lbtgc - WoodWisdom-Net

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FINAL SEMINAR of the Joint Call on sustainable forest management and
optimised used of lignocellulosic resources - Hanover 11 November 2014
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber-Glass
Composites
Alireza FADAI
www.call2010.woodwisdom.net | www.eranetbioenergy.net
LBTGC
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Project consortium
27
Partners
from:
Austria,
Brazil,
Chile,
Germany,
Slovenia,
Sweden,
Turkey
LBTGC
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Understanding of general objectives
Looking back :
Timber (soft and flexible) and Glass (hard and brittle) had always been “good friends”.
Window frames had always been stabilized by blocking with “mastic”
Source: fotocommunity.de
LBTGC
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
1840
without diagonal bracing, glass as diaphragm
2000
bracing with steel cables
LBTGC
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
LBTGC
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Former research:
•only glueline flatwise with silicone
•large deformation
LBTGC
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Development steps
Basic principals & design solutions
Material specifications
Experimental investigation on S, M & L specimens
Structural design & calculation methods
Pilot projects
Manufacturing
Life Cycle Assessment
Overview
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Basic principals & design solutions
•
Development of ideas
•
Exploration of potentials and specific benefits
•
Design solutions (with regard to seismic loads & other horizontal forces)
•
Design of connection details
•
Pre-design and technical proposals for further development as for application
Major achievements
LBTGC Developing Basic principals & design solutions
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Principals for building stiffening
•Technical proposals for further
development
•Design of connection details
Major achievements
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Developing design solutions load bearing TGC elements
Timber-Glass Composit (TGC) elements
Load-baring box-type tube-plank with glazed load-bearing outer
shell, with integrated PV-/solar collector
Overview
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Material specifications and tests with small specimens
•
Basic material properties of the adhesives
•
Short-term testing on bonded parts
•
Milestone: Selection of a subset of adhesives, adherends and surface
treatments for long-term testing (10/12)
•
Long-term testing on bonded parts
•
Evaluation of artificial ageing and permanent loading
Major achievements
LBTGC Material specifications – tests with small specimens
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Material data and specification for a
large variety of adhesive
•Identification of suitable adhesives for
further use and long-term studies
•Joint study  verification of test
methods and specimen geometries
Major achievements
LBTGC Material specifications
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Material recommendations for glass,
adhesives and timber
•Stiffness categories have been
defined for adhesives
Stifness type Adhesive
A
B
C
A.
B.
C.
Soft
initial modulus of elasticity < 10 Mpa
Medium
initial modulus of elasticity 100 – 500 Mpa
Stiff
initial modulus of elasticity 1000 – 5000 Mpa
Manufaturer
SikaSil SG500
OttoColl® S 660
DC993
Ködiglaze S
Ködiglaze P
SikaTack Move
Transportation
SikaFast 5215 NT
DELO-PUR® 9895
C44.8505
SikaForce 7710L100
Sikadur 30
Araldite 2029
DELO-DUOPOX
AD840
SIKA
Otto-Chemie
Dow Corning
Kömmerling
Kömmerling
ScotchWeld™ DP490
3M
Körapox 558
Kömmerling
SIKA
SIKA
DELO Industrial Adhesives
Nolax
SIKA
SIKA
Huntsman Adv. Materials
DELO Industrial Adhesives
The stiffness category to use depends on the solution
chosen for transferring the loads from the timber
frame to the glass. Adhesives from all three
categories have been utilized within the project.
