H A R F O R D C E C I L K E N T Q U E E N A N N E`S

ST.
H A R F O R D
Havre de Grace
Bel Air Court House
140
25
30
45
ABERDEEN
1
83
TA
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S U S Q U E H A N N A
F L A T S
146
BUS
FOR
Rodgers
Tavern Perryville
Community Park
22
924
145
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IN
MA
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YORK
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New Windsor
15
327
BUS
B A L T I M O R E
HW
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462
C E C I L
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7
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Monkton Station
I V
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1
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40
V
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(Multiple Trail Sites)
31
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Lewistown
Hereford
7
K
WESTMINSTER
Abbott
Iron Works
Federal
Hill
75
James Archer
Birthplace
Federal Hill
ELKTON
Port Deposit
138
84
ST
.
Susquehanna
State Park
L
TO
N
LANCASTER ST.
KEY HWY
BALTIMORE RIOT TRAIL
(1.6-mile walking tour)
140
137
Union Bridge
95
E AST
FLEET ST.
395
President
Street
Station
H A R B O R
222
LS
FAL
LIGHT ST.
USS
Constellation
LIGHT
Camden
Station
25
Patterson
Park
S
BO
HOWARD ST.
30
EASTERN AVE.
CONWAY ST.
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I N N E R
NOR
TH
BROADWAY
T.
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CHARLES ST.
CALVERT ST.
Middleburg
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LAPI
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77
Old Frederick Road
(Loy’s Station)
Mt. Clare Station/
.
AVE
ICK
Catoctin B&O Railroad Museum
DER
FRE
Furnance
N
FLEET ST.
27
Church Home
and Hospital
Battle Monument
PRATT ST.
EASTERN AVE.
CONWAY ST.
E R
IV
LOMBARD ST.
USS Constellation
N
BALTIMORE ST.
97
ORLEANS ST.
S
AY
A
Maryland
Historical Society
H
40
Thurmont
Mt. Clare
Mansion
MONUMENT ST.
L I N E
1
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SHARP ST.
T.
NS
FAW
Manchester
Taneytown
D I X O N
273
U
Washington Monument/
Mt. Vernon Place
1
GAY ST.
45
Union Mills
A N D
Q
Greenmount
Cemetery
M A S O N
S
NORTH AVE.
Emmitsburg
PRATT ST.
1
MARKET PL.
SOUTH ST.
83
1
S U
COMMERCE ST.
LOMBARD ST.
CALVERT ST.
SAINT PAUL ST.
147
CHARLES ST.
HOWARD ST.
45
WATER ST.
ST.
25
EUTAW ST.
P E N N S Y L V A N I A
ENT
SID
PRE
Druid Hill Park
HOPKINS PL.
BALTIMORE ST.
E
Hayfields
Fort
McHenry
95
2
31
Libertytown
C A R R O L L
26
26
Rose Hill Manor
27
75
GAN
MILL
L
USA
JER
RD
147
Glen Ellen
RD
152
95
1
Camp Chapel
United Methodist
Church
146
Hampton National
Historical Site
130
EM
213
JO
PPA
FA
RM
(Multiple Trail Sites)
MOR
795
F R E D E R I C K
FREDERICK
AVEN R
LOCK R
Baltimore County
Historical Society
97
Jerusalem
Mill
R
R I V E R
B O H E M I A RI
V
24
D
P A T A P S C O
7
Cockeysville
E
Richfield
BALTIMORE CITY
SHAWAN RD
GREENSIDE DR
295
R
D
Towson
Court House
140
Sykesville
45
83
R I V E
R
29
Lansdowne
Christian Church
Thomas
Viaduct
100
895
P A
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Darnestown
Park
100
M O N T G O M E R Y
A N N E
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28
A R U N D E L
295
301
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97
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I V
213
SA
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Thomas Isaac
Log Cabin
MAI
NS
T.
Dranesville
as a railroad car carrying soldiers derailed.
Fairfax
★ Gay and Commerce Streets
at Pratt Street – Here the
Court
House
soldiers fired back, exchanging
volleys
with the mob.
beaten to death here.
Fairfax Museum
★ Howard Street at Camden Station – The rest of the
St.finally
Mary’s
Church
Massachusetts regiment
boarded
the train, protected
by their comrades’ fire.
