analysis of media — situation in southern and eastern oblasts

Transcription

ANALYSIS OF MEDIA —
SITUATION IN SOUTHERN
AND EASTERN OBLASTS
OF UKRAINE
KYIV, 2016
«Analysis of the media situation in the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine» is the final
analytical product of qualitative and quantitative media monitoring, conducted by NGO «Institute of
Mass Media» and a social survey conducted by GFK Ukraine, supported by the Ukrainian Confidence
Building Initiative (UCBI), and funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID).
The study was prepared by:
The IMI expert commission - Oksana Romaniuk, Olena Holub, Roman Kabachiy, Jana Mashkova, and
IMI regional experts Zoya Krasovska (Dnipropetrovsk), Svitlana Aghajanian (Kramatorsk), Natalia Vyhovska (Zaporizhya), Serhiy Sakadynskyy (Severodonetsk), Julia Sushchenko (Odessa), and Anna Prokayeva (Kharkiv).
The expert commission of GFK Ukraine - Inna Volosevych, Tatiana Kostiuchenko, Anastasia Vitkovska,
Maryna Klochko.
Ukraine Confidence Building Initiative (UCBI) team: Oren Murphy, Yaropolk Tymkiv, Iryna Malysheva
Cover design, layout: Petro Klym, Olha Salo
Editor: Tetiana Romaniuk
Translators: Maria Dmytrieva, Dmytro Lysak
This study was prepared by NGO Institute of Mass Information (IMI) and GFK Ukraine company,
within the framework of the Ukrainian Confidence Building Initiative (UCBI). This study is made possible
by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of IMI and GFK Ukraine, and do not necessarily
reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
© IMI, UCBI, GFK Ukraine
CONTENTS
Methodology of media-monitoring in six regions of Ukraine..............................................................................4
DONETSK OBLAST
Main tendencies of media space ....................................................................................................................................8
Informational space of occupied territories.....................................................................................................9
Communities in social networks as source of information...................................................................... 10
Situation in media space of Kramatorsk......................................................................................................... 10
Results of quantitative analysis of Donetsk media................................................................................................ 11
Results of qualitative analysis of Donetsk media.................................................................................................... 12
Assessment of situation by local journalists............................................................................................................. 12
DNIPROPETROVSK OBLAST
Main tendencies of media space.................................................................................................................................. 16
Results of quantitative analysis of Dnipropetrovsk media.................................................................................. 17
Results of qualitative analysis of Dnipropetrovsk media..................................................................................... 18
ZAPORIZHZHYA OBLAST
Results of quantitative analysis of Zaporizhzhya media...................................................................................... 23
Results of qualitative analysis of Zaporizhzhya media......................................................................................... 24
LUHANSK OBLAST
Situation in the occupied territories................................................................................................................ 28
Social networks as the source of information for the occupied territories of Luhansk region�� 29
Informational situation on the non-occupied territory of Luhanska oblast..................................... 30
Results of quantitative analysis of Luhansk media................................................................................................ 31
Results of qualitative analysis of Luhansk media.................................................................................................... 32
ODESA OBLAST
Results of quantitative analysis of Odesa media.................................................................................................... 36
Results of qualitative analysis of Odesa media........................................................................................................ 37
KHARKIV OBLAST
Results of quantitative analysis of Kharkiv media.................................................................................................. 43
Results of qualitative analysis of Kharkiv media..................................................................................................... 44
SUMMARY OF MEDIA-POLL IN 6 OBLASTS — GFK UKRAINE...................................................................... 48
3
METHODOLOGY OF MEDIA-MONITORING IN SIX REGIONS OF UKRAINE
Geography of monitoring:
The monitoring was conducted in 6 regions and lasted one month. From September 15 to October 15, it was conducted in Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa, and Zaporizhzhya. From October 15 to November 15, in Kharkiv, Severodonetsk, and Kramatorsk.
Sampling
Generally, within the monitoring framework, the materials tracked were all materials in all issues of four local printed media outlets and in four local online media outlets, as well as the Friday
summary news programs on two TV channels.
Quantitative analysis
The quantitative analysis measured the share of socially relevant national news, socially relevant local news, materials on ATO, materials on internally displaced people, commissioned stories,
and «no-legwork» materials, from the total number of materials published in the monitoring period.
Objective: to measure, to what extent socially relevant information is present in the content of
local mass media outlets and to what extent the local community can obtain such information from
mass media, and whether the local mass media abuse publication of commissioned stories as prevalence of such articles prevents the community from making an informed choice.
Qualitative analysis
Materials on local topics were analyzed for adherence to the six basic journalism standards: balance
of opinions, promptness, adequacy, separation of facts and comments, accuracy and completeness.
Objective: to identify, which professional standards are violated in the materials on local topics, and, correspondingly, whether the audience is able to obtain balanced, accurate, and adequate
information.
List of monitored media outlets in the Donetsk Oblast
Printed:
«Vostochnyi Proekt»(«The Eastern Project»), regional weekly edition, number of copies 10,000,
founded by LLC «Zheleznodorozhnoye Litye»,
«Tekhnopolis», media outlet focused on social and political issues, weekly number of copies is
20,000, founded by LLC «KatLayf» and S.B.Vinogradov,
«Novosti» («The News»), municipal newspaper focused on social and political issues, number
of copies 5,800,
«Kramatorskaya Pravda», communal media outlet of Kramatorsk city council, number of copies not specified.
4
Online:
«Vostochnyi Proekt», Vkontakte account with 8,000 subscribers,
«Tekhnopolis», Facebook account with 340 subscribers,
«6264», Facebook account with 681 likes,
«Obshchezhytiye» («The Dormitory»), 517 likes at Facebook account.
TV: SKET, Do Tebe.
List of monitored media outlets in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Printed:
«Zoria» («Dawn»), weekly oblast newspaper focused on social and political issues, number of
copies — 43,750, communal media outlet of Dnipropetrovsk oblast council;
«Visti Prydniprovya» («Dnieper Region News»), oblast newspaper focused on social and political issues, number of copies on Thursdays 70,500, on Tuesdays 34,800, communal media outlet
founded by Dnipropetrovsk oblast state administration;
«Dnepr Vecherniy» («The Evening Dnieper»), oblast newspaper focused on social and political
issues, total number of copies — 146,130, issued on Fridays and Tuesdays, founded by LLC ‘Pravoved’;
«Gorozhanin» («City Dweller»), weekly municipal media outlet focused on social and political
issues, total number of copies — 11,000, issued on Thursdays, founded by LLC ‘Gamma Consulting’.
Online:
056.ua, Facebook page with 3,768 subscribers;
dnepr.info, average 6,000 visitors daily in 5 months, Facebook page with 1,124 likes;
gorod.dp.ua, no Facebook page;
dniprograd.org, Vkontakte page with 171 subscribers.
TV: Channel 11, Channel 34. Audience was not measured.
The media outlets were selected taking into account the level of the outlet’s influence in the
selected region, identified by survey of the focus group.
List of monitored mass media in the Zaporizhzhya Oblast
Printed:
«Subota Plius», positions itself as a national entertainment, social and political media outlet,
number of copies 14,755, weekly edition;
«Mig», weekly edition on social and political issues, website http://www.mig.com.ua/, number
of copies 40,750, founder — LLC «Gazeta MIG»;
«Mriya», oblast weekly edition, number of copies 77,680, founder — LLC «Nova-mriya»;
«Industrialnoye Zaporozhzhia. Panorama», oblast newspaper on social and political problems, issued 4 times a week, total number of copies 102,000, founder — DLC «Editorial office of newspaper Industrialnoye Zaporozhzhia».
Online:
golos.zp.ua, at average about 6 thousand visitors per day, Facebook page — 5,000 likes;
reporter-ua.com, counter absent, Facebook page — 3,461 subscribers;
panoptikon.org, at average 2,000 visitors per day, Facebook page absent;
061.ua, FB page has 3,413 likes.
5
TV: «Alex», TV5.
List of monitored mass media in the Luhansk Oblast
Printed:
«Severodonetskiye Vesti», weekly communal edition of the city council, distributed in the city,
number of copies 4,000.
«Tribun», weekly social and political review, number of copies 22,000.
Online:
tribun.com.ua, on average about 6 000 visits a day, Vkontakte account with 1,100 subscribers;
06452.com.ua, accounts in the social networks have less than 100 likes;
sever.lg.ua, no accounts in the social networks;
sever-strasti.net.
TV: «LOT»
The media outlets for monitoring were selected based on the level of their influence in the region, by means of focus group.
List of monitored media outlets in the Odesa Oblast
Printed:
«Odesskaya Zhizn» («Odesa Life»), weekly edition on social and political issues, number of
copies 19,280, founder — Henadiy Chabanov.
«Odesskiy viestnik», municipal communal media outlet, number of copies 98,927, founded by
the Odesa city council;
«Slovo», city weekly newspaper on social and political issues, number of copies 90,000, founded by the International Humanitarian University;
«Odeski Visti», newspaper of Odeska oblast council, number of copies 56,665, published twice
a week — on Tuesday and on Saturday.
Online:
dumskaya.net, Vkontakte account with 43,700 subscribers, its Facebook page — 37,000 likes;
timer-odessa.net, Facebook account with 11,500 likes, Vkontakte account with 27,000 visitors;
trassae95.com, Facebook account — 928 likes, Vkontakte account — 1,550 visitors;
uc.od.ua, Vkontakte account 47,000 likes, Facebook account — 1,770 likes.
TV: Channel 7, First City channel. Audience estimation was not conducted.
List of monitored mass media in the Kharkiv Oblast
Printed:
«Vesti», all-Ukrainian newspaper; the issue that is published and distributed in Kharkiv was
analyzed, number of copies 370,000, weekly publication, founded by LLC «Vesti Mass Media»;
«Vremia», newspaper focused on social and political issues, issued three times a week, number
of copies 20,007, founded by PJSC «Vremia»;
«Vecherniy Kharkov», newspaper focused on social and political issues, number of copies
10,000, issued three times a week, founded by the TV and Radio Company «Region»;
6
«Slobidskyi krai», communal edition of Kharkiv oblast council, number of copies 10,000, issued three times a week.
Online:
057.ua, Facebook account with 5,500 likes,
sq.com.ua,
dozor.kharkov.ua, Facebook account with 422 likes,
izvestia.kharkov.ua, no accounts in social networks.
TV: ATN, OTB .com.ua
The media outlets were selected taking into account the level of the outlet’s influence in the
selected region, identified by survey of the focus group.
Expert panel
Within the framework of the monitoring, quantitative analysis was conducted by IMI’s regional experts Svitlana Agadzhanyan (Kramatorks), Zoya Krasovska (Dnipropetrovsk), Nataliya Vyhovska
(Zaporizhzhya), Yulia Sushchenko (Odesa), Serhiy Sakadynskiy (Siverodonetsk), and Anna Prokayeva
(Kharkiv). The qualitative analysis was conducted by the IMI central office’ experts, Olena Holub, Yana
Mashkova (for printed media and television), and Roman Kabachiy (for online media).
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DONETSK OBLAST
MAIN TENDENCIES OF MEDIA SPACE
According to IMI data, in 2014 in Donetska oblast 28 offices of local media outlets were completely smashed, dozens of local journalists were forced to leave their workplaces and move to other
cities in the oblast, and sometimes even to other regions of the country due to the conflict in the
East of Ukraine. The media outlets that function on the non-occupied territory of the oblast mostly
belong to former Party of Regions members, DTEK, and Metinvest.
In the early 2000-s, a rather closed mass media system was formed in Donetska oblast, a system
under supervision of the structures of Yanukovich, who was the governor of Donetska oblast at the
time. Before, the media policy was controlled by the headquarters of this party, now local mass media
outlets are guided by the owners, former Party of Regions members. As of the beginning of 2016, the
largest local media owner is Metinvest. This is also the difference between Donetska oblast and other
regions of the country, where the competition between different owners still existed — unlike them,
in Donetska oblast the overwhelming majority of media outlets follows «the party line», although
they publicly position themselves as «independent mass media». One more difference of Donetska
oblast from other regions of the country is a large number of mass media in rayon centers and towns.
For example, practically every city of the oblast has 2-3 local TV channels that function with support
of former Party of Regions members; in rayon centers, there are 8-10 printed weekly editions in each.
Such high saturation with mass media can be explained by the region’s high level of industrialization.
The great majority of local mass media, as they are owned by former Party of Regions members,
follow the single course of the informational policy, which includes a mixture of pseudo-peaceful
rhetoric, ignoring the war as such, and failure to notice the Russian aggression, and also indulgence
towards pro-Russian rhetoric. The content of local TV stations consists of the news of their own production, plus Russian movies and programs. Because of this, local population perceives information
of national mass media through the lens of Russian media information.
In Donetska oblast, the network of local radio stations is poorly developed; the ones available
are predominantly nation-wide Ukrainian chain musical stations.
The region has such a particular phenomenon as factory newspapers with large numbers of
copies, which quite substantially affect the media field, as the majority of city residents are to some
extent employed at large factories and plants. An example of such newspapers is the free factory
newspaper of Kramatorsk-based plant Novokramatorsky Machine Engineering Plant (NKMZ), which
on every issue’s front pages publishes news about the plant’s cooperation with Russian factories, and
uses openly pro-Russian rhetoric. As a result, this also is a factor of pro-Russian attitudes of Kramatorsk residents.
For now, the informational sphere of Donetska oblast consists of:
—— national channels: TV and Radio Company «Ukraina» and Channel 112 — these channels are
considered to be «on the same side» with locals; they speak using messages understand8
DONETSK OBLAST
able and common for the residents of the oblast, the same messages that local mass media
keep repeating;
—— local TV channels that belong to former Party of Regions members, for example, in Mariupol
this is Mariupol Television (MTV) and Sigma-TV. These two channels also belong to Metinvest, yet they position themselves as «city channels.» The Oblast State Television DonTV
does not even print their program schedule in the newspapers. Also, one should remember
that each rayon center has several small TV channels.
—— most visited websites: 62.ua, 0629.com.ua — Mariupol (these websites are a franchise, they
belong to a private individual not connected with politics), OstroV, «Novosti Donbassa»,
«Novosti Kramatorska», Hromadske TV of Donbas, mariupolnews.com.ua (website that belongs to the Mariupol city council member Petro Ivanov, who now resides in Crimea, the
website is partly financed by Metinvest), and others. In each rayon center, there are two or
three such websites.
—— Printed press, weekly editions and communal press. For example, in Kramatorsk the newspapers that we came across were: communal newspaper «Kramatorska pravda» (founded
by Kramatorsk city council, number of copies not indicated), «Vostochnyi Proekt» (founder
LLC «Railroad casting», number of copies 10,000), «Publika» (founder V.Kononov, number of
copies 67,378), «Novosti Kramatorska» (published by the private enterprise «Salari», number of copies 5,800), «Tekhnopolis» (LLC «KatLayf», number of copies 20,000) and newspaper for Kramatorsk and other areas «Ya» (founder S.A.Zubko, editor’s office and printing facilities are located in Donetsk, number of copies 150,000). In Mariupol, the newspapers with
the largest number of copies are «Priazovskiy rabochiy» (Metinvest, Mariupol), «Iliychevets.
Gorod» (corporate edition of Metinvest), in Kostiantynivka — «Znamya Industrii» (owned by
Borys Kolesnikov).
—— Factory newspapers with large numbers of copies, up to 15 thousand copies.
—— Communities in social networks.
