Cascade Caver

Cascade
Volume 27, No. 11-12
November-December
Caver
'
.
••
L:"-'r'l~ i/fSLOP
1988
CASCADE
CAVER
The Cascade Caver is published 10 times a year by the Cascade Grotto, a member of the National Speleological
Society. All correspondence should be sent to: The Cascade Grotto, P.O. Box 75663, Seattle, WA 98125-0663.
Meetings:
7:00 pm on the third Friday of each month at the University
basement of Johnson Hall.
Officers:
Chairman:
Vice Chairman:
Sec{Treasurer:
Regional Rep:
Storekeeper:
Program Coordinator:
Librarian:
Map Librarian:
Trip Coordinator
Editors:
Contributors:
All non-credited articles are by one of your editors.
Dues:
Membership in the Cascade Grotto including subscription to the Cascade Caver is $7.50 per
year. Dues for additional family members is $1.50. Subscription to the Cascade Caver only is
$7.50 per year.
Please note the date on your mailing label that indicates when your dues
expire.
Dropped:
Peter Carter (5/88)
Dede Brown
Rob Stitt
Mike O'Neal
John Day
Bob Martin
John Clardy
Ben Tompkins
Alan Coakley
Overdue:
Due now:
Due in Dec:
Due in Jan:
Cover:
58
Mark Wilson
Dick Garnick
Ben Tompkins
Ben Tompkins
Bob Martin
Larry McTigue
Larry McTigue
Rod Crawford
Jim Harp
Mark Sherman
Ben Tompkins
(206)
(206)
(206)
(206)
(206)
(206)
(206)
(206)
(206)
(206)
(206)
of Washington,
Room 6, in the
285-5724
671-1066
546-8025
546-8025
878-7634
226-5357
226-5357
543-9853
745-1010
524-8780
546-8025
Diane Coburn (6/88)
Jan Roberts (6/88)
Sue Brenner
Ed Crawford (6/88)
Mary
Chris Burdge
Richard James
Adriyah Hanum
Scott Williams
Jerry Frahm
Rob Harrison
Robert Jared
Dr. W.R. Halliday
Steve Sprague
Tina Coakley
Dan McFeeley
This month's cover was drawn by Linda Heslop.
Cold Rock to Go Cave on Vancouver Island.
Crawford
(6/88)
This is of Jim Jacek in Yuck Duck which is in
Cascade Caver • Vol 27 No. 11.12 November.December
1988
Contents
Grotto Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Upcoming Events; October Meeting; November Meeting; December Meeting; E\cction
of officers; December Business Meeting
59
Christmas
61
Party.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
1,600 "C" Cells in the palm of your hand.
Ben Tompkins
61
Mount St. Helens Caves
Larry McTigue
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Underground
Elephants.
By Ian Redmond
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
Cumulative index to volumes 26 and 27
1987-1988
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Grotto Notes
Upcoming Events
Current trip list, planned and proposed.
Anyone with other trip ideas is welcome to contact Jim Harp, grollo trip
coordinator.
December 1988
5
Grotto Business Meeting
10
Grotto Christmas Party
January 1989
20
Grotto Meeting.
Announcement
of new officers.
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 - November-December
1988
59
October Meeting
At last month's Grotto meeting a Trip Report
Contest for the Caver was approved.
Mark Sherman
requested that instead of limiting the contest to just
trip reports, it should include all original articles. This
could include trip reports, technical articles or just
general information. This was approved.
Chuck Crandell volunteered to host the Christmas
party at his house this year. It will be held on Dec.
10th. Ben Tompkins and Mark Sherman will send letters
to the Oregon Grotto and to VICEG inviting them. Bob
Brown volunteered to buy the meat for the dinner.
Mark Wilson discussed the results of the recent
survey he conducted about peoples opinion of the
Grotto. The results broke down to:
1) There needs to be a separate business meeting.
Conducting all the business at the general meeting
can be very boring and has a tendency to drive
prospective members away.
2) We need to recruit new members.
3) The programs need to be more varied. Instead of
having slide shows or a video every month we
need to have educational programs. This
could include things like First Aid or cave
photography for example. After a short discussion
it was voted to hold separate business meetings
which would be called by the Chairman. The time
and location along with the agenda would be
published before-hand in the Caver.