Fairfax Station
Governor Hicks and Mayor Brown spoke here to try to calm
down citizens after the Baltimore Riot.
• Mt. Clare Station/B&O Railroad Museum –
Civil War-era trains are on display here.
• Abbott Iron Works – To avert further violence after the Baltimore Riot, the mayor ordered railroad bridges burned.
• Mt. Clare Mansion – This U.S. Army training facility
opened in the summer of 1861.
organized here in 1863 and 1864.
Fort Ward
CUT
ST.
NE
W
KE
• Catonsville Library – This community, known as Relay
during the war, was an important rail center.
• Federal Hill – First occupied by U.S. troops in May 1861
★ Glen Ellen – This is the site of Maj. Harry Gilmor’s home,
to suppress secessionist violence in Baltimore, this became
395
the site of a huge fort.
a Gothic Revival house demolished after the war.
Alexandria
495• Fort McHenry – Famous for associations
with “The Star-
Site – Southern sympa• Hampton National95Historical 495
National
Cemetery
• Greenmount Cemetery – John Wilkes Booth and other
thizer Charles Ridgely was elected captain of the Baltimore
County Horse Guards at the outbreak of the war.
Spangled Banner,” it became a prison and hospital site.
notable Civil War figures are 95
buried here.
• Robert E. Lee Park/Lake Roland – Opened in 1861, the
A
lake here served as Baltimore’s reservoir during theDYwar.
• Loudon Park National Cemetery, Confederate Hill –
OO its
• Lansdowne Christian Church – This church Wand
Established in 1862, this is one of 14 original national
cemeteries. More than 600 Confederates are buried here.
• Maryland Historical Society – Civil War artifacts are
displayed here.
• Patterson Park – This public park, opened in 1827, held a
stained-glass windows reflect a Civil War veteran’s love for
his comrades.
Fort★ Monkton Station – A station along the Northern Central
FooteRailroad, a major component of the Union Army’s transit
network for troops and supplies.
U.S. Army
95 training camp and general hospital during the war.
★ Towson Court House – On July 11, 1864, Gilmor’s raiders
• USS Constellation – This vessel operated against the slave
trade and protected U.S. shipping from Confederate raiders.
210 at the hotel here for refreshment then fought an
stopped
engagement south of town.
• Washington Monument at Mt. Vernon Place – President
• Perryville Community Park – This small town quickly
5
Abraham Lincoln gave a stirring speech here on April 18, 1864.
Fort
W hi
became an important Union outpost.
t
E
H
• Thomas Viaduct – The strategic B&O Railroad bridge to
playing a vital role at Antietam.
Washington placed two towns in the theater of war.
• Bel Air Court House – In 1861, Union forces searched the
• James Archer Birthplace – Confederate Gen. James Archer
led Texas troops through several campaigns and died in Richmond, Va., shortly after being exchanged as a prisoner of war.
★ Jerusalem Mill – A Confederate cavalry raid occurred here
in 1864 as part of an attack on Washington.
408
Welsh Owens
Memorial
built an “assembly
• Elkridge Furnace Inn – George Dobbin
Gunpowder River Bridge.
hall” here after the war, on land once occupied by Union
artillery, to help heal divisions among neighbors.
• B&O Railroad Station – The oldest railroad terminus in the
U.S. (1831) was guarded by Union troops throughout the war.
• Ellicott City Colored School – After the war,
4 African
American veterans built this school.
309
662
• Kent County Courthouse – Federal authorities arrested
1863 for reprinting a “treasonous” article.
• Monument Park – Monuments here honor both Confederate
and Union soldiers, including U.S. Colored Troops.
• Lauretum Inn – Chestertown resident, Maryland militia
• Queenstown – Slaves escaped from their owners here to
Abraham Lincoln for help on September 13, 1862.
• Hillsboro – The great African-American leader, Frederick
• Patapsco Female Institute – This is the site of an important
• Unionville – Slaves and free blacks from here served as
• Oakland Manor – This was the home of Capt. George R.
• Talbot Courthouse – Easton men served on both sides
ments divided this town.
St. Michaels
Unionville
370
322
EASTON
1861 Baltimore Riot Walking Tour
Talbot Courthouse
enlist in the U.S. Army.
