n th e w id e ly h a ile d v i c t o r y a t S t o n e 's R i v e r .
75.
G
G
G
G
76.
G a r fie ld to L u c r e t ia , Fe b ru a ry 13, 1863. G a r fie ld Pa p e rs.
G a r f i e l d t o Chase, F e b ru a ry 15, 1 8 6 3 .
T h is le t t e r is in
t h e C h a s e P a p e r s i n t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s and c i t e d i n
W i l l i a m s , o p . c T t . , pp. 2 3 5 - 2 3 6 .
G a rfie ld
to A u s t in , Fe b ru a ry 18, 1863. G a r fie ld Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
to H in s d a le , Fe b ru a ry 16, 1863. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
a
a
a
a
rfie
rfie
rfie
rfie
ld
ld
ld
ld
to
to
to
to
L u c re tia
Rhodes,
L u c re tia
Rhodes,
, January 26, 1863. G a r f ie ld P a p e rs .
January 27, 1863. G a r f ie ld P a p e rs .
, F e b ru a ry 5, 1863. G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
Fe b rua ry 14, 1863. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
77.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
to Rhodes, January 27, 1863. G a r f ie ld P a p e rs .
t o E l i z a , March 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
78.
G a rfie ld
to Rhodes, Fe b ru a ry 14, 1863. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
G a r f i e l d t o Chase, F e b ru a ry 15, 1 8 6 3 .
T h is le t t e r i s in
t h e C h a s e P a p e r s i n t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s and c i t e d i n
W i l l i a m s , op. c i t . , pp. 2 3 5 - 2 3 6 .
G a rfie ld to A u s tin , Fe bruary 18, 1863. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
G a rfie ld to L u c r e tia , Fe b rua ry 22, 1863. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
L i o n e l A . S h e l d o n t o G a r f i e l d , N ov em be r 1 4 , 1 8 6 3 .
G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
79.
G a r f ie ld to Rhodes, Fe b ru a ry 14, 1863. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
G a rfie ld to L u c r e tia , Fe b rua ry 26, 1863. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
G a r f i e l d ' s new h e a d q u a r t e r s w e r e i n t h e o l d K e e b l e r e s i
d e n c e , a S o u t h e r n m a n s i o n t h a t had b e e n h a s t i l y v a c a t e d
by i t s s e c e s s i o n i s t o w n e r .
In l a t e r y e a rs , a descendent
o f o n e o f t h e K e e b l e s l a v e s w o u l d become a c e l e b r a t e d
p r e a c h e r i n t h e R e s t o r a t i o n Movement.
See J . E . C h o a t e ,
R o l l J o rd a n R o l l : A B io g ra p h y o f M a r s h a l l K eeb le (Nash
v i l l e : G o s p e l A d v o c a t e Company, 1 9 7 4 ) , p . 1 4 .
80.
G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e , September 1 2 ,
P a p e rs.
G a r f i e l d t o F u l l e r , May 4 , 1 8 6 3 , i n
pp. 3 3 6 - 3 3 7 .
1862.
G a rfie ld
F u lle r,
op.
c i t .,
353
G a r f i e l d t o C h a s e , May 5 , 1 8 6 3 .
T h i s l e t t e r i s i n the
C h a s e P a p e r s i n t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s , and i s c i t e d
i n W i l l i a m s , op. c i t . , pp. 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 .
Commenting on G a r f i e l d ' s s t r a t e g y , A l l a n P e s k i n w r i t e s :
" A t W e s t P o i n t young o f f i c e r s were t r a i n e d i n t h e s t r a
t e g i c d o c t r i n e s o f B a r o n J o m i n i , whose c l a s s i c t e x t b o o k s
on t h e a r t o f w a r had s h a p e d t h e s t r a t e g i c c o n c e p t s o f a
g e n e ra tio n o f p le b e s.
T o J o m i n i and h i s many t r a n s l a t o r s
and p o p u l a r i z e r s . . . w a r was a f i n e a r t t h a t w as b e s t
l e f t i n th e hands o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s o l d i e r s .
T h e ir id e a l
was e i g h t e e n t h - c e n t u r y w a r f a r e , c o n d u c t e d w i t h a m i n i m u m
o f b l o o d s h e d by w e l l - d i s c i p l i n e d s o l i d e r s f i g h t i n g f o r
l i m i t e d , c l e a r l y d e fin e d aim s, th e m ost im p o rta n t o f
w h i c h w e r e t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f t h e e n e m y ' s t e r r i t o r y and
th e ca p ture o f h i s c a p ita l c i t y .
E n t h r a l l e d by t h e p r o s
p e c t o f t u r n i n g w a r i n t o a s c i e n c e , J o m i n i and h i s s c h o o l
d i s r e g a r d e d a l l t h e u n t i d y and u n s c i e n t i f i c f a c t o r s , s u c h
a s p o l i t i c s and i d e o l o g y , w h i c h c o u l d u p s e t t h e i r n e a t
d ia g ra m s.
R e c o i li n g i n h o r r o r fro m th e e xc e sse s o f th e
Fre n c h R e v o lu t io n , th e y dep lored t o t a l w a rs , o r w ars
waged f o r t h e s u b j u g a t i o n o f e n t i r e p e o p l e s .
These p r i n
c i p l e s m i g h t h a v e been s o u n d f o r E u r o p e a n w a r s o f t h e
e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y , b u t t h e A m e r i c a n C i v i l W ar was a
d i f f e r e n t case e n t i r e l y .
I t was p r e - e m i n e n t l y a p o l i t i
c a l w a r , f o u g h t between p e o p le s , n o t s o l d i e r s .
G a rfie ld ,
no s o l d i e r b u t v e r y much a p o l i t i c i a n , was a c t u a l l y b e t
t e r equipped t o u n d e rs ta n d th e t r u e n a t u r e o f t h i s war
t h a n w e r e many p r o f e s s i o n a l s o l d i e r s .
C o n v i n c e d t h a t no
m i l i t a r y s o l u t i o n was p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t t h e a b o l i t i o n o f
s l a v e r y and t h e t h o r o u g h r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s o u t h e r n s o
c i e t y , he r e j e c t e d J o m i n i ' s p r i n c i p l e s and a d v o c a t e d a
t o t a l war fo u g h t to th e f i n i s h . "
S ee A l l a n P e s k i n ,
" J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d , " i n K e n n e t h W. W h e e l e r , ( e d . ) , F o r
t h e U n i o n : O h io L e a d e r s i n t h e C i v i l War (C o lu m b u s: O h io
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 ) , pp. 1 0 1 - 1 0 2 .
F o r essays
on t h e i n f l u e n c e o f J o m i n i , s e e T . H a r r y W i l l i a m s , " T h e
M i l i t a r y L e a d e r s h i p o f N o r t h and S o u t h , " i n D a v i d D o n a l d
( e d . ) , Why t h e N o r t h Won t h e C i v i l W a r ( B a t o n R o u g e :
L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 0 ) ; and D a v i d D o n
a l d , " R e f i g h t i n g th e C i v i l W a r ," i n D a vid Donald ( e d . ) ,
L i n c o l n R e c o n s i d e r e d : E s s a y s on t h e C i v i l W a r E r a (New
Y o r k : A l f r e d A. K n o p f, 1 9 6 1 ) .
81.
G a rfie ld
to
E liz a ,
March
22,
1863.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
82.
I t was d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d o f m o u n t i n g f r u s t r a t i o n t h a t
G a r f i e l d t r a n s m i t t e d o rd e r s f o r a h a n g in g .
On J u n e 8
two c o n f e d e r a t e o f f i c e r s , d r e s s e d as U n io n o f f i c e r s ,
e n t e r e d U n i o n l i n e s i n an e f f o r t t o g e t i n f o r m a t i o n on
R o s e c r a n s ' army.
When t h e i r r u s e was d i s c o v e r e d , t h e y
354
w e r e t r i e d b y a m i l i t a r y c o m m i s s i o n and h a n g e d f o r s p y
in g .
F o r mor e o n G a r f i e l d ' s r o l e i n t h i s a f f a i r , s e e
J o h n E . B a k e l e s s , " I n c i d e n t a t F o r t G r a n g e r , " C i v i l War
T i m e s I l l u s t r a t e d , ( A p r i l , 1 9 6 9 ) , pp. 1 0 - 1 5 .
83.
G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e , May 2 6 , 1 8 6 3 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G a r f i e l d t o Rho de s, June 1 1 , 1 8 6 3 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G e n e r a l O r d e r N o . 38 t h r e a t e n e d p e r s o n s " d e c l a r i n g s ym
p a t h i e s f o r t h e enemy" w i t h a r r e s t and t r i a l by m i l i t a r y
p r o c e d u r e a s s p i e s and t r a i t o r s .
T h o s e c o n v ic t e d were
t o be e x e c u t e d o r s e n t t o t h e e nemy.
See a l s o , G a r f i e l d
t o A u s t i n , May 4 , 1 8 6 3 , i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s f o r a d d i
t i o n a l evidence o f G a r f i e l d ' s c o n t in u in g in v o lv e m e n t i n
th e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f the E c le c tic d u rin g t h i s tim e .
84.
F o r a g oo d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e T u l l a h o m a C a m p a i g n , s e e
A l l a n J a y P e s k i n , "James A. G a r f i e l d : 1 8 3 1 - 1 8 6 3 " (unp ub
l is h e d P h .D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , W e ste rn Reserve U n i v e r s i t y ,
1 9 6 5 ) , pp. 2 8 7 - 3 0 0 .
85.
G a rfie ld
86.
I t was d u r i n g t h i s s i x - w e e k s d e l a y t h a t G a r f i e l d s e n t a
p r i v a t e l e t t e r t o S e c r e t a r y Chase c r i t i c i z i n g R o s e c r a n s '
in a c tio n .
I n t h i s way, G a r f i e l d d i s a s s o c i a t e d h i m s e l f
fr o m h i s com m ander's d e l a y i n g t a c t i c s .
87.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
88.
P e s k i n d i s s e r t a t i o n , op. c i t . , pp. 3 2 0 - 3 2 1 .
T h e r e w e re o v e r 3 3 , 0 0 0 t o t a l c a s u a l t i e s a t Chicamauga.
89.
R o s e c r a n s ' com mendation o f G a r f i e l d n o t e d t h a t " h i s h i g h
i n t e l l i g e n c e , s p o t l e s s i n t e g r i t y , b u s i n e s s c a p a c i t y , and
t h o r o u g h a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h t h e w a n t s o f t h e army w i l l
r e n d e r h i s s e r v i c e s , i f p o s s i b l e , more v a l u a b l e t o t h e
c o u n try i n C ongress than w it h u s . "
90.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
91.
G a r f i e l d t o Jo h n Q uincy S m i t h , F e b r u a r y 1 5 , 1 8 6 2 .
G a r f i e l d ' s comme nt s on t h e " h o r r o r s o f p e a c e " a r e f r o m
a s p e e c h he d e l i v e r e d b e f o r e t h e C l e v e l a n d S a n i t a r y F a i r
o n F e b r u a r y 2 2 , 1 8 6 4 , and q u o t e d i n t h e P o r t a g e C o u n t y
D e m o c ra t on March 2 , 1 8 6 4 .
92.
See
to
to
to
P e sk in ,
L u c re tia ,
L u c re tia ,
August
Septem ber
Mark H o p k in s ,
in
23,
W he ele r,
1863.
16,
De ce mbe r
op.
c it.,
G a rfie ld
1863.
12,
p.
G a rfie ld
1863.
115.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
NOTES
355
TO C H A P TE R S I X
1.
W i l l i a m T . Moore, A C om prehensive H i s t o r y o f th e D i s
c i p l e s o f C h r i s t (New Y o r k : F l e m i n g H . R e v e l l Company,
1 9 0 9 ) , p . 12 and p . 6 9 9 .
W in fre d E r n e s t G a rris o n , R e lig io n F o llo w s the F r o n t i e r
(New Y o r k : H a r p e r and B r o t h e r s , 1 9 3 1 ) , p . 1 4 8 .
W i n f r e d E . G a r r i s o n and A l f r e d T . D e G r o o t , T h e D i s c i p l e s
o f C h r i s t : A H i s t o r y ( S t . L o u i s : The Be tha ny P r e s s ,
1 9 5 8 ) , p. 364.
F o r a d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f p e r i o d i c a l s among t h e D i s c i p l e s
f r o m 1 8 5 0 t o 1 9 1 0 , s e e James B r o o k s M a j o r , " T h e R o l e o f
P e r i o d i c a l s i n t h e Developm ent o f t h e D i s c i p l e s o f
C h r i s t , 1 8 5 0 -1 9 1 0 " (u n p u b lish e d P h .D . t h e s i s , V a n d e r b ilt
U n iv e r s ity , 1966).
2.
F o r a l i s t i n g o f p e r i o d i c a l s , see Claude E . S p e n c e r,
P e r i o d i c a l s o f t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t and R e l a t e d R e l i
g io u s G roups (C a nton, M i s s o u r i : The D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t
H i s t o r ic a l S o c ie ty , 1943).
3.
J o u r n a l , June 9 , 1850.
G a r f i e l d t o Phoebe B o y n t o n , J u l y 1 0 , 1 8 5 5 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
S e e , a l s o , T h e o d o r e C l a r k e S m i t h , T h e L i f e and L e t t e r s
o f J a me s A b r a m G a r f i e l d (New H a v e n : Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y
P r e s s , 1 9 2 5 ) , p. 75.
4.
Be n ja m in F r a n k l i n ,
A m erican C h r i s t i a n
5.
Be n ja m in F r a n k l i n ,
"What i s P o l i t i c a l
P re a c h in g ? " A m e ri
can C h r i s t i a n Q u a r t e r l y R e v i e w , I I
( 1 8 6 3 ) , p. 2 7 7 .
6.
J o h n R . H o w a r d and D a v i d T . W r i g h t , " A V i n d i c a t i o n o f
O u r s e l v e s an d t h e C h r i s t i a n P i o n e e r , " C h r i s t i a n P i o n e e r ,
(Septem ber, 1 8 6 1 ) , p. 170.
O f t h e t w e n t y - t h r e e men, A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l , W. K . P e n
d l e t o n , and R o b e r t R i c h a r d s o n , w e r e f r o m B e t h a n y .
Three
w e re f r o m K e n t u c k y — W i n t h r o p H. H o p s o n , A y l e t t e R a i n e s ,
and R o b e r t M i l l i g a n .
T w o — B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n and D a v i d
S . B u r n e t — w e r e f r o m C i n c i n n a t i , and t w o o t h e r s - - P h i l i p
F a l l and T o l b e r t F a n n i n g - - w e r e f r o m T e n n e s s e e .
E le v e n
w e r e f r o m M i s s o u r i - - T h o m a s M. A l l e n , A l e x a n d e r P r o c t e r ,
J . W. M c G a r v e y , B e n j a m i n H . S m i t h , F r a n c i s R . P a l m e r ,
Jacob C r e a t h , J r . , B u t l e r K . S m i t h , Moses E . L a r d , Η . H.
H a l e y , T h o m a s P . H a l e y , and J o s i a h W. C o x .
The o n ly
N o r t h e r n p r e a c h e r s l i s t e d w e r e I s a a c E r r e t t and S i l a s E .
S h e p a r d , and t h e r e was no one named f r o m t h e deep S o u t h .
7.
E lija h
1861),
" A L e t t e r f r o m an O l d B r o t h e r , "
R e vie w , (Fe b ru a ry ,
1 8 6 0 ) , p. 34.
Goodwin, " R e m a r k s , "
pp. 2 7 9 - 2 8 0 .
C h ris tia n
Record,
(Septem ber,
356
8.
One o f t h e Men, " A R e p l y t o ' V i n d i c a t i o n o f O u r s e l v e s
and t h e P i o n e e r , ' " C h r i s t i a n P i o n e e r , ( D e c e m b e r , 1 8 6 1 ) ,
pp. 3 2 2 - 3 3 4 .
As p o i n t e d o u t i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r (se e pp. 1 5 8 - 5 9 ) ,
t h e l o y a l t y r e s o l u t i o n was n o t p a s s e d i n t h e c o n v e n t i o n
p ro c e e d in g s b u t i n a h a s t i l y - c a l l e d "mass m e e t in g . "
9.
Ib id .
10.
See t h e 1 8 6 2 vo lu m e o f t h e W e e k ly C h r i s t i a n R e c o r d f o r
numerous war r e p o r t s fro m C h a p la in J o n e s .
The A b ile n e
C h r i s t i a n C o lle g e l i b r a r y has m i c r o f i l m c o p ie s o f a l l
i s s u e s o f th e Record f o r th e y e a rs 1 8 4 3 - 1 8 6 6 .
11.
E l i j a h G o o d w in, "He T h a t I s N o t F o r U s I s A g a i n s t U s , "
W eekly C h r i s t i a n R e c o rd , ( A p r i l 15 , 1 8 6 2 ) , p. 2.
U n t i l i t ceased p u b l i c a t i o n i n 1 8 6 3 , t h e a b o l i t i o n i s t
p a p e r e d i t e d b y J o h n B o g g s , t h e C h r i s t i a n L u m i n a r y , was
an a r d e n t s u p p o r t e r o f t h e R e c o r d ' s p r o w a r p o l i c y .
12.
Be n ja m in
Am erican
13.
E l i j a h G o o d w i n , " A . C. M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y , "
C h r i s t i a n R e c o r d , ( N ov em be r 4 , 1 8 6 2 ) , p . 2 .
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
F ra n k lin ,
C h ris tia n
"Th e G eneral M i s s io n a r y M e e tin g ,"
R e v i e w , ( N ov e mb er 4 , 1 8 6 2 ) , p . 2 .
W eekly
A. S . H . , " M i s s i o n a r y C o n v e n tio n a t S h e lb y , O h i o , "
Am erican C h r i s t i a n R e v ie w , ( J u l y 1 4 , 1 8 6 3 ) , p. 1 1 0 .
A la n so n W ilc o x , A H i s t o r y o f th e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t
i n O h i o ( C i n c i n n a t i : T h e S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company,
1 9 1 8 ) , pp. 1 1 4 - 1 1 9 .
Report
in g o f
in C in
Morgan
o f P ro c e e d in g s o f th e F i f t e e n t h A n n i v e r s a r y Meet
t h e Am erican C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y , H e ld
c i n n a t i , O ctober 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 1863 ( C i n c i n n a t i : E .
and S o n s , P r i n t e r s , 1 8 6 3 ) , p . 2 4 .
Be n ja m in F r a n k l i n , "Th e G eneral M is s io n a r y M e e tin g ,"
A m e r i c a n C h r i s t i a n R e v i e w , ( N ov em be r 1 0 , 1 8 6 3 ) , p . 1 7 8 .
J . W. M c G a r v e y , " M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t i e s , " A m e r i c a n
t i a n Q u a r t e r ly Re vie w , I I
( 1 8 6 3 ) , pp. 3 4 2 - 3 4 5 .
C h ris
D. P a t H e n d e r s o n t o I s a a c E r r e t t , N o v em b er 2 1 , 1 8 6 1 .
John R o g e rs t o Isa a c E r r e t t , A u g u st 10 , 1863.
R o b e r t M i l l i g a n to Isa a c E r r e t t , O ctober 29, 1863.
W i l l i a m B a x t e r t o I s a a c E r r e t t , De cember 1 6 , 1 8 6 3 .
Th e se l e t t e r s are i n th e B u t l e r M a n u s c rip t C o l l e c t i o n ,
lo c a te d in the a rc h iv e s o f the D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t
H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty in N a s h v ille , Tennessee.
357
19.
W i l l i a m B a x t e r t o I s a a c E r r e t t , De ce mbe r 1 6 , 1 8 6 3 ,
B u t l e r M a n u sc rip t C o lle c t io n .
B a x te r's re fe re nc e to
" L a r d ' s Review " i s a re fe re n c e t o a q u a r t e r l y e d ite d
by Moses E . L a r d , a p r e a c h e r i n L e x i n g t o n , K e n t u c k y .
T h i s p e r i o d i c a l was a c t u a l l y c a l l e d L a r d ' s Q u a r t e r l y ,
and w as p u b l i s h e d b e t w e e n 1 8 6 3 and 1 8 6 8 .
20.
J o h n F . Rowe, " R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f t h e R e s t o r a t i o n , " A m e r i
c an C h r i s t i a n R e v i e w , ( J u n e 1 0 , 1 8 8 6 ) , p . 1 8 8 .
E a r l I r v i n W e st, The Search f o r th e A n c ie n t O rd e r, I I ,
( I n d i a n a p o l i s : R e l i g i o u s Book S e r v i c e , 1 9 5 0 ) , pp. 3 1 - 3 5 .
F . M. G r e e n , T h e L i f e and T i m e s o f J o h n F r a n k l i n Rowe
( C i n c i n n a t i : F . L . Ro we, P u b l i s h e r , 1 8 9 9 ) , p p . 9 9 - 1 0 1 .
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o s e e t h e name o f J o h n F . Rowe i n a
d is c u s s io n o f the o r i g i n o f the C h r i s t i a n S ta n d a rd .
He
was l a t e r a c l o s e a s s o c i a t e o f B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , and
when F r a n k l i n d i e d i n 1 8 7 8 t h e e d i t o r s h i p o f t h e R e v i e w
p a s s e d t o Rowe.
21.
W e s t, op. c i t . , p. 35.
J . S . La m a r, M em oirs o f Isa a c E r r e t t , I ,
(C in c in n a ti:
T h e S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 9 3 ) , p p . 3 0 9 - 3 1 0 .
D e s c r i b i n g w hat to o k place a f t e r th e A sh la n d m e e tin g ,
E r r e t t w r o t e : " L a t e r i n t h e y e a r we w e r e a p p r o a c h e d b y
D r . J . P . R o b i s o n , James A . G a r f i e l d , a n d , i f we remem
b e r c e r t a i n l y , H a rm o n A u s t i n , o f W a r r e n , t o l e a r n i f we
w o uld accept th e e d i t o r s h i p o f th e proposed pa pe r.
We
w e r e a s s u r e d t h a t i f we a c c e p t e d , b r e t h r e n s t o o d r e a d y
t o f u r n i s h c a p i t a l t o t h e a m o u n t o f $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 , and a s
s o o n a s we c o u l d e n t e r u p on t h e w o r k t h e c a p i t a l w o u l d
be s u p p l i e d . "
See L a m a r, op. c i t . , p . 3 1 0 .
22.
S e e T h o m a s W. P h i l l i p s , " A P e r s o n a l T r i b u t e t o James A .
G a r f i e l d , " B u l l e t i n o f H i r a m C o l l e g e , G a r f i e l d Number,
1912.
I n th e c o u rs e o f t h i s speech, P h i l l i p s rem arked:
" I kn e w G e n e r a l G a r f i e l d b e t t e r t h a n I h a v e e v e r known
a n y o t h e r man.
I t was i n t h e y e a r 1 8 6 5 t h a t I f i r s t
m e t h i m i n company w i t h W. J . F o r d a t my home i n New
C a s t le , Pa.
P r i o r t o t h i s m e e t i n g I had become w e l l
a c q u a in te d w i t h h i s c a re e r th ro u g h th e p r e s s , fro m
m u t u a l f r i e n d s and e s p e c i a l l y f r o m s t u d e n t s o f H i r a m
o f whom my w i f e was o n e . "
23.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
24.
H e n ry K . Shaw, Buckeye D i s c i p l e s : A H i s t o r y o f t h e
D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t i n O hio ( S t . L o u i s : Th e C h r i s t i a n
Board o f P u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 5 2 ), p. 212.
S e e , a l s o , James D e F o r e s t M u r c h , B . D . P h i l l i p s : L i f e
to
H in sd a le ,
December
11,
1865.
G a rfie ld
357
19.
W i l l i a m B a x t e r t o I s a a c E r r e t t , De ce mbe r 1 6 , 1 8 6 3 ,
B u t l e r M a n u sc rip t C o lle c t io n .
B a x te r's refere nce to
" L a r d ' s Re view " i s a re fe re n c e to a q u a r t e r l y e d ite d
by Moses E . L a r d , a p r e a c h e r i n L e x i n g t o n , K e n t u c k y .
T h i s p e r i o d i c a l was a c t u a l l y c a l l e d L a r d ' s Q u a r t e r l y ,
and w as p u b l i s h e d b e t w e e n 1 8 6 3 and 1 8 6 8 .
20.
J o h n F . Rowe, " R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f t h e R e s t o r a t i o n , " A m e r i
c an C h r i s t i a n R e v i e w , ( J u n e 1 0 , 1 8 8 6 ) , p . 1 8 8 .
E a r l I r v i n W e st, The Search f o r th e A n c ie n t O rd e r , I I ,
( I n d i a n a p o l i s : R e l i g i o u s Book S e r v i c e , 1 9 5 0 ) , pp. 3 1 - 3 5 .
F . M. G r e e n , T h e L i f e and T i m e s o f J o h n F r a n k l i n Rowe
( C i n c i n n a t i : F . L . Ro we, P u b l i s h e r , 1 8 9 9 ) , p p . 9 9 - 1 0 1 .
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o s e e t h e name o f J o h n F . Rowe i n a
d is c u s s io n o f th e o r i g i n o f the C h r i s t i a n S ta n d a rd .
He
was l a t e r a c l o s e a s s o c i a t e o f B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , and
when F r a n k l i n d i e d i n 1 8 7 8 t h e e d i t o r s h i p o f t h e R e v i e w
p a s s e d t o Rowe.
21.
W e s t, op. c i t . , p. 35.
J . S . Lam ar, M em oirs o f Isa a c E r r e t t , I ,
(C in c in n a ti:
D e s c r i b i n g w hat to o k place a f t e r th e A sh la n d m e e tin g ,
E r r e t t w r o t e : " L a t e r i n t h e y e a r we w e r e a p p r o a c h e d b y
D r . J . P . R o b i s o n , James A . G a r f i e l d , a n d , i f we remem
b e r c e r t a i n l y , H a r m o n A u s t i n , o f W a r r e n , t o l e a r n i f we
w o u ld accept th e e d i t o r s h i p o f th e proposed pa pe r.
We
w e r e a s s u r e d t h a t i f we a c c e p t e d , b r e t h r e n s t o o d r e a d y
t o f u r n i s h c a p i t a l t o t h e a m o u n t o f $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 , and as
s o o n a s we c o u l d e n t e r u p o n t h e w o r k t h e c a p i t a l w o u l d
be s u p p l i e d . "
See L a m a r, op. c i t . , p. 3 1 0 .
22.
S e e T h o m a s W. P h i l l i p s , " A P e r s o n a l T r i b u t e t o James A .
G a r f i e l d , " B u l l e t i n o f H i r a m C o l l e g e , G a r f i e l d Number,
1912.
I n th e c o u rs e o f t h i s speech, P h i l l i p s rem arked:
" I kn e w G e n e r a l G a r f i e l d b e t t e r t h a n I h a v e e v e r known
a n y o t h e r man.
I t was i n t h e y e a r 1 8 6 5 t h a t I f i r s t
m e t h i m i n company w i t h W. J . F o r d a t my home i n New
C a s t l e , Pa.
P r i o r t o t h i s m e e t i n g I had become w e l l
a c q u a in te d w i t h h i s c a re e r th ro u g h th e p r e s s , fro m
m u t u a l f r i e n d s and e s p e c i a l l y f r o m s t u d e n t s o f H i r a m
o f whom my w i f e was o n e . "
23.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
24.
