Fuel Cells on Earth - Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Archives

Catching Up with NASA:
Fuel Cells on Earth
Brian Walsh
Technical Director
Breakthrough Technologies Institute
Fuel Cells 2000
April 1, 2003
Fuel Cells 2000 / BTI
• U.S. nonprofit organization formed
in 1993
• Promotes fuel cells from public
interest perspective.
• Supported by foundations, grants
and contracts -- no corporate
• www.fuelcells.org
U.S. Fuel Cell Council
• Trade Association
• Supports commercialization for all
applications
• 116+ Members
Personal Power
What does GM’s new
concept car have to do
with electricity for the
home and office?
Personal Power
Fuel cells have the potential to usher in an era of
energy abundance
Available worldwide, even to those left out of
the fossil fuel era
Best of all, fuel cells may offer power under your
personal control
Fuel cells Allow Out of the Box Thinking
The energy future probably will look
considerably different than the present
AUTOnomy
AUTOnomy
What Is a Fuel Cell?
Fuel Cells - Defined
Fuel (H2) + O2 / Catalyst
Fuel cells
combine
hydrogen and
oxygen
electrochemically
to produce
electricity. The
only by-products
are water and
useful heat.
(H2)O + Heat
The Incredible Electrochemical
Sandwich
Increase voltage to
useful levels
- Bundle or ‘stack’
many electrode /
electrolyte
assemblies
together
No Fuel Cell is an Island
Fuel
System
O2-rich reactant
H2-rich reactant
Fuel Cell
Stack
VDC
Power
Electronics
Balance of Plant
•
Fuel System. Delivers H2 + O2 reactants. Common methods are
hydrocarbon reformation, electrolysis, or direct H2 delivery. May
include production, storage, and dispensing technology.
•
Fuel Cell. Ox-Redox engine. Converts chemically stored energy
into useful electrical energy. Includes balance-of-plant systems.
•
Power Electronics. Fuel cell generates power at certain VDC level.
Power electronics translates fuel cell output to user specifications.
VAC
VDC
Fuel Cell Technologies
Type
Solid Oxide
Efficiency Operating Temp.
45-65%
800°C
Molten Carbonate
50%
650°C
Phosphoric Acid
40%
200°C
50-60%
80°C
Direct Methanol
40%
80°C
Proton Exchange
Membrane (PEM)
40%
50°C
Alkaline
One Size Does Not Fit All
Stationary Fuel Cells
Residential Fuel Cells
Premium Power
Fuel Cells
Auxiliary Power
Units (APUs)
Transportation Fuel Cells
micro Fuel Cells (mFCs)
Past, Present and Future Applications for
Fuel Cells
Pre-1995
1995
• Space flight • Stationary
• Breathalyzers Power (ONSI
• Deep-sea
PC-25)
submersibles
Source: Cambridge Energy Research Associates.
2000
2005
2010
2020+
• Small-scale • Consumer
• Consumer
stationary
electronics
vehicles?
power
• Military
• Portable power • Fleet Vehicles?
• Small and Offroad vehicles?
Expected Near-term Markets
SOURCE: GM
Projected Global Demand
(($
$ millions 2001 - 2011)
50,000
50,000
Portable
Portable
40,000
40,000
Stationary
Stationary
Transportation
Transportation
30,000
30,000
Total
Total Market
Market
20,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
2001
2001 2003
2003
2005
2005
2007
2007
2009
2009
2011
2011
-PricewaterhouseCoopers, “Fuel Cells: The Opportunity for Canada”, June 2002
Benefits of Fuel Cells
Why the Love Affair with Fuel Cells?
• Fewer GHG emissions. No particulate matter emissions.
• Point of demand generation.
– Enhances energy security, power reliability, and power
quality.
• Energy conversion efficiency of Black Box can be
comparable or higher than traditional technologies,
particularly at small scales.
– Potential for cogeneration.
• Modular and scaleable.
• Fewer or no moving parts minimizes O&M costs.
• Big Market opportunities.
Oil Trends
• Transportation accounts for 2/3 of the 20 million barrels of oil our nation uses each day.
• The U.S. imports 55% of its oil, expected to grow to 68% by 2025 under the status quo.
• Nearly all of our cars and trucks currently run on either gasoline or diesel fuel.
