INSECTIVOROUS BATS - Ozark - Australian Wildlife Carer`s Network

Transcription

Julie's Legacy
There are some people you meet during your life time who
become long term friends, Julie was one of those – we have
known each other for over 23 years, ever since 1987 when
she was promoting a new group called WIRES!
The blue mountains branch was the second branch to form
about a year after Sydney started, Julie then went on to set
up the North West branch of WIRES.
Julie introduced me to Mega and Microbats and she also
invented the dummy for flying-foxes, which we all use today.
* Julie joined Ku-ring-gai Bat Colony Committee in 1989 and did educational talks to the
community to raise the profile of the flying-fox and also trained many wildlife carers in NSW in
both Mega and Microbats.
* Julie formed the first all-female Bat Team to set-up the Megaharp trap, band and record Flyingfox statistics at Cabramatta.
* Julie started the Cabramatta Creek Flying- fox Committee with Fairfield Council in 1995 and
also instigated the weeding and re-vegetation of the site .
* Julie held an A class licence under the Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS) she also
trained other members of wildlife organisations to become bat banders.
* Julie was involved in the book” Raising Archie” by Richard Morecroft.
* Julie also worked with bat scientists in both Mega and Microbats. She has co-written papers on
both species of bats.
* Julie worked for The Animal Welfare league and was on many committees regarding domestic
and native animals.
In October 2010 after being ill for some months Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive cancer
and passed away on the 27
th
December 2010.
I have Julie's permission to place her notes on Ozark so all carers could have access to them to
help them understand and care for these delightful small winged mammals.
Regards
Sonya Stanvic
INSECTIVOROUS BATS
MANAGEMENT and CARE for
REHABILITATION and RELEASE
including
IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
for species occurring in South-eastern Australia
Freetail Bat
Mormopterus species
(undescribed)
Julie A. Spence 
July 1992 (Revised March, August 2003)
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgements
Australian Bat Lyssavirus
1. Introduction to Insectivorous Bats
1.1 Experts in Echolocation
1.2 Natural diet
1.3 Feeding Strategies
1.4 Torpor and Hibernation
1.5 Roost Sites
1.6 Characteristics
1.7 Reproduction
1.8 Predators
2. Guidelines to Assist with Identification
2.1 Measurements
2.2 Weight
2.3 Gender
2.4 Age
3. Identification Process
3.1 Family Identification
3.2 Genus and Species Identification
3.3 How to Complete the Identification
4. Handling and Considerations
4.1 Rescue
4.2 Cause of Encounter
4.3 Season of Encounter
4.4 Assessment
5. Injuries Encounted and Recommended Treatments
5.1 Membrane Damage
5.2 Soft Tissue Injury
5.3 Fractures
5.4 Dislocations
5.5 Head Injuries
6. Problems Encounted and Recommended Treatments
6.1 Dehydration
6.2 General Debilitation
6.3 Old Age
6.4 Poisoning
6.5 Mites (Ectoparisites)
6.6 Worms (Endoparisites)
6.7 Ticks
6.8 Entanglements
6.9 Disturbance of Roost
6.10 Unwelcome Roost
7. Housing
7.1 Cotton pillowcase
7.2 Calico bag
7.3 Cotton ‘tent’
7.4 Cotton cloth box
7.5 Shade cloth box
7.6 Portable shade cloth house
7.7 Cave-dwelling Species
-
-
8. Pre-feeding Warm-up
8.1 Assisted Warm-up
8.2 Natural Warm-up
9. Diet
9.1 Live food in captivity
9.2 Natural live food
9.3 Supplementary food
9.4 Water
10. Feeding Techniques
10.1 Feeding position
10.2 Methods
10.3 Difficult feeders
10.4 How much food?
11. Exercise
11.1 Natural Flight in Captivity
11.2 Encourage to Fly in Captivity
11.3 Other Form of Captive Exercise - Scurrying
12. Grooming
12.1 Fur
12.2 Wing and Tail Membranes
13. Release Methods
13.1 Free fly
13.2 Tree
13.3 Bat box
14. Specimen Collection
15. References
16. Additional Reading
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Listing of Australian Bat Species
Basic Tips for Growing Mealworms
List of Illustrations
Cover Page
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Freetail Bat Mormopterus species (undescribed)
The echo-location technique
Capturing insects on the wing
Long-eared bat hovering to glean insect from leaf
Freetail Bat scurrying through leaf litter
Myotis adversus foraging over water
Drinking water on the wing
Cave roost
Tree hollow roost
-
-
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
Roost in gable of house
Roost in roof space
(a) Simple-nosed Bat
(b) Horseshoe Bat
(a) Roosting position of most microbats
(b) Roosting position of Horseshoe Bats
(a) Enclosed tail
(b) Freetail
(c) Sheathtail
Mother and young
Baby suckling
Young cluster together in nursery
Measuring the bat
Measuring tibia
Measuring ear
(a) Genitals of female bat
(b) Genitals of male bat
(a) Aging the bat
(b) Estimate of age
(a) Enclosed tail
(b) Freetail
(c) Sheathtail
Structure of a Bat
Wing Membrane Damage
Penetrating Injury
Types of Fractures
The Old Bat
Insecticidal Poisoning
Diagram of wire cover
Bat Box Release
List of Tables
Table 1
The Microbat Calendar
-
-
First edition July, 1992.
First revision September, 1994.
Second revision August, 1999.
Third revision March, August 2003
No part of this manual may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the author.
Julie A. Spence 
-
-
PREFACE
This is the third revision of an original manual produced July 1992. It has been written to guide
voluntary wildlife carers in practical and humane methods of care and management of insectivorous
bats whilst in a captive rehabilitation situation in preparation for subsequent release. This edition
includes an uncomplicated species Identification Guide for the Wildlife Carer.
The information has been gained from personal experiences over many years. The acquisition of
knowledge by networking with carers and the scientific community has furthered techniques.
Prior to handling any mega or microbat species, it is essential that wildlife carers be aware of the
Australian Bat Lyssavirus, be vaccinated against Lyssavirus and maintain their annual titre level testing
for antibody levels.
To care for insectivorous bats it is important to identify the species; understand the species natural
habitat, diet, simple biology, lifestyle and ecological role. This, in conjunction with guidance on
reasons for encounter, season of encounter, circumstances and type of injury will assist the carer to be
practical and rational in assessing the bat's condition. With this knowledge the carer should be
conscious of the decision in attempting to rehabilitate the bat giving optimal chance of survival after
release.
Emotions should not rule in assessment of the animal, the animal's welfare should be first and
foremost.
Julie Spence
-
-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many people have encouraged and supported my work for many years. Helen George, O.A.M., was
the instigator of my work with microbats in the very early days. During the following years a number
of people assisted and guided me through the necessary basic requirements and understanding of these
somewhat small, intriguing placental mammals.
I wish to thank the following for their practical assistance: Anne Williams, Naturalist: Ray Williams,
Naturalist and Bat Bander: Linda Gibson, Mammal Department, Australian Museum: Lindy
Lumsden, Bat Researcher: Glenn Hoye, Bat Consultant: Brian Rich, Biochemist, Wombaroo Food
Products, Glen Osmond SA: Dr. C. R. Tidemann, Lecturer, School of Resource Management and
Environmental Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT.
During more recent years many wildlife carers have contributed in a great many ways to prompt the
revision of the manual. Devona Fraser, Pamela Gardiner, Carole West, Sandra Ferguson to name but a
few, thank you for sharing your experiences and allowing knowledge to be shared amongst the carers.
Also, to the Ku-ring-gai Bat Conservation Society Inc. (formally Ku-ring-gai Bat Colony Committee
Inc.) for support during my years with the Committee and the NSW Wildlife Information & Rescue
Service Inc. (WIRES) for continued support throughout the years.
Sonya and Fred Stanvic and members of the Ku-ring-gai Bat Colony Committee for editing the
original manuscript. Fred Stanvic for assistance with the presentation of the revised manuscript 1994
and Janet Hutchinson for her valuable comments on the original and first revised manuscript. Leanne
Parkes for patience and practical advice during our lengthy discussions. Linda Collins for permission
to use Australian Bat Lyssavirus notes.
Thank you to Anne Bowman for the cover illustration, Leanne Parkes for illustrations on measuring
bats and tail types, Lindy Lumsden for bat age diagrams. Leslie S. Hall & G. C. Richards for
Structure of the Bat and Harry Parnaby for use of various illustrations in 'An Interim Guide to
Identification of Insectivorous Bats of South-eastern Australia'. Also, Sue Churchill for diagrams in
‘Australian Bats’ and Phil Richardson for drawings in ‘Bats’.
A special thank you to Glenn Hoye and Chris Tidemann who have conveyed much information and
practical advice on difficulties experienced during the rehabilitation process.
I sincerely appreciate the input from Glenn Hoye and Viki McDonald on layout advice and editing of
the Identification Guide now included in this manual.
-
-
THE AUSTRALIAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS (ABL)
The Discovery of Lyssavirus
In May 1996 Lyssavirus was discovered in Australian Bats. It was first isolated in a sub adult Black
Flying-fox (Pteropus alecto) on the Far North Coast of NSW. It has subsequently been found in
another three Australian Pteropus species: Grey-headed Flying-fox (P. poliocephalus), Little Red
Flying-fox (P. scapulatus) and Spectacled Flying-fox (P. conspicillatus). It has also been isolated in
two Australian insectivorous bat species: Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris) and
Lesser Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi).
In November 1996 a wildlife carer from Rockhampton died as a result of contracting this virus. The
carer had been bitten and/or scratched by two species of flying-fox (Black Flying-fox and Little Red
Flying-fox), a Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat and a Brushtail Possum within the incubation time of this
virus. The species blamed for her death was the flying-fox. However, 18 months later it was
confirmed that the Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat was responsible. The second human fatality, a
member of the general public, occurred in December 1998.
Overseas, Lyssaviruses are transmitted by a large number of different mammal species: in Australia
only a small number of mammals, other than bats, have been tested. Of the seven Lyssavirus genus
identified, Australian Bat Lyssavirus has the closest genomic and antigenic relationship to the classical
Rabies Virus.
Transmission
ABL is considered to be transmitted to humans in the same way as Classic Rabies and other
Lyssaviruses: via bites and to a lesser degree, scratches. The virus is carried in the saliva of the
infected animal. It enters the victim's body via a puncture wound to the skin, where the virus enters
the nerve endings and travels to the central nervous system where it can remain dormant for a varying
length of time. Experience with other closely related viruses including Classic Rabies would suggest
that contact such as patting bats or exposure to urine and faeces does not constitute an at-risk
exposure. (Bat Lyssavirus Information, National Centre for Disease Control 13/12/96)
Vaccination
Australian Bat Lyssavirus is closely related to, but is distinct from, the classic Rabies Virus of the
seven genus identified worldwide. Therefore, rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin have been
shown to be protective against ABL. However, vaccination must be administered before symptoms
begin. Once symptoms begin vaccination is ineffective and death will most likely occur. Incubation
time for Classic Rabies is usually within 2 months of the initial exposure and can begin as early as 9
days; cases have also been recorded after many years. The exact incubation time of ABL is unknown.
If you intend to rescue or care for insectivorous bats or flying-foxes vaccination against ABL is essential.
Pre-exposure Vaccination
Carers who have never been bitten or scratched by a flying-fox or insectivorous bat require Preexposure vaccination. This vaccination consists of three 1ml intramuscular injections of rabies vaccine
given on day 0, day 7 and day 28 and can be arranged through your local GP or Health Department
Post-exposure Vaccination
This is recommended for all carers who have been bitten or scratched by a flying-fox or insectivorous
bat regardless of how long ago. Post Exposure Vaccination consist of five 1ml intramuscular
injections given on day 0, day 3, day 7, day 14, and day 28 and can also be arranged through your local
GP or Health Department.
-
-
Please Note: Contact your co-ordinator before you apply for either vaccination. They will have the
latest information regarding vaccination procedures and costs.