2 • Greensboro – Pro-Union residents wrote to President
• Thomas Isaac Log Cabin – Northern and southern senti-
Gaither of the Howard County Dragoons.
Todds Corner
established this Grand Army of the Republic post and built
this meeting hall in 1908.
general, and U.S. Senator George Vickers voted against
impeaching President Andrew Johnson in 1868.
33
during the war.
313
1861 Baltimore Riot Site
331
1864 Johnson/Gilmor Raid Site
Other Civil War Trails Site
National, State or County Park
Douglass, once called this town home.
USCT, then founded the community after the war.
404
50
• Charles Sumner Post G.A.R. – Former U.S. Colored Troops
localA
lawyer
LOTHI
N and newspaper publisher John Leeds Barroll in
★ Mariner Point Park – Here Maj. Harry Gilmor burned the
school that influenced young ladies of the North and South.
T A L B O T
★ EASTERN SHORE SITES ★
town for Confederate sympathizers; area residents served in
both armies.
Denton Caroline Co
Courthouse
Old Harford Town
Maritime Center
Federal service.
R
• Battle Monument – On the evening of April 19, 1861,
• Druid Hill – Several U.S. Colored Troops regiments were
• Port Deposit – A local artillery battery later found itself
Hillsboro
V E
R I
★OTHER BALTIMORE CITY SITES★
Gilmor and his raiders passed by this early Methodist chapel
site in July 1864.
• Savage Mill – This cotton-weaving mill was used for
480
404
S
L E
M I
★ Light Street at Pratt Street – Four soldiers were shot or
★ Camp Chapel United Methodist Church – Maj. Harry
RD
66mob closed in
★ President Street at Pratt Street – The
ArlingtonBaltimorean,
House/ who was
a successful inventor and prominent
Taylor’s
Tavern
imprisoned
at Fort McHenry
for hisCemetery
pro-southern political
National
activities.
RD
mob began attacking the marching Massachusetts soldiers.
Near here, Confederate Maj. Harry Gilmor burned railroad
bridges and wreaked havoc on his July 1864 raid.
• Crimea Mansion/Leakin Park – Home of Ross Winans,
• Rodgers Tavern – Four-legged recruits were trained here
at the “mule school” for arduous service in the U.S. Army.
Greensboro
309
WS
RO
NAR
KENT
★ Fawn Street at President Street – Here the secessionist
★ Baltimore County Historical Society/Cockeysville –
R
2
E
Infantry Regiment began its march to Camden Station.
Tyler treated wounded Massachusetts soldiers after the
Baltimore Riot.
TH
IV
★ President Street Station – The 6th Massachusetts
★ WESTERN SHORE SITES ★
• Church Home and Hospital – Here Adeline Blanchard
213
50
E
AVE .
★ BALTIMORE RIOT TRAIL ★
Queenstown
301
R
301
ELLICOTT CITY
301
50
V
R I
D
WASHINGTON, D.C.
18
E
R
SO
U
LAN
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IA P
UMB
OLD COL
S
B&O
Railroad
Station
M A RY
450
50
Sandy Point
State Park
ANNAPOLIS
144
Belair
Mansion
495
.
2
N
95
RD
A N N E’ S
R I
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R
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CH
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1
AVE.
IV
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Ellicott City
Colored School
HERNDON
Freeman
Store/Museum
k
T
3
DR
G E O R G E’S
Patapsco
Female
Institute
S L N.
TT
CO
PATAPS
R
I CO
LS
IL
M
V I R G I N I A
EL
L
R A H’
P R I N C E
190
M A
G O
T
PL
.
270
Fort Marcy
National
Park Service
ee
C
175
95
CO
UR
T
Rowser’s Ford
(Seneca)
S
Old Rockville
(Multiple Trail Sites)
CO
UR
T
112
313
Q U E E N
R
E
ROCKVILLE
Rock Hall
ho
97
213
Cr
S
CHESTERTOWN
e
A
P
Baltimore/Washington
International Airport
Savage
Mill
R I V E R
T
Y
195
175
29
C H E S T E R
Chestertown
20
ka
KW
695
Gaithersburg
(Summit Hall Farm)
124
Monument Park
Tu c
A
Elkridge
Furnace Inn
32
107
AV
E.
Kent County
Courthouse
Charles Sumner
Post G.A.R.
