Desmocranium and chondrocranium

The scull: principles of development and structure.
The neurocranium and splanchnocranium bones – overview.
Scull of the newborn and its growth.
MUDr. Veronika Němcová, CSc.
Neurocranium + splanchnocranium
E
F
L
P
N
S
T
Z
O
Max
M
Scull
F
P
neurocranium
capsula encephalica,
capsula ethmoidalis,
capsula optica,
capsula otica
N
E
O
T (P)
V
Max
S
Pal
M
splanchnocranium
(viscerocranium)
Scull in the newborn, in 7 years and in adult
proportions
newborn
7 years
neurocranium
splanchnocranium
adult
Desmocranium and chondrocranium
• intramenbranous ossification – directly
from the mesenchymal connective tissue
(most of the splanchnocranium and
calvaria)
• enchondral ossification -ossification of the
cartilaginous model (mainly bones of skull
base)
PRIMITIVE CHONDROCRANIUM
capsula
capsula
ethmoidea optica
capsula occipital
otica
vertebrae
CARTILAGINOUS CHONDROCRANIUM AND DESMOCRANIUM
branchial
arches I
II
VI
desmocranium
chondrocranium
Desmocranium and chondrocranium in the newborn
os sphenoidale
os frontale
os parietale
squama ossis occipitalis
os ethmoidale
os occipitale
os nasale
maxilla
os lacrimale
os temporale squama
os zygomaticum
mandibula
Meckels
cartilage
malleus
desmocranium
chondrocranium
os temporale -tympanic part
styloid process
Desmocranium and chondrocranium
E
F
L
P
N
S
T
Z
Max
O
M
mastoid process
styloid process
pyramis
Development of the scull base
Chondrocranium
prechordal cartilages
lesser wing
greater wing
body
ala orbitalis
hypophysial cartilage
sphenoid
basilar part of
occipital bone
ala temporalis
parachordal
cartilage
occipital sclerotoms
periotic
capsule
pyramis of
temporale bone
occipital sclerotoms
chorda dorsalis
(notochord)
ethmoid bone
6 weeks
Development of the splanchnocranium – from branchial arches
1. branchial arch
incus
stapes
2. branchial arch
styloid process
stylohyoid ligament
3. branchial arch
greater horn of the hyoid bone
Meckels cartilage
4. branchial arch
6. branchial arch
lesser horn of the hyoid bone
epiglottis
Ossification
Chondrocranium
• os occipitale –basis and lateral
parts
• os temporale – pyramis and
mastoid process
• os sphemnoidale (without
medial lamina of pterygoid
process)
• os ethmoidale
• inferior nasal concha
• maleus, incus stapes
• styloid process
• hyoid bone
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Desmocranium
os occipitale – squama
os parietale
os frontale
os temporale –squama
os tympanicum
os nasale
os lacrimale
vomer
medial lamina of pterygoid
process
os palatinum
os zygomaticum
maxilla
mandibula (Meckel cartilage)
Anterior aspect
F
N
S
L
E
Z
Max
INC
V
M
Openings for trigeminal nerve branches and spaces
foramen
supraorbitale
orbit
pirifom aperture
foramen
infraorbitale
anterior nasal spine
foramen
mentale
Norma frontalis
points for measurement
glabella
nasion
zygion
gnathion
Lateral aspect
F
N
P
S
T
L
Frankfurt plane
Z
O
Max
M
Norma lateralis
bregma
points for measurement
glabella
nasion
opisthocranion
zygion
gnathion
Inferior aspect
Teeth
Maxilla
palatine bone
Z
infreior nasal concha
vomer
S
T
styloid
process
mastoid
process
O
P
tympanic
bone
Inferior aspect
M
Z
P
V
S
T
O
choana
foramen magnum
Norma basalis
points for measurement
opisthocranion
basion
Calvaria from outside
coronal suture
bregma
sagittal suture
lambda
parietal foramen for emissary vein
lambdoid suture
Norma verticalis
euryon
points for measurement
width
glabella
lenght
opisthocranion
euryon
Calvaria from inside
frontal sinus
sulcus sinus
sagittalis
superioris
sulci arteriae
meningeae mediae
granular foveolae
diploe
sinus x sinus
air filled cavity x vein between dura mater and periosteum or only between dura mater
Skull – sagittal section - inner surface
groove - sulcus
F
grooves for
middle
meningeal
artrery
P
S
INC
O
Max
grooves for
sinuses
M
grooves for branches of cranial nerves
Skull - midline section - inner surface
F
P
N
T
E
S
V
P
O
Os sphenoidale
dorsum sellae
lesser wing
greater wing
body
(cerebral
orbital
temporal
infratemporal
+sphenomaxilar
surfaces)
pterygoid process
posterior aspect
Sphenoid bone
anterior aspect - schema
lesser wing
„the pilot sits“ in the