Mark Wilson reminded people that nominations for
next year's officers would be held at next month's
meeting.
This month's program was an NSS slide show on
Western Oklahoma Gypsum Caves, subtitled "Gypped
Again in OK".
November
December
Meeting
There is no
December Meeting.
See you at the Christmas Party!
Election of officers
The following people have been nominated
three elected grotto offices:
for the
Chairman:
Mark Wilson
V. Chairman:
Chuck Crandell
Rob Lewis
Sec{freas:
Ben Tompkins
Mark Wilson
Ben Tompkins
A ballot has been enclosed with this issue for all
of you who are current grotto members. Please return
these ballots by December 31 to Ben Tompkins either in
person at December business meeting or the grotto
Christmas party, or else mail to Ben Tompkins, 18002First Avenue N.W., Seattle, WA 98177.
Meeting
December
The first item discussed
was the upcoming
Christmas party.
Nominations for next year's officers were held.
The ballots will be mailed out with the November
Cascade Caver and must be returned to Ben Tompkins
by Dec. 31.
Rob Lewis and Larry McTigue when down to Mount
Sl. Helens and found the new parking lot at the Ape
Cave Visitor Center done as was the pathway to the
60
cave. They also found that the exit crawl in Gremlin
cave was plugged with mud so through trips are no
longer possible without some digging.
Jeff Forbes, who finally is back from Mexico, was
up on Vancouver Island helping dig open some new
Caves.
There will be a Trip Planning meeting held in
January, time and location to be determined later.
This month's program was another NSS slide show,
entitled Caves of Upper Austria.
Business Meeting
Our first separate grotto business meeting will be
held on Monday, December 5, 7:00 pm, at Mark Wilson's
house. Call Mark at 285-5724 for directions. Agenda:
1.
2.
Formalize
the process
meetings.
Fund the Cascade Caver.
of
separate
business
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 November-December
1988
Christmas
Mount St. Helens Caves
Larry McTigue
Party
The grotto Christmas party is being held Saturday,
December la, at Chuck Crandell's house.
We will
provide a roast and salad, grotto members please bring
your favorite dessert or another entree.
VICEG and the Oregon Grotto have been invited
and various grotto members will be glad to host out-oftowners for the night.
See the party insert to this issue for more details.
,.
1,600 "C" Cells in the palm of your hand
Ben Tompkins
Rechargeable
batteries are valuable assets to
electric caving.
Wonderful, that is, until needing a
recharge far from an electrical outlet or automobile.
You then need to carry a bunch of charged batteries or
else bring along a generator, solar panel, windmill,
treadmill or other such monstrosity to recharge your
batteries.
Now there is a new battery called LandWatt(R)
from Alupower,
Inc., Bernardsville,
NJ, that uses
aluminum-air chemistry to pack a lot of energy in a
portable package. An article in Design News, 11-7-88,
describes the battery as being 12 X 8 X 8 inches and
providing 6V at 2.5 Amps. It contains more than 4 kW
of potential energy, the equivalent of 5 hp or more
than 1600 "C" size batteries.
The nice thing about this battery is that the
electrolyte is "user friendly", it's saltwater. For really
portable operations where water is available you only
need to pack in the battery (5 Ibs) and some salt.
The article tells of a British caving expedition that
took 24 LandWatt units to a region in northern Spain
called the Picos de Europa. They not only mapped to a
depth of 1139 meters but were also filmed by a British
network crew and the aluminum battery packs powered
the film lights as well as recharging their personal
head lamp batteries.
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 - November-December
On October 28 Rob Lewis and I went to dig in the
terminal crawl way in Ape Cave. We dug for several
hours but only got about 100 feet or so. Debris has
filled the crawlway to within 6 inches of the ceiling
making it difficult to dig. A few years ago I saw a
constriction at the end of the crawl and a continuation
of the main tube beyond. We wanted to get to the end
of the crawlway so we could use a hammer and chisel
to break the lava constriction.
The forest Service has dug up the old road and
parking lot at Ape Cave and moved it about 500 feet
south where they have made a new parking lot with a
gate on it and added a visitor center and two rest room
buildings. There is a 500-foot asphalt walkway leading
north to the cave entrance.
