First Nations jurisdiction over education

Transcription

First Nations jurisdiction over education
spring 2008
tm
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE
OF THE BC COLLEGE OF TEACHERS
First Nations
jurisdiction
over education
Meeting the demand for French language teachers
Call for nominations for council members
First Nations principal Greg Louie
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spring 2008
contents
features
FIRST NATIONS CONTROL OVER FIRST NATIONS EDUCATION
First Nations are in the process of establishing standards
for educators, certifying teachers and developing curriculum
under the terms of a new legislative agreement
6
PARLEZ-VOUS FRANCAIS?
Education partners are working together to recruit
and retain more French language teachers in BC
12
CALL FOR NOMINATIONS
New Council members are needed for zones 1, 3,
8 and 10
27
IN FOCUS: SERVING HIS COMMUNITY
in every issue
Greg Louie heads up Maaqtusiis School in the First
Nations community where he was born and raised
Letter from the Chair
4
Letter from the Registrar
5
Ask the College
11
Discipline case summaries
17
Informal PISC resolutions
19
In brief
21
28
EDITORS’ NOTE
In the winter 2007 issue of TC magazine, we included an article on
the boundary issues associated with Facebook, and we asked for
your thoughts on this popular social networking site. We received
close to 100 responses to our online questionnaire. Due to space
constraints, we were unable to include a summary of the lively discussion generated by the article. The summary will be included in
the summer 2008 issue of TC, along with a new case study and set
of questions for your consideration.
tm
The object of the College
It is the object of the College to establish, having regard to
the public interest, standards for the education, professional responsibility and competence of certificate holders
and applicants for certificates of qualification and, consistent
with that object, to encourage the professional interest of
certificate holders in those matters.
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE
OF THE BC COLLEGE OF TEACHERS
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Please send a summary of your proposed article by email to:
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TC MAGAZINE
Teachers at BC’s independent schools
bring their professionalism, energy
and dedication to the job every day.
S U M M E R / FA L L 2 0 0 7
independent schools
Letter from the Chair
A message from the Chair
Summer
Courses
for
Educators
Three substantial pieces of business at the College have come to fruition. First, the College
has officially concluded negotiations with the Ministry of Education in Alberta to establish
a common set of certification requirements as required under the Trade, Investment and
Labour Mobility (TILMA) agreement. In December 2007, following the signing of the
Memorandum of Agreement for the Teaching Profession between British Columbia and
Alberta, Council gave notice of motion for changes to College bylaws that would reflect
the agreement. In February 2008, after considering feedback from partner groups, the
revisions to the bylaws were approved by council and forwarded to the Ministry of Education.
The agreement is effective April 1, 2008.
Second, I am pleased to report that the College Council approved a new set of Standards
for teachers in BC. Over the last two years, the College has reviewed and redrafted the
langley
Introduction to Teaching English
as a Second Language
EDUC 268: David Lindsay
May 20 – June 26; T & Th: 6:30 – 9:30 pm
The Inklings and Friends: C.S. Lewis,
J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen
Barfield, and Dorothy L. Sayers
ENGL 390: Stephen Dunning
July 1 –18; T – F
Christian Approaches to
Teaching and Pedagogy
EDUC 540: Elaine Brouwer (3 sh)
July 2 – 11; 8:30 am – 12:45 pm, with two
additional sessions from 1:30 – 3:30 pm
existing Standards based on numerous meetings with, and much writted feedback from,
our education partner groups. The revised Standards can be found on our website at
www.bcct.ca and will be highlighted in the next edition of TC.
Finally, Council recently commissioned an external audit of College operations and
we’ll be reviewing the report this year. The report includes the following comparison of
annual fees charged by the province’s other self-regulating bodies:
Annual fees of other self-regulating bodies:
Educators
$ 90
Licensed practical nurses
225
Registered nurses
350
Professional engineers
279
Occupational therapists
350
Forest professionals
356
Worldview Foundations of
Educational Leadership
Dental technicians
548
Pharmacists
645
EDUC 620: Dr. Lee Hollaar (3 sh)
July 2 – 11; 8:30 am – 12:45 pm, with two
additional sessions from 1:30 – 3:30 pm
Physical therapists
350
Architects
860
TWU campus; Note: Some pre–reading required.
victoria
The College has also compared its staffing levels with those of similar organizations. The
College of Registered Nurses of BC has 70 employees for 35,000 members (1 employee
Developing Educational Programs
EDUC 623: Dr. Robert Koole (3 sh)
July 2 – 11; 8:30 am – 12:45 pm, with two
additional sessions from 1:30 – 3:30 pm
Victoria, BC; Note: Some pre–reading required.
per 500 members or 1:500), the Ontario College of Teachers has 162 employees for
204,000 members (1:1,259) and the BC College of Teachers has 42 employees for 65,000
members (1:1,548).
As the Council considers the entire report, this information should assure our members
that the College remains committed to providing College members with good value for
their membership fees.
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Langley, British Columbia
4
RICHARD WALKER
– CHAIR
Letter from the Registrar
A message from the Registrar
The College has been working at the provincial, national and international levels on the global phenomenon of labour mobility.
This refers to the freedom of workers to practise their occupation wherever opportunities exist. Countries around the world are
entering into labour mobility agreements to promote economic and social progress. In fact, the freedom of movement for persons
from one jurisdiction to another is one of the founding principles of the European Union.
In December 2007, the College signed the Memorandum of Agreement for the Teaching Profession between Alberta and British
Columbia, allowing two-way labour mobility for teachers under the Trade, Investment, Labour and Mobility Agreement (TILMA).
TILMA is Canada’s most comprehensive interprovincial trade agreement, but it is only one of many.
The Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT) was signed in 1994 by the Government of Canada and the provincial and territorial governments to make it easier for people, investments and services to move across Canada. The AIT states that any qualified worker
in an occupation in one province or territory must be granted access to similar employment opportunities in any other Canadian
jurisdiction. It targets three main barriers that prevent or limit the interprovincial movement of workers: residency requirements;
practices related to occupational licensing, certification and registration; and differences in occupational standards.
In 1999, the registrars for teacher certification in Canada entered into an “agreement-in-principle” to conform to the provisions
of Chapter 7 of the AIT aimed at reducing barriers to teacher mobility. This agreement-in-principle allows any teacher who holds
a certificate in one province or territory to have access to teacher certification in any other province or territory. This, in turn,
allows for employment opportunities across Canada.
