Crash Dummies

Transcription

Crash Dummies

Crash Dummies
Prof. Dr. Jac Wismans,
SAFETEQ, The Netherlands
Chalmers University Gothenburg, Sweden
International Course on Transportation Planning and Road Safety, IIT Delhi, India, 30 November -7h December, 2014
Contents
 Introduction to crash test dummies
 Crash dummy design
requirements and specifications
 Injury criteria and instrumentation
 Current crash dummies and their
application
 New crash dummies
 Future trends
Models in Impact Biomechanics
 Volunteers
 Human cadavers
(PMHS)
 Living and dead
animals
 Mechanical models
(crash dummies)
 Mathematical
models
Crash Testing
 Need for objective and
reproducible assessment of
risk at injury in typical crash
 Tests for frontal, side, rear, rollover, pole impacts and
collisions with pedestrians
Crash Dummies
 The risk at injury is
measured by
anthropomorphic test
device (crash test
dummy)
 Needs to be humanlike
and contain meaningful
measurements
 Injury risk is related to
injury assessment
reference values (limits)
Crash Dummy Requirements
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Simplicity
Anthropometry
Biofidelity
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Sensitivity
Durability
Handling & Costs
Simplicity
 Loading device
 Loading device & kinematics
Increasing
 Loading device & kinematics & dynamics complexity
Rigid impactor
Body segment impactor
Full body dummy
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Simplicity
Anthropometry
Biofidelity
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Sensitivity
Durability
Handling & Costs
Anthropometry
Anthropometry
 Represents average / most
vulnerable occupant
 50th percentile adult male
(average), 5th female
and 95th male (extremes)
 Children
 Covers ‘automotive’
population
 Age 18 - 70 for adults
 Age 0 - 10 for children
Anthropometry
 Age affects dimensions and mass (distribution)
© CCFA
Anthropometry
 Dimensions and weight differ from region to region
50th Male
Jurgens
UMTRI
RAMSIS Database
US/
Japan/SAE,
Japan
Common IHRA
sources are Hanes,
UMTRI (US),
Method 5
50th
Canada US (prop) Germany
Korea
(prop)
HQL (Japan/Korea)
and
Jürgens
databases
1754
1753
1755
1765
1771
1695
1689
0
-1
1
11
17
-59
-65
software
Sit t inErgonomic
g Height
921
911 RAMSIS
917
923
931
921
911
Body Meas urement
St at ure
0
Chest widt h
Hip Breadt h (s it t ing)
Body Mass
-10
312
10t h rib
347
322
-25
Iliocris tale
76.7
-4
296
2
313
10
308
0
300
-10
311
339
-8
353
6
351
4
326
-21
340
-7
72.7
82
79.2
66.6
64.8
Anthropometry
 Dimensions of body
segments:
 Length
 Width
 Depth
 Circumference
 Joint range of Motions
Anthropometry
 Location of joints &
anatomical landmarks
 Occipital Condyles, Hpoint, etc.
 Inertia properties
 Mass, location of CG
 MoI, principal axes
 Surface (3D) information
 ‘Golden shell’,
internal structures
(e.g. pelvis bone)
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Simplicity
Anthropometry
Biofidelity
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Sensitivity
Durability
Handling & Costs
Biofidelity
 Biofidelity is human likeness in
impact conditions (dynamic
stiffness)
 Based on real (scaled and/or
normalised) human or animal
data
 Defined for each vital body
area and for specific loading
direction
Biofidelity
 Rated excellent, good, moderate, poor
 Dummy kinematics
 Deformation of dummy and internal
loads
 Loading of vehicle interior and
restraint system
 Assessment
 Comparison of dummy response and
biofidelity response requirements
 EEVC, ISO, NHTSA
Biofidelity
 Response requirements
 Volunteer/cadaver/animal
subjects
 Representative loading
 Multiple tests
 Sub-injury level (< AIS 2)
Pelvis 23.4 kg impactor
tests @ 4.3 m/s
Force - time responses
Biofidelity
Normalisation of results
 Response corridor as dummy design specification
Response
corridor
Measured responses
Normalised responses
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Simplicity
Anthropometry
Biofidelity
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Sensitivity
Durability
Handling
Costs
Repeatability
 Repeated tests on the same dummy gives same
results
 Coefficient of Variation: CoV = SD/mean
 CoV = 5% good
 CoV= 10% acceptable
 Cumulative variance
 Mean Cadaver Resp.
T
CV   [a1(t )  a 2(t )]2
 Cadaver Cum. Var.
t 1
1 n
 Dummy Cum. Var.
MCR   ai (t )
n i 1
1 T n
CCV 
 [ai(t )  MCR (t )]2
n  1 t 1 i 1
Reproducibility
 Same tests on dummies of
identical design gives equal
results
 Important requirement for
regulatory test devices
 Dummy certification
 Prescribed response to
standard stimulus
 10 tests or exceeding of
limits
Certification tests for the EUROSID-1
side impact dummy
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Simplicity
Anthropometry
Biofidelity
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Sensitivity
Durability