Lauretum
Inn
A
EP
TP
Brookeville
Poolesville
20
514
TL
EN
109
Beallsville
ST
.
Y
L IT
Oakland
Manor
Barnesville
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AP
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Clarksburg
166
K E N T
R
H O W A R D
R
301
ST
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Comus
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144
32
K
695
LE
V
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Sugarloaf
Mountain
Catonsville
Library
K RD
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Ellicott City
RI C
DE
FRE
A
895
CA
NN
ON
213
ST
.
40
144
97
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Hyattstown
B
Loudon Park
Cemetery
I
D
270
Monocacy
River Ford
Crimea Mansion/
Leakin Park
70
HI
GH
ST
.
355
M
CR
OS
SS
T.
Cooksville
CA
LV
ER
TS
T.
W
AT
ER
C O
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R I V E
R
144
S
C H
E S
A P
E A
K E
P
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BALTIMORE CITY
T
NATIO
NAL
RD
80
Buckeystown
Park
A
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32
25
A
HI S T
ORIC
Urbana
(Landon House)
W
7
P
80
R I V E R
QU
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N
Randallstown
70
S A S S A F R
A S
E R
U N
P O
Pine Grove
Chapel
Mariner
Point Park
43
R I V
26
40
695
G
Mount Airy
40
Robert E. Lee
Park
M
ILL
ST
.
New Market
Monocacy
National
Battlefield
B U
S H
RD
JOPPA
139
Information or Welcome Center
333
50
318
F
★
★
★
★
★
I
n 1861, Baltimore found itself in a civil war fought on the docks,
streets, waters, and farms of the South’s northernmost city,
home of the “Star-Spangled Banner.” The flag had helped unite
the young nation in 1814, but 47 years later it represented despotism and tyranny to some Americans, while to others it symbolized
“a high and delicate trust” to preserve the Union. In February, distrust
and threats of disunion culminated in the midnight passage of president-elect Abraham Lincoln through Baltimore to thwart a rumored
assassination attempt.
On April 19th, five days
after the Union surrendered Fort
Sumter, South Carolina, the tensions in Baltimore exploded in
violence. Confederate sympathizers attacked Massachusetts
troops en route to Washington,
D.C. along the Pratt Street
waterfront. The war’s first casualties fell in Baltimore’s streets,
inspiring Marylander James E.
Randall to write the intensely
pro-Southern “Maryland, My
Maryland,” the state song since
1939. By summer, Federal troops
occupied strategic rail and shipping depots to guard communication lines to Washington. Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus
resulted in the temporary imprisonment of the Maryland legislature
and Baltimore’s government. U.S. troops garrisoned Federal Hill and
Fort McHenry, aimed their guns at the city, and ensured Federal control for the remainder of the war. In June 1861, an officer wrote, “The
loss of Baltimore would have been the loss of Maryland; the loss of
Maryland would have been the loss of the national capital, and perhaps, if not probably, the loss of the Union cause.”
Baltimore became U.S. Middle Department headquarters on
March 22, 1862, to coordinate regional military activities. After the
Battle of Antietam on September 17, during the first Confederate invasion of the North, the city received thousands of wounded, transforming parks, warehouses, churches, and hotels into hospitals. Fort
McHenry became a prisoner-of-war transfer facility and nearby Locust
Point served as a munitions depot, with supplies transported to the
★ HOSPITAL TOWN ★
★
A HOUSE DIVIDED
U.S. General Hospital, Patterson Park, Baltimore
★
★
★
★
★
CHESAPEAKE BAY
★
USS Constellation Museum
T
he U.S. Navy’s actions in the
Chesapeake Bay during the
Civil War were similar to its
operations throughout the
South. From Baltimore to the Virginia
Capes, naval vessels tightly blockaded
the coastline to keep desperately needed
supplies from Confederate armies, as
well as to protect the vast numbers of
Union vessels that transported men and
supplies to the front. In addition, the
navy actively assisted the U.S. Army
with amphibious support, while also
seeking battle with the ships of the Confederate navy.
With the fall of Norfolk, Virginia,
in 1861, the port of Baltimore became a
vital base for the U.S. Navy’s activities
in the Chesapeake. The city’s shipyards
repaired vessels damaged in battle,
while its many steamship companies
provided vessels that could be converted
for military use. Inland, the navy utilized
the city’s industrial power, with Baltimore’s mills producing steam engines
for warships as well as armor plating —
including that used on USS Monitor.