H e n ry K . Shaw, Buckeye D i s c i p l e s : A H i s t o r y o f t h e
D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t i n O hio ( S t . L o u i s : Th e C h r i s t i a n
Board o f P u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 5 2 ), p. 212.
to
H in sd a le ,
December
11,
1865.
G a rfie ld
358
and L e t t e r s ( L o u i s v i l l e : T h e S t a n d a r d P r i n t i n g Company,
1 9 6 9 ) , p. 12.
T h e f o u r t e e n men who w e r e p r e s e n t a t t h i s m e e t i n g w e r e :
J a me s A . G a r f i e l d , I s a a c E r r e t t , W. J . F o r d , D r . J o h n P .
R o b i s o n , J o h n F . R o we , W. K . P e n d l e t o n , T . W. P h i l l i p s ,
C. M. P h i l l i p s , J . T . P h i l l i p s , J . K . P i c k e t t , O . H i g
g i n s , C. H . G o u l d , J . B . M i l n e r , and E . J . Agnew.
See,
Lam ar, op. c i t . , p. 302.
25.
Lam ar,
op.
c it.,
p.
302.
26.
I b i d . p. 303.
Lamar r e p o r t s t h a t D r . Jo hn P . R o b is o n
wa s t h e l e a d i n g s p o k e s m a n f o r t h o s e f a v o r i n g C l e v e l a n d .
27.
Ib id .
T h e s e v e n D i r e c t o r s w e r e : James A . G a r f i e l d , D r .
J o h n P . R o b i s o n , W. J . F o r d , T h om a s W. P h i l l i p s , C. M.
P h i l l i p s , G. W. N . Y o s t , and D r . W o r t h y S . S t r e a t o r .
I t i s r e a d i l y a p p a r e n t t h a t G a r f i e l d was t h e c a t a l y s t
o f " T h e C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g A s s o c i a t i o n , " and t h a t i t
was h i s i n i t i a t i v e w h i c h b r o u g h t t h e g r o u p t o g e t h e r .
T h e s e v e n t e e n k e y men i n t h i s f e l l o w s h i p can be e a s i l y
d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e g e o g r a p h i c a l g r o u p i n g s : (1) P e n n s y l v a n i a - - t h e f o u r P h i l l i p s b r o t h e r s and Y o s t w e r e w e a l t h y
o i l men c o n t a c t e d b y G a r f i e l d ;
(2) M i c h i g a n - - R i c h a r d
H a w l e y , a D e t r o i t b u s i n e s s m a n , and I s a a c E r r e t t , who
w as t h e n p r e a c h i n g i n D e t r o i t , w e r e b o t h good f r i e n d s
o f G a rfie ld ;
( 3 ) O h i o — D r . J o h n P . R o b i s o n was a C l e v e
l a n d b u s i n e s s m a n , s t a t e s e n a t o r , and member o f t h e B o a r d
o f T r u s t e e s a t H i r a m ; Har mon A u s t i n was a b ank p r e s i d e n t
i n W a r r e n , and a member o f t h e H i r a m B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s ;
W. J . F o r d , a f o r m e r s t u d e n t a t H i r a m , had s e r v e d a s
G a r f i e l d ' s s e c r e ta ry d u rin g h i s f i r s t te rm i n C o ng re ss,
and w as now e d i t o r o f a W e s t e r n R e s e r v e p a p e r c a l l e d t h e
Geauga L e a d e r ; J . H a r r i s o n J o n e s was a p o p u l a r D i s c i p l e s
p r e a c h e r who had s e r v e d a s G a r f i e l d ' s c h a p l a i n i n t h e
a r m y ; J a m e s H . R h o d e s , l i k e G a r f i e l d , had b ee n a s t u d e n t
a t H i r a m and t h e n a t W i l l i a m s , and had r e t u r n e d t o j o i n
t h e f a c u l t y a t H i r a m ; D r . S i l a s A. B o y n t o n , a c o u s i n o f
G a r f i e l d , was a C l e v e l a n d p h y s i c i a n ; A n d r e w J . M a r v i n
was a C l e v e l a n d l a w y e r who l a t e r s e r v e d on t h e B o a r d o f
T r u s t e e s a t H i r a m ; D r . W o r t h y S . S t r e a t o r was a r a i l r o a d
b u i l d e r and p r o m i n e n t C l e v e l a n d b u s i n e s s m a n who l a t e r
s e r v e d o n t h e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s a t H i r a m ; and B u r k e A .
H i n s d a l e , a f o r m e r s t u d e n t and f a c u l t y member a t H i r a m ,
who w as p e r h a p s G a r f i e l d ' s c l o s e s t f r i e n d .
28.
G a r r i s o n , op. c i t . , pp. 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 .
G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e , F e b r u a r y 19,
L a m a r, op. c i t . , p. 3 0 2 - 3 0 3 .
1866.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
359
H a r o ld Eugene D a v i s , H i n s d a l e o f H i r a m : The L i f e o f
o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , 1 9 7 1 ) , p. 7 0 .
S e e , a l s o , W e s t , op. c i t . , p. 32.
W est e x p la in s t h a t
J o h n F . Rowe w a n t e d t o be t h e b oo k r e v i e w e d i t o r , b u t
t h a t E r r e t t s e l e c t e d H i n s d a l e o v e r Ro we.
29.
L a m a r , ojd. c i t . , p p . 3 0 1 - 3 0 2 .
T w e n t y y e a r s l a t e r E r r e t t c o n f i r m e d t h i s m o t i v e when he
w r o t e : " T h e r e had been f o r y e a r s a g r o w i n g d e s i r e among
th e D i s c i p l e s f o r a weekly r e l i g i o u s paper o f b ro a d e r
r a n g e , m o r e g e n e r o u s s p i r i t and a h i g h e r o r d e r o f l i t
e r a r y s k i l l and t a s t e t h a n a n y t h a t had y e t a p p e a r e d
under t h e i r p a tro n a g e ."
S ee L a m a r , o p . c i t . , p . 3 0 9 .
30.
D a v is,
op.
c it. ,
p.
70.
31.
Moore,
op.
c it. ,
p.
699.
32.
W e st,
33.
Moore,
34.
J . H. G a r r i s o n , "A D e c e n n ia l
( D e ce m be r 2 6 , 1 8 7 8 ) , p . 4 .
35.
Lam ar,
36.
D a v id
(Ju ly
37.
Lam ar,
38.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " A R e p l y t o t h e C a l l o f W. C. R o g e r s ,
C o r r e s p o n d i n g S e c r e t a r y o f t h e A . C. M. S o c i e t y f o r A l l
t o D i s s e m i n a t e t h e G o s p e l , " G o s p e l A d v o c a te , (March 2 7 ,
1 8 6 6 ) , p. 10 9.
39.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " T h e A d v o c a t e and S e c t i o n a l i s m , "
A d v o c a t e , (May 1 , 1 8 6 6 ) , p . 2 7 3 .
40.
D a v id Lip sc o m b ,
1 8 9 2 ), p. 453.
41.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
42.
Shaw,
43.
G arfield
op.
c it. ,
op.
c it. ,
oja.
c it. ,
p.
157.
p.
699.
pp.
op.
c it. ,
to
of
p.
H isto ry ,"
Gospel Advocate,
305-306.
"C o rre c tio n ,"
H in sd a le ,
c it.,
to
pp.
C h ris tia n ,
300-301.
Lip sc om b , "Th e T r u t h
1 4 , 1 8 9 2 ) , p. 43 6.
op.
R e tro sp e c t,"
Gospel Advocate,
Fe b rua ry
19,
1866.
Gospel
(Ju ly
21,
G a rfie ld
213.
Hinsdale,
A p ril
12,
1866.
G arfield
Papers.
360
44.
H in sd a le
to
G a rfie ld ,
A p ril
14,
1866.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
45.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
A p ril
12,
1866.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
46.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
May 2 2 ,
47.
Lam ar,
48.
G a rfie ld
49.
D a v is,
50.
Isa a c E r r e t t , "Th e Freed m en,"
( A p r i l 7 , 1 8 6 6 ) , p. 4.
51.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " T h e C i n c i n n a t i S o c i e t y and t h e Hymn
B o o k , " G o sp e l A d v o c a te , ( A p r i l 24 , 1 8 6 6 ) , p. 26 5.
52.
Is a a c E r r e t t , "A L e t t e r fro m G e o r g i a , "
da rd , (June 9 , 1 8 6 6 ) , p. 76 .
53.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " T h e C h u r c h o f C h r i s t and t h e W o r l d
P o w e r s , " G o sp e l A d v o c a te , (Ja n u a ry 9, 1 8 6 6 ) , p. 29.
54.
I s a a c E r r e t t , " R e l i g i o n and P o l i t i c s , "
d a r d , (S e p t e m b e r 2 9 , 1 8 6 6 ) , p. 2 0 4 .
55.
op.
c it. ,
to
op.
p.
p.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
304.
H in sd a le ,
c it. ,
1866.
A p ril
15,
1866.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
71.
C h ris tia n
Sta n d a rd ,
C h ris tia n
Sta n
C h ris tia n
Sta n
W e n d e l l W i l l i s , "A S o c i o l o g i c a l S t u d y o f t h e R e s t o r a t i o n
Movement i n t h e N o r t h : 18 66 t o 1 8 7 8 , " ( u n p u b l i s h e d M .A .
t h e s i s , A b i le n e C h r i s t i a n C o lle g e , 1 9 6 6 ) , p. 10.
56.
B . J . Hum ble, The S t o r y o f th e R e s t o r a t i o n ( A u s t i n :
F i r m F o u n d a t io n P u b l i s h i n g House, 1 9 6 9 ) , p. 53.
57.
H in sd a le
Pa p e rs.
to
G a rfie ld ,
De cember
58.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
January
59.
W.
J.
Fo rd
to
G a rfie ld ,
21,
1,
August
1866.
1867.
5,
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
1867.
The
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
60.
H in sd a le
to
G a rfie ld ,
August
19,
1867.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
61.
H in sd a le
to
G a rfie ld ,
August
29,
1867.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
62.
H in sd a le
Pa p e rs.
to
G a rfie ld ,
Septem ber
63.
H in sd a le
to
G a rfie ld ,
De ce mbe r
30,
9,
1867.
1867.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
361
64.
H in sd a le
Pa p e rs.
to
G a rfie ld ,
December
65.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
January
1,
66 .
H in sd a le
to
G a rfie ld ,
January
13,
1868 .
G a rfie ld
Papers
67.
H in sd a le to G a r f ie ld , Fe bruary
L a m a r, op. c i t . , pp. 3 7 5 - 3 8 7 .
D a v i s , op. c i t . , p. 78.
3,
1868.
G a rfie ld
Papers
68.
G a rfie ld
1368.
69.
I s a a c E r r e t t , " S l a v e r y - - W h e r e D o es t h e
C h r i s t i a n S ta n d a rd , (August 17, 1 8 6 7 ),
70.
J o h n S h a c k l e f o r d , J r . , L i f e , L e t t e r s and A d d r e s s e s o f
D r . L . L . P i n k e r t o n ( C i n c i n n a t i : C ha s e & H a l l , 1 8 7 6 ) ,
p. 93.
71.
P in k e rto n
Pa p e rs.
72.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
73.
L . L . P i n k e r t o n , " L e t t e r From D r . P i n k e r t o n , "
d e n t M o n t h l y , ( A p r i l , 1 8 7 0 ) , p. 10 9.
74.
Lam ar,
75.
I n an a r t i c l e w r i t t e n i n 1 8 9 8 , E d w a r d S c r i b n e r Ames o u t
l i n e d t h r e e "epochs i n th e h i s t o r y o f th e D i s c i p l e s o f
C h ris t."
T h e f i r s t began w i t h t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f T h o m a s
C a m p b e l l ' s D e c l a r a t i o n and A d d r e s s i n 1 8 0 9 ; t h e s e c o n d
"came i n t o p o w e r w i t h t h e f o u n d i n g o f t h e C h r i s t i a n
S t a n d a r d i n 1 8 6 6 , w h i c h was a l s o t h e y e a r o f A l e x a n d e r
C a m p b e l l ' s d e a t h " ; and " t h e u n m i s t a k a b l e s u n r i s e g l o w "
o f a t h i r d e p o ch was j u s t b e g i n n i n g i n t h e 1 8 9 0 ' s .
He
was r e f e r r i n g p r i m a r i l y t o t h e a c t i v i t i e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m
t h e f o u n d i n g o f th e D i s c i p l e s D i v i n i t y House a t t h e U n i
v e r s i t y o f Chicago.
S e e , E d w a r d S c r i b n e r A me s, " A New
Epoch i n t h e H i s t o r y o f th e D i s c i p l e s , " C h r i s t i a n Q ua r
t e r l y , ( J a n u a r y , 1 8 9 8 ) , pp. 6 4 - 8 4 .
A lth o u g h G a r f ie l d
h e l p e d t o l a u n c h t h e S t a n d a r d , he i s b e t t e r r e p r e s e n t e d
i n t h e " t h i r d epoch" o f D i s c i p l e s h i s t o r y .
The l i b e r a l
j o u r n a l t h a t G a r f i e l d lo n g e d f o r f i n a l l y appeared i n
1908.
In t h a t year C h a rle s C la yto n M o rris o n bought the
C h r i s t i a n C e n t u r y and t u r n e d i t i n t o t h e d i s t i n g u i s h e d
vo ic e o f D i s c ip le s l i b e r a l i s m .
to
H in sd a le ,
to
to
II,
March
24,
8,
1867.
1868.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
Pa p e rs.
Blame R e s t ? "
p. 258.
G a rfie ld ,
Nov embe r
24,
1868.
G a rfie ld
P in k e rto n ,
December
28,
1868.
G a rfie ld
op.
c it.,
pp.
Indepen
2-3.
NOTES
TO C H A P T E R S E V E N
S e e J o h n M. T a y l o r , " G a r f i e l d :
W i l l i a m s A lu m n i R e v ie w , ( F a l l ,
3 62
Tim e f o r R e h a b i l i t a t i o n ? "
1 9 6 6 ) , p. 1 0 .
R o b e r t G r a n v i l l e C a l d w e l l , James A . G a r f i e l d : P a r t y
C h i e f t a i n (New Y o r k : D o d d , Mead & Company, 1 9 3 1 ) , p p .
1 6 7 and 3 5 8 .
See a l s o , George F . H o a r , A u t o b i o g r a p h y
o f Seventy Y e a rs , I ,
(New Y o r k : C h a r l e s S c r i b n e r ' s S o n s ,
1 9 0 3 ) , p. 403.
Noah B r o o k s , W a s h i n g t o n i n L i n c o l n ' s
T i m e (New Y o r k : R i n e h a r t & Company I n c . , 1 8 5 8 ) , p . 3 0 .
R i c h a r d O. B a t e s , T h e G e n t l e m a n f r o m O h i o : An I n t r o d u c
t i o n t o G a r f i e l d (Durham, N o r t h C a r o l i n a : Moore P u b l i s h
i n g Company, 1 9 7 3 ) , p p . 1 9 1 - 1 9 4 .
A lla n P e s k in , "From
Log C a b in t o O b i v i o n , " Am erican H i s t o r y I l l u s t r a t e d ,
(May, 1 8 7 6 ) , p . 3 0 .
H e n ry K. Shaw, Buckeye D i s c i p l e s : A H i s t o r y o f
c i p l e s o f C h r i s t i n O hio ( S t . L o u i s : C h r i s t i a n
P u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 5 2 ) , p. 208.
the D i s
Board o f
W i n f r e d E r n e s t G a r r i s o n and A l f r e d T . D e G r o o t , T h e D i s
c i p l e s o f C h r i s t : A H i s t o r y ( S t . L o u i s : The Bethany
P r e s s , 1 9 5 8 ) , p. 32 9.
Shaw, op. c i t . , pp. 2 6 0 - 2 6 1 .
D a vid Lip sc o m b , "T h o s e S t a t i s t i c s , " Gospel A d voc a te .
( F e b r u a r y 2 4 , 1 8 8 1 ) , p. 1 1 4 .
N a t io n a ll y , th e D i s c i p l e s a c c e le ra te d to over 60 0 ,0 0 0
membe rs b y 1 8 8 0 .
A lt h o u g h t h e y were " r a p i d l y u r b a n i z e d "
i n a re a s l i k e C le v e la n d , a m a jo r it y o f D i s c ip le s s t i l l
re sid e d in r u r a l are a s.
S e e W i l l i a m E . T u c k e r and L e s
t e r G. M c A l l i s t e r , J o u r n e y i n F a i t h : A H i s t o r y o f t h e
C h r i s t i a n C h u rc h (D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ) ( S t . L o u i s : The
Be thany P r e s s , 1 9 7 5 ) , p. 235.
T h o m a s W. P h i l l i p s ,
fie ld ," B u lle tin of
" A P e r s o n a l T r i b u t e t o James A . G a r
H i r a m C o l l e g e , G a r f i e l d Number , 1 9 1 2 .
F o r a d is c u s s io n o f the lib e ra l- m o d e ra te - c o n s e rv a tiv e
s c h i s m i n t h e D i s c i p l e s movement a f t e r t h e w a r , s e e :
D a vid Ed w in H a r r e l l , J r . , The S o c i a l So u rc e s o f D i v i s i o n
i n th e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t , 1 8 6 5 - 1900 ( A t l a n t a : P u b l i s h
i n g S y s t e m s , I n c . , 1 9 7 3 ) , p p . 1 - 3 2 and 3 2 3 - 3 5 0 .
G e o r g e G. B e a z l e y , J r . , ( e d . ) , T h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h ( D i s
c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ) : An I n t e r p r e t a t i v e E x a m i n a t i o n i n t h e
C u l t u r a l C o n te x t ( S t . L o u i s : The Be tha ny P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 ) ,
p p . 2 7 - 3 5 and 3 1 - 1 0 1 .
T u c k e r and M c A l l i s t e r , o p . c i t . , p p . 2 0 9 - 2 5 4 .
F . M. G r e e n , H i s t o r y o f
l a n d : T h e O. S . H u b b e l l
Mary B o s w o r t h T r e u d l e y ,
H ira m C o lle g e : 1 8 5 0 - 1900 (C le v e
P r i n t i n g Company, 1 9 0 1 ) , p . 1 4 3 .
P re lu d e to the F u t u r e : The F i r s t
363
H u n d r e d Y e a r s o f H i r a m C o l l e g e (New Y o r k : A s s o c i a t i o n
P r e s s , 1 9 5 0 ) , p. 11 0.
J . S . L a m a r, Mem oirs o f Is a a c E r r e t t , I ,
(C in c in n a ti:
H a r o ld Eugene D a v i s , H i n s d a l e o f H ir a m : The L i f e o f
o f W a s h in g to n D. C . , 1 9 7 1 ) , p. 69.
See n o t e 15 i n c h a p t e r f i v e o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n f o r
e v id e n c e t h a t G a r f i e l d t r i e d t o la u n c h t h i s p ro gram as
e a r l y as 1 8 6 1 .
A c t u a ll y , The C o lle g e o f th e B i b l e i n
L e x i n g t o n , K e n t u c k y , g o t t h e jump on H i r a m .
Re sp on din g
t o J . W. M c G a r v e y ' s a r t i c l e on " M i n i s t e r i a l E d u c a t i o n "
w h i c h w a s p u b l i s h e d i n L a r d 1s Q u a r t e r l y i n A p r i l , 1 8 6 5 ,
th e D i s c i p l e s i n K e n tu c k y launched The C o lle g e o f th e
B ib le in the f a l l o f 1965.
S ee D w i g h t E . S t e v e n s o n ,
L e x i n g t o n T h e o l o g i c a l S e m in a r y : 1 8 6 5 - 1965 (The C o lle g e
o f th e B i b l e C entury)
( S t . L o u i s : The Bethany P r e s s ,
1 9 6 4 ) , pp. 1 1 - 2 9 .
8.
I s a a c E r r e t t ( 1 8 2 0 - 1 8 8 8 ) and B u r k e H i n s d a l e ( 1 8 3 7 - 1 9 0 0 )
were b o th l i v i n g i n C le v e la n d .
E r r e t t was g i v i n g f u l l
t i m e t o t h e e d i t i n g o f t h e C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d , and H i n s
d a l e w as p r e a c h i n g f o r t h e F r a n k l i n C i r c l e c h u r c h and
a s s is tin g E r r e t t .
R o b e rt M illig a n (1 8 1 4 -1 8 7 5 ), a fo rm e r
f a c u l t y member a t B e t h a n y C o l l e g e , was now P r e s i d e n t o f
The C o lle g e o f th e B i b l e in L e x in g to n , Kentucky.
Henry
T . A n d e r s o n ( 1 8 1 2 - 1 8 7 2 ) was p r e a c h i n g f o r t h e D i s c i p l e s
c h u r c h i n H a r r o d s b u r g , K e n t u c k y , and c o m p l e t i n g h i s s i x y e a r p r o j e c t o f t r a n s l a t i n g t h e New T e s t a m e n t f r o m t h e
Greek t e x t .
T h i s s i g n i f i c a n t t r a n s l a t i o n was l a t e r p u b
l i s h e d b y t h e S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company.
D a vid S t a a t s
B u r n e t ( 1 8 0 8 - 1 8 6 7 ) was a c e l e b r a t e d D i s c i p l e s p r e a c h e r
who h a d s e r v e d t h e p o w e r f u l E i g h t h and W a l n u t c h u r c h i n
C i n c i n n a t i f o r many y e a r s .
He was now p r e a c h i n g f o r a
D i s c i p l e s churc h i n B a lt i m o r e , M a ryla nd .
Amos S u t t o n
H a y de n ( 1 8 1 3 - 1 8 8 0 ) ,
a fo rm e rP re s id e n t o f
theE c le c t ic
and a p o p u l a r D i s c i p l e s p r e a c h e r , a l s o d i d some t e a c h i n g
i n t h e s ummer p r o g r a m .
G a r f i e l d managed t o f i n d t i m e t o
a t t e n d th e program t o o .
He l e c t u r e d on t h e r e l a t i o n o f
ge o lo g y t o r e l i g i o n .
S ee J o u r n a l , A u g u s t 10 & 1 7 , 1 8 6 6 .
F o r a d e fe n s e o f t h e t h e o l o g i c a l l e c t u r e s , see R o b e r t
M i l l i g a n , "T h e Hiram L e c t u r e s , " M i l l e n n i a l H a r b in g e r ,
( O c to b e r , 1 8 6 6 ) , pp. 4 5 1 - 4 5 3 .
M i l l i g a n c a l l e d them "a
new p h a s e i n o u r c o u r s e o f M i n i s t e r i a l E d u c a t i o n . "
9.
L a m a r , o p . c i t . , pp. 3 2 2 - 3 2 3 .
G r e e n , o p . c i t . , pp. 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 .
G a rfie ld to H in sd a le , J u ly 18,
10.
G reen,
op.
c it.,
p.
145.
1866.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
364
11.
J o h n S h a c k l e f o r d , J r . , L i f e , L e t t e r s and A d d r e s s e s o f
D r . L . L . P i n k e r t o n ( C i n c i n n a t i : Chase & H a l l , 1 8 7 6 ) ,
p. 9 2 .
G re e n , op. c i t . , pp. 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 .
12.
B . A. H in s d a le ,
( e d . ) , T h e W o r k s o f J ame s A . G a r f i e l d
( B o s t o n : J a m e s R . Osgood & Company, 1 8 8 2 ) , I , p . 2 6 5 f .
T h e o d o r e C l a r k e S m i t h , T h e L i f e and L e t t e r s o f James
pp. 7 6 7 - 7 6 9 .
W. W. W a s s o n , J a me s A . G a r f i e l d : H i s R e l i g i o n and E d u c a
tio n
( N a s h v i l l e : T e n n e s s e e B o o k Company, 1 9 5 2 ) , p . 9 7 f .
T h i s a d d r e s s w as d e l i v e r e d a t t h e a n n u a l commencement
e x e r c i s e s i n H i r a m on J u n e 1 4 , 1 8 6 7 .
S m i t h c ommen ted:
" T h e i d e a l l a i d down i n t h i s a d d r e s s was y e a r s ahead o f
i t s t i m e . " W a s s o n w r o t e : " I t i s t o o much t o a s s u m e t h a t
H ira m C o ll e g e , w i t h i t s l i m i t e d r e s o u r c e s , w ould f u l l y
i n c o r p o r a t e t h i s i d e a l . . . h ow ever, t h e young D i s c i p l e
s c h o o l , w i t h i t s t r a d i t i o n o f f l e x i b i l i t y and e x p e r i m e n
t a t i o n , w a s i n many w a y s a good p l a c e t o a t t e m p t i t . "
13.
H i n s d a l e , op. c i t . , p. 275.
W asson, op. c i t . , pp. 9 8 - 9 9 .
14.
S h a c k l e f o r d , op. c i t . , p. 92.
Between t h e tim e t h a t G a r f i e l d l e f t f o r th e war i n 1861
and H i n s d a l e became p r e s i d e n t o f t h e c o l l e g e i n 1 8 7 0 , a
n u m b e r o f men s e r v e d a s a c t i n g p r e s i d e n t o f t h e s c h o o l .
T h e s e i n c l u d e d : H a r v e y E v e r e s t , J . H . R h o d e s , C. W. H e y w o o d , A . J . T h o m s o n , J o h n A t w a t e r and S i l a s S h e p h e r d .
15.
G a rfie ld
16.
G a r f i e l d was a l w a y s a g e n e r o u s s u p p o r t e r o f t h e s c h o o l .
I n 1 8 6 5 h e p r o m i s e d one t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s i n a f i n a n c i a l
d r i v e f o r t h e s c h o o l , and f u l f i l l e d t h i s p l e d g e b y g i v
i n g s e v e n h u n d r e d f i f t y i n c a s h and 4 0 0 s h a r e s o f o i l
s t o c k w h i c h h e had a c q u i r e d f r o m t h e P h i l l i p s b r o t h e r s .
A f t e r H i n s d a l e became p r e s i d e n t o f t h e c o l l e g e , G a r f i e l d
w orked even h a r d e r f o r th e s c h o o l.
T h e mass o f l e t t e r s
w r i t t e n b e t w e e n G a r f i e l d and H i n s d a l e i n t h e 1 8 7 0 ' s r e
v e a l th e s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t t h a t G a r f i e l d played i n th e
o v e r a ll d i r e c t i o n o f the c o lle g e .
I n 1 8 7 0 he h e l p e d t o
l a u n c h t h e " P e r p e t u a l Endowment F u n d . "
He n o t o n l y gave
t h r e e h u n d r e d d o l l a r s t o t h e f u n d , b u t he w r o t e n u m e r o u s
l e t t e r s t o f o r m e r E c l e c t i c s t u d e n t s and p r o s p e r o u s D i s
c ip l e s a s k in g f o r c o n t r ib u t io n s to th e fu n d .
I n 1 8 7 2 he
a rra n g e d f o r a H ira m p r o f e s s o r t o s t u d y th e g eology o f
t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e r e g i o n w i t h an e x p l o r i n g e x p e d i t i o n f r o m
the S m ith so n ia n I n s t i t u t i o n .
G a r f i e l d urged h i s c lo s e
to
P in k e rto n ,
August
10,
1868.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
366
to th e Pre sid e n c y in 1880.
Henderson w ro te to G a r f i e l d
r e q u e s t i n g an a p p o i n t m e n t a s c o n s u l t o L i v e r p o o l , b u t he
w as d e n i e d .