The facilities arc almost
finished and should be ready for next summer's tourists.
We went to Lake Cave the next day and found the
lake completely dry. Rob found a grylloblaLLid crawling
on the passage wall near the "lake". He also noted a
faint water line several feet up the wall that was
composed of small sand particles and continued for
about 50 feet. Rod Crawford suggests that nooding may
occur in years of heavy snowfall if meltwater from a
sudden warming trend coincides with heavy rainfall.
We also stopped at the stream passage which
enters on the east wall about a third of the way back
to the entrance.
I'd never been in it before and was
surprised to find soft sandy noors so that we didn't
need knee pads to do the crawl ways.
This passage
contains tree casts whose charcoal remains have been
radio-carbon dated to 2,250 years ago.
Our next stop was Gremlin Cave. We entered the
upper entrance and explored the main passages as far
as we could.
In places we noticed silica stalactites
which were quite small but nicely renected the light of
our headlights against the dark background of the lava.
At the Hub Room we found the passages to the
northwest to be filled within a few inches of the ceiling
and we never made it to the Formation Room. At that
point we called it a day and headed home.
1988
61
Underground Elephants
By Ian Redmond
[This article is taken from the Dec/Jan 1983 issue
of Animal Kingdom.]
The Crunching was clearly audible.
Ten yards
away in total darkness, massive molars were grinding
rock. With a dim pen torch I cautiously cast a stream
of light over the jumbled boulders. Fifteen elephants,
standing side by side like cows in a byre, were
munching on lumps of rock; overhead, fruit bats flapped
off into the night from the fossil branches of their
roost.
The setting for this unlikely scene was a cave
beneath the forested slopes of an African volcano - my
home for a total of five months during the first study
of elephants underground.
Elephants arc not renowned for burrowing, but
there is one place on Earth where they penetrate the
darkest recesses of complex caverns.
That place is
Mount Elgon, on the Kenya-Uganda border.
Elgon is one of the many volcanos that punctuate
the
3,000-mile-long
Afro-Arabian
rift
system.
Stretching from Mozambique to Syria, this series of
rifts was formed by movements within the earth's
mantle, causing the crust to rupture.
Between long
parallel faults, equally long chunks of bedrock sank,
leaving flat valley bottoms between steep escarpments.
In some places lava leaked through the cracks in the
crust, creating the solitary volcanic peaks we sec today.
Some are still active but most lie dormant - sleeping
giants with only geothermal springs and stearn vents to
remind us of their turbulent past.
At 14,178 feet, Mount Elgon is not the highest of
East Africa's solitary mountains;
it is dwarfed by
Kilimanjaro (19,340 ft.) and by Kenya (17,058 ft.). It is,
however, the biggest in terms of bulk; the basal
diameter - some 50 miles across - has led to speculation
that this eroded shallow cone might once have had the
highest summit in Africa.
During its formation 10 million to seven million
years ago, in the late Miocene, Elgon was behaving
much like Mount Saint Helens, in Washington, today.
Sudden violent eruptions were interposed with long
quiescent periods when forest grew on the slopes.
Explosions would flatten the trees for miles around and
a rain of pyroclastic material - volcanic bombs, ash, and
debris - would be thrown out by the force of the blast.
Most of Elgon is made up of agglomerate produced
in this way; only one percent was formed by lava flows.
Once on the surface the lava cooled quickly, forming
62
hard, fine-grained basalt layers which, when re-exposed
millions of years later, formed a protective cap over the
softer material beneath it.
Unprotected pyroclastics
have been eroded away so the downhill edge of this
basalt umbrella usually forms the lip of a cliff. It is
into these cliffs that the majority of Elgon' s caves
extend, the roof supported by the harder lava cap.
Unlike the spectacular lava tubes beneath other
Kenyan volcanos, the caves were not formed in molten
rock, but in the softer, underlying layer of mineral-rich
agglomerate.
Deep within the caverns the petrified
trunks of Miocene trees can be seen radiating from the
mountain in the direction of the blast that felled them.