Informational space of occupied territories
Due to the conflict in the East of Ukraine, dozens of mass media outlets in Donetska oblast
were forced to cease operation. Those media outlets that continue to function on the territories
controlled by the so-called «DPR», are broadcasting openly anti-Ukrainian propaganda. On the
occupied territories, four TV channels function (Oplot TV, which functions on the basis of the captured local channel First Municipal; Novorossiya TV owned by Gubarev that works on the captured
frequency of UNION and «1+1»; the «First Republican» channel that broadcasts on the frequencies
of Channel 27, captured by the separatists, and the «Second Republican» channel, former UNION);
Russian channels also broadcast here. All Ukrainian channels in the occupied territories were disconnected in summer of 2014. Local cable providers (based on different data, there are about 200
of them) also disconnected all Ukrainian channels from the network, but for some entertainment
channels.
As to restoration of broadcasting of Ukrainian channels in the occupied territories, according
to the Ministry of Informational Policy data, the occupied territories have access to the following TV
channels: «1+1», «EspresoTV», Channel 5 and Suspilne Television of Ukraine — First National Channel,
and also Hromadske Radio, and «Radio-24». Yet, the broadcasting coverage is not uniform: not all territories can receive the same signal — some places have access to just radio, some only to a single TV
channel. According to the representatives of the Ministry of Informational Policy, even the existing
towers are hard to restore — they are constantly under fire; for this reason, they restore transmitters
that are farther away, and this makes their operation more complicated. At the same time, according
to local residents, they have no access to Ukrainian channels, as the TV broadcasting tower located in
Donetsk controlled by separatists, has a stronger signal. 9
On the occupied territory, several printed «DPR voices» are issued — the official newspaper
«Golos Narodu» («People’s Voice»), and the newspaper «Novorossiya.» Several websites are functioning — «Novosti Donetskoi Respubliki» («Donetsk Republic News»), «Donetsk News Agency», and others, which publish overt disinformation and propaganda like «Kyiv deployed Latvian mercenaries to
frontlines», and report only positively about anything happening in the self-proclaimed republic.
The number of users in social networks associated with both websites is about 10-15 thousand, the
number of hits at the websites themselves — up to 40 thousand, according to the website counter.
Communities in social networks as source of information
In this situation, the main source of alternative news about the events in the region and in
Ukraine for residents of the occupied territories are the Internet and word of mouth. On the Internet, there are the news websites OstroV, Novosti Donbassa («Donbas News»), Hromadske Television
of Donbas, and communities in social networks. For example, the community in Vkontakte «Typical Donetsk» has 408 thousand participants, making it the largest local network community in all
regions monitored by IMI. The group’s content is not really about politics, yet to some extent it is
pro-«regional», typical for mass media of the part of Donetska oblast that is not occupied. This group
is connected with the website of local news «Eto Donetsk» («This is Donetsk»), which presents information about events on the occupied territory, yet is quite lenient to the pro-Russian position. One
more pro-Russian community is «Donetsk LIVE», which has over 47 thousand participants. There are 3
or 4 more similar communities, but they do not differ significantly from to the ones described above.
As to pro-Ukrainian communities, an example of these can be «This is Donetsk, baby! Typical
Ukrainian city», which has only 35.5 thousand participants, and presents anti-Russian content.
The reasons of network communities being popular is, first of all, loss of trust in both pro-Russian
and Ukrainian mass media that «decorate the reality». One more problem is the fact that Ukrainian
mass media do not produce informational products for residents of the occupied territories, who
require information on how to survive, how to stay safe, information about the needs of children,
how to keep yourself warm, where to get food in the conditions where water or power supply in the
city do not work, how to organize their daily routines. Instead, this information can be found in social
networks and communities.
Situation in media space of Kramatorsk
After occupation of Donetsk, Kramatorsk became, in effect, an administrative center of Donetska oblast. The city is located in close proximity to the division line with the so-called DPR, this city
survived occupation and shelling.
In the city with the number of residents, according to information of the Administration for
Social Protection of Population, of about 200 thousand (plus about 45 thousand officially registered
IDPs from the zone of hostilities), two TV companies — «SKET» and «Do Tebe», and one local radio
station, «Meridian» operate; there is also the factory radio of «NKMZ». According to the city council’s
information, «SKET» broadcasts its own programs only for two hours a day, and «Meridian» even
less — one hour a day. At that, as IMI learned from the department of information of Kramatorsk city
council, these mass media outlets were used, among other things, to cover the city council’s activities.
The region is quite heavily saturated with free pro-Ukrainian military leaflets, yet their main
drawback is that they are not tailored for local population, they are anonymous, and often they are
radical and are not taken seriously. They are handed out mostly in the areas, where the military are
present, and are distributed through pro-Ukrainian volunteers. Due to this, they are not positively
affecting the local population to any considerable extent, and for sure, they cannot compete with
either the traditional mass media or the Internet.
In Kramatorsk, there are up to 15 news websites, whose traffic ranking averages 3-4 thousand
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DONETSK OBLAST
hosts per day. As to the infrastructure and access to the Internet — unfortunately, for Kramatorsk no
separate studies were conducted. There are approximate numbers for Donetska oblast, according to
which over 40% of its residents had access to the Internet. Quite possibly, the same statistics is valid
for Kramatorsk, too.
Up to 10 printed editions are published in Kramatorsk regularly — this includes both news,
informational, and advertisement press, and this number does not include factory newspapers that
are dispensed to factory employees. In Kramatorsk, at least three printed social and political printed
editions belong to former Party of Regions member, now MP of the Presidential Faction (Petro Poroshenko Bloc) Maksym Yefimov, and publish his overtly commissioned materials. In Mariupol, the
newspaper «Illichivets» tries to publish materials with criticism from time to time; yet «Priazovskiy
Rabochiy» uses commissioned materials in its publications that are distributed by subscription, and
tries not to publish such materials in the copies with the TV program (sold in retail) — possibly in fear
of losing readers, most of whom buy newspapers just to get their TV program. Also, «Illichivets» does
not publish «no-legwork» materials, and it gives an impression that someone ordered journalists not
to mention local authorities — as if the mayor and municipal agencies do not exist in Mariupol. The
same can be said about the local television — MTV. Here we should mention that neither «Illichivets»
nor «Priazovskiy Rabochiy» are sold in retail kiosks, they sell only Saturday multiple page newspapers
with TV programs. This part of the newspaper is what casual readers can buy; yet, the larger part of
the copies is distributed to subscribers.
RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DONETSK MEDIA
One of the key problems of Donetsk media market is practical absence of opinion variety, of
criticism and analytics on local topics. Generally, the level of socially relevant materials in the monitored media outlets was 23% from the total number of materials; at that the highest level was registered in printed press (27%), and the lowest — on local television (20%). Local news make 42% of
the socially relevant ones, the rest of them are about national-level agenda. Just like in other regions,
more than one third of local news is often information about crimes or local political events; at that
in the latter case presentation of the news is often biased.
The topic of ATO, in spite of the conflict being so close, is covered only in 4% of materials, and
the journalists admit this fact, too. Very few of them cover events in the ATO zone; for example, in fact,
none of them investigated the events near Mariupol, like why the residents can hear the bombardment, etc. And information about such events could be very important for residents of Kramatorsk,
as it is vital for everyone’s physical safety. From the total number of analyzed materials, at average 2% of materials are dedicated to the
conflict-sensitive groups of population (IDPs).
During the monitoring period, in the content of mass media we were able to trace the attitudes
of emphasizing the specific sufferings experienced by Donetska oblast; the motto «to hear Donbas»
is one of the leading motives of local mass media.
One more peculiarity of local mass media is «no-legwork» news about the city administration’s
activities, a kind of «surfing» without giving too much of interpretation. At average, «no-legwork»
news comprised 26% from the total number of materials; at that, the highest percentage of them was
identified on the Internet — 43%; in press, the same indicator was 34%, and the local TV was quite
the opposite — only 1%. Thus, there were practically no criticism or analytical materials related to local authorities, no interviews or correspondents’ works on this topic in the monitored media outlets.
The situation is somewhat better with commissioned materials and hidden advertisement —
the average indicator for the three types of mass media (TV, press, and the Internet) was only 6%;
at that, the highest level of hidden advertisement was registered on the Internet (9% from the total
number of materials); in press, the same indicator was equal to 7%, and on TV — only 2%.
11
RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DONETSK MEDIA
Not only what kind of information is available for local residents from local mass media is important, but also of what quality this information is.
Media of Kramatorsk demonstrated a rather low level of adherence to standards of journalism — the average indicator for the three surveyed media outlets was only 3.6 points out of maximum 6.
Printed press had the worst indicators — 2.75 points. The content of newspapers is crime reports, social topics, and also materials marked «Political agitation», or straightforward unmarked advertisement («dzhynsa»); there are no any other news on political issues — neither local nor national — despite the fact that the monitoring was conducted in the pre-elections period.
The topics relevant for the society in the monitored period were related to EU grants and testing of candidates for positions of patrol police officers. At that, all four monitored media outlets were
covering these topics in the same manner in the form of reports. There was an impression of the
media outlets being quite detached from their audience, as there were no materials presenting the
city residents’ point of view or vision. There are many «no-legwork» materials like «At the administration meeting on November 10, Director of Kramatorsk Trolley and Tram Department Andriy Vorokha
reported the current status of the communal enterprise that he is assigned to administrate». No
competition between media outlets can be seen.
In 90% of socially relevant news, the standard of completeness of presented facts was not adhered to. Half of the news was not balanced. In addition, the headlines are often not corresponding
to the content of the news, or say something completely contrary to the content.
The highest professional standards adherence indicators were identified in online media outlets — 4.73 out of 6 points. Yet here, political news are practically completely ignored, too. In fact, all
news about political issues looked like they were commissioned by local politicians.
The main topic covered in the area of local authorities’ activities was regarding the issues of
renaming the streets, also without giving the residents’ opinions. The number of news about crime
is high, for example, «Kramatorsk law enforcers detained a group of drug dealers, from whom they
confiscated...» — «Vostochnyi Proekt», «Crime map of Ukraine» — 6264, «Near Mariupol, offended
grandson gave acid to his granny, and she died» - «Obshchezhytiye».
At the website «Tekhnopolis», a large sector of content is dedicated to the occupied territories,
which IMI experts see as a positive factor. Yet, it should be mentioned that these news are mainly
about negative things that happen on these territories. For example, «IN THE OCCUPIED PART OF
DONBAS, OVER ONE HALF OF POST OFFICES CLOSED DOWN», «Students of “DPR” will not have scholarships», «In what conditions are heating networks workers in occupied Horlovka working?».
In online media outlets, the standards of completeness and balance were violated most often.
Kramatorsk TV received 3.43 points out of 6. The majority of news were about social issues,
yet the opinions of the community members were never presented there. The topics of national
Ukrainian level are practically not covered. The political topics are also almost non-existent. About
90% of news are presented in an incomplete manner.
It should be mentioned that Kramatorsk media outlets were unprepared for becoming mass
media of oblast scale, as their quality and content is insufficient for this status.
ASSESSMENT OF SITUATION BY LOCAL JOURNALISTS
One of the factors the journalists themselves complained to IMI about was lack of professionalism of local mass media, caused, for example, by the owner’s desire to save money by not hiring
12
DONETSK OBLAST
qualified journalists. According to the local IMI representative in Mariupol, at Mariupol television,
most of the staff reporters in the information department are students, who either recently graduated from local higher educational institutions or are still studying there, and a similar situation
can be observed in other mass media outlets of the region. In addition, few people visit specialized
trainings — the problem with topic selection can be seen with the naked eye, almost no one does
journalist investigations: journalists try to stay away from conflict situations that are too complicated
to analyze. Journalists are also not ready to argue with their editors or resist the established editorial
policy.
The preliminary survey of the local journalists shows that the journalists themselves do not trust
the content of local mass media, and very often tend to double-check it and be very critical about it.
The most trusted media outlet is the website 0629.uа. The reason of this trust is its prompt response
to events and an independent owner that does not have any interests on the local level, compared
to local mass media outlets’ total dependence from the Party of Regions members. According to the
journalists, one of the main problems of the region is the fact that the owner of most local mass media outlets is LLC «Metinvest Holding», so all editorial policies are controlled and unified.
The journalists feel constant lack of information, they do not understand what the future of the
city can be, which causes their readers not to understand what influence ATO events have on the life
of the city and city residents.
Local journalists learn about local events, traditionally, from websites of local governmental
agencies, from press releases, from personal contacts and local websites. We can observe a considerable narrow-down of the media focus. Local mass media are reporting practically nothing about
social topics, stories of people, day-to-day life, culture, food, entertainment — instead, the focus
shifted to the military topics. The paradox of such situation is that the local journalists do not visit
the frontlines at all, so they cannot really describe the situation in the ATO zone first-hand. The journalists complain that the mass media in the region continue to get monopolized, and soon it will be
difficult to find on the market two media outlets that belong to different owners. At the same time,
the many media outlets owned by the monopolist create a false impression of diversity, but in reality they share the same point of view when covering events. Among the problems, the journalists
mentioned small numbers of staff journalists, censorship by owners, low salaries and overwhelming
quantity of commissioned materials («dzhynsa»). As a summary, according to the local journalists,
one of the greatest problems of mass media in Donetska oblast is total lack of trust inside the media
community, impossibility to verify information, and total dependence from the «single owner».
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14
DONETSK OBLAST
15
As for a million-strong city, Dnipropetrovsk has a modest number of local media outlets; the
main body of mass media outlets comprises of: 7 TV channels, 9 newspapers, and 11 online media
outlets.
First and foremost, it should be mentioned that compared to other regions, Dnipropetrovsk has
low competition level: that is, not many regional mass media outlets. Considering the political and
election campaign factors, it would be practical to divide local media outlets into those controlled
by SKM group owned by Rinat Akhmetov and those controlled by the media group «Privat» owned
by Ihor Kolomoyskiy. Yet, the number of media outlets, which is part of the «Privat» media group, is
not sufficiently competitive in this region, and it is inferior not only compared to Akhmetov’s SKM
media group, but also to others (for example, the structure owned by Pinchuk), and this situation is
observed across different types of mass media outlets.
Promotion of mass media is an important element of making them popular and winning larger
audience, so promotion through social networks is one of the ways to achieve these goals. Four channels have groups/communities (in Vkontakte, in the Russian Facebook clone, they are called publics)
in social networks; of them, the most active one is Channel 34. Others (for example, the webpage of
one of the programs of the Oblast State TV and Radio Company) might exist, but still are not popular
and active enough. As to the newspapers, the most popular and active one is the webpage of the
newspaper «Litsa» (Russian for «Faces»). Generally, practically all media outlets have publics, yet they
are not active enough. Still, there have been cases, when publics become more popular than the
media outlet itself («Sobytiya Dnepropetrovska» and «Khronika»).
As to the language used to present news in the mass media of Dnipropetrovsk, all local TV
channels broadcast in Ukrainian, yet periodical broadcasting of programs in Russian is something
quite normal. Printed press is mainly in Russian. Such communal media outlets as «Zoria» and «Nashe
Misto» use Ukrainian language, yet the lion’s share of printed news is still in Russian. The printed
media outlet that uses only Ukrainian is only «Dniprohrad» and its eponymous website. For this reason, the general picture is as follows: TV is fully Ukrainian-speaking (with an exception of some programs), what cannot be said about press and online media outlets, of which only from 10% to 20%
use Ukrainian.
One of possible growth points for independent mass media is start-up initiatives, so these initiatives deserve separate coverage. In particular, in Dnipropetrovsk, the websites «Khronika» and
«Zabeba» can be categorized as start-ups. The former cannot be called successful as currently it is
not gaining popularity, and was manifesting some activity only in the pre-election and election period — still, it boasts a positive feature: it exists at the cost of self-financing. The second online resource, «Zabeba», is more successful and popular, yet there are fears that it can be used as a tool of
influence, as this resource is affiliated with political powers — its acting editor-in-chief Olha Paliy was
running the elections from the party «Samopomich.»