Gen. Lew Wallace
★
that portray the Civil War story in Baltimore
Brochure Design by Communication Design, Inc., Richmond, VA
Central to this collection, is the one-and-a-half
mile walking tour along Baltimore’s Inner
Harbor that depicts the April 1861 riot when
Confederate sympathizers attacked the 6th
Massachusetts Infantry Regiment as they
marched to trains en route to Washington,
D.C. Information contained here and along the
Trail highlights stories that have been hidden
within the landscape for more than 140 years.
that chronicle Maryland’s deeply divided loyalties and to many of the Civil War’s lesser-
© 2007 Virginia Civil War Trails, Inc.
tions like Chestertown, Port Deposit, Bel Air,
Kent County Tourism
Development
217 East Redwood Street
9th Floor
Baltimore, MD 21202
(888) CIVIL-WR (248-4597)
www.visitmaryland.org
400 High Street
Chestertown, MD 21620
(410) 778-0416
www.kentcounty.com
Baltimore Area Convention
& Visitors Association
Ellicott City, Westminster and Frederick offer
charming ambiance that can be enjoyed allyear long while Baltimore and Rockville offer
a more sophisticated urban environment.
Amenities include dining, lodging, shopping,
and a variety of attractions that illustrate
Maryland’s important role in the Civil War.
For more detailed travel information, stop by
any Maryland Welcome Center, local Visitor
Center or contact any of the organizations listed
information, visit www.civilwartrails.org.
For statewide travel information, visit
www.visitmaryland.org.
Tim Tadder, www.tadderphotography.com
Follow these signs
to more than
500 Civil War sites
in Maryland, Virginia
and North Carolina
www.visitmaryland.org
Enjoying Baltimore’s Inner Harbor
Carroll County Visitor Center
Queen Anne’s County Office
of Tourism
19 East Church Street
Frederick, MD 21701
(800) 999-3613
www.fredericktourism.org
1 Seahawk Drive
North East, MD 21901
(800) CECIL-95
www.SeeCecil.org
For more information
on other Civil War Trails,
call toll-free:
Howard County Tourism Council
P.O. Box 9
8267 Main Street
(side entrance)
Ellicott City, MD 21041
(800) 288-8747
www.visithowardcounty.com
210 East Main Street
Westminster, MD 21157
(800) 272-1933
www.carr.org/tourism
Cecil County Tourism
Martin O’Malley, Governor
Anthony G. Brown, Lt. Governor
★
AFRICAN★
AMERICANS
★ RAILROADS ★
D
uring the Civil War, Baltimore was the rail center
of Maryland and the
North’s gateway to the
South. Three railroads terminated
there — the Baltimore and Ohio, the
Northern Central, and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore —
and connections to two others were
just outside the city. Because locomotives were banned from the city’s
streets, passengers either walked
or rode in horse-drawn cars between
connecting stations. On April 19, 1861,
a mob attacked U.S. Army soldiers
marching between the two stations
en route to Washington D.C. In what
became known as the Baltimore
Riots, the crowd threw bricks, and
the soldiers opened (or returned)
fire. Four soldiers were killed and
39 wounded, while 12 civilians died
and “dozens” more were injured.
After Federal control was reasserted,
Baltimore’s railroads became part of
the network supplying the U.S. Army
for the rest of the war.
Civil War-era locomotive
★
LINCOLN
★
A
Sgt. Maj. Christian A. Fleetwood
T
he Emancipation Proclamation, issued January 1, 1863,
authorized the recruiting of
African-Americans as United
States soldiers. Gen. William Birney
and his staff raised seven regiments of
what were called United States Colored
Troops (USCTs) – the 4th, 7th, 9th, 19th,
30th, 39th, and 118th – in Maryland
during the Civil War. The Maryland
General Assembly offered bounty money
to each man who enlisted as well
as to owners who freed their slaves for
service. Many slaves, however, freed
themselves from their masters and ran
away to join the Union forces.