hypophyseal fossa
greater wing
superior
orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
pterygoid process
sphenoid
rostrum
sphenoid sinus
pterygoid canal
Os sphenoidale - placement
right orbit
ethmoid, frontal,
occipital; parietal,
temporal
ethmoid, frontal, zygomatic
Os sphenoidale and maxilla, palatine bone and vomer
pterygomaxillary fissure
perpendicular plate
of the palatine bone
vomer
lateral aspect
lateral wall of the nasal cavity
nasal septum
Os sphenoidale –
inferior aspect
Os palatinum
Vomer
Os sphenoidale openings and grooves
aspect from superoposterior left side
optic canal
sulcus prechiasmaticus
fossa hypophysialis
superior orbital fissure
sulcus caroticus
foramen
rotundum
foramen
spinosum
canalis
pterygoideus
turkish saddle
foramen ovale
Sella turcica
(turkish saddle)
hypohysial
fossa
dorsum sellae
anterior clinoid process
sphenoid sinus
Os temporale- lateral aspect
parietal bone
temporale bone - squama
occipital bone
zygomatic bone
graeter wing of sphenoid
Os temporale inferior aspect - parts
squamous part
petrosal part (pyramis)
zygomatic process
tympanic part
styloid process
mastoid process
Os temporale -superior aspect
anterior and posterior wallgrooves of sinuses, nerves and
middle meningeal artery
os petrosum – pyramis, inside are:
1) bony labyrinth
2) canalis caroticus
3) canalis nervi facialis
4) canalis musculotubarius
5) canaliculus cochlea
6) aquaeductus vestibuli
7) canaliculus tympanicus (for branch of IX.n)
8) canaliculus chordae tympani (from VII.n)
9) canaliculus mastoideus (for external branch
of X.n.)
squama
Position of the inner ear in petrosal bone
cochlea
canales
semicirculares
(ant., post., lat.)
n.vestibulocochlearis
Os temporale labyrinthus osseus
1-squama
2-porus acusticus int.
n.VII +VIII)
3-sulcus sinus sigmoidei
4-apex pyramidis
5-semicircular canals
Os temporale cochlea
squama ossis
temporalis
cochlea
impressio n.trigemini
antrum
mastoideum
Os petrosum (pyramis) - posterior wall
apertura externa
aquaeductus vestibuli
fossa subarcuata
Fossa cranii posterior
meatus acusticus internus
(n.VII. a n.VIII.)
sulcus sinus petrosi
inferioris
foramen jugulare
(n.IX., X., a XI.)
canalis nervi hypoglossi
sulcus sinus sigmoidei
Os petrosum (pyramis) - posterior wall
meatus acusticus
internus
nerves VII,VIII
sulcus sinus
petrosi inferioris
sulcus
sinus
petrosi
superioris
incisura jugularis
(jugular notch)
apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli
semicircularendolymphatetic
cochlea canals
sac
sulcus sinus sigmoidei
nerves IX,X,XI.
Fundus meatus acustici interni – nerves VII. and VIII.
area n. facialis
facial nerve –n.VII.
crista transversa
A
P
cochlear nerve
right pyramis posterior aspect
area
vestibularis
superior
area
vestibularis
inferior
Canalis nervi facialis
1) anterolateraly
2) posterolateraly
3) caudaly
greater
petrosal nerve
internal acoustic
meatus
facial nerve (VII.n)
cochlear nerve
vestibular nerve
stylomastoid foramen
Important openings
on the inferior wall
of petrosal bone
petrotympanic fissure
(chorda tympani)
canaliculus mastoideus
(ramus auricularis n.vagi)
carotid canal
internal carotid artery
fossula petrosa
(tympanic nerve)
tympanomastoid fissure
(ramus auricularis n.vagi)
mastoid foramen
(emissary vein)
opening of
canaliculus cochleae
jugular fossa
(internal
jugular vein)
stylomastoid foramen
(facial nerve – VII.n)
Middle ear cavity (cavum tympani)
Walls
Lat.- membranous wall
(drum)
Sup.- tegmental wall – tegmen tympani
post. mastoid wall
Med.- labyrinthic wall
(inner ear)
ant. - carotic wall
Inf.- jugular wall – jugular vein
Section anterobasal wall
of petrosal bone
– medial wall of
the middle ear
cavity
Mastoid
antrum
Epitympanic
recess
Facial canal
n. stapedius
Mastoid
aer cells
chorda
tympani
Tympanic nerve
(from IX.n)
Tympanic cavity – schematic frontal section
Paries labyrinthicus – anterobasal wall of petrosal bone
Fossa cranii media
Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
Recessus
epitympanicus
M
I
N. facialis
S
Membrana
tympani
Fenestra ovalis vestbuli
Promontorium – 1.
convolution of
cochlea
chorda tympani
Fenestra rotunda cochleae
Bulbus v. jugularis int.