You and your doctor will be required to complete a “Australian Bat Lyssavirus Vaccination Form”
which will be supplied by and must be returned to, your co-ordinator.
If your doctor queries the pre-exposure schedule of day 0, day 7, day 28, inform the doctor that the
NSW Health Department follow the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations which
is the second schedule listed under Pre-exposure, Primary vaccination, of the manufactures
instruction leaflet, which accompanies the vaccine.
If your doctor suggests or insists that you receive immunogobulin as part of your post exposure
schedule, please do not accept this unless you have spoken to your co-ordinator. Immunoglobulin
is rarely required.
Australian Doctors have had limited, if any exposure to the procedures for administering rabies
vaccine and many mistakes have been made. Your co-ordinator is in constant contact with the
Health Department on the exact procedures required by wildlife carers.
Obtain a signed Certificate of Vaccination from the administering Doctor.
Annual Titre Level Test
It is essential that vaccinated wildlife carers have an annual Titre Level Test. Your local Doctor will
collect a blood sample and sent it to a Pathology Laboratory for testing your antibody level. The
World Health Organisation recommends a minimum post vaccination immune antibody level of not
less than 0.5 IU/ml. Always request a copy of the Titre Level Test result.
In Perspective
It is just as important not to lose our perspective. We must remember that for the past fifteen years
thousands of wildlife carers in both Queensland and NSW have rehabilitated and raised thousands of
native animals. Amongst this large human population in direct, prolonged and intimate contact, two
deaths have been attributable to a native species.
However, if we are to continue caring for native animals at our present level we must accept that
Australian Bat Lyssavirus is here and a wildlife carer has died. Until the full extent of this virus is
known we must take adequate precautions to avoid infection, no matter how remote infection may
appear.
Knowledge of Australian Bat Lyssavirus is important, as carers are also educators of the general
public. Should you be required to rescue a bat always inquire if any person has been bitten or
scratched. If so, the wound must be scrubbed with soap and water for approximately 5 minutes.
Advise the victim to seek urgent medical attention by a Doctor, Health Department or Emergency
Department at the nearest hospital.
Confirmation of a bat being Lyssavirus positive requires testing of a sample of brain tissue, therefore,
the bat must be euthanased for the test to be conducted. Please be sensible should you be required to
destroy what you assess as a healthy bat - it may be Lyssavirus positive and human life must always be
placed before that of the animal.
REMEMBER, ALL AUSTRALIAN MEGA AND MICRO BAT SPECIES HAVE
THE POTENTIAL TO CARRY AUSTRALIAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS.
Complied by Linda Collins with amendments by Julie Spence
-
-
1. AN INTRODUCTION to INSECTIVOROUS BATS
To watch a bat flitting and swooping after insects in a forest clearing at twilight, or under the bright
street lights during the evening is a delight few people notice.
Approximately 900 bat species occur worldwide. In Australia 12 species of Megachiroptera
(megabats) and approximately 58 species of Microchiroptera (microbats or insectivorous bats) are
listed. The sub order Microchiroptera contains six Families: Emballonuridae, Megadermatidae,
Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Vespertilionidae and Molossidae. (G.C. Richards, et al, 1993).
Thirty-three species of microbats occur in South-eastern Australia (Harry Parnaby, 1992).
Identification is often quite difficult, as many species are similar.
These endearing placental mammals' range in body weight from as little as 2 grams to 170 grams. Our
largest insectivorous bat, the Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas) is endemic to Northern areas of
Australia. Included in this species' diet are frogs, lizards, mice and even other small bats.
We are gradually coming to appreciate these special creatures as valuable non-chemical controllers of
insect populations. Microbats require active conservation measures to protect their forests and caves.
As they take advantage of human excavations in the urban environment consider the installation of bat
boxes as alternate habitats.
1.1 Experts in Echolocation
It was only this century, in the 1940s that humans developed ultrasonic receivers, which registered the
high frequency sounds made by bats. The average human ear can hear sounds between 20 and 20,000
cycles per second (20 Hertz and 20 kHz) but it is the high frequency sounds beyond human range (up
to 215 kHz) that bats use to navigate, locate and catch prey.
Bats produce the sound in the voice box (larynx) and
emit pulses of sound either through the nose or mouth.
The returning echoes are collected by the ears and
processed into a sound picture by their complex brain.
The tragus (a vertical flap of skin in front of the ear
opening) may direct the echoes and perhaps protect
the ear from the animal's own intense sound pulses.
Figure 1 The echo-location technique
When cruising in search of prey, bats emit about 10
sound pulses per second. Once the bat locates a flying
insect, the rate increases from 10 to 150 or even 200
pulses per second as they catch it.
At high
frequencies the sound waves become shorter. These
short waves are best suited to produce useable echoes
from small objects. These pulses can also be
concentrated into a beam of sound.
Little Bent-wing Bats roost in caves. Some colonies such as Bat Cleft at Mt. Etna in Queensland,
contain 100,000 bats. How do they recognize their own returning echoes from all the others? This
remarkable ability depends on each bat using a selection of frequencies, pattern and volume of sound
unique to itself.
Mother bats call to their young to find them when returning from feeding flights. As young bats grow
older their ability to make the full range of ultrasonic calls for their species improves.
-
-
1.2 Natural Diet
Microbats feed on a wide variety of flying insects including beetles, moths and mosquitoes. When
feeding they can catch up to 500 insects an hour or one every 7 seconds. During a night they are
capable of consuming 24 to 40% of their body weight in insects!
Most insects are caught with the
mouth but sometimes the tail and
wing membrane is used to scoop the
insect. Often the wing tip is used to
flick the insect into the tail
membrane. The bat ducks its head
down into the tail membrane and
grasps the insect in its mouth.
Figure 2 Capturing insects on the wing
Smaller insects are eaten during flight, 'feeding on the wing'. If a larger insect is caught it is tucked
away in the tail membrane and the bat will fly to a feeding site to consume the meal. The site may be
recognized by the accumulated remains of insects.
Figure 3 Long-eared Bat hovering
Figure 4 Freetail Bat scurrying through
leaf litter
to glean insect from leaf
Spiders and insects are gleaned from leaves and branches by those species that are able to hover.
Some species also scurry through leaf litter to consume insects.
One species of microbat, the Large-footed
myotis (Myotis adversus) has very long,
recurved sharp claws. These are used to rake
aquatic insects and small fish from the surface
of lakes and ponds.
Figure 5 Myotis adversus foraging over water
Due to the small size of bats, (that is, large volume to surface area ratio) much heat is lost by radiation.
Therefore, large amounts of energy are required to maintain body temperature. Added to this, more
energy is expended in flight. For this reason microbats must eat more food than a terrestrial animal of
similar size.
-
-
Microbats obtain moisture from insects in their
diet. Supplementary fluid intake is obtained by
licking droplets of rainwater or dew from
foliage. During the summer months microbats
have been observed leaving their roost at dusk
to skim across the surface of a pond to drink.
Figure 6 Drinking water on the wing
1.3 Feeding Strategies
To reduce the competition for valuable insect food, feeding strategies have been adopted by the
various species. High, fast flying, aerial feeding species hunt insects at or above the forest canopy
(Sheathtail and Freetail Bats). Relative fast, direct flying species will forage below the canopy but
above the forest understorey (Pipistrelles). Generalists will feed around or just above the understorey,
having the capacity for aerial capture of insects and gleaning insects from foliage (Goulds Wattled,
Bent-wings, Vespadelus spp.). Slow flying, hovering or ‘sit and wait’ fliers will glean insects from
foliage or pounce on cockroaches and insects in the leaf litter (Long-eared, Horseshoe Bats). Freetail
Bats will also forage in leaf litter.
1.4 Torpor and Hibernation
To conserve energy, bats become torpid when at rest. Torpor is the lowering of the metabolic rate
allowing body temperature to fall to that of its surroundings or within 1 to 2 degrees Celsius above
surrounding temperature. A torpid bat feels cool to the touch, is innactive and appears to be asleep.
During the cooler winter months, when energy sources (insects) become scarce, bats will enter into an
extended torpor or hibernation. This is almost a complete cessation of normal bodily activities. They
may, however, rouse occasionally during this time to urinate, defecate, exercise, drink water to
replenish water loss and take advantage of opportunistic feeding if it is a warm evening.
Prior to the onset of cooler months bats will build up storage of fat, enough to survive the hibernation
period. Stored fat reserves are retained on shoulder and rump areas. These areas appear to be plump
and feel quite solid during late autumn and early winter. The fat reserve is seldom more than the bat's
expected requirements. Hence, disturbance of torpid bats during winter months may lead to death
through exhaustion of fat reserves, before the return of warmer weather.
1.5 Roost Sites
Roost sites may be numerous and vary between species.
Figure 7 Cave roost
Cave roosting bats will select caves: large diameter
water pipes, mine shafts or tunnels. They are very
particular about the climatic conditions with in the cave
(temperature and humidity) and will use a particular
roost site according to the season.. Maternity colonies
are especially specific, as the high temperature and
humidity are required for the rapid development of the
young. Females will fly hundreds of kilometers to
congregate in large numbers at these maternity roosts.
-
-
Other species select tree hollows or under the lifting, peeling bark of
tree trunks. Tree hollow roosting species are usually found to roost
singularly or in smaller numbers compared to the cave dwelling
species which prefer to roost in larger numbers from fifty to many
thousands. Cracks in fence posts or poles, under old wooden bridges
or amongst dried plant leaves, such as palms also make an excellent
roost.
Figure 8 Tree hollow roost
The roof and wall cavities of older style dwellings quite often make for a cosy and somewhat secure
roosting site for many of the species. However, when the human inhabitants realise they are sharing
their home a complaint may be made to a wildlife organisation. It is therefore important that
knowledge on the habits and ecological role of microbats is known by members of the organisation
and relevant advice conveyed to the concerned home-owner.
Figure 9 Roost in gable of house
Figure 10 Roost in roof space
Some microbats have been disturbed in unusual roosts, for example, telephone junction boxes, under
the metal cap of telegraph poles and even in the exhaust of a tractor! Horse rugs and old clothing left
hanging outside often attracts a solitary bat for using as an alternate roost.
A number of alternate roost sites may be used within a small area, the animals moving regularly
between the different roosts. Some species vary roosts seasonally.
1.6 Characteristics
Most humans consider bats to be ugly because of their strange faces, large ears, tiny eyes and flaps of
skin around their mouths and noses. Many bats have simple noses, similar to figure 11 (a). They fly
with their mouths open as sound pulses are emitted via the mouth.
Figure 11 (a) Simple-nosed Bat
(b) Horseshoe Bat
The Horseshoe Bats have a noseleaf in the shape of a horseshoe, Figure 11 (b). They fly with their