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Media property structure in the region
The key players in the media space of Dnipropetrovsk are the country’s two most influential
oligarchs Ihor Kolomoyskiy and Rinat Akhmetov. Local TV Channel 34 is one of most popular, according
to the audience share data published on the TV channel’s website. One third of the channel is in municipal
ownership, and the rest two thirds are owned by CJSC «Television Service of Dnipropetrovsk», which belongs
to «Regional Media Group» of the media holding «Media Group Ukraine», run by Yevhen Liashchenko, under
Rinat Akhmetov’s structure SKM.
The media group SKM also controls PJSC «Segodnia Multimedia», which owns Dnipropetrovsk’s
most popular city portal Gorod.dp.ua. Under Channel 34, the informational agency «Dnepr Post» was
established.
Channel 9’s legal name is «Privat TB Dnipro», which is self-explanatory. The channel was founded by «Privatbank» and LLC «Firma Sentoza Ltd.», which is also owned by «Privat» group. The newspaper «Dnepropetrovskaya Panorama» and the website «Dniprograd» are also believed to be affiliated with «Privat» group and Dnipropetrovsk’s ex-governor.
One of the examples of local media businesses is the TV channel IRT (and its satellite channel «Domashny Ochag» (Hearth)), the advertising agency «Reklamne Pole» and the website «Dnepr.
Info», — these media outlets are believed to be affiliated with Oleksander Malynovsky.
The TV channel Channel 11 (the TV (the TV and Radio Company «Sterkh») is owned by Pinchuk’s
entities.
Another powerful media player in Dnipropetrovsk is the Gorshenin Institute’s project, the information agency «Most Dnepr» and its eponymous news website. Officially, this structure is defined as
a project of the Gorshenin Institute and was affiliated with business of the political technologist Kost’
Bondarenko, himself allegedly affiliated with Liovochkin. The Gorshenin Institute’s regional leader in
Dnipropetrovsk is Oleksander Smirnov, who oversees the agency’s informational policy.
In the last two years in Dnipropetrovsk, several websites with unidentified owners have appeared. While the situation with «Dnipropetrovsk Panorama» is quite clear, such web resources as
glavnoe.dp.ua and zabeba.li remain «dark horses». The structure of the websites proves that they are
not business media projects. These websites practically do not try to monetize their content on the
Internet.
RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DNIPROPETROVSK MEDIA
In Dnipropetrovsk, we can trace an average level of coverage of socially relevant information
of the national level — 8% from the total number of materials; this percentage is 13% and 12% for
printed and online media, correspondingly, and no such materials were registered on TV.
Almost one half of all materials is dedicated to local socially relevant topics (46%), where the
largest portion of such information is covered on TV — 75%, and in printed and online mass media
outlets — 35% and 27%, correspondingly.
Taking into account the events that take place on the temporarily occupied territories and in
the area of the Anti-Terrorist Operation, covering such events is critical, especially in the media outlets of the oblast center located in close vicinity to such events. Of all surveyed cities, Dnipropetrovsk
mass media demonstrate the highest indicator as to the number of materials dedicated to the ATO —
7%. This topic is most often mentioned on TV — 8%, and in press and in online media — 6% and 7%,
correspondingly. It should be mentioned that the general level of raising this topic in press is quite
low, and only the media outlet «Visti Prydniprovya», which is the most popular in Dnipropetrovsk,
has an unusually high percentage of published materials about the ATO in percentage to all materials
published (16%).
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For the same reason the issue of the ATO is important, no less important is coverage of the topic
of internally displaced people (IDPs from Donetska and Luhanska oblasts, and from the territory of
the Autonomous Republic of Crimea). Dnipropetrovsk has the lowest indicator of covering the topics
about IDPs, which is just 1%. In press and on television, this topic is raised, correspondingly, in 1% and
2% of all materials, and in the online media outlets, the topic of IDPs was mentioned the least (the
only one of the four surveyed online media outlets, gorod.dp.ua, showed presence of 1% of the materials on this topic, all other online media outlets had 0%). Also, the topic of IDPs was never mentioned
on Channel 34 and in in half of the surveyed printed editions («Dnepr Vecherniy» and «Gorozhanin»).
One of the main «diseases» of Ukrainian mass media is publication of commissioned materials
that are not marked as such, as required by the legislation on advertisement, or at least marked in a
way understandable for the audience (so-called dzhynsa). The media outlets in Dnipropetrovsk did
not become an exception, especially in the pre-election period. For example, in the printed editions,
the percentage of commissioned stories was 22% from all materials. As to press, the largest share of
commissioned stories was found in the media outlet «Dnepr Vecherniy», where the number of such
materials constitutes one third from the total (33%). The number of commissioned stories is lower
on TV — 17%, yet one should take into account that two monitored TV channels showed opposite
indicators. On Channel 11, the share of commissioned stories was 3%, while on Channel 34, this indicator is as high as 30% from the total number of materials on the channel. As a reminder, Channel 34
is one of the most popular, if we consider the share of its audience as published by the channel itself.
At average, the largest number of commissioned stories was identified in online media, where the
share of such materials is 23%. Among the online media, we should separately mention the resource
dnepr.info, which was standing out as having considerably less «dzhynsa» (2-3 times less) than other
surveyed online media outlets — in it, the percentage of such materials was 10%, compared to the
same indicator ranging from 23% to 29% in other online media outlets.
The level of «no-legwork» publications in mass media of Dnipropetrovsk of 16% is the highest of all surveyed regions. The smallest percentage of «no-legwork» publications is discovered on
TV, where it is at the level of 6%. The greatest share of such publications is in online media, where
the percentage of «no-legwork» reached 26%. One online media outlet that «deserves», in a negative sense, to be singled out, is gorod.dp.ua, where no-legwork publications take over one third
of the materials (36%), which is not commendable for the media outlet and for the rest of its content. The level of «no-legwork» publications is the lowest in printed press — 17%. In printed media
outlets, the percentage of such publications varies from 18% to 26%, and only in the media outlet
«Dnepr Vecherniy» (which is remarkable for its high level of commissioned stories), the percentage of
«no-legwork» publications is only 3%.
RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DNIPROPETROVSK MEDIA
Qualitative analysis of the content of Dnipropetrovsk mass media showed that the standard
of completeness of fact presentation and information related to the problem covered is the one
violated most often — in 80% of materials; standard of the balance of opinions is on the second
place — violated in half of the materials (50%). By the level of basic standards listed in the Methodology, printed press of Dnipropetrovsk was rated at 3.8 points of 6.0 possible. The lowest adherence
to the standards was in the media outlet «Gorozhanin», with the rating of 3.2, and the best printed
edition in Dnipropetrovsk was «Zoria», with the rating of 4.25 points. As to the level of adherence to
journalist standards on TV, two surveyed TV channels were rated by IMI experts at 5.05 points, which
is the highest indicator for all mass media in Dnipropetrovsk. Just like in all other media outlets, the
most often violated standard on TV was the standard of completeness of presentation of facts and
balance of opinions. Both monitored TV channels showed almost identical results (the difference in
rating was less than 0.2 points). The result of the survey of adherence to journalist standards in online
media is just a bit lower than on TV — 5 points sharp, out of possible 6. Online media outlets have
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the highest rating for promptness of publication, which is not surprising — this was to be expected.
In other categories, online media outlets have the same most often encountered problems — with
the standard of completeness of fact presentation and balance of opinion in their materials. The best
rating among online resources was that of dnepr.info — 5.53, and the worst was 056.ua — 4.6 points.
IMI’s survey of Dnipropetrovsk journalists (16 local journalists from different types of mass media participated by filling in questionnaires offered by IMI) showed that the content has a rather low
level of credibility from the media community. The highest credibility level is that of Dnipropetrovsk
TV, as, to the survey participants’ opinion, they have the most objective news there, no stereotypes
and a modern approach. Among the main reasons for lack of credibility, they name the owners’ influence on content, censorship, large number of commissioned stories, inadequate priorities regarding
news set by the media outlet’s owners, low salaries, and biased journalists. In addition, they named
such problems as provincialism, conspiracy of silence of mass media owners and politicians, and
journalists’ reluctance to learn and grow professionally.
All surveyed journalists mentioned that they have a quite critical attitude to local news, as they
understand why this or that media outlet publishes one material or the other. Local mass media are
oversaturated with news, yet they lack high-quality information. The surveyed complained about
lack of good-quality news that go beyond stating facts or presenting one paragraph with a provocative headline. The majority of local news cover crimes, scandals, and politics.
Practically, all journalists use the aggregator ukr.net due to convenience of information sorting,
40% of journalists read news at the websites dnepr.info, 30% — at 056.ua, 15% — at «Litsa», 10% —
at vgorode, and 5% — zabeba, gorod.dp.ua, and Hromadske.Dnipro. Journalists do not trust anyone
completely, but 80% trust the media outlet «Hromadske.Dnipro» the most — due to absence of censorship, independence, modern approach and trusting their journalists. The majority of journalists
feel that owners do influence the content.
Journalists of Dnipropetrovsk complain that officials treat them as «a loudspeaker» and try
to feed them distorted information. The journalists receive information from different sources; at
average, 45% — from personal messages, 20% — from social networks (out of them 15% — from
Facebook), 10% — from websites of governmental agencies and related websites, 5% — from press
releases and announcements they receive from mailing lists. Usually, the journalists are not able to
choose topics by themselves, the topics are imposed on them by editors. The mass media staff complains that the highest priority for editors is scandalous topics used to boost the number of readership; the following by popularity is politics, corruption, and social issues. The journalists do not
generally write analytical materials. The journalists can and want to write about local topics more, yet
they complain about low salaries. They feel they are affected by censorship, if they write high-profile
materials. Self-censorship is very common.
The journalists openly say that in the elections period, city dwellers were able to view events
only through the eyes of Kolomoiskiy, Firtash, Akhmetov, and other mass media owners. They also
overtly call the regional city journalism a mean and dirty business due to mass media being dependent on politicians and oligarchs. They also mention that journalists lost the ability to ask the officials
sharp questions; they just write what they are told to, and do not try to investigate the issue.
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21
ZAPORIZHZHYA OBLAST
The population of Zaporizka oblast, based on the results of the population census of 2014, is
1,775.8 thousand people, and almost 771 thousand people reside in the oblast center. Accordingly,
Zaporizka oblast has the 9th largest population.
For this population, according to Wikipedia, 602 printed media outlets are registered, of them
185 are published regularly.
Twenty-five of them are communal media outlets of oblast and rayon councils, with the total
number of copies 114,393. Thirty-eight general political media outlets belong to economic operators, NGOs and other organizations, with the total number of copies 490,244. Over thirty newspapers
and magazines are advertisement materials. About one dozen belong to political forces and come
out in an irregular manner. The number of printed editions of educational institutions is also about
one dozen.
Based on information of regional IMI representative Nataliya Vyhovska, in the city of Zaporizhzhia, thirteen printed media outlets are published and have certain influence. These are: «Mig»,
«Subbota plius», «Industrialnoye Zaporozhye» (+ weekly attachment «Panorama»), «Zaporozhskaya
Pravda», «Zaporizka Sich» (+ weekly attachment «Perekur»), «Prav.Da», «Ostrov Svobody», «Mriya»,
«Nashe Vremya plius», «Verzhe», «Pozitsiya», and also a number of specialized media outlets such
as: «Pensioner Zaporozhya» — with the number of copies of 40 thousand per week; 4 over-the-air
broadcasting TV channels (ZODTRK, MTM, TV-5, «Alex») , one cable TV-Gold, and one online TV channel «Hromadske Zaporizhzhia»; and also at least 23 online resources that can be categorized as media outlets («Golos Zaporozhya», 061.ua, «Panopticon», «Reporter Zaporozhya», «Depo.Zaporozhye»,
Vremia Novostey, «Novyi Den’», «Porogi», «Zabor», «Aktsent» and others).
Many of these media outlets have public groups in social networks; yet, their audience greatly
varies — some, in fact, have no subscribers. The ones that are active in Facebook are: «Hromadske»
(about 3 thousand followers), the website Holos Zaporozhya (over 4,000), the website 061.ua (over
3,000), TRC «Alex» (systematically updated), the website «Porogi» (systematically updated).
Language is Zaporizhzhia media outlets
The majority of media outlets in Zaporizhzhya use Russian — about 90%. Only Zaporizka oblast
TV and Radio Company and communal newspapers «Zaporizka pravda» and «Zaporizka Sich» use
Ukrainian; sometimes, texts in Ukrainian are published at the website «Porogi». And this is in spite
of the fact that, according to the latest survey in Zaporizka oblast, 42% of population are Ukrainian
speakers.
Media ownership structure in the region
As to the structure of ownership, Zaporizhzhia mass media have one peculiarity: while in other
regions, the influence spheres are mostly based on political affiliation, for example, as it is in Odesa
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ZAPORIZHZHYA OBLAST
or Dnipropetrovsk, in Zaporizhzhia the influence spheres are divided between industrial giants, such
as «Zaporizhstal’», «Motor Sich» or the liqueur and spirits factory «Khortytsia». Of course, industrial
giants in Ukraine also belong to people with certain political ambitions and interests.
For example, the newspaper «Industrialnoye Zaporozhye» and TV channel TV-5 belong to the
metal works «Zaporizhstal», which is owned by the former Party of Regions MP Rinat Akhmetov, who
now supports the «Opposition Bloc». This influences the content of these media outlets. During the
last elections campaign, they actively supported mayor candidate Volodymyr Buriak, who worked as
an image director of the MW «Zaporizhstal», and, as a result, Buriak won the elections and became
the mayor of Zaporizhzhia.
One of the most popular newspapers of Zaporizhzhia «Subota Plius» is not in the circle of influence of industrial giants, and presents itself as an independent media outlet. The newspaper’s
editor-in-chief Bohdan Vasylenko was running for mayor at local elections, yet, according to the information of IMI regional representative Natalia Vyhovska, there was unconfirmed information that
he was just a technical candidate to support Volodymyr Buriak. Still, because this media outlet published so many commissioned stories, this did not really make its content too skewed.
One more industrial giant, PJSC «Motor Sich» owns the newspaper «Pozytsiya» and the TV
channel «Alex». The president of «Motor Sich» is Member of Parliament Vyacheslav Bohuslayev, who
is now a member of the faction «Volya Narodu», and was elected in the single-seat electoral district.
Yet, IMI monitoring found no bias in the TV channel «Alex»’ materials towards any certain political
interests, at least not in this particular elections campaign.
The newspaper «Mriya» and the online media outlet «Holos Zaporizhzhia» are allegedly affiliated with the liqueur and spirits factory «Khortytsia» owned by Yevheniy Cherniak, who now lives
abroad and does not have any clear political affiliation in Ukraine.
There are independent media outlets, for example, the website 061.ua; yet, these media, due
to the need to make money, publish quite a lot of commissioned materials, thereby violating ethical
standards of journalism.
RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ZAPORIZHZHYA MEDIA
Local mass media outlets of Zaporizhzhia are focused on the local audience. Fifty per cent of
news are socially relevant local news, and only 12% from all materials are socially relevant national
Ukrainian news.
At that, this indicator shows great consistency across the three media types: the percentage of
socially relevant local news on television is 59% from the total, for online media outlets this indicator
is 48%, and for printed press — 43%.
One negative feature of Ukrainian mass media outlets is publication of commissioned stories;
the number of such publications skyrockets before the elections, because for media outlets, it is an
easy way to make money, and for politicians — a tool to manipulate the public opinion.