Efficiency Comparison
Transportation Emissions Remain an
International Concern
100
Millions of short tons
– Transportation produces:
• 79% of carbon monoxide,
• 50% of nitrogen oxides,
• 36% of volatile organics, and
• 42% of carbon dioxide
emissions
– Over 100 million people live in
areas not meeting National
Ambient Air Quality Standard
(EPA, Oct. 1995)
80
All Other Sources
Transportation Sources
60
40
20
0
CO
NOX
VOC
Emissions Comparison
SOURCE: UTC Fuel Cells
Micro/Portable Fuel Cells
Micro Fuel Cell Applications
•Consumer electronics
•Military applications
•Portable and auxiliary
power sources for boats,
trucks, campers/RVs,
camping, etc.
SFC
Lawrence Livermore
Nat’l Lab
MTI
Motorola
Micro
Reactor
Casio Micro FC
NEC Carbon nano tube
FC
Toshiba
Ball
The Potential Market for Mobile and
Portable Fuel Cells is Very Large
Rechargeable Battery Market Cell Chemistry Shares, 2000
(Total Market, $5.5 Billion)
Other
Alkaline 5%
3%
NiCd
32%
Lead acid
20%
Lithium
19%
NiMH
21%
Stationary Fuel Cells
Installation Options
• Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
– AC with absorption chillers
• UPS
• Standby Power / Backup power
• Peak-Shaving
– Alternative to high cost peak period energy
• Grid Support
– Reduces line losses
• Stand Alone
– Provides location’s full energy needs
US DOD PAFC Program
FUEL CELL INSTALLATIONS
California
Herlong
Sacramento
Presidio
San
Ramon
Fresno
Lompoc
Palmdale
Calabasas
Santa
Barbara
Port
Hueneme LADWP
SCAQMD (10)
Irvine
Buena
Park Diamond Bar
29 Palms
Riverside
Anaheim
Oceanside
• Available:
–
–
–
–
Availability
> 200 kW CHP
> 1 kW Generators (PEM)
> Educational Units
> Small Generators (Avista; Ball; Greenvolt; Apollo
Energy; Ballard)
• Pre-Commercial tests
–
–
–
–
–
200-250 kW CHP (PEM, SOFC, MCFC)
Various Specialty sizes (PEM, SOFC)
1-10 kW residential units (PEM, SOFC)
< 1 kW Portable (PEM, DMFC)
Vehicles
Nontraditional Sites
Fuji Electric
UTC Fuel Cells
FuelCell Energy
Yamataga,
Japan
Sewage
Treatment
Center
Methane like
Digester Gas
Guangzhou,
China
Hog Farm
Chiba, Japan
Waste Methane
Digester Gas
Sapporo
Brewery
Nontraditional Fuels
H Power
UTC Fuel Cells
FuelCell Energy
Stockholm,
Sweden
Yonkers, NY
West Terre
Haute, IN
Environmental
Information
Center
Westchester
County
Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Digester Gas
Wabash River
Energy
Bio Gas
Coal Gas
Hydrogen & Infrastructure
ON Board Fuel Processing
• Fuels: methanol,
sodium borohydride,
Lithium Slurry, clean
gasoline/diesel, others
• System complexity
• DOE to terminate
funding in June 2004
IF goals are not met
• Vehicle emissions
OFF Board Fuel Processing
• Fuels: natural gas,
propane, clean
gasoline/diesel, sodium
borohydride, lithium
slurry, methanol, others
• Simpler system
• Typically better vehicle
performance
• Zero emission vehicles
Fuel Storage
• Hydrogen
– Compressed (5000 psi or more?)
– Liquefied
– Advanced storage (hydrides, nanotubes, etc.)
• Methanol
– Liquid storage with on-board reforming
• Gasoline (no sulfur)
– Liquid storage with on-board reforming
• Other
– Sodium Borohydride
Why Hydrogen?
It’s abundant, clean, efficient,
and can be derived from diverse domestic
resources.
Biomass
Transportation
Hydro
Wind
Solar
HIGH EFFICIENCY
& RELIABILITY
.
Oil
Coal
Natural
Gas
With Carbon Sequestration
Nuclear
ZERO/NEAR ZERO
EMISSIONS
Distributed
Generation
Can Fuel Cell Vehicles Perform as
Customers Expect Them To?