Calcite and zeolite crystals have replaced the wood
fibers, and in places the claws of roosting bats have
exposed the petrified roots and branches so that, 10
million years after their death, the trees again support
life. Fossilized hollow sterns and logs are lined with
needles of natrolite, looking like glassy crystalline fur.
Around the cave mouth these tubes in the rock are used
as ready-made nest holes by swifts and swallows.
Chicks are reared in soft nests of pale green old-man' s
beard lichen in crystal-lined seclusion well beyond the
reach of predators.
But the caves are not used just as roost and nest
sites. The force that drives elephants underground is
their hunger for salt.
All animals need a balanced intake of mineral
salls, and if there is a deficit they will go to great
lengths to correct it. In mountainous areas of high
rainfall, soluble salts arc leached from the soil;
vegetation growing in that soil therefore contains low
levels of such salts.
Herbivores that feed on these
plants must find an alternative
source, usually a
mineral-rich outcrop, which becomes a salt lick.
It is not by accident that in montane rain forests,
lodges such as the Ark in Kenya's Abenlare National
Park, are built beside natural licks. Visitors there can
watch concentrations of shy forest animals: Herbivores
are drawn by the salt and carnivores
by the
herbivores.
The predators show no interest in licking
rock - their food comes already salted.
At Mount Elgon the soft agglomerate, shielded by
its lava umbrella from the leaching effects of rain,
contains more than 100 times the sodium salts found in
forest plants.
The rock is not salty to our palate
because it is not sodium chloride (common salt) but
sodium sulfate. Known to pharmacists as Glauber's salt
after Johann Rudolf Glauber, the seventeenth century
German chemist who first prepared it - sodium sulfate
is dispensed by doctors as a mild laxative, but the
copious quantity of dung carpeting the cave floor
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 November-December
1988
,.
dispels
the notion
that
vlSltmg elephants
are
constipated!
Not only elephants are lured by the vital
sodium ions; buffalos, antelopes, even black-and-white
colobus monkeys also make their way into the bowels of
the earth.
Kitum Cave, the focal point of my research, is
typical of the many caves hidden in the forested folds
of Mount Elgon's fertile flanks. Situated at the head of
a small valley at an altitude of 7,900 feet, it is
regularly visited by elephants and other herbivores.
The cave mouth, shaped like an irregular letter box, is
45 yards wide and mostly blocked by fallen rock and a
waterfall cascading over the cliff. Inside, the cavern
widens to more than 100 yards and extends more or less
horizontally into the mountain for 175 yards.
Much of the floor consists of mounds of fallen
roof over which the elephants must clamber to reach
the salt-mining bays. The worked walls are covered
with a crazy mosaic of tuskings - smooth grooves
carved in the rock by living ivory chisels.
For my base of operations I selected a large rock
shaped like a ship's prow, jutting from the north wall
just inside the entrance chamber, behind this I placed
my bed - a mattress borrowed from Elgon Lodge.
To the left of my campsite the waterfall splatters
onto the mossy jumble of rocks that blocks most of the
cave mouth.
Forty-five yards ahead the south wall
overhangs the narrow path by which all large animals
enter and leave. Below the observation rock some of the
water splashes and gurgles through the boulders and
down the valley; the rest flows back into the cave,
creating a large muddy area pocked with elephantine
footprints.
Apart from occasional trips down to Kitale market
for supplies, my policy was simply to live in the cave
and monitor all traffic.
In general, the elephants were remarkably tolerant
and once they had accepted the presence of harmless
human company, they paid me little heed as long as I
kept a low profile.
They usually arrived at dusk, feeding leisurely
before disappearing, single file, into the black maw of
Kitum main cave. The cows kept matronly trunks on
their young to prevent their straying near a crevasse
that previously had claimed the lives of two calves and
several antelopes.
Once in the back chamber they
would relax, spread out, splosh in the pools, and mine
the rock, staying up to six hours or more, apparently at
case in the stygian blackness.
At that time of night a torch shone onto the
domed roof above them would reveal a moving squealing
galaxy of reflective red eyes: the roost of Rousette's
bats preparing for another night's foraging in fruit
trees.