Major achievements
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Determination of creep deformation
of blocking materials
1,2%
30
1,0%
25
0,8%
20
0,6%
15
0,4%
10
0,2%
5
0,0%
0
200
400
600
800 1000
Duration [h]
1200
1400
0
1600
Temperature [°C]
Compressive strain
Test setup for creep testing of blocking material
PK1
PK2
PK4
PK5
PK6
Ø
PK7
PK8
PK9
PK10
PK11
Ø
T [°C]
Major achievements
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Long-term behavior of bond
parts
Long-term testing small specimens with silicone bonds
Overview
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Mid-sized and large Specimens
•
Testing walls and beams (strength, ductility, stiffness, …)
•
Placing specimens outside, environmental and long-term loading, static tests of
permanent loaded specimens, seismic tests
•
Walls: Testing different types of loads
•
Beams: Investigation of second order effects and lateral stability
•
Recommendations for use and implementation in structures
Major achievements
LBTGC Testing of mid-sized specimens
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Significant increase of shear capacity using highmodulus adhesives instead of silicones
•Gradual reduction of deformation
Shear stress max [MPa]
5,0
Epoxy
4,0
Modified epoxy
Cohesive failure of silicone joint
3,0
2,0
1,0
Structural silicone
0,0
-0,50
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
Shear strain tan max
2,50
3,00
Plywood rupture using epoxy bond
Major achievements
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Long-term behavior under
different climate conditions
•Residual shear strength test
after long term loading
Medium size specimens placed outside and partly protected from direct
contact from adverse weather conditions by a shelter
Test setup for long-term behavior, creep testing
Residual shear strength test after long term
Major achievements
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Long-term tests on building components (0.50 m x 1.00 m) under lab conditions
 three different load levels for each adhesive
(structural silicone, modified epoxy, epoxy)
Digital indicator to measure the shear deformation of
the adhesive joint
plywood adaptor
bondline 3 x 12 mm
Six similar test rigs for simultaneous testing
Cross section of the adhesive joint
Major achievements
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Creep behavior of three different adhesives determined
in several 1000 hour long-term tests
•Minor loss of load-bearing capacity for preloaded
specimen compared to initial values
3,0
Structural silicone Ottocoll S660 under
various loading levels
Deformation [mm]
2,5
2,0
1,5
0,30MPa S660 (w spacer)
1,0
0,10MPa S660 (w/o spacer)
0,05MPa S660 (w/o spacer)
0,5
0,05MPa S660 (w spacer)
0,0
0
200
400
600
Duration [h]
800
1000
Major achievements
LBTGC Testing of large specimens - shear walls
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Short-term behaviour of shear walls
•Tests under monotonic and cyclic
loads
Monotonic tests, failure of the test samples with a very
stiff adhesive (epoxy) was completely brittle with a
glass rupture in the compressive diagonal.
Cyclic tests on shear wall, wall prepared for optical
measuring
Major achievements
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
tests under seismic loads
Before and after each earthquake simulation sine sweep test
with frequencies in the range of 1-32 Hz and intensity of 0.01g
was applied to record the response of the structure.
Seismic tests on the shaking
table
Major achievements
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
tests under seismic loads
First periods of 1 and 2 story timber glass models
before and after the earthquake simulation
Seismic tests on the shaking
table
Major achievements
LBTGC Testing of large specimens – shear wall tests
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Influence of adhesive stiffness on buckling load depends on geometry of
timber/glass joint
•Glass pane fully embedded in timber => small influence of adhesive stiffness
•Typical load bearing capacity 100-150 kN/m (vertical) and 50kN/m (horizontal)
load
1200
95
Previous tests – large
influence of adhesive
stiffness
2400
40
80
2+10+2
Shear wall tests
Adhesives: Epoxy, acrylate, silicone
Loading schemes: Vertical load, horizontal load,
combination of vertical + horizontal
Current tests – small
influence of adhesive
stiffness
Major achievements
LBTGC Testing of large specimens - I-beams
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Monotonic tests on beams
•Ductile behaviour (50% load increase after first crack) ->
possible: ordinary float glass and high quality timber flanges
•Beam theory based on partial composite action predicts
well the behaviour
•Almost full composite action already for moderately stiff
adhesives (MOE > 100 MPa)
Final failure, fracture pattern
I-beam tests
Adhesives: Epoxy, acrylate, silicone
Glass web: 8 mm float or heat
strengthened
Timber: finger jointed (nonstructural) pine wood
Overview
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Structural Design