The registrars have been working since 1999 to facilitate the reconciliation of standards for the profession so that they could
enter into a mutual recognition agreement. This has been a challenge. Education in Canada is a provincial/territorial responsibility
and teacher certification remains within the jurisdiction of each province or territory. The policies and practices of jurisdictions
have evolved over time in response to political, societal and technological changes and are not easily changed.
In BC and Ontario, the responsibility for teacher certification rests with a College of Teachers, a professional regulatory body
created by legislation. In all other provinces and territories, teacher certification is the responsibility of the Ministry/Department
of Education. This discrepancy, in itself, has created its own set of challenges because of the different philosophies that were used
to set policy and practice in each jurisdiction.
The question to answer is this: how do we, as a professional College, develop a mutual recognition agreement for the teaching
profession in Canada that honours the teacher certification policy and practices of the provinces/territories and protects the public
interest mandate of the College? There has been a great deal of discussion. As a result, I have on my desk a draft agreement that
follows a series of previous drafts. The latest draft provides for more transparency by articulating within each jurisdiction a set of
minimum requirements that allows for mobility and access to employment and the requirements of each province/territory for
unconditional certification. This agreement is not yet fully compliant with the AIT but includes a commitment by the provinces and
territories to “continue to work toward establishing a higher degree of commonality in requirements without the use of accommodation mechanisms.”
The next meeting of the registrars takes place in June 2008, when further discussion and debate will occur. I will provide you
with updates in future editions of TC.
–
SPRING 2008
– REGISTRAR
5
TC MAGAZINE
MARIE CROWTHER
FEATURE – First Nations control over First Nations education
First Nations control over
First Nations education
TC MAGAZINE
–
SPRING 2008
It’s been a long journey from the days of the residential schools that removed First Nations
children from their families and communities. Now, new legislation gives BC’s First Nations
responsibility for overseeing the education of their students at First Nations schools – a change
that is hoped will usher in a new generation of student success.
6
QUALIFICATIONS
December 12, 2006 was an historic day. It was then that Bill C-34 received royal assent in the Senate and passed
into law. The First Nations Jurisdiction Over Education in British Columbia Act was described by the Honourable
Jim Prentice, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, as “some of the most important legislation
that has ever seen the inside of the House of Commons in terms of the future of Aboriginal communities. This
legislation is what will drive healthy young people, healthy communities...and will make this country a much
better place.”
One year later, the First Nations Education Act was passed in the BC Legislature, formalizing the province’s
recognition that First Nations communities should have jurisdiction over education from kindergarten to
grade 12 on reserves.
For Nathan Matthew, a member of the negotiating team, First Nations control over education is a crucial
step in the movement towards self-governance. “Beginning in the early 1970s, schools were established on
reserves that were controlled by First Nations,” he says. “But these schools still operated under the Indian Act.
The new legislation removes First Nations from the education sections of the Indian Act and recognizes the
movement toward self-governance.”
The legislation empowers First Nations communities to create two new legal entities that will oversee education. “Band councils can delegate their legal authority over education to a Community Education Authority,”
says Matthew, “which has powers similar to the Ministry of Education. And we’ll also create a provincial body,
the First Nations Education Authority, to take responsibility for establishing standards for educators, certifying
teachers and schools, developing curriculum and creating graduation requirements comparable to those of
the Dogwood Diploma.”
Developing standards for educators
The First Nations Education Authority will be responsible for establishing standards for educators working
in First Nations schools. Sue Gower, principal of Chalo School near Fort Nelson, has been a key player in
developing the new standards. “We knew that if we wanted our schools to be better, we needed to improve
the level of instruction in the classroom. One way to work towards this was to create a new set of standards
as a benchmark for educators in First Nations schools. So a core working group got together to revise the
College’s standards in light of First Nations criteria.”
Each of the new standards includes a set of competencies and performance indicators that outline expectations for educators. In Gower’s view, these standards blend the best of the BC College of Teachers standards
7
TC MAGAZINE
–
SPRING 2008
with the cultural values of First Nations communities.
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The standards are also integrally connected to life in the classroom. Barb
Kavanagh, Director of Research at the First Nations Education Steering Committee,
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dard might look like in practice. For example, under the performance indicator
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that honours First Nations people and communities
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Understanding that Elder involvement is critical to establishing a school context
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Consulting with Elders and community representatives to address concerns
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Validating Elders’ knowledge by paying honoraria or providing gifts, if appro-
TC MAGAZINE
–
SPRING 2008
priate according to community and school protocols
8
QUALIFICATIONS
“These standards will enable teachers in First Nations communities – no matter what their background – to understand
the context and culture of education in that particular area,” says Gower.
An important element of the standards is a formalized process to ensure ongoing professional development. Each educator in a First Nations school will be required to develop an annual professional growth plan that clearly articulates how
they will strengthen their competencies in a specific area. And regional principals will be responsible for assisting local
principals in coaching and mentoring teachers to help them grow and develop professionally.
The standards are still under review. All First Nations principals met in Vancouver in late February to see the standards
for the first time; the standards and their associated process for professional development will be piloted in a select number
of schools next year.
Certifying teachers in First Nations schools
Another element of jurisdiction is teacher certification, which is currently overseen by the BC College of Teachers. Under
the legislation, the First Nations Education Authority will have the power to grant certificates of qualification to educators
working in First Nations schools. According to Gower, this will enable First Nations schools to issue certificates to individuals who may not meet the qualification requirements of the College, but who offer a depth of experience unavailable
elsewhere.
“If I felt one of our educational assistants met the fitness and eligibility requirements, I could grant her a certificate to
teach in my school. She would also have to follow the professional growth plan, so if there were areas of weakness, I as
her principal might require that she complete long-distance courses or other professional development activities.”
Next steps
It’s up to individual First Nations communities to decide whether they want to opt in to the new system and take control
9
TC MAGAZINE
–
SPRING 2008
of the education of their children. Close to 50 communities have indicated that they are interested in opting in, and of these,
QUALIFICATIONS
13 are currently negotiating funding agreements with the federal government.
“First Nations jurisdiction over education is
not a fait accompli,” says Matthew. “Funding
remains a real challenge. Our schools have
been underfunded by 20 to 25 percent
compared to similar public schools. We’re
hoping to get a funding agreement in place
this year.”