Unlike most other species of fruit bats, which
navigate by sight, Rousette's
bats have evolved a
primitive tongue-clicking sonar system for night flying
not a patch on an insectivorous
bat's system but
sufficient to get around the cave.
During the lateevening fly-past, one could just discern the tut-tut-tut
of their sonar and occasionally feel the waft of a twofoot wingspan.
So as not to miss an elephant visit, I would sleep
tied to a length of black cotton thread stretched over
the entrance path at elephant head height.
I devised
this simple alarm to overcome the problem of missing
their often silent approach whilst I was either asleep or
just waiting in the dark next to a noisy waterfall. But
the thread did not go unnoticed.
The dermal layers of an elephant's forehead may
be up to an inch or more thick but they are very
sensitive. Photographs later proved what I had begun
to suspect:
The leading elephants sometimes felt
carefully along the thread to where it was tied to the
wall, then neatly snapped it off as I slumbered on.
Usually I heard them once in the cave but missed
recording their time of arrival.
One evening an old solitary bull I called OneTusk Willy touched the thread and let out a roar or
frustration.
Hours later he returned and repealed the
performance but in the morning the thread was still
unbroken. Perhaps he had somewhere experienced the
new solar-powered
electric fencing that discourages
elephants with long memories from following traditional
routes through rich farmland.
Following the elephants and observing things never
seen by human eyes were the high points of my study,
but success did not corne early. In 1981 Caroline and I
lived in Kitum for six weeks, but for the first three and
a half weeks no elephants turned up.
It was the end of the rainy season - cold ami
damp - and our spirits sank almost as low as the gray
clouds that added daily to the waterfall and drips in the
cave. During the fourth week the rain decreased and a
few sunny days dried the forest (and our kit) a little.
On our twenty-fifth night, at 8:20 p.m., the cotton
tugged twice and broke: Our observations began.
After shooting half a roll of infrared film with
invisible red flashes, we were ecstatic to find that the
elephants continued into the cave. (Our joy might have
been tempered somewhat had we known that the
humidity had already destroyed that roll.
For the first time, I followed the elephants into
the back chamber, keeping to the route least accessible
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 - November-December
1988
63
to blindly wandering pachyderms.
A bat circled above
me, clicking, and I could hear heavy breathing and the
clunk of tusk on rock, but I still couldn't see an
elephant.
The huge boulders I had mapped began to
look alarmingly
like elephant bottoms and flanks;
determined to see a real underground elephant, I moved
to the pillar that supported the cave roof and waited.
There, in the light of my pen torch, it happened.
An
elephant head slowly appeared round the pillar. It was
a young bull.
As if in slow motion he glided past
within 10 yards, then up onto the mound, where he
paused for several minutes before heading out to the
forest.
That image remains indelibly imprinted on my mind.
It was only then that I realized just how helpless the
elephants arc when negotiating such an obstacle course
in darkness.
With trunks outstretched like built-in
white canes, the beasts carefully place each foot before
lifting the next; groups move in single file like circus
elephants, the one in front feeling the way and rest
following nose-to-tail behind.
It is literally a case of
the blind leading the blind, yet they seem quite familiar
with the layout of the cave and relaxed even in my
presence.
One time a young bull, unfettered by family ties,
allowed me to approach within several yards of where
he was mining before spreading his cars at me in
annoyance.
His mining technique was straightfOiward:
place tusk on irregularity on wall and heave; try to
catch loosened rock before it falls in mud.
Loosening lumps is obligatory for an elephant
because it cannot lick or bite the rock as most other
animals do. With tusks and trunk there is just too
much tackle obstructing the mouth.
As with every
other food item, rock must be placed in the mouth with
the prehensile trunk tip, ground by the molars, and
swallowed.
The results of this mmmg are clearly visible on
the walls and lower ceilings of worked chambers. Five
or six tons of pachyderm pushing on the point of a tusk
produces a stripe of polished rock - a tusking - which
remains for many years. In old caves, now blocked by
rockfalls or surrounded by agriculture outside the park,
tuskings provide mute testimony to the efforts of earlier
elephants.
But the miners pay a price for their ration of salt.