mouths closed, emitting ultra-sonic pulses through the nose. The noseleaf is believed to direct the
beam of sound and to filter the returning echo from other sounds. This is the only species of micro bat
that does not have a tragus within the ear opening.
-
-
Horseshoe-bats have broad wings and are slow fliers foraging for insects in woodland and forest.
They are able to hover and glean insects from leaves. During the day they roost in caves, and in cooler
climates, where insects are not available in winter, they hibernate.
Microbats roost up side down with their feet clinging to the rough surface of the selected roost with
their wings folded alongside their body, Figure 12 (a). However, one exception to this behaviour is
the Horseshoe Bat who will roost with wings wrapped around its body, Figure 12 (b).
Figure 12 (a) Roosting position of most microbats
(b) Roosting position of Horseshoe Bats
Another distinguishing characteristic of microbats are their varying tail types.
Figure 13 (a) Enclosed tail
(b) Freetail
(c) Sheathtail
This characteristic is one important feature which assist with the correct identification of microbat
species.
The majority of microbats are unable to launch into flight from the ground. They require height to
launch and will scurry along the ground using wrists and feet to move. Once a tree trunk is located, a
healthy bat will scurry up a distance and launch into flight. However, Freetail Bats are capable of
launching into flight from the ground.
1.7 Reproduction
The typical reproductive pattern for microbats in southern Australia (where torpor is entered over
winter), mating will occur during autumn and into winter. The female stores the sperm in her
reproductive tract until spring when she ovulates and fertilization occurs. However, some species
allow fertilization to occur at mating and allow the embryo to develop to an immature stage. The
embryo is suspended in the uterus until the arrival of spring, indicating that food resources are more
available. Implantation of the embryo then takes place and growth resumes
Gestation period is approximately 12 weeks but is dependent on weather conditions. If the early
spring brings cold, wet weather and the females spend more time in torpor, the development of the
young also slows down and birthing is later. Most young are born November to December. In some
species twins are usual (Gould's Wattled, Long-eared Bats) while in others a single young is normal
(Vespadelus species, Bent-wings).
-
-
Mothers will carry their young while foraging for two or
three days after birthing. After this, the young are left in the
nursery roost and huddle together for warmth and security.
Some species will move their young to alternate roosts during
lactation, however, these roosts are in reasonably close
proximity.
Figure 14 Mother and young
The young develop quickly, they are born furless, and eyes closed and are approximately 10% of the
mother's body weight. Within 7 days a light dusting of fur will appear and at 6 to 8 weeks of age they
are adult-like in appearance, however, their weight is considerably lower. They will commence to fly
at approximately 5 to 6 weeks of age.
Figure 15 Baby suckling
Figure 16 Young cluster together in nursery
1.8 Predators
Ignorance is probably the greatest enemy of bats. Insectivorous bats have numerous natural predators:
Birds of Prey, snakes, old age and even other bats! However, homosapiens (the introduced predator)
are responsible for a great many problems encountered by bats.
With the introduction of motor vehicles, cats, insecticides, barbed wire and guns many microbat lives
are short lived. Home renovations, clearing of natural environment, felling trees and disturbing roost
sites are further major problems confronting bats. Loss of roost sites and foraging areas place
microbats in an extremely vulnerable position.
2. GUIDELINES to ASSIST with IDENTIFICATION
The following guidelines have been designed and developed for the use of bat rehabilitators. The
correct identification of microbats entering rehabilitation networks is of the utmost importance.
Organizations will gain credibility for factual reporting and application of the correct captive
management technique according to the animal’s requirements.
Taxonomy (study of the classification of organisms according to their resemblance's and differences)
of microbats is under continual review. Many species are taxonomically complicated and therefore,
difficult to positively classify to an individual species. The taxonomy of many groups is incomplete
and some forms are currently undescribed.
To assist with basic understanding of CLASSIFICATION, organisms are classified scientifically in a
hierarchical series of groups. The smallest group regularly used is the SPECIES. Species that are
more like each other than like other species are grouped together in a GENUS. Similarly, genera are
grouped into FAMILIES, families into ORDERS, orders into CLASSES, classes into PHYLA or
divisions and phyla into KINGDOMS, the highest taxonomic rank.
-
-
The following example is the classification of the Gould’s Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus gouldii):
KINGDOM:
PHYLUM:
SUBPHYLUM:
CLASS:
ORDER:
SUBORDER:
FAMILY:
GENUS:
SPECIES:
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Microchiroptera
Vespertilionidae
Chalinolobus
gouldii
Microbats are classified in the same category from KINGDOM to SUBORDER. Categories change
for FAMILY, GENUS and SPECIES according to the bat’s taxonomy. The inventory of Australian
Bat Species consists of scientific names and common English names (see Appendix 2).
It is recommended that the carer wear cotton gloves when handling the bat. Record the following
information:
2.1 Measurements
Correct measurements are extremely important. Use vernier or dial calipers for measuring and
recording measurements in millimetres, readings taken to one decimal place, e.g., 32.7mm. At all
times measure the RIGHT side, however, should the right side be damaged, measure the left side and
indicate on record form.
Forearm
Forearm
Figure 18 Tibia (hind leg)
Leg must rest
naturally
Tail
Figure 17 Measuring the bat.
When measuring the forearm ensure it
is folded in the resting position alongside
the body. The tail must be fully extended.
Figure 19 Ear must be fully
extended
2.2 Weight
Digital scales or a spring balance reading in 1 gram increments is adequate to weigh microbats.
Contain the live bat in a small cloth bag to weigh, but REMEMBER TO DEDUCT THE WEIGHT OF
THE BAG before recording weight on record form.
-
-
2.3 Gender
To determine the sex of the bat examine the genital area carefully. Most male microbats are well
endowed however; a debilitated, dehydrated bat’s penis may be overlooked. Use a magnifying glass to
confirm the sex if necessary.
Figure 20 (a) Genitals of female bat
(b) Genitals of male bat
2.4 Age
To age the bat you must consider the current season. Birthing occurs during late spring to summer.
On average the pup attains almost adult proportions within six to eight weeks. Therefore, aging young
bats is difficult and only possible during spring, summer and into early autumn. Four categories may
be applied to age the bat: baby; juvenile; sub-adult; adult. Outside the aforementioned periods it is not
possible to determine an age other than adult.
Baby
pre-flight
Juvenile
flying
0-1 mth
Sub-adult
flying
2-3 mths
Adult
flying
>3 mths
Bands of cartilage
Figure 21 (a) Aging the bat
View this area with a strong light
BEHIND the wing
(b) Estimate of age
Exercise care when holding the live bat near a strong artificial light source. The heat generated by an
artificial source may be damaging and cause discomfort.
-
-
3. IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
Microbat identification is difficult and this is recognised by bat biologists. Take time with your
identification as it is a learning process. It is not complicated if you follow the logical procedures as
listed below.
Microbats are relatively easy to identify to a FAMILY, a little more difficult to identify to a GENUS
and in some species extremely difficult to identify to a SPECIES. Remember, many groups are
incomplete and some forms are currently undescribed.
It is not recommended that a positive identification be based on a photograph only. Whilst many
reference books and guides contain fine quality photography of microchiropteran species, many
species do appear to be similar. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the physical characteristics,
consider measurements and weights and a check of the species distribution map of the individual you
are attempting to identify. When you have completed this process, compare your identification to a
species photograph contained in an Identification Guide book as recommended in Section 16.
3.1 Family Identification
Microbat species are initially classified into four Family types. The Family is distinguishable by the
tail type:
Figure 22 (a) Enclosed tail
Family Vespertilionidae
Family Rhinolophidae
(b) Freetail
Family Molossidae
(c) Sheathtail
Family Emballonuridae
Identification to the Family is the easiest of the identification process. From here it becomes a little
more complicated.
3.2 Genus and Species Identification
To classify the bat to a particular GENUS and SPECIES, a selection of physical features are
investigated. Similarities are often quite close, so if in doubt state this when recording your
identification.
Distinctive physical characteristics of the bat includes: head shape; facial features; nose type; ear and
tragus position and shape; dentition; wing digits; penis shape and size. These characteristics together
with forearm measurements, weight, fur texture and colour are basic features used to assist with
identification.
3.3 How to Complete the Identification
During the identification process refer to the ‘Microchirpoteran Identification Guide for Adult Species
Occurring in South-eastern Australia, a Guide for the Wildlife Carer’ contained in Appexdix 1.
-
-
Family: VESPERTILIONIDAE
ves’-per-til-ee-on’-id-ee
(Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats)
Genus/Species
Forearm
Preferred pronunciation
range
(Common name)
mm
Weight
range
grams
Vespadelus vulturnus
3.5 – 6
24 – 33
External characteristics, features and general information
Distribution
vesp’-ah-day’-lus vul-turn’-us
Fur colour variable from brown to pale grey, lighter belly. Hairs bi-coloured,
darker at base.
Tragus often white, ear and wing tissue pale.
(Little Forest Bat)
Penis is pendulous and not distinctly angular.
Glans penis bulbous
Roost: tree hollows and roofs of buildings. Colony size approx 5 – 18
Vespadelus baverstocki
26 – 32
3-6
vesp’-ah-day’-lus bav’-er-stok’ee
(Inland Forest Bat)
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Two distinct colour forms. Fur on back light sandy brown, base of hairs grey.
Belly fur much lighter with base of each hair dark brown and tip creamy white.
Other colour form, brownish grey with paler belly fur. Greyish pink bare skin
on face, ears and wing membranes pale grey. Tragus sometimes white.
Glans penis funnel-shaped
without bilateral urethral folds
Roost: tree hollows, abandoned buildings. Colony size approx 2 – 60
Vespadelus pumilus
vesp’-ah-day’-lus poom’-il-us
(Eastern Forest Bat)
28 – 33
3.5 – 6 ♀
3.5 – 4.5 ♂
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Fur dark chocolate-brown on back with almost black base to the hairs and
lighter fur on belly. Fur is very long and thick extending onto dorsal surface of
tail membrane. Wing membrane is black, skin on muzzle and ears dark brown.
Small penis with distinct angular shape.
Glans penis
Little is known about its ecological requirements and general biology.
(TWINS)
MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER
(Enclosed tail, simple nosed Bats
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Vespadelus regulus
Forearm
range
mm
Weight
range
grams
28 – 35
4-7
vesp’-ah-day’-lus reg’-yue-lus
(Southern Forest Bat)
Distribution
Fur on back warm reddish brown with paler belly. Fur is distinctly bi-coloured
with dark base. Ear and wing membranes are grey.
Glans penis large
lateral urethral folds
Fly with great aerial agility and rapid wing beats. Capable of taking off from ground with ease.
Roost: tree hollows. Colony size approx to 100
Vespadelus darlingtoni
32 – 38.5
6 - 10
vesp’-ah-day’-lus darl’-ing-tun-ee
(Large Forest Bat)