According to data of IMI’s pre-election monitoring of regional campaign, Zaporizhzhia is one of
the leaders by the prevalence of commissioned stories in mass media. During the two months of the
pre-election campaign, in two printed and in two online media outlets, about 500 «dzhynsa» materials were published — and those are only political commissioned stories. Accordingly, the share of
such materials in Zaporizhzhia, according to UCBI project monitoring, also was quite high; in total,
in the three types of mass media, the percentage of such materials was 15% from all materials published in the period. The greatest share of such materials was in press, 24% from the total materials
published, the smallest share, 10%, was in online media outlets, and 11% on TV. Still, of course, we
understand this is not just «dzhynsa» in pure understanding of the word (materials that someone
unofficially paid money to get published). Some materials that have features of being commissioned
23
were published as a part of the media owners’ editorial policy. As an example, the newspaper «Industrialnoye Zaporozhye» owned by «Zaporizhstal» provided informational support to the candidate
from this enterprise, Volodymyr Buriak.
In all three surveyed mass media types, in total 9% of materials published were «no-legwork»
(press releases, official statements, materials from press conferences or official events, meetings,
councils).
The largest share of «no-legwork» materials, 20%, was published on TV, even considering that
we did not monitor the Oblast State TV and Radio Company broadcasts. A quite low indicator of
«no-legwork» was in printed press — only 2%; in online media outlets, the indicator of such materials
was 6% from the total.
Zaporizka oblast borders with the ATO zone, and is in close vicinity to such hot sites as Volnovakha and Mariupol. Yet, the percentage of materials related to the topic of the conflict in the East is
low in the local mass media — 5% from total number of materials. The percentage of such materials
is especially low in printed press — only 2% from the total number of published materials. On TV and
in online media, there are 6% of such materials published in each media type.
The situation is similar for the topic of internally displaced persons: this topic in local mass
media is raised only in 2% of news. At that, in printed and online media outlets there were no such
materials at all. Only television focused attention on this problem, with the percentage of 65% from
total materials published; yet, considering the monitoring methodology, namely the fact that only
Friday summary news programs were monitored, the real prevalence of such materials must be actually much lower.
RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ZAPORIZHZHYA MEDIA
Except the factor regarding which information mass media publishes for the local residents to
read, listen, and see, another important factor is of what quality this information is.
In this aspect, the online media of Zaporizhzhia did show a very high level of adherence to journalist standards: out of possible 6 points they received 5.18. The best in this regard were the websites
reporter-ua.com and panoptikon.org — 5.27 points each.
The most often violated standard for online media outlets was the standard of balance of opinions (in 48% cases) and the standard of completeness (in 45% of cases), all other standards in online
media outlets were, in fact, adhered to.
Instead, in printed press a quite low level of adherence to professional standards was discovered — only 3.77 points of 6 possible. At that, practically all newspapers that we inspected showed
such low results. In the qualitative analysis, the newspaper «Subota plius» deserves a separate mention for quite high-quality analytics and investigations, and, accordingly, it was rated at 4.25 points.
Yet, the number of such high-quality materials was in reality very low — one or two of them per
newspaper issue, and the percentage of commissioned stories was as high as 23% from the total
number of materials.
A striking fact is that, based on our survey, in 76% of articles in printed editions the standard of
completeness was violated, and 66% of materials were unbalanced. The least violated standard in the
printed press was the standard of separation of facts from comments — only in 8% of cases.
TV showed contradictory results, as one of the analyzed channels showed quite high results —
5 points out of 6 (channel TV5), and the other (TV channel «Alex») showed low results — 3.54 points.
Accordingly, it would be incorrect to derive a general picture for the whole city television journalism
standards from those results.
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ZAPORIZHZHYA OBLAST
The preliminary survey of Zaporizhzhia media activists and journalists (the survey engaged 23
local journalists and activists) indicated that the respondents trust the content of local mass media
only to a degree. The most trusted websites are PravDA, 061.uа, and Hromadske Zaporizhzhia. Among
the main problems of the regional mass media, according to the respondents, are dependence of
mass media outlets from their owners, lack of professionalism of journalists, wide-scale reprinting of
news and articles of competitors, promoted stories (so-called «dzhynsa»), inadequate presentation
of material.
All surveyed journalists agree that the local mass media are over-saturated with information,
but this information is not good-quality news or analytics. Very often, the events of the national scale
remain outside of the scope of the regional mass media. The readers do not receive information on
how adoption of this or that law would affect the region of Zaporizhzhia.
The main mass media outlets that publish regional news, as mentioned by the respondents, are
the following: 061.ua — 60% of journalists, Hromadske Zaporizhzhia — 15%, z-city and zabor — 10%,
each, Reporter — 5%, Mig and Pravda are mentioned separately. Most trusted media are Hromadske
Zaporizhzhia and the website 061.ua — in particular, because the respondents know the journalists
that work there and due to generally good reputation of these media outlets. All respondents mentioned that they feel the influence of owners on local mass media.
As to the sources of information, journalists receive from colleagues 55% of information, 30% —
from social networks Vkontakte and Facebook, 15% — from personal sources, and 10% — from other
websites or other sources of information. Journalists complain that at least 50% from their regional
news is reports about crimes, 25% — social and political topics, 20% — business, and 5% — other
news. Practically all journalists mentioned that they cannot select topics to report about, as they
«work for mass media owners, not for the audience». Often, the editors select topics for the journalists.
Among the problems that the local mass media face, the journalists who were surveyed mentioned owners’ pressure and the censorship of authorities; for example, the authorities often completely ignore some of the local mass media. One more problem is that the media outlets cover only
the issues of the oblast center, not of the entire region around it.
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26
ZAPORIZHZHYA OBLAST
27
LUHANSK OBLAST
Situation in the occupied territories
Before 2014, in Luhanska oblast there were 17 printed media outlets, more than 10 news websites functioned, and in Luhansk itself, three local TV channels operated. After the beginning of the
so-called «Russian spring», dozens of journalists fled from the occupied territories due to pressure,
and central Ukrainian media outlets were forced to close down their correspondent offices there.
On May 1, 2014, the militants of the so-called «Army of Southern East» captured the Radio and
Television Center of Luhansk (a branch of the Ukrainian concern RRT), and started to broadcast Russian TV channels instead of Ukrainian ones. In the beginning of summer of 2014, local cable providers
were forced to stop transmitting Ukrainian TV channels; also, the local TV companies LKT, «Irta» and
«LOT» (Luhansk Oblast Television) were closed.
As of the beginning of 2016, the LOT’s broadcasting frequency was used for broadcasting of the
so-called «LPR State TV and Radio Company», also known as «Luhansk 24». It also uses the equipment
of «LOT» and «Irta». The quality of their news is extremely low: for example, they call Ukrainian troops
«punitive expeditioners»; in fact, they read the prepackaged news stories of the so-called «LPR». Local residents can also access Russian television — both through cable and air broadcasts.
The local radio station «Svoe radio», which also works in Luhansk, uses the equipment and
frequencies of the oblast state FM station «Puls», which ceased broadcasting in May of 2014, after
pro-Russian separatists captured Luhansk TV broadcasting center. «Svoe radio» broadcasts music
and «news,» which, in fact, are mere propaganda, with the content similar to «Luhansk 24»’ news.
Due to the conflict in the East, practically all printed editions in Luhansk were forced to cease
operation. According to IMI information, some newspapers continue coming out on the occupied
territory — these newspapers effectively belong to the former Party of Regions MP, one of the leaders
of the so-called «LPR», Oleksander Yefremov. The main printed «voice» of the so-called «LPR» is the
newspaper «21 Vek» («21st century»). Its founder and editor-in-chief Yuriy Yurov was a press secretary of Luhansk branch of the Party of Regions in 2014, whose then leader was Yefremov. All printed
mass media outlets had to undergo «re-registration» in the so-called Ministry of Informational Policy
of LPR, so only media outlets that produce Russian propaganda were re-registered (some of them
are former communal newspapers), with addition of some advertisement papers and several church
newspapers.
As to the news websites, 12 websites underwent «re-registration»; mostly they are just business
cards of local «official agencies», or websites with open propaganda, such as the Youth Informational
Agency «Istok». One notable website from those mentioned above is «Rovenky Media», which mostly
publishes news about culture and sport, but sometimes also raises topical local issues, such as lack of
coal to heat apartments of local residents, unlike all other propaganda-broadcasting media outlets.
However, they were forced to remove the commenting option under news at the website.
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LUHANSK OBLAST
According to local residents’ reports, for a long time the issues of the so-called «LPR»’s ideology
and PR were supervised by a former Luhansk oblast council member from the Party of Regions, former
press secretary of ex-President Yanukovych, Rodion Miroshnyk. Due to his actions, no oppositional
mass media have survived in Luhansk, and the journalists had to stop working fearing the threats
of being thrown to the «basement». Miroshnyk is considered to be Oleksander Yefremov’s man, as
he was the head of the PR structures of this well-known Party of Regions member starting from the
early 2000s. Miroshnyk facilitated adoption by the «LPR» of the «Law on Mass Media», the violation
of which, according to its authors, «will cause administrative, disciplinary, and criminal responsibility
according to the LPR’s legislation.» The so-called «LPR» also has a broad range of punishments that
threaten journalists, who «abuse their rights».
Along with this, residents of Luhansk can access Ukrainian news on the Internet. Several Internet providers continue to work in the city, connecting local residents to the Internet, as the locals
reported to IMI. In fact, the Internet remained the main source of information about the events in
Ukraine for the residents of the occupied territories.
Restoration of Ukrainian broadcasting on the occupied territories
For more than one year, the population of the occupied territories was cut off from broadcasting of Ukrainian channels, and received information about local news only from propaganda or from
social networks.
But in the end of 2015, gradual restoration of the broadcasting started by the Ukrainian government’s efforts. According to the data of the Ministry of Informational Policy of Ukraine, on October 15, 2015, Luhanska Oblast State TV and Radio Company restored its broadcasting coverage
for the temporarily occupied territories of Donbas and for the city of Luhansk. In the beginning of
November of 2015, the TV channel «LOT» and the radio station «Puls» started broadcasting for the
temporarily occupied Luhansk; also, they are accessible for residents of the frontline-bordering
Stanychno-Luhanskyi and adjacent rayons. Also, in November, the Ministry of Informational Policy
in cooperation with RRT Concern restored broadcasting of the channel «Irta» for four rayons of
Luhanska oblast: in Svatovo, Zorynivka, Bilovodsk, and Markivtsi. UT-1 and LOT also broadcast for
these regions.
On December 29, the Independent TV and Radio company «Irta» started broadcasting at the
TV channel 53 in Starobilsk, Luhanska oblast. This happened due to RRT Concern commissioning the
transmitter with the power 0.5 kW. This transmitter was received from the Republic of Lithuania.
Still, according to information of IMI, the Ukrainian radio signal does not reach residents of settlements located on the dividing line and on the occupied territories. Before, the signal was received
practically all over Luhansk and in adjacent populated localities.
Social networks as the source of information for the occupied territories of
Luhansk region
Communities in the social networks became one of the main sources of information about local events for the population and score quite considerable numbers of users.
The following communities (so-called publics) in Vkontakte are especially popular:
—— Largest public group is anti-Russian, with a critical attitude towards the so-called «LPR» «Luhansk — our city», with 159 thousand subscribers; it acts as an aggregator of local news
and messages. The public has also its community on Facebook, with almost 8 thousand
participants.
—— Quite politicized anti-Russian, with a critical attitude towards the so-called «LPR» public
group «Typical Luhansk» (28 thousand users); it acts as a news aggregator for those, «who
are concerned about life and fate of Luhansk and want to share interesting information».
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—— Pro-Russian public group «Lugansk — the city I reside in!» (65 thousand), a news and message aggregator for Russian information sources, anti-Ukrainian propaganda news.
—— Pro-Russian public group «This is Luhansk, baby!», 40 thousand subscribers, mostly photos
of the city’s idyllic scenery; messages include announcements from self-proclaimed local
authorities and stories about «junta» and «Nazis».
—— Public group «Luhansk-News of LPR DPR — Novorossiya», 71 thousand users, pro-Russian
propaganda public.
—— Pro-Ukrainian public group «Occupied Luhansk», 7.5 thousand users, aggregator of local
news, stories from local residents.
—— «Ukrainian Luhansk», a public group of «news from underground», pro-Ukrainian messages, few local news, 12 thousand participants.
—— Ukrainian-language public group «Luhansk», 30 thousand users, pro-Ukrainian, almost no
local news.
Informational situation on the non-occupied territory of Luhanska oblast
In September of 2014, the administrative center of Luhanska oblast was temporarily relocated
to Siverodonetsk. This city with the population of 108 thousand residents (data from Wikipedia for
2014) has, due to its size and population, comparatively few local media outlets — IMI monitoring
found out just 14 local mass media outlets.
Three local TV channels function in the region — the oblast TV and radio company LOT, the
city TV channel STV, and the TV channel «Irta» (it is allegedly affiliated with the former MP Volodymyr
Landyk). The city channel STV, which does not in fact produce any programs of its own, covers the
city of Siverodonetsk and 50-70 km around it (Rubizhne, Lysychansk, Popasnianskyi and Novo-Aidarskiy rayons).
The majority of mass media outlets in Siverodonetsk can be roughly divided into those controlled by the pro-President Petro Poroshenko Bloc and those controlled by the Opposition Bloc —
with the relevant polarization of content in these mass media outlets.
Among the newspapers that come out on a regular basis and can be purchased in retail, a notable one is «Severodonetskiye vesti», which is the city council’s communal media outlet. In addition,
the newspaper that comes out regularly is «Tribun», published in Rubizhne. According to the local
IMI representative, other two registered printed mass media outlets come out either sporadically or
not at all.
In Siverodonetsk, there are 7 news web sites, out of them 3 are online-versions of traditional
media. By the data of the local IMI representative, the most popular are «Severodonetskiye strasti»
(allegedly affiliated with the city council deputy from the pro-Presidential bloc Serhiy Samarskyi);
«Segodnia v Severodonetske» (which is, in fact, a website of just one author); «Moi Gorod»; «Tribun»
(allegedly associated with Denys Denyshchenko, head of the department of mass communications
of the oblast state administration and leader of a local branch of Petro Poroshenko Bloc); «Severodonetsk online»; «SevDon.Net»; «06452.com.ua». The majority of local Internet websites mostly reprint
national-level news and, to a lesser degree, publish socially relevant local materials. Local mass media
outlets also have their public groups in social networks, with numbers of users at most 1.5-2 thousand.
Just like in other regions of Ukraine, public groups in social networks enjoy popularity among
the local population; mostly, they are Vkontakte groups. Numbers of users in such public groups
are up to 30 thousand; they report local news and discussion topics, as well as advertisement and
announcements. As to Siverodonetsk, the popular ones are pro-Russian public groups / aggregators «Severodonetsk 24» (28 thousand users) and «Lisichansk Severodonetsk Rubezhnoye» (20.5
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LUHANSK OBLAST
thousand); both of them reprint Russian fake news and focus on their separation from Ukraine, for
example, by using expressions like «Ukrainian leaders», «Ukrainian mines», etc. An example of a local pro-Ukrainian public group is «Tako Severodonetksiy», created on Facebook during the Maidan,
the number of users is up to 500. Through this page, pro-Ukrainian city residents coordinate and
schedule flash mobs. According to the local residents, local publics include quite many pro-Russian
bots and Russians who have no affiliation with Siverodonetsk. In the beginning of 2014, groups like
«Severodonetsk. Russian spring» were created for all local cities and towns. Now, these groups are
not popular.