Handling & Costs
Sensitivity
 Dummies must be
sensitive to changes in
parameters related to
injury mechanisms
 Dummies must not be
sensitive to changes in
external parameters
 Temperature, humidity
 Dummies must not be
over-sensitive to small
changes in loading
(speed, impact angle)
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Simplicity
Anthropometry
Biofidelity
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Sensitivity
Durability
Handling & Costs
Durability
 Dummies should withstand
20-100 tests@50% overload
 50 km/h unrestrained crash
 Often conflicts with other
requirements e.g. fleshsimulating materials
 strong / high tearing
resistance (durability)
 low stiffness (biofidelity)
 not sensitive to UV,
temperature, humidity
(sensitivity)
Durability versus Biofidelity
Child dummy in ISO
static OOP airbag test
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Simplicity
Anthropometry
Biofidelity
Repeatability
Reproducibility
Sensitivity
Durability
Handling & Costs
Handling
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“Time is money”
Easy assembly and disassembly
Metric units
Use of standardized tools and
sensors
 Easy access to sensors and
dummy adjustments
 DAS
‘WorldSID’
dummy with
in-dummy DAS
Costs
 Requirements increase costs
 Development / prototype
 Sales price dummy / spare parts
 Instrumentation
 Handling / tests / certification
 Hybrid-III 50th percentile male:
75.000 US$ (incl. instrumentation)
 WorldSID: 250.000 US$ (incl.
instrumentation)!
Contents
application
 Trends in dummy design
Injury Criteria
 Human mechanical resistance
 Varies with age, body-weight, state of health
 Variations apply for every body part
 Injury criteria
 Physical (measurable) parameters
 Correlate with injury
© CCFA
Injury Criteria: tolerance values
Bo d y p a rt
Ac c e le ra tio n
He a d
C. G .
H IC= 1 0 0 0
(2 00 g )
Sp i n e
Th o ra c ic
T 1 2 /TT I= 9 0 g
Th o ra x
C. G .
6 0 g /3 m s
la t. rib
TTI = 9 0 g
Dis pla c e m e n t
Lo w e r e x t r .
Be n d i n g m o m e n t
Ce r v i c a l
4000 N
Lu m b a r
12700 N
Ce r v i c a l 3 8 0 N m
Lu m b a r 1 2 3 5 N m
St e r n u m
75mm
l a t .ri b
42 m m
V *C = 1 . 0 m /s
Ab d o m e n
Pe lv is
Fo r c e
Ou t s i d e
4500 N
in s ide
2500 N
Sa c r u m
130 g
Pu b ic
s y m ph .
6000 N
Kn e e 1 5 m m
Fe m u r
10000 N
Kn e e
5000 N
Fe m u r 3 6 6 N m
Ti b i a
2 4 4 Nm
Injury Criteria
 Instrumentation
 Measurement of criteria
and more
 Performance criterion
range +50% overload
 Resistance to high
accelerations
 ISO standards for filter
class
Sensors of 50th percentile male Hybrid-III dummy
Contents
application
 Future trends
Crash Test Dummy History 1
More than half a century of advances.
1950’s –
1970’s
1980’s
Crash Test Dummy History 2:
THOR
1983
Q Dummy's
1995
1996
1997
1998
BIORID
WorldSID
POLAR
Ongoing crash dummy developments
not included in regulations (yet).
2012
Current Crash Dummies
 Approval of safety belts and restraint systems
for adult occupants of power driven vehicles
(ECE Regulation 16, EU Directive 82/319)
TNO-10 belt
test device
 Assessment of pedestrian
protection according to
EEVC WG17 test procedure
(EuroNCAP)
Pedestrian
adult, child
head and
upper leg
forms
 Protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event
of a frontal impact (ECE R94, EU Directive 96/27/EC)
50th
percentile
male
Hybrid-III
dummy
 Protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event of
a side impact (ECE R95, EU Directive 96/27/EC)
50th percentile male
EUROSID-2 (ES-2) dummy
 Safety performance of child restraint devices (ECE R44
and consumer tests)
Child dummies
P0, P3/4, P3, P6, P10
Contents
application
 Future trends
New Crash dummies in EEVC WG12
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Frontal impact dummies (THOR)
Side impact dummies (WorldSID)
Rear-end impact dummies (BioRID)
Child dummies (Q family)
Contents
application
 Future trends
Trends in Dummy Design
 Increased biofidelity
 Increased instrumentation
 More emphasis in low cost injuries
in stead of severe injuries
 Dummies for vulnerable road
users
 Multi-directional injuries: Q child
dummies
 Virtual dummies (computer
models)
Trends in Dummy Design
Multi-directional dummies
 Q-child dummies for front and side impact
Three-year old Q3
dummy in a ISO side
CRS test
Discussion and Conclusions
 Almost 50 years of dummy R&D
 Overview of dummy requirements and dummy developments
has been given
 Most dummy’s designed for special impact directions/impact
modes
 Future trends:
 Increased measurements capabilities
 Increased biofidelity, repeatability and reproducibility
 Muscle activity in dummies (active dummies)
 Multi-directional dummies
 Virtual testing (virtual dummies and human body models)
Questions?

Crash Dummies

Transcription

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