Distinctive within genus having long fur, larger size forearm. Fur is dark brown
to rusty brown all over. Hairs mildly bi-coloured with dark brown base and
lighter tips. Ear and wing tissue is very dark and skin on arm is same colour as
the wing membrane.
Small penis, distinctly angular, tip not swollen.
Glans penis
Roost: tree hollows in small groups 5-6 females or solitary males. Also roost in buildings up to
20 in number.
Vespadelus troughtoni
vesp’-ah-day’-lus traw’-tun-ee
(Eastern Cave Bat)
33 – 39
4-7
An uncommon bat. Fur on back light brown with ginger tips mainly around
Head. Belly fur dark at base with light fawn tips.
Penis is pendulous, end of penis clearly swollen.
Glans penis
not pointed
Roost: overhanging caves, boulder piles, mine tunnels occasionally in buildings. Roost sites
frequently in reasonably well-lit areas. Colony sizes range from 6 to 50.
Little is known about its general biology.
MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER Continued
(Enclosed tail, simple Bats)
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Scotorepens greyii
Forearm
range
mm
Weight
range
grams
27 – 33
8 - 12
skoh’-toh-rep’-enz gray’-ee-ee’
(Little Broad-nosed Bat)
Distribution
Small slender body. Fur markedly bi-coloured and variable from brown to greybrown on back. Base of hairs lighter than tips and belly fur is lighter. Ears
relatively broad, tragus has narrow and pointed tip. Broad square muzzle when
viewed from above.
Waterholes and creeks favoured foraging areas.
Roost: hollows, usually in trees. Have been recorded roosting in hollow centres of fence posts
and in hollow space under metal cap of telegraph poles. May also roost in disused buildings.
Colony size from 2 to 20 individuals.
*Known to inflict a painful bite!
Scotorepens sp
30 – 35
6-8
(Broad-nosed species)
Taxonomic status unclear
(TWINS)
This species is found only east of the Great Dividing Range.
Weight range 6 – 8 grams with a forearm <34mm and is lighter in weight than
the S. orion with a weight range of 8 – 12 grams. This species’ ratio of hindleg
to forearm is above 41%. The S. orion ratio hindleg to forearm is below 41%.
The S. orion has darker fur colour and has a more pug-like muzzle.
Measurements and weights are likely to overlap between the two species. However, these two
species found in the same area are recognisably distinct.
Scotorepens orion
skoh’-toh-rep’-enz oh-rie’-on
32 – 38
7 - 15
Fur colour rich warmish brown on back with belly fur more drab. Fur is not
markedly bi-coloured. Ears are relatively broad and tragus tip narrow and
pointed.
(Eastern Broad-nosed Bat)
Roost: tree hollows. One record of roost in a roof space. No information on colony size.
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Scotorepens balstoni
Forearm
range
mm
Weight
range
grams
32 - 39
7 - 14
Generally does not occur east of Great Dividing Range. Pugnacious species.
Fur colour variable, ranging from dark brown to pale sandy, most commonly a
light grey-brown on back with pale brown belly. Fur is markedly bi-coloured
with darker bases. Muzzle is broad and square-shaped when viewed from above.
Ears are relatively slender and longer than those of S. orion. The tragus is short,
4mm.
Flight is continuous with quick rapid diversions in pursuit of prey. Often emerging to forage
just on dusk.
skoh’-toh-rep’-enz bawl’-stun-ee
(Inland Broad-nosed Bat)
Distribution
Roost: tree hollows and roof cavities, often roost in horizontal position
*This species have well-developed jaw muscles and a tenacious nature!
(SINGLE/TWINS)
Chalinolobus picatus
31 - 38
4-8
Fur uniform glossy black on back extending well onto the tail membrane. Belly
fur faintly washed with grey. Two distinct white stripes run along the underside
of the body that converge to form a ‘V’ in the pubic region. The small ears are
too short to meet or barely touch when pressed together across top of head.
kah’-lin-oh-lobe’-us peek-ah’-tus
(Little Pied Bat)
Lobe at base of outer ear margin is poorly developed, but the secondary lobe
along the lip is easily seen.
Lobe at base of
outer ear margin
Wing membrane attached to base of toe
Secondary lobe
This species is capable of coping with high temperatures.
Roost: tree hollows, caves, and abandoned mines, small numbers <15. (One record of 38
individuals were found roosting in a roof cavity).
(TWINS)
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Chalinolobus nigrogriseus
Forearm
range
mm
Weight
range
grams
35 - 39
7.5 - 10
Distribution
A Gentle bat with dark grey to black fur on back and greyish-brown fur on
belly with frosting of white tips to the hairs
kah’-lin-oh-lobe’-us
nih’-roh-griz-ay’-us
(Hoary Wattled Bat)
Lobe (wattle) at base of outer ear margin near corner of mouth is poorly
developed and secondary lobe is reduced to a thin ribbon of skin along lower lip
uter ea
Lobe at base of
outer ear margin
o
Secondary lobe
Chalinolobus morio
kah’-lin-oh-lobe’-us mor’-ee-oh
(Chocolate Wattled Bat)
35 – 41
8 – 11
Commonly forage along water courses and in swampy areas and tend to emerge early
Evening to forage.
Roost: tree hollows, may also roost in rock crevices.
(TWINS)
Fur on back and belly is uniform chocolate brown. Belly fur is sometimes
slightly paler in inland individuals. Head is steeply domed with short muzzle
usually with a distinct ridge of fur across the muzzle. Short broad ears, barely
or not quite meet if pressed together across top of head. Tragus is short, broad
and strongly curved forward with pointed tip.
ridge of fur
across muzzle
Wattle moderately developed, lobe at base of outer ear margin is small,
secondary lobe along lower lip is semi-circular and easily seen.
Lobe at base of
outer ear margin
Secondary lobe
Roost: tree hollows, roof cavities, under peeling tree bark, Fairy Martin nests, culverts and
bridges. Colony size: females 6 to 70 individuals, most males roost alone.
Known to forage 5km from roost site and use same relatively small area each night. In southern
areas this species tends to be the last to enter hibernation and first to emerge in spring.
(SINGLE/TWINS)
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Chalinolobus dwyeri
Forearm
range
mm
38 – 42
Weight
range
grams
7.5 – 9.5
kah’-lin-oh-lobe’-us dwie’-er-ee
Distribution
Uniform glossy fur on back, belly fur is washed with brown and usually a band of bright white
fur edges the underside at the junction of body to wing membranes. The white fur converges in
the pubic region to form a ‘V’ shape.
(Large-eared Pied Bat)
Moderately large ears easily touch when pressed together above the head.
Lobe (wattle) at base of outer ear margin is well developed. Secondary
lobe of skin along the side of the lower lip is also well developed.
Lobe at base of
outer ear margin
Secondary lobe
MALES: glands located on either side of muzzle
appear swollen and exude a milky
secretion when compressed.
Chalinolobus gouldii
40 – 50
10 - 18
Roosts: caves, mines, tunnels. Colony size: approx 3 to 37. Commonly roost in twlight areas
of caves not far from entrance.
(TWINS)
* This species often confused with Miniopterus schreibersii (Common Bent-wing Bat).
kah’-lin-oh-lobe’-us gule’-dee-ee
Extremely adaptable bat. Fur brown on back and belly with contrasting dark
blackish fur on head and shoulders
(Gould’s Wattled Bat)
Short muzzle, ears are short and broad
Lobe at base of outer ear margin extends to form a large fold of skin. Secondary
long, narrow lobe is present along lower lip.
Lobe at base of
outer ear margin
Secondary lobe
Terminal bone of third wing digit relatively short,
less than half the length of the rest of the digit
Relative length of calcar
Regularly forage 5-10km from roost site. This species is extremely vocal with ‘chatter’.
Roosts: tree hollows (colony size 8-40), roof cavities (colony size up to 80). Males are
generally solitary. Individuals frequently move daily between a number of roosts within a small
area.
(TWINS)
(Enclosed tail, simple Bats)
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Nyctophilus geoffroyi
Forearm
range
mm
33 - 41
Weight
range
grams
6 - 12
nik’-toh-fil’us zhef’-roy’-ee
Fur light grey on back and distinctively lighter (often white) on belly. Hairs bicoloured, very dark at base.
Extended ears
When in torpor/at rest, ear tissue contracts, when aroused ears extend.
(Lesser Long-eared Bat)
‘Y’ shaped grove in rostral elevation
Diagnostic elastic membrane
High ridge on muzzle that is split and joined by an elastic membrane of skin
giving the ridge a distinctive ‘Y’ shaped groove
Nyctophilus gouldi
35 - 47
9 - 13
nik’-toh-fil’us gule’-dee
Commonly a crevice dweller. Roost: tree hollows, under lifting/peeling bark, roof cavities, old
hanging clothing (eg horse rugs). Colony size: roost alone or small groups 2 to 3. Maternity
colonies 10-15 females with single adult male. Known to shift roost sites regularly within a
defined area. Capable of taking off from the ground.
(SINGLE/TWINS)
Slate-grey to grey-brown fur on back with ash-grey belly fur often mottled with
very light buff.
Extended ears
When in torpor/at rest, ear tissue contracts, when aroused ears extend.
Long ears >24mm when extended
(Gould’s Long-eared Bat)
Membrane joins the ears
Muzzle ridge
Faint vertical grove in the muzzle ridge.
Nyctophilus bifax
nik’-toh-fil’us bie’-fax
(Eastern Long-eared Bat)
38 - 44
8 - 12
Roosts: tree hollows, under peeling tree bark, roof cavities. Colony size: females 20+, males
solitary.
(TWINS)
Snout bump
Fur colour ranges from dark to light brown often with belly fur a lighter greybrown. Ears long, 20.5 to 25mm when extended
.
Snout bump low and rounded, poorly developed, appears as low ridge
Roost: tree hollows, among dense foliage, under peeling tree bark, roots of strangler figs.
Move young frequently to different roosts during lactation.
Little is known of its biology or habitat requirements.
(TWINS)
Distribution
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Nyctophilus timoriensis
Forearm
range
mm
41 – 49
Weight
range
grams
11 - 20
Found inland of the Great Dividing Range. Fur dark grey-brown all over,
indistinctly bi-coloured with only slightly lighter brown at the tips.
nik’-toh-fil’us teem’-or-ee-en’-sis
Extended ears
(Greater Long-eared Bat)
Muzzle ridge
Kerivoula papeuensis
Distribution
35 – 40
6
ke’-ree-vule’-ah pah’-pue-en’-sis
(Golden-tipped Bat)
When in torpor/at rest, ear tissue contracts, when aroused ears extend
Ridge on muzzle is low with shallow vertical groove in the front. (Similar to
N. gouldi but head is proportionally larger, snout broader and body more thickset). Forearm >40mm
Roost: tree hollows, fissures in branches, under peeling sheets of tree bark.
Biology and taxonomy poorly understood.
(TWINS)
Spider-eating (predominantly Orb-weaving spiders) specialist. Distinctively
coloured dark brown curly fur with bright golden tips to each hair. Fur extends
Along the wing bones, legs and tail.
Ears distinctly funnel shaped with a very long, straight, pointed tragus.
Nose is conspicuously pointed and overhangs the lower jaw.
Roost: abandoned nests of gerygones and scrubwrens.
Myotis adversus
36 – 40
Fur colour variable from dark grey to reddish brown
7 - 12
mie-oh’-tis ad-vers’-us
Ears are long, tragus is long, straight and slender.
(Large-footed Myotis)
Tibia
Calcar is very long extending three quarters of the distance from ankle to tail tip.
Very distinguishable species by its recurved claws and disproportionately large
feet (>8mm) long which are greater than half the length of the tibia.
feet (>8mm
Large foot
Calcar length
Roost: caves, mines or tunnels, storm water drains, under bridges and occasionally in dense
foliage. Usually select roost sites in close proximity to water. Colony size: approx 10 –15
individuals, occasionally several hundred. Will form small harems with single male and 1 to 12
females creating a breeding group. Other males roost alone or in small all-male clusters.
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Miniopterus australis
Forearm
range
mm
36 – 40
Weight
range
grams
7–8
Fur uniform chocolate brown on back, slightly lighter on belly.
Distinctly short muzzle and domed head. Ears are short and rounded (roughly
triangular shape).
min’-ee-op-te-rus ost-rah’-lis
(Little Bent-wing Bat)
Last joint of
third finger
Last joint of third finger is approx four times
the length of the preceding joint and is folded
back along the line of the first joint when at rest.
Miniopterus schreibersii
min’-ee-op-te-rus shribe’-er-zee-ee
45 – 49
13 - 17
Wing membrane is
attached to the ankle