There are many details that still need to
be resolved. Yet everyone involved is hopeful that the new system will provide the
basis for offering on-reserve First Nations
children a quality and relevant educational
experience that reflects their unique culture
and history. As Nathan Matthew says, “We
strongly believe that the quality of education in the classrooms will increase when
we can place responsibility for education in
the hands of parents and communities.”
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TC MAGAZINE
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Ask the College
Ask
the College
Many of our members have questions about TILMA. The Memorandum of Agreement
for the Teaching Profession (or Teacher Mobility Agreement (TMA)), signed in November
2007, allows teachers to move more easily between Alberta and British Columbia. The
TMA outlines a common set of requirements for certification and requires that, after
April 1, 2008, new processes and procedures be in place in both Alberta and BC. The
following questions reflect recent member queries. Further information on the TMA
and new requirements can be found on the College website at www.bcct.ca.
What was the process that resulted in the final Teacher
and BC representatives signed. The College shared
Mobility Agreement?
copies with education partners, and on December 17,
In April 2006, the governments of BC and Alberta signed
2007, a joint media release between the BC College of
the Trade, Investment and Labour Mobility Agreement
Teachers and the BC government announced the Teacher
(TILMA) to eliminate employment barriers between the
Mobility Agreement.
two provinces by April 1, 2009. At the public College
Council meeting on June 1, 2006, the Registrar reported
on the signing of that agreement, and a brief announcement regarding TILMA was printed in the fall 2006 issue
of TC magazine.
College representatives began meeting with Alberta
I currently hold an interim certificate from the BC
College of Teachers. Is it true that I may qualify for a
non-expiring certificate? What is the process to receive a
non-expiring certificate?
After April 1, 2008, course requirements for all applicants
counterparts, representatives of ministries from both
for a BC College of Teachers certificate will change.
provinces and BC education partner groups to discuss
Some of the courses specified in the initial evaluation for
the agreement’s implementation. Meetings with partners
certification in BC may no longer be required. If you are
were held in November 2006, January 2007 and April 2007.
an interim certificate holder whose certificate expires
Between meetings, the College and education partners
June 30, 2008, you should have already received corre-
shared and exchanged written materials and feedback
spondence from the College. The correspondence asked
regarding the ramifications for teachers and recommen-
that you complete an enclosed form and return it to the
dations pertaining to certification requirements.
College. This form indicates to College evaluators that
Throughout the process, information on TILMA was
you want your qualifications re-assessed and your status
reported in the winter 2006, summer/fall 2007 and winter
updated. If your interim certificate expires June 30, 2008,
2007 issues of TC magazine, and updates were announced at
and you have not received correspondence on this matter,
the public Council meetings held in October and December
please contact the College. If your interim certificate expires
2006 and in February and April 2007.
in 2009, the College will contact you in due course.
In June 2007, based on feedback received from education partner groups, the Council approved 13 recommendations, which formed the College’s position for further
Do you have a question about the College?
negotiations with Alberta. The result of the negotiations was
–
SPRING 2008
Please email us at: [email protected]
11
TC MAGAZINE
a set of principles used to develop the TMA, which Alberta
FEATURE – Parlez-vous francais? Addressing the demand for French language teachers
Parlez-vous francais?
Addressing the demand for French language teachers
TC MAGAZINE
–
SPRING 2008
The advocacy organization Canadian Parents for French says that there “is no
greater challenge for French Immersion and Core French than the current and
growing teacher shortage.” So what’s being done to ease the pressure?
12
QUALIFICATIONS
French Immersion is hot. Each spring seems to bring with it stories of parents camping out to secure a space for
their children in kindergarten or reports of lottery systems to decide which students will be admitted into increasingly popular French Immersion programs.
Between 1995 and 2006, there was a 32 percent increase in French Immersion enrolment, even as total enrolment in the public system declined by 3.5 percent. There was a 40 percent increase in the number of students
enrolled in schools in the conseil scolaire francophone program (which provides instruction for students whose
first language is French). And it’s likely that these numbers would be even higher were it not for the difficulty
districts face recruiting and retaining French-speaking teachers.
How serious is the problem? A research report published in November 2007 by Canadian Parents for French
suggests that BC will need an additional 300 bilingual teachers by 2010. In a labour market assessment study
conducted by the BC Public School Employers’ Association (BCPSEA), school districts across the province stated
that when trying to fill positions for French language teachers, qualified candidates were in short supply, applicants
had minimal qualifications or districts had concerns about the quality of the candidates.
Further complicating the issue is the high turnover rate among French language teachers. “Many young teachers
move to BC without really knowing what they’re getting into,” says Ron Pound, seconded director of human resources
at the BCPSEA. “They may find themselves in remote areas and can feel quite isolated because of cultural and
language issues. As a result, many leave their positions.”
Mohamed Chelali, coordinator of French programs and services at the BCTF, suggests that the situation is even
more acute for teachers in the francophone program, where annual turnover can be as high as 25 percent. “Some
of these teachers are moving to French Immersion programs, but others are leaving the profession or returning
home. The teaching environment can be quite stressful, particularly at the secondary level where they often have
to teach many subjects with no additional prep time or in some remote communities where they must teach
multi-grade classes at the elementary level.”
The demand for French language teachers is likely here to stay. Parents continue to embrace French Immersion
programs for their children. And as part of the Federal Action Plan on Official Languages, the province is hoping
to double the number of students graduating with a bilingual Dogwood by 2013. Unless a coordinated and integrated approach is used to both recruit and retain French language teachers, we’ll continue to hear of shortages
13
TC MAGAZINE
–
SPRING 2008
in this particular area.
Recruiting French language teachers
Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted strategy. The BCPSEA is creating an
online recruitment portal to make it easier
for districts to recruit new teachers, including
French language specialists, while providing
teachers with a much better understanding
of the district to which they are applying.
Accessible at www.makeafuture.ca starting
in the spring of 2008, the website will enable
school districts to list all open positions and
differentiate and market themselves to
applicants. Those seeking positions can post
their resumes and other documents for
evaluation by potential employers. And the
recruitment site will also make it easier for
qualified teachers around the world to apply
for positions here in BC.