Os ethmoidale
cribriform plate
crista galli
posterior
aspect
ethmoidale air cells
(cellulae ethmoidales)
orbital plate
bulla
ethmoidalis
processus uncinatus
concha nasalis media
perpendicular plate
Maxilla
frontal process
zygomatic process
corpus maxillae
(body)
tuber maxillae
alveolar process
Maxilla
palatine process
praemaxilla
(os incisivum)
Maxilla
maxillary sinus
Mandible lateral aspect
mandibular notch
condylar
process
coronoid process
alveolar
process
mental
protuberance
ramus
mandibulae
corpus mandibulae
Mandible
anterolateral view
mandibular foramen
pterygoid
tuberosity
pterygoid fossa
masseteric
tuberosity
mental foramen
mandibular foramen
sublingual fossa
mylohyoid line
mylohyoid groove
submandibular fossa
Mandible of Karel IV.
Post traumatic changes A-C
Correction of the occlusion
Skull of a newborn
Lenght 11 cm
Circumference 34 cm
Fonticulus anterior
it closes in 2-3 years
Lenght 11 cm
Circumference 34 cm
fontanellae = fonticuli cranii
Fontanella major
(it closes in 2. or 3.year)
Fontanella minor
(it closes in 3.month)
Fonticulus minor
Tuber
parietale
Fonticulus major
Tuber
frontale
Tuber
Sutura metopica Fonticulus major
Symphysis menti
Angulus mandibulae
Fonticulus
sphenoidalis
Sutura
mendosa
Fonticulus
angulus mandibulae Anulus tympanicus
mastoideus
Synchondrosis Fonticulus
Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis intraoccipitalis mastoideus
anterior
Symphysis menti
Synchondrosis
intraoccipitalis
posterior
Craniosynostoses
tuber frontale
sutura metopica
fonticulus anterior
sutura coronalis
tuber parietale
premature
closure of cranial
sutures
sutura lambdoidea
sutura sagittalis
fonticulus posterior
dolichocephaly
(scaphocephaly)
trigonocephaly
brachycephaly
posterior plagiocephaly
anterior
plagiocephaly
Skull of a newborn
Big neurocranium
Small splanchnocranium
Prominent tubera frontalia et parietalia (centers of ossification)
Fonticuli cranii
Possible movement among bones of the calvaria
Paranasal sinuses are not fully developed
Os frontale divided by a suture
Suture between maxilla and premaxilla
Symphysis menti
Angle of mandible -150-160 degree
Os tympanicum – anulus tympanicus
X-ray skull of a newborn
Lenticular left parietal calvarial mass-like lesion with
peripheral sclerosis/calcification and central lucency.
The lesion does not cross suture lines
Subperiosteal cephalohematoma.
Cranial nerves !!!
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I. nn. olfactorii
II. n. opticus
III. n. oculomotorius
IV. n. trochlearis
V. n. trigeminus 1.ophthalmicus
2.maxillaris
3.mandibularis
VI. n. abducens
VII. n. facialis
VIII. n. vestibulocochlearis
IX. n. glossopharyngeus
X. n. vagus
XI. n. accessorius
XII. n. hypoglossus
Development
of the face
1- maxillary process
2-mandibular process
3-second branchial arch
1
3
2
Development
of the face
3
I
1
II
1-maxillary process
2- mandibular process
3-medial nasal process
4-lateral nasal process
stadium 12
2
stadium 13
stadium 15
4
1
2
3
Development of the face
internasal
groove
prominentia
nasofrontalis
maxillar
process
oropharyngeal
membrane
4 weeks
6 weeks
5 weeks
7 weeks
5,5 weeks
9 weeks
Development of palate and nasal septum and nose
medial nasal process
lateral nasal
process
maxillar
process
primary palate
nasal septum
palatine process
internasal groove
Development of the palatine processes
nasal septum
tongue
Meckel palatine
cartilage process
palatine process
Sources
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Čihák, Anatomie 1
Gray, Anatomy
Petrovický a spol., Anatomie 1
Sobotta , Atlas anatomie člověka
Ten Donkelaar, Lohmann en Moorman, Klinische
Anatomie en Embryologie
• Thieme, Atlas of Anatomy
• http://anat.lf1.cuni.cz/muzeum/kranio.html
• Personal archiv