• Development of models for large scale components (beams, walls)
• Reports on structural behavior (short term, long term, seismic) as
predicted by theoretical models
• Confirmation or recalibration of developed FE-models
• Numerical and analytical studies (emphasis on walls and beams)
• Studies on duration of load effects, response under seismic loading
and influence of climate on strength and stiffness
• Studies on mounting of glass into a frame and choice of adhesives
Major achievements
LBTGC
Type 01:
H
H
Shear adhesive bond line &
blocking - single frame
(system ITI)
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Type 02:
Shear adhesive bond line &
blocking - coupled frames
Type 01
Type 02
H
Type 03:
H
Blocking - single frame
Type 04:
Blocking - coupled frames
Type 03
Type 04
H
Type 05:
H
Shear adhesive bond line single frame (system HFA)
Type 06:
Shear adhesive bond line coupled frames
Type 05
Type 06
Single and coupled frames, types , geometry: 125 cm / 250 cm
Stiffness of coupled three single frames [kN/cm]
Analytical method calculation without
continuous top end
5.04
5.86
5.04
Σ = 15.94
edge frame
middle frame
FEM calculation without continuous top
end
16.39
edge frame 2
Analytical method calculation with
4.54
continuous top end
0
25.38
10
20
coupled three single
frames FEM
4.54
30
40
Overview
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Structural Design
• FE-studies (stiffness, failure mode, aso.) on different types of walls
and beams under short-term loading in ambient conditions
• Modeling of seismic behavior and thus obtaining properties such as
energy dissipative characteristics (adhesive joint)
Major achievements
LBTGC …
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
28.10.2009
Major achievements
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
200
SG500_1, Vertical
Horizontal
load
SG500_2,
Horizontal
SG500_3, HV25%
SG500_4, HV60%
Sdur30_1, Vertical
Sdur30_2, Horizontal
IGU_1, Horizontal
DP490_1, Vertical
DP490_2, Horizontal
DP490_3, HV20%
DP490_4, HV50%
DP490_5, HV20%
DP490_6, HV50%
Vertical load [kN]
150
100
50
0
0
50
100
150
Horizontal load [kN]
200
Predicted buckling shapes for
different loading:
Horizontal
28.10.2009
Horizontal+
vertical
Vertical
Major achievements
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
28.10.2009
Major achievements
LBTGC Basic design rules
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Design principles beams:
•
•
•
•
Composite beam theory
Flanges should be overstrength
Stress in glass web
Lateral buckling
Design principles shear walls:
• Buckling of component (influence of adhesive stiffness depends on joint
geometry)
• Shear strength of adhesive joint
• Tensile stress in glass
• Strength of timber in compression perp grain
28.10.2009
Overview
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Life cycle analysis
• Ecological analysis
• Life Cycle Assessment („from cradle to grave“)
• Evaluation of the environmental impact of different composites (timber-glass,
aluminum-glass, aso.)
Major achievements
LBTGC Life cycle assessment - evaluation of the environmental impact
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Overview
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Public impact and pilot projects
• Experience on the applicability developed composite systems
• Workshops and competitions for students and encouragement of
students to work on pilot projects as a part of their thesis
• Organization of conferences and symposia (exchanging ideas
between academic and industrial people)
• Initiation and implementing of various pilot projects
Major achievements
LBTGC Public impact
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Presentation of project results at glasstec
in Düsseldorf
•Specific session on timber and glass at
engineered transparency
•Timber glass demonstrators exhibited by
industrial partners
•Young Researchers Day with more than
twelve contributions from the group
© Messe Düsseldorf/Tillmann
Major achievements
LBTGC Pilot projects
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Pilot project by industrial partner Gumpp & Maier, Germany
Design: S. Hernandez, Gumpp & Maier
Prototype production
Major achievements
LBTGC Pilot projects - monitoring of long-term behavior
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Monitoring TGC Multi-story Facades
pilot project Otto Chemie, Germany
Monitoring TGC Multi-story Facades Logistikzentrum Hermann Otto GmbH
Major achievements
LBTGC Pilot projects - monitoring of long-term behavior
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
•Monitoring TGC Multi-story Facades
pilot project HAAS Haus, Austria
Timber glass composite Multi-story Facades Blaue Lagune HAAS Haus
LBTGC
Load Bearing Timber
Glass Composites
Thank you for your attention!
Alireza FADAI, Wolfgang WINTER
Department of Structural Design and Timber Engineering
Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13/E259-2; A-1040 Vienna
[email protected]

lbtgc - WoodWisdom-Net

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