“The portal – along with other workforce
planning tools we’re developing – will help
districts address some of the shortages
Healthy, active students are better learners.
they’re facing in specific areas, such as
French language teachers,” says Pound. He
also believes this tool will help prospective
teachers make more informed choices about
> A free, easy-to-use, interactive
where they are seeking work, which should
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Districts looking for French language teachers must often look beyond BC’s borders. The
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the government to hire teachers from France.
And Simon Fraser University (SFU) has
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preferences and physical abilities
with two universities in France in the hopes
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SPRING 2008
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–
TC MAGAZINE
that this will encourage some students to stay
and work in BC.
Supported by
What about looking closer to home? Many
observers point out that attrition is perhaps
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14
recently established an exchange program
QUALIFICATIONS
less likely to be an issue for French speakers already living in BC. Students themselves represent a large pool of
potential French teachers, and many educators are encouraging graduates of French Immersion programs or the
francophone program to pursue careers in education. Since 2003, SFU has doubled the number of seats in the
French module for its professional development program, with 64 students studying in French and completing
practicums in Core French, French Immersion or the francophone program. The university’s Bachelor of Arts in
Political Science and French enables students to take three-quarters of their courses in French, providing a “great
bridge for French Immersion students who wish to continue their studies in French and perhaps eventually
complete the teacher education program,” says Danielle Arcand of SFU’s Office of Francophone and Francophile
Affairs.
Making it easier to retain French language teachers
Recruitment is only half the equation. Retention is essential, and to that end, the BCPSEA is working with school
districts to develop integrated strategies for retaining teachers. This currently involves encouraging districts to
think about their employment value proposition, and, starting in the fall of 2008, will incorporate training and
capacity development programs.
Recent changes to qualification requirements have also made it easier to retain educators who completed their
teacher training in other provinces. In the past, a teacher needed to have two secondary teaching areas to obtain
a BC College of Teachers certificate of qualification. Because many Quebec education programs only focused on
one teaching area, teachers from Quebec needed to complete academic studies and methodology for a second
area if they wished to stay in BC beyond the four years of their first certificate. This requirement has since been
removed for all teachers, thus lifting a major obstacle for retaining French educators. In addition, those teaching
in the French language no longer need to demonstrate proficiency in English in order to keep their certificates –
a change that also supports francophone teachers wanting to stay in BC.
School districts across the province – and particularly those in less populated areas – are facing significant
challenges in recruiting and retaining qualified French language teachers. As with other areas of shortage, no
one organization has the power to immediately change the situation. What’s clear is that with the increasing popSPRING 2008
ularity of French Immersion, all educational partners need to continue working together to ensure BC students
15
TC MAGAZINE
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have the opportunity to receive a quality education in French.
In the winter 2007 issue of TC, we published biographical profiles of the members of the College Council.
Here is the profile for Councillor Peter Grimmett,
who was appointed in an open-ended term starting
November 1, 2007.
Peter Grimmett
Councillor Grimmett is a professor of education
in the faculty of education at Simon Fraser
University. A former associate dean, he also
serves as director of the Institute for Studies in
Teacher Education. He has published 40 refereed
journal articles and written 8 books and 38 chapters in books. He served on the SSHRC Education
Committee from 1996-1998 (as a member for two
years and a chair for one) and as assistant program
chair for Division K of the AERA conference in 1997.
He was president of the Canadian Association for
Teacher Education (1988-90) and currently serves
as a member of the Canada Research Chairs’
College of Reviewers and as the associate editor
of two international journals. Mr. Grimmett holds
teaching certificates from the UK, Alberta and
BC, taught for a total of eight years before
becoming an academic, and has been a member
of the College since its inception.
F A LL IN S T IT U T E
October 2008
The Legislative Assembly of
British Columbia offers an
exciting professional
development program for British Columbia
teachers in elementary, middle and high
school. Come to your Parliament Buildings
in Victoria and learn about parliamentary
democracy and the political process.
Eighteen teachers will be selected to
participate and experience B.C.’s
parliamentary system first-hand, returning
to their schools and communities with an
enhanced understanding of democracy.
Deadline is June 30, 2008
SPRING 2008
For further information and to apply on-line,
please go to:
www.leg.bc.ca/bcti
TC MAGAZINE
–
Travel subsidies may be available for those
travelling great distances.
16
NEW! Your students can discover how the Britannia Mine
Water Treatment Plant is cleaning up the environment!
— experience the treatment plant in action —
— investigate the environmental issue and remediation —
— get hands-on with “real” science —
Best suited for grade 5 and above.
Book a tour: 1-800-896-4044 ext 226
Located at Britannia Beach on the Sea to Sky Highway:
40 minutes north of Vancouver 10 minutes south of Squamish
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Discipline case summaries
Mark Edward Dyck (Certificate issued 2000.06.20) admitted to professional misconduct. Mr. Dyck developed an inappropriate relationship with a
female student through email and engaged in a telephone conversation of a sexual nature with her. The communications included comments about
having sexual intercourse with her as well as sexual fantasies he had that involved her. On July 18, 2007, PISC approved the Consensual Resolution
Agreement and Mr. Dyck’s undertaking to allow his certificate to lapse and not to apply for reinstatement for a College teaching certificate for a
period of two years beginning July 1, 2007.
Michael Rickards Hernandez (Certificate issued 1988.01.01; cancelled in 2006 for non-payment of fees) admitted to conduct unbecoming a member. He
developed an inappropriate relationship with a female child participating in a theatrical program in which Mr. Hernandez was her instructor. During this
time, Mr. Hernandez referred to the female child as his “special friend” and shared private time with her in discreet locations within the facility. Mr.
Hernandez purchased and placed candies on parts of her face and removed them by using his mouth. He initiated greeting rituals that included rubbing
noses, rubbing chins and hugging one another. Mr. Hernandez admitted that his physical contact with the female child was inappropriate and sexual in
nature. He was criminally charged with one count of assault contrary to section 266 of the Criminal Code. Mr. Hernandez pled guilty and was convicted on
August 3, 2006. He was granted a conditional discharge following 18 months of probation. On July 18, 2007, PISC approved the Consensual Resolution
Agreement and Mr. Hernandez’s acceptance of a reprimand and his undertaking not to seek readmission to the College at any time in the future.
Member CR-A07-07 admitted to professional misconduct. In June 2006, prior to the Social Studies 11 provincial exam being administered, the member
told approximately ten students what the essay questions would be on the exam and what points to include in their responses. Students confirmed after
writing the exam that the essay questions were those the member had described. On July 18, 2007, PISC approved the Consensual Resolution Agreement
and determined that publication of the member's name be withheld as publication would cause grievous harm to the member and other parties.