Of the sixteen African-American
soldiers who received the Medal of
Honor during the Civil War, five were
Maryland natives: Sgt. Maj. Christian
A. Fleetwood, Baltimore, 4th USCT;
Sgt. Alfred B. Hilton, Harford County,
4th USCT; Sgt. Decatur Dorsey,
Howard County, 39th USCT; and Pvt.
William H. Barnes and Sgt. James H.
Harris, St. Mary’s County, 38th USCT.
★
★
braham Lincoln came to
Baltimore three memorable times between 1861
and 1865. The first occasion was before dawn on February
23, 1861, en route to his inauguration
in Washington, D.C. When detective
Allan Pinkerton feared that a proConfederate mob might attack
Lincoln’s carriage as he transferred
from President Street Station to
Camden Station, the president-elect
agreed to slip quietly from one
station to the other and safely on to
Washington. Later that day, a proConfederate mob harassed Mary
Todd Lincoln, traveling separately,
as she transferred trains. As president, Lincoln returned to Baltimore
on April 18, 1864, to speak at the
Maryland State Fair for Soldier
Relief, almost three years to the day
after the Baltimore Riot, in which
Confederate sympathizers attacked
U.S. Army troops on their way south
to the capital. Lincoln was so
impressed with the positive change
in the city’s political climate that he
referred to it in his speech as “both
great and gratifying.” Lincoln’s
third passage through Baltimore
was on the morning of April 21, 1865,
six days after his assassination,
when the funeral train arrived at
Camden Station. After a procession
through the city and a public viewing in the Merchant’s Exchange,
Lincoln’s body was transferred to
the train that carried him home
to Springfield, Illinois, for burial.
★
POST WAR
A
Howard County Visitors
Information Center
Baltimore Visitor Center
401 Light Street
(in the Inner Harbor)
Baltimore, MD 21202
(877) BALTIMORE
www.baltimore.org
425 Piney Narrows Road
Chester, MD 21619
(410) 604-2100
www.discoverqueenannes.com
in this guide. For additional Civil War Trails
Funding for Maryland Civil
War Trails has been provided,
in part, by the Federal Highway Administration through
the Maryland Department of
Transportation’s Transportation Enhancement Program.
Maryland Office of Tourism
Development
26 West Street
Annapolis, MD 21401
(888) 302-2852
www.visit-annapolis.org
depending on traveler preference. Destina-
Baltimore City and Baltimore, Cecil, Harford,
Howard and Kent counties.
1 888 248 4597
place, over the victims of as vulgar and brutal a despotism as modern times have witnessed.” The civilian prisoners soon had the
company of Confederate soldiers, as prisoners of war were confined on the grounds
outside the fort while awaiting transfer to
Point Lookout, Fort Delaware, or Johnson’s
Island. Their numbers swelled after major
battles, particularly those at Sharpsburg,
Maryland, in September 1862, and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in 1863. By war’s end,
an estimated 15,000 men had been confined
at the fort, but only 15 had died there. At
least three executions occurred there: two
soldiers and a civilian for murder.
Some Union and Confederate officers
wounded in combat in the Eastern theatre
of war were treated at Fort McHenry’s
60-bed post hospital. James L. Kemper and
Isaac R. Trimble were among the notable
Confederate generals who survived “Pickett’s Charge” at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863.
They were transported to downtown Baltimore by railroad and ambulance wagon,
treated at city hospitals, then brought to
the post hospital to recover and await
transfer by steamship to permanent Federal prisoner-of-war installations.
After the Civil
War, Fort McHenry was
used periodically as an
active military post.
In 1933, two years after
Francis Scott Key’s
poem became America’s
National Anthem, the
fort was transferred to
the National Park Service and designated a
National Monument and
Historic Shrine.
THE CIVIL WAR REVISITED
Annapolis & Anne Arundel
County Conference & Visitors
Bureau
Follow the bugle trailblazer signs to waysides
The Trail, including a number of additional
.
★
The following further explore and expand
upon the story of the Civil War:
and the surrounding Chesapeake Bay region.
sites, can be driven in one, two or three days
.
★
★
★
This guide showcases a collection of sites
WASHINGTON, D.C.
.
Maj. Harry Gilmor
★
How to use this Guide
known but important sites.
RICHMOND
★
Turnpike, reinforcing Ellicott Mills, the
Thomas Viaduct in Relay, and the depleted
defenses of Baltimore. His stubborn
defense bought time for troops from Petersburg to reach Washington D.C. by steamship and repulse Early’s July 11 attack.