Although tusks (modified incisors) grow throughout life,
most adull elephants on Elgon have worn theirs down to
short rounded stumps, some barely protruding beyond
the bases of their trunks. Most affected arc the cows,
as they need more salt when pregnant and lactating. In
64
these extreme circumstances, tusk growth cannot keep
up with wear.
The elephants do, however, seem to enjoy the
caves (one female was even caught by a flash photo
taking a dust bath) otherwise why would they stay so
long underground?
Elephants spend about 80 percent of each 24 hours
feeding, so five or six hours in a cave makes a large
gap in the daily cycle.
Tape recordings of their
activity in the dark revealed that they arc not mining
all that time. After a while there is just silence, broken
by occasional resounding flatulence.
Apparently they
like to sleep underground after their dose of salts. At
this altitude night temperatures outside can drop to
below 46 OF; but the cave interior remains a constant
57 degrees F with 85 to 90 percent humidity. With salt
rock and pools of water to boot, it is not surprising the
elephants should choose to relax in troglodyte comfort.
Ever since Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson
visited Elgon, in 1883, the origin of these remarkable
caves has been a subject of speculation.
Conventional
theories of cave formation, such as splashing waves,
underground rivers, and gas bubbles trapped by lava,
fail to account for their characteristics.
Some theories have even suggested that they arc
man-made, as the EI Kony (the mispronunciation
of
which gave the mountain its European name) tribe,
sometimes called the Elgon Masai, formerly inhabited
the larger caves along with their cattle. They mined
basketfuls of rock for their stock (and still do in one
or two caves outside the park boundary) but the idea
that primitive tools could have created such impressive
caverns has been scoffed at. Pastoral man probably
moved into ready-made caves. There is, however, an
alLernative if rather unorthodox explanation of their
origin.
Long before man began keeping cattle, elephants
and their proboscidean progenitors roamed these forests.
If we reflect upon the effect of generations
of
elephants, each in need of a regular peck of sail, the
origin of the caves becomes apparent.
Examination of 15 different-sized caves revealed
the stages in evolution and decay of an elephant cave.
Most exposures of mineral-rich agglomerate on Elgon
show signs of tusking, but only where they have been
softened by waterfalls docs erosion by tusk have an
appreciable effect. Initially this causes shallow caves
and overhangs similar to those reported in India,
Sumatra, and Tanzania's
Ngorongoro Crater.
Such
overhangs collapse periodically, giving the long-term
effect of a receding cliff. But on Elgon the cliff is
capped by a layer of lava, enabling the cave to extend
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 November-December
1988
deeper and deeper as each generation of elephants
continues the work.
These caves are huge, some people protest. How
can elephants possibly remove so much rock?
The
answer:
Slowly.
Forty-five percent of the elephant
droppings examined during this study contained rock
fragments, some as large as two inches across.
The volume of Kitum Cave is on the order of 1.3
million gallons.
If, for the sake of conservative
argument,
we suppose that elephants
excavations
averaged just one quart per week, it would have taken
only 100,000 years for them to dig Kitum. And that is
without the help of other animals and pastoral man.
Given that Elgon has not erupted for several million
years and that elephants have been around for about
two million years (to say nothing of their tusked
ancestors), the theory of elephant speleogenesis is
entirely plausible. The caves of Mount Elgon are the
world's only elephant salt mines.
As with most research, each new and fascinaLing
fact raises more and belter-phrased
quesLions.
My
"satiable curiosity" is noL yet sated so we plan Lo do
further work. Funds permiLting, we hope to radio-Lrack
elephant groups to discover where they obtain their saiL
when not visiting Kitum. Does their need for saiL vary
according to season? Do different herds use different
caves or whichever is nearest?
Can we quantify Lhe
amount of rock eaten per visit to accurately calculaLe
the annual rate of excavation?
Regardless of whether the mysteries are solved,
the wonder of elephants
feeling their way deep
underground will live on in the mind of anyone lucky
enough to see them.
Kitum CaVe-interior layout
•
Kitum is not (or elephants
only: Bats roost, birds nest, and other herbivores also consume
Cascade Caver - Vo12? No. 11-12 - November-December
1988
the salt there.
65
Cumulative
index to volumes 26 and 27
1987.1988
The Cascade Caver is published in I-year volumes which start in January.