Howard Wallace Lee (Certificate issued 1988.09.01) admitted to professional misconduct. Mr. Lee developed and engaged in a personal and inappropriate
relationship with a female international student. Mr. Lee gave the student a card bearing a personal handwritten message expressing his love for her,
corresponded with her through email, gave her gifts and engaged in French kissing with her on two separate occasions. On September 5, 2007, PISC
approved the Consensual Resolution Agreement and Mr. Lee's certificate of qualification was cancelled.
Member CR-A09-07, in his capacity as a substitute teacher’s assistant, held a student’s hand making her very uncomfortable and also told a male student
in the class that he looked sexy. In a further incident, the member inappropriately touched a female student by reaching into her back pocket as she leaned
over to put something away near his desk. On September 5, 2007, PISC approved the Consensual Resolution Agreement and the Member's undertaking to
participate in and successfully complete a College Boundary Violation workshop and to provide confirmation of registration and completion of the program
prior to December 31, 2007.
Member CR-A10-07 (Certificate cancelled in 2006 for non-payment of fees) acknowledged and accepted that his teaching methodology of identifying student's
ethnic backgrounds carried with it some risk in terms of offending individual student's ethnic sensitivities. While these risks can be mitigated by a teacher
through open and considerate communication and diligent respect for the student's individual feelings, a teacher who fails to take such positive steps as
are reasonable in the circumstances may be engaging in professional misconduct. The member acknowledged that it is the responsibility of each teacher
to ensure that their interactions with students are conducted in an ethical manner free from discrimination with regard to ethnicity. On October 1, 2007, PISC
agreed that the citation be rescinded and publication of the member's name be withheld due to his frail state of health and efforts to pursue medical treatment.
John Albert Johnson (Certificate issued 1991.06.03; cancelled in 2004 for non-payment of fees) admitted to conduct unbecoming a member. He was
charged with one count of sexual interference of a person under 14, one count of invitation to sexual touching and one count of sexual assault pursuant
SPRING 2008
to the Criminal Code. On November 7, 2006, Mr. Johnson pled guilty to the charge of sexual assault, was convicted and sentenced to 10 months in
jail and two years probation. On November 15, 2007, PISC approved the Consensual Resolution Agreement in which Mr. Johnson agreed to not be
17
TC MAGAZINE
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issued a Certificate of Qualification for an indeterminate period of time.
Discipline Case Summaries
Chi Yung Luu (Certificate issued 2004.09.01;
cancelled in 2006 for non-payment of fees)
admitted to conduct unbecoming a member
of the College. Mr. Luu was convicted by way of
a guilty plea on two sets of criminal charges:
1) In December 2005, Mr. Luu was charged in
Washington, USA with "voyeurism" arising
out of an incident where he was found to
have surreptitiously videotaped boys while
they were undressing in a change room at a
sports facility. 2) Upon news of the first
charges, a warrant was executed at Mr.
Luu's home in BC and he was charged with
possessing child pornography. On October 5,
2007, a Conduct Review Sub-Committee
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accepted the Statement of Agreed Facts and
Disposition and agreed that the College will
not issue Mr. Luu a College teaching certificate for an indeterminate period.
Member CRSC-A11-07 (Certificate issued
1993.05.19, cancelled in 2005 for non-payment
of fees) The member admitted that his
CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS | Free Teachers’ Resources
conduct amounted to conduct unbecoming
a member of the teaching profession. He
BRING THE REAL WORLD INTO YOUR CLASSROOM
was a teacher-on-call when he made statements that he may be a pedophile, that he
viewed child pornography and that he had
sexual fantasies and thoughts that involved
children. The member was also found guilty
of charges of assaulting his former common
NEW! You’re IN Business is the classroom
resource designed to exceed provincial
curriculum standards. Bring the big business
of insurance into your business studies class
in a new experiential way.
law partner and his son contrary to section
266 of the Criminal Code and received a conditional discharge with 12 months probation.
• 7 curriculum-ready lessons
• 21 student activities built-in
In addition, the member was ordered under
section 810 of the Criminal Code to not be in
possession of any weapons and to have no
• Developed for subjects in Business,
Law and Math
contact with his psychiatrist following his
arrest for uttering threats. On November 24,
2007, the Conduct Review Sub-Committee
found the member guilty of conduct unbecoming and agreed that the appropriate
penalty be that the member not be issued
SPRING 2008
a Certificate of Qualification for a period of
TC MAGAZINE
–
50 years.
18
Order all FREE resources at
www.career-connections.info
Case summaries of informal PISC resolutions
Case summaries
of informal PISC resolutions
The College receives reports and complaints from school districts, independent authorities, the public, members and the Ministry of
Attorney General. All new matters are reviewed by the Preliminary Investigation Sub-Committee (PISC), which is comprised of three
Council members, one of whom is a layperson.
A large portion of the cases are concluded through the College’s informal resolution process, which can be defined as an opportunity
to resolve a conduct or competence issue through a confidential process which includes professional reflection, understanding and commitment,
while protecting the public interest. In determining whether to proceed informally in a given case, PISC considers the nature of the conduct
or competence, any pattern or previous disciplinary record and the member’s response in any other proceeding related to the matter.
PISC develops a series of questions for the member’s written response that are relevant to the matters raised and that will elicit and
evoke insight and awareness regarding his or her professional role in the education system. Examples of cases considered by PISC and
concluded through the informal resolution process are summarized below.
Case I
The College received a report from a school district, in accordance with section 16(1) of the School Act, advising that it had suspended
a member for two days for the manner in which he disciplined a student who had been misbehaving.
The member noted that he had the attention of the entire class except for two boys, who were talking to each other. He waited a
moment and then approached the boys and attempted to separate them by moving one of the student’s chairs backwards.
The member did not realize that the boy was leaning forward and when he pulled the chair back, the boy fell off the chair and hurt
himself. The member asked the boy to sit back in his chair while he left the room to get some ice. He apologized to the student and
then called the student’s parent to explain what had occurred.
College records indicated that this member had previously been issued a letter of discipline by his employer for showing a video
deemed to be inappropriate for his grade 6 class and using inappropriate language during an activity. PISC had proceeded informally
in that matter and upon reviewing the member’s response, took no further action.