Meanwhile, Confederate Gen. Bradley
T. Johnson led his cavalry brigade toward
Point Lookout, cutting telegraph lines
and burning trains and railroad bridges.
Maryland’s own Maj. Harry Gilmor’s
detachment engaged Federal cavalry and
captured Union Gen. William B. Franklin,
who later escaped. Gilmor got no closer to
Point Lookout than the mouth of the Gunpowder River northeast of Baltimore.
Early retreated to Virginia on July 12,
having failed to free the Confederate prisoners. He succeeded, however, in putting
a fright into Washington D.C. and Baltimore, and his raid temporarily drew Federal troops away from Petersburg.
MARYLAND CIVIL WAR TRAILS
BALTIMORE
★
THE 1864 CAMPAIGN
Gen. Jubal A. Early
FORT McHENRY
Fort McHenry during the Civil War.
n July 1864, Confederate Gen. Jubal
A. Early, having cleared Virginia’s
Shenandoah Valley of Union troops,
marched his corps into Maryland
to threaten Baltimore, free Confederate
prisoners at Point Lookout, and attack
Washington, D.C. He and commanding Gen.
Robert E. Lee also hoped to lure Federal
troops away from Petersburg, Virginia,
to reinforce the capital’s defenses and,
thereby, relieve the pressure on Lee.
Early’s maneuver was the South’s third
and last invasion of the North.
In response, the Federals rushed
Gen. Lew Wallace’s force of 5,800 men from
Baltimore and an infantry division from
Petersburg to confront Early on the banks
of the Monocacy River near Frederick,
Maryland, on July 9. Called “The Battle
That Saved Washington,” the fight was a
Confederate victory, but it cost Early
a critical day’s march on the U.S. capital.
Wallace retreated east on the Baltimore
Cover: “Attack on the
Massachusetts 6th at
Baltimore, April 19th,
1861” Drawn by
William Bomberger
and engraved by
George E. Perine.
★
est known for its association
with the “Star-Spangled Banner” during the War of 1812,
nearly half a century later, Fort
McHenry played several different roles
during the Civil War. After the fall of Fort
Sumter, South Carolina, and the Baltimore
Riots of April 1861, Maryland Unionists
looked to the fort to safeguard their cause
in a city with strong support for secession.
Gen. William W. Morris’ 2nd U.S. Artillery
occupied the fort in May 1861, one of 32
regiments to serve as garrison troops during the conflict. Some of the fort’s guns
were trained on Baltimore instead of the
Chesapeake Bay, to help curb secessionist
ardor and rally loyal citizens.
Lincoln’s suspension of the writ of
habeas corpus resulted in the temporary
detention and confinement of hundreds of
Maryland civilians suspected of disloyalty.
Many of them were held at Fort McHenry.
Among them was newspaper editor Francis
Key Howard, who wrote on September 13,
1861, “[the] day, forty-seven years earlier,
my grandfather, Francis Scott Key … wrote
the song so popular. … The flag which he
proudly hailed, I saw waving, at the same
I
The U.S. Navy and their ships, such as USS Constellation
Constellation,
were essential to achieving victory for the Union.
★
B
front from Baltimore and Ohio Railroad terminals. Lincoln used the
victory at Antietam to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, making the war for the Union a war for freedom as well.
In June 1863, Gen. Robert E. Lee invaded the North a second time,
following his stunning victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia. After the
Confederates crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, the Federals
marched in pursuit from the Washington defenses. Baltimore hastily
constructed and strengthened barricades and fortifications. On July 3,
the city’s residents heard the
guns of Gettysburg, 50 miles
northwest, as “distant thunder.”
When word of the Union victory
arrived, an officer on Federal Hill
wrote, “The good news from Gettysburg made all hearts rejoice;
not so much that Baltimore was
safe (though, with a Union defeat
the Confederate flag must certainly have waved over it), as that
the country was safe, and the
whelming tide of invasion was
turned.” Soon, vast numbers of
wounded arrived, and 7,653 prisoners were transported on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad trains
“Attack on the Massachusetts 6th
for confinement in Fort McHenry
at Baltimore, April 19th, 1861”
before transfer to Point Lookout
and Fort Delaware.