Language of Luhansk mass media
As to the language of news presentation, all Siverodonetsk mass media outlets are in Russian;
yet, some materials are published in Ukrainian, mainly these are press releases and official information from the governmental agencies of Ukraine.
An important potential growth point of independent mass media is startup initiatives in the
sphere of mass communications. Still, in Siverodonetsk such initiatives can be identified only within
the projects that are not yet completely deployed and do not have any popularity. Those projected
initiatives only exist on the Internet.
RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LUHANSK MEDIA
In Siverodonetsk, we can see a lower than average indicator of covering socially relevant
topics of national level in mass media — only 6% from the total number of materials. The percentage of such materials is 3% and 2% in printed editions and on TV; correspondingly, the average
percentage is dragged up by a high percentage of socially relevant issues in online media outlets,
reaching 13%.
A bit less than one fifth of all materials is dedicated to local socially relevant topics (19%).
The largest percentage of such information was found at local television — 27%, and in printed and
online media outlets — 13% and 16%, correspondingly.
Taking into account the fact that Siverodonetsk is located in close vicinity to the area of the
anti-terrorist operation (ATO), and also, which is not less important, that the city itself in 2014 was, in
fact, under occupation, covering of events in ATO is important. In Siverodonetsk mass media outlets,
the average indicator of the number of materials dedicated to the topic of the antiterrorist operation
is quite low, compared to other oblasts — only 5%. Among Siverodonetsk mass media outlets reviewed, the largest percentage of materials dedicated to the ATO-related topics was in online media
outlets (9% of all materials). The highest percentage dedicated to this topic from all published materials (15%) was in one of online media outlets — 06452.com.ua. In press and on television, ATO topics
were mentioned in 3% and 2% of materials, correspondingly. In one of the two monitored printed
editions, this topic was not mentioned at all (in the newspaper «Severodonetskiye Vesti»).
According to the State Emergency Service data, the region with the largest number of IDPs is
Luhanska oblast — over 200 thousand. Yet, local mass media do not pay too much attention to this
category of citizens — at average, only 4%. The percentage of these materials is the same in local
printed and online media outlets — 2% from all materials, on television (the TV channel LOT) this
topic was mentioned the most — in 7% from all materials.
Neither a very close proximity to the area of hostilities, nor the acquisition of the status of the
administrative center affected publications in media outlets that are, in fact, hidden advertisement.
The general indicator of the number of materials with features indicating they were commissioned in
Siverodonetsk was the highest of all monitored cities — 26%. The largest «contribution» to this high
indicator of «dzhynsa» was made by printed press of Siverodonetsk, where the percentage of materials with features indicating they were commissioned reached 37% (33% in the newspaper «Severodo31
netskie vesti» and 41% in the media outlet «Tribuna»). Local television holds the second place by the
number of materials with indications of them being hidden advertisement (in particular, the regional
TV channel LOT, where this indicator was as high as 24% of all materials). The lowest percentage of commissioned materials was registered in online media outlets — 16% from the total number. The resource
sever.strasti.net showed the worst indicator in this regard — 27% from the total number of materials.
One more problem of local mass media is the level of «no-legwork» news, which is the highest
of all monitored regional mass media — one in every three materials is «no-legwork» (33% of materials). Taking into account the facts described above, and also the qualitative analysis of the content
of Siverodonetsk mass media, it becomes clear that publication of «no-legwork» materials is an even
bigger problem of local media outlets than the high level of commissioned materials (which in this
region is also the highest).
RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LUHANSK MEDIA
Qualitative content analysis of local mass media of Luhanska oblast showed that the standards most often violated were the standard of completeness of information and fact presentation
in relation to the problem covered in the material, accuracy and balance of opinions; there are also
problems with separation of facts from comments. Local mass media received quite low points for
professional standards: for example, the newspaper «Severodonetskiye vesti» received 2.3 points,
the local TV channel LOT — 3.2 points out of maximum of 6.0. The highest rating was given to online
media outlets, 4.37 points. The newspapers were rated at 3.07, and the only local TV channel, LOT,
received 3.2 points out of 6.
An example of local content can be the communal printed edition «Severodonetskiye vesti»
–this newspaper’s pages are full of reports from executive committee meetings. Literally, all such
materials start with the same words: «A scheduled session of executive committee was held, whose
agenda covered the following issues...». Other materials have features that indicate they were commissioned to the benefit of the acting mayor Valentyn Kazakov (the city mayor opens playgrounds
for children, and materials about it are published with loud titles like «When dreams come true»;
the mayor is sending congratulations on the anniversary of a library — the material on it starts with
the words «Wise rulers of the city: city mayor Valentin Vasilyevich Kazakov and his deputy Sergey
Fedorovich Tereshin»). In general, they make an impression that any event in the city is facilitated or
attended by the city mayor.
Local journalists surveyed by IMI identified the following key problems for the informational
sphere of the region: dependence of mass media outlets from owners — those who fund mass media
outlets dictate their own editorial policy and pressure the journalists; editorial offices lack journalists
for creation of their own content. In some editorial offices, the entire staff is just two employees, who
reprint materials from national media outlets. According to the local mass media employees, one of
the problems is also lack of professional and motivated journalists. Many professionals from the region
moved to Kyiv due to a complicated economic situation and threats related to the occupation and ATO.
One more problem is that independent mass media cannot become a self-sustaining business project
in the region, no matter how high their quality is, as demand for advertisement is very low locally, and
national-level businessmen do not want to publish their advertisement in local media outlets.
Of course, these problems are not specific to Siverodonetsk. They are Ukrainian national-level
problems and are typical for many local mass media outlets. And lack of really professional and socially responsible mass media at the time of an informational war is especially painful in the regions
with the very unstable social and political situation.
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LUHANSK OBLAST
33
34
ODESSA OBLAST
Odesa is one of the three regions of Ukraine with the lowest level of freedom of press: many attacks against journalists are not investigated, and media outlets are mainly established for protecting
one’s business and political interests. These are the results of the study conducted by the Institute of
Mass Information during September-November of 2015.
For more than one million of the population of Odesa, they have 550 officially registered printed editions, 40 regional TV companies and about 50 informational websites. The number of mass
media outlets exceeds the same in any other oblast of Ukraine. For comparison, Poland has only just
around 500 printed editions.
At the same time, according to the data of the National Council on issues of TV and Radio
Broadcasting, only 27 of 40 registered TV companies conduct active airing and cable broadcasting.
The situation with the newspapers is similar: not more than 20 are published on a regular basis and
28 local websites are regularly included into the regional feed of «Ukr.net» aggregator.
Almost every media outlet has public groups in social networks; some of them are even more
popular than the mass media themselves (for example, «Mayak» (10,600 followers in FB, «Kulturometr» (10,900), and «Dumska» (almost 34,000, yet it is quite quiet there normally). There is one local
public group, which is more popular compared to others, and even more popular than local online
media –«Odessa, kak ona yest’» («Odesa as it is») (330,000 subscribers in Vkontakte). Pages of other
local media outlets in social networks are more like business cards and platforms for promotion of
the website’s news.
One of the reasons for such variety is that the owners (in 90% of the cases, the owners are behind the scenes) of Odesa mass media outlets very reluctantly part with their relatively cheap assets,
which can be easily «revived» for the elections periods. According to the data of the regional IMI
representative, if someone by chance wants to buy such mass media, the owners would set unrealistically high prices, to the point where it is simpler and cheaper to create a new media outlet from
scratch, and to finance it.
Due to the extremely swollen media market of Odesa, it has virtually no competition — both for
advertisement, which could enable an independent journalist start-ups to develop, and for local topics.
Media start-ups
As of November of 2015, in Odesa there are three journalist start-ups, none of them is self-financing: they are financed at the cost of journalists who founded them.
Happymisto (website about modern city, urban studies, media). Its editor-in-chief Mykhailo
Meizerskyi, and his partner in this project, Natalia Steblina is a professor at Odesa National University.
The resource functions without external financing. The editorial office engages students of the journalism faculty, who are participants of various research projects and participate in contests.
35
Kulturometr — portal about the city’s cultural life. Its founders are a family couple, journalist
and PR specialist Oksana Maslovata and photographer Mykola Vdovenko. The resource exists at the
cost of its founders.
Yuzhnaya Stolitsa («Southern Capital») — tourism and culturology online newspaper about
Odesa region. The founder is local journalist, Yulia Sushchenko, the resource exists at the cost of the
founder and is not self-sustained.
Language of Odesa media outlets
At local TV, more than 50% of weekly news programs are in Ukrainian; yet, the rest of TV programs are mainly in Russian. Local community television is 100% in Ukrainian, in addition, local community TV produces programs in Bulgarian, Moldavian and Gagauz.
As to press, the overwhelming majority of newspapers are in Russian, only two are in Ukrainian
(namely, «Odeski Visti» and «Chornomorski novyny»). Other media outlets can print some materials
in Ukrainian («Vechernyaya Odessa» — one page, «Odessakaya zhizn» — some articles, etc.). In the
region, there is a newspaper in Bulgarian — «Roden Krai».
Over 90% of websites present their information in Russian, only one website is in Ukrainian, and
only partly — Happymisto.
Media ownership structure in the region
One of the key features of the media market of Odesa is the practice, where people engaged
into politics, one way or another, found «temporary» controlled mass media. If later such media owner withdraws from the politics, the media outlet in question can be «frozen» until better times, as it
happened to at least a dozen of local channels, or rented out or sold to other politicians. As a result,
the local media market is extremely over-saturated, and normal competition among mass media
outlets is severely undermined.
As of the end of 2015, media owners of Odesa had an unprecedently powerful influence on the
editorial policy of the mass media outlets they control, taking into account the complicated situation
in the economy of the country in general.
The key «players» at the media market of Odesa are former Party of Regions members, in particular, Serhiy Kivalov, who, according to the data of IMI regional representative, is the largest local
owner of media outlets. The second place is held by media business of O.Kozyr, who is allegedly affiliated with Odesa’s current mayor, Henadiy Trukhanov, former Party of Regions member, who recently
created his own party. Pro-governmental forces are also present at Odesa’s media market (for example, one of the most popular web resources of Odesa region, the website Dumskaya, is attributed to a
notorious young politician, head of local Petro Poroshenko Bloc branch, Oleksiy Honcharenko).
In Odesa, the only region of all covered by the monitoring, there is an active pro-Russian influence in the media sphere. The sphere of Russian influence includes at least 4 websites, financed
by Ihor Markov (leader of the pro-Russian party «Rodina», who vocally supported federalization of
Ukraine. In August of 2015, he, together with other former high officials of Yanukovych’s presidency,
founded in Moscow »Ukraine’s Rescue Committee», a media outlet speaking from the position of Russian propaganda).
RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ODESA MEDIA
One of the key problems of Odesa media market is publication of commissioned stories without marking, or without «proper marking» (as stipulated by the Law «On advertisement»). During the
monitoring period, the percentage of such materials in printed press was 21% from the total number
of materials published, but in some media outlets, such as the newspaper «Slovo», the percentage
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ODESA OBLAST
of «dzhynsa» was as high as 60%. In online media outlets, this indicator is considerably lower — 7%
from the total number of materials have features of being commissioned, yet this difference is due
to a much larger number of published materials in online media outlets, as in them, the number of
materials is not limited by the number of pages, like it does in printed press. The lowest percentage
of commissioned stories is on TV — 3% from the total number of news in weekly news programs.
The share of socially relevant materials on local topics in printed media outlets was only 24%
from the total number of published materials, and is close to the level of commissioned stories in
the same media outlets, but it should have constituted the bulk of content in local media. At that, of
these 24%, more than one third is local news about crimes or local political events, the latter
often presented in a biased manner.
At the same time, online media are much more oriented to their local audience: the indicator
of socially relevant materials of local importance here was 37% from the total number of published
materials. The highest percentage on this specific indicator was registered on TV: 73% of all broadcast
materials cover local issues.
RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ODESA MEDIA
Mass media of Odesa, in fact, ignore the topic of the armed conflict in the East. Printed media
outlets publish only 3% of materials on this topic, online media have even worse indicators — this issue is covered only in 1% of materials. The highest indicator is on television — 13% of materials cover
the conflict or discuss problems related to it.
As of the end of 2015, Odeska oblast accepted over 30 thousand internally displaced persons.
In spite of this fact, local mass media outlets pay virtually no attention to the problems of these
people, who found themselves in complicated circumstances and need support. In printed press, for
example, only 1% of materials was related to IDPs; in online media outlets, the share of such materials
was close to zero. TV again shows the highest percentage — 5% of materials from total number of
news in weekly news programs were dedicated to the problems of IDPs. Still, the mere presence of
such materials does not mean they all were of high quality. Sometimes, the materials were instigating negative attitudes in the locals. For example, in the story «Gypsy camp in Kulikovo Polie» (as of
Sep. 18, 2015) on the «Pervyi Gorodskoi» («First City [Channel]») channel was about the Roma IDPs
from the ATO zone, yet the journalist focused attention on these people’s aggressiveness and, moreover, she used the name «Gypsies» three times, which is not exactly a neutral terminology.
Instead, the share of «no-legwork» materials (advertising local authorities without any journalist processing) in Odesa mass media is quite high. The highest percentage was registered in
online media — 16% from all materials. For example, the experts noted the story dedicated to the
Emergency Response Worker Day, where the material was complimentary to the local emergency
response service, and said nothing about the institution’s problems, for example, the problems that
exacerbated after fighting the fire at Vasylkiv Oil Base. In addition, the footage was taken based on
the same scenario as they did in Dnipropetrovsk.
Mass media outlets of Odesa practically do not cover the problems of local housing support services (activities of the aggregate of services that are needed for normal housing and offices,
issues of local water, gas, heat, electricity supply, local public transportation) — during the monitoring period, only 3% of the total number of materials were dedicated to this problem. The same level
of coverage was dedicated to activities of local activists and NGO initiatives — only 3% from the total
number of local news.
Qualitative content analysis of Odesa mass media showed that in printed press only one
quarter of the materials are complete, and less than half of the materials are balanced (45%). In general, adherence to journalist standards of local printed mass media outlets, according to evaluation
of IMI experts, was rated 3.65 points out of possible 6 (for comparison, based on IMI research, the
37
general national rating for journalist standards adherence in printed press was the average 4.5 out
of 6). Online media outlets showed a higher level of standard adherence; in total, they received 4.77
points out of 6 possible (which is also lower by as much as a point compared to the rating of online
media in the country in general, according to IMI research). Approximately one half of the materials
in the online media outlets of Odesa are incomplete and unbalances.
The highest rating for adherence to standards was granted to the TV of Odesa (weekly news
programs) — 5.12 points. Yet, it should be noted that 40% of analyzed materials were incomplete,
and 20% were unbalanced; at this, there were no violations related to promptness and validity of the
materials.
IMI survey of Odesa journalists (14 local journalists from various types of mass media outlets
filled in the questionnaires offered by IMI) showed that in the media community itself the level of
trust to the content is quite low; the main problems named by respondents were laziness, low qualification of journalists, pressure from owners, corruptibility of journalists, few unbiased experts available and too many media outlets on the market. 100% of journalists surveyed in Odesa have a very
questioning attitude to news, and comment that one «needs skill to read» the news and to understand for what they were published. All respondents mentioned that the local news from Odesa
proper are abundant, but regional news are lacking — there is practically no information about what
is happening in the oblast around Odesa. The journalists also complain about absence of interaction
between them and local authorities, and mention separately low professionalism of press services.
As to the sources of information - the journalists receive 50% of information from their colleagues, 25% — from social networks Vkontakte and Facebook, 10% — from press services, 10% —
via personal contacts, and 5% — via press announcements and press releases.