PISC considered the current matter and decided to proceed informally. The member was asked to respond in writing to the following
questions:
8
What insights have you gained since this most recent incident concerning the use of physical techniques in managing children’s
8
8
How might you conduct yourself differently in similar circumstances in the future?
behaviour?
What reassurances can you provide the College that this conduct will not be repeated?
The member wrote to PISC and acknowledged that his use of physical techniques was contrary to the educational climate he strove
to create in his classroom each year. He stated that his behaviour had the potential of undermining all of the positive gains he had
achieved with his students and, in addition, brought dishonour to his colleagues and the educational system as a whole.
The member stated that he recognized the need to regain some balance between his personal and professional perspectives and
voluntarily attended several workshops and some counselling sessions. If a similar situation arose in the future, he would slow down
the process of intervention and work with the student to respectfully seek a positive resolution.
He assured PISC that this error in judgment has weighed heavily on his conscience and he was disappointed in himself. The member
indicated that he had learned a great deal, both personally and professionally, and he looked forward to continuing to contribute to the
role teachers play in developing youth.
PISC reviewed the member’s response and determined to take no further action in the matter.
Case II
The College received a report from a school district, in accordance with section 16(1) of the School Act, advising that it had suspended
SPRING 2008
a member for 15 days for consuming alcohol during a school field trip of high school students.
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TC MAGAZINE
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Accompanied by other adults supervising the trip, the member left students unattended, went for lunch at a pub and consumed
Case summaries of informal PISC resolutions
alcohol. She consumed alcohol again mid-afternoon while students were left on their own and then on the trip home while in the presence
of students.
PISC considered the current matter and determined to proceed informally. The member was asked to respond in writing to the
following questions:
8 Please provide us with your written explanation regarding the impact of your conduct on
- Students in your care;
- Your colleagues in the educational community;
- Parents; and
- The school within the community setting.
8
What reassurances can you provide the College that this conduct will not be repeated?
The member expressed her remorse and sense of guilt over her conduct and acknowledged that she had been a negative role model
for students. She stated her understanding that teachers must act in the best interests of students at all times and that she may have
compromised that duty during the field trip. Parents must also feel that their children are safe in the hands of a teacher and must be
able to trust teachers to provide security and exhibit ethical behaviour. She acknowledged that she had betrayed that trust, a trust that
she described as crucial in the teaching profession.
The member further recognized that as student teachers were also present on this trip, she was an inappropriate role model for
them. She felt that she was misrepresenting the teaching profession that day and for that she was deeply regretful. She also acknowledged that the school and her employer were compromised by her behaviour and that inappropriate conduct over a period of one day
could cause damage to a reputation that was built over a number of years.
The member confirmed that she sought medical advice and attended counselling sessions in order to understand why this incident
occurred and to help prevent a recurrence. She emphasized that she has considered her actions to be shameful and assured the
College that the behaviour in question would never be repeated.
PISC reviewed the member’s response and determined to take no further action in the matter.
Immerse your class in an unforgettable
week of learning at the Aquarium.
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hk :ikbe 1 Zm /3,) & 03,)if' M^Z\a^kl Zk^ l^e^\m^] bg Cng^ _hk ma^ )1()2 l\ahhe r^Zk'
TC MAGAZINE
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SPRING 2008
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20
BRINGING
SCIENCE
FUN TO
YOU!
tm
in brief
Field trips to TELUS World
of Science, Science World
On the Road provincewide science shows
and teacher
resources:
we’re making
science a priority, at
no cost to students!
BC COLLEGE OF TEACHERS HOLDS CONFERENCE
The BC College of Teachers is holding a conference on November 20 and 21, 2008
in Vancouver. The conference will focus on Standards, with other sessions on certification, professional conduct and teacher education. More information will be
posted at www.bcct.ca.
NEW RICK HANSEN RESOURCE PACKAGE
Contact us
now to book
for the 2007/08
school year!
Call 604 · 443 · 7500
or 1· 800 · 363 ·1611
to find out more.
www.scienceworld.ca
Help engage your students in actions that make a difference in the lives of others
and encourage them to believe that anything is possible. This free program uses
Rick’s story to inspire dialogue and learning around the big ideas of social responsibility and the importance of creating a world that is inclusive and accessible for
people of all abilities. To register and receive additional program materials, visit
www.rickhansen.com/bcschools, email [email protected] or call
1.800.213.2131.
STUDENT AND TEACHER RESOURCES ON THE CBC ARCHIVES
The CBC Archives offer students and educators a variety of material for exploration.
The www.archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-68-753/arts_entertainment/mordecai_richler/
"Mordecai Richler Was Here page”, for example, has dozens of English and
French language TV and radio clips on this Canadian literary icon which make an
excellent resource for students of literature, French or Canadian social and
political history. The CBC Archives has a special section for teachers. Search the
topic index to find packages of information on a wide range of topics from the
history of the snowmobile to the Air India investigation. Visit www.archives.cbc.ca.
FOUR BC PRINCIPALS RECOGNIZED FOR OUTSTANDING WORK
Four BC administrators were recognized in January 2008 by the Learning
Partnership as some of Canada’s outstanding principals for 2008. David Betts of
Sooke school district, Carol MacWilliams from KLO Middle School in Kelowna,
Tarjeet Mann of Braefoot Elementary in Victoria and Curtis Schreiber from Rutland
Middle School in Kelowna received the award, along with 29 other principals from
across Canada. The Learning Partnership is a national not-for-profit organization
SPRING 2008
that champions public education.
21
TC MAGAZINE
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We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the
Province of British Columbia through the Ministry of
Education for BC PALS.
WORKSHOPS FOR HEARTSMART KIDS
The Heart and Stroke Foundation of BC and
Yukon offers free HeartSmart Kids curriculum programs. These programs encourage
elementary school children to make hearthealthy lifestyle choices in a fun and engaging
way within the main areas of heart facts,
healthy eating, active living and being smokefree. They link with the IRPs in the new Health
and Career Education and Physical Education
curricula. The free programs include an
Educator's Guide with lesson plans, a class
set of student magazines and classroom
posters. Educators receive these resources by
attending a free one-hour workshop offered
by the Heart and Stroke Foundation throughout the school year. The Foundation also caters
to professional days, district-wide conferences
and school requests. For more information,
call 1.888.473.4636 (ext. 364) or email
[email protected].