It is common for this species to carry a number of orange bat flies (Streblidae) which are found
clinging to the fur and wing membranes.
Roosts: caves, tunnels. During the summer months females congregate in large maternity
colonies, males at this time often roost in separate caves. This species frequently shares roost
sites with M. schreibersii.
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Fur dark reddish-brown to dark brown on back, slightly lighter on belly.
Distinctly short muzzle and domed head. Short, rounded (roughly triangular)
ears.
Last joint of Last joint of
(Common Bent-wing Bat)
Distribution
Last joint of
third finger
Last joint of third finger is approx four times
the length of the preceding joint and is folded
back along the line of the first joint when at rest.
Wing membrane is
attached to the ankle
It is common for this species to carry a number of orange bat flies (Streblidae) which are found
clinging to the fur and wing membranes.
Roosts: caves, mines, road culverts, storm water drains and occasionally stone/brick structures.
Colony size: During spring up to 100,000 females will congregate in specific maternity caves,
which provide high temperatures and humidity. Early autumn they disperse to smaller winter
roosts. Large distances are traveled between spring and autumn roosts.
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Falsistrellus tasmaniensis
Forearm
range
mm
46 – 54
Weight
range
grams
14 - 26
Distribution
Large robust bat with dark brown to reddish brown fur on the back with a
slightly paler grey belly. The muzzle is sparsely haired.
fol’-see-strel’-us
taz-mane’-ee-en’-sis
Characteristic notch on outer ear margin
(Eastern False Pipistrelle)
Lobe
The slender ears extend well above the head and overlap by some 5mm when
pressed together over top of head.
Tragus is more than half the length of the ear (moderate-sized lobe at rear of the
base) and narrows to a slightly rounded tip.
Position of left upper
incisors and canine
Two upper incisors, the second
being extremely minute, usually a
gap between incisors and canine
Scoteanax rueppellii
skoh’-tee-an’-ax rue-pel’-ee-ee
(Greater Broad-nosed Bat)
50 – 56
25 - 35
Penis is hairy
Roost: hollow tree trunks, old wooden buildings. Colony size: usually of single sex 3 to 36
individuals, although evenly mixed colonies sometimes occur.
Relatively little known of the biology of this species.
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Easily distinguishable from other broad-nosed bats by its greater size.
This large robust bat has dark reddish-brown to dark brown fur on the back with slightly paler
fur on the belly.
The ear is slender, triangular with moderately rounded tips, with a notch on the outer ear margin
near the ear-tip. Ears only just touch when pressed together above the head. Tragus is
triangular due to a pronounced lobe midway along the rear edge (outer ear margin). The front
edge is straight or slightly concave.
One upper incisor, with no
gap between incisor and canine
Roost: hollow tree trunks, roof spaces in old buildings
Caution: This species is known to eat other microbat species!
Penis almost hairless,
tip of penis flattened and
projects from foreskin
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Family: RHINOLOPHIDAE
rie’-noh-loh’-fid-ee
(Enclosed tail, Horseshoe Bats)
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Rhinolophus megaphyllus
Forearm
range
mm
44 – 51
Weight
range
grams
7 - 14
rine’-oh-loh-fus meg’-ah-fil’-us
(Eastern Horseshoe Bat)
Distribution
Fur greyish-brown and slightly lighter on the belly. The long fine fur has white
tips and a grey base.
Noseleaf, wing membrane and ear tissue is pinkish-grey.
When roosting, this species wrap wings around their body to reduce heat loss.
Fleshy projection protrudes from within
Noseleaf large and complex with
distinct horseshoe-shaped lower leaf
High temperature and humidity is characteristic of most roosts.
Roost: caves, mines, road culverts, boulder piles.
Colony size: 5-50 individuals. Maternity colonies of 15 to 2000 will
form during spring/summer normally within 30km of the autumn/winter
roost.
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Family: EMBALLONURIDAE
em-bal’-on-yue’-rid-ee
(Sheathtail-bats)
Saccolaimus flaviventris
sak’-oh-lay’-mus
flah’-vee-vent’-ris
(Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat)
74 – 80
30 – 60
A large, gentle and attractive bat.
Rich shiny black fur on the back and contrasting white or creamy-yellow fur on
The belly, extending to the shoulders and just behind the ear.
Males have a large throat pouch, with a small secondary pouch behind this main
one. In females the pouch is represented by a naked area and a ridge of skin.
The inner edge of the tragus is evenly concave, rounded but with a deep notch
just below the top of the outer edge.
Roost: tree hollows. Colony size: tend to be solitary for most of the year, but may form small
groups of 2-6 in late winter and spring.
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Family: MOLOSSIDAE
Molossid bats are awaiting taxonomic definition and allocation of common names
mol-os’-id-ee
(Freetail Bats [Mastiff Bats])
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Forearm
range
mm
Weight
range
grams
Mormopterus sp [undescribed]
30.6 – 34.2
6.8 – 11.5
morm-op’-ter-us species
(Eastern Freetail Bat)
[Currently undergoing taxonomic
revision] Regarded as species 2 in
Adams et al (1998)
30.6 – 35.7
6.8 - 13
(Southern Freetail Bat)
Adams et al (1998)
32.4 – 40.2
7.9 – 14.8
36 – 40
7 – 10
(Inland Freetail Bat)
Adams et al (1998)
Mormopterus norfolkensis
morm-op’-ter-us nor’-foke-en’-sis
(East-coast Freetail Bat)
Distribution
A medium sized species. Like the Inland Freetail Bat, males have a small penis
(<5mm long but the Eastern Freetail Bat being described here has a shorter tail
and darker, rich brown fur. It can be distinguished from the East-coast Freetail
Bat, M. norfolkensis, by its shorter forearm. The tail is shorter (18 to 25mm)
than the Southern Freetail Bat (25 to 33mm) which also differs by its longer
penis
Roosts: tree hollows and spouts.
Tail measurements range: 18 – 25mm
(SINGLE YOUNG)
This species is currently confused within a complex of other very similar species that have yet
to be formerly described. The most obvious identifying characteristic of this species is found
only in males. The male’s penis is >8mm long. The fur tends to be longer, shaggier and
generally much darker than the Inland Freetail Bat (which has a shorter penis). The dorsal hairs
are bi-coloured with creamy-white bases and dark grey-brown tips. The belly fur is only
slightly paler. Skin on the face, ears and wing membrane is dark grey.
Selects roosts with entrances and cavities that are extremely narrow.
Roosts: tree hollows, roof cavities, under metal caps on telegraph poles. Colony size: Females
30-40; males 3-4
Tail measurements range: 25 – 33.3mm
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Fur on back is bi-coloured with a creamy-white base and light brown to light grey-brown tips.
The fur on the belly is less obviously bi-coloured, with creamy bases and very light brown tips.
The skin on the ears and wing membrane is pink to pale grey. The penis is <5mm long.
Identification of females is currently unresolved. Roost: tree hollows, under peeling tree bark,
roof cavities. This species will often roost with Scotorepens balstoni (Inland Broad-nosed Bat).
Tail measurements range: unknown
(SINGLE YOUNG)
Fur dark brown to reddish-brown on back, slightly lighter on belly with pale bases to the hairs.
Sometimes reported to be a small circular throat pouch present in males but it is rudimentary in
females. The wing and tail membrane is translucent and wrinkly.
Roosts: tree hollows, under loose bark on tree trunks.
Tail measurements range: 35 – 45mm
Little is known about its general biology.
Family: MOLOSSIDAE
Molossid bats are awaiting taxonomic definition and allocation of common names
mol-os’-id-ee
(Freetail Bats [Mastiff Bats])
Continued
Genus/Species
(Common name)
Mormopterus beccarii
Forearm
range
mm
34 - 41
Weight
range
grams
8.5 – 19.5
59.5 –
62.5♂
33 - 39♂
59 – 63.1♀
34 - 44♀
morm-op’-ter-us bek-ar’-ee-ee
Distribution
This species occurs across southern Queensland, but the only New South Wales record, from a
house in Alstonville near Lismore, requires confirmation.
(Beccari’s Freetail Bat)
Tadarida australis
tah’-dah-ree’-dah ost-rah’lis
(White-striped Freetail Bat)
Large, gentle, docile species.
Dark brown to black fur with two bright white stripes along both sides of the
Belly and extending onto the wings. Some individuals have all black chests but
some have large patches of white fur on the chest.
Large fleshy and forward pointing ears, the ears are not joined across the top of
the head. The lips are large and upper lip is deeply wrinkled.
A prominent throat pouch is present in both sexes.
Throat pouch
This species is quite agile on the ground, capable of scurrying along with an unusual gait using
their thumbs and hind feet. When on the ground they fold their wings away neatly freeing the
forearms. They retract the tail membrane by sliding it along the tail bone, this frees up the hind
legs to allow greater mobility. This species can launch itself from the ground with difficulty
(SINGLE YOUNG)
MICROCHIROPTERAN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE for ADULT SPECIES OCCURRING in SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA, A GUIDE for the WILDLIFE CARER
4. HANDLING and CONSIDERATIONS
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES PLACE AN INSECTIVOROUS BAT ON OR
NEAR AN ARTIFICIAL HEAT SOURCE AT ANY TIME. Microbats enter torpor when
at rest to conserve energy, therefore, placing it on or near an artificial heat source in a confined area
makes it difficult for the bat to adjust to the surrounding air temperature and enter a torpid state. It is
recommended that in captivity microbats are located in a non-heated environment when housed in a
small area.
It is recommended that carers safeguard themselves from bites and scratches by wearing cotton gloves
when handling bats.
Microbats are a diversified group of placental mammals and require much time and patience when in a
rehabilitation situation.
4.1 Rescue
Remember, micro bats have very sharp teeth, handle with care!!!
Microbats are easily transported in a calico or cotton bag secured at the opening and hung inside a
carry cage. A small cardboard box containing soft cotton fabric may also be used. Ensure the box has
small air holes before you place the animal inside, for additional security place the box in a cotton
pillowcase and secure the opening with an elastic band. A microbat is tiny and will easily escape
through the smallest of openings.
Always acquire the exact locality the bat was encountered. This information is essential for release of
the animal.
4.2 Cause of Encounter
On making your initial assessment consider the 'cause of encounter' and examine thoroughly. For
example, bat collided with motor vehicle - sustained compound fracture of forearm - animal
euthanased. Closer examination revealed singed fur on face, singed guard hairs on feet and burn hole
on wing membrane - cause some form of electrocution, collision with motor vehicle was secondary.
Examine 'cat/dog/other predator' cause carefully. Is the bat severely debilitated? If so, what caused it
to be close to or on the ground for a predator to find? Is the predator the secondary cause? Is the true
cause 'unknown'? Every attempt must be made to be realistic when reporting the cause of the
encounter.
4.3 Season of Encounter
Consideration must also be given to the season in which the bat is encountered. An understanding of
the bat's seasonal activity will assist in assessment and prognosis. Microbats have a complex time
frame for survival year to year. An understanding of the bat's normal condition relative to the season
is described Table 1 on the next page.
- -
SPRING
* emerging from winter torpor
* females possibly pregnant [early spring]
* females possibly lactating [late spring]
* possible abandoned young [late spring]
SUMMER
* females possibly lactating [early summer]
* possible abandoned young
* debilitated juveniles (expected period of high
mortality rate)
* commence to build up fat reserves for winter
torpor [late summer]
AUTUMN
* juveniles debilitated
* continue to build up fat reserves
WINTER
* enter torpor
* accidents during opportunistic feeding
* juveniles with inadequate reserves