By 1864, war-related business dominated Baltimore’s economy.
Lincoln delivered a fund-raising speech at the city’s U.S. Sanitary Fair
in April and spent the night at Mount Vernon Square, a wealthy residential area that three years earlier had been a secessionist hotbed.
In July, the third and last Confederate invasion ended at the outskirts
of Washington, after the Battle of Monocacy (although a Confederate
victory) had enabled Federal reinforcements to strengthen the capital’s garrison. Baltimore, the nation’s second most-fortified city, added
more than 40 forts and redoubts during the war. Early in 1865, they
were stripped of men for the final campaigns in Virginia. Late in April,
Lincoln’s funeral train stopped in Baltimore while flags at Fort McHenry
and elsewhere flew at half staff in honor of the assassinated president
and symbolized, as well, all the Americans lost in the conflict.
I
n the weeks following the Battle
of Antietam on September 17,
1862, and again after the Battle
of Gettysburg in July 1863, Baltimore became a vast hospital complex
for the wounded men who poured into
the city. The Antietam casualties
arrived on the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad from Frederick, Maryland.
As thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers hobbled or were carried
from the trains, authorities transformed 22 churches, hotels, and cotton
and tobacco warehouses into medical
facilities. Nearly all of Baltimore’s
public parks still in use today, including Patterson’s Park, Federal Hill, and
Druid Hill Park, as well as other open
spaces, were used for hospitals. Thousands of the Gettysburg casualties
were cared for in downtown Baltimore, while Fort McHenry’s post hospital treated many of the Confederate
officers wounded during Gen. James
Longstreet’s famous assault (often
mistakenly called Pickett’s Charge) on
July 3, 1863. A pressing need for treating the wounded closer to the battlefields led to the creation of several
relief organizations in Maryland.
★
Baltimore County Conference
& Visitors Bureau
PO Box 5426
Lutherville, MD 21094-5426
(410) 296-4886
(877) STAYNDO Visitors Guide
(800) 570-2836 Group/Meeting
www.visitbacomd.com
Tourism Council of
Frederick County, Inc.
Historic Ellicott City
Breathtaking views of rolling
countryside and horse farms
surrounding Baltimore
(Inset) Kayaking on the waters
of the Chesapeake Bay
Conference and Visitors
Bureau of Montgomery County,
Maryland, Inc.
11820 Parklawn Drive, Suite 380
Rockville, MD 20852
(800) 925-0880
www.visitmontgomery.com
Prince George’s County, MD
Conference & Visitors Bureau
9200 Basil Court, Suite 101
Largo, MD 20744
(888) 925-8300
www.visitprincegeorges.com
Harford County Tourism
Council, Inc.
211 W. Bel Air Avenue
Aberdeen, MD 21001
(800) 597-2649
www.harfordmd.com
Fort McHenry National
Monument and Historic Shrine
2400 East Fort Avenue
Baltimore, MD 21230
(410) 962-4290
www.nps.gov/fomc
lthough many Marylanders
served on the Civil War’s
losing side, several former
Confederates afterward
played prominent roles in their native
state. Adm. Franklin Buchanan, who
commanded CSS Virginia (formerly
USS Merrimack) the day before its
famous battle with USS Monitor,
served as president of Maryland Agricultural College, now the University
of Maryland. Maj. Harry Gilmor,
the partisan cavalry commander,
returned to Baltimore as a businessman, city police commissioner, and
colonel in the Maryland National
Guard. Col. Henry Kyd Douglas,
junior member of Jackson’s staff who
wrote I Rode with Stonewall, became
a lawyer, judge, and commander of
the Maryland National Guard.
It is often said that the victors
in a war get to write its history, but
Maryland’s vanquished contributed
greatly to the war’s history and literature. Seventeen former Confederates published reminiscences about
Maryland’s role in aiding the Confederacy as compared to five Unionists.
Baltimore Civil War Museum
601 President Street
Baltimore, MD 21202
(410) 385-5188
www.mdhs.org
Monocacy National Battlefield
4801 Urbana Pike
Frederick, MD 21704
(301) 662-3515
www.nps.gov/mono
Henry Kyd Douglas as a major in the
Confederate army and as adjutant general
of the Maryland National Guard.