KELOWNA EDUCATOR WINS
Step Into the Wild
PRESTIGIOUS AWARD
The Governor General’s Award for Excellence
in Teaching Canadian History was awarded to
six recipients across Canada, including
Rhonda Draper from Glenmore School in
Take your class out for an
educational adventure and
discover the Wonderful World
of Animals!
Kelowna. Rhonda was recognized for her
development of the unit plan “Canada: On the
Wings of Our Song.” She believes that learning is accelerated through expressions of the
"musical voice" in young people, and she
exemplifies this teaching philosophy through
a focus on folk songs written from the perspectives of "workers, cowboys, campers, and
Adaptations, endangered species, web of life and
much more…
5048 – 264th Street
Aldergrove, BC
TC MAGAZINE
–
SPRING 2008
Exit #73 off Trans Canada HWY #1
Approximately 45 Minutes from Vancouver
22
NEW THIS YEAR - French programs are available!
Book your animal experience now by calling
604.856.6825 ext 26 or email [email protected] or for
more info go to www.gvzoo.com and click on education.
Dedicated to creating an educational environment that
encourages appreciation and concern about wildlife!
political leaders." Students learn about the
subject matter in the songs, and they can create their own songs and narratives to show
what they have learned about history and
music. Rhonda's commitment to her work
goes far beyond the classroom. She has
organized folk song singalongs, performs at
many local festivals and events, has produced
a CD and shares her unit with other schools.
SCHOOL SHOWCASE PROJECT
The BC College of Teachers is proud to celebrate the artistic talents of BC’s elementary and secondary students. Quarterly, we showcase the work of students in our
lobby and on our website. The students’ work may often be inspired by work of other
artists or may be original. Most recently, students in grades 8 through 12 from West
Point Grey Academy (Vancouver) participated in the program. If your school is interested in being part of the School Showcase Project, email [email protected] for
more details. The School Showcase Project is free of charge to participating schools.
Emma – Grade 9
West Point Grey Academy
Vancouver
We know how to
grab their attention.
Edward – Grade 12
West Point Grey Academy
Vancouver
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–
SPRING 2008
Boris – Grade 10
West Point Grey Academy
Vancouver
23
TC MAGAZINE
P^[
M^e
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Public Observatory & Astronomy Centre
Observatoire public et centre d'astronomie
Astronomically
exciting adventures…
Aventures astronomiques
passionnantes…
School Programs – Programmes scolaires
Professional Development –
développement professionnel
Mobile Planetarium Visits –
Visites du planétarium mobile
Video Conferencing – conférences vidéo
Science Demos – démonstrations scientifiques
5071 West Saanich – 250.363.8262
cu.hia-iha.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
BOOK YOUR TRIP TODAY!
When you engage your students’
imagination, you encourage
their creativity in all subject areas.
Open their eyes and minds to new
cultures, adventures and possibilities.
Bringing agriculture
together with health
and education.
Through BC Agriculture
in the Classroom programs and resources,
students can learn
about their food, their
environment, their
future.
TC MAGAZINE
–
SPRING 2008
Abbotsford Agriculture Centre
1767 Angus Campbell Road,
Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3
phone: 604.556.3088 fax: 604.556.3030
website: www.aitc.ca/bc
24
Coming Soon:
Horton Hears a Who - March 14
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian - May 16
Kung Fu Panda - June 6
CREATE A GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR CLASS DISCUSSION
AROUND AN INSPIRING AND FUN ENTERTAINMENT EXPERIENCE.
TO BOOK YOUR GROUP
CALL 1-800-313-4461 OR EMAIL
[email protected]
AND QUOTE 0408BC23
® Cineplex Entertainment LP or used under license.
IMAX® Is a registered trademark of IMAX Corporation
In Brief
MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY
K-12 SCHOOL PROGRAMS
The Museum of Anthropology in Vancouver
offers students opportunities to explore various cultural traditions through a series of
unique school programs. Discussion, observation, and hands-on experience with "touchables" are important components of these
programs, which range from 75 to 90 minutes,
and can accommodate up to 30 students. All
programs are led by trained Volunteer
Associates and community cultural workers.
For details, email [email protected], call
NEW FO
R
20 0 8 :
FRENCH
IMMERS
ION DAY
AND FA
LL DATE
S!
604.822.4643 or visit
www.moa.ubc.ca/programs
CANADIAN PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE’S
SCHOOLS PROGRAM LAUNCHES BEIJING
Enrichment Experience May 2008
2008 PARALYMPIC GAMES POSTER CONTEST
Canadian children can draw their way into
some great Team Canada sports clothes by
designing a poster for the 2008 Beijing
Paralympic Games. The creators of the top
three posters in the national contest will win
Bring history alive for your students through the
2008 Team Canada merchandise and clothing,
Barkerville
and have their posters hung in Petro-Canada
School Program
in grades four to eight, and entries must be
stations and in the Paralympic Village in
Beijing, China. The contest is open to students
sent by May 9 to: It’s The Real Deal, Canadian
Paralympic Committee; 85 Albert Street, Suite
Students will talk about
this trip until they
return with their own
children years later.
Dress up in your finest
1870’s clothes and join
the rush to our School
Program. It’s a unique
introduction to BC’s
history and museums.
Check out the activities
at www.barkerville.ca.
1401; Ottawa, ON K1P 6A4. For contest details,
go to www.paralympiceducation.ca.
Wells School Rentals
250-994-3330
[email protected]
SPRING 2008
The Hubs Motel
250-994-3313
www.wellsbc.com/hubs
Visitor Information
1-877-451-9355
www.wellsbc.com
–
The Bear’s Paw
1-866-994-2345
www.thebearspaw.ca
25
TC MAGAZINE
The Whitecap Motor Inn
250-994-3489
www.whitecapinn.com
Lower Mainland
Tutors Needed
We are looking for BC Certified Teachers for
one-to-one, in-home tutoring.Teachers are
required for all subjects and grade levels. To
apply, please forward your current resume, a
copy of your BC College of Teachers' Teaching
Certificate and two reference letters.
BC Certified Teachers
Needed
BC certified teachers needed in the Lower Mainland,
Campbell River and the Comox Valley for in-home
tutoring. Academic Advantage provides home support
for grades 1-12 (all subjects) including Special
Education, ESL, French Immersion, Provincial exam
prep and University exam prep. We especially need
senior math and science teachers. Please forward
your resume via email or fax.