Pages are numbered consecutively
through all issues in a volume regardless of issue number. References in this index are given by volume and page,
ignoring issue numbers. For example, 25pl0 refers to volume 25, page 10.
Accidents
Incident on Talus: 27p18
Arizona
Secret Cave to Become State Park: 27p34
Battery Charger
26p54
Belgium
A Flying Trip to Caves In Belgium: 26p65
Belize 27p04
Bighorn Project
26p74
Biology
Phoretic mites: 27p04
Brown, Bob
26p74
Hell's Canyon: 26p78
NCA Digest: 26p18
California
Santa Cruz County Trip Report: 26p07
Cascade Caver
Printing Experiment: 26p74
Production Costs: 26p65
Cascade Grotto
Bylaws: 26p36 27p35
Constitution: 26p35 27p35
Map Library: 27p1O 27p20 27p26
Membership List: 26p28 27p27
Operating Policy: 26p37 27p35
Questionnaire: 27p24
Stores: 26p60
Cave Hunting
Mt. McGuire, B.C.: 27p42
Cave Protection Law27p03
Cave Rescue Planning 26p04
Caves
Ape Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 26p60 26p66 27p33
Arch Cave, Vancouver Island B.C.: 26p 17
Beaver Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 26p32
66
Cascade Cave, King Co., W A: 27p46
Cascade Cave, Vancouver Island, B.C.: 26p49
Cave Ridge, King Co., W A: 27p45
Church Mountain Cave: 27p44
Danner's Cave, Skagit Co., W A: 26p75
Deadhorse Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 26p06 26p77
Devil's Bath, Vancouver Island B.C.: 26p16
Dock Butte Cave #4, Skagit Co. W A: 26p69
Dynamited Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 26p06 27p 19
27p43
Elephant Hide Cave, W A: 26p08
Fletcher Creek Cave, B.C.: 26p33
Gremlin Cave, Skamania Co., W A: 27p33
Hole-in-the-Sky
Cave, Skagit Co., W A: 26p75
26p75
Home Lake Cave, Vancouver Island, B.C.: 26p49
26p49
lee Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 26p06
JaR Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 26p06
Lake Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 27p34
Little Red River Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 26p32
26p33 26p66 27p33
Long Lava Tubes of the World: 26p79
Minigill, Vancouver Island B.C.: 26p17
Moonmilk Cricket Cave, W A: 27p44
Ole's Cave, Skamania Co. W A: 26p32
Papoose Cave, ID: 26p75
Perry's Bone Closet Cave, Skagit Co. WA: 26p75
PigPen, ID: 26p79
Redfish Cave, ID: 26p78
Resurgence Cave, Skagit Co. W A: 26p69
Sea Cliff Cave, San Francisco, CA: 27p19 27p45
Shaft Cave, W A: 26p08
Sumas Mountain Cave, Whatcom Co. W A: 26p 17
Three Sinks, W A: 26p78
VICEG Cave, W A: 27p45
Vanishing River, Vancouver Island B.C.: 26p 17
Windy Creek Cave, Skagit Co., W A: 26p74 26p75
26p7827p42
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 November-December
1988
Caves, cont.
•
unnamed, AZ: 27p34
Clardy, John
"It happens sometimes, people just explode.": 27p44
Cave Register Evaluation: 26p56
Incident on talus: 27p18
Santa Cruz County Trip Report: 26p07
Skagit County Trail Guide to Talus Caves: 26p26
Clem, Bill
Manual Hauling Systems: 26p43
Coakley, Alan and Tina
Dynamited Cave, Feb. 1988: 27p19
Cole, Roger
Trout Lake Caves: 26p06
Congress of Grottos 27p42
Cover Artwork
J. Harp: 27p21
J. Neiland: 27p29
L. Heslop: 26pl 26pll 26p21 26p29 26p41 26p51
26p61 27pOl 27p13 27p39 27p47
Diamond, Michael
My Trip to Windy Creek: 26p78
Fiction
Cave, Kathryn MacDonald: 26p57
Home Lake Brochure: 26p54
Slippery Elm Creek: 26p25
Gamick, Dick
Black Mountain Trip Report: 26p08
Home Lake and Cascade Caves: 26p49
Sumas Mt. Cave Visit: 26p 17
Temperatures in Windy Creek Cave: 26p74
Windy Creek Trip Report: 26p74
Graphic Arts Salon Ribbons 26p64
•
Halliday, W.R.,MD.