Driving Ranges of Current Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Gasoline ICE
Electric vehicles
Hydrogen fuel cell
Compressed
natural gas
Enthanol E85
Propane/LPG
0
100
200 Miles
300
Note: Propane/LPG and CNG vehicles achieve the stated ranges using extra fuel tanks located in the trunk
400
500
‘New’ Hydrogen Fuel Storage
Options:
•Quantum Technologies and Lincoln Composites
demonstrate 10,000 psi H2 tank
•Powerball Technologies: sodium hydride
stored in plastic balls; react with water
once opened
•Millennium Cell system: non-flammable
Sodium Borohydride and catalyst.
•Lithium slurry is the same concept
H2 (left) gasoline (right)
1 min.; 30 seconds
0 min.; 3 seconds
1 min.; 0 seconds
2 min.; 20 seconds
2 min.; 40 seconds
CaFCP Fuel Stations
• Hydrogen, Methanol
on-site at CaFCP
• Satellite H2 fueling
– Richmond, CA –
Stuart Electrolyzer
unit
• SunLine Transit
facility on-site
• Others TBD
Vehicle Technologies Compared
Gasoline-Fueled
Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle
Gasoline Internal Combustion Engine
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Gasoline-Fueled
Fuel Cell Vehicle
Compressed-Hydrogen
Fuel Cell Vehicle
0.0
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.18
Well to Wheels Energy Consumption (Equivalent Gasoline Liters/mile)
Petroleum
Other
Fossil
Non-Fossil
Vehicle
Fuel Chain
Source: ADL-DRI Future Power Train Technologies Study
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Re
-Inventing the Automobile
Re-Inventing
Courtesy GM
Road to Commercialization
2002/3
Hydrogen Fueled Fleet Vehicle
Ramp Up Along With Hydrogen
Fueling Station Demonstrations
2004 +
Hydrogen Infrastructure Stimulating &
Bridging Technologies such as H2
ICEs; H2 Luxury APU; H2 Gen Sets;
H2 Fuel Cell DG
2005-2010+
Increasing number of H2 FCV fleets in CA, Europe,
Japan, China, Singapore, etc. [Possible CHF or
methanol fueled FCVs – reformer dependent]
2010-2012
First Fuel Cell Vehicles in Showroom
Floors – ‘New’ kind of Vehicle
Fuel Cell Buses
• 33 Citaro Hydrogen FC Buses
– CUTE
– ECTOS
– STEP
• CaFCP
– SunLine
– AC Transit
– VTA
•
•
•
•
Toyota/Hino Motors
Irisbus/UTCFC in Torino, Italy
BVG in Germany
Natural Resources Canada (w/ Hydrogenics)
Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
Annual U.S. Emissions Saved Using APUs
in Class 8 Trucks
•Diesel fuel saved: 419 million gallon/year
•CO2 reduced: 4.64 million tons/year
Assumes:
-2.1 million Class 8 trucks
-311,000 have overnight routes (APU candidates)
An alternate fuel cell car strategy
•Better performance
•Builds on 100 years of ICE refinement
•BMW’s primary future car strategy (with hydrogen
ICE)
FCV Market Barriers
• Costs
–
–
–
–
3-4 million dollars per prototype
Need Economies of Scale
Reduction in Pt loading
Cold weather
• Codes and Standards
– Safety and storage issues related to new fuels and technologies
• Infrastructure
– Hydrogen carrier fuel vs. pure hydrogen
– New fuel dispensing and storage technologies
Thinking Outside the Box
• Fuel Cell Vehicle
– Mobile Generator
– Peak Shaver
– Emergency /Disaster Response
• Water supply
– Backup Power
– Primary Power for Second Home
– Recreation/gadgets/creature comforts
Hy-wire Thinking
• Multi-Purpose generator
– Plug Power & Honda to develop a Fuel
Cell / Home Fueling unit
• Day: produces power for the home
• Night: produces hydrogen via electrolysis
Hy-wire Thinking
• Solid State energy Conversion Alliance
(SECA) – Fuel cells as a commodity?