T h e g o v e r n m e n t j o b t h a t G a r f i e l d and B l a c k
a r r a n g e d f o r Η . T . A n d e r s o n was i n t h e L a n d O f f i c e .
20.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
21.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
to
S.
22.
D ix o n , op. c i t .
G a r f i e l d t o F u l l e r , December 2 4 , 1 8 6 9 .
P u b lish e d in
C o r y d o n E . F u l l e r , R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f Ja me s A . G a r f i e l d
( C i n c i n n a t i : S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 7 ) , p p.
407-408.
T h i s l e t t e r i s n o t i n the G a r f ie ld P a p e rs .
23.
F o l l o w i n g one o f B a r t h o l o m e w ' s s e r m o n s , G a r f i e l d w r o t e :
" T h e s e r m o n w a s an a t t e m p t t o d r a w a m a t h e m a t i c a l l i n e
a c r o s s t h e w o r l d , w i t h H e l l b oun d on one s i d e and H e a v e n
bound on t h e o t h e r .
T h e i s s u e s o f l i f e and d e a t h and
t h e e x a c t s c o p e o f m o r a l w o r t h c a n n o t be mapped o u t l i k e
c o u n t i e s on a b l a c k b o a r d . "
S ee J o u r n a l , J a n u a r y 7, 1 8 7 2 .
24.
C h a r l e s L o u i s L o o s ( 1 8 2 3 - 1 9 1 2 ) was t h e p r o f e s s o r who
o c c u p i e d t h e " C h a i r o f A n c i e n t L a n g u a g e s and L i t e r a t u r e "
a t B e t h a n y C o l l e g e b e t w e e n 1 8 5 8 and 1 8 8 0 .
F r a n c i s M.
G r e e n ( 1 8 3 6 - 1 9 1 1 ) w as a f o r m e r s t u d e n t a t t h e E c l e c t i c .
He l a t e r a u t h o r e d a h i s t o r y o f H i r a m C o l l e g e and w r o t e
a b io g ra p h y o f G a r f ie ld .
He became w i d e l y kno wn a s a
D i s c i p l e p r e a c h e r , and a s c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c r e t a r y o f t h e
Am erican C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y .
W. K . P e n d l e t o n
( 1 8 1 7 - 1 8 9 9 ) w as t h e p r e s i d e n t o f B e t h a n y C o l l e g e f r o m
1866 t o 1 8 8 6 .
B u r k e H i n s d a l e , o f c o u r s e , was p r e s i d e n t
o f H ir a m C o lle g e fro m 1870 t o 1 8 8 2 .
W h e n e v e r t h e s e men
preached i n W a s h in g to n , G a r f i e l d v o ic e d h i s a p p ro v a l.
25.
J o u r n a l, A ug ust 3, 1873.
J o u r n a l, A p r i l 2, 1876.
J o h n F . Rowe, " G e n e r a l G a r f i e l d ' s N o m i n a t i o n , " A m e ric a n
C h r i s t i a n R e v ie w , (June 2 2 , 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 1 8 6 .
La m a r, I I , op. c i t . , p. 1 9 8 .
I h a v e n ' t fo u n d any s o l i d e v id e n c e t o s u p p o r t t h e v i e w
t h a t G a r f i e l d o c c a s io n a ll y preached f u l l - l e n g t h serm ons
d u rin g the p o st-w a r y e a rs.
H o w e v e r , one a r t i c l e c l a i m s :
" C h u r c h r e c o r d s s h ow t h a t he p r e a c h e d on many S u n d a y s
d u r i n g h i s y e a r s i n t h e H o u s e and S e n a t e . "
S ee O l g a
J o n e s , " G a r f i e l d Preached Here O f t e n , " The E v e n in g S t a r ,
A.
May 3 ,
G a lb ra ith ,
1868.
August
G a rfie ld
5,
1868.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
367
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , (June 2 3 , 1 9 6 2 ) .
Ben D i x o n s a y s : "He
p r e a c h e d many t i m e s f o r t h i s c o n g r e g a t i o n d u r i n g t h e
yea rs 1 8 6 3 -8 0 ."
See D i x o n , o p . c i t .
A n o th e r account
i n s i s t s : " A l t h o u g h he was n o t an o r d a i n e d m i n i s t e r , he
f r e q u e n t l y o c c u p i e d t h e p u l p i t i n t h e y e a r s b e f o r e he
became P r e s i d e n t , and a s an e l d e r o f t e n p r e s i d e d a t t h e
Co mmu ni on T a b l e . "
S ee H i l d a K o o n t z , 1 2 5 t h A n n i v e r s a r y
Pro g ra m (W a sh in g to n : The N a t io n a l C i t y C h r i s t i a n Church,
1968).
H o w e v e r , i t i s c l e a r t h a t G a r f i e l d was n e v e r
a p p o i n t e d t o t h e e l d e r s h i p o f t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n , n o r was
i t n e c e s s a r y t h a t he be an e l d e r i n o r d e r t o p r e s i d e a t
t h e c om m u n i o n t a b l e .
M ost l i k e l y , G a r f i e l d ' s t a l k s be
f o r e t h e c h u rc h were i n th e fo rm o f b r i e f e x h o r t a t i o n s .
One r e c o r d e x p l a i n s t h a t i n t h e y e a r s b e f o r e t h e y had a
r e g u l a r p r e a c h e r , t h e c h u r c h was " o f t e n e n c o u r a g e d and
e d i f i e d b y v i s i t i n g b r e t h r e n , and b y t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s
o f s u c h men a s G e n e r a l G a r f i e l d , J u d g e B l a c k , and
o th e rs."
S e e J . B . Bowman, " T h e W a s h i n g t o n C h u r c h , "
C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d , ( J u l y 1, 1 8 8 2 ) , p. 2 0 2 .
One o f t h e
e l d e r s o f t h e c h u r c h , B e n j a m i n Summy, l a t e r c o n f i r m e d
t h a t G a r f i e l d w o u l d " f r e q u e n t l y s p e a k t o u s , " and t h a t
t h e c h u r c h a l w a y s e n j o y e d " h i s w o r d s o f e x h o r t a t i o n and
encouragem ent i n th e d i v i n e l i f e . "
S ee F . M. G r e e n ,
A R o y a l L i f e : T h e E v e n t f u l H i s t o r y o f James A . G a r f i e l d
( C h i c a g o : C e n t r a l Book C o n c e r n , 1 8 8 2 ) , p. 1 7 2 .
S e lin a
C a m p b e ll, t h e widow o f A le x a n d e r C a m p bell, w r o t e o f
G a r f i e l d : " I have h e a rd h i s v o ic e i n p r e a c h in g i n t h e
house o f w o rs h ip a t B e th a n y ,"
S ee S e l i n a H u n t i n g t o n
C a m p b e l l , Home L i f e and R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f A l e x a n d e r
Campbell (Jo h n B u r n s , P u b l i s h e r , 1 8 8 2 ) , p. 2 4 6 .
But
D a v i d L i p s c o m b r e p o r t e d : "We l e a r n t h r o u g h E l d e r F . D .
Pow er, th e pre a c h e r i n W a shingto n c i t y , t h a t G a r f ie l d
d i d a f t e r t h e w a r p r e s i d e a t t h e L o r d ' s t a b l e and e x
h o r t h i s b r e t h r e n , t h o u g h he n e v e r e n t e r e d t h e p u l p i t . "
See D a v i d L i p s c o m b , C i v i l G overnm ent ( N a s h v i l l e : McQuidd y P r i n t i n g Company, 1 9 1 3 ) , p . 1 3 9 .
The f a c t re m a in s
t h a t G a r f i e l d ' s v o l u m i n o u s l e t t e r s and h i s d a i l y J o u r
n a l make n o r e f e r e n c e t o h i s p r e p a r i n g and p r e a c h i n g
serm ons.
He w a s , h o w e v e r , o f t e n c a l l e d u p on t o s h a r e
b r i e f e x h o rta tio n s be fo re v a rio u s D is c ip le g a th e rin g s .
One f i n a l n o t e i s o f i n t e r e s t .
H e n r y Shaw, a f t e r a
th o ro u g h s tu d y o f G a r f i e l d ' s p e rso n a l l i b r a r y , w ro te :
" H i s was t h e l i b r a r y o f a p r o f e s s i o n a l m i n i s t e r . "
Shaw
f o u n d o v e r 100 b o o ks by D i s c i p l e a u t h o r s i n G a r f i e l d ' s
p e rso na l lib r a r y .
S ee H e n r y S h a w , " G a r f i e l d ' s l i b r a r y , "
D i s c i p l i a n a ( J u ly , 1 9 4 2 ), p. 14.
S ee a l s o , J o u r n a l ,
O ctober 1 9 , 1874.
26.
J o u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
O ctober 14, 1866.
A ugust 26, 1871.
368
J o u r n a l, J u ly 27, 1873.
J o u r n a l, J u ly 23, 1874.
J o u rn a l,
Septem ber 1 9 ,1 8 7 5 .
J o u rn a l,
September 24,18 76 .
G re e n , H i s t o r y o f H ira m , op. c i t . , pp. 1 7 3 - 1 7 4 .
Shaw, Bu c k e y e D i s c i p l e s , op. c i t . , pp. 2 2 4 , 2 3 1 - 2 3 2 .
W. T . M o o r e , T h e L i f e o f T i m o t h y Coop ( L o n d o n : T h e
C h r i s t i a n C o mm on w ea l th P u b . C o . , 1 8 8 9 ) ,
pp. 2 5 8 - 2 5 9 .
In 1871,
N o rth W e ste rnC h r is t i a n U n i v e r s i t y
c o n fe rre d
an h o n o r a r y L L . D . d e g r e e on G a r f i e l d .
He p r o u d l y d i s
p layed t h i s dip lom a n e x t to
h i s h o n o r a r y M.A. degree
fro m B e th a n y .
B o t h awards were
an i n d i c a t i o n
of
h is
c o n t i n u i n g p o p u l a r i t y among D i s c i p l e s .
N o th in g ever
came o f t h e B a p t i s t - D i s c i p l e a t t e m p t a t r a p p r o c h e m e n t ,
a p a r t f r o m f r i e n d l i e r r e l a t i o n s between t h e two g r o u p s ,
27.
J o u rn a l,
August
28.
J o u rn a l,
G a rfie ld
November 4 , 1 8 6 6 .
to H in s d a le , January
29.
Jo u rn a l,
J o u rn a l,
J u ly 24 -25, 1874.
A p r il 4 -5 , 1875.
30.
Jo u rn a l,
Jo u rn a l,
A ugust 12, 1872.
June 5 - 6 , 1875.
31.
Jo u rn a l,
D e ce m be r
19,
1875.
32.
Jo u rn a l,
Fe b rua ry
20,
1875.
33.
J o u rn a l, January 2, 1876.
Among t h e o t h e r c h u r c h e s t h a t G a r f i e l d a t t e n d e d w e r e t h e
New Y o r k A v e n u e P r e s b y t e r i a n i n W a s h i n g t o n , t h e G r a c e
E p i s c o p a l i n New Y o r k , t h e S a i n t A l o y s i u s E p i s c o p a l i n
W a s h i n g t o n ( " t o h e a r t h e s i n g i n g and w a t c h t h e E a s t e r
F e s t i v i t i e s " ) , and t h e M e t h o d i s t i n C a n t o n , O h i o ( w i t h
W illia m M c K in le y ).
A f t e r a tte n d in g the P r e s b y t e r ia n
c h u r c h i n A u r o r a , O h i o , one S u n d a y ( w i t h some p o l i t i c a l
f r i e n d s , and i n t h e m i d s t o f a c a m p a i g n ) , G a r f i e l d w e n t
" a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t t o th e D i s c i p l e s Church where t h e
m e e t i n g h a d n o t y e t ende d and w h e r e I m e t a n u m b e r o f
o l d f r i e n d s and a c q u a i n t a n c e s .
T h e y were ab ou t t o b e g in
t h e i r S u n d a y S c h o o l and a t t h e i r r e q u e s t I s p o k e a l i t
tle w h ile ."
I n t h e J o u r n a l , s e e M a r c h 3 1 , 1 8 7 2 ; May 1 9 ,
1 8 7 2 ; O c t o b e r 1 2 , 1 8 7 3 ; De cember 2 8 , 1 8 7 3 , M a r c h 8 ,
18 74 ; A p r i l 5, 1874; A u g u st 17, 1876; A u g u st 20, 1876;
and S e p t e m b e r 2 , 1 8 7 7 .
4,
1867.
1,
1872.
G a rfie ld
Papers
369
34.
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
u rn
u rn
u rn
u rn
u rn
a
a
a
a
a
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
December 2 1 , 1 8 7 3 .
N o v em b er 1 0 , 1 8 7 2 .
J u ly 6, 1873.
May 1 7 , 1 8 7 4 .
May 1 3 , 1 8 7 7 .
35.
Tucker
36.
F r a n k N. G a r d n e r , " T h a t H e r e t i c - - L .
S c r o l l , ( A p r i l , 1 9 4 3 ) , p. 2 3 6 .
37.
H a r r e l l , op. c i t . , pp. 1 2 - 1 4 .
D a vid Ed w in H a r r e l l , J r . , Q uest F o r A C h r i s t i a n A m e ric a :
T h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t and A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y t o 1 8 6 6
( N a s h v i ll e : The D i s c ip le s o f C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty ,
1 9 6 6 ) , p. 30.
An i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e r a p p o r t b e t w e e n G a r f i e l d , H i n s d a l e
and P i n k e r t o n can be s e e n i n how o f t e n t h e y q u o t e d each
o th e r.
F o r e x a m p l e , when H i n s d a l e was e x p e r i e n c i n g some
f r u s t r a t i o n i n h i s w ork w i t h th e F r a n k l i n C i r c l e c h u rc h
i n C l e v e l a n d , h e w r o t e t o G a r f i e l d : " Y o u know t h a t t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p s h a v e n e v e r b ee n o f t h e b e s t . . . . T h e r e
i s w h a t D r . P i n k e r t o n w ould c a l l a 'd r o v e o f a s s e s , '
and a l a r g e d r o v e a t t h a t .
T h e s e h a v e b ee n b r a y i n g a t
me f r o m t h e f i r s t and o f l a t e t h e y h a v e b r o k e n o u t i n t o
a t e r r i b l e b e llo w in g ."
S ee H i n s d a l e t o G a r f i e l d ,
D e ce m be r 7 , 1 8 6 7 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
38.
L . L . P i n k e r t o n , "T h e G e n e sis o f th e Ind ep end ent
M o n t h ly , " Ind ep end ent M o n th ly , (O ctober, 1 8 6 9 ) , p.
and M c A l l i s t e r ,
op.
c it. ,
pp.
227-228.
L.
P in k e rto n ,"
The
331.
39.
G a r f i e l d t o P i n k e r t o n , N ov em be r 1 1 , 1 8 6 9 .
Pa p e rs.
See a l s o , G a r f i e l d t o P i n k e r t o n ,
1871. G a rfie ld Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
January 18,
40.
I t was P i n k e r t o n ' s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e D i s c i p l e s w e re i n
th e p r o c e s s o f d e v e lo p in g a r i g i d creed t h a t c o n s i s t e d
o f two p r o p o s i t i o n s :
( 1) I m m e r s i o n o n l y i n b a p t i s m ; and
( 2 ) No o n e o u g h t t o be r e c e i v e d i n t o a c h u r c h o f C h r i s t
w it h o u t im m e rsio n .
He a r g u e d f o r an " o p e n " m e m b e r s h i p
p o l i c y t h a t w o u l d r e c e i v e a n y o n e i n t o f e l l o w s h i p who was
a b e lie v e r i n J e s u s , re g a rd le s s o f w he ther o r n o t the y
had e v e r b e e n i m m e r s e d i n t o J e s u s .
41.
Isa a c E r r e t t , "Th e Freed m en," C h r i s t i a n S ta n d a rd .
( A p r i l 7 , 1 8 6 6 ) , pp. 4 - 5 .
L . L . P i n k e r t o n , " M is c e lla n e o u s , " Independent M o n t h ly ,
( O c t o b e r , 1 8 6 9 ) , p. 3 4 3 .
S h a c k l e f o r d , o p. c i t . , pp. 1 4 0 - 1 4 2 .
H a r r e l l , S o c i a l S o u r c e s , op. c i t . , p. 1 6 9 .
370
42.
P i n k e r t o n t o G a r f i e l d , March, 1 8 7 1 .
Th is le tte r is not
in the G a r fie ld Pa p e rs.
I t i s p u b lish e d in S h a c k le fo rd ,
op. c i t . , p. 14 2.
( day o f m o n t h n o t g i v e n )
43.
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e Church o f C h r i s t , Main S t r e e t ,
L e x i n g t o n , K e n t u c k y , i n t h e c a s e o f C e r t a i n Member s
Exc lu d e d fro m h e r F e l l o w s h i p .
A d d r e s s e d t o A l l Who L o v e
t h e T r u t h , and Who D e s i r e t o know t h e F a c t s i n t h e Case
( L e x i n g t o n : A p o s t o l i c T i m e s , P r i n t e r s and B i n d e r s , 1 8 7 1 ) .
Moses E . L a r d , " T h e Main S t r e e t C h u r c h , " A p o s t o l i c T i m e s ,
(November 2 3 , 1 8 7 1 ) , p . 2 6 0 .
44.
G a rfie ld
45.
G a rfie ld to
H i n s d a l e , December 1 9 , 1 8 7 1 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
H a r r e l l c o m m e n t s : " G a r f i e l d ' s a s s e s s m e n t was e x a g g e r a t e d ,
b u t i t d id place th e t h e o lo g ic a l sc h ism i n th e p ro p e r
g e o g ra p h ic p e r s p e c t i v e . "
S o c i a l S o u r c e s , op. c i t . , p. 1 3 ,
46.
P i n k e r t o n t o G a r f i e l d , June 23 , 1873.
In Sh a c k le fo rd ,
op. c i t . , pp. 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 .
Not in the G a r fie ld P a p e rs.
47.
S h a c k l e f o r d , op. c i t . , pp. 1 0 8 - 1 1 1 .
P i n k e r t o n e n t i t l e d h i s s e r i e s , "No I m m e r s i o n - - N o
s h i p i n a Church o f th e R e f o r m a t i o n . "
48.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
to
to
H in sd a le ,
C.
op.
D.
December
P in k e rto n ,
c i t . , p.
3,
1871.
Fe b rua ry
3,
G a rfie ld
1875.
Pa p e rs.
Member
G a rfie ld
49.
Sh a c k le fo rd ,
156.
50.
D a v is , op. c i t . , p. 126.
When t h e H i n s d a l e s r e t u r n e d t o H i r a m i n 1 8 6 9 , t h e y made
arrang em ents to r e n t th e G a r f ie ld house.
They purchased
th e house i n 1873.
J . H a r r i s o n R h o d e s was n o l o n g e r i n
Hira m .
He w as p u r s u i n g a v a r i e d c a r e e r i n C l e v e l a n d a s
a j o u r n a l i s t , p o l i t i c i a n and l a w y e r .
A lm ed a B o o t h was
no l o n g e r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h H i r a m C o l l e g e e i t h e r .
S h e was
a l s o employed i n C l e v e l a n d .
C o r y d o n F u l l e r was now l i v
i n g i n D e s M o i n e s , I o w a , w h e r e he was an o f f i c e r i n t h e
I o w a L o a n an d T r u s t Company.
He l a t e r became p r e s i d e n t
o f t h e c ompany.
51.
On A p r i l 2 0 , 1 8 7 1 , G a r f i e l d w r o t e t o H i n s d a l e : " I w r o t e
y o u a f e w d a y s ago t h a t I had w r i t t e n D r . H o p k i n s i n
r e g a r d t o t h e A.M.
I s t a t e d y o u r c a s e b r i e f l y and t h e
r e a s o n s t h a t c o u l d be g i v e n i n f a v o r o f c o n f e r r i n g t h e
A .M . upon y o u .
I have t h i s m o r n i n g r e c e i v e d t h e Doc
t o r ' s a n s w e r w h i c h y o u s e e i s k i n d and s a t i s f a c t o r y . "
371
52.
G a r fie ld to H in s d a le , Fe b ru a ry 2, 1872. G a r fie ld Pa p e rs.
J o u r n a l, A p r i l 29, 1873.
When E r r e t t t o o k t h e S t a n d a r d t o C i n c i n n a t i i n t h e sum
m e r o f 1 8 6 9 , t h e p a p e r a p p e a r e d t o be f i n i s h e d .
Bu t in
C i n c i n n a t i t h e p e r i o d i c a l a c q u i r e d a new l e a s e on l i f e ,
and s o o n t h e b r o a d , i r e n i c s p i r i t o f t h e e d i t o r be g an t o
re a c h a w i d e r aud ie nc e.
I n th e o ver-crow d ed f i e l d o f
D i s c i p l e papers i n th e y e a rs 1 8 6 9 -1 8 7 1 , th e C h r i s t i a n
S t a n d a r d c l e a r l y won t h e d a y .
By J a n u a r y , 1 8 7 2 , E r r e t t
had o v e r 1 5 , 5 0 0 s u b s c r i b e r s , " a n d t h e l i s t was s t e a d i l y
in c re a s in g ."
When t h e I n d e p e n d e n t M o n t h l y s u s p e n d e d
p u b l i c a t i o n a t t h e c l o s e o f 1 8 7 0 , G a r f i e l d was w i t h o u t
a j o u r n a l i s t i c vo ic e .
B u t i n t h e decade o f t h e 1 8 7 0 ' s ,
he r e m a i n e d a c a r e f u l r e a d e r o f t h e C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d .
53.
B . A . H i n s d a l e , T h e G e n u i n e n e s s and A u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e
G o s p e l s ( C i n c i n n a t i : B o s w o r t h , Ch a se & H a l l , 1 8 7 2 ) .
B . A. H i n s d a l e , The J e w is h C h r i s t i a n Church ( C i n c i n n a t i :
S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 7 8 ) .
B . A. H i n s d a l e , E c c l e s i a s t i c a l T r a d i t i o n ( C i n c i n n a t i :
S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 7 9 ) .
H in s d a le t o G a r f i e l d , Ja nuary 8, 1872. G a r f ie l d P a p e r s .
G a r f ie l d to H in s d a le , January 12, 1872. G a r f ie ld P a p e rs .
D a v i s , op. c i t . , pp. 9 6 - 9 7 , 1 0 9 - 1 1 1 .
F o l l o w i n g a l e c t u r e by J u s t i c e W a i t e i n A p r i l , 1 8 7 9 , a t
th e W a shing to n L i t e r a r y S o c ie ty , G a r fie ld w ro te : "C re te
and I r e a d t h e f i r s t h a l f o f H i n s d a l e ' s b oo k on t h e
g e n u i n e n e s s and a u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e G o s p e l s .
The re a d
i n g w a s s u g g e s t e d b y some q u e r i e s t h a t J u d g e W a i t e h a s
r a i s e d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e g e n u i n e n e s s o f t h e New T e s t a
ment r e a d i n g s . "
See J o u r n a l , A p r i l 1 3 , 1 8 7 9 .
54.
G a rfie ld
55.
G a r f i e l d t o H a r t w e l l R y d e r , December 2 4 , 1 8 7 1 . G a r f i e l d
Pa p e rs.
( R y d e r was one o f t h e e l d e r s o f t h e c h u r c h )
G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e , December 1 1 , 1 8 7 1 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
T h r e e y e a r s l a t e r t h e s i t u a t i o n s t i l l had n o t i m p r o v e d ,
and G a r f i e l d n o t e d i n h i s J o u r n a l : " W e n t t o c h u r c h and
h e a rd t h e u s u a l s t o r y o f p o v e r t y i n r e f e r e n c e t o em ploy
in g a p a s t o r .
S p o k e t e n m i n u t e s on t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f
t h i s c h u rc h ke ep ing i t s e l f i n a c t iv e w o rk in g o r d e r . "
S ee
J o u r n a l, J u ly 5, 1874.
F o r a d d i t i o n a l background, see
J o u r n a l e n t r i e s f o r December 2 2 , 1 8 5 7 ; J u l y 2 0 , 1 8 7 3 .
56.
J o u r n a l , O ctober
10,
1875.
57.
J o u r n a l , O ctober
17,
1875.
58.
See B .
A.
to
H i n s d a l e , December
H in sd a le ,
A H isto ry
1,1 8 6 9 .
of
the
G a rfie ld
D isc ip le s
Pa p e rs.
in
H ira m ,
372
Po rta g e C o unty,
Company, 1 8 7 6 ) .
O hio
(C le ve la n d :
R o b in so n ,
Savage
and
59.
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
u rn a
u rn a
u rn a
u rn a
u rn a
u rn a
u rn a
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
J u ly 20, 1873.
O ctober 29, 1872.
N ov e m b e r 3 , 1 8 7 2 .
June 22, 1873.
J u ly 27, 1873.
Septem ber 1 4 , 1 8 7 3 .
A ugust 14, 1876.
60.
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
u rn a
u rn a
u rn a
u rn a
l,
l,
l,
l,
June 21, 1872.
May 3 0 , 1 8 7 3 .
Septem ber 1 6 , 1 8 7 3 .
A ugust 7, 1875.
61.
See n o t e 37 i n c h a p t e r t h r e e .
G a r f i e l d ' s base i n t h e
D i s c i p l e s m ov e m e n t was f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n e d by t h e many
p o l i t i c a l s p e e c h e s he g ave i n D i s c i p l e m e e t i n g h o u s e s .
F o r exam ple, see J o u r n a l e n t r i e s f o r A u g u s t 2 7 , 1 8 6 6 ;
A u g u s t 3 1 , 1 8 6 8 ; September 8, 1 8 6 8 ; September 2 6 , 1 8 6 8 ;
and O c t o b e r 1 , 1 8 6 8 .
By t h e f a l l o f 1 8 7 3 , G a r f i e l d
e s t i m a t e d t h a t he had made t h e " m o n o t o n o u s and w e a r y "
t r a i n t r i p f r o m W a s h i n g t o n t o H i r a m and b a c k " a t l e a s t
f i f t y t i m e s " (J o u r n a l , O c to be r 3 0 , 1 8 7 3 ) .
h e wa s d e p e n d e n t on A u s t i n and t h e t eam f o r much o f h i s
p o l i t i c a l fe nc e m end ing .
In r e t u r n , G a r f ie l d perform ed
n u m e r o u s d u t i e s and f a v o r s f o r h i s f r i e n d s . A s a l a w y e r ,
G a r f i e l d a s s i s t e d G. W. N. Y o s t , W o r t h y S t r e a t o r , J o h n
P . R o b i s o n , t h e P h i l l i p s b r o t h e r s , C h a r l e s L o c k w o o d and
W allac e John F o rd .
As a Congressm an, h i s s e r v i c e s r e n
d e r e d t o D i s c i p l e s i s beyond t h e scope o f t h i s n o t e .
62.
J o u rn a l,
63.
W o r t h y S . S t r e a t o r was p r e s i d e n t o f t h e L a k e S h o r e and
T u s c a r a w a s V a l l e y R a i l r o a d Company.
C h a r l e s B . Lockwood
w as p r e s i d e n t o f t h e C l e v e l a n d C h e m i c a l P a i n t Company.
A n d r e w M a r v i n w as a C l e v e l a n d l a w y e r .
G e o r g e B a k e r was
h e ad o f t h e C l e v e l a n d L i g h t n i n g Rod W o r k s .