A flying trip to Caves in Belgium: 26p65
New and Old Lava Tubes in Hawaii: 26p09
Recent News from East Africa: 26p09
Red Hot Hawaiian Caving: 27p25
Sea Caving in San Francisco: 27p19
Thailand, Temple caves and tower karst: 27fill.6;atan
Caves, 1987 Style: 26p66
Harp, Jim
Windy Creek Cave: 27p42
Hauling Systems 26p43
Hawaii
27p25
New and old Lava Tubes in: 26p09
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 - November-December
Heslop, Linda and Graham
Northwest Regional Meet, 1988: 27p45
Hoyt, Howard
Cave needs to be rediscovered: 27p45
San Francisco sea cave revisited: 27p45
Trout Lake Regional: 26p55
Korea, The Caves ofCheju-do
26p15
Larson, Shaun
Home Lake and Cascade Caves: 26p49
Lava Tubes
Long Lava Tubes of the World: 26p79
Role of Lava Tubes in Hawaiian Volcanoes, abstr:
27p24
Library
Newsletters in the Grotto Library: 26p 19
MacDonald, Kathryn 26p57
Management
New Mt. Baker and Snoqualmie proposals: 27p32
Map
Perry's Bone Closet Cave, Skagit Co., W A: 26p75
Site of Northwest Regional at Gordon River, Be.:
27p20a
Maps
Grotto Map Library: 27p 10 27p20
McTigue, Larry
Church Mountain Cave: 27p44
Dock Butte Trip Report: 26p68
Mt. St. Helens Area: 26p32
Mexico
Yucatan Caves, 1987 Style: 26p66
Mt. St. Helens
26p32
Timber Sale Planning: 26p54
NCR I
Jewel Cave Project: 27p42
Northwest Caving Association
27p17
Digest: 26p18
Meeting at Trout Lake: 26p64
Northwest Regional
1987: 26p14
1988: 27p17 27p45
Ogawa, Takanori
Long Lava Tubes of the World: 26p79
Pisarowicz, Jim
Wind Cave Trip Reports: 27p04
1988
67
Regional Newsletter 26p24
Reprint
Ape Cave gets Basic Face-Lift: 27p33
Pair Rescued from Cave after Lights Fail: 27p33
Secret Cave to be State Park: 27p34
Safety
Live ordinance along Chilliwack River road: 27p44
Sherman, Mark
Vertical Practice at Ravenna Bridge: 27p43
Skagit County
Trail Guide to Talus Caves: 26p26
Sneed, Joel M.
The Caves of the Cheju-do, Korea: 26p 15
Sprague, Steve
Trout Lake Camp: 26p77
Temperature
Temperatures in Windy Creek Cave: 26p75
Thailand
Temple Caves and Tower Karst: 27p06
Thompson, Jerry
"New Big Room" of Dynamited Cave: 27p43
Papoose Cave (with J. Harp and J. Hathorn): 26p75
Timber Sale Planning 26p54
Tompkins, Ben
Another Mt. St. Helens Trip: 26p32
Boy Scouts at Mt. St. Helens: 26p66
Cave Rescue Planning Meeting: 26p04
New Battery Charger Circuit: 26p54
Regional Newsletter: 26p24
Return to Cave Ridge: 27p45
Vancouver Island
Regional at Gordon River: 27p 17
Vertical caving
Vertical Practice at Ravenna Bridge: 27p43
Walter, Richard
Fletcher Creek Cave: 26p33
Whatcom County
Cave Register Evaluation: 26p56
Whatcom County in Winter: 26p26
Whitfield, Phil
Fletcher Creek Cave, New Kootenay
26p33
Wilson, Mark
Grotto Survey: 27p24
Mount St. Helens trip report: 27p33
The Northwest Regional: 26pI4
Discovery:
Don't Forget to V 0 T E!
68
Cascade Caver - Vol 27 No. 11-12 November-December
1988