King David High School
proudly presents
Erin Gruwell
Inspirational speaker, educator and catalyst for
social change whose story inspired the movie
“Freedom Writers”.
MAY 14, 2008 – 7:30 PM
RIVER ROCK RESORT, RICHMOND
Teachers' Tutoring Service
203 - 1929 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC, V6J 1Z3
tel. 604 730.3410 fax 604 730.3416
[email protected] www.tutor.bc.ca
EDUCATORS B&B
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Educators Hosting Educators Since 1986
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A division of PlasticWorks.ca
Notice of call for nominations
Do you need help implementing
the Guidelines
for Food
and Beverage Sales
in BC Schools?
Call Dial-A-Dietitian
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Call for nominations
604-732-9191
for council members
Toll-free in BC
1-800-667-3438
To find packaged and franchised
foods and beverages that meet
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An initiative of these BC Healthy Living Alliance members
Pursuant to Section 9 of the Teaching Profession Act, this is a call for nominations
for members of the BC College of Teachers to serve on the College Council.
This call for nominations applies to zones 1 (North Coast), 3 (South Central),
8 (Lower Mainland East) and 10 (Lower Mainland West). The end-of-term date
for Council members elected or acclaimed is July 31, 2011. To be eligible for
nomination to a position of zone representative, a person must hold a valid
College certificate of qualification.
Nomination forms are available at www.bcct.ca and from the College offices.
Completed nomination forms with original signatures must be received at the
College offices by 4:30 p.m. on April 16, 2008. Forms that are incomplete,
inaccurate or received after the above-stated deadline will not be accepted.
NOMINATIONS MUST:
1. Be made on the nomination form provided by the BC College of Teachers and
be proposed by ten members in good standing of the College, each of whom
Wanted!
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Teachers
holds a valid certificate and is employed or resides in that zone.
2. Include the candidate's written consent to the nomination.
3. Be filed with the Registrar by 4:30 p.m. on April 16, 2008.
Candidates consenting to stand for nomination should also include a brief
statement with their written consent. The statements will be posted on the
College website following the close of nominations and will be included with
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the mailed ballot. Statements of successful candidates will remain on the
website following the election. Before taking office, a person elected to the
Council must take and sign, by oath or by solemn affirmation, a prescribed
Oath of Office in accordance with section 9.1 of the Teaching Profession Act.
Visit www.bcct.ca to read the Oath of Office and for more information on
SPRING 2008
serving as a College Council member.
–
email: [email protected]
www.aas.ru
27
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Must be Certified
Minimum of two years experience
Two year contract
Average class: 12–18 students
Chartered by the Canadian, US
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in focus
boy whose father was taught by Louie when he first
began working at Maaqtusiis two decades ago.
As an experienced educator and administrator,
Louie is very involved in the First Nations Schools
Association (FNSA), an organization that provides
Greg Louie
Serving his community
resources and support for the province’s 131 First
Nations schools. He has been president of the FNSA
for the past seven years and is committed to sharing
best practices and mentoring other administrators
in First Nations schools. In recognition of his many
Greg Louie has deep roots in Ahousaht, an isolated village on Flores Island just
contributions to Aboriginal education, Louie received
north of Tofino. This is where he was born and raised, and it’s where he returned
the Deputy Ministers’ Pride and Recognition Award
when he completed his education degree from UBC more than 20 years ago.
from the federal government in 2004.
Louie was sent away for his education – first to a residential school and then to
For Louie, “education is a passion” and all forms
a public school in Victoria. Today, children in Ahousaht are educated in their home
of student success are worth celebrating. He’s
community in a school that celebrates the traditional culture of the Ahousaht
proud of the students who work hard, day after day,
Nation.
year after year, to pass their classes. He applauds
The Maaqtusiis School reflects the needs and values of its community. “Instead
the commitment of the many young mothers who
of French as a second language, our children learn our Ahousaht language,”
continue to attend school while raising their chil-
says Louie. “Our art program is based on the artistic expressions of our culture.
dren. And he acknowledges the difficulty that some
And we incorporate traditional songs, dances and prayers into the curriculum.”
students have attending school regularly. “Just last
Louie is clearly proud that he and several of the 20 teachers at the school are from
week,” he says, “a boy who has really struggled to
Ahousaht, as well as the dozen educational assistants and all administration
make it to school came in each day on time and
staff other than the vice principal.
and praised him for his effort. And then I sent him
Maaqtusiis reflects the values of Ahousaht. School closes when there’s a funeral
down to our local restaurant for a meal as a well-
in this tight-knit community, and on clear days in the fall, everyone, including
deserved reward.”
TC MAGAZINE
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SPRING 2008
schoolchildren, will head out on the ocean for salmon fishing.
28
attended all his classes. I called him into my office
Beyond curriculum and the local roots of the staff, there are other ways that
This spring marks a significant milestone for
Louie faced a steep learning curve when he became principal of Maaqtusiis 13
Ahousaht, as the community plans to break ground
years ago. “I was pretty green,” he says with a laugh. “On top of all the usual
on a new $8.6 million secondary school. Enrolment
duties of an administrator – overseeing staff, developing budgets, working with
at Maaqtusiis has grown each year and there are
our school board, addressing student discipline issues and the rest – I had to
plans for a new subdivision that Louie believes will
manage our accreditation process.” He’s since steered the school through three
encourage more members of the Ahousaht Nation
more accreditation reviews and has a close relationship with both staff and stu-
to return home. “Our school has played a strong role
dents. In fact, Louie’s known many of the school’s current secondary students
in the success of our community. And I’m proud to be
since they first entered kindergarten, and this June will see the graduation of a
a part of that.”
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Scary, exciting, dangerous, and liberating
Leadership Summit: Change Wars
October 5–8, 2008
Toronto (Richmond Hill), Ontario
Learn why traditional change strategies have failed and examine constructive
alternatives. Featuring Michael Fullan, Andy Hargreaves, Douglas Reeves,
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Ben Levin, James Spillane, and other experts.
Summit: Learning by Doing
October 15–18, 2008
Victoria, British Columbia
Discover how professional learning communities are vital to sustaining the
work necessary for positive change. Featuring Richard DuFour, Rebecca
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other experts.