Table 1 The Microbat Calendar
4.4 Assessment
Many insectivorous bats coming into our native care network die within the first 36 to 48 hours.
Many will be euthanased due to the severity of their injuries. Fractures to the main arm bones,
extreme tearing of the wing membrane are the most common types of injuries. Due to the bat's small
size and seriousness of the injury it is unlikely to respond to surgery and therefore, euthanasia is
recommended.
However, some bats come into our care with no apparent injuries. Close examination will reveal the
bat to be debilitated. These animals require observation for a few days to assess their condition.
Bruising of the wing membrane, poor co-ordination due to head injury and severe swelling of joints
may take 24 to 48 hours to become apparent.
A microbat's length of time in care must be minimal, 14 days MAXIMUM. Physical exercise and
specific seasonal dietary requirements are not completely understood at this stage. It is therefore, in
the animal's best interest to return to the encounter site as soon as possible after a short rest period in
captivity.
- -
5. INJURIES ENCOUNTED and RECOMMENDED TREATMENTS
When observing the animal and monitoring a 'singular obvious injury' do not discount other injuries.
For example, the bat with a dislocated third finger, dislocation rectified and animal rested. Difficulty
experienced when attempting to feed the bat and on close examination, the jaw was found to be
fractured. To assist in description of bat body structures refer to Figure 23 below.
Figure 23 Structure of a Bat
The following types of injuries have been encountered by the writer and recommended treatments are
based on experience gained since 1989.
5.1 Membrane Damage
Most common damage seen in microbats occurs to the wing membrane.
If the membrane loss is greater than 10% overall, prognosis is not good.
Extremely large holes, tears from the outer edge will generally not selfrepair. Surgical suturing is not recommended as the tissue is too fine
and difficult to work on.. Also, the bat will endeavor to tear at the
repaired membrane (self mutilate). Euthanasia is recommended.
Figure 24 Wing membrane damage
Bruising to the membrane may take 24 to 48 hours to become apparent. It may take a further 7 to 10
days for tissue to 'die back'. Re-assessment should then be made as to whether animal can be
successfully rehabilitated in the recommended time frame.
5.2 Soft Tissue Injury
Figure 25 Penetrating injury
Damage to tissue may be caused by a variety of reasons. Penetrating
wounds may be inflicted by barbs on barbed wire, cat teeth and
claws, predator bird claws. It is extremely difficult to ascertain the
depth of the penetration and subsequent internal vital organ damage.
Not all puncture wounds are obvious, therefore check body
thoroughly. Look for traces of moisture (saliva) or blood on the fur
and examine the underlying skin.
- -
Clean the wound with warm water and treat the bat with Amoxil Aqueous Drops. Dose rate: dip tooth
pick in antibiotic and smear onto the lips of the bat two to three times daily for seven days. If the
damage is superficial the bat should show signs of improvement within 2-3 days.
Should the bat deteriorate in 36 hours it may be assumed that a deeper penetration wound has been
inflicted and internal organ damage has occurred. If this is the case it is recommended to euthanase
the bat to relieve the pain and suffering.
5.3 Fractures
Fractures of upper arm, forearm, elbow or wrist joint are very serious. The majority encountered are
compound, that is, the bone is protruding through the skin and due to this exposure, infection occurs
rapidly. Surgical pins are not satisfactory due to the minute size of the bones and the self-mutilation
displayed by bats when this type of procedure has been carried out in the past. Immobilization of the
compound fracture by 'strapping' is ineffective. All types of fractures described in Figure 26 are
serious, pinning or immobilization have not been successful. We must remember the animal needs to
survive with 100% mobility in flight. Euthanasia is recommended.
Fracture site
(a) Simple
(b) Compound
(c) Transverse
(d) Oblique
(e) Spiral
(f) Comminuted
Figure 26 Types of Fractures
Fractures to finger bones are less serious as these bones should heal readily if animal is rested. If the
bat fails to eat and groom, a further problem may exist so re-examine the animal. Do not attempt to
strap fractured finger bones with elastoplast or immobilize limbs using elastoplast. Bats have been
known to self-mutilate surrounding tissue if limb/s are restricted. House in cloth bag and rest patient,
do not allow to free-fly for approximately 10 days.
5.4 Dislocations
When examining the bat, check each joint individually then compare symmetry, quite often swelling
can be detected in tissue surrounding the joint by this comparison. Reposition the joint and restrict
mobility by housing in a small cloth. Rest and the application of a Neotopic H Lotion, twice daily will
reduce swelling in the surrounding tissue. DO NOT apply Neotopic H Lotion to broken tissue.
5.5 Head Injuries
Suspected head injuries are difficult to diagnose. Hemorrhaging from the ears and or nose is a good
indication that the bat has sustained a blow to the head. If hemorrhage is apparent, euthanasia is
recommended.
Paralysis or partial paralysis of legs may indicate neurological damage. Be guided by your
Veterinarian as to a time frame for recovery, perhaps hold the animal for 24 hours and re-assess. Take
into account the animal's general appearance, attitude, eagerness to feed and groom during this time.
A quick function test may be performed to assist with your diagnosis: place the bat (raised from torpid
state) on its back on a towel on a firm surface, a functional bat will quickly reverse itself from this
unnatural and vulnerable position.
A bat presenting with signs and symptoms of neurological problems may be a carrier of Australian Bat
Lyssavirus, particularly if no other signs of injury are apparent. If the bat is aggressive and behaving
abnormally to your knowledge, it is recommended you contact an experienced bat carer for advice
immediately.
- -
6. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTED and RECOMMENDED
TREATMENTS
6.1 Dehydration
Check for dehydration of the bat by 'pinch test'. As this may be difficult, also examine the condition
of the wing and tail membrane. A dehydrated bat will have dry, dull membrane tissue. Warm glucose
and water administered orally via an eyedropper AFTER the animal has been raised from torpor. (See
"Pre Feeding Warm-up" Section 8).
Subcutaneous fluids administered by a Veterinarian will assist in the initial rehydration providing the
carer offers oral fluids to maintain hydration. (Remember, prior to subcutaneous injection of warm
fluid, the bat must be aroused from torpor).
6.2 General Debilitation
As previously discussed, many microbats are debilitated upon receipt. Often, a perfectly healthy bat is
taken into care during summer, as it is unable to fly well. It is during this time of the year juveniles
are learning to fly and perhaps have been too eager. In such cases it is extremely important to assess
the age of the bat.
Under this circumstance, hold animal for a very short period of time and encourage it to fly. If a
young bat, which is learning to fly is held back from this natural instinctive ability to fly, the chances
of survival will be minimal.
Bats entrapped in buildings for an unknown length of time also present in a debilitated condition,
some quite severe. It will be necessary to offer small amounts of water and food 3 to 4 times daily for
the first few days. Decrease number of feeds as bat regains strength. Release within recommended 14
days.
6.3 Old Age
All living beings come to a stage in life when ‘old age’ sets in.
Closely examine a bat and if no apparent injury is obvious it may be
elderly and no longer able to cope. It will appear debilitated and carry
scarring on wing and tail membranes. Check dentition for worn teeth.
It is in the bat’s best interest to euthanase rather than attempt to
rehabilitate. If an old bat is released after coming into captivity it will
be released to a certain death which will possibly be extremely
stressful and painful.
Figure 27 The Old Bat
6.4 Poisoning
Figure 28 Insecticidal poisoning
Insecticidal poisoning may be encountered. Signs affecting
the central nervous system are convulsions, uncoordinated
movements, inability to fly, diarrhoea, dullness and general
weakness of the bat. Veterinarian assistance will be
required to assess the condition. Unfortunately, few bats
survive poisoning therefore, euthanasia is recommended.
6.5 Mites (Ectoparisites)
Insectivorous bats carry species specific mites, so check the animal. If a small number of mites appear
to be crawling through the fur no treatment is necessary. If however, the fur is 'alive' with crawling
mites it has a heavy infestation and treatment is required. An application of Puffet Powder or Coopex
Powder should be used SPARINGLY. Pour a very small quantity of powder into a container and
- -
using a cotton bud, rub the powder backward through the fur. After the application of the powder,
dampen the other end of the cotton bud and gently stroke the fur forward to remove surplus powder.
It would be beneficial to collect a few mites for positive identification. Carefully remove mites with a
toothpick and place in a small vial or jar containing 80% Methylated Spirits and 20% water. Contact
the author for advice on identification procedures.
6.6 Worms (Endoparisites)
One case, at time of compiling notes, has been recorded of a microbat with a gut worm infestation. A
debilitated bat with no apparent injuries came into care and after many weeks of rehabilitation and
feeding well, the animal was not thriving as would be expected. Unfortunately, the bat died and an
autopsy revealed a large worm lodged in the small intestine. (Worm has not yet been identified). If a
similar case is encountered, consult a Veterinarian and discuss possibility of worming the bat.
6.7 Ticks
Ticks have occasionally been found on a bat. Remove tick/s and hold the bat for observation. If the
animal survives the first five days, prognosis is good. When the bat is feeding well and is in good
condition, release. It is recommended to release the bat within 14 days of encounter.
6.8 Entanglements
Spider web entanglement of micro bats has occurred. The strong, sticky web of our friendly garden
spider may trap a bat. Gently remove the bat from the web and with a moist cotton bud proceed to
unravel the web from the bat's body and legs. It is recommended to hold the bat 24 to 48 hours prior
to release.
6.9 Disturbance of Roost
Disturbance of roosting bats may occur at any time of the year. The felling of trees, land clean-up and
home renovations will disturb roosting bats. Children often collect bats roosting in large diameter
water pipes.
If the roost disturbance:
•
•
Is reported immediately to native care network, that is, the same day and
Roost has been destroyed and likelihood of further disturbances in the vicinity do not exist
Return the animals to the site the same evening, after dark, providing weather conditions are fine and
irrespective of the season. This will give the animals the opportunity to seek alternate roost.
If the roost disturbance:
•
Is NOT reported immediately, that is, a member of the public or children have held the animals
for a period of time (probably kept in unsuitable conditions AND over-handled)
It is recommended to hold for a short period of time (no longer than 5 to 7 days) and feed well each
evening. Release animals at encounter site.
Remember that females encountered in spring are possibly pregnant and it is in the best interest of the
female to allow her to locate a roost site to give birth to her offspring. Should the disturbed roost be a
maternity colony, please return the same evening. Young microbats are far better being reared by their
natural mothers and will stand a greater chance of survival.
Many species of microbats are known to have alternate roost sites in the same locality. Therefore,
always return to the general area of the initial encounter.
- -
6.10 Unwelcome Roost
Many inquiries are received regarding bat roosts contained in dwellings and older style churches.
Microbats will locate the smallest entry point and take up residence in wall cavities, under eaves,