W i l l i a m Bow
l e r was a C l e v e l a n d b u s i n e s s m a n whose " g r e a t i n t e r e s t "
in l i f e
"w as t h e advancement o f t h e i n t e r e s t s o f H i r a m
C o lle g e ."
O l i v e r G r a n g e r K e n t was a w h o l e s a l e g r o c e r i n
C le v e la n d .
A br am T e a c h o u t was p r e s i d e n t o f t h e T e a c h o u t
L u m b e r Company i n C l e v e l a n d .
A n d r e w S q u i r e was a H i r a m
p h y s i c i a n who l e c t u r e d on c h e m i s t r y and p h y s i o l o g y a t
H iram C o lle g e .
R i c h a r d M. H a n k was a H i r a m b u s i n e s s m a n .
A a r o n D a v i s was a f a r m e r and l o c a l o f f i c e h o l d e r i n t h e
town o f Ba c o n sb u rg .
H e n r y H a m i l t o n was a j u s t i c e o f t h e
pe ac e and f u r n i t u r e d e a l e r i n B r o o k f i e l d .
Amos C o a t e s ,
June
18,
1873.
373
o f A l l i a n c e , was i n v e n t o r and m a n u f a c t u r e r o f t h e l o c k l e v e r hay r a k e .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e " n e w and v i g o r o u s
m a t e r i a l s , " H ar mo n A u s t i n , o f W a r r e n , was s t i l l p r e s i
d e n t o f t h e T r u m b u l l N a t i o n a l B a n k and p r e s i d e n t o f t h e
A u s t i n F l a g s t o n e Company.
J o h n P . R o b i s o n was he ad o f
a meat p a c k in g b u s i n e s s i n C le v e la n d c a l l e d t h e N a t i o n a l
Pa c k in g House.
W. J . F o r d was now e d i t o r o f t h e Geauga
Leader in B u rto n .
F r e d e r i c k W i l l i a m s , o f R a v e n n a , was
a " f a r m e r , county o f f i c e r , e ld e r o f th e lo c a l c hurc h,
p u b l i c m i n i s t e r o f r e l i g i o n , p r o m o t e r o f good w o r k s ,
l o v e r o f good men, and h o s p i t a b l e h o u s e h o l d e r . "
Zeb
R u d o l p h , G a r f i e l d ' s f a t h e r - i n - l a w , was a c a r p e n t e r i n
H ira m .
Each o f t h e s e H ira m t r u s t e e s b r o u g h t v a lu a b le
s tre n g th to G a r fie ld 's p o lit ic a l o rg a n iza tio n .
64.
Some o f t h e s e men w e r e m or e v o c a l i n t h e i r s u p p o r t o f
G a r f i e l d t h a n o t h e r s , b u t t h e y were a l l f r i e n d l y cogs i n
t h e G a r f i e l d m ac hine .
H i n s d a l e p r e a c h e d i n H i r a m ; Wake
f i e l d i n N o r t h B l o o m f i e l d ; D a r s i e i n R a v e n n a ; Rowe i n
A k r o n ; T h a y e r i n W a r r e n ; W. L . H a yd e n i n A l l i a n c e and
C a n t o n ; Hemry i n S o l o n ; Moore i n M e n t o r ; F o o t e a t t h e
F r a n k l i n C i r c l e c h u r c h i n C l e v e l a n d ; and H a l l a t E u c l i d
Avenue i n C le v e la n d .
A l l o f th e o t h e r s were t r a v e l i n g
e v a n g e l i s t s who p r e a c h e d f r e q u e n t l y a r o u n d t h e W e s t e r n
Re se rve .
L a t h r o p C ooley, a t r a v e l i n g f i n a n c i a l - a g e n t
f o r H ira m C o ll e g e , a l s o aided th e G a r f i e l d cause.
65.
C h a r l e s E . H e n r y ( 1 8 3 5 - 1 9 0 6 ) had t h e d i s t i n c t i o n o f
b e i n g t h e f i r s t y o u n g man t o e n l i s t i n G a r f i e l d ' s 4 2 n d
O hio R e g im e n t.
A l t h o u g h he was a g r a d u a t e o f t h e E c l e c
t i c , and i n t i m a t e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h many D i s c i p l e s , he
d i d n o t become a member o f t h e D i s c i p l e s mov emen t u n t i l
Fe b ru a ry 6, 1876.
On t h a t o c c a s i o n he was b a p t i z e d by
W. T . M o o r e i n C i n c i n n a t i .
I n t h e a r m y he a t t a i n e d t h e
r a n k o f f i r s t l i e u t e n a n t , a l t h o u g h i n l a t e r l i f e he was
a l w a y s k no w n a s " C a p t i a n " H e n r y .
Fo r a d d itio n a l i n f o r
m a t i o n , s e e F r e d e r i c k A . H e n r y , C a p t a i n H e n r y o f Geauga
( C le v e la n d : Th e Gates P r e s s , 1 9 4 2 ) .
66.
Henry
67.
C l e v e l a n d P l a i n D e a l e r , December 4 , 1 8 6 9 .
S e e a l s o , t h e C i n c i n n a t i I n q u i r e r , December 1 5 , 1 8 6 9 ,
w h e r e an e d i t o r i a l c h a r g e d G a r f i e l d w i t h h a v i n g b u i l t
a house w o rth $ 4 0 ,0 0 0 .
When G a r f i e l d f i r s t w e n t t o
W a s h in g t o n , h i s f a m i l y rem ained i n H ira m i n th e l i t t l e
h o u s e t h e y had b o u g h t c l o s e t o t h e c o l l e g e .
T h i s was
n o t an i d e a l a r r a n g e m e n t , and t h e y e v e n t u a l l y b u i l t a
house i n W a shing to n in 1869.
T h e h o u s e and l o t c o s t
$ 1 1 , 8 5 0 , o f w hich G a r f i e l d borrowed o v e r $ 9 ,0 0 0 .
to
G a rfie ld ,
Septem ber
12,
1869.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
374
68.
G a r f i e l d t o H e n r y , De cember 2 8 , 1 8 6 9 .
i n t h e H e n ry P a p e rs w h ic h w ere donated
in 1963.
T h e r e i s n o t a copy i n t h e G
T h e r e a re 113 l e t t e r s fro m G a r f i e l d i n
69.
S e e J a m e s D . N o r r i s and A r t h u r H . S h a f f e r ,
(e d s.), P o l i
t i c s and P a t r o n a g e i n t h e G i l d e d A g e : T h e C o r r e s p o n d e n c e
o f J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d and C h a r l e s E . H e n r y ( M a d i s o n : T h e
S t a t e H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y o f W i s c o n s i n , 1 9 7 0 ) , f o r many
exam ples o f H e n r y ' s w ork f o r G a r f i e l d .
to G a rfie ld ,
70.
Henry
71.
G a rfie ld
72.
Henry to G a r f ie l d ,
Septem ber 3, 1 8 7 3 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
See F r a n k H. Mason, T h e F o r t y - Second O h io I n f a n t r y : A
H i s t o r y o f t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n and S e r v i c e s o f t h a t R e g i
m en t i n t h e War o f t h e R e b e l l i o n ; w i t h B i o g r a p h i c a l
S k e t c h e s o f i t s F i e l d O f f i c e r s and a f u l l r o s t e r o f t h e
R e g i m e n t ( C l e v e l a n d : Cobb, A n d r e w s and Company, 1 8 7 6 ) .
G a r f i e l d a i d e d t h i s p r o j e c t by p r o c u r i n g some o f f i c i a l
m a t e r i a l s f r o m t h e War D e p a r t m e n t .
S ee J o u r n a l , M a r c h
18, 1876.
to
H enry,
Septem ber 1 ,
1873.
T h is le tte r is
to Hiram C o lle g e
a rfie ld Papers.
th e Henry P a p e rs.
Septem ber 2 6 ,
G a rfie ld
1873.
Pa p e rs.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
73.
T h e C r e d i t M o b i l i e r o f A m e r i c a was a c o n s t r u c t i o n com
pany fo r m e d t o b u i l d t h e U n i o n P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d .
Shares
o f t h e company w e r e g i v e n t o c e r t a i n members o f C o n g r e s s
in re tu rn fo r p o lit ic a l fa v o rs.
By c h a r g i n g t h e U n i o n
P a c i f i c e x o r b i t a n t l y f o r i t s s e r v i c e s , t h e company i n
t e n d e d t o make e x c e s s i v e p r o f i t s f r o m t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n .
74.
G a rfie ld
to
to
H in sd a le ,
A u stin ,
August
August
10,
6,
1874.
1874.
G a rfie ld
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
75.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
76.
R i c h a r d M o o r e B i s h o p ( 1 8 1 2 - 1 8 9 3 ) was t h e h ead
o f a suc
c e s s f u l w h o le s a le g r o c e r y house i n C i n c i n n a t i fro m 1848
to 1878.
He w as m a y o r o f C i n c i n n a t i b e t w e e n
1 8 5 9 and
1 8 6 1 , and g o v e r n o r o f O h i o f r o m 1 8 7 8 t o 1 8 8 0 .
77.
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o s p e c u l a t e on why A u s t i n d i s c o u r a g e d
a g u b e rn a to ria l d r a ft fo r G a rfie ld .
I t m i g h t h a v e had
s o m e t h i n g t o do w i t h B i s h o p ' s i mmen se p o p u l a r i t y among
th e D i s c i p l e s i n O hio .
G a r f i e l d ' s p o l i t i c a l base i n t h e
D i s c i p l e s mov emen t m i g h t h a v e been s e r i o u s l y w e ake ne d i n
a b i t t e r c o n te st w ith B ish o p .
78.
H in sd a le to G a rfie ld , August 29, 1877. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
O t i s A. B u r g e s s (1 8 2 9 - 1 8 8 2 ), g ra d u a te o f B e th a n y C o lle g e ,
375
was p r e s i d e n t o f N o r t h W e s t e r n C h r i s t i a n U n i v e r s i t y
I n d i a n a p o l i s i n 1 8 6 8 - 1 8 7 0 and a g a i n i n 1 8 7 4 - 1 8 8 1 .
in
79.
Th e e s t i m a t e o f 4 0 , 0 0 0 O hio D i s c i p l e s i n 1877 i s m ost
l i k e l y lo w .
H o w e v e r , s i n c e women c o u l d n o t v o t e , t h e
t o t a l number o f v o t i n g D i s c i p l e s p r o b a b l y d i d n o t exceed
1 5 ,0 0 0 .
H o w e v e r, as B u r g e s s s u g g e s t e d , i t i s p o s s i b l e
t h a t a g r e a t many R e p u b l i c a n D i s c i p l e s v o t e d f o r B i s h o p .
80.
G a rfie ld
to
81.
J o u rn a l,
O ctober
17,
82.
J o u rn a l,
J u ly
1876.
H in sd a le ,
May 6 ,
2,
February
22,
1872.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
1875.
83.
J o u rn a l,
1877.
84.
See J o u r n a l , O c t o b e r 1 6 , 1 8 7 4 .
G a rfie ld w ro te :
"Took
t e a w i t h B u r k e and t h e n l i s t e n e d t o t h e r e a d i n g o f a
lo n g c h a p te r i n h i s fo rth c o m in g w ork, "Th e D o c tr in e o f
E v o lu t io n A p p lie d to Th e o lo g y ."
T h e c h a p t e r he r e a d
w as on J e w i s h C h r i s t i a n i t y , and i s a v e r y a b l e p r e s e n
t a t i o n o f t h e g ro w th o f th e C h r i s t i a n idea i n th e J e w is h
m i n d , and t h e e f f e c t u p on i t o f J e w i s h t h o u g h t .
I t is
t h e a b l e s t s u mm a r y o f t h e l e a d i n g p o i n t s i n t h e B o o k o f
A c t s I have e v e r s e e n .
I made a n u m b e r o f s u g g e s t i o n s
and c r i t i c i s m s m o s t o f w h i c h he a d o p t e d .
Burke has
g r o w n s t e a d i l y and s o l i d l y d u r i n g t h e l a s t t e n y e a r s .
He h a s a h i g h d e g r e e o f i n t e l l e c t u a l h o n e s t y and f a i t h
i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f any s u b j e c t .
85.
J o u r n a l , D e ce m b e r 2 7 ,
T h e l e c t u r e r w as O t i s
D i s c i p l e m e e tin g h o u se
f i e l d was v i s i t i n g i n
1877.
A . B u r g e s s , and t h e p l a c e w as t h e
i n New C a s t l e , P e n n s y l v a n i a . G a r
t h e home o f T h o m a s W. P h i l l i p s .
86.
J o u r n a l, Ja nuary 4, 1879.
G a r f i e l d s a w no ne ed t o p r o v i d e h i s c h i l d r e n w i t h a D i s
c ip le - o r ie n t e d e d uc a tion.
I n th e f a l l o f 1 8 7 9 , th e two
o l d e s t b o y s , H a r r y and J a m e s , w e r e s e n t t o S t . P a u l ' s
E p i s c o p a l S c h o o l i n C o n c o r d , New H a m p s h i r e .
When t h e y
g o t around t o s e l e c t i n g a c o l le g e , th e y chose W i l l i a m s
o ve r H ira m .
The G a r f i e l d c h il d r e n r a r e l y a tte nd e d th e
V e rm o n t Avenue c h u rc h .
87.
Jou
Jou
Jou
See
r n a l , Septem ber 3, 18 76 .
r n a l , March 2 , 1 8 7 9 .
r n a l , June 3, 1879.
a ls o , G a rfie ld to L u c re tia ,
June
3,
1879.
G a rfie ld
376
Pa p e rs.
S e e A l s o , P a u l A. C a r t e r , T h e S p i r i t u a l C r i s i s
o f t h e G i l d e d Age ( D e K a l b , I l l i n o i s : N o r t h e r n I l l i n o i s
U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 7 2 ) , f o r a good d i s c u s s i o n o f I n g e r
s o l l and o t h e r k e y f i g u r e s i n t h e 1 8 7 0 ' s .
88.
J o u r n a l , N ov e m b e r 2 3 , 1 8 7 3 .
J o u r n a l , F e b ru a ry 6, 1876.
G a r f i e l d t o S h a c k l e f o r d , N ov em be r 1 1 , 1 8 7 6 . G a r f i e l d
P a p e rs.
G a r f i e l d ' s v i e w s a l s o emb ra ce d t h e t r e a t m e n t o f I n d i a n s .
F o l l o w i n g a v i s i t w i t h t h e F l a t h e a d I n d i a n s , he w r o t e :
" I t a p p e a r s t o me t h a t t h e r e l i g i o u s s i d e o f t h e I n d i a n
q u e s t io n needs th o ro u g h r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
T o b u i l d up a
C h r i s t i a n c i v i l i z a t i o n on t h e r u i n s o f b a r b a r i s m we
o u g h t t o b e g i n a t t h e b o t t o m , and n o t a t t h e t o p . "
For
G a r f i e l d , t h i s meant b e g i n n i n g " w i t h t h e t e m p o r a l i t i e s ,
r a t h e r than d o c trin a l th e o lo g y ."
"We a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o
s a y , " he d e l c a r e d , " t h a t t h e G o s p e l i s f i t t e d t o a l l
c l a s s e s and c o n d i t i o n s o f men.
And t h i s i s p r o b a b l y
t r u e wh e n we u s e t h e w o r d i n i t s b r o a d e s t s e n s e ; b u t i t
i s n o t t r u e i n the narrow d o c t r in a l sense o f th e te rm .
T h e re i s a g o sp e l o f c lo t h in g , o f fo o d , o f s h e l t e r , o f
w o rk , t h a t s h o u ld precede th e th e o lo g y o f th e p u l p i t . "
S e e Ja me s A . G a r f i e l d , " T h e I n d i a n Q u e s t i o n , " C h r i s t i a n
S t a n d a r d , (November 2 3 , 1 8 7 2 ) , p. 3 7 1 .
89.
F r e d e r i c k D . P o w e r ( 1 8 5 1 - 1 9 1 1 ) was p a s t o r o f t h e V e r m o n t
Avenue c h u rc h fr o m 1875 t o 1 9 1 1 .
R e f l e c t i n g on t h e c o n
d i t i o n o f t h e c h u r c h a s he f o u n d i t i n 1 8 7 5 , P o w e r w r o t e
l a t e r : " T h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e b u i l d i n g i n w h i c h we m e t
and t h e a c q u a i n t a n c e o f t h e p u b l i c w i t h i t a t t h a t t i m e
may be u n d e r s t o o d when I t e l l y o u t h a t s o o n a f t e r my
c o m i n g , some b a s e f e l l o w b r o k e i n and s t o l e t h e p u l p i t
B i b l e and a n u m b e r o f o u r S u n d a y S c h o o l b o o k s , and t h e
p a p e r s announced t h a t t h e l i t t l e
c o l o r e d c h u r c h on V e r
m o n t A v e n u e had l o s t t h e i r b o o k s . "
K o o n t z , op. c i t .
90.
J o u r n a l , November 2 8 , 1 8 7 5 .
91.
J o u r n a l, January 1 5 -2 5 , 1878.
S e e J a me s A G a r f i e l d , " A n c i e n t E p h e s u s , "
S t a n d a r d , ( F e b r u a ry 9 , 1 8 7 8 ) , p. 43.
92.
93.
94.
Shaw,
Buckeye
J o u rn a l,
Hinsdale
D is c ip le s ,
Septem ber
to
1,
G arfield,
o£.
c it. ,
C h ris tia n
pp.
246-247.
1875.
G arfield
1878.
J a n u a ry
1,
Papers.
377
G a rfie ld
to
H in s d a le , Ja nuary
7,
1875. G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
95.
H in s d a le to G a r f ie l d , January 1,
1877. G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
G a r f i e l d to H in s d a le , January 4,
1877. G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
When I s a a c E r r e t t w r o t e t o H i n s d a l e i n t h e summer o f
1 8 7 8 , i t w as t o s u g g e s t t h a t he c o u l d h a v e t h e p a s t o r a t e
o f t h e C e n t r a l C h r i s t i a n Church i n C i n c i n n a t i .
When t h e
E i g h t h an d W a l n u t c o n g r e g a t i o n moved i n t o t h e i r p l u s h
new b u i l d i n g i n 1 8 7 2 , t h e y became t h e C e n t r a l C h r i s t i a n
Church.
I t w a s o ne o f t h e l a r g e s t and m o s t p r e s t i g i o u s
c o n g re g a tio n s i n the D is c ip le s b ro th e rh o o d .
However,
wh e n H i n s d a l e t u r n e d t h e o f f e r d o wn , G a r f i e l d c omme nt ed:
" I am g l a d y o u d e c l i n e d . "
See G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e ,
J u ly 26, 1878. G a rfie ld Pa p e rs.
As l a t e as 1 8 7 9 , G ar
f i e l d w as s a y i n g : " I do n o t s e e t h a t y o u can do b e t t e r
t h a n t o r e m a i n a t H i r a m and c o n t i n u e l i t e r a r y w o r k a s
yo u have been d o i n g .
I t h i n k you o u g h t t o c o n t in u e th e
w o rk o f w h ic h The J e w is h C h r i s t i a n Church i s th e b e g in
n i n g , and w r i t e i t w i t h a v i e w t o f i n d i n g an e a s t e r n
p u b lis h e r."
See G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e , J a n u a ry 8, 1 8 7 9 .
96.
H e n r y S h aw w as o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t G a r f i e l d and E r r e t t
" u p h e l d t h e ' m i d d l e o f t h e r o a d 1 p o s i t i o n , and w e r e i n
s t r u m e n t a l i n k e e p in g th e D i s c i p l e s b ro th e rh o o d fro m
f a l l i n g a p a r t b y d i s s e n s i o n and i n t e r n a l s t r i f e . "
S ee
Shaw, Buckeye D i s c i p l e s , op. c i t . , p. 2 0 8 .
I n t h e case
o f E r r e t t h e w as r i g h t .
B u t G a r f i e l d , f a r fro m being
b o t h e r e d by t h e i n t e r n a l d e b a te , a c t u a l l y encouraged
it.
He s u p p o r t e d t h e a t t a c k on B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n and
o t h e r p a c i f i s t s a f t e r t h e w a r , and h e was d i s a p p o i n t e d
when E r r e t t made t h e S t a n d a r d a v o i c e o f m o d e r a t i o n i n
th e c hurch.
When P i n k e r t o n l a u n c h e d t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l
I n d e p e n d e n t M o n t h l y , G a r f i e l d u r g e d h i m t o f i r e away a t
L a r d and M c G a r v e y .
When H i n s d a l e c r i t i c i z e d some t r a d i
t i o n a l p a t t e r n s o f t h o u g h t among D i s c i p l e s , he r e c e i v e d
G a r f i e l d ' s e n t h u s i a s t i c endorsem ent.
P i n k e r t o n , G ar
f i e l d and H i n s d a l e s e r v e d a s f o r e r u n n e r s t o t h e l i b e r a l
m ov e me nt o f t h e 1 8 9 0 ' s t h a t c e n t e r e d a r o u n d t h e D i s c i
p l e s D i v i n i t y House a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o .
It
wa s t h i s new l i b e r a l s p i r i t r a d i a t i n g f r o m C h i c a g o t h a t
u l t i m a t e l y l e d a l a r g e segment o f th e c h u rc h i n t o t h e
m a in s tr e a m o f l i b e r a l Am erican P r o t e s t a n t i s m a t t h e be
g in n in g o f the tw e n tie th c e n tu ry .
G a r f i e l d ' s " n e w and
b e t t e r m o v e m e n t " came t o f r u i t i o n a q u a r t e r c e n t u r y
a f t e r h i s death.
NOTES
TO C H A P T E R E I G H T
3 78
1.
He nry to G a r f ie ld , January 31, 1880. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
On J a n u a r y 6 , 1 8 8 0 , G a r f i e l d had b e e n s e l e c t e d b y t h e
u n a n im o u s v o t e o f h i s R e p u b li c a n a s s o c i a t e s i n t h e O hio
L e g i s l a t u r e t o s u c c e e d A l l e n G. T h u r m a n i n t h e U n i t e d
S t a te s Sena te.
B u t G a r f ie ld never s a t i n the Sena te.
On t h e d a y t h a t h i s t e r m w o u l d o t h e r w i s e h a v e b e g u n he
wa s i n a u g u r a t e d a s P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .
2.
J o u r n a l , May 3 0 , 1 8 8 0 .
J o u r n a l , June 6, 1880.
F . M. G r e e n , A R o y a l L i f e : T h e E v e n t f u l H i s t o r y o f
James A. G a r f i e l d (C h ic a g o : C e n t r a l Book C o n c e r n , 18 8 2 )
p. 174.
O t i s A. B u r g e s s , P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d (Chicago: C e n t r a l
Book C o nc e rn, 1881) p. 18.
3.
B . A. H in s d a le , P r e s id e n t
( B o s t o n : J a m e s R . Osgood
T h e H i r a m g r a d u a t e was J .
i n c i d e n t l a t e r a t a H ira m
G a rfie ld .
4.
On t h e s e c o n d d a y o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n , G a r f i e l d w r o t e t o
h i s w i f e t h a t " t h e s i g n s have m u l t i p l i e d t h a t t h e con
v e n t i o n i s s t r o n g l y t u r n i n g i t s a t t e n t i o n t o m e."
The
n e x t d a y , w r i t i n g a g a i n t o L u c r e t i a , he s a i d : " A s t o
m y s e l f , I have o n l y t i m e t o s a y t h a t w i t h o u t any a c t o r
w o r d o f m i n e t o i n d u c e i t , t h e r e h a s b ee n g r o w i n g h o u r l y
a c u r r e n t o f o p i n i o n w h i c h , w e r e O h i o and I h o n o r a b l y
f r e e , m ig h t n o m in a te m e."
See G a r f i e l d t o L u c r e t i a ,
J u n e 3 an d 4 , 1 8 8 0 , i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
The p a rty
c o n v e n t i o n was a b o u t e v e n l y s p l i t betw een t h e " S t a l w a r t "
f o l l o w e r s o f G r a n t , l e d by New Y o r k ' s R o s c o e C o n k l i n g ,
and t h e o p p o n e n t s o f G r a n t l e d b y B l a i n e and S h e r m a n .
I n an e f f o r t t o a p p e a s e t h e " S t a l w a r t " f a c t i o n , G a r f i e l d
s e l e c t e d C h e s t e r A . A r t h u r o f New Y o r k t o be h i s r u n n i n g
m ate.
I n th e canvass o f 1880, G a r f ie l d re c e iv e d s tro n g
s u p p o r t f r o m t h e f o l l o w e r s o f B l a i n e and S h e r m a n .
But
f o r a f u l l t h r e e m o n t h s a f t e r t h e c o n v e n t i o n , G r a n t and
C o n k lin g c o n tin u e d to s u lk about t h e i r d e fe a t.
F in a lly ,
i n l a t e S e p t e m b e r , t h e y gave t h e i r b e l a t e d s u p p o r t t o
the p a rty t i c k e t .
5.
J o h n F . Rowe, " G e n e r a l G a r f i e l d ' s N o m i n a t i o n , "
C h r i s t i a n R e v i e w , ( J u l y 1 0 , 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 1 8 6 .
6.
T h e S t a n d a r d and R e v i e w w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n C i n c i n n a t i .
T h e C h r i s t i a n was b a s e d i n S t . L o u i s , and t h e E v a n g e l i s t
i n Chicago.
G a r f i e l d a l s o r e c e i v e d an e n d o r s e m e n t f r o m
M a r c i a M. G o o d w i n , e d i t o r o f t h e C h r i s t i a n M o n i t o r , a
G a r f i e l d and E d u c a t i o n
& Company, 1 8 8 2 ) , p p . 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 .
W. R o b b i n s .
He d e s c r i b e d t h e
C o lle g e m em orial s e r v i c e f o r
A m erican
379
wom an's m a g a zin e .
I n one o f h i s e d i t o r i a l s c o n c e r n i n g
t h e G a r f i e l d n o m i n a t i o n , E r r e t t w r o t e : "On a c c o u n t , we
p r e s u m e , o f o u r known l o n g a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h t h e c a n d i
d a t e o f t h e R e p u b l i c a n p a r t y f o r t h e P r e s i d e n c y , and t h e
p e r s o n a l f r i e n d s h i p e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n u s , we a r e a l r e a d y
b e sie g e d w i t h q u e s tio n s to u c h in g e v e ry rum or p u t i n c i r
c u l a t i o n by h i s p o l i t i c a l o p p o n e n t s t o h i s i n j u r y .
O urs
i s n o t a p o l i t i c a l p a p e r , and we h a v e n o t h i n g t o s a y i n
t h e s e c o lu m n s t o u c h i n g t h e p a r t y i s s u e s between R e p u b l i
c a n s and D e m o c r a t s .
B u t as t o u c h i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r o f
J a me s A . G a r f i e l d a s an h o n e s t man, a C h r i s t i a n g e n t l e
man, an u p r i g h t , l o y a l , and f a i t h f u l c i t i z e n , and a
s t a t e s m a n o f g r e a t a b i l i t y , o f h i g h i n t e g r i t y , and o f
p u r e m o r a l s , we a r e f r e e t o s a y , a s t h e r e s u l t o f a l o n g
an d i n t i m a t e p e r s o n a l a c q u a i n t a n c e , t h a t we h a v e i n h i m ,
and h a v e a l w a y s h a d , u n b o u n d e d c o n f i d e n c e — a c o n f i d e n c e
t h a t h a s n e v e r t r e m b l e d f o r a m om e n t . " S ee I s a a c E r r e t t ,
"James A. G a r f i e l d , " C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d , (June 1 9 , 1 8 8 0 ) ,
p. 196.