90% of the surveyed journalists mentioned that the topics are selected for them by editors,
and for this reason they consider themselves «universal journalists», and cannot go too deeply into
any particular topic they are interested in. The journalists think that this situation is caused by limited
staff of media outlets and greed of the owners, who do not wish to hire new journalists with certain
specialization (for example, who would write only about the economy, or about the activities of the
city council, etc.). Among the problems that the local mass media outlets face are low level of communication and few reliable unbiased experts. The journalists mostly were complaining about the
editors’ influence, about coverage of local news, and even shared the special «formula»: there are
three types of events and people 1. white — about those you are supposed to write only positive
things; 2. grey — neutral coverage; 3. black — these simply do not exist. Practically all local journalists
admitted that they practice self-censorship.
Odesa journalists think that the main problem of one-sided presentation of information in local
mass media is old staff members, who are accustomed to working «in a Soviet way». The journalists
admitted that they are quite indifferent to all events that take place in the city.
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ODESA OBLAST
39
40
KHARKIV OBLAST
In Kharkiv, with its population of one million persons, there is no local radio, and the city also
lacks printed media outlets, and the available newspapers and TV channels quite often belong to
well-known Ukrainian politicians, businessmen, and their proxies. In this aspect, Kharkiv media market is not unique — here, just like in the rest of Ukraine, mass media is not a business, it is an opportunity to broadcast the politicians’ opinions. They try to «buy» even some independent media outlets
that have been emerging in the last two years. In Kharkiv itself, there are 10 local TV channels: A/TVK, OTB, Channel 7, Simon, «Fora», «Favoryt»,
and R1; all of them are traditionally used by the owners for self-advertisement.
There are 12 local informational websites; most popular of them are Glavnoe and 057.ua
(more than 30 thousand users per day). All news websites are in Russian only, Ukrainian versions
are not even available, the only exception is the resource Spravzhnia Varta («The Real Guards»), and
the website Maidan, which is not updated that often and is designed mostly for the nation-wide
audience. All other websites have the number of daily hits from 5 to 8 thousand per day, some even
less.
Almost three million residents of Kharkivska oblast have only 86 various newspapers and magazines, of them 21 are communal media outlets. According to the data of Kharkivska Oblast State
Administration, the most popular media outlets are: the news and entertainment weekly edition «Teleskop» and advertisement and news media outlets, such as «Premier Digest», «Kharkov na Ladoniakh», «Aviso». The third place in popularity rating of printed editions is held by newspapers about
social and political issues «Vecherniy Kharkov», «Vremia», «Slobidskyi Krai», and local branches of
national Ukrainian newspapers — «Komsomolskaya Pravda v Ukrainie. Kharkovskiy Vypusk», «Segodnia. Kharkov», «Vesti. Kharkovskiy Vypusk».
According to IMI data, in addition to traditional mass media types, mass media that are popular
among Kharkiv residents are public aggregators of local news in social networks — they are «Khuyovyi* Kharkov» (*obscene word, loosely translates as «Fuc*ing Kharkov») and «IT sector Kharkov»,
scoring over 200 thousand users. For comparison, no other local printed or online media outlet has
an audience this large.
Most local media outlets also have communities in social networks; yet, they are not that
popular: at average they have about 2.5-3 thousand followers, even if they are constantly updated. Some media outlets are either just traditional mass media outlets or simply have «business
cards» in social networks, with a minimal number of subscribers (from 200 to 500, like, for example, the web-page of Kharkiv Oblast TV (the branch of the National TV Company of Ukraine),
or the local newspaper «Vremia»), or have neither communities in social networks nor websites
of their own (like the TV and Radio Company «Fora», TV R1) — they still have Youtube channels,
though.
41
Media start-ups
Among the newly created media outlets, the most popular are two communities in social networks — the above-mentioned Khuyovyi Kharkov (almost 130 thousand users in social networks,
of them 125 thousand are VKontakte users) and «IT sector Kharkov» (approximately 70 thousand
users in social networks). Both startups are aggregators of local news and re-posts on local topics in
social networks. They have their distinct specificity, heavily loaded with obscene words; this can be
rather called «community journalism». Their posts are often scandalous, they express their authors’
opinions, but at the same time, they are relevant and important for the local community. Still, due
to lack of professionalism, validity of information provided by such communities is under question.
Both of them are independent, prevalently use Russian language, yet center on Ukraine: there are
patriotic posts in Ukrainian there, and criticism of local authorities. According to IMI data, «IT sector
Kharkov» is financed by international donors (the Renaissance Foundation), sources of «Khuyovyi
Kharkov»’ funding are unknown.
«Nakipelo» — a Youtube channel of volunteer journalism, the project of Kharkiv Crisis Media
Center. For now, the project does not have a website of its own, the total number of social networks’
users subscribed to it is up to 10 thousand. Mainly, this channel broadcasts records of events from
Kharkiv Crisis Media Center, yet there are some videos from volunteers on topical local issues.
Newsroom — another startup, which is an effort of local journalist Pavlo Fedosenko to create a
fast-response multimedia outlet. The website is not registered as a media outlet. In fact, it was founded at cost of the founder’s family, yet it does not measure up to the hopes vested in it: the resource
did not acquire a considerable influence and periodically publishes «dzhynsa» (commissioned materials) in the interests of the former Party of Regions member, now co-leader of the party «Nash Krai»,
Oleksander Feldman.
Hromadske TV of Kharkiv appeared in 2015. The materials are produced not by professional
journalists; some of the people who do it are IT specialists. This media outlet responds to events faster compared to traditional mass media outlets in Kharkiv. «Kharkovskaya Nedelia» - an informational and analytical printed edition that appeared in
Kharkiv during the elections campaign of 2015. The media outlet was registered on September 15,
with the number of copies of 100 thousand. The newspaper positions itself as an independent analytical media outlet and publishes articles of well-known journalists — Yehor Checherynda, Filip
Dykan, Oleksander Kostenko, with a minor share of materials biased to the benefit of «Samopomich».
The newspaper is distributed for free. According to IMI sources’ data, the newspaper is affiliated with
the local «Samopomich» and is supported by businessman, founder of the foundation «Peace and
Order», Vsevolod Kozhemiako. According to its publication data, the newspaper is printed in the
printing house «Faktor-Druk» owned by the co-founder of the foundation «Peace and Order», Serhiy
Polituchyi.
Language of Kharkiv mass media
90% of local mass media outlets are published in Russian, and they do not even have Ukrainian
versions. Only communal mass media outlets are published in Ukrainian: for example, Kharkiv Oblast
State Administration’s newspaper «Slobidskyi krai» or its TV station. Local television is also prevalently Russian-speaking, yet there are news programs in Ukrainian. The single Ukrainian-only resource
in Kharkiv is the community journalism project «Spravzhnia varta». In 2007, it separated from the
Ukrainian version of «Gorodskoi Dozor» («City Watch») and became independent. According to IMI
sources, the project is financially supported by the Ukrainian Diaspora in the USA. Local media-ownership structure
According to the results of IMI survey, Kharkiv media market can be roughly divided into three
large spheres of influence –media outlets under influence of the former Party of Regions, under the
42
KHARKIV OBLAST
influence of pro-President forces, and mass media outlets that are commonly associated with the
former head of Kharkiv Oblast State administration, now Minister of Internal Affairs, Arsen Avakov.
The main players on Kharkiv media market are representatives of the former Party of Regions, in particular, the acting mayor Hennadiy Kernes, people’s deputy (MP) from the Opposition Bloc Yevhen
Morayev, and co-leader of the party «Nash Krai», MP Oleksander Feldman.
Hennadiy Kernes holds influence over Channel 7 and the website «Horodskoi Dozor» («City
Watch»). Mayor Kernes also has under his influence a communal enterprise: a certain media holding
«Kharkivski Visti» («Kharkovskiye Izvestiya»): a website, a printed edition and TV news. This communal enterprise operates for the money of the city budget (8.5 million hryvnias for 2014). These mass
media outlets are the voice of the pro-mayor position. Kernes also is said to be associated with the TV
channels «Fora» and «Favoryt», quite enigmatic structures, as none of the IMI-surveyed representatives of mass media could tell for sure, who owns and manages these structures.
According to mass media, the MP from the Opposition Bloc Murayev owns the national level
resource NewsОne, Mignews. In his interview, he said that it is not a political project, but simply business. Yet, the channel’s employees note that there were considerable changes in its policy since Murayev’s wife started to manage it — quality of adherence to professional standards fell considerably,
and the news about events, where Murayev participates, now look like his personal advertisement.
One of Kharkiv’s oldest newspapers belongs to the former member of «Batkivshchyna» party, now co-owner of the party «Nash Krai», Oleksander Feldman. Another newspaper and channel
belong to the family of the late Party of Regions member Yevhen Kushnariov, and Yevhen Murayev,
member of the current Parliament from the «Opposition Bloc», acquired Kharkiv’s first online television provider.
The sphere of influence of the Minister of Internal Affairs Arsen Avakov allegedly includes the
TV channels ATN and ATVK; yet, currently they do not produce any programming of their own and
just re-broadcast «Espreso TV» programs. Before, the sphere of Arsen Avakov’s influence also included the website founded in Kharkiv, which became a national-level one - «Glavnoe». According to IMI
sources, just like the channels Avakov used to control, it no longer receives financial support from
him.
The sphere of influence of «new authorities» can be said to include mass media outlets of the
Davtian family and Viktor Subotin — well-known local media owners and MP candidates from Petro
Poroshenko Bloc. The TV and Radio Company «Simon» is one of the first and most popular private
TV channels of Kharkiv. Before 2002, Zurab Alasania worked here, but he left with a scandal together
with his team — as he claimed, because the owners interfered with the work of the editorial office.
At the same time, in Kharkiv there are media outlets that adhere to the principle of «media as
business separated from politics»: for example, the TV and Radio Company «Orion», the production studio that issues its own programs for local channels. In particular, they produce the scientific
program «NTS», «Evening coffee», «Village and people», and the program for children «Visiting Zabadaika». One of very popular in the past, and quite influential media resources, the portal «Media
port», was founded by the journalist Zurab Alasania, yet it is not registered as a media outlet. In the
past, this resource was a paragon of professionalism for regional mass media. Now, its staff has been
reduced to the few persons, who still keep the tradition of adherence to journalist standards.
RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KHARKIV MEDIA
Kharkiv mass media outlets showed quite a low level of published local materials relevant for
the society. Only 28% of the content was related to important local topics, for example, compared to Zaporizhzhia, where the same indicator was 50%. Most of such materials, 35%, were on
local television, and in printed press and in the online media outlets this indicator was 27% and 23%,
correspondingly.
43
The indicator of socially relevant materials of the national level is 12% from the total number of materials, and this indicator is roughly the same in all types of surveyed mass media outlets.
This way, the share of informational materials that affect the quality of life of local population, is only 40% from the total number of published materials. The remaining 60% are veiled
advertisement, re-prints of «no-legwork» materials coming from the authorities, and entertainment
publications.
The topic of the conflict in the East of Ukraine is covered in 13% of the total number of
materials. TV programs have the largest share of programs on this topic, as 28% of materials on TV
are dedicated to it, but printed press and online media outlets dedicate to it only 6% of their publications.
According to the data of Kharkiv Oblast State Administration, in the oblast there are more than
180 thousand internally displaced persons. Yet, local mass media do not pay much attention to the
problems related to IDPs — according to IMI monitoring data, only 3% from all news materials is
dedicated to it. Television covers the IDPs-related topics the most — 4% from the total number of
materials are dedicated to this vulnerable group affected by the conflict. Printed and online media
outlets have this indicator at only 2%.
7% of content in Kharkiv mass media publications have features of being commissioned and
are considered by IMI experts to be hidden advertisement. The smallest share of such materials, 3%,
was detected in press, and the largest share of them — in online mass media outlets, 11%, and on
TV — 6%.
Kharkiv mass media outlets demonstrate a rather high level of «no-legwork news», that is,
reprints of official press releases with minimal work by journalists — in total, the share of such
materials was 11%, at that for online media outlets this indicator was as high as 24% from the total
number of published materials.
RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KHARKIV MEDIA
According to the data of IMI survey, the highest level of professional standards was demonstrated by Kharkiv online media outlets — 4.83 points out of maximum 6. Most often, in 43% of
cases, the standard violated was the ‘balance of opinions’ requirement. In 37% of cases, journalist publications were violating the standard of completeness of presented facts.
Both TV and printed press showed a quite catastrophic, for such a large oblast, level of professionalism. Newspapers were rated at only 3.43 points out of 6, and TV — 3.98 points out of 6.
In newspapers, 86% of publications are incomplete, and 50% are unbalances, that is, they
gravitate to skewed presentation of information. In 42% of news, sources of information are
not named, or the sources are unreliable.
In general, Kharkiv media outlets were rated at 4.08 out of maximum of 6.
Generally, the mass media of Kharkiv are very loyal to local authorities, and are in opposition
to the central government. For example, in the newspaper «Vremia», the following is published
about Kharkiv mayor Hennadiy Kernes, «…having survived a tragic assassination attempt, Hennadiy Adolfovich was able to double his rating.» Instead, the news of the national level are commented by experts affiliated with the «Party of Regions»; at that, the experts are selected not to
clarify things, but to support the main idea of the particular publication. In the same newspaper,
we can find a publication that can be considered as one carrying negative connotations towards
IDPs. In the article «Patience and tact, tact and patience», the material starts with the words «When
Kharkivska oblast started receiving migrants from Donteska and Luhanska oblasts, visiting these
institutions [social protection administration] turned into a real challenge». The readers might have
44
KHARKIV OBLAST
a false impression from these words that these institutions’ operation was impaired by the migrants.
As to the content of television, one should note that here there are practically no news about
economic or political issues, of neither national nor local scale. Most of the news are of either social
nature, or life stories, mostly about the warriors of ATO.
Preliminary surveying of Kharkiv journalists showed that they do not consider local news in
regional mass media sufficient for themselves and they consider the quality of local news to be quite
low. The journalists, who participated in the survey, thought that the reason of this situation is the
editorial policy of media owners, pressure from the local authorities, as well as the journalists’ and
editors’ low level of social responsibility. For this reason, the surveyed consider many local news providers corrupt and news commissioned that are advantageous for one or another person’s business
interests.
Media representatives also emphasized that local governmental agencies shut out outsiders,
and this is a big problem for someone, who wants to report news and receive valid information from
these bodies for journalists. The journalists openly call city mayor Hennadiy Kernes and the local
authorities «the enemy of local news». In addition, the journalists agreed that in Kharkiv there are
problems with freedom of press, journalists feel unprotected, and there is no corporate solidarity.
As to the sources of information, journalists receive 50% of information from their colleagues,
25% — from social networks Vkontakte and Facebook, 10% — from press services, 10% — through
personal contacts, and 5% — from press releases and announcements for press.
90% of the journalists surveyed by IMI mentioned that the topics for them are selected by their
editor, and for this reason, they consider themselves «universal journalists», and cannot completely
dedicate themselves to one of the topics they are interested in.
The journalists surveyed by IMI also noted that no matter who owns local mass media outlets in
Kharkiv, they all write only «good or nothing» about the local authorities. The critics of the city mayor have no voice in the mass media of Kharkiv, yet criticism of central authorities is quite common.
One of the consequences of this situation on the city media market is absence of any confrontation
in the local elections campaign of 2015. The city residents could not receive any materials involving
criticism of local authorities. Correspondingly, the glossed-over and idealistic image of the city mayor
was formed in their heads, which was confirmed by the elections results on October 25, 2015 — Hennadiy Kernes won in the first round with 65.8% of votes.