ceilings and rafters. Usually, either bat droppings being found generate the call or high-pitched
squeaks being heard.
If the caller is reasonable often a simple explanation of the ecological role of bats (control of insect
populations), the advise that bats are protected native fauna and reassurance of safety to the family
(providing they do not handle) is all that is required. If the caller is satisfied you could possibly leave
your contact number should further information be required or problems develop.
Should the caller be unreasonable and above information dismissed and obvious co-habitation is
unlikely gently take the caller through the following conversation. Diplomatically stress that bats are
protected native fauna and offer advice on exclusion of the bats from their roost. The caller will need
to establish the entry-exit point from the roost. Once identified, the point will need to be sealed
AFTER the bats exit for the evenings' foraging.
Consideration must be given to the season of the inquiry. The above roost exclusion method is
recommended to be carried out APRIL and MAY only. It is at this time that juveniles will be fully
independent and less likely that the roost will contain 'wintering' bats.
Remember that it is likely the bats will have an alternate roost in the area. The suggestion to install
bat boxes nearby may also be made.
An alternate method is to 'light up' the internal roost space with a bright light from sunrise to sunset.
This wil require persistance for many days.
7. HOUSING
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES PLACE AN INSECTIVOROUS BAT ON OR NEAR AN
ARTIFICAL HEAT SOURCE AT ANY TIME.
As previously recommended microbats should not be kept in rehabilitation for longer than 14 days.
The use of plastic mouse houses and glass fish tanks is no longer considered suitable housing for a
rehabilitating bat. Bats are able to see through the clear plastic and glass of the container and have
been observed frantically scratching to seek freedom. This is extremely distressing for the rehabilitee
and the carer. A distressed bat will not recover as quickly as a contented bat!
Do not house the bat in a carry cage as it is likely to escape between the wire bars.
7.1 Cotton Pillowcase
A cotton pillowcase secured at the opening with elastic or elastic band (ensure the bat is in the lower
half before securing the tie!) and hung from a hook, knob or curtain in a cool, quiet, draught-free room
of the house which is not exposed to artificial heating or cooling. For safety, the bag may be hung from
the inside lid of a carry cage allowing the pillowcase to hang freely.
7.2 Calico Bag
A calico bag: as for 7.1
- -
7.3 Cotton Tent
A cotton 'cat tent' may be purchased from most pet shops, however, this will require a fabric door to be
attached to keep bat secure. Locate in a cool, quiet, draught-free room of the house which is not
exposed to artificial heating or cooling and placed in an accessible position preferably at waist height
or hang from a suitable hook. The tent may be furnished with loose bark to give the bat security.
7.4 Cotton Cloth Box
A cotton cloth box made by securing the material over a wooden frame and designing a secure flap for
entry/exit. Locate in a cool, quiet, draught-free room of the house which is not exposed to artificial
heating or cooling and placed in an accessible position preferably at waist height. The frame may be
designed to any dimension. The box may be furnished with loose bark and providing it is located on a
firm surface, a small hollow log or branch may be placed inside the structure.
7.5 Shade Cloth Box
A shade cloth box made by securing shade cloth over a wooden frame and designing a secure flap for
entry/exit. Locate in a cool, quiet, draught-free room of the house which is not exposed to artificial
heating or cooling and placed in an accessible position preferably at waist height. The frame may be
designed to any dimension. May be furnished as per 7.4.
7.6 Portable Shade Cloth House
A portable shade-cloth house designed on the principle of 7.5 but increase the dimensions accordingly.
Furnish with bark, small hollow or branches.
7.7 Cave-dwelling Species
If caring for cave-dwelling species; Common Bent-wing, Little Bent-wing or Horseshoe bats it is
recommended to use style 7.1 or 7.2 as these bats will not feel comfortable with trees, bark etc. in their
roost. It is worth remembering that these species have special micro climatic conditions within their
chosen roost (humidity) so endeavour to release as soon as possible.
It is obvious from reading through the above list that the optimal house should be secure and
'soft'.
8. PRE-FEEDING WARM-UP
Before attempting to feed the bat, it must be "warmed up" from its minor torpor. Once the bat has
been warmed it will be active, scurrying around, therefore, have the food to be offered prepared prior
to warming the animal.
8.1 Assisted Warm-up
To warm the animal, hold it in your cupped hand and place your other hand over the top, thus
enclosing the animal in a warm environment. It may take five to ten minutes for the body temperature
to rise, the bat will become obviously active in your hand. When this is apparent it will be ready for
feeding. If at this time, the animal attemps to fly, allow it to do so and observe its movements.
8.2 Natural Warm-up
Allow the bat to raise its own body temperature naturally by placing it on a towel under a wire cover
see Figure 24. The initial handling and movement will stimulate the bat to arouse from its torpid state.
- -
9. DIET
The rehabilitee should be offered a selection of the following foods whilst in care. Microbats are
unaccustomed to most of the variety of food you will have to offer so your perseverance will be
required.
9.1 Live Food in Captivity
Food for the bat will consist mainly of ‘well nourished’ mealworms. Mealworms are low in calcium,
phosphorus, Vitamins D3, A, E, and B complex. Upon receipt of a bat, remove approximately 50
mealworms from your culture and place in a much smaller container.
Cover these mealworms with DRY Wombaroo Small Carnivore Mix. Dry Wombaroo Insectivore mix
may be used in an emergency. The mealworms will feed on the Wombaroo medium and also be
coated in the mix. When fed to the microbat the additional nutrition is contained in the mealworm gut
and in the powder coating its outside. This will be your 'well-nourished' stock of mealworms.
Remember to replenish your ‘feeding culture’ with mealworms after each feeding session repeating the
application of the dry mix as above. This will ensure an ongoing supply of nourishing mealworms for
the rehabilitating bat.
9.2 Natural Live Food
Supplement the captive diet with insects when possible, mosquitoes, moths and flying insects.
Exercise care if you are aware of any insecticide sprayed in your garden or in close proximity to the
area you collect the insects. Although bats are accustomed to eating insects in the wild, they may be
reluctant to eat insects in captivity.
9.3 Supplementary Food
Wombaroo Carnivore Mix should also be offered in either of the following ways:
•
•
as a slurry offered in very small quantities from the end of a small spoon or toothpick (up to a
1/2 teaspoon)
as a crumble mix offered in the same way
The animal is unaccustomed to this type of food and perseverance will be required.
9.4 Water
Water should be offered each feed time. Some bats will lap from a small spoon others from a shallow
dish. Some microbats will be reluctant to take water, do not force, as the animal knows its own
requirements. If however, the bat is dehydrated it will be necessary to slowly drip water directly into
the mouth via an eyedropper.
10. FEEDING TECHNIQUES
Remember, microbats must be raised from torpor prior to offering any food or water. A trial of
various diets and feeding techniques will be required as not all bat species will co-operate according to
your choice of menu and feeding strategy.
It may only take a few feeds before a routine of feeding is established. However, you may experience
difficulties for a few days, remember, patience is a virtue! It may take some coaxing for the animal to
accept the full mealworm. However, once accepted, the bat will ravenously snatch the mealworm
offered from the forceps.
- -
10.1 Feeding Position
The majority of insectivorous bats will 'feed on the wing' in their natural environment but this is not
possible in captivity when an animal is being held for observations. Please note: a horizontal position
is assumed when 'feeding on the wing'. Therefore, allow the bat to rest in a horizontal position when
feeding in captivity.
10.2 Methods
A variety of feeding implements will be required depending on the type of food offered, eg forceps,
toothpicks, bamboo skewers, small spoons, eye droppers, pipettes.
One of the following methods may be adopted:
a. Enclose the warm bat in your hand leaving the head protruding and hold in a horizontal position.
This method restricts the bat's movements, and food may then be offered from the end of a toothpick
or in forceps.
b. After warming the bat, position it on a towel on the table and place your hand gently over the body
to restrict movement. Proceed to feed with toothpick or forceps.
c. When bat has learnt to readily take food, encourage it to snatch food naturally by adopting the
following method: position bat on a towel on the table and place a wire cover over the bat, see Figure
29, food may then be introduced on the end of a long bamboo skewer through the bars.
Figure 29 Diagram of wire cover
Bars should be approx. 1/2 cm wide
10.3 Difficult Feeders
A debilitated bat (and some healthy bats) may not eat readily unless food is offered directly to its
mouth, nor will it open its mouth. To encourage it to open its mouth, gently stroke the head with your
finger or thumb of the hand that is securing the animal. With your free hand have the food ready on a
toothpick or in forceps. When the mouth opens, gently place the food into the open mouth or gently
smear onto the lips. When feeding mealworms offer a full mealworm first. If this is not accepted snip
the head off the worm and squeeze the innards out smearing this into the mouth or onto the lips of the
bat. Some animals may willingly take food when offered. It will be trial and error for the first few
feeds.
10.4 How Much Food?
In the wild, a bat may consume 24-40% of its body weight in insects each night, remember this is a
free, active bat constantly expending energy to maintain flight. In captivity the animal will not be
using as much energy. Feed a bat weighing approximately 12 grams, 10 to 12 mealworms and a little
of the Wombaroo Small Carnivore Mix as slurry or crumble mix (you may offer up to half a teaspoon
of mix). If the animal is feeding well allow it to eat as much as it wants. Microbats know when to
- -
stop eating and will start playing with the food and lose interest in eating when they have had
sufficient.
The amount of food to be offered will depend on the condition of the animal. Debilitated animals
require approximately 3 to 4 feeds per day for the first few days. Animals in reasonably good
condition will require one feed per day, in the evening.
11. EXERCISE
It is important to exercise the captive bat however, if being held for the observation of dislocation,
suspected head injury or fractures to finger/s DO NOT attempt to exercise by allowing the animal to
fly. If animal appears to be coping, allow it to scurry around an enclosed area without room to become
airborne. Contain the bat under a wire cover (Figure 29) which is placed on a towel and allow the bat
to scurry around the enclosed area. This will be sufficient exercise for the time being.
11.1 Natural Flight in Captivity
When it is time to test fly, warm the animal if required. Allow the bat to take off on its own accord
and fly around the room. It will come to rest on a curtain or another object, perhaps even landing on
the floor. If the bat is reluctant to fly, and the known injuries have been given time to heal, encourage
it to fly.
When exercising unrestricted in a room, DO NOT take your eyes off the flying/scurrying animal. It is
highly recommended if you are caring for more than one bat at a time to exercise them singly. Micro
bats fly swiftly and move quickly on the ground.
11.2 Encourage to Fly in Captivity
Encouragement is given by placing the warmed bat on your horizontal hand, then, holding your hand
above head-height swiftly drop your hand to waist level. This procedure may have to be repeated