7.
8.
9.
10.
On J a n u a r y 2 8 , 1 8 6 4 , l e s s t h a n t w o m o n t h s a f t e r he had
e ntere d C ong ress, G a rfie ld d e liv e re d h i s f i r s t im p o rta n t
s p e e c h i n t h e H o u s e on t h e c o n f i s c a t i o n o f r e b e l p r o p
e rty .
T h e s p e e c h s e r i o u s l y wounded h i s r e l a t i o n s w i t h
D i s c i p l e s i n t h e S o u t h , and t h e r e w e r e many who n e v e r
fo rg a v e him f o r i t .
T h e b a s i c a r g u m e n t i n L i p s c o m b ' s p o s i t i o n was t h a t t h e
"k in g d o m s o f t h e w o r l d " were u n d e r t h e d o m in io n o f S a
ta n , w h i le th e C h r i s t i a n ' s " c i t i z e n s h i p i s i n he a ve n."
D a v id
(June
Lip sc o m b , "W ords o f
24, 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 399.
C a u tio n ,"
Gospel Advocate,
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " C h r i s t i a n s and P o l i t i c s , " G o s p e l A d v o
c a te , ( J u l y 1 5 , 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 4 4 6 .
I n t h i s same e d i t o r i a l ,
L i p s c o m b w r o t e : " G e n . G a r f i e l d i s a member o f t h e c h u r c h
o f C h ris t.
He i s a man i n good s t a n d i n g i n t h a t c h u r c h .
He i s i n t i m a t e w i t h a g r e a t n u m be r o f w e l l - k n o w n and
le a d in g d is c ip le s o f C h r is t .
T h e y a l l r e g a r d h im as a
man o f h o n o r and i n t e g r i t y . . . U n d e r t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n
c e s , n o C h r i s t i a n c an b e l i e v e o r r e p o r t o r t a k e u p t h e
p u b lic e v i l re p o rts a g a in st G a rfie ld , w ith o u t v io la t in g
a l l th e o b lig a tio n s o f C h r is t ia n bro therho od . . . .
We
h o ld t h a t w h e re in G eneral G a r f i e l d has n o t f a i l e d i n
r e l i g i o u s i n t e g r i t y i n the p o l i t i c a l arena, n in e t y - n in e
o u t o f e v e ry hundred C h r i s t i a n s w ould f a i l .
M oreover,
I do n o t b e l i e v e i n a h u n d r e d y e a r s p a s t , s o much o f
e a r n e s t , i n t e l l i g e n t r e l i g i o u s c h a r a c t e r , i n one p e r
s o n , h a s come s o n e a r t h e P r e s i d e n c y a s d o e s now i n t h e
380
person o f
much w i l l
G eneral G a r f ie l d .
The chances a r e , t h a t
n o t a g a in f o r a h u n d re d y e a r s t o come."
so
11.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " R e l i g i o n and P o l i t i c s , " G o s p e l A d v o c a t e ,
(S e p te m b e r 9 , 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 5 8 1 .
12.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " P o l i t i c s and R e l i g i o n , " G o s p e l A d v o c a t e ,
(A u g u s t 5 , 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 504.
13.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " R e l i g i o n and P o l i t i c s , " G o s p e l A d v o c a t e ,
( S e p t e m b e r 2 3 , 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 6 0 9 . See a l s o , E a r l I r v i n W e s t ,
T h e L i f e and T i m e s o f D a v i d L i p s c o m b ( H e n d e r s o n , T e n n e s
see": “" R e T i g i o u s B o o k S e r v i c e , 1 9 5 4 ) , p . 1 6 9 .
Lipscom b
p u b l i s h e d a l i s t o f D i s c i p l e p r e a c h e r s who w e r e s e e k i n g
p o l i t i c a l o f f i c e i n 1 8 8 0 , and t h e n r e m a r k e d : " S u r e l y t h e
e v i l o n e h a s l e a r n e d t h e weak p o i n t o f t h e s e C a m p b e l l i t e
p re a c h e rs."
See D a v id Lip sc o m b , " T e a c h e r s i n P o l i t i c s , "
Gospel A dvocate, (August 26, 1 8 8 0 ), p. 553.
F o llo w in g
t h e e l e c t i o n , Lip sc o m b c om plained t h a t " t h e c andidacy o f
G a r f i e l d h a s d r a w n many p r e a c h e r s o f t h e t r u t h i n t o p o l
itic s ."
See D a v id L ip sc o m b , " T h e E l e c t i o n , " G osp e l Advo
c a t e , (December 2 , 1 8 8 0 ) , p . 7 7 6 .
14.
B la c k to G a r f i e l d , June 10, 1880. G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
G a r f i e l d r e p l i e d : " I know how g r o u n d e d y o u a r e i n t h e
w a y s o f p o l i t i c a l t h i n k i n g w h i c h seem t o y o u j u s t and
f o r t h e h i g h e s t good o f y o u r c o u n t r y — and s o a l l t h e
. more f o r t h a t r e a s o n I p r i z e y o u r w o r d s o f p e r s o n a l
k i n d n e s s . . . . S u c c e e d in g o r f a i l i n g I s h a l l none t h e
l e s s h o n o r y o u r n o b l e c h a r a c t e r , g r e a t i n t e l l e c t and
e q u a lly g re a t h e a r t ."
See W i l l i a m Norwood B r i g a n c e ,
Je re m ia h S u l l i v a n B la c k ( P h il a d e l p h i a : The U n i v e r s i t y
o f P e n n s y lv a n i a P r e s s , 1 9 3 4 ) , p. 28 1.
15.
T h e D e m o c r a t i c N a t i o n a l C o n v e n t i o n met i n C i n c i n n a t i a t
t h e e nd o f J u n e and n o m i n a t e d a t i c k e t o f W i l l i a m H .
H a n c o c k and W i l l i a m H . E n g l i s h .
R i c h a r d M. B i s h o p , t h e
w e l l - k n o w n D i s c i p l e who was G o v e r n o r o f O h i o , came i n
second t o E n g l i s h i n th e b a l l o t i n g f o r V ic e P r e s i d e n t .
B l a c k p l u n g e d i n t o t h e c am p a i g n on b e h a l f o f t h e Demo
c ra tic tic k e t.
When t h e C r e d i t M o b i l i e r s c a n d a l became
an i s s u e i n t h e c a m p a i g n , B l a c k t e s t i f i e d t h a t G a r f i e l d
had a c t u a l l y h e l d s t o c k i n t h e company and h ad r e c e i v e d
d iv id e n d s as w e l l .
T h i s a c c u s a t i o n s e r i o u s l y damaged
the G a rfie ld - B la c k f r ie n d s h ip .
T h e y n e v e r saw o r w r o t e
t o one a n o t h e r a g a i n .
16.
T h o m a s W. P h i l l i p s , " A P e r s o n a l T r i b u t e t o James A . G a r
f i e l d , " B u l l e t i n o f H i r a m C o l l e g e , G a r f i e l d Number, 1 9 1 2 .
See, B . A. H in s d a le , The R e p u b lic a n T e x t- B o o k F o r The
381
C a m p a i g n o f 1 8 8 0 (New Y o r k : D . A p p l e t o n & Company, 1 8 8 0 ) ,
an d L e t t e r s ( L o u i s v i l l e : T h e S t a n d a r d P r i n t i n g Company,
1 9 6 9 ) , p. 10.
17.
A la n s o n W ilc o x , " L u c r e t i a Rud olph G a r f i e l d , "
S t a n d a r d , ( A p r i l 6, 1 9 1 8 ) , p. 85 8.
C h ris tia n
18.
T h o m a s W. G r a f t o n , Men o f Y e s t e r d a y : A S e r i e s o f C h a r
a c t e r S k e t c h e s o f P r o m i n e n t Men among t h e D i s c i p l e s o f
C h r i s t ( S t . L o u i s : T h e C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g Company,
1 8 9 9 ) , p. 2 8 2 .
C o m m e n t i n g on t h e r e a s o n t h a t B u r g e s s
became s o i n v o l v e d i n t h e c a m p a i g n , G r a f t o n w r o t e : " I n
t h i s s e r v i c e he had n o t b ee n a c t u a t e d b y s e l f i s h o r
p o l i t i c a l m o tiv e s.
G a r f i e l d was h i s b r o t h e r i n C h r i s t .
T o g e t h e r t h e y had l a b o r e d f o r t h e same g r e a t c a u s e — t h e
re s to ra tio n o f P rim itiv e C h ris tia n ity .
M r . B u r g e s s now
s aw i n t h e e l e v a t i o n o f h i s f r i e n d an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r
t h e a d v a n c e m e n t o f t h e movement w i t h w h i c h he w as i d e n
tifie d . "
19.
H in sd a le
G a rfie ld
H in sd a le
H in sd a le
Pa p e rs.
H in sd a le
to
to
to
to
G a rfie ld ,
H in sd a le ,
G a rfie ld ,
G a rfie ld ,
O ctober 9, 1 8 8 0 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
August 24, 1880. G a rfie ld P a p e rs .
September 3, 1 8 8 0 . G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
September 1 5 , 1 8 8 0 . G a r f i e l d
to
G a rfie ld ,
October
5,
1880.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
20.
H e n ry K. Shaw, H o o s i e r D i s c i p l e s : A C om prehensive H i s
t o r y o f t h e C h r i s t i a n Churches (D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ) i n
I n d ia n a ( S t . L o u i s : The B e th a n y P r e s s , 1 9 6 6 ) , p. 2 0 8 ,
21.
Isa a c E r r e t t , "G e nera l G a r f i e l d ' s R e li g i o u s F a i t h , "
C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d , ( J u l y 1 0 , 1 8 8 0 ) , p. 2 1 8 .
E r r e t t was
n o t r e f e r r i n g to the l i t t l e
s t a t e m e n t t h a t G a r f i e l d had
penned i n 1 8 6 0 (se e p. 142 i n t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n ) , b u t t o
h i s own t r a c t t h a t was w r i t t e n i n 1 8 7 2 .
S e e , C h a r l e s A.
Y o u n g , H i s t o r i c a l Documents A d v o c a t i n g C h r i s t i a n U n i o n
( C h i c a g o : T h e C h r i s t i a n C e n t u r y Company, 1 9 0 4 ) , w h e r e
E r r e t t ' s tr a c t i s re p rin te d in f u l l .
G a rfie ld 's b rie f
s t a t e m e n t a l s o r e c e iv e d a wide d i s t r i b u t i o n d u r i n g th e
cam paign.
I t was r e p r i n t e d i n a n u m b e r o f p e r i o d i c a l s .
22.
J o u r n a l , Septem ber 3 0 , 1 8 8 0 .
J . S . La m a r, M em oirs o f Is a a c E r r e t t , I I ,
(C in c in n a ti:
T h e S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 9 3 ) , p . 2 7 2 .
L a te i n th e f a l l o f 18 76 , G a r f i e l d purchased th e D icke y
fa rm i n M e n to r, O hio .
T h i s f a r m was l o c a t e d a b o u t h a l f
a m ile e a s t o f D r. John P. R o b is o n 's fa rm .
D u rin g the
c a m p a i g n o f 1 8 8 0 , n e w s p a p e r m e n be g an c a l l i n g t h e h o u s e
382
"L a w n fie ld ."
T h e f a r m h o u s e i s now t h e p r o p e r t y o f t h e
W e s t e r n R e s e r v e H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y and i s o pen t o t h e
p u b lic .
One o f t h e v i s i t o r s a t " L a w n f i e l d " d u r i n g t h e
b u s y s ummer o f 1 8 8 0 was C o r y d o n F u l l e r f r o m I o w a .
For
a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s r e u n i o n , see Corydon E . F u l l e r ,
R e m i n i s c e n c e s o f J ame s A. G a r f i e l d ( C i n c i n n a t i : S t a n d a r d
P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 7 ) , p p . 4 2 8 - 4 3 2 .
A nothe r g u e st
a t " L a w n f i e l d " w a s M a j o r J o n a s M. B u n d y , e d i t o r o f t h e
New Y o r k E v e n i n g M a i l .
He was p r e p a r i n g a b i o g r a p h y o f
G a rfie ld .
S i n c e h i s v i s i t o c c u r r e d o v e r a w e e k - e n d , he
was a b l e t o o f f e r t h e f o l l o w i n g a c c o u n t o f G a r f i e l d a t
c h u rc h : "T h e n e x t day, Sunday, a ffo rd e d a t o t a l l y d i f
f e r e n t e x p e rie n c e .
I wa s a s k e d t o go t o t h e ' D i s c i p l e s '
m e e t i n g - h o u s e , a b o u t a m i l e t o w a r d P a i n e s v i l l e , and a t
t e n d t h e w o r s h i p t h e r e , and w e n t , a s d i d p r e t t y n e a r l y
a l l o f the G a rfie ld fa m ily .
The m e e ting ho use i s a s m a l l ,
o l d - f a s h i o n e d r u r a l New E n g l a n d s o r t o f t e m p l e , b u i l t o f
b o a r d s and p a i n t e d w h i t e , w i t h c om mo di ou s h o r s e - s h e d s
around.
T h e a t t e n d a n c e was n o t l a r g e , b u t o f p e o p l e who
l o o k e d e a r n e s t l y r e l i g i o u s , i n t h e i r p l a i n and p r i m i t i v e
way.
T h e r e w as no ' p r e a c h e r ' i n t h e u s u a l s e n s e o f t h a t
w o rd .
B u t i n t h e p r e a c h e r ' s s e a t w as G e n e r a l G a r f i e l d ' s
p r a c t i c a l , o r i g i n a l and i n d e p e n d e n t o l d f r i e n d and a d
v i s e r , one o f t h e m o s t n o t e d c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e ' R e s e r v e , '
D r . J . P . R o b i s o n . . . H i s d i s c o u r s e was a p l a i n and
p u n g e n t a n d s o m e t i m e s s a r c a s t i c and h u m o r o u s a t t a c k on
a l l human s u b s t i t u t e s f o r , and a d d i t i o n s t o , t h e r e v e a l
ed w o r d o f God. . . . A f t e r t h e p r e a c h i n g was o v e r he
a s k e d t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n t o ' s i n g a s o n g , ' and p r o c e e d e d ,
w i t h t h e a i d o f two deacons, t o a d m i n i s t e r th e ' L o r d ' s
S u p p e r , ' a s i s d on e e v e r y S u n d a y b y t h e ' D i s c i p l e s . '
T h e c e r e m o n y w as i m p r e s s i v e by i t s v e r y s i m p l i c i t y and
e v id e n t s i n c e r i t y .
A f t e r t h e b r o k e n b r e a d had b ee n
b l e s s e d and p a r t a k e n o f , t h e d o c t o r a s k e d ' B r o t h e r G a r
f i e l d ' t o a s k a b l e s s i n g on t h e w i n e , and t h e l a t t e r d i d
s o , w i t h t h e m a n n e r o f one who was p e r f o r m i n g a s i m p l e
and c u s t o m a r y d u t y .
A l t o g e t h e r t h e s e r v i c e s were e x
c e e d i n g l y s u g g e s t i v e o f t h e a p o s t o l i c t i m e s and o f t h e
n o t i o n t h a t much m i g h t be l e a r n e d f r o m t h e m i s u n d e r s t o o d
an d h u m b l e ' C a m p b e l l i t e s . '
T h e y g ave me a much c l e a r e r
c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l and n o r m a l c h a r a c t e r o f G a r
fie ld 's
' p r e a c h i n g , ' i n h i s e a r l y m an ho od , and f o r t h i s
r e a s o n had s p e c i a l v a l u e and s i g n i f i c a n c e . "
S e e , J . M.
B u n d y , T h e L i f e o f G e n e r a l J a me s A. G a r f i e l d (New Y o r k :
A . S . B a r n e s & Company, 1 8 8 0 ) , p p . 2 2 5 - 2 2 6 .
23.
T h e o d o r e C l a r k e S m i t h , T h e L i f e and L e t t e r s o f James
pp. 1 0 3 1 -1 0 3 2 .
See, a l s o , R ic h a rd O . B a te s , The G e n tle
man F r o m O h i o ( D u r h a m : M o o r e P u b . C o . , 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 2 8 3 .
383
24.
See H e r b e r t J . C la n c y , T h e P r e s i d e n t i a l
(Chicago: The L o y o la P r e s s , 1 9 5 8 ) .
25.
H e n r y t o G a r f i e l d , Nov embe r 9 ,
G a r f i e l d t o H i n s d a l e , Nov embe r
P h i l l i p s , op. c i t .
1880. G a rfie ld P a p e rs.
26.
H in sd a le
9,
27.
S m ith ,
28.
G a rfie ld
to
H in sd a le ,
N ov em be r
17,
1880.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
29.
H in sd a le
to
G a rfie ld ,
Nov embe r
20,
1880.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
30.
C h a p l a i n G. G. M u l l i n s , " G a r f i e l d ' s
A d v o c a t e , (M arch 8 , 1 8 8 3 ) , p . 1 5 6 .
31.
Lam ar,
32.
S e e n o t e 19 i n c h a p t e r s e v e n o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n .
The
H e n d e r s o n l e t t e r i s now i n t h e M un da y- H e n d e r s o n P a p e r s .
T h e s e p a p e r s a r e p a r t o f t h e W e s t e r n H i s t o r i c a l Manu
s c r i p t s C o lle c t io n a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f M is s o u r i l i b r a r y
i n C o lum b ia , M i s s o u r i .
See a l s o , H e n d e r s o n t o G a r f i e l d .
S e p t e m b e r 10 and De cember 2 7 , 1 8 8 0 , i n G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
33.
J o h n B r y a n Bowman ( 1 8 2 4 - 1 8 9 1 ) f o u n d e d and c h a r t e r e d K e n
t u c k y U n i v e r s i t y (now t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f K e n t u c k y ) , o f
w h i c h he was r e g e n t f r o m 1 8 6 5 t o 1 8 7 8 .
In the s p rin g o f
1 8 7 7 h e w a s among t h e o f f i c e - s e e k e r s who w e r e b e s i e g i n g
P r e s i d e n t Hayes f o r a government p o s i t i o n .
He was a b l e
t o p e r s u a d e G a r f i e l d t o i n t e r v e n e o n h i s b e h a l f , b u t he
s t i l l f a i l e d t o g e t an a p p o i n t m e n t .
G a rfie ld w rote o f
t h i s i n c i d e n t : " C a l l e d on t h e P r e s i d e n t w i t h R e g e n t B o w
man and a l s o o n t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e .
Bowman d e s i r e s
t o be M i n i s t e r t o M e x i c o o r t o A u s t r i a .
Who d o e s n o t
d e s i r e some o f f i c e ?
I t w o u l d be a c o m f o r t t o f i n d a
c o m m u n i t y w h i c h w as c o n t e n t t o s t a n d on i t s own f o u n d a
tio n s.
A k i n d o f m a d n e s s see ms t o p e r v a d e t h e p u b l i c
m ind i n r e g a r d t o p o l i t i c a l o f f i c e . "
See J o u r n a l , March
26, 1877.
A f t e r G a r f i e l d ' s e l e c t i o n , Bowman r e n e w e d h i s
e f f o r t s f o r a p o l i t i c a l ap p o in tm e n t.
S e e Bowman t o G a r
f i e l d , J u l y 1 9 , O c t o b e r 1 6 , N ov e m b e r 8 , 1 8 8 0 , and A p r i l
1 1 , May 1 8 , and May 1 9 , 1 8 8 1 , i n t h e G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
S e e , a l s o , C h a p l a i n G. G. M u l l i n s , " G a r f i e l d ' s R e l i g i o n , "
G o s p e l A d v o c a t e , (March 8 , 1 8 8 3 ) , p. 1 5 6 .
A c c o rd ing to
M u l l i n s , Bowman w a n t e d t o be S e c r e t a r y o f t h e I n t e r i o r .
34.
G a rfie ld
to
op.
op.
to
G a rfie ld ,
c it. ,
c it. ,
p.
p.
Nov embe r
1880.
E le c tio n
G a rfie ld
of
1880
Pa p e rs.
1063.
R e lig io n ,"
Gospel
185.
Lu c re tia ,
January
21,
1881.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
384
35.
F r e d e r i c k D o u g l a s s ( 1 8 1 7 7 - 1 8 9 5 ) , who was b o r n i n t o s l a v
e r y , became a c e l e b r a t e d a b o l i t i o n i s t .
He was M a r s h a l
o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Colum bia fro m 1877 t o 1 8 8 1 .
G a rfie ld
t r a n s f e r r e d h im t o t h e o f f i c e o f R e c o r d e r o f Deeds o f
t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia i n o r d e r t o c r e a t e a vacancy
f o r C a p ta in H e n ry .
D o ug la ss l a t e r w ro te : " P r i o r to h i s
i n a u g u r a t i o n he s o l e m n l y p r o m i s e d S e n a t o r R o s e c o e C o n k
l i n g t h a t he w o u l d a p p o i n t me U n i t e d S t a t e s M a r s h a l f o r
t h e D i s t r i c t o f C olum bia.
He n o t o n l y p r o m i s e d , b u t d i d
so w i t h e m p h a sis.
He s l a p p e d t h e t a b l e w i t h h i s h and
when h e made t h e p r o m i s e . "
See F r e d e r i c k D o u g l a s s , L i f e
and T i m e s o f F r e d e r i c k D o u g l a s s (New Y o r k : C r o w e l l - C o l l i e r P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 6 2 ) , p . 5 2 5 .
The te le g ra m s
e x c h a n g e d b y G a r f i e l d and J o n e s a r e i n G a r f i e l d P a p e r s .
36.
H in sd a le
37.
G a rfie ld
H in sd a le
38.
H in sd a le ,
39.
G a rfie ld
to
G a rfie ld ,
to H in sd a le ,
to G a rfie ld ,
op.
to
c it. ,
A u stin ,
25,
June 16,
June 20,
pp.
1881.
1881.
1881.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
106-108.
Fe b rua ry
January 20,
7,
1881.
1881.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
40.
G a rfie ld
41.
D a v id K in g ,
" T h e Am erican P r e s i d e n t
( E le c t ) ," Ec c le s
i a s t i c a l O b s e r v e r , ( F e b r u a ry 1 5 , 1 8 8 1 ) , p. 47 .
42.
S m i t h , op. c i t . , p. 10 97 .
J o h n M. T a y l o r , G a r f i e l d o f O h i o : T h e A v a i l a b l e Man
(New Y o r k : W. W. N o r t o n & Company, 1 9 7 0 ) , p . _ 2 3 6 .
43.
C h a p l a i n G. G. M u l l i n s , My L i f e i s an Open B o o k ( S t .
L o u i s : J o h n B u r n s , P u b l i s h e r , 1 8 8 3 ) , p. 2 2 9 .
T h e r e w e r e l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 member s i n t h i s c h u r c h when
G a r f i e l d b e ga n s e r v i n g i n C o n g r e s s .
By J a n u a ry , 1 8 7 1 ,
t h e r e w e re 144 members.
T h e m e m b e r s h i p had o n l y g r o w n
t o 1 5 0 wh e n F r e d e r i c k P o w e r a r r i v e d i n 1 8 7 5 .
However,
t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n numbered n e a r l y 400 by M a rc h , 1 8 8 1 .
44.
Ib id . ,
45.
F r e d e r i c k A . H e n r y , C a p t a i n H e n r y o f Geauga
t h e G a te s P r e s s , 1 9 4 2 ) , pp. 3 0 6 - 3 0 7 .
J o u r n a l , March 6 , 1 8 8 1 .
46.
J o u r n a l , March 6, 1 8 8 1 .
J o u r n a l , March 1 3 , 1 8 8 1 .
J o u r n a l , March 2 0 , 1 8 8 1 .
pp.
t o Pow er,
March
230-244.
(C le v e la n d :
385
47.
H in sd a le
to
G a rfie ld ,
Nov embe r
9,
1880.
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs.
48.
T . H a rr y W i ll ia m s , ( e d . ) , H a ye s: The D ia ry o f a P r e s i
d e n t , 1 8 7 5 - 1 8 8 1 (New Y o r k : D a v i d McKay Company, 1 9 6 4 ) ,
pp. 3 0 5 - 3 0 6 .
49.
J o u rn a l,
50.
F o r a g oo d d i s c u s s i o n o f how t h e D i s c i p l e s r e s p o n d e d t o
t h e te m p e ra n c e movement, see D a v id E d w i n H a r r e l l , J r . ,
The S o c ia l So u rc e s o f D i v i s i o n i n the D i s c ip le s o f
C h r i s t , 1865-1900 (A tla n ta : P u b lis h in g Syste m s, In c .
1 9 7 3 ) , pp. 2 0 8 - 2 4 2 .
51.
G a rfie ld
52.
R h o d e s t o H e n r y , May 1 8 ,
c i t . , pp. 3 0 9 - 3 1 0 .
53.
J o u r n a l, A p r i l 13, 1881.
J o u r n a l, A p r i l 15, 1881.
J o u r n a l, A p r i l 17, 1881.
G a r f ie ld to W a lla c e , A p r i l 19, 1881. G a r fie ld P a p e rs .
S e e , a l s o , I r v i n g McKee, " B e n - H u r " W a l l a c e : T h e L i f e o f
G e n e ra l Lew W a lla c e ( B e r k e le y : U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a
P r e s s , 1 9 4 7 ) , pp. 1 8 9 - 1 9 0 .
54.
McKee s a y s : " A c r o s s t h e c o m m i s s i o n a s M i n i s t e r
R e sid e n t
to T u rk e y , G a r fie ld s l y l y w rote 'B e n - H u r,'
th e Senate
a p p r o v e d , and S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e B l a i n e s i g n e d t h e c r e
d e n tia ls."
When W a l l a c e s t o p p e d b y t h e W h i t e H o u s e on
h i s way o u t o f t h e c o u n t r y , G a r f i e l d s a i d : " I e x p e c t
a n o t h e r book o u t o f yo u.
Your o f f i c i a l d u tie s w i l l not
be t o o o n e r o u s t o a l l o w y o u t o w r i t e i t .
Locate i t i n
C o n sta n tin o p le ."
S ee McKee, o p . c i t . , p . 1 9 1 .
55.
D u rin g th e c ourse o f
f r e e l y d e sc rib e d a l l
56.
A p ril
to
2,
1881.
H in sd a le ,
March
26,
1881.
1881.
G a rfie ld
R e p rin te d
in
Pa p e rs.
Henry,
op.
h i s i m p r i s o n m e n t and t r i a l , G u i t e a u
o f h i s p r e - a s s a s s i n a t i o n movements.
C h a r l e s J u l i u s G u i t e a u ( 1 8 4 1 - 1 8 8 2 ) w a n t e d t o be named
m i n i s t e r to A u s tria - H u n g a ry o r c o n su l g e ne ra l i n P a r i s .
I n c e n s e d b y h i s f a i l u r e t o s e c u r e an a p p o i n t m e n t and
b y G a r f i e l d ' s c l a s h w i t h t h e " S t a l w a r t s , " G u i t e a u came
t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t G a r f i e l d s h o u l d be " r e m o v e d . "
57.
C itie d
in
S m ith ,
op.
c it.,
pp.
1197-1198.
58.
W. T . M o o r e , T h e L i f e o f T i m o t h y Coop ( L o n d o n : T h e
C h r i s t i a n C omm on wea lt h P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 9 ) , p p .
404-405.