45
46
KHARKIV OBLAST
47
MEDIA POLL IN 6 OBLASTS:
summary report
Inna Volosevych, Head of Social and Political Research Department
[email protected]
Tetiana Kostiuchenko, Researcher, Social and Political Research Department,
[email protected]
December 2015 - January 2016
© GfK February 25, 2016 | Media Poll
1
Contents
Methodology……………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Summary……………………………………………………..…………………………….. 5
Media usage and TOP resources…………………..…………………………………... 9
Primary sources news and topics of interest………………………………………….. 17
Political views, national and language identities ……………………………………. 27
Problems and values……………..…………………………………………………….. 34
48
2
Methodology
Objective
To study media preferences and political orientations of the population of 6 oblasts
in Ukraine
Geography
Dnipropetrovska, Donetska, Zaporizka, Luhanska, Odeska, Kharkivska oblasts
Method and
sample
Fieldwork
About 1500 face-to-face interviews at respondent’s home were conducted in each
oblast of government-controlled territories not including booster samples (the data
for the areas and settlements where booster samples were conducted is provided in
separate presentation for each oblast)
The Sample represents the population of each oblast by age/gender/settlement size
according to the data of State Statistics Service of Ukraine as of 1/01/2015
November 27 – December 25, 2015
3
Summary (1)
Penetration of media and news
The penetration of various media channels ranges across oblasts:
- from 84% in Luhanska to 95% in Dnipropetrovska watch TV
- from 53% in Donetska to 62% in Kharkivska use Internet
- from 29% in Luhanska to 39% in Dnipropetrovska and in Odeska listen to radio
- from 25% in Odeska and in Kharkivska to 35% in Dnipropetrovska read printed press.
News via these media channels are penetrated to following extent:
- from 68% in Luhanska and Kharkivska and to 83% in Dnipropetrovska watch news on TV
- from 28% in Zaporizka to 38% in Kharkivska read the latest news online
- from 14% in Donetska to 27% in Dnipropetrovska listen to news via radio
- from 17% in Kharkivska to 28% in Dnipropetrovska and in Zaporizka read news in printed press.
So, in spite of the fact that majority of population use Internet, TV still is the main source of news
4
49
Summary (2)
Primary source of news and the most interesting topics
National television is the primary source for receiving news for relative majority of respondents in each
oblast (46%-62%). Ukrainian Internet sites (except for social networking sites) are on the second place in each
oblast (9%-14%) except Luhanska where social networking sites are the 2nd by popularity for receiving news
(13% mentioned social networking sites while 10% mentioned Ukrainian Internet sites).
The relative majority of residents in each oblast (39%- 63%) indicated up-to-date information as the main
reason for using particular media source as the primary one for receiving news. Getting trustworthy and
reliable information is among TOP-3 reasons of the choice of primary media source only in Zaporizka,
Odeska and Kharkivska oblasts. It was mentioned least often in Donetska and Luhanska oblasts (14%-15%)
and most often in Zaporizka oblast (29%).
In Donetska and Luhanska one of TOP-3 reasons of the choice of primary media source is that this source is
the only available in the settlement (for 17% in Donetska and 29% in Luhanska oblasts).
The war in the East of Ukraine is top-of-interest topic in Dnipropetrovska, Donetska, Zaporizka and Luhanska
oblasts (indicated by 27%-38%). Local news are the most interesting topic in Luhanska and Donetska oblasts
(31% and 29%, respectively), health topics are of the highest interest for the residents in Kharkivska, Odeska
and Donetska oblast (37%, 31% and 29% and, respectively) and the residents in Odeska oblasts are most
interested in the weather (32%).
5
Summary (3)
What information is lacking in media
The relative majority in Dnipropetrovska, Zaporizka, Odeska and Luhanska oblasts feels lack of information on
fighting corruption at local level (18%-33%), in Donetska and Kharkivska – unbiased news on national level
(19%-24%). Generally residents of Donetska oblast lack unbiased news on national level to the largest extent
(24%) and residents of Odeska oblast – to the least extent (8%).
Political views
Relative majority in each oblast prefers Ukraine to stay neutral/ hold balance between West and East in its
foreign policy. The share of pro-Europeans is higher than the share of pro-Russian ones in all oblasts except for
Donetska, Luhanska and Kharkivska. The largest share of pro-Europeans is among residents of Dnipropetrovska
and Zaporizka oblasts .
The opinions are significantly different regarding the status of Donbas and Crimea. The majority in
Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts (57%-58%) agree that Donbas and Crimea should be returned to Ukraine
without any compromises with Russia, however, relative majority in other oblasts don’t agree with that.
Also the opinions are significantly different regarding whom to blame for military conflict in Donbas. The
residents of Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts mostly blame Russia for the military conflict in Donbas, other
oblasts mostly blame central authorities of Ukraine.
50
6
Summary (4)
National and language identities
90% in Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts considers themselves to be Ukrainians by nationality, this share
is the lowest in Luhanska and Donetska oblasts (66% and 71%, respectively) but still constitutes the majority.
Russians are the most prevalent in Luhanska and Donetska oblasts (32% and 25%, respectively) and the least
prevalent in Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts (8% in both oblasts).
The highest share of those who speak Russian at home is in Donetska oblast (78%), the lowest – in
Dnipropetrovska (57%). Among other respondents in all oblasts majority are Ukrainian-Russian bilinguals.
Classification of oblasts by political views and national identities
Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka are most pro-Ukrainian and pro-EU oblasts as their citizens mostly consider
that Donbas and Crimea should be returned to Ukraine without any compromises with Russia and that Russia is to
be blamed for military conflict in Donbas. Also these oblasts have the highest share of pro-EU citizens and the
highest share of Ukrainians by nationality. Donetska and Luhanska oblasts are the least pro-Ukrainian and
pro-EU oblasts according to abovementioned criteria while Odeska and Kharkivska oblasts are somewhere in
between. Interestingly, Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka have the lowest share of «refuse»/ «hard to say» answers
to political questions, Donetska and Luhanska oblasts have the highest shares of such answers and Odeska and
Kharkivska oblasts again are in between.
Political views are correlated with national identities, but not with language ones – Luhanska and Odeska oblasts
have the highest share of those who speak Ukrainian at home while in Zaporizka there is comparatively high share
of Russian-speaking residents.
7
Summary (5)
Problems and values
The most pressing problem in each oblast is the shortage of money on basic needs (43%-62%). The war is
is on the 2nd place everywhere except for Odeska oblast. In Odeska oblast job search is the 2nd most pressing
problem.
The vast majority in Donetska (73%) and Luhanska (63%) oblasts have to save on food or basic clothes; in
Dnipropetrovska, Zaporizka oblasts the similar situation is indicated by 60% and 58% respectively, while in
Odeska and Kharkivska oblasts have slightly better financial situation (43% of those who have to save on food
or basic clothes).
In spite of the poverty most respondents in all oblasts agree that «You can't sacrifice your freedom for better
security and well-being» - the strongest belief is observed in Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts and the
weakest – in Odeska and Donetska.
8
51
Media usage and TOP resources
9
Dnipropetrovska oblast: Media usage and TOP
resources used in last 7 days
TV
RADIO
INTERNET
10%
1%
83%
1%
5%
1+1
78%
70%
Inter
69%
STB
61%
ICTV
TRK Ukraina
Noviy kanal
47%
43%
11-kanal
34%
9 kanal
31%
112 Ukraina
31%
34 kanal
30%
Dnipropetrovska oblast: Total N=2216;
52
10%
43%
44%
Yandex
1plus1.ua
2%
1%
18%
10%
PRESS
9%
23%
11%
18%
2%
61%
65%
2%
Hit FM
16%
Shanson
16%
Argumenty i Fakty
5%
Segodnya
4%
Dnepr Vecherniy
4%
Dnepropetrovskaya
panorama
3%
Ukrainskiy pensioner
3%
Ukr.net
9%
Avtoradio
15%
Gorod.dp.ua
6%
Nashe radio
14%
Fakty.ua
5%
Luks FM
13%
TSN.ua
5%
Kiss FM
12%
Korrespondent.net
4%
Russkoye radio Ukraina
10%
Vesti.ua
4%
Europa Plus
Segodnya.ua
4%
10%
Radio Pyatnitsa
0564.ua
4%
9%
Melodiya
9%
Every day or almost every day
Less often than once a month
6%
3%
At least once a week
Don't watch/use/read press
At least once a month
10
Donetska oblast: Media usage and TOP
TV
RADIO
INTERNET
9%
1% 1%
7%
1%
1%
45%
12%
77%
47%
Inter
64%
Yandex
1+1
64%
0629.com.ua
PRESS
18% 10%
3%
1%
68%
22%
12%
5%
17%
71%
5%
3%
Avtoradio
9%
Shanson
9%
Argumenty i Fakty
4%
Priazovskiy Rabochiy
3%
Vesti
2%
Ukr.net
5%
Google
4%
8%
Nashe radio
1plus1.ua
4%
8%
Lux FM
YouTube.com
4%
7%
Melodiya
2%
2%
6%
Ilichevets
TSN.ua
19%
Lifenews.ru
2%
7ya (Sem'ya)
2%
Sigma TV
17%
Segodnya.ua
2%
MEGA
16%
Fakty.ua
1%
54%
STB
48%
TRK Ukraina
ICTV
Noviy kanal
112 Ukraina
Orbita
42%
33%
27%
Donetska oblast: Total N=2666;
Hit FM
6%
Kiss FM
6%
Perets FM
6%
Europa Plus
5%
11
Zaporizka oblast: Media usage and TOP
TV
RADIO
INTERNET
6%
83%
1%
9%
46%
9%
2%
42%
74%
1+1
Yandex
19%
PRESS
20%
11%
67%
1%
1%
Shanson
12%
Melodiya
10%
Inter
65%
1plus1.ua
6%
STB
65%
Ukr.net
5%
Hit FM
9%
9%
9%
ICTV
52%
061.ua
5%
Europa Plus
Noviy kanal
50%
Zabor.zp.ua
4%
Nashe radio
8%
Pravda.com.ua
3%
Lux FM
112.Ukraina
31%
Censor.net.ua
3%
7%
Tv5
28%
Vesti.ua
3%
Kiss FM
6%
Segodnya.ua
2%
Avtoradio
4%
Lifenews.ru
2%
Retro FM
4%
50%
TRK Ukraina
MEGA
Aleks
24%
20%
Zaporizka oblast: Total N=1897;
6%
20%
68%
5%
1%
Subbota plus
5%
MIG
4%
Industrialnoye
Zaporozhye
3%
Argumenty i Fakty
2%
Berdyanskiye
vedomosti
2%
12
53
Luhanska oblast: Media usage and TOP
TV
7%
74%
2%
1%
16%
RADIO
INTERNET
43%
4%
11%
43%
63%
1+1
55%
Inter
PRESS
18%
71%
1%
2%
6%
2%
19%
Yandex
Nashe radio
8%
6%
Retro FM
6%
Ukr.net
1plus1.ua
5%
Europa Plus
6%
41%
Censor.net.ua
4%
Hit FM
6%
ICTV
41%
Liga.net
3%
Avtoradio
5%
TSN.ua
3%
UR-1, NTRKU-1
4%
Lifenews.ru
3%
Perets FM
4%
47%
112.Ukraina
Noviy kanal
30%
25%
MEGA
14%
Lisichansk.com.ua
3%
Shanson
3%
IRTA
14%
Korrespondent.net
3%
Radio Pyatnitsa
3%
K1
11%
severcity.info
2%
Lux FM
3%
Luhanska oblast: Total N=1908;
4%
3%
2%
TRK Ukraina
STB
16%
73%
Argumenty i Fakty
6%
Novyy Put
3%
Vesti
3%
Fakty i kommentarii
2%
Severodonetskiy
khimik
2%
13
Odeska oblast: Media usage and TOP resources
used in last 7 days
TV
RADIO
INTERNET
9%
9%
2%
1%
7%
1%
1%
39%
1+1
70%
Yandex
Inter
69%
Ukr.net
STB
68%
Dumskaya.net
20%
14%
9%
TSN.ua
5%
Noviy kanal
45%
1plus1.ua
5%
TRK Ukraina
42%
Segodnya.ua
3%
048.юа
3%
51%
ICTV
112.Ukraina
34%
6%
12%
27%
52%
79%
PRESS
10%
61%
1%
1%
Odessa-mama
14%
Nashe radio
13%
Prosto radio
4%
12%
Segodnya
4%
Hit FM
11%
Vechernyaya Odessa
Kiss FM
11%
4%
Argumenty i Fakty
3%
Odesskiy vestnik
3%
Europa Plus
9%
Avtoradio
21%
Google
3%
8%
K1
18%
Fakty.ua
3%
8%
Radio Pyatnitsa
Akademiya TV
18%
Reporter.od.ua
2%
8%
Shanson
7%
54
75%
Zhizn na pensii
MEGA
Odeska oblast: Total N=1895;
5%
2%
14
Kharkivska oblast: Media usage and TOP
TV
73%
Inter
64%
STB
ICTV
55%
TRK Ukraina
52%
7 kanal
112.Ukraina
9%
65%
2%
15%
2%
1%
74%
Melodiya
10%
Ukr.net
11%
Radio Pyatnitsa
10%
Kharkovforum.com
10%
Kiss FM
10%
10%
18%
Yandex
68%
1+1
Noviy kanal
8%
38%
1% 8%
PRESS
23%
52%
83%
8%
RADIO
INTERNET
48%
Kharkovskiy kuryer
3%
9%
Semen
3%
Hit FM
8%
Argumenty i Fakty
4%
3%
Shanson
7%
6%
Europa Plus
5%
Lux FM
Vesti.ua
5%
Nashe radio
9%
Dozor.kharkov.ua
5%
Avtoradio
Atn.ua
5%
Lifenews.ru
ATN
23%
Segodnya.ua
4%
MEGA
22%
Censor.net.ua
4%
Kharkivska oblast: Total N=2473;
7%
3%
6%
42%
4%
2%
Segodnya
057.ua
29%
Vesti
5%
15
The highest share of social media sites users is in Odeska oblast (50%), the lowest – in
Luhanska and Donetska (45% in each). VKontakte is the most popular platform used by about a
third of residents in each oblast
AT WHICH SOCIAL MEDIA SITES DO YOU HAVE ACCOUNTS?
Dnipropetrovska
Donetska
Zaporizka
VKontakte
39%
33%
39%
Odnoklassniki
35%
31%
39%
Facebook
14%
12%
11%
Luhanska
Odeska
32%
39%
36%
33%
26%
8%
Kharkivska
30%
16%
15%
Twitter
4%
5%
2%
2%
5%
3%
Instagram
3%
3%
5%
2%
6%
2%
No account / Do not
use the internet
52%
55%
51%
55%
50%
54%
Dnipropetrovska N=2216; Donetska N=2666; Zaporizka N=1897; Luhanska N=1908; Odeska N=1895; Kharkivska N=2473
* The graph do not show the alternatives with less than 2% of responses
16
55
Primary sources news and topics of interest
17
Majority of residents of all oblasts watch news via TV. The highest share of viewers
of news is in Dnipropetrovska oblast, the lowest – in Luhanska
WHAT DO YOU USUALLY WATCH?
Dnipropetrovska
Donetska
Zaporizka
Luhanska
Odeska
Kharkivska
Movies\cartoons\TV series
84%
77%
81%
71%
78%
85%
News
83%
75%
73%
68%
75%
68%
Entertainment programs
49%
53%
58%
46%
50%
61%
Analytical programs\talk
shows
46%
39%
39%
36%
34%
Music, video-clips
39%
28%
27%
37%
35%
5%
12%
10%
9%
8%
Do not watch TV
35%
25%
16%
*The graph shows alternatives which have at least 3% of responses
56
18
Seeking the latest news online is the most popular
reason to use Internet in Dnipropetrovska,
Luhanska and Kharkivska oblasts, while in
Donetska and Zaporizka the most common reason is watching video
WHAT DO YOU USUALLY USE ONLINE RESOURCES\INTERNET FOR?