several times before the bat spreads its wings and becomes airborne. Do not throw bat into mid-air.
While the bat is sitting on your hand you will possibly feel its body vibrating. It is echo-locating to
familiarize itself with the surroundings.
11.3 Other Form of Captive Exercise - Scurrying
Bats from the Family Molossidae (Freetail Bats) and Emballonuridae (Sheathtail Bats) require great
height and a large space to fly. If you are unable to supply height and space for these species to
exercise, allow them ample room to scurry around and stretch their wings. Scurrying on the floor may
result in the bat being lost under furniture for many hours - watch the exercising bat closely.
The wire cover as described in Figure 29 is ideal for the ‘scurrying’ bat. It allows a safe area for the
bat to busy itself, scurrying around exercising and stretching its wings. A few small pieces of bark
under the wire cover will give the bat something to climb over and under.
12. GROOMING
All rehabilitating microbats require grooming and is best done after feeding. Bats are very particular
in relation to hygiene and spend time keeping themselves in immaculate condition. A bat in
rehabilitation is in this situation due to some form of injury or problem and therefore, is unlikely to
feel well enough to groom. Gentle handling and grooming will make the patient feel comfortable and
when it commences to self-groom it is an indication that it must be feeling better.
- -
12.1 Fur
Use an eyebrow brush, mascara brush or a well-worn toothbrush commence by brushing fur on the
back of the animal. This will often stimulate the animal to groom itself.
If small 'dobs' of faeces are stuck to the fur, remove gently.
12.2 Wing and Tail Membranes
To keep wings and tail membrane supple it may be necessary to apply a little Vitamin E cream every
few days. The gentle massage will also assist in the circulation of the blood supply to the membrane.
13. RELEASE METHODS
Once a full recovery has been made and the animal is a good weight and in good condition it will be
ready for release. Bats MUST be released in the locality where they were initially encountered. It is
essential that genetic integrity is conserved and populations are not exposed to disease transfer. Bats
are known to have alternate roost sites which they regularly move between. Release MUST occur
after sunset, ensuring predator birds have returned to their own roosts. Also choose a good night, bats
do not like heavy rain or strong winds.
There are three methods of release, after feeding the bat a little, (1/3 of the feed normally offered):
13.1 Free Fly
Hold the bat high on your horizontal hand. The bat will commence to vibrate (echo-locate) and stretch
its wings. Very swiftly it will become airborne and fly off into the darkness.
13.2 Tree
Place bat as high as possible on the bark of a tree trunk in the release area. You may wish to leave the
bat in its open cotton/calico bag which is draped over the highest accessible branch. It is recommended
that you be able to check the site a few hours later to ensure the bat has flown off.
13.3 Bat Box
Should you select to release using a bat box it would be advantageous to accustom the bat in the box
for a few days prior to installation at release site.
Secure the box on a northerly-facing tree trunk at the release site
during daylight hours and block out the exit point to ensure bat does
not fly out during the day. Unblock the exit on dusk. . Check the box
a few hours later. If the bat has left and you are able to check the bat
box the following morning, do so, as the bat may have returned to
this, its new roost site. See Appendix 4 for Bat Box design.
Figure 30 Bat Box Release
- -
14. SPECIMEN COLLECTION
Scientists at the Australian Museum require dead specimens of micro bats for further studies and
research. Please freeze bodies and clearly label each specimen as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Date found
Wildlife organisation’s reference number (call number)
Locality found and type of habitation in area
Date died
Cause of death, if known
Collector's name, address and telephone number.
Contact the author for collection arrangements.
15. REFERENCES
***"An Interim Guide to Identification of Insectivorous Bats of South-eastern Australia" by Harry
Parnaby. Technical Reports of the Australia Museum 8 Sydney - 1992.
"The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals" edited by Ronald Strahan.
Publisher: Reed Books - 1995.
"Bats of Eastern Australia" by Leslie S. Hall & G. C. Richards.
Queensland Museum Booklet No. 12 - 1979.
"The Complete Bat" by James Robertson. Publisher: Chatto & Windus - London - 1990
"Bats - a Natural History" by John E. Hill & James D. Smith. Published by the British Museum,
London (Natural History) - 1984
"Australia Wildlife" The John Keep Refresher Course for Veterinarians. Proceedings 104 - 15-19
February, 1988.
"Bats in the Garden" by Shirley Thompson. Publisher: School Garden Company, Great Britain 1989.
"Australasian Bat Society" Newsletter Number 2 - July, 1993
"Bats" by Phil Richardson. Published by Whittet Books, 18 Anley Road, London W14 OBY, 1985.
***"Australian Bats" by Sue Churchill. Published by New Holland Publishers (Australia) Pty
Limited, 14 Aquatic Drive, Frenchs Forest NSW, 1998.
"The Mammals of Australia" edited by Ronald Strahan. Published by Reed Books, Level 9, North
Tower, 1-5 Railway Street, Chatswood NSW, 1995.
*** Highly recommended for identification.
16. ADDITIONAL READING
"Caring and Handling of Australian Native Animals" edited by Suzanne J. Hand. Publisher: Surrey
Beatty & Sons Pty. Limited in association with Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales - 1990.
- -
Appendix 1
LISTING of AUSTRALIAN BAT SPECIES
Sub Order
Family
Megachiroptera
Pteropodiae
(Megabats)
Genus/species
Pteropus alecto
Pteropus conspicillatus
Pteropus macrotis
Pteropus poliocephalus
Pteropus scapulatus
Pteropus brunneus
Pteropus sp.
Dobsonia moluccense
Syconycteris australis
Macroglossus
Nyctimene robinsoni
Nyctimene vizcaccia
Black Flying-fox
Spectacled Flying-fox
Large-eared Flying-fox
Grey-headed Flying-fox
Little Red Flying-fox
Dusky Flying-fox
Torresian Flying-fox
Bare-backed Fruit Bat
Common Blossom Bat
Northern Blossom Bat
Eastern Tube-nosed Bat
Torresian Tube-nosed Bat
Sub Order
Microchiroptera
(Microbats)
Family
Genus/species
Family
Genus/species
Family
Genus/species
Family
Genus/species
Family
Genus/species
Emballonuridae
Taphozous australis
Taphozous georgianus
Taphozous hilli
Taphozous kapalgenis
Saccolaimus flaviventris
Saccolaimus mixtus
Saccolaimus saccolaimus
Coastal Sheathtail Bat
Common Sheathtail Bat
Hill's Sheathtail Bat
Arnhem Sheathtail Bat
Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat
Papuan Sheathtail Bat
Bare rump Sheathtail Bat
Megadermatidae
Macroderma gigas
Ghost Bat
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus megaphyllus
Rhinolophus philippinensis
Eastern Horseshoe Bat
Greater Horseshoe Bat
Hipposideridae
Hipposideros ater
Hipposideros cervinus
Hipposideros diadema
Hipposideros semoni
Hipposideros stenotis
Rhinonicteris aurantius
Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat
Fawn Leaf-nosed Bat
Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat
Semon's Leaf-nosed Bat
Northern Leaf-nosed Bat
Orange Leaf-nosed Bat
Molossidae
Tadarida australis
Chaerephon jobensis
Mormopterus beccarii
Mormopterus loriae
Mormopterus norfolkensis
Mormopterus planiceps
White-striped Freetail Bat
Northern Freetail Bat
Beccari's Freetail Bat
Little Freetail Bat
Eastern Freetail Bat
Southern Freetail Bat
- -
Family
Genus/species
Vespertilionidae
Myotis adversus
Myotis sp. (nr australis)
Pipistrellus adamsi
Pipistrellus westralis
Falsistrellus tasmaniensis
Falsistrellus mckenziei
Vespadelus pumilus
Vespadelus caurinus
Vespadelus regulus
Vespadelus vulturnus
Vespadelus darlingtoni
Vespadelus douglasorum
Vespadelus troughtoni
Vespadelus braverstocki
Vespadelus finlaysoni
Scoteanax rueppellii
Scotorepens balstoni
Scotorepens greyii
Scotorepens orion
Scotorepens sanborni
Chalinolobus dwyeri
Chalinolobus gouldii
Chalinolobus morio
Chalinolobus nigrogriseus
Chalinolobus picatus
Miniopterus schreibersii
Miniopterus australis
Kerivoula papuensis
Murina florium
Nyctophilus timoriensis
Nyctophilus geoffroyi
Nyctophilus gouldi
Nyctophilus arnhemensis
Nyctophilus bifax
Nyctophilus howensis
Nyctophilus walkeri
Large-footed Myotis
Small-footed Myotis
Cape York Pipistrelle
Northern Pipistrelle
Eastern False Pipistrelle
Western False Pipistrelle
Eastern Forest Bat
Western Cave Bat
Southern Forest Bat
Little Forest Bat
Large Forest Bat
Yellow-lipped Bat
Eastern Cave Bat
Inland Forest Bat
Finlayson's Cave Bat
Greater Broad-nosed Bat
Inland Broad-nosed Bat
Little Broad-nosed Bat
Eastern Broad-nosed Bat
Northern Broad-nosed Bat
Large-eared Pied Bat
Gould's Wattled Bat
Chocolate Wattled Bat
Hoary Wattled Bat
Little Pied Bat
Common Bent-wing Bat
Little Bent-wing Bat
Golden-tipped Bat
Tube nosed Insect Bat
Greater Long-eared Bat
Lesser Long-eared Bat
Gould's Long-eared Bat
Northern Long-eared Bat
Eastern Long-eared Bat
Lord Howe Island Bat
Pygmy Long-eared Bat
This list is reproduced from the "Australasian Bat Society" Newsletter Number 2 - July, 1993. It is the
latest revision of the Inventory and English names of Australian Bats at July, 1992.
Compiled by Greg Richards, Les Hall, Glenn Hoye, Lindy Lumsden, Harry Parnaby, Terry Reardon,
Ronald Strahan, Bruce Thompson and Chris Tidemann.
Reproduced with the permission of Greg Richards, Division of Wildlife and Ecology, CSIRO, PO Box
84, Lyneham, ACT 2602.
Bat taxonomy is under constant review as scientists learn more about known species and discover new
species. Therefore, names change and the relationships between species are reassessed as a result of
research both in Australia and overseas.
- -
Appendix 2
BASIC TIPS for GROWING MEALWORMS
By Cheryl Howarth
CONTAINER
• Ice-cream container
• Fish tank
• Container should be plastic, glass or metal
• Smooth sides (so mealworms don't climb out)
LID
•
•
Must have secure lid ideally flyscreen or fine wire mesh
Required to keep predators out and mealworms in
Typical Mealworm Culture
MEDIUM
• Unprocessed Bran -Cooked in oven at 180 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes to destroy any
weevils (do this before adding mealworms)
• Cover with a piece of cloth toweling, hessian or paper towel (if using paper towel replace
regularly)
• Minimum depth of bran should be approximately 7 cm
FOOD/ MOISTURE
Apple, carrot, potato or other vegetable matter
Place food on top of cloth
Replace food approximately every 6 - 8 weeks
TEMPERATURE
• Best between 25 and 27 degrees Celsius
• Life cycle slows down at lower temperature and speeds up at higher temperature
IMPORTANT NOTES:
•
•
•
•
When medium becomes powdery, more bran should be added (or medium sieved and replaced
with fresh bran)
Medium can be sieved through a fine mesh screen to remove faecal material and shed skins,
however, there may be eggs left in discarded medium. This medium should be kept and fed to
allow any eggs to hatch then transfer to fresh medium.
Mealworms need no water as they get all the moisture they require from the food.
Excessive moisture may create mould, which may be toxic to larvae, thereby leading to a
decline in the colony.
THE LIFE CYCLE
• The beetles lay eggs
• Eggs hatch into mealworms (larvae)
• Mealworms shed their skins as they grow (approximately 10-20 times)
• They then transform into white pupae
• Pupae then turn into beetles
The complete life cycle takes quite a few months.
HELPFUL HINTS
To extract mealworms from your culture, place slices of fresh apple on top of cloth and leave
approximately 15 minutes. After this time carefully turn back cloth and gently remove mealworms
(they should now be at the surface). Remove mealworms using forceps.
WHERE TO PURCHASE MEALWORMS
Mealworms are available from the larger Pet Shops and specialty Avian Pet Shops. They are normally
sold in containers holding approximately 500 or 1000 mealworms.
- -

INSECTIVOROUS BATS - Ozark - Australian Wildlife Carer`s Network

Transcription

Similar documents

Sam_Dyer_The_North_Wales_Serotine_Bat_Project_2

Tacca integrifolia_White Bat Plant

Species of the Day: Kitti`s Hog

SOUTHWESTERN DESERT BATS Patricia Brown-Berry, Ph

June 2004 Italiaspeed.com

Miles Nadal JCC High Holy Day Services 2013/5774 Order Form

The Vibrations in a Rubber Baseball Bat

Bat Face Cuphea

WRJ Centennial Shabbat Celebration