– 3kw to 10kw module by 2010
– Clusters to provide electricity and heat for homes,
offices, farms, industry
– Auxiliary power for transportation
– Military -- soldier power, field operations
Transportation
Stationary
Co
re
Mo
du
le
Military
Core Modules for Multiple Applications
Abundant Energy
• Vehicle
– 100 KW light duty FCV x
– 15,000,000 annual LDV sales (US) =
– 1,500,000,000,000 Watts =
– 1,500 GW potential output
– 639 GW = US utility nameplate capacity,
2000
Abundant Energy
• 52.2 GW = Planned Utility
Capacity Additions, 2001-2005
• 52.2 GW = 100,000 Cars annually,
2001-2005
Fuel Cell & Hydrogen
Spending
Japan
– Pushing the technology out
– Laying groundwork for commercialization by 2005
• 50,000 FCVs by 2010 w/ supportive H2 infrastructure
• 5,000,000 FCVs by 2020 w/ supportive H2 infrastructure
– 1 out of every 14
– Accelerated Codes & Standards Work
• Vehicles
• Stationary
• Micro
International Trends
1) Internationalizing
ƒ
ƒ
Always: International before Commercial
Recently: Australia, China, Singapore, Italy, others
2) Collectivizing
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
EU-US Scientific Co-Operation
6 OEMs working collectively on 700 bar H2 storage
Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demo. Project
- DaimlerChrysler lead FCV Test Program/Facility
3) Governments Starting to Throw Real $$ at it
ƒ
US, EU, Japan, Canada, UK, China, Singapore,
Australia, & Many Others Increasing Federal Funding
The President’s FY04 Budget Request for
FreedomCAR and Hydrogen Fuel Initiatives
Organization
Million $
Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure
Technologies Program (EERE)
FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies
Program (EERE)
Office of Fossil Energy (FE)
165.5
91.1
11.5
Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and
Technology (NE)
4.0
Department of Transportation (RSPA)
0.7
Total
272.8
DOE Fuel Cells for Transportation
Funding History
80
7.5
Dollars in Millions
70
Transportation
60
Stationary
7.5
50
40
70.0
30
50.0
20
33.7 37.041.5
10
0
0.9 2.6
3.7
5.1 7.8 9.5
41.9
19.5 22.2 21.5 21.123.5
12.0
'87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '08 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04
Fiscal Year
REQUEST
DOE Hydrogen Funding History
Dollars in Millions
120
100
80
60
104.2
40
20
0
Hydrogen
14.8
19.0
24.0
28.0
'96
'97
'98
'99
'00
'01
'02
'03
'04
14.5
14.8
19
24
28
31.97
31
43.9
104.2
14.5
31.0
43.9
32.0
REQUEST
Fiscal Year
Hydrogen Infrastructure and Fuel Cell
Technologies put on an Accelerated Schedule
•President Bush commits $1.7 billion over
first 5 years:
™$1.2 billion for hydrogen and fuel cells
RD&D ($720 million in new money)
™$0.5 billion for hybrid and vehicle
technologies RD&D
Accelerated, parallel track enables industry
commercialization decision by 2015.
Fuel Cell Vehicles in the Showroom
and Hydrogen at Fueling Stations
by 2020
At least 21 State Agencies Actively Support RE,
Some With Explicit Focus on Fuel Cells
States with Public Benefit Funds, Active Energy
Offices or Economic Development Agencies with
Focus on Alternative Energy
Hawaii
Alaska
Explicit focus and/or funding for fuel cells programs
Focus on alternative energy, but limited focus
on fuel cells
Source: aceee, May 2002; CRE interviews
SOURCE: cleanenergyfunds.org
US – Private
• US Fuel Cell Council
– 115+ members
– Latin America Working Group
• National Hydrogen Association
– 80+ members
• Fuel Cell Advocates
– GM recently joined
National Economic Impact of
Fuel Cells
National Impact
Fuel cells will be felt so broadly because they are
suitable for such a wide range of applications:
– vehicle propulsion
– auxiliary power
generation
– consumer electronics
– business machinery
– recreational devices
–
–
–
–
–
stand-alone power plants
distributed generation
Cogeneration
back-up power units
power for remote
locations
Managing the Transition
New Energy World requires:
– New fuel choice and infrastructure
– New refueling techniques
– New technologies like Distributed
Generation systems
– New codes & standards
– New energy practices like Net Metering
– New Common Sense = Public Acceptance
Conclusion
Fuel cell applications benefit all key groups:
– public stands to reap broad gains from greater
national, economic, and energy security, and
from lower emissions
– industry stands to gain from numerous
commercial opportunities, assuring itself a share
of what may be an enormous business globally
– individual consumer stands to gain from the
introduction of a vast array of new power
sources
Fuel Cells
Powering Our Future
TEXACO
Information
Fuel Cells 2000’s FREE FCV, FCBus, and
Worldwide H2 Fueling Stations Charts
and
Fuel Cells 2000’s FREE Auto Companies on
Fuel Cells Report
www.fuelcells.org