386
59.
B r ig a n c e , op. c i t . , p. 28 2.
B rig a n c e found t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i n a l e t t e r t h a t C a p ta in
H e n r y w r o t e t o B l a c k on De cember 2 1 , 1 8 8 1 .
H e n r y had
o b t a i n e d t h e a c c o u n t f r o m D r . E d s o n , o ne o f t h e p h y s i
c i a n s who was a t t e n d i n g G a r f i e l d i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e .
60.
M o ore , op. c i t . , pp. 3 9 7 - 3 9 9 .
T h i s l e t t e r w as w r i t t e n o n J u l y 1 2 , 1 8 8 1 , and c o n t a i n e d
a c o n t r i b u t i o n o f 100 p o u n d s .
Coop l i s t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g
f o u r c h u rc h e s as h a v in g ta ken p a r t i n th e c o n t r i b u t i o n :
"C h u rc h o f C h r i s t , Southam pton; Church o f C h r i s t , Ches
t e r ; C h u r c h o f C h r i s t , S o u t h p o r t ; and C h u r c h o f C h r i s t ,
L iv e rp o o l."
61.
S m ith , op. c i t . , p. 1196.
Max C o h e n , ( e d . ) , G a r f i e l d S o u v e n i r s : T h e P r e s i d e n t ' s
C ourageous S a y in g s D u rin g H i s C r i t i c a l I l l n e s s
" Gems"
o f P r e s s & P u l p i t ( W a s h i n g t o n : Max C o h e n , P r i n t e r ,
1 8 8 1 ), p. 18.
D a vid K in g , "Th e L a te P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d , " E c c l e s i a s
t i c a l O b s e r v e r , ( Nov ember 1 , 1 8 8 1 ) , p . 2 8 2 .
Shaw, op. c i t . , p. 2 0 9 .
62.
H e n r y , o £ . c i t . , pp. 3 1 2 - 3 1 3 .
Cohen, op. c i t . , p. 47.
W a s h in g to n G ladden, R e c o l l e c t i o n s
M i f f l i n Company, 1 9 0 9 ) , p . 2 8 0 .
(New Y o r k :
Houghton
63.
P o w e r ' s a d d r e s s w as r e p r i n t e d i n a n u m b e r o f a c c o u n t s .
See D a v i d K i n g , " T h e L a t e P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d , " E c c l e s
i a s t i c a l O b s e r v e r , (Nov embe r 1 , 1 8 8 1 ) , p p . 2 8 1 - 2 8 2 .
T h e p a l l b e a r e r s a t t h i s s e r v i c e w e r e a l l member s o f t h e
V e rm o n t Avenue c h u rc h .
S ee I s a a c E r r e t t , " E d i t o r i a l
I t e m s , " C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d , (O ctober 1 , 1 8 8 1 ) , p. 31 6.
64.
H i n s d a l e , op. c i t . , pp. 1 1 4 - 1 2 3 .
Among t h e o t h e r p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h i s H i r a m C o l l e g e me
m o r ia l w e re : Isa a c E r r e t t , H a rry Rhodes, C h a rle s W i l b u r ,
C h a r l e s B . L o c k w o o d and W. K . P e n d l e t o n .
65.
The G a r f i e l d M e m o ria l C om m ittee,
T h e Man and
t h e Mauso
l e u m ( C l e v e l a n d : T h e C l e v e l a n d P r i n t i n g and P u b l i s h i n g
Company, 1 8 9 0 ) , p . 8 7 .
S e e n o t e 24 i n c h a p t e r f i v e o f
t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n (p. 157) f o r a r e m i n d e r o f t h e t e r m s
o f t h e c o v e n a n t f o r t h e o r i g i n a l member s o f t h e " Q u i n t in k le C lu b ."
Lamar e x p l a i n s : " I t p r o v id e d f o r th e l a s t
s a d r i t e s , a s o ne by o ne t h e y s h o u l d be g a t h e r e d home:
t h e s u r v i v o r s w e r e t o a t t e n d t h e f u n e r a l and h a v e e n t i r e
charge o f th e s e r v i c e s .
M r s . G a r f i e l d , rem embering t h i s ,
c a l l e d u p o n t h e m t o k e ep t h e i r p r o m i s e . "
See L a m a r , o p .
387
c i t . , p. 197.
T h i s accounts f o r th e f a c t t h a t
R o b i s o n and J o n e s had t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t r o l e s
p u b lic fu n e ra l.
E rre tt,
in the
66.
F o r E r r e t t ' s f u l l a d d r e s s , see I s a a c E r r e t t , L i n s e y W o o l s e y an d O t h e r A d d r e s s e s ( C i n c i n n a t i : T h e S t a n d a r d
P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 9 3 ) .
F o r good d e s c r i p t i o n s o f
t h e G a r f i e l d f u n e r a l s , see H e n r y J . Cookinham, ( e d . ) ,
I n M e m o r i a m : James A . G a r f i e l d , T w e n t i e t h P r e s i d e n t o f
T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ( U t i c a , New Y o r k : C u r t i s s and C h i l d s ,
P u b l i s h e r s , 1 8 8 1 ) , and J . S . O g i l v i e , T h e L i f e and D e a t h
o f J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d (New Y o r k : J . S . O g i l v i e , 1 8 8 1 ) .
67.
C h a r le s E . R o se n b e rg , The T r i a l o f th e A s s a s s i n G u ite a u
(C h ic a g o : Th e U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago P r e s s , 1 8 6 8 ) , p. 1 1 .
68.
B u r g e s s , op. c i t . , pp. 4 - 5 .
I n a d d i t i o n t o m em orial
s e r v i c e s , t h e r e was a s t e a d y s t r e a m o f r e s o l u t i o n s i n
honor o f the s l a i n P re s id e n t.
Numerous D i s c i p l e c h u r
c h e s and s c h o o l s p a s s e d s u c h r e s o l u t i o n s .
An e x a m p l e
i s i n c l u d e d i n an a p p e n d i x t o t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n .
69.
Isa a c E r r e t t , "O ur
(O ctober 1, 1 8 8 1 ) ,
70.
D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " W a s G o d ' s Hand I n I t ? " G o s p e l A d v o c a t e ,
(Se pte m b er 2 9 , 1 8 8 1 ) , p. 6 1 2 .
An Ala bama p r e a c h e r , J .
M. B a r n e s , c h i d e d s o u t h e r n e r s f o r " c r y i n g and c a r r y i n g
o n " o v e r G a r f i e l d ' s a s s a s s i n a t i o n when t h e y had r e f u s e d
t o v o te f o r him i n th e e l e c t i o n .
S e e J . M. B a r n e s , " O f f
t o A t l a n t a , " G ospel Advocate, (September 2 1 , 1 8 8 2 ) , p.
591.
71.
D a vid K in g , " G a r f i e l d — A M e d i t a t i o n , " E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
O b s e r v e r , ( J a n u a r y 1 5 , 1 8 8 2 ) , p. 1 7 .
I n th e course o f
t h i s a r t i c l e , K in g r e p r in t e d W ilm e t h 's e d i t o r i a l .
72.
A lto n Locke, " G a r fie ld — A M e d ita tio n ,"
O b s e r v e r , ( J a n u a r y 1 , 1 8 8 2 ) , p. 5.
73.
G reen,
74.
Bu rg e ss,
75.
W i l l i a m Thomas Moore, A C o m p reh e nsive H i s t o r y o f
D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t (New Y o r k : F l e m i n g H . R e v e l l
p a n y , 1 9 0 9 ) , p p. 7 3 1 - 7 3 2 .
op.
c it.,
op.
La te P r e s id e n t,"
p. 316.
pp.
c it.,
p.
C h ris tia n
Sta nd a rd ,
189-190.
22.
the
Com
NOTES
TO T H E
388
EPILO G UE
1.
B . A . H i n s d a l e , P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d and E d u c a t i o n
(Bo sto n :
Ja me s R . Osgood and Company, 1 8 8 2 ) , p . 1 2 1 .
2.
T h o m a s W. G r a f t o n , Men o f Y e s t e r d a y : A S e r i e s o f C h a r
a c t e r S k e t c h e s o f P r o m i n e n t Men Among t h e D i s c i p l e s o f
C h r i s t ( S t . L o u i s : T h e C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g Company,
1899) , p. 285.
3.
R i c h a r d O . B a t e s , T h e G e n t l e m a n F r o m O h i o : An I n t r o d u c
t i o n t o G a r f i e l d (Durham, Moore P u b . C o . , 1 9 7 3 ) , p. 2 0 .
4.
H a r o ld Eugene D a v i s , H in s d a le o f H ir a m : The L i f e o f
B u rk e A aron H in s d a le (W a shington: The U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s
o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , 1 9 7 1 ) , p. 1 3 5 .
S e e , a l s o , B . A . H i n s d a l e , ( e d . ) , T h e W o r k s o f Ja me s A .
G a r f i e l d ( B o s t o n : Ja me s R . Osgood and Company, 1 8 8 2 ) .
5.
H i n s d a l e ' s l i t e r a r y a c t i v i t y h e lp e d t o t a k e h i s mind
o ff p o litic s .
"My i n t e r e s t i n p o l i t i c s and i n g o v e r n
ment a f f a i r s
( o t h e r t h a n h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t ) h a s won
d e r f u l l y d e c l i n e d , " he c o n f i d e d t o C a p t a i n H e n r y on
March 1 , 1 8 8 2 .
See D a v i s , o p. c i t . , p . 1 3 5 .
A t the
a n n u a l c o n v e n t i o n o f t h e O hio C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y S o
c i e t y i n M a y , 1 8 8 2 , a m e m o r i a l s e r v i c e w as h e l d f o r
G a rfie ld .
A s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n , H i n s d a l e had
a p ro m in e n t p a rt i n the s e rv ic e .
See H e n r y K . Shaw,
Buckeye D i s c i p l e s : A H i s t o r y o f th e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t
i n O hio ( S t . L o u i s : - The C h r i s t i a n Bo ard o f P u b l i c a t i o n ,
1 9 5 2 ) , p. 2 5 7 .
I n t h e summer o f 1 8 8 2 , H i n s d a l e d e c i d e d
t o make a move f r o m H i r a m .
He r e s i g n e d a s p r e s i d e n t o f
H i r a m C o l l e g e i n o r d e r t o a c c e p t an o f f e r t o become t h e
s u p e rin te n d e n t o f th e C leveland scho ol syste m .
6.
F u l l e r ' s w o r k o n t h e G a r f i e l d m a n u s c r i p t w as n o t o n l y
l a b o r o f lo v e , b u t a race w i t h d e a th .
He w as o n l y i n
h i s f i f t y - s i x t h y e a r when he d i e d .
7.
J a me s D . N o r r i s and A r t h u r H . S h a f f e r ,
(e d s.), P o lit ic s
and P a t r o n a g e i n t h e G i l d e d A g e : T h e C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f
J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d and C h a r l e s E . H e n r y ( M a d i s o n : S t a t e
H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y o f W i s c o n s i n , 1 9 7 0 ) , pp. 2 9 4 - 2 9 5 .
F r e d e r i c k A . H e n r y , C a p t a i n H e n r y o f Geauga ( C l e v e l a n d :
T h e G a t e s P r e s s , 1 9 4 2 ) , pp. 3 2 0 - 3 2 2 .
8.
A l v i n I . Hobbs, "O ur L a te P r e s i d e n t , " C h r i s t i a n S t a n
d a r d , (O c to b e r 1 , 1 8 8 1 ) , p. 3 1 6 .
H o b b s was a v e r t e r a n
p re a c h e r from L o u i s v i l l e , Kentucky.
9.
B. S. D rig g s , "F o r
(O ctober 1, 1 8 8 1 ) ,
a M e m o ria l,"
p. 316.
C h ris tia n
Sta nd a rd ,
a
389
10.
Isa a c E r r e t t , " F o r
(O ctober 1, 1 8 8 1 ) ,
a M e m o ria l,"
p. 316.
C h ris tia n
Sta nd a rd ,
11.
F r e d e r i c k D. P o w e r , T h o u g h t s o f T h i r t y Y e a r s , 1 8 7 5 - 19 0 5
(B o s to n : U n ite d S o c ie ty o f C h r i s t i a n Endeavor, 1 9 0 5 ),
p. 1 9 9 .
F o l l o w i n g t h e d e a th o f G a r f i e l d , th e Am erican
C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y assumed t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
f o r r a i s i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y f u n d s f o r a new c h u r c h b u i l d
in g i n W a sh in g to n .
T h e G a r f i e l d M e m o r i a l C h u r c h was
c o n s t r u c t e d on t h e s i t e o f t h e o l d f r a m e m e e t i n g h o u s e .
T h e o l d f r a m e b u i l d i n g was moved t o a n o t h e r l o c a t i o n ,
and t h e c h u r c h c o n t i n u e d t o m e e t i n i t d u r i n g t h e t i m e
t h e new b u i l d i n g was u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n .
12.
D a vid Lip sc o m b , "H e ro W o r s h i p , " Gospel A dvo c ate , ( J u l y
27, 1 8 8 2 ) , p. 467.
F i v e y e a r s l a t e r , Lip sc o m b c ha rg e d :
" O u r n o r t h e r n b r e t h r e n w e n t i n t o p o l i t i c s on a m o r a l
q u e s t i o n — s l a v e r y . . . . B u t when t h e m o r a l q u e s t i o n
w a s s e t t l e d t h e y d i d n o t come o u t o f p o l i t i c s .
They
h a d t a s t e d o f i t s i n t o x i c a t i n g i n f l u e n c e s and c o n t i n u e d
in p o lit ic s .
B r i n g i n g t h i s w ork i n t o th e c hurc h d w a r fs
and d e s t r o y s t h e s p i r i t u a l i t y and a c t i v i t y o f t h e
c h u rc h ."
S e e D a v i d L i p s c o m b , " P o l i t i c s and R e l i g i o n , "
G ospe l A d v o c a te , (O ctober 2 6 , 1 8 8 7 ) , p. 67 8.
13.
F r e d e r i c k D. P o w e r , L i f e o f W i l l i a m K im b r o u g h P e n d l e t o n
( S t . L o u i s : C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 0 2 ) , p . 4 1 2 .
Th e o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e te rm " G a r f i e l d M e m o ria l C hurc h"
w a s n o t l i m i t e d t o D a v i d L i p s c o m b and r e a d e r s o f t h e
Gospel A dvocate.
T h e w i d o w o f A l e x a n d e r C a m p b e l l was
s t r o n g l y opposed t o t h e id e a .
She p o i n t e d o u t t h a t h e r
h u s b a n d had a l w a y s r e p u d i a t e d su c h i d e a s .
See, S e lin a
C a m p b e ll, " L e t t e r From M r s . A le x . C a m p b e ll," E c c l e s i a s
t i c a l O b s e r v e r , (Ja n u a ry 1 5 , 1 8 8 2 ) , p. 1 9 .
One l e t t e r w r i t e r t o t h e C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d s a i d : " P e r m i t an h u m b l e
to say t h a t I t h i n k i t in c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o u r p r i n c i p l e s
a s a r e l i g i o u s p e o p l e and r e s t o r e r s o f p r i m i t i v e C h r i s
t i a n i t y , t o name a n y o f o u r c h u r c h e s ' G a r f i e l d M e m o r i a l
C h u rc h ,1 e tc .
I t i s t o be f e a r e d , I t h i n k , t h a t i n o u r
g r e a t a n x i e t y t o h o n o r t h e g r e a t l y b e l o v e d P r e s i d e n t , we
p u s h h i m a he a d o f C h r i s t , who d i e d f o r u s .
We s h o u l d
a v o i d e v e r y appearance o f t h i s .
No one w i t h t h e same
a b i l i t y h o n o r s t h e memory o f P r e s i d e n t G a r f i e l d m or e
t h a n t h e h u m b l e w r i t e r o f t h i s ; f o r he i s w o r t h y o f a l l
p ra is e .
B u t t h e n we s h o u l d n o t m i x o u r h o n o r s and l o v e
o f h i s memory w i t h o u r r e l i g i o u s m a t t e r s — s o I t h i n k . "
See C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d , " G a r f i e l d M e m o r ia l C h u r c h . "
(November 2 6 , 1 8 8 1 ) , p. 3 7 8 .
N e v e r th e le s s , th e te rm
" G a r f i e l d M e m o r i a l C h u r c h " was commo nl y u s e d , and t h e
o l d " G a r f i e l d pew" was r e t a i n e d i n t h e new b u i l d i n g .
390
14.
S e e J u l i e t R e e v e , F r i e n d s U n i v e r s i t y : T h e G r o w t h o f an
Idea ( W ic h it a : The W ic h it a Ea g le P r e s s , 1 9 4 8 ) .
S ee
a l s o , W. T . M o o r e , T h e L i f e o f T i m o t h y Coop ( L o n d o n :
T h e C h r i s t i a n Commo nwea lt h P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 9 ) .
15.
Mary B o s w o r t h T r e u d l e y , P r e lu d e t o th e F u t u r e : The
F i r s t H u n d r e d Y e a r s o f H i r a m C o l l e g e (New Y o r k : T h e
A s s o c i a t i o n P r e s s , 1 9 5 0 ) , p . 1 0 9 and p . 2 5 0 .
Shaw, op. c i t . , p. 2 6 0 .
16.
S e e T h e G a r f i e l d M e m o r i a l C o m m i t t e e , T h e Man and t h e
M ausoleum ( C l e v e la n d : C le v e la n d P r i n t i n g & P u b l i s h i n g
Company, 1 8 9 0 ) .
S e e a l s o , C l e v e l a n d and t h e G a r f i e l d
M e m o r i a l (New Y o r k : A . W i t t e m a n n P u b l i s h i n g C o . , 1 8 9 1 ) .
One y e a r a f t e r t h e d e d i c a t i o n o f t h e G a r f i e l d M o n u m e n t ,
G a r f i e l d was i n t h e news a g a i n .
H a r p e r ' s came o u t w i t h
a s p e c ia l " G a r f i e l d E d i t i o n " o f Ben- H u r .
I t was i l l u s
t r a t e d w i t h t w e n t y f u l l - p a g e p h o t o g r a v u r e s and m o r e t h a n
a t h o u s a n d m a r g i n a l d r a w i n g s , and i t was a d v e r t i s e d a s
" t h e m o s t e l a b o r a t e l y i l l u s t r a t e d book i n t h e c o u n t r y . "
T h e t w o - v o l u m e s e t w as b o un d i n s i l k and g o l d , and s o l d
f o r $30 a s e t .
A fa c s im ile o f G a r f i e l d ' s l e t t e r to the
a u t h o r , t h a n k i n g h i m f o r t h e " b e a u t i f u l and r e v e r e n t "
b o o k , w as i n c l u d e d i n t h e " G a r f i e l d E d i t i o n . "
17.
C o n c e r n i n g t h e l i f e s p a n o f some o f t h e o t h e r p r o m i n e n t
p e r s o n s i n t h i s s t u d y : G a r f i e l d ' s m o t h e r p a s s e d away i n
1 8 8 8 ; F r e d e r i c k Power d ie d i n 1 9 1 1 , a f t e r s e r v i n g as th e
m i n i s t e r o f t h e V e r m o n t A v e n u e c h u r c h f o r o v e r 35 y e a r s ;
and W a l l a c e J o h n F o r d l i v e d u n t i l 1 9 1 6 .
18.
A c c o rd in g t o t h e 1906 r e l i g i o u s c e n s u s , th e C hurches o f
C h r i s t h ad o n l y 1 5 9 , 6 5 8 m e m b e r s .
About 7 5 ,0 0 0 o f t h e i r
m e m be r s l i v e d i n T e n n e s s e e and T e x a s .
T h e i r key p a p e rs
w e r e t h e G o s p e l A d v o c a t e and t h e F i r m F o u n d a t i o n .
In
t h e same c e n s u s , t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t w e r e c r e d i t e d
w i t h n e a r l y a m i l l i o n members.
Th e y were s t r o n g e s t i n
t h e s t a t e s o f M i s s o u r i , K e n t u c k y , I n d i a n a , I l l i n o i s and
O h io .
T h e i r l e a d i n g p a p e rs were t h e C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d
and t h e C h r i s t i a n - E v a n g e l i s t .
The Churches o f C h r i s t
de m onstrate d v e ry l i t t l e
i n t e r e s t in the G a rfie ld h e r i
tage.
B u t t h e D i s c i p l e s p r o u d l y p o i n t e d t o G a r f i e l d as
o ne o f t h e i r f i n e s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .
19.
When t h e c i t y o f I n d i a n a p o l i s h o s t e d a n a t i o n a l c o n v e n
t i o n o f D i s c i p l e s i n O c t o b e r , 1 8 9 7 , t h e y gave s p e c i a l
prom inence t o G a r f i e l d .
H i s p o r t r a i t was one o f n i n e
l a r g e p o r t r a i t s d i s p l a y e d on t h e w a l l s .
I n November,
1 9 1 1 , H ira m C o lle g e honored th e e i g h t i e t h a n n i v e r s a r y
o f G a r f i e l d ' s b i r t h w i t h a s p e c ia l m em orial s e r v i c e .
391
T h o m a s W. P h i l l i p s w as t h e f e a t u r e d s p e a k e r f o r t h a t
o c c a sio n .
H i s s p e e c h , e n t i t l e d "A P e r s o n a l T r i b u t e t o
J a m e s A . G a r f i e l d , " was g i v e n i n t h e H i r a m m e e t i n g h o u s e .
L a t e r , a s t a i n e d g l a s s window b e a r i n g G a r f i e l d ' s l i k e
n e s s was p la c e d i n t h e H i r a m c h u r c h b u i l d i n g .
In 1931,
H ira m h o s te d a n o th e r m em orial s e r v i c e i n h o n o r o f th e
one h u n d r e d t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f G a r f i e l d ' s b i r t h .
20.
S e e C e n t e n n i a l C o n v e n t i o n R e p o r t : One H u n d r e d t h A n n i v e r
s a ry o f th e D i s c ip le s o f C h r i s t ( C in c in n a t i: Stand ard
P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 0 9 ) .
See a l s o , P r o g r a m o f t h e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e n n i a l C e l e b r a t i o n and C o n v e n t i o n s o f
th e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ( C i n c i n n a t i : A m erican C h r i s t i a n
M issio n a ry S o c ie ty , 1909).
I n M o o re 's book, G a r f i e l d
w as d i s c u s s e d i n a c h a p t e r e n t i t l e d " Some o f t h e Men
I n s t r u m e n t a l i n Making t h e Movem ent."
E x p l a i n i n g why
G a r f i e l d ' s name w as p l a c e d f i r s t i n t h e c h a p t e r , M o o r e
s a i d : " A t t h e he ad o f t h i s l i s t we p l a c e t h e name o f
J a me s A . G a r f i e l d , n o t b e c a u s e he i s e n t i t l e d t o m or e
h o n o u r t h a n many o t h e r s , b u t b e c a u s e o f h i s p r o m i n e n t
p o s i t i o n a s a s t a t e s m a n and C h r i s t i a n , and o f h i s t r a g i c
and h e r o i c d e a t h . "
A p a r t o f M o o r e ' s memoir o f G a r f i e l d
i s i n c l u d e d i n an a p p e n d i x t o t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n .
21.
See H i l d a E . K o o n t z , 1 2 5 t h A n n i v e r s a r y P r o g r a m ( W a s h i n g
t o n : N a t io n a l C i t y C h r i s t i a n Church, 1 9 6 8 ).
The o ld
" G a r f i e l d P e w " and t h e communi on s e t w h i c h he u s e d a r e
s t i l l on d i s p l a y a t t h e N a t i o n a l C i t y C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h .
22.
T h e T h o m a s W. P h i l l i p s M e m o r i a l b u i l d i n g , w h i c h h o u s e s
t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , was b u i l t
f o r one m i l l i o n d o l l a r s .
T h i s Tu d o r-G o th ic s t r u c t u r e
c o n t a i n s a l i b r a r y , a r c h i v e s and museum.
23.
See
24.
See D i s c i p l i a n a , S e p te m b e r , 1 9 6 1 ; S e p t e m b e r ,
N o v e m b e r , 1 9 6 6 ; and W i n t e r , 1 9 7 6 .
25.
A w i d e v a r i e t y o f v o lu m e s have r e f e r r e d t o G a r f i e l d as
"The Pre ac he r P r e s id e n t . "
The m ost re c e n t use o f t h i s
te rm i s fo und i n a b i c e n t e n n i a l volum e.
S ee B a r b a r a
B a r c l a y , O u r P r e s i d e n t s (New Y o r k : Bowmar P u b l i s h i n g
C o rp o ra tio n , 1976).
T h e c h a p t e r on G a r f i e l d i s c a l l e d
"Th e Preacher P r e s id e n t . "
D is c ip lia n a ,
Septem ber,
1961.
1965;
A N OT E ON S OU R C E S
The m ost
b e en t h e
is
G a rfie ld
one
of
Am erican
the
the
i t
sin g le
in
the
most e x te n siv e
For
p ra c tic e
J o u rn a l.
Jo u rn a l,
h a lf
Papers
P re sid e n t.
m a in ta in e d
sonal
im p o rta n t
A lth o u g h
is
are
c o rre sp o nd e nt,
and he
fa ith fu lly
le tte r-b o o k s.
The
u n til
of
com pleted
UCSB
fo r
the
lib ra ry
my u s e
s u lte d
in
D.
U n iv e rs ity ,
Jo u rn a l.
p a rt
of
of
m assive
of
the
th is
and p u b l i s h e d .
In
began t h e
s e rie s ,
annotated
and t h e
Corydon
the
ye a rs.
are
in
the
ta sk
E.
of
It
fo u rth
fin a lly
The
papers
m u s t be c o n
p o rtio n
Ja me s
at
have
Brown
M ichiga n
G a rfie ld 's
fin a l
and
Sta te
personal
volume w i l l
Re m in isc e n se s
p rin te d
se ve ra l
Pa pe rs.
a v a ila b le
h a v e now b ee n p u b l i s h e d
and
F u lle r's
in c lu d e s
G a rfie ld
p ro fe sso rs
volumes
most v a lu a b le
Papers
H a rry
e d itin g
and
d is se rta tio n .
a s ig n ific a n t
h isto ry
le tte rs
m ic ro film e d
but
W illia m s ,
the
n e a rly
c o lle c tio n .
fo rm ,
1955,
p e r
in
Congress
G a rfie ld
stu d e n t
not
re e ls
any
h is
gaps
no t w id e ly
L ib ra ry
the
a ll
the
Three
is
120
were
of
an i n d e f a t i g a b l e
of
be r e l e a s e d .
G a rfie ld
of
re se a rc h in g
m a n u sc rip t
F re d e ric k
th is
the
g re a te r
b ee n e d i t e d
in
purchased
Th is
document o f
p reserved
Papers
has
G a rfie ld
in
some s e r i o u s
was a l s o
when t h e
m ic ro film in g
in
The
1973,
ye a rs,
e n trie s
a vo lum inous
G a rfie ld
fa ll
stud y
C ongress.
th irty -th re e
th e re
G a rfie ld
th is
m a n u sc rip t c o lle c tio n s
w o rd s.
the
of
making d a i l y
n e v e rth e le ss
a m illio n
source f o r
L ib ra ry
over
of
392
source
G a rfie ld
Fre d e ric k
fo r
of
soon
James A .