Dnipropetrovska
To find out the latest news
36%
To send or receive email
30%
To watch video such as TV programs, reports, video
27%
clips or movies
To learn about a specific topic
To participate in newsgroups, bulletins boards or
chat rooms for receiving information
To communicate via Skype or other communicators
Donetska
29%
21%
37%
24%
20%
17%
15%
15%
To read a blog
To listen to audio such as music, radio programs or
news reports
To play games or other
To post comments or to write a blog
For financial transactions
To read analytical materials\watch analytical
programs, talk shows
To listen to or watch a podcast
Do not use internet
Zaporizka
Luhanska
27%
21%
41%
Kharkivska
33%
33%
33%
38%
33%
33%
31%
24%
26%
20%
18%
19%
17%
19%
12%
26%
5%
18%
6%
26%
5%
20%
20%
20%
Odeska
21%
19%
28%
20%
30%
13%
21%
30%
13%
24%
17%
15%
9%
10%
10%
3%
4%
3%
8%
8%
7%
3%
4%
8%
6%
6%
3%
3%
2%
4%
7%
5%
3%
2%
1%
8%
21%
44%
15%
47%
16%
42%
43%
8%
39%
38%
19
Following friend’s timelines is the most popular activity in social media; sharing news about
oneself/family is on the 2nd place everywhere except Luhanska where sharing links to news
/interesting information is the 2nd by popularity
WHAT DO YOU USE SOCIAL MEDIA FOR?
Dnipropetrovska
Following my friend’s timelines
31%
Sharing news about myself / family
30%
Sharing links to news and information I
find interesting
Sharing entertaining stories, videos
17%
13%
Donetska
Zaporizka
33%
36%
23%
19%
15%
30%
27%
21%
Luhanska
Odeska
Kharkivska
24%
32%
32%
21%
28%
28%
22%
14%
20%
21%
19%
19%
Following popular bloggers / politicians
timelines
8%
4%
7%
4%
7%
6%
Following celebrities' timelines
4%
3%
5%
1%
3%
4%
4%
3%
8%
12%
3%
10%
52%
55%
51%
55%
50%
54%
Following news agencies\informational
resources timelines
Do not use social media / Internet
20
57
Listening to music is the most popular type of radio usage in each oblast, it is followed by
listening to news
WHAT DO YOU USUALLY LISTEN TO?
Dnipropetrovska
Zaporizka
29%
31%
35%
Music
News
Donetska
27%
14%
22%
Luhanska
Odeska
20%
35%
23%
16%
Entertainment programs
10%
5%
6%
7%
11%
Analytical programs\talk
shows
4%
2%
4%
2%
5%
Do not listen to the radio
61%
68%
67%
71%
Kharkivska
29%
19%
11%
4%
61%
65%
21
News are the most read materials in printed press in each oblast, followed by analytical
materials only in Dnipropetrovska oblast while in all other oblasts announcements and ads are
the 2nd most popular materials
WHAT DO YOU USUALLY READ?
News
Dnipropetrovska
Donetska
28%
22%
Zaporizka
28%
Analytical materials
15%
9%
12%
Announcements, ads
14%
14%
17%
16%
Entertainment materials
12%
8%
Do not read press
64%
71%
68%
Luhanska
Odeska
19%
5%
11%
21%
10%
13%
7%
9%
73%
75%
Kharkivska
17%
7%
10%
14%
74%
*Answers «Don’t know» and «Other» are not shown (less than 2% of responses)
58
22
National television is the primary source for receiving news in each oblast;
it is followed by Ukrainian Internet sites in each oblast except Luhanska where social networking
sites are 2nd by popularity for receiving news
WHAT IS YOUR PRIMARY MEDIA SOURCE FOR RECEIVING NEWS?
Dnipropetrovska
National television
Ukrainian Internet sites
Local television
Social networking sites
Printed media
Local Internet sites
Radio
I don't use media to receive information
I'm not interested in this information
Russian Internet sites
Russian television
62%
14%
7%
5%
3%
2%
1%
1%
3%
1%
%
Donetska
Zaporizka
Luhanska
Odeska
Kharkivska
53%
11%
8%
8%
2%
2%
1%
3%
9%
%
3%
63%
9%
3%
8%
4%
2%
2%
0%
3%
1%
1%
46%
10%
2%
13%
4%
2%
2%
7%
7%
2%
3%
52%
14%
6%
4%
4%
2%
4%
3%
10%
1%
2%
50%
13%
6%
8%
2%
1%
2%
4%
8%
1%
1%
23
Up-to-date information is the main reason for people in each oblast when using particular
source as the primary one for receiving news
WHY IS THIS YOUR PRIMARY MEDIA SOURCE FOR RECEIVING NEWS?
(Among those who mentioned one)
Dnipropetrovska
40%
It provides up to date information
It has good coverage of the developments in Ukraine
Its news coverage corresponds with the values
people like me share
Its news is easy to understand
Donetska
39%
Zaporizka
Luhanska
Odeska
39%
63%
Kharkivska
46%
57%
24%
15%
16%
22%
13%
17%
28%
23%
15%
20%
27%
20%
16%
27%
16%
14%
29%
15%
24%
23%
15%
8%
16%
9%
13%
13%
5%
14%
6%
6%
15%
7%
34%
31%
26%
It's trustworthy / provides reliable information
It provides balanced / neutral / unbiased news
coverage
It has good coverage of the developments at the
international level
It has good coverage of the developments in the
regions of Ukraine
It's only channel available
5%
It's free of charge
2%
9%
17%
4%
4%
2%
29%
22%
16%
10%
14%
12%
12%
10%
6%
6%
12%
10%
* The graph shows alternatives which have over 5% of observations, except «Other» and «Hard to say»
59
24
The war in the East of Ukraine is top-of-interest
topic in Dnipropetrovska, Donetska, Zaporizka
and Luhanska oblasts
WHAT TOPICS ARE YOU MOST INTERESTED IN?
The war on the East of Ukraine
Health & healthcare
Weather
News about your city (village)/oblast
National politics
Local politics
Lifestyle and entertainment
News about Europe
Environment
News about other oblasts
All about celebrity
Crime news
News about Russia
Local cultural events
Sports
Civil society
Science, technology & IT
Business / economy
Dnipropetrovska
38%
36%
33%
33%
32%
28%
26%
23%
21%
21%
20%
19%
18%
18%
15%
15%
12%
11%
Donetska
Zaporizka
Luhanska
27%
29%
22%
29%
28%
17%
22%
9%
12%
16%
12%
13%
9%
10%
20%
8%
10%
8%
35%
29%
28%
27%
33%
29%
25%
19%
15%
19%
25%
29%
12%
21%
18%
15%
12%
9%
31%
26%
29%
31%
25%
24%
22%
13%
10%
21%
16%
22%
11%
16%
18%
9%
8%
6%
Odeska
22%
31%
32%
18%
22%
20%
27%
14%
18%
9%
22%
19%
12%
16%
21%
10%
12%
12%
Kharkivska
31%
37%
36%
36%
32%
29%
35%
20%
27%
17%
11%
13%
18%
23%
23%
14%
16%
11%
25
The relative majority in Dnipropetrovska, Zaporizka, Odeska and Luhanska oblasts feels lack of
information on fighting corruption at local level, in Donetska and Kharkivska – unbiased news on
national level
WHAT KINDS OF INFORMATION ARE YOU LACKING?
Dnipropetrovska
Fighting corruption at local level
Examples of local investigative journalism
Unbiased news on national level
33%
21%
19%
Donetska
13%
7%
Zaporizka
Luhanska
28%
28%
12%
8%
9%
10%
8%
19%
20%
23%
26%
6%
14%
15%
14%
20%
18%
Local government activities
15%
12%
17%
21%
4%
6%
4%
60
17%
22%
The war on the East of Ukraine
18%
20%
16%
8%
Kharkivska
24%
Unbiased news on local level
Civil society, local volunteer initiatives
Odeska
12%
11%
5%
9%
12%
8%
26
Political views, national and language
identities
27
Residents of Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts mostly blame Russia for the military
conflict in Donbas, other oblasts mostly blame central authorities of Ukraine
WHO DO YOU THINK IS TO BE BLAMED FOR THE MILITARY CONFLICT IN DONETSK
AND LUHANSK OBLASTS?
Dnipropetrovska
Russia
Central authorities in Ukraine
People leading an armed struggle
against the Ukrainian government in…
The Western countries: The United
States, EU etc.
Hard to say
53%
28%
13%
10%
20%
Donetska
15%
24%
9%
13%
60%
Zaporizka
45%
Luhanska
13%
33%
35%
17%
16%
22%
3%
Odeska
Kharkivska
21%
25%
12%
26%
41%
13%
44%
23%
39%
12%
21%
34%
28
61
The relative majority in each oblast prefers Ukraine to stay neutral/ balance between West and
East in its foreign policy. Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts also strongly support
movement towards Europe
WHAT SHOULD BE THE PRIMARY DIRECTION THAT UKRAINE TAKES IN ITS FOREIGN
POLICY?
Dnipropetrovska
Become neutral / unaligned / balance
between West and East
Donetska
39%
33%
Toward Europe
Toward Russia
8%
Don't know
14%
Refused
4%
None of the above
3%
Zaporizka
31%
Luhanska
36%
14%
28%
39%
9%
20%
14%
5%
37%
20%
10%
20%
16%
16%
25%
2%
3%
21%
20%
7%
Kharkivska
34%
10%
11%
22%
Odeska
7%
3%
11%
4%
3%
29
The majority in Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts agree that Donbas and Crimea should
be returned to Ukraine without any compromises with Russia, Donetska and Luhanska oblasts
are the most undefined about this
HOW MUCH DO YOU AGREE WITH THE STATEMENT: Donbas and Crimea must be
returned to Ukraine - we shouldn't agree with any compromises with Russia regarding these
issues
Dnipropetrovska
Donetska
Yes
28%
8%
Rather yes
29%
13%
Rather no
9%
No
19%
Hard to say
15%
5%
23%
51%
Zaporizka
26%
31%
Luhanska
8%
Odeska
10%
Kharkivska
11%
9%
16%
16%
15%
13%
16%
10%
16%
19%
12%
51%
24%
34%
27%
35%
62
30
Most preferable scenario for Donbas in each oblast is returning to political arrangement with Kyiv
from before; in Luhanska staying a part of Ukraine with more autonomy from Kyiv is equally
acceptable
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE HAPPEN REGARDING DONETSK AND LUHANSK OBLASTS?
Dnipropetrovska
Return to their political arrangement
33%
with Kyiv from before
Part of Ukraine but have
17%
some autonomy from Kyiv
Partitioned, with areas under Kyiv's control
15%
remaining part of Ukraine letting separatistheld areas go their own way
Donetska
Zaporizka
Luhanska
42%
18%
21%
10%
1%
12%
3%
9%
3%
6%
7%
8%
7%
14%
3%
3%
9%
Part of Ukraine but have a great deal more
autonomy from Kyiv
7%
9%
5%
1%
2%
4%
Refused
28%
20%
4%
28%
6%
9%
15%
33%
9%
8%
Hard to say
Kharkivska
10%
Independent countries
Part of the Russian Federation
Odeska
18%
9%
14%
25%
15%
4%
22%
10%
15%
26%
4%
31
90% in Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka oblasts considers themselves to be Ukrainians by
nationality, this share is significantly lower in Luhanska and Donetska oblasts (66% and 71%,
respectively) but still constitutes the majority.
WHAT NATIONALITY DO YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF?
Dnipropetrovska
Donetska
Ukrainian
90%
71%
Russian
8%
25%
Zaporizka
91%
8%
Luhanska
Odeska
66%
32%
Kharkivska
82%
82%
16%
13%
* The graph shows answers which have at least 2% of responses
32
63
The highest share of Russian speakers is in Donetska oblast (78%), the lowest – in
Dnipropetrovska (57%) where there is also the highest share of Ukrainian-Russian bilinguals
(34%)
WHAT LANGUAGE DO YOU SPEAK AT HOME?
Dnipropetrovska
Russian
57%
Both Russian and
Ukrainian
Ukrainian
34%
8%
Donetska
Zaporizka
Luhanska
78%
70%
66%
20%
18%
18%
2%
11%
13%
Odeska
Kharkivska
60%
74%
27%
12%
20%
5%
* Answers «Other» are not displayed (less than 2% of responses)
33
Problems and values
64
34
Shortage of money on basic needs is the most pressing problem for the relative majority in
each oblast; the war is on the 2nd place everywhere except for Odeska oblast where job search
was the 2nd most pressing problem
WHAT ARE THE MOST PRESSING PROBLEMS FOR YOU AND YOUR FAMILY AT THE
MOMENT?
DnipropetShortage of money on food, utilities or
other basic needs
The war
Healthcare
24%
Family problems
Absence of own housing
19%
9%
Problems with current job
6%
Receiving education
5%
27%
11%
25%
21%
31%
25%
24%
63%
26%
26%
31%
Kharkivska
52%
42%
14%
23%
Odeska
43%
36%
14%
19%
Luhanska
55%
46%
29%
27%
Zaporizka
48%
50%
Shortage of money on expensive goods
(like domestic appliances, car)
Searching the job which will provide
enough income
Donetska
rovska
25%
22%
27%
17%
15%
17%
10%
12%
4%
9%
9%
5%
6%
10%
8%
8%
10%
5%
4%
8%
4%
5%
3%
12%
© GfK February 25, 2016 | Media Poll * The graph does not show alternatives «Other» (not more than 3% of responses) «Don`t know» and «Refuse»
35
The financial situation of residents in Odeska and
Kharkivska oblasts is better than in the other
oblasts while in Donetska and Luhanska oblasts
it’s the worst
WHAT COULD YOU SAY ABOUT THE FINANCIAL STATUS OF YOUR FAMILY?
Dnipropetrovska
Forced to economize on food
19%
Enough money to buy food. However, I have to save or
borrow to buy clothes, shoes
Donetska
28%
Zaporizka
16%
25%
42%
45%
41%
Luhanska
Odeska
12%
31%
38%
Kharkivska
14%
29%
Enough money to buy food and necessary clothes,
shoes. However, I have to save or borrow to buy things
like a good suit, mobile phone, vacuum cleaner
Enough money to buy food, clothes, shoes, and other
goods. However, I have to save or borrow
to afford expensive things (such as TV, refrigerator)
Enough money for food, clothes, shoes, and expensive
goods, but I have to save or borrow to buy a car, flat
5%
3%
9%
6%
1%
1%
1%
1%
2%
2%
I can make any necessary purchases any time
0%
1%
0%
1%
1%
0%
Hard to say
2%
4%
3%
32%
18%
29%
20%
9%
35%
15%
3%
41%
11%
2%
36
65
Unwillingness to sacrifice freedom for better security and well-being is the highest in
Dnipropetrovska and Zaporizka, and the lowest in Donetska oblast
HOW WOULD YOU PLACE YOUR VIEWS ON THIS SCALE:
1. “For better security and well-being it is ok to sacrifice some freedom”
2. “You can't sacrifice your freedom for better security and well-being”
1 means you agree completely with the statement 1; 10 means you agree completely with the statement 2
The graph shows the mean, excluding those who choоse «Hard to say»
Dnipropetrovska
7,23
Zaporizska
7,00
Luhanska
6,97
Kharkivska
6,86
Odeska
6,66
Donetska
6,53
66
37

analysis of media — situation in southern and eastern oblasts

Transcription

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