G a rfie ld 's
le tte rs
W illia m s
th a t
fille d
393
an i m p o r t a n t
C iv il
the
War
gap when he e d i t e d
Le tte rs
d a ug hte r
of
of
Burke
G a r fie ld - H in sd a le
S h a ffe r
e d ite d
and P a t r o n a g e
A.
G a rfie ld
As
of
nor
h is
the
G a rfie ld ,
of
E.
the
M.
G a rfie ld
were
th e re
M.
G re e n 's
h is
te a c he r
meant
to
be a f u l l
account o f
of
the se
In
books
the
s ig n ific a n t
C la rk e
S m ith
proved
c ourse
G a rfie ld
wa s
The
G a rfie ld
the
of
of
and B .
tw e n tie th
A.
James
H in sd a le 's
to
the
sources
G a rfie ld 's
th is
have
w h ile
of
not
an a c c u r a t e
C o lle g e .
Each
p ro je c t.
c e ntury,
to
excep
on a b i o g r a p h y
have a p p e a re d .
h is to ria n
prepa red
v o l u m e w as
H ira m
to
number
G eneral
was n e v e r t h e l e s s
b io g ra p h ie s
fir s t
Ja me s
U n fo rtu n a te ly ,
G r e e n was o ne o f
be v a l u a b l e
the
a la rg e
n o te w o rthy
L ife
L ife
to
of
c a re fu lly
B u n d y 's
re la tio n sh ip
to
on P o l i t i c s
vo lum e by H i n s d a l e ,
b io g ra p hy,
G a rfie ld 's
H.
b io g ra p h ie s
and he had a c c e s s
a v a ila b le .
1868.
her
of
and he had b ee n w o r k i n g
sin c e
in
and A r t h u r
volume
th re e
The
and E d u c a t i o n .
no
stu d e n ts,
H in sd a le ,
le tte rs
m arket.
were
A Royal
th a t
fo rm er
A rm y:
Correspondence
n e ith e r
B u n d y 's
cam paign b i o g r a p h y ,
lo n g e r
th e ir
p l a c e d on t h e
J.
300
N o rris
The
the
H e nry.
o ffic ia l
are
in
of
Mary L .
and a s s a s s i n a t i o n ,
However,
F.
D.
demand f o r
b io g ra p h ie s
w ere:
James
G i l d e d Age:
h a s tily
These
e d ite d
le tte rs
n o m in a tio n
s c h o la rly .
P re sid e n t
200
and C h a r l e s
these
tio n s .
A.
in
books were
m ost o f
over
L ife
G a rfie ld .
H in sd a le ,
Le tte rs.
a re s u lt
fo llo w in g
James A.
The W ild
th re e
o th e r
Theodore
access
to
the
394
G a rfie ld
Pa p e rs,
G a rfie ld
(2 v o l s . ,
d e fin itiv e
a ccura te
A.
w ork
in
h is
G a rfie ld :
fille d
more
th e
and h i s
c ritic a lly
Man
g e n e ra lly
However,
tra n sc rip tio n s.
is
(1970).
Pre ss
the
w ill
m ost
lik e ly
The
d ire c tio n
Wasson c a l le d
in
the
Sta te sm a n ."
of
h is
e ffo rt,
to
some a r e a s
and h a s
"Jam es
Thought
years
as
w o rk.
J ame s
and i t
b io g ra p hy.
It
wa s
The most
of
O h io :
d e fin itiv e
The
b io grap hy
U n iv e rs ity
of
U n iv e rs ity ,
h is
and i t
bio g ra p hy
the
the
A.
th rity
U n iv e rs ity
G a rfie ld
title
Ja me s A .
as
the
need o f
of
is
the
ago u n d e r
Chicago.
and R e l i g i o n :
of
A
an A m e r i c a n
a re v is io n
G a rfie ld :
H is
r e s e a r c h w as a p i o n e e r i n g
b ee n r e c o g n i z e d
been i n
years
Wasson p u b li s h e d
W a sso n 's
u se fu l
on G a r f i e l d
and A c t i v i t y
la te r,
under
book h a s
However,
the
Wasson w ro te
and E d u c a t i o n .
su b je c t.
1931,
an e x p a n s i o n
my own r e s e a r c h
stu d y:
R e lig io u s
Fiv e
in
by K e n t S t a t e
is
alw ays
C a ld w e ll's
fu ll- le n g th
Reserve
as
S i d n e y Mead a t
h is
and h i s
S m ith
not
the
P re sid e n t.
Wo od ro w W.
d is s e rta tio n
R e lig io n
a t W e ste rn
tw e n tie th
of
T h is
was
G a rfie ld
P e s k in 's
1978.
re p la c e
G.
S m ith 's
of
fo re ru n n e r
d is s e rta tio n
Stud y
s p rin g
S m ith
p o litic a l
Ta y lo r's
James Abr am
been c o n s i d e r e d
Ro b e rt
than
A lla n
w ill
d is s e rta tio n
o f A m e ric a 's
the
a standa rd
J o h n M.
of
wa s p u b l i s h e d
in te rp re tiv e
G a rfie ld
d o c to ra l
C h ie fta in
fo r
e n title d
in
and L e t t e r s
has
re c e n t b io g ra p h y
A v a ila b le
1925)
Pa rty
need
L ife
b oo k
as
is ,
re v is io n
the
it
best
is
on t h e
th in
in
and e x p a n s i o n .
395
In
se ve ra l
a d d itio n
o th e r
re se a rc h in g
the
of
Le w is
of
I
a lso
P in k e rto n ,
S u lliv a n
B la c k
m a te ria l
was
th a t
the
th is
and t h e
T re u d le y .
C h ris tia n
the
p ro je c t.
Burke
A dvocate,
of
of
stud y
the
and t h e
C h ris t
H iram
on t h e
H in sd a le ,
fro m
c ite d ,
e sp e c ia lly
Among t h e
D isc ip le s
re lie d
th is
a lre a d y
t h a t were
and D a v i d
Re view
books
h is to rie s
gleaned
b e n e fite d
Gospel
the
volum es
h is to rie s
and S h a w ,
to
h e lp fu l
in
b io g ra p h ie s
Lip sc om b.
D is c ip le
m o st were
M ille n n ia l
E.
F in a lly ,
O hio
of
Isaa c
Henry,
The
C h ris tia n
the
O bserver.
the
were
and
E rre tt,
Je re m ia h
a w e a lth
H a rb in g e r,
were
by W i l c o x
by Green
p e rio d ic a ls.
the
in
most v a lu a b le
C o lle g e
C h a rle s
th e re
of
ones
Sta n d a rd ,
Am erican
396
BIBLIO GRAPHY
I.
II.
III.
IV .
V.
V I.
V II.
V III.
IX .
B IB LIO G R A P H IC A L A IDS
MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
IN DEXES
TO P E R I O D I C A L S
PERIO DIC ALS
O FFIC IA L
PUBLIC A TIO N S
C O L L E G E CATALOGUES
GENERAL H I S T O R I E S
STATE
H ISTO R IES
SOCIAL H I S T O R I E S
OF T H E
OF T H E
D ISC IP LES
D ISC IP LES
OF T H E
D ISC IP LES
X.
BOOKS :
PRIM ARY M A T E R IA L
X I.
BOOK S:
SECONDARY M A T E R I A L
X II.
X III.
X IV .
XV.
X V I.
GARFIELDIANA
A RTIC LES
THESES
AND E S S A Y S
AND D I S S E R T A T I O N S
T R A C T S AND P A M P H L E T S
MISCELLANEOUS M ANUSCRIPTS
397
B IB L IO G R A P H Y
I.
BIBLIO G RA PH IC A L A ID S
D e G r o o t , A l f r e d T . , and D o w l i n g , E n o s E .
The L i t e r a t u r e
o f the D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t .
Advance, I n d i a n a :
The
H u s t l e r P r i n t i n g Company, 1 9 3 3 .
M onser, John W a te rh a u s.
The L i t e r a t u r e o f th e
S t. L o u is:
C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g Company,
D is c ip le s .
1906.
P i e r s o n , R o s c o e M.
"Th e L i t e r a t u r e o f the D is c ip le s o f
C h r i s t and C l o s e l y R e l a t e d G r o u p s . "
The C o lle g e o f
th e B i b l e Q u a r t e r l y , ( J u l y , 1957) .
S p e n c e r, Claude E .
T h e s e s C o n c e rn in g th e D i s c i p l e s o f
C h ris t.
C anton, M i s s o u r i :
The D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t
H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty , 1941.
____________ .
P e r i o d i c a l s o f t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t and
R e la te d R e li g i o u s G ro ups.
The
D is c ip le s o f C h r is t H is t o r ic a l S o c ie ty , 1943.
____________ .
An A u t h o r C a t a l o g o f D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t and
R e la te d R e l i g i o u s G ro ups.
The
D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty , 1946.
II.
M A NUSCRIPT C O LLE C TIO N S
B la c k , Je re m ia h S u l l i v a n .
Pa p e rs.
MSS c o l l e c t i o n , L i b r a r y
o f C o n g r e s s , M a n u s c r i p t D i v i s i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C.
B u t l e r M a n u sc rip t C o lle c tio n .
M i c r o f i l m copy, D i s c i p l e s
C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty , N a s h v ille , Tennessee.
Gano ,
R i c h a r d M.
Pa p e rs.
MSS c o l l e c t i o n , A b i l e n e
t i a n U n i v e r s i t y L ib r a r y , A b ile n e , Te xa s.
C h ris
G a r f i e l d , James A.
Pa p e rs♦
MSS c o l l e c t i o n , L i b r a r y o f
C o n g r e s s , M a n u s c r i p t D i v i s i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C.
G a r f i e l d , James A.
Pa p e rs.
MSS c o l l e c t i o n ,
G a r f i e l d Mus eum, M e n t o r , O h i o .
Ja me s A .
of
398
H e n d e rso n , D. P a t .
Pa p e rs.
MSS c o l l e c t i o n , T h e D i s c i p l e s
o f C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty , N a s h v ille , Tennessee.
H i n s d a l e , B u r k e A.
Pa p e rs.
C o lle g e L i b r a r y , H ira m ,
MSS c o l l e c t i o n ,
O h io .
Munday, P e r r y .
Pa p e rs.
MSS c o l l e c t i o n , T h e
M i s s o u r i L i b r a r y , C o lum bia, M i s s o u r i .
Records o f th e Board
c o lle c t io n , the
III.
The
Hiram
U n iv e rs ity
o f T r u s t e e s o f Hiram C o lle g e .
H iram C o lle g e L i b r a r y , H ira m ,
IN DEXES
of
MSS
O hio .
TO P E R I O D I C A L S
The
C h r i s t i a n - E v a n g e l i s t In d e x , 1863- 1 9 5 8 , 3 volum es.
S t.
L o u i s and N a s h v i l l e :
C h r i s t i a n Board o f P u b l i c a t i o n
and D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , 1 9 6 2 .
The
C h r i s t i a n Sta nd a rd
v ille :
D isc ip le s
In d e x , 1866- 1 9 6 6 , 6 vo lum e s.
o f C h r is t H is t o r ic a l S o c ie ty ,
IV .
PERIO DIC ALS
The
A m erican C h r i s t i a n
The
A p o sto lic
Tim e s.
The
Banner
the
The
C h ris tia n .
The
C h ris tia n
B a p tist.
The
C h ris tia n
E v a n g e list.
The
C h ris tia n
Lu m in a ry .
The
C h ris tia n
M esseng er.
The
C h ris tia n
P io n e e r.
The
C h ris tia n
Pre a c he r.
of
R e vie w .
(C in c in n a ti)
(Le x in g to n ,
F a ith .
(St.
Nash
1973.
L o u is v ille )
(O n ta rio ,
Lo u is)
Canada)
1856-1887.
1869-1885.
1856-1864.
1873-1882.
(Bethany,
(St.
V irg in ia )
Lo u is)
(C in c in n a ti)
(Georgetown)
(Tre n to n ,
(D a lla s)
1823-1830.
1882-1890.
1858-1863.
1826-1845.
M isso u ri)
1880-1882.
1861-1870.
399
The
C h ris tia n
Q u a rte rly .
The
C h ris tia n
Record.
The
C h ris tia n
Sta n d a rd .
The
C le v e la n d
D a ily
The
C le v e la n d
Le a d e r.
The
C le v e la n d
P la in
D isc ip lia n a .
(C in c in n a ti)
(In d ia n a p o lis)
1843-1866.
(C in c in n a ti)
1866-1892.
H e ra ld .
(C le ve la nd)
(C leveland)
D e a le r.
(N a sh v ille )
The
E v a n g e lis t.
(C in c in n a ti)
The
E v a n g e list.
(Chicago)
The
Gospel
The
Indep end ent M o n th ly .
The
Q u a rte rly .
M ille n n ia l
N o rth - W e ste rn
O b serve r.
Porta g e
C ounty
The
Po rta g e
S e n tin e l.
Annual R e p o rt
S o c ie ty .
Ind ex
1871-1889.
1879-1882.
(Georgetown,
The
1856-1882.
1832-1844.
1866-1890.
(C in c in n a ti)
H a rb in g e r.
V.
(London)
(N a sh v ille )
C h ris tia n
1856-1882.
1941-1976.
L a r d 1s
1856-1882
(C le ve la nd)
The
A dvocate.
1869-1876.
Le x in g to n )
(Bethany,
M a g a zin e .
Dem ocrat.
1863-1868.
V irg in ia )
1830-1870.
(C in c in n a ti)
(Ravenna, O hio)
(Ravenna,
O FFIC IA L
1869-1870.
Ohio)
1854-1858.
1856-1882.
1856-1882.
PUBLICA TIO N S
o f t h e A m e r i c a n and F o r e i g n
New Y o r k :
W i l l i a m Harned,
t o t h e James A. G a r f i e l d
U. S . Government P r i n t i n g
Pa p e rs.
O ffic e ,
P ro c e e d in g s.
Th e American C h r i s t i a n
A nnual C o n v e n tio n s, 18 49 -1 88 2.
A n t i - S la v e ry
1851.
W a sh in g to n :
1973.
M issio n a ry
Th e O hio C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y
A nnual C o n v e n tio n s, 1 8 5 2 -1 8 8 2 .
The
S o c ie ty
S o c ie ty
400
Th e Main S t r e e t C h r i s t i a n C h u rc h , L e x i n g t o n ,
K e n t u c k y , i n t h e C a s e o f C e r t a i n Me mb er s E x c l u d e d f r o m
her F e llo w sh ip .
A d d r e s s e d t o A l l Who L o v e t h e T r u t h ,
an d Who D e s i r e t o Know t h e F a c t s i n t h e C a s e .
Le x in g
to n :
A p o s t o l i c T i m e s , P r i n t e r s and B i n d e r s , 1 8 7 1 .
C hicago:
The R e p u b lic a n N a tio n a l
John B. J e f f r e y , 1880.
C o nve n tio n
of
1880.
T h e Case o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s v s . C h a r l e s J .
G u i t e a u , t r i e d i n t h e Supreme C o u r t o f t h e D i s t r i c t
o f C o l u m b i a , h o l d i n g a C r i m i n a l T e r m , and b e g i n n i n g
November 1 4 , 1 8 8 1 .
3 vo lum e s.
W ashing to n:
The U. S .
G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 18 8 2 .
War o f t h e R e b e l l i o n :
A C o m p ila tio n o f th e O f f i c i a l Records
o f t h e U n i o n and C o n f e d e r a t e A r m i e s .
128 v o l u m e s .
W a sh in g to n :
Th e U. S . Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 8 8 0 1901.
F o r G a r f i e l d ' s l i f e , th e m o st im p o r t a n t volum es
a re :
S e r i e s I , v o l u m e s 7 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 2 3 , 3 0 , and 3 1 .
V I.
C O L L E G E CATAL OGUES
A n n u a l Ca t a l o g u e s o f t h e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e E c l e c t i c I n s t i t u t e ,
1850- 1867.
P u b l i s h e r and p l a c e o f p u b l i c a t i o n v a r i e s .
Annual C a ta lo g ue s
and p l a c e o f
o f Hiram C o lle g e , 1868- 1 8 8 2 .
p u b lic a tio n v a rie s .
P u b lis h e r
C atalogue o f th e
1854- 1855.
O f f i c e r s and S t u d e n t s i n W i l l i a m s C o l l e g e ,
New Y o r k :
B a k e r , Godwin & C o . , 1 8 5 4 .
C a talog ue o f th e
1855-1856.
O f f i c e r s and S t u d e n t s i n W i l l i a m s C o l l e g e ,
New Y o r k :
B a k e r , Godwin & C o . , 1 8 5 5 .
V II.
GENERAL H I S T O R I E S
OF T H E
D ISC IP LES
A b b o t t , B y r d i n e A.
T h e D i s c i p l e s , an I n t e r p r e t a t i o n .
Lo u is:
C h r i s t i a n Board o f P u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 2 4 .
S t.
B o r d e n , E l i Monroe.
H i s t o r y o f th e Church o f C h r i s t .
Aus
t i n , Texas:
F i r m F o u n d a tio n P u b l i s h i n g House, 1939.
401
B o w e r , W i l l i a m C l a y t o n , and R o s s , R o y G . , e d s .
p l e s and R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n .
S t. Lo u is:
Board o f P u b li c a t i o n , 1936.
Bro w n, Jo hn Thomas.
Churches o f C h r i s t .
P . M o r t o n and Company, 1 9 0 4 .
The D i s c i
C h ris tia n
L o u is v ille :
John
C e n te n n ia l C o n v e n tio n R e p o r t :
One H u n d r e d t h A n n i v e r s a r y
o f the D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t .
C in c in n a ti:
Stand ard
P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 0 9 .
C o c h r a n , L o u i s , and C o c h r a n , B e s s W h i t e .
C a p tiv e s o f the
W o rd .
G a r d e n C i t y , New Y o r k :
Doubleday & C o ., 1 9 6 9 .
D a v i s , M o r r i s o n Meade.
T h e R e s t o r a t i o n Move me nt o f t h e
N in e te e n th C e n tu ry .
C in c in n a ti:
Stand ard P u b lis h in g
Co mp an y, 1 9 1 3 .
____________ .
How t h e D i s c i p l e s B e g a n and G r e w .
S t a n d a r d P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 1 5 .
DeG root, A l f r e d T .
The
c ip le s o f C h r is t .
G r o u n d s o f D i v i s i o n s Among t h e D i s
C hicago:
P riv a te ly p rin te d , 1940.
____________ .
D is c ip le Th o u g h t:
P u b l i s h e d by t h e a u t h o r ,
Fo rtu n e ,
S t.
A lo n zo
Lo u is:
C in c in n a ti:
W.
O rig in
C h ris tia n
A H isto ry .
1965.
W o rth ,
Texas:
and D e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e D i s c i p l e s .
Board o f P u b l i c a t i o n , 19 24 .
G a r r i s o n , James H a r v e y , ed.
The
te e n th C e n tu ry .
S t. Lo u is:
Co mp any, 1 9 0 1 .
R e fo rm a tio n o f the N in e
C h ris tia n P u b lis h in g
The S t o r y o f a C e n tu ry .
G a rris o n , W in fre d E r n e s t.
S t. Lo u is:
C h ris tia n
Fo rt
S t.
L o u is:
An A m e r i c a n R e l i g i o u s
Board o f P u b l i c a t i o n ,
C h ris tia n
Movement.
1945.
____________ , and D e G r o o t , A l f r e d T .
The D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t .
S t. L o u is:
C h r i s t i a n Board o f P u b l i c a t i o n , 19 48 ;
re v is e d e d i t io n , 1958.
G ates, E r r e t t .
The E a r l y
t i s t s and D i s c i p l e s .
Company, 1 9 0 4 .
The S t o r y o f
C h ris t"
New Y o r k :
R e l a t i o n and S e p a r a t i o n o f B a p
C hicago:
The C h r i s t i a n C e ntury
the Churches:
The D is c ip le s o f
B a k e r & T a y l o r Company, 1 9 0 5 .
402
H a i l e y , Homer.
A t t i t u d e s and C o n s e q u e n c e s
t i o n Movement.
R o se m e a d , C a l i f o r n i a :
Book C lu b , 1952.
Hum ble, B i l l
Texas:
in the R e s to ra
T h e Old P a t h s
J.
The S t o r y o f th e R e s t o r a t i o n .
F ir m Fo u n d a tio n P u b li s h in g House,
L o n g a n , G e o r g e W.
O rig in o f the D is c ip le s
Lo u is:
C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g Company,
A u stin ,
1969.
of C h ris t.
1889.
S t.
L o w b e r , J a m e s W.
T h e Who and t h e W h a t o f t h e D i s c i p l e s o f
C h ris t.
N a s h v ille :
G o s p e l A d v o c a t e Company, 1 8 9 2 .
M oore, W i l l i a m Thom as.
A Com prehensive H i s t o r y o f th e
D is c ip le s o f C h r is t .
New Y o r k :
F le m in g H. R e v e l l
C omp any , 1 9 0 9 .
M u r c h , James D e F o r e s t .
C h ris tia n s O n ly :
A H i s t o r y o f the
R e s t o r a t i o n Movement.
C in c in n a ti:
Stand ard P u b li s h
i n g Co mp an y, 1 9 6 2 .
T u c k e r , W i l l i a m E . , and M c A l l i s t e r , L e s t e r G.
Journey in
F a ith :
A H i s t o r y o f t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h (D i s c i p l e s
of C h ris t) ♦
S t. Lo u is:
The Bethany P r e s s , 1975.
T y l e r , B e n ja m in B .
A H i s t o r y o f the
New Y o r k :
C h ris tia n L ite ra tu re
Van K i r k , H i r a m .
S t. L o u is:
W e st,
Ea rl
v o ls.
The R is e
C h ris tia n
Irv in .
The
N a s h v ille :
V III.
STATE
Company, 1 8 9 4 .
o f the C u rre n t R e fo rm a tio n .
Search f o r the A n c ie n t O rd e r.
2
H ISTO R IES
C a u b l e , Commodore W e s l e y .
In d ia n a p o lis :
M e ig s
OF T H E
D isc ip le s
P u b lis h in g
D ISC IP LES
o f C h r is t in In d ia n a .
Company, 1 9 3 0 .
H a y d e n , Amos S u t t o n .
E a r l y H i s t o r y o f the D i s c ip le s in
th e W e ste rn R e se rv e , O h io .
C in c in n a ti:
C h a s e and
H a l l , P u b li s h e r s , 1875.
Haynes, N a th a n ie l S.
H isto ry
in I l l i n o i s , 1819- 19 1 4 .
l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 1 5 .
o f the D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t
C in c in n a ti:
Sta n d a rd Pub
403
M o se le y , J .
L o u is:
Edw ard.
D is c ip le s o f C h r is t
N o r t o n , Herman.
Tennessee
an d Co mp an y, 1 9 7 1 .
Shaw,
C h ris tia n s .
in
G e o rg ia .
N a s h v ille :
S t.
Reed
Henry K.
Buckeye D i s c i p l e s :
A H i s t o r y o f the D i s c i
p le s o f C h r i s t i n O h io .
S t. Lo u is:
C h r i s t i a n Board
o f P u b lic a tio n , 1952.
____________ .
H o o sie r D is c ip le s :
A Comprehensive H i s t o r y o f
t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h e s (D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ) i n I n d i a n a .
S t. Lo u is:
W ilc o x , A la n so n .
A H i s t o r y o f the D is c ip le s
O h io .
C in c in n a ti:
IX .
SOCIAL H I S T O R I E S
OF T H E
o f C h ris t in
Company, 1 9 1 8 .
D ISC IP LES
B e a z l e y , J r . , George G . , ed.
Th e C h r i s t i a n Church (D i s c i p l e s
of C h ris t) :
An I n t e r p r e t a t i v e E x a m i n a t i o n i n t h e C u l
t u r a l C o n te x t.
S t. Lo u is:
C r a i n , James A.
Th e Developm ent o f S o c i a l
D is c ip le s o f C h ris t.
S t. Lo u is:
The
1969.
G a rris o n , W in fre d E.
R e lig io n F o llo w s
t o r y o f the D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t .
B ro th e rs , 1931.
I d e a s Among t h e
Bethany P r e s s ,
the F r o n t i e r :
A H is
New Y o r k :
H a r p e r and
H a r r e l l , J r . , D a vid E d w in .
Q uest f o r a C h r i s t i a n A m e ric a :
T h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t and A m e r i c a S o c i e t y t o 1 8 6 6 .
N a s h v ille :
The D is c ip le s o f C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty ,
1966.
____________ .
The S o c ia l Sources o f D i v i s i o n i n th e
o f C h r i s t , 1865- 1900.
A t l a n t a and A t h e n s :
System , I n c . , 1973.
J e n n in g s, W a lte r W ils o n .
C omp any , 1 9 1 9 .
D isc ip le s
P u b lish in g
O r i g i n and E a r l y H i s t o r y o f t h e
C in c in n a ti:
W h i t l e y , O l i v e r Read.
Trum pet C a ll o f
L o u is:
The Bethany P r e s s , 19 59 .
R e fo rm a tio n .
S t.
404
X.
BOOKS:
PRIM ARY M A T E R I A L
B l a c k , Chauncey F . , ed.
E s s a y s and S p e e c h e s o f J e r e m i a h
S. B la c k .
New Y o r k :
D. A p p l e t o n & Company, 1 8 8 5 .
B l a i n e , J a m e s G.
Tw enty
w ic h , C o n n e c tic u t:
Bond,
Yea rs
Henry
O t t o F . , ed.
Under the F la g o f the
and L e t t e r s o f a Y a n k e e i n t h e C i v i l
O hio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 19 61 .
B r o o k s , Noah,
R in e h a rt
W a shing to n
& Company,
N a tio n :
D ia rie s
W ar.
Colum bus:
in L in c o ln ' s Tim e .
I n c . , 1895.
C a m p be ll, S e l i n a H u n t i n g t o n .
o f A le x a n d e r C a m p b e ll.
Cox,
o f C o ngre ss.
2 v o ls.
N or
B i l l P u b li s h in g C o ., 1884.
Home L i f e
S t. Lo u is:
New Y o r k :
and R e m i n i s c e n c e s
John B u r n s , 1882.
Jacob D o ls o n .
M i l i t a r y Re m inisc enc e s o f th e
2 v o ls.
New Y o r k :
C h a rle s S c r ib n e r 's Sons,
C iv il
1900.
W ar.
D o n a ld , D a v id , ed.
In s id e L i n c o l n ' s C a b in e t:
The C i v i l
War D i a r i e s o f Salmon P . C h a se .
New Y o r k :
Longmans
an d G r e e n , 1 9 5 4 .
Dungan, D a v id R .
R u m , R u i n and t h e R e m e d y .
O s k a lo o s a , Iow a:
C e n t r a l Book C o n c e r n ,
E r r e t t , Isa a c .
c in n a ti:
Fee,
J o h n G.
N a tio n a l
C in c in n a ti
1879.
L i n s e y - W o o l s e y and O t h e r A d d r e s s e s .
A u t o b i o g r a p h y o f J o h n G. F e e .
C h r is t i a n A s s o c ia tio n , 1891.
G ladden, W a s h in g t o n .
M i f f l i n Company,
R e c o lle c tio n s.
1909.
and
C in
Chicago:
New Y o r k :
Houghton
H a s tin g s , R o se tta B.
P e r s o n a l R e c o l l e c t i o n s o f Pardee
B u tle r.
C in c in n a ti:
Stand ard P u b lis h in g C o ., 1889.
H i n s d a l e , B u rk e A.
T h e G e n u i n e n e s s and A u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e
G o sp e ls.
C in c in n a ti:
B o s w o r t h , Chase & H a l l , 1 8 7 2 .
____________ .
dard
The Je w ish C h r i s t i a n C hurc h.
____________ .
E c c le s ia stic a l T r a d it io n .
C in c in n a ti:
C in c in n a ti:
Sta n
Stand ard
405
Hoar,
George F .
New Y o r k :
A u tob io g ra p h y o f Se v e n ty Y e a r s .
C h a rle s S c r ib n e r 's Sons, 1903.
H o w e l l s , W i l l i a m Dean.
My L i t e r a r y
H a r p e r and B r o t h e r s , 1 9 1 0 .
____________ .
Y e a r s o f My Y o u t h .
B r o t h e r s , 1916.
P a ssio n s.
New Y o r k :
2 v o ls.
New Y o r k :
H a rp er
and
Lip sc o m b , D a v id .
C i v i l G overnm ent:
I t s O rig in , M iss io n ,
a n d D e s t i n y , and t h e C h r i s t i a n 1s R e l a t i o n t o I t .
N a s h v ille :
M c Q u i d d y P r i n t i n g Company,
1913.
M a n i r e , B e n ja m in F . , ed.
C a s k e y 1s L a s t B o o k .
T h e M e s s e n g e r P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 9 6 .
N a s h v ille :
Mason, F r a n k H.
T h e F o r t y - Second O h io I n f a n t r y :
A H isto ry
o f t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n and S e r v i c e s o f t h a t R e g i m e n t i n
t h e War o f t h e R e b e l l i o n ; w i t h B i o g r a p h i c a l S k e t c h e s o f
i t s F i e l d O f f i c e r s and a F u l l R o s t e r o f t h e R e g i m e n t .
C le v e la n d :
C o bb , A n d r e w s and Company,
1876.
M c G a r v e y , J . W.
Le x in g to n :
T h e A u t o b i o g r a p h y o f J . W.
McGarvey.
C o lle g e o f the B i b l e , 1960.
Moore, W i l l i a m T . , ed.
The L i v i n g P u l p i t o f th e C h r i s t i a n
C hurc h.
C in c in n a ti:
R . W. C a r r o l l & C o . , 1 8 6 8 .
M u l l i n s , George
John B u rn s
G.
My L i f e i s an Open B o o k .
M u n n e l l , T h o m a s , an d S w e e n e y , J . S .
To W ar?
C in c in n a ti:
Bo sw o rth,
P o w e r , F r e d e r i c k D.
B o sto n :
U n ite d
S h a ll
C ha s e
S t.
Lo u is:
C h r i s t i a n s Go
& H a ll, 1872.
Thoug hts o f T h i r t y Y e a rs , 1875- 1 9 0 5 .
S o c ie ty o f C h r i s t i a n Endeavor, 1905.
S h a c k le fo rd , J r . , John.
L i f e , L e t t e r s and A d d r e s s e s o f
L . L . P in k e rto n .
C in c in n a ti:
Chase & H a l l , 1 8 7 6 .
Sherm an, Jo h n .
New Y o r k :
R e c o lle c tio n s o f F o rty Y e a rs .
T h e W e r n e r Company, 1 8 9 5 .
D r.
2 v o ls.
S m i t h , H e n r y N a s h , and G i b s o n , W i l l i a m M . , e d s .
Mark T w a i n H o w e lls L e t t e r s :
The C o rre spo nde nce o f Samuel L . C l e
m e n s an d W i l l i a m D . H o w e l l s , 1 8 7 2 - 1 9 1 0 .
Cambridge:
H a rva rd U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1960.
T a y l o r , J o h n M.
From th e
V e rm ont:
C h a rle s E .
W h i t e House I n k w e l l .
T u t t l e Company, 1 9 6 8 .
R u tla n d ,
406
V o g e l, P e t e r .
Sta nd a rd
T a le o f a P io n e e r C hurch.
W a lla c e , Lew.
New Y o r k :
W illia m s , H a rry
1875- 1881.
C in c in n a ti:
L e w W a l l a c e ; An A u t o b i o g r a p h y .
2 v o ls.
T . , ed.
Hayes:
The D ia ry o f a P r e s id e n t
New Y o r k :
D a v i d McKay Company, 19 64 .
W o o l e r y , L . C.
L i f e and A d d r e s s e s o f W. H . W o o l e r y ,
C in c in n a ti:
LL.D .
W o o le ry , W illia m K.
Bethany Y e a r s .
H u n tin g to n , West V i r
g in ia :
S t a n d a r d P r i n t i n g & P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 4 1 .
Young, C h a r l e s A.
t ia n U n io n .
X I.
H i s t o r i c a l Documents A d v o c a t in g C h r i s
C hicago:
C h r i s t i a n C e n tu ry C o ., 1904.
B OOK S :
SECONDARY M A T E R I A L
A h ls t r o m , Sydney E .
A R e l i g i o u s H i s t o r y o f t h e A m erican
P e o p le .
New H a v e n :
Yale U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1972.
Ba rn a rd , H a rry .
R u t h e r f o r d B . H a y e s and H i s A m e r i c a .
T h e B o b b s - M e r r i l l Company, 1 9 5 4 .
B a xte r, W illia m .
L i f e o f E ld e r W a lte r S c o t t , w it h Ske tche s
o f H i s F e l l o w L a b o r e r s , W i l l i a m H a y d e n , A damson B e n t T i y , J o h n H e n r y , and O t h e r s .
C in c in n a ti:
B o sw o rth ,
Chase & H a l l , 1 8 7 4 .
B o l e s , H. L e o .
N a s h v ille :
B io g r a p h ic a l Sk e tc h e s o f Gospel P r e a c h e rs .
B o n n e ll, John S u th e r la n d .
P re sid e n tia l P r o f ile s :
R e lig io n
i n t h e L i f e o f American P r e s i d e n t s .
P h ila d e lp h ia :
The W e s tm in s te r P r e s s , 1971.
B r i g a n c e , W i l l i a m Norwood.
a d e lp h ia :
U n iv e rs ity
Bro o ks,
E.
V an W y c k .
P. D u tto n
Je re m ia h S u l l i v a n B l a c k .
P h il
o f P e n n sy lv a n ia P r e s s , 1934.
H o w e lls:
H is L if e
and Company, 1 9 5 9 .
C a m p b e ll, A le x a n d e r.
C in c in n a ti:
H.
and W o r l d .
New Y o r k :
M e m o irs o f E l d e r Thomas C a m p b e ll.
S. B o sw o rth , 1861.
407
C a r t e r , P a u l A.
The S p i r i t u a l C r i s i s o f th e G ild e d Age.
D e K a lb , I l l i n o i s :
N o rth e rn I l l i n o i s U n iv e r s it y
P r e s s , 1972.
C l a y t o n , Mary B la c k .
R e m in isc e n c e s o f Je re m ia h S u l l i v a n
B la c k .
S t. Lo u is:
C h r i s t i a n P u b lis h in g C o ., 1887.
C le a v e s , Freem an.
Rock o f Chicamauga:
The
George H. T h o m a s .
Norman:
U n iv e rs ity
P r e s s , 1949.
L i f e o f G eneral
o f Okl ahoma
C o r t is s o z , R o y a l.
The L i f e o f W h ite la w R e id .
New Y o r k :
C h a rle s S c r ib n e r 's Sons, 1921.
D a v is , H a ro ld Eugene.
H in sd a le o f
A aron H i n s d a l e .
W ashing to n:
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , 1 9 7 1 .
2 v o ls.
H ira m :
The L i f e o f Bu rk e
The U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s o f
D ic k in so n , E lm ira J.
A H i s t o r y o f Eureka C o lle g e .
Lo u is:
C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 9 4 .
S t.
D o n a ld , D a v id , ed.
Why t h e N o r t h Won t h e C i v i l W a r .
Rouge:
L o u is ia n a S ta te U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1960.
Ba ton
____________ .
Era .
War
L in c o l n R e c o n sid e re d :
E s s a y s on t h e
New Y o r k :
A l f r e d A. K n o p f , 1 9 6 1 .
E is e n s c h im l, O tto .
Fo rtu n e ,
S t.
A lo n zo
L o u is:
The
The
C iv il
C e l e b r a t e d Ca se o f F i t z J o h n P o r t e r .
B o b b s - M e r r i l l Company, 1 9 5 0 .
W.
A d v e n tu rin g w ith D i s c ip le
P io n e e rs.
F r a n k l i n , J o h n Hope.
R e c o n s tru c tio n A f t e r the C i v i l
C hica go :
U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago P r e s s , 1 9 6 1 .
F r a n k l i n , J o s e p h , and H e a d i n g t o n , J . A .
o f Be nja m in F r a n k l i n .
S t. L o u is:
i n g Company, 1 8 7 9 .
W ar.
T h e L i f e and T i m e s
John B u rn s P u b l i s h
Furm an, B e s s .
W h i t e House P r o f i l e :
A S o c ia l H is to r y o f
t h e W h i t e H o u s e , i t s O c c u p a n t s and i t s F e s t i v i t i e s .
T h e B o b b s - M e r r i l l Company, 1 9 5 1 .
G a llo w a y , George.
H i s t o r y o f the
New Y o r k :
Thomas Y . C r o w e l l
House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .
& Company, 1 9 6 1 .
G r a f t o n , T h o m a s W.
Men o f Y e s t e r d a y :
A S e r i e s o f Charac
t e r S k e t c h e s o f P r o m i n e n t Men Among t h e D i s c i p l e s o f
C h ris t.
S t. Lo u is:
C h r is t i a n P u b lis h in g C o ., 1899.
408
G r e e n , C o n s t a n c e M.
W a sh in g to n :
P rin c e to n U n iv e rs ity P re s s ,
C a p ita l
1963.
C ity .
P rin c e to n :
G r e e n , F . M.
C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n s , and H i s t o r i c a l S k e t c h e s
o f M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t i e s Among t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t .
S t. L o u is:
J o h n B u r n s P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 4 .
____________ .
The
c in n a ti:
L i f e an d T i m e s o f J o h n F r a n k l i n
F . L . Rowe, P u b l i s h e r , 1 8 9 9 .
Rowe.
C in
____________ .
H i r a m C o l l e g e and W e s t e r n R e s e r v e E c l e c t i c I n s t i
tu te :
F i f t y Years o f H i s t o r y , 1850- 1 9 0 0.
C le v e la n d :
T h e O. S . H u b b e l l P r i n t i n g Company, 1 9 0 1 .
H a le y , Je ss e J .
M a k e r s and M o l d e r s o f t h e R e f o r m a t i o n
M ovem ent:
A S t u d y o f L e a d i n g Men Among t h e D i s c i p l e s
of C h ris t.
S t. Lo u is:
C h r i s t i a n Board o f P u b ., 1914.
H a tc h e r, H a rla n .
The W e ste rn R e s e rv e .
B o b b s - M e r r i l l Company, 1 9 4 9 .
H e n r y , F r e d e r i c k A.
C a p ta in Henry
The G ates P r e s s , 1942.
Hinman, W i l b u r F .
a nd p u b l i s h e r
The
not
S t o r y o f the
g ive n , 1897.
of
In d ia n a p o lis:
G ea u g a .
The
C le v e la n d :
Sherman B r i g a d e .
A H i s t o r y o f the D is c ip le s i n
P o rta g e C ounty, O h io .
C le vela nd :
R o b in so n ,
a n d Co mp an y, 1 8 7 6 .
Pla c e
H ira m ,
Savage
J o h n s o n , R o b e r t U n d e r w o o d , and C l o u g h , C l a r e n c e , e d s .
B a t t l e s and L e a d e r s o f t h e C i v i l W a r .
4 v o ls.
New
Y o rk:
Thomas Y o s e l o f f , I n c . , 1 9 5 6 .
Jones, C ra nsto n.
Homes o f t h e
Y o rk:
M c G ra w -H ill, 1962.
K e ith , Noel L .
O b sc u rity .
The S to r y o f
S t. Lo u is:
Am erican
P re sid e n ts.
New
D. S . B u r n e t :
Undeserved
L a m a r , James S .
M em oirs o f Is a a c E r r e t t .
2 v o ls.
c in n a ti:
L a m e r s , W i l l i a m M.
T h e E dge o f G l o r y :
W illia m S. Ro se c ra ns.
New Y o r k :
& W o rld , 1961.
C in
A B io g ra p hy o f
H a r c o u r t , Brace
L a n g f o r d , L a u ra H o llo w a y .
The L a d ie s o f th e
B r a d l e y & Company, 1 8 8 1 .
W h ite House.
409
Leech, M a rg a re t.
R e v e ille in W a sh in g to n ,
Y o rk:
1860- 1865.
New
L e w is , G ra nt K.
The Am erican C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y
and t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t .
S t. Lo u is:
C h ris tia n
Board o f P u b lic a t io n , 1937.
M a t h e s , J a m e s M.
L i f e o f E l i j a h Goodwin.
B u r n s P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 0 .
S t.
Lo u is:
M c A l l i s t e r , L e s t e r G.
Thomas C a m p b e ll :
Man o f
S t. L o u is:
the
John
Book.
Mc Ke e, I r v i n e .
W a lla c e .
1947.
" Ben H u r " W a l l a c e :
T h e L i f e o f G e n e r a l Lew
B e rk e le y :
U n iv e rs ity o f C a lifo rn ia P re ss,
Moore, W i l l i a m
C h ris tia n
T.
The L i f e
C o mm o n w e a l t h
o f T i m o t h y Coop.
London:
The
M o rg a n , H . Wayne, ed.
The G ild e d Age:
A R e a p p ra isa l.
Syra c use :
Syracuse U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1963.
____________ .
From Hayes t o M c K in le y :
N a tio n a l P a rty P o l i t i c s ,
1877- 1896.
Syracuse:
Syracuse U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1969.
M o r r o , W i l l i a m C.
" B r o t h e r M c G a r v e y " :T h e L i f e o f P r e s i
d e n t J . M. M c G a r v e y o f T h e C o l l e g e o f t h e B i b l e .
S t.
L o u is:
M u r c h , James D e F o r e s t .
B . D. P h i l l i p s :
L i f e and L e t t e r s .
L o u is v ille :
T h e S t a n d a r d P r i n t i n g Company, 1 9 6 9 .
M urphy, Lawrence R.
F r o n t ie r C rusa d e r:
W illia m
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H isto ry of
S ta te s.
Englewood C l i f f s :
____________ .
L i f e o f W i l l i a m Kim brough P e n d l e t o n .
C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 0 2 .
A rn y .
New Y o r k :
S t.
Frie n d s U n iv e r s it y :
Th e G row th o f
The W ic h ita Ea g le P r e s s , 19 48 .
R e e v e s , T h o m a s C.
A la n A r t h u r .
M.
R e lig io n in the U n ite d
P r e n t ic e - H a ll, I n c ., 1960.
S k e tc h e s o f Our P i o n e e r s .
F l e m i n g H . R e v e l l Company, 1 8 9 8 .
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New Y o r k :
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Id e a .
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Her S ta te sm e n , G e n e ra ls
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Colum bus:
E c le c tic P u b ., C o ., 1893.
R ic h a rd so n ,
v o ls.
R o b e rt.
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The
Yo rk:
Doubleday
R u d o lp h , F r e d e r ic k .
Y a le U n i v e r s i t y
Shaw,
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Medina
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Wa r T i m e s .
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K.
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C ounty G a z e tte , 1937.
C hurch.
Log.
New
New H a v e n :
M edina,
O hio :
S t a m p p , K e n n e t h M.
The P e c u lia r I n s t i t u t i o n :
S la v e ry in
th e A n te - B e llu m S o u th .
New Y o r k :
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____________ .
The E ra o f
A. K n o p f , 1 9 6 5 .
R e c o n stru c tio n .
New Y o r k :
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Stanwood, Edw ard.
A H isto ry of P re sid e n tia l E le c tio n s .
New Y o r k :
H o u g h t o n , M i f f l i n and Company, 1 8 8 4 .
____________ .
A H i s t o r y o f the P re s id e n c y .
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S te v e n so n , D w ig h t E .
W a lte r S c o t t :
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The
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The C h r i s t i a n P o r t r a i t G a l le r y .
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W ills t a c h , B a ld
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To lb e rt
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o f 1877
L ittle ,
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Fa n n in g
Sweet
Vann.
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O th e r A d d re sse s.
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C h ris tia n P u b lis h in g
Co mp an y, 1 9 0 3 .
( i n c l u d e s a ' 6 2 - p a g e s k e t c h on "My
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B a lc h , W illia m
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In tro d u c
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B l a i n e , C o n k l i n g and G a r f i e l d :
A Rem i
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The L i f e
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____________ . , e d .
C hica go :
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P o litic s
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M c C lu re 's
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S o u th e rn H i s t o r y , (A ugust,
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C e ntury
G a rfie ld ."
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X IV .
T H E S E S AND D I S S E R T A T I O N S
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418
C h a lk , John A l l e n
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U n p u b lish e d
U n iv e rs ity ,
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"A H i s t o r y o f t h e G o s p e l A d v o c a te ,
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"T h e Churches o f C h r i s t D u r in g
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U n p u b l i s h e d M.A .
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419
M u r r e l l , A r t h u r V.
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XV.
T R A C T S AND P A M P H L E T S
A d d r e s s e s o f t h e A cc ep tan c e by C o n g r e s s o f t h e S t a t u e o f
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Se ve nty- F i f t h A n n iv e rs a ry B o o k le t.
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C e n te n n ia l A ddress
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____________ .
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C ity
M ile sto n e s :
W a sh in g to n :
Th e Church o f C h r i s t i n W a sh in g to n
N a tio n a l C i t y C h r i s t i a n C hurch,
G e n e r a l G a r f i e l d 1s C h u r c h .
C h r i s t i a n Church, 1946.
W ashing to n:
N a tio n a l
____________ .
A P i c t o r i a l P a m p h l e t o f O u t s t a n d i n g P e r s o n s and
E v e n t s Connected w i t h th e H i s t o r y o f th e N a t i o n a l C i t y
C h r is t i a n C hurch.
W ash in g to n :
N a tio n a l C ity C h r is t ia n
C h u rc h , n. d.
G a r f i e l d , James A .
A D isc o u rse D e liv e re d a t H ira m , O h io ,
M a r c h 3 , 1 8 6 1 , O c c a s i o n e d by t h e D e a t h o f E l d e r J o h n
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____________ .
d ic t
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H a z a rd , Ro w la nd .
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r e a d b e f o r e t h e Rho de I s l a n d H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y on
Fe b ru a ry 22, 1881.
Pro vid e n c e :
S. S. R id e r, 1881.
The E c le c tic I n s t i t u t e :
An A d d r e s s
D e li v e r e d a t th e J u b ile e o f Hiram C o lle g e , June 2 2 ,
1900.
Ann A r b o r :
P in k e rto n , Le w is L .
A D i s c o u r s e C o n c e r n i n g Some E f f e c t s
o f t h e L a t e C i v i l T War o n E c c l e s i a s t i c a l M a t t e r s i n
K e n tu c ky.
An A d d r e s s D e l i v e r e d i n L e x i n g t o n , Novem
ber 13, 1866.
C in c in n a ti:
A. Moore, P r i n t e r , 1 8 6 6 .
____________ .
T o t h e " U n i o n Men" o f t h e C h u r c h o f C h r i s t
(C a l l e d " R e f o r m e r s " ) i n K e n t u c k y , E s p e c i a l l y t o T h o s e
in L e x in g to n .
No p u b l i c a t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n .
4-page
tra c t.
P u b lis h e d about 1870.
421
____________ .
The Independent M o n th ly E x t r a .
Hopson D i f f i c u l t y .
C in c in n a ti:
Elm
Co mp any, 1 8 7 2 .
The B u t l e r S tre e t P rin tin g
F i f t y Y e a rs o f Church L i f e , 1 8 4 5 - 1 8 9 5 .
A Serm on P re a c h e d i n G a r f i e l d M e m o r ia l C h u rc h on S e p
tem ber 8, 1 8 9 5 .
W ashing to n:
L a d ie s A id S o c ie ty , 1895.
____________ .
tia n
T h e S p i r i t o f Our Movement.
S t.
Lo u is:
C h ris
____________ .
T h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t — T h e i r P l e a as a R e l i
g io u s P e o p le .
C in c in n a ti:
T h e A m erican C h r i s t i a n
M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y , n . d.
Reed,
F o rre s t F.
Background o f D i v i s i o n :
D isc ip le s of
C h r i s t and C h u r c h e s o f C h r i s t .
N a s h v ille :
D is c ip le s
o f C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty , 1968.
S q u i r e , Andrew.
C le v e la n d :
X V I.
A Few R e c o l l e c t i o n s o f H i r a m , 1 8 6 1 - 1 9 3 2 .
MISCELLANEOUS
M ANUSCRIPTS
H in sd a le , W ilb e r t B.
"T h e Church I
Typed M a n u s c rip t, D i s c i p l e s o f
S o c ie ty , N a s h v ille , Tennessee.
Was B r o u g h t Up I n . "
C h ris t H is to ric a l
Hoppe, E l l e n L a r a b i e .
"M em ories o f
Typed M a n u s c rip t, D i s c ip le s o f
S o c ie ty , N a s h v ille , Tennessee.
J ame s A . G a r f i e l d . "
C h ris t H is to ric a l
S p e n c e r, Claude E .
"E d u c a tio n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s o f the D i s
c ip le s o f C h r is t . "
Typed M a n u s c r ip t, D i s c i p l e s o f
C h r i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c ie ty , N a s h v ille , Tennessee.
422
CHRONOLOGY
1831
-
B i r t h o f J a me s Abr am G a r f i e l d on N ov em be r
O r a n g e T o w n s h i p , Cu ya hog a C o u n t y , O h i o .
1832
-
U n io n
1833
-
G a r f i e l d ' s p a r e n t s were b a p t i z e d i n J a n u a r y .
H is
f a t h e r d i e d i n May, l e a v i n g a w i d o w and 4 c h i l d r e n .
1848
-
G a r f i e l d was
P e n n sy lv a n ia
1849
-
En te re d
1850
-
B a p t i z e d i n t o C h r i s t b y W. A . L i l l i e on M a r c h 4 .
Began s u b s c r i p t i o n t o M i l l e n n i a l H a r b in g e r i n Ju n e .
1851
-
E n t e r e d W e ste rn R e se rve E c l e c t i c I n s t i t u t e i n H iram
on A u g u s t 2 3 .
Became f r i e n d s w i t h C o r y d o n F u l l e r .
1853
-
Preached
A tte n d e d
1854
-
G r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e E c l e c t i c I n s t i t u t e on J u n e 2 2 .
E n r o l l e d i n W i ll ia m s C o lle g e f o r th e f a l l te rm s .
1856
-
C a m p a i g n e d f o r t h e R e p u b l i c a n s and F r e m o n t i n J u n e .
G r a d u a t e d w i t h h o n o r s f r o m W i l l i a m s on A u g u s t 6 .
R e t u r n e d t o t e a c h a t t h e E c l e c t i c i n A u g u s t , and
b e g a n r o o m i n g w i t h James H a r r i s o n R h o d e s .
1857
-
H i s J a n u a ry m ee ting i n H ira m r e s u l t e d i n
A p p o in te d "C hairm an" o f E c l e c t i c f a c u l t y
1858
-
H i s p re a c h in g s t i r r e d a H iram r e v i v a l i n F e b ru a ry .
A p p o i n t e d P r e s i d e n t o f E c l e c t i c I n s t i t u t e i n May.
Made a t o u r o f D i s c i p l e c o l l e g e s i n t h e s u mm er .
M a r r i e d L u c r e t i a R u d o l p h i n H i r a m o n N ov em be r 1 1 .
D e b a t e d W i l l i a m D e n t o n d u r i n g l a s t week i n D e c e m b e r .
1859
-
P r o f e s s o r N or man D u n s h e e f i r e d b y b o a r d o n May 1 1 .
G a r f i e l d w i n s e l e c t i o n t o S t a t e S e n a t e o n O c t o b e r 11
1860
-
W i t h A l e x a n d e r C am pbell a t
W r i t e s " W h a t We S t a n d F o r "
1861
-
C i v i l W a r e r u p t e d on A p r i l 1 2 .
A p p o in t e d C o lo n e l o f F o r t y - s e c o n d O hio
in A ug ust.
L a u n c h e d r e c r u i t i n g c am p a i g n a t H i r a m m e e t i n g h o u s e .
D e l i v e r e d speech a t A . C . M . S . C o n v e n tio n i n O c to b e r.
P e r s u a d e d H a r r y J o n e s t o be c h a p l a i n o f h i s r e g i m e n t
of
Campbell
and S t o n e
at
in
movements on J a n u a r y
a canal boat d r i v e r
c a n a l f o r s i x w e ek s
19
on t h e
d u rin g
C he ste r,
1.
O h i o and
t h e s u mm er .
O hio ,
on M a r c h
6
h i s f i r s t f u l l - l e n g t h serm on on March 2 7 .
commencement a t B e t h a n y C o l l e g e i n J u l y .
y e a r l y m ee ting
i n November.
38 b a p t i s m s
on May 2 6 .
in
A ug ust.
423
18 62
B a t t l e o f M iddle Creek, K e n tu c k y , fo u g h t Ja n u a ry 10.
P r o m o t e d t o r a n k o f B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l on M a r c h 1 9 .
B a t t l e o f S h i l o h f o u g h t i n T e n n e s s e e on A p r i l 6 - 7 .
W it h h e lp o f A u s t i n , e le c te d to C ongress i n O ctober.
1863
A p p o inte d C h ie f o f S t a f f f o r R o se c ra ns i n F e b ru a ry .
O r g a n i z e d t h e s u c c e s s f u l T u l l a h o m a campaign i n J u n e .
B a t t l e o f Chicamauga, G e o r g i a , f o u g h t S e p te m b e r 1 9 .
P r o m o t e d t o r a n k o f M a j o r G e n e r a l a f t e r Chicamauga.
T o o k h i s s e a t i n t h e 3 8 t h C o n g r e s s o n D ecember 7 .
1865
Accepted
1866
D e a t h o f A l e x a n d e r Cam p be ll i n B e t h a n y on March 4 .
T h e f i r s t i s s u e o f t h e C h r i s t i a n S t a n d a r d on A p r i l 7 .
T h e o l o g i c a l D e p a r t m e n t la u n c h e d a t H i r a m i n summer.
1867
E c le c tic
1869
D r . P i n k e r t o n b e g in s Ind ep end ent M o n th ly i n J a n u a ry .
G a r f i e l d s p e a k s a t O . C . M . S . C o n v e n t i o n i n May.
1870
H in sd a le
1872
H ira m
1873
G a rfie ld
A rra n g e s
1875
F re d e ric k
1877
G a rfie ld
1880
W i n s R e p u b l i c a n n o m i n a t i o n f o r P r e s i d e n t on J u n e 8 .
S e v e r a l D i s c i p l e s p l a y m a j o r r o l e s i n t h e campaign.
E l e c t e d P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s on N ov e m be r 2 .
1881
I n a u g u r a t e d a s P r e s i d e n t on M a r c h 4 .
B r i n g s p u b l i c i t y t o V e rm o n t Avenue c h u r c h on March 6.
S h o t b y C h a r l e s G u i t e a u i n W a s h i n g t o n on J u l y 2 .
S u f f e r s t h r o u g h t h e summer and d i e s o n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 .

Life of James